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LANDSCAPE 
ARCHITECTURE 


The  Gift  of  Beatrix  Farrand 

to  the  General  Library 
University  of  California,  Berkeley 


Ex 

Libris 
BEATRIX 
FARRAND 

UANDSCAPB 
ARCHITCCTURI 


REEF  POINT  GARDENS 
LIBRARY 


GRAY'S    NEW    MANUAL    OF    BOTANY 

(SEVENTH   EDITION  — ILLUSTRATED) 


A   HANDBOOK   OF  THE 


FLOWERING  PLANTS  AND  FERNS 


OF  THE  CENTRAL  AND  NORTHEASTERN  UNITED  STATES 
AND  ADJACENT  CANADA 


REARRANGED  AND  EXTENSIVELY  REVISED  BY 

BENJAMIN    LINCOLN    ROBINSON 

ASA  GRAY   PROFESSOR  OP   SYSTEMATIC   BOTANY   IN   HARVARD   UNIVERSITY 

AND 

MERRITT   LYNDON   FERNALD 

ASSISTANT   PROFESSOR  OF    BOTANY   IN   HARVARD   UNIVERSITY 


NEW  YORK  .:•  CINCINNATI  •:•  CHICAGO 

AMERICAN     BOOK     COMPANY 


COPYRIGHT,  1908,  BY 

THE  PRESIDENT   AND  FELLOWS  OF  HARVARD  COLLEGE 

ENTERED  AT  STATIONERS'  HALL.  LONDON 

w.  P.    4 


Farrand  Gift 


LANDSCAPE 
ARCH. 

CONTENTS 

PAGE 

PREFACE:       ..............        5 

ANALYTICAL  KEY  TO  THE  FAMILIES    .....,„.         9 

TABULAR  VIEW  OP  THE  FAMILIES 23 

SUMMARY  BY  DIVISIONS,  CLASSES,  ETC.       .  .  27 

SUMMARY  BY  MINOR  GROUPS "  .         .         .27 

EXPLANATION  OF  ABBREVIATIONS  OF  AUTHORS'  NAMES      ....       28 
OTHER  ABBREVIATIONS  AND  SIGNS  EMPLOYED     ......       31 

DESCRIPTIVE  FLORA •  .         „         „         .         .33 

GLOSSARY      .  875 

INDEX  ..«».,.,« ,     885 


3 

087 


PREFACE 

IN  bringing  Dr.  ASA  GRAY'S  well-known  Manual  to  date  and  into 
accord  with  modern  views  of  classification  and  nomenclature,  the 
present  editors  have  lound  it  necessary  to  rearrange  it  throughout, 
rewrite  considerable  portions,  modify  at  least  slightly  nearly  all  the 
descriptions,  and  adopt  certain  principles  of  nomenclature  (notably 
the  one  relating  to  the  first  specific  name)  somewhat  at  variance  with 
Dr.  Gray's  practice.  Although  these  changes  have  been  numerous 
and  in  some  respects  fundamental,  it  is  believed  that  they  are  all  in 
thorough  accord  with  the  liberal  spirit  of  progress  which  character- 
ized his  own  successive  publications.  Wherever  possible  and  in  all 
cases  of  doubt,  the  wording  of  the  sixth  edition,  prepared  by  Dr. 
SERENO  WATSON  and  Professor  JOHN  MERLE  COULTER,  and  pub- 
lished in  January,  1890,  has  been  retained. 

In  the  arrangement  of  the  plant-families  and  in  grouping  them 
in  orders,  the  admirable  system  of  Eichler,  in  recent  years  much 
elaborated  and  perfected  by  Engler  and  Prantl,  has  been  followed 
with  a  few  deviations  of  minor  importance. 

The  term  order,  used  by  Dr.  Gray  as  synonymous  with  family,  is 
here  employed,  according  to  the  recommendation  of  the  International 
Botanical  Congress  at  Vienna,  to  designate  a  group  of  superior  rank ; 
the  same,  in  fact,  which  has  sometimes  been  called  a  cohort.  Orders, 
in  this  sense,  are  not  capable  of  sharp  definition  in  the  manner  of 
species,  genera,  or  even  families,  nor  is  it  to  be  supposed  that  one 
order  begins  in  development  where  the  preceding  ends.  They  are 
rather  to  be  conceived  as  representing  somewhat  parallel  and  long- 
disconnected  lines  or  tendencies  in  evolutionary  development.  The 
grouping  of  the  families  into  orders  is  shown  in  the  tabular  view  on 
pages  23-27. 

To  cover  a  more  natural  floral  area  and  to  make  the  Manual  con- 
venient  for  a  greater  number  of  users,  some  alterations  have  been 
made  in  the  geographic  limits  adopted  in  the  sixth  edition.  These 
changes  result  in  (1)  the  exclusion  of  the  territory  at  the  west  between 
the  96th  and  100th  meridians,  a  region  now  known  to  include  a  con- 

5 


6  PREFACE 

siderable  percentage  of  plants  characteristic  of  the  Great  Plains  and 
not  harmonious  with  the  flora  which  the  present  work  is  especially 
designed  to  treat;  and  (2)  the  inclusion  of  the  Canadian  provinces 
of  Nova  Scotia,  Prince  Edward  Island,  New  Brunswick,  and  the 
greater  part  of  Quebec  and  Ontario.  As  thus  modified,  the  limits 
are  as  follows :  on  the  north,  the  48th  parallel  from  the  Gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence  to  Lake  Superior,  arid  the  international  boundary  thence 
to  the  northwest  corner  of  Minnesota;  on  the  west,  the  western 
boundary  of  Minnesota  and  northwestern  Iowa,  thence  southward 
along  the  96th  meridian;  on  the  south,  the  southern  boundaries  of 
eastern  Kansas,  Missouri,  Kentucky,  and  Virginia. 

In  the  preparation  of  this  edition  valued  assistance  has  been 
received  from  Professor  A.  S.  HITCHCOCK  of  the  United  States 
Department  of  Agriculture,  who  has  elaborated  the  Gramineae; 
Mr.  OAKES  AMES,  Assistant  Director  of  the  Botanic  Garden  of 
Harvard  University,  who  has  treated  the  Orchidaceae;  President 
EZRA  BRAINERD  of  Middlebury  College,  who  has  revised  the  genus 
Viola;  Mr.  A.  A.  EATON  of  the  Ames  Botanical  Laboratory,  who 
has  treated  the  technical  genera  Equisetum  and  Isoetes;  Dr.  J.  M. 
GREENMAN  of  the  Field  Museum  of  Natural  History,  who  has 
revised  Senecio ;  Mr.  W.  W.  EGGLESTON,  who  has  revised  the  exceed- 
ingly difficult  genus  Crataegus;  and  Miss  MARY  A.  DAT,  Librarian 
of  the  Gray  Herbarium,  who  has  given  much  clerical  and  biblio- 
graphical assistance  throughout  the  preparation  and  proof  reading 
of  the  text.  Many  of  the  older  figures,  formerly  grouped  in  plates, 
have  been  redrawn  and  for  greater  convenience  placed  in  the  text, 
and  to  these  have  been  added  a  much  larger  number  of  new  ones 
drawn  chiefly  by  Mr.  F.  SCHUYLER  MATHEWS,  but  in  part  also  by 
Professor  J.  FRANKLIN  COLLINS  of  Brown  University  arid  Mr.  P. 
B.  WHELPLEY.  All  the  illustrations  of  the  Orchidaceae  have  been 
not  only  skillfully  executed  but  generously  contributed  by  Mrs. 
OAKES  AMES.  The  fact  that  it  has  been  possible  thus  to  extend  the 
illustration  of  the  Manual  has  been  due  in  great  part  to  the  interest 
and  liberality  of  the  VISITING  COMMITTEE  OF  THE  GRAY  HERBA- 
RIUM. Many  botanists  throughout  the  country,  notably  the  members 
of  the  New  England  Botanical  Club,  have  furnished  specimens  and 
notes  which  have  been  exceedingly  helpful  in  determining  the  geo- 
graphic range  and  limits  of  variation.  To  all  who  have  thus  in 
different  ways  aided  in  the  preparation  of  the  present  work,  the 
editors  wish  to  express  their  sincere  appreciation  and  cordial  thanks. 

At  the  International  Botanical  Congress,  held  at  Vienna,  June, 


PREFACE  7 

1905,  it  was  fortunately  possible  to  reach  a  substantial  agreement 
on  the  controversial  subject  of  nomenclature.  Some  mutual  con- 
cessions were  necessary,  but  it  is  believed  that  they  will  be  cheer- 
fully made  by  those  who  are  really  seeking  harmony  in  this  matter. 
The  editors  have,  therefore,  scrupulously  endeavored  to  bring  the 
nomenclature  of  the  Manual  into  accord  with  the  Vienna  agreement, 
in  order  that  American  botanical  nomenclature  may  be  freed  as 
speedily  as  possible  from  peculiarity  or  provincialism  and  assume 
the  form  which  has  received  international  sanction.  The  most  im- 
portant change  in  this  respect  which  characterizes  the  present  edition 
in  distinction  from  the  previous  editions  is  the  adoption  of  the  earliest 
specific  name  instead  of  that  specific  name  which  was  first  combined 
with  the  correct  generic  name.  With  this  change  it  becomes  more 
important  to  trace  the  previous  use  of  specific  names  under  other 
genera,  and,  to  facilitate  this,  it  seems  wise  to  adopt  the  double 
citation  of  authorities.  In  the  capitalization  of  specific  and  varietal 
names,  it  has  been  thought  best  to  adopt  the  custom  of  many  promi- 
nent botanists  from  Linnaeus  himself  to  the  distinguished  editors 
of  the  Index  Kewensis.  The  chief  change  in  this  respect  from  the 
usage  of  previous  editions  consists  in  the  decapitalization  of  geo- 
graphic adjectives,  such  as  canadensis,  americana,  and  the  like.  In 
regard  to  these  words  it  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  they  are  not 
English  and  therefore  not  subject  to  the  rules  of  English  grammar. 
They  are  a  part  of  an  international  system  of  Latin  nomenclature, 
which  should  not  be  modified  by  different  nations  by  introducing 
peculiarities  of  their  several  languages.  Many  generic  and  other 
names,  which  were  in  use  prior  to  1753,  were  adopted  by  Linnaeus 
and  his  followers.  These  names  are  indicated  in  the  Manual  by 
brackets  inclosing  the  name  of  the  pre-Linnean  author ;  thus,  Poly- 
podium  [Tourn.]  L. 

In  the  treatment  of  the  ever  increasing  number  of  foreign  plants 
which  have  been  recorded  within  our  range,  it  has  seemed  desirable 
to  include  in  the  Manual  only  those  which  have  given  some  evidence 
of  self-dissemination  and  shown  some  tendency  to  become  permanent 
members  of  our  flora.  Waifs,  ballast- weeds,  and  plants  persisting 
locally  after  cultivation  have  in  general  been  omitted. 

During  the  last  twenty  years  there  has  been  an  unprecedented 
activity  in  the  characterization  of  new  species  and  varieties  within 
our  range.  The  present  editors  have  considerably  delayed  the 
issue  of  this  work  in  order  to  examine  these  new  propositions 
and  give  them  recognition  in  all  cases  where  their  merit  could  be 


8  PREFACE 

demonstrated.  In  a  few  instances,  however,  it  has  been  impossible 
from  lack  of  material  or  data  either  to  include  as  valid  or  to  reduce 
definitely  to  synonymy  such  species  and  varieties,  and  it  has  accord- 
ingly seemed  best  not  to  mention  them.  It  is  not  thereby  meant 
that  they  are  not  of  value,  but  merely  that  evidence  of  their  distinct- 
ness has  not  been  available. 

Botanical  names,  being  in  many  instances  latinized  forms  of 
geographic,  aboriginal,  or  personal  designations,  are  not  always 
capable  of  easy  or  consistent  pronunciation.  From  long-established 
custom  they  are  usually  pronounced  in  English-speaking  countries 
according  to  the  pronunciation  of  Latin  after  the  English  method, 
exceptions  being  frequent  in  such  names  as  Michauxiana,  which  is 
commonly  pronounced  meshol^na,  or  by  others  meshozia'na,  to  avoid 
the  awkward  pronunciation  which  the  word  would  have  according 
to  the  English  rules.  The  subject  is  one  into  which  considerations 
of  taste,  convenience,  and  custom  enter  to  such  an  extent  that  it  is 
most  difficult  to  lay  down  definite  principles  free  from  pedantry. 
However,  as  a  general  guide,  the  names  in  this,  as  in  previous  edi- 
tions, are  marked  with  accents,  —  the  accented  syllable  being  deter- 
mined as  far  as  possible  by  the  well-known  rules  of  Latin  quantity. 
In  cases  of  doubtful  quantity,  in  such  names  as  Berlandiera,  Palmeri, 
Bacopa,  etc.,  it  has  seemed  best  to  treat  the  penultimate  vowel  as 
long,  according  to  the  usage  of  most  British  and  Continental  writers. 
Two  accents  are  used,  the  grave  (x)  to  indicate  the  long  English 
sound  of  the  vowel,  the  acute  (')  to  show  the  shortened  or  other- 
wise modified  sound.  For  aid  in  determining  the  accented  syllable, 
the  editors  are  in  several  instances  indebted  to  Dr.  A.  S.  PEASE. 

In  consideration  of  recent  differences  in  nomenclatorial  practice, 
and  with  a  wish  to  make  the  Manual  as  convenient  as  possible  for 
all  users,  synonyms  have  been  inserted  freely  to  show  the  equiva- 
lence of  different  names,  especially  of  those  permitted  by  the 
Rochester  and  American  Codes  but  not  sanctioned  by  the  Interna- 
tional Rules.  It  has  been  necessary  to  make  these  citations  exceed- 
ingly brief,  the  specific  name,  when  the  same,  being  omitted ;  e.g. 
under  Ranunculus  Cymbalaria  Pursh,  the  synonym  Oxygraphis  Prantl 
means  that  the  species  has  been  treated  by  Prantl  under  the  identi- 
cal specific  name  (Cymbalaria)  in  Oxygraphis,  a  genus  not  maintained 
in  the  present  work. 

B.    L.   K. 

M.   L.    F. 


ANALYTICAL  KEY  TO   THE   FAMILIES 

(Carried  out,  in  some  cases,  to  subfamilies  and  genera) 
DIVISION  I.    PTERIDOPHYTA 

Fern-like,  moss-like,  rush-like,  or  aquatic  plants  without  true  flowers. 
Reproduction  by  spores  (without  embryos). 

A..  Floating  plants  with  small  2-ranked  leaves;   sporocarps  borne  on 

the  under  side  of  the  stem  SALVINIACEAE,  50 

A.   Terrestrial  or  submersed  plants,  not  floating    B. 

B.  Stems  conspicuously  jointed,  their  nodes  covered  by  toothed 
sheaths;  sporangia  on  the  scales  of  terminal  dry  cone-like 
spikes  EQUISETACEAE,  51 

B.   Stems  without  conspicuous  sheathed  joints   C. 

C.  Leaves  closely  imbricated  or  very  narrow;  sporangia  sessile, 

axillary. 
Stem  short,  corm-like ;  leaves  elongate,  awl-shape  or  linear, 

in  a  rosette  ISOETACEAB,  58 

Stem  elongate,  creeping  (sometimes  underground)  or  branch- 
ing; leaves  very  short,  crowded  or  imbricated. 
Sporangia   of  two  kinds,  some  containing  many  minute 
spores  (microspores),  others  bearing  few  (usually  3-4) 
much  larger  macrospores  SELAGINELLACEAE,  57 

Sporangia  bearing  uniform  minute  spores  LYCOPODIACEAE,  54 

C.  Leaves  (fronds)  not  closely  imbricated;    if  narrow,  without 

axillary  sporangia    D. 
D.  Leaves  (fronds)  4-foliolate,  clover-like;  sporocarps  (inclosing 

the  sporangia)  stalked  from  the  creeping  stem  MARSILEACEAE,  49 

D.  Leaves  (fronds)  not  4-foliolate,  simple  or  variously  cleft ;  spo- 
rangia not  inclosed  in  basal  sporocarps   E. 
E.  Fertile  fronds,  or  fertile  portions  of  the  fronds  conspicu- 
ously unlike  the  sterile    F. 

F.  Slender  twining  or  climbing  plant,  the  frond  with  alter- 
nate paired  and  stalked  palmately  lobed  divisions      Lygodium,  46 
F.  Neither  twining  nor  climbing    G. 

G.  Sterile  fronds  linear-filiform,  tortuous;  the  fertile  fili- 
form, tipped  by  a  1-sided  short  (3-8  mm.  long) 
pinnate  fertile  portion  Schizaea,  45 

G.  Sterile  fronds  (or  segments)  broader   H. 
H.  Sterile  segment  of  the  frond  simple;    the  fertile  a 

long-stalked  simple  spike  OPHIOOLOSSACEAB,  47 

H.   Sterile  and  fertile  fronds  or  segments  more  or  less 
cleft    I. 

9 


10  ANALYTICAL  KEY 

I.  Rootstock  almost  none,  the  solitary  (rarely  2)  fronds  appear- 
ing to  rise  from  a  cluster  of  fleshy  roots ;  lower  segment 
sterile,  upper  fertile  and  bearing  2-rowed  globular 
sporangia  Botrychium,  47 

I.  Rootstock  well   developed,  elongate  or    stout,  the    roots 
fibrous;    fronds  numerous    or  the  fertile  and    sterile 
clearly  distinct    J. 
J.  Fertile  fronds  or  segments  scarcely  or  not  at  all  leaf-like, 

the  sporangia  globose  or  in  bead-like  rows. 
Sporangia     globose,     thin-walled,     2-valved,    densely 

crowded,  not  2-ranked  OSMUNDACEAE,  46 

Sporangia  globose  and  distinct  or  connected  in  bead- 
like  chains,  firm,  2-ranked  Onoclea,  45 
J.  Fertile  fronds  or  segments  green  and  leaf-like,  at  least 

above;  the  sporangia  not  globose  POLYPODIACEAE,  33 

E.   Fertile  fronds  or  segments  essentially  like  the  sterile. 

Sporangia  sessile  at  the  base  of  a  bristle-like  receptacle  and 
surrounded  by  a  cup-like  involucre ;  frond  of  a  single  layer 
of  cells  HYMENOPHYLLACEAE,  33 

Sporangia  stalked,  with  no  bristle-like  receptacle;   frond  of 

more  than  one  layer  of  cells  POLYPODIACEAE,  33 

DIVISION  II.    SPERMATOPHYTA 

Plants  with  true  flowers  containing  stamens,  pistils,  or  both.  Reproduc- 
tion normally  by  seeds  containing  an  embryo. 

SUBDIVISION  I.   GYMNOSPERMAE 

Ovules  not  in  a  closed  ovary.  Trees  and  shrubs  with  needle-shaped,  linear, 
or  scale-like  mostly  evergreen  leaves,  and  monoecious  or  dioecious  flowers  K. 

K.  Flowers  themselves  catkin-like  or  borne  in  catkins,  which  be- 
come cones  or  berry-like  PINACEAE,  62 

K.  Flowers  solitary,  axillary ;  seed  solitary,  more  or  less  enveloped 

in  a  pulpy  disk  TAXACEAE,  62 

SUBDIVISION  II.   ANG1OSP&RMAE 

Ovules  borne  in  a  closed  ovary,  which  at  maturity  becomes  the  fruit. 

CLASS  1.   MONOCOTYLEDONEAE 

Stems  without  central  pith  or  annular  layers,  but  having  the  woody  fibers 
distributed  through  them  (a  transverse  slice  showing  the  fibers  as  dots  scat- 
tered through  the  cellular  tissue).  Embryo  with  a  single  cotyledon,  the 
early  leaves  always  alternate.  Parts  of  the  flower  usually  in  threes  or 
sixes,  never  in  fives.  Leaves  mostly  parallel- veined.  Our  species,  except 
in  the  genus  Smilax,  herbaceous  L. 

L.   Small    lens-shaped,    ellipsoidal,    or    flask-shaped    free-swimming 

aquatics  without  true  leaves  LEMNACEAE,  259 

L.  Plants  with  stems  and  leaves  .(sometimes  scale-like)    M. 


ANALYTICAL   KEY  11 

M.   Perianth  free  from  the  ovary  or  none    N. 

N.  Perianth  wanting  or  of  scale-like  or  bristle-form  divisions   O. 

O.    Flowers    inclosed    or    subtended    by    imbricated    husk-like 

scales   (glumes) ;    grass-like   plants  with  jointed  stems, 

sheathing  (mostly  narrow)  leaves,  and  1-seeded  fruit. 

Stems    hollow,    round    or    flattened ;    leaf-sheaths    split ; 

anthers  attached  by  the  middle  GRAMINEAE,  86 

Stems  usually  more  or  less  triangular,  solid ;  leaf-sheaths 

not  split ;  anthers  attached  at  the  base  CYPERACEAE,  171 

O.  Flowers  not  inclosed  in  husk-like  scales  (though  sometimes  in 

involucrate  heads)     P. 
P.  Immersed  aquatics,  branching  and  leafy,  the  upper  leaves 

often  floating. 

Flowers  perfect  NAJADACKAE,  69 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious. 

Flowers  in  globose  heads  SPARGANIACBAE,  68 

Flowers  axillary,  solitary  NAJADACEAE,  69 

P.   Terrestrial,  or  marsh  plants    Q. 

Q.  Leaves  petioled,  the  blade  net- veined  ARACEAE,  257 

Q.  Leaves  linear  or  sword -shaped,  parallel-veined,  not  petioled    R. 
R.  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious. 

Flowers  in  cylindrical  spikes  TYPHACEAE,  67 

Flowers  in  heads. 

Heads  spheroidal,  pubescent,  involucrate     ERIOCAULACEAE,  260 
Heads  globose,  glabrous,  not  involucrate      SPARGANIACEAE,  68 
R.   Flowers  perfect. 

Flowers  in  a  dense  spike,  this  borne  on  the  margin 

of  a  2-edged  scape ;  root  aromatic  Acorus,  268 

Scapes  or  peduncles  cylindrical. 

Ovaries  3-6,  separating  at  least  when  ripe     JUNCAGINACEAE,  79 
Ovary  single,  3-carpeled  JUNCACEAE,  267 

N.  Perianth  always  present,  herbaceous  or  colored,  neither  scale- 
like  nor  bristle-form    S. 

S.  Pistils  numerous  in  a  head  or  ring  ALISMACEAE,  80 

S.  Pistil  one,  compound  (cells  or  placentae  mostly  3)    T. 
T.  Stamens  3. 

Moss-like,  aquatic ;  flowers  solitary  MAYACACKAE,  263 

Rush-like  marsh  or  bog  plants ;  flowers  in  spikes,  racemes, 

or  heads. 

Flowers  racemose  or  spicate  JUNCAGINACEAE,    79 

Flowers  in  dense  scaly  heads  XYRIDACEAE,  262 

T.  Stamens  4  Maianthemum,  291 

T.  Stamens  6   U. 
U.  Stamens  all  alike  and  fertile. 

Gray  scurfy  moss-like  epiphyte  BROMELIACEAE,  265 

Not  epiphytic. 

Ovary  of  nearly  separate  carpels  JUNCAGINACEAE,  79 

Ovary  (often  angled  or  lobed)  not  deeply  cleft. 
Divisions  of  the  perianth  alike  or  nearly  so. 
Perianth  woolly  HAEMODORACEAE,  296 

Perianth  not  woolly. 
Plant    rush-like;    perianth  small,  greenish  or 

purplish  brown  JUNCACEAE,  267 


12  ANALYTICAL   KEY 

Plant  not  rush-like  LILIACKAE,  279 

Divisions  of  the  perianth  unlike,  3  green  sepals  and 

3  colored  petals. 

Stem-leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  3  in  a  whorl  Trillium,  293 

Stem-leaves  linear  or  nearly  so ;  flowers  umbeled 

COMMELINACEAE,  264 

U.   Stamens  dissimilar,  or  only  3  with  fertile  anthers. 

Perianth  of  3  herbaceous  sepals  and  3  colored  ephemeral 

petals  COMMKLINACEAE,  264 

Perianth  tubular,  6-lobed  PONTEDERIACEAE,  266 

M.   Perianth  present,  adnate  to  the  ovary    V~ 
V.   Stamens  1-2 ;  flowers  irregular. 

Anthers  2-celled;  seeds  many  ORCHIDACEAE,  304 

Anthers  1-celled ;  seeds  solitary  MARANTACEAE,  304 

V.   Stamens  3  or  more ;  flowers  mostly  regular  or  nearly  so    W. 
W.  Climbing  plant  with  net-veined  ovate  leaves  DIOSCOREACEAE,  297 

W.   Not  climbing;  leaves  parallel-veined. 

Perianth  woolly,  only  partially  adnate  to  the  ovary 

HAEMODORACEAE,  296 
Perianth  not  woolly,  adnate  to  the  whole  surface  of  the 

ovary. 

Aquatics;  flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous     HYDROCHARITACEAE,  85 
Terrestrial ;  flowers  perfect. 

Stamens  6  AMARYLLIDACEAE,  297 

Stamens  3. 
Leaves   2-ranked,    equitant;    stamens   opposite    the 

outer  segments  of  the  perianth  IRIDACEAE,  299 

Leaves  not  2-ranked,  the  cauline  scale-like;  stamens 
opposite  the  inner  segments  of  the  perianth 

BURMANNIACEAE,  304 

CLASS  2.    DICOTYLEDONEAE 

Stems  formed  of  bark,  wood,  and  pith ;  the  wood  forming  a  zone  between 
the  other  two,  and  increasing,  when  the  stem  continues  from  year  to  year, 
by  the  annual  addition  of  a  new  layer  to  the  outside,  next  the  bark.  Leaves 
net-veined.  Embryo  with  a  pair  of  opposite  cotyledons.  Parts  of  the 
flower  mostly  in  fours  or  fives  X. 

X.  Corolla  none ;  calyx  present  or  absent   Y. 

Y.   Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  one  or  both  sorts  in  catkins    Z. 
Z.   Only  one  sort  of  flowers  in  catkins  or  catkin-like  heads. 

Fertile  flowers  in  a  short  catkin  or  catkin-like  head  URTICACEAE,  344 

Fertile  flowers  single  or  clustered ;    the  sterile  in  slender 

catkins  (except  in  Fagus). 

Leaves  pinnate ;  fertile  flowers  and  fruit  naked          JUGLANDACEAE.  330 
Leaves  simple ;  fertile  flowers  1-3  in  a  cup  or  involucre     FAQACEAE,  337 
Z.  Both    sterile    and    fertile    flowers    in    catkins    or    catkin-like 

heads  a. 
a.   Ovary  many-ovuled  ;  fruit  many-seeded. 

Ovary  and  pod  2-celled  ;  seeds  not  tufted  Liquidambar,  453 

Ovary  and  pod  1-celled;  seeds  hairy-tufted  SALICACEAE,  320 


ANALYTICAL   KEY  13 

at.  Ovary  1-2-celled;  cells  1-ovuled ;  fruit  1-seeded. 

Parasitic  on  trees ;  fruit  a  berry  LORANTHACEAE,  351 

Trees  and  shrubs,  not  parasitic. 

Calyx  regular,  in  fertile  flower  succulent  in  fruit        URTICACEAE,  344 
Calyx  none  or  rudimentary  and  scale-like. 
Style  and  stigma  1,  simple. 

Leaves  palmately  angled  or  lobed  PLATAN  AC  EAE,  454 

Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  entire  LEITNEBIACEAE,  330 

Styles  or  long  stigmas  2. 

Fertile  flowers  2  or  3  at  each  scale  of  the  catkin  BETULACEAE,  332 
Fertile    flowers    single    under   each    scale;    nutlets 

naked,  waxy-coated,  or  drupe-like  MYBICACEAE,  329 

Y.  Flowers  not  in  catkins    6. 

6.   Ovary  or  its  cells  containing  only  1-2  (rarely  3-4)  ovules    c. 
c.  Pistils  more  than  1,  distinct  or  nearly  so. 

Stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx ;  leaves  with  stipules  ROSACEAE,  454 

Stamens  inserted  on  the  receptacle. 

Leaves  punctate  with  transparent  dots  Zanthoxylum,  537 

Leaves  not  dotted. 

Calyx  present,  usually  colored  or  petal-like      RANUNCULACEAE,  392 
Calyx  none ;  flowers  spiked  PIPERACEAE,  320 

c.  Pistil  1 ,  simple  or  compound    d. 

d.   Ovary  free  from  the  calyx,  which  is  sometimes  wanting    e. 
e.  Stipules  (ocreae)  sheathing  the  stem  at  the  nodes. 

Tree ;  calyx  none  PLATANACEAE,  454 

Herbs ;  calyx  present,  commonly  corolla-like      POLYGONACEAE,  353 
e.  Stipules  not  sheathing  the  stem,  or  none  /. 
/.  Herbs   g. 
g.  Aquatic,  submerged  or  nearly  so. 

Leaves  whorled,  dissected ;  style  1        CERATOPHYLLACEAE,  389 
Leaves  opposite,  entire ;  styles  2 ;  ovary  4-celled 

CALLITRICHACEAE,  549 
g.  Not  aquatics   h. 

h.  Styles  10 ;  ovary  and  berry  10-celled          PHYTOLACCACEAE,  374, 
h.  Style,  if  any,  and  stigma  1. 

Flowers  unisexual ;    ovary  of  the  fertile  flowers 

1-celled  URTICACEAE,  344 

Flowers  perfect;  pod  2-celled,  2-seeded  Lepidium,  425 

h.  Styles  2-3  or  branched ;  ovary  1-4-celled   i. 

i.  Leaves  palmately  lobed  or  divided  Cannabineae,  344 

i.  Leaves  not  palmately  lobed  or  divided  j. 
j.  Ovary  and  pod  3-celled ;  juice  usually  milky. 

Flowers   in    basal    spikes ;    stamens   4 ;    fila- 
ments thick,  flattened  BUXACEAE,  550 
Inflorescence  various,  not  of  basal  spikes; 
stamens  l-oo ,  rarely  4 ;  filaments  not  con- 
spicuously thick                            EUPHORBIACEAE,  540 
j.  Ovary  not  3-celled ;  juice  not  milky    k. 
k.   Flowers    in     numerous     small    involucrate 

heads ;  fruit  a  3-angled  achene  Eriogonum,  353 

k.  Flowers  not  involucrate. 

Leaves  covered  at  least  beneath  with  stel- 
late hairs ;  embryo  straight     EUPHORBIACEAE,  540 


14  ANALYTICAL   KEY 

Leaves  without  stellate  hairs ;  embryo  curved  or 

coiled. 

Stipules  scarious  ILLECEBRACEAE,  376 

Stipules  none. 
Leaves  opposite. 

Plant  fleshy  Salicornia,  369 

Not  fleshy. 
Flowers  in  heads  or  spikes,  these  often 

panicled ;  anthers  1-celled     AMARANTHACEAE,  371 
Flowers    sessile    in  forks   of   branching 

inflorescence  ILLECEBRACEAE,  376 

Leaves  alternate. 

Flowers  and  bracts  scarious  AMARANTHACEAE,  371 

Flowers  small,  chiefly  greenish ;  no  scarious 

bracts  CHENOPODIACEAE,  364 

/.  Shrubs  or  trees. 

Leaves  small,  linear  or  scale-like ;  low  heath-like  shrubs 

EMPETRACEAE,  551 

Leaves  oblong  to  orbicular ;  never  heath-like. 
Leaves  opposite. 

Fruit  3-celled,  not  winged  RHAMNACEAE,  560 

Fruit  2-celled,  a  double  samara  ACERACEAE,  557 

Fruit  1-celled,  a  single  samara  OLEACEAE,  650 

Leaves  alternate. 

Ovary  3-celled  RHAMNACEAE,  560 

Ovary  1-2-celled. 

Styles  and  stigmas  2  URTICACEAE,  344 

Style  and  stigma  1. 

Anthers  opening  lengthwise  THYMELAEACEAE,  589 

Anthers  opening  by  uplifted  lids  LAURACEAE,  413 

d.  Ovary  inferior  or  so  closely  and  permanently  invested  by  the 

calyx  as  to  appear  so. 

Parasites  on  the  branches  of  trees  LORANTHACEAE,  351 

9  Aquatic  herbs  HALORAGIDACEAE,  602 

Terrestrial. 

Herbs  with  calyx  colored  like  a  corolla. 

Leaves  opposite,  simple  NYCTAGINACEAE,  375 

Leaves  alternate,  pinnate  Sanguisorba,  494 

Leaves  alternate,  simple  Comandra,  350 

Shrubs  or  trees. 

Leaves  scurfy  ELAEAGNACEAE,  590 

Leaves  not  scurfy,  opposite  Nestronia,  350 

Leaves  not  scurfy,  alternate. 
Style  1,  stigmatic  down  one  side;  flowers  solitary,  in 

pairs,  or  in  umbel-like  clusters  Nyssa,  625 

Style  1,  short;  stigma  terminal;  flowers  racemose       Pyrularia,  350 
Styles  2  HAMAMELIDACEAE,  452 

6.  Ovary  or  its  cells  containing  many  ovules    I. 
I.  Calyx  none ;  ovary  and  fruit  naked. 

Aquatic  herb  PODOSTEMACEAE,  441 

Tree  or  shrub  HAMAMELIDACEAE,  452 

L  Calyx  present    ra. 
ra.  Ovary  superior. 


ANALYTICAL   KEY  15 

Ovaries  2  or  more,  separate  RANUNCULACEAE,  392 

Ovary  single. 

Ovary  5-celled,  5-beaked ;  leaves  scattered  Penthorum,  442 

Ovary  3-5-celled ;  leaves  opposite  or  whorled  AIZOACEAE,  377 

Ovary  1-2-celled. 

Leaves  compound  RANUNCULACEAE,  392 

Leaves  simple. 

Calyx  of  separate  sepals  CARYOPHYLLACEAE,  377 

Calyx  5-toothed  or  -cleft  Glaux,  647 

Calyx  4-toothed  LYTHRACEAE,  591 

m.  Ovary  and  pod  inferior. 

Ovary  6-celled ;  stamens  6-12  ARISTOLOCHIACEAE,  351 

Ovary  4-celled ;  stamens  4  Ludvigia,  594 

Ovary  1-celled ;  stamens  8-10  Chrysosplenium,  448 

X.  Both  calyx  and  corolla  present  n. 
n.  Corolla  of  separate  petals    o. 

o.  Stamens  numerous,  at  least  more  than  10  (rarely  9-10  in  Pola- 
nisia),  and  more  than  twice  as  many  as  the  sepals  or  calyx- 
lobes  p. 

p.  Calyx  entirely  free  and  separate  from  the  pistil  or  pistils   q. 
q.  Pistils  several  or  many,  wholly  distinct  or  united  at  base 

into  a  strongly  lobed  or  several-beaked  ovary    r. 

r.  Aquatics  with  peltate  leaves  NYMPHAEACEAE,  389 

r.  Terrestrial  plants. 
Climbers. 

Leaves  alternate  MKNISPERMACEAE,  410 

Leaves  opposite  Clematis,  402 

Not  climbing. 

Filaments  united  into  a  tube  MALVACEAE,  566 

Filaments  not  united. 

Leaves  opposite,  entire  CALYCANTHACEAE,  409 

Leaves  alternate. 

Stamens  on  the  calyx  ROSACEAE,  454 

Stamens  on  the  receptacle  or  disk. 
Trees  or  shrubs. 

Sepals  and  petals  imbricated  MAGNOLIACEAE,  408 

Sepals  and  petals  valvate  ANONACEAE,  410 

Herbs  RESEDACEAE,  439 

q.  Pistils  strictly  one  as  to  ovary;  the  styles  or  stigmas  may 

be  several   s. 

9.  Leaves  punctate  with  translucent  dots  HYPERICACEAE,  571 

8.  Leaves  not  punctate    t. 
t.  Ovary  simple,  1-celled. 

Ovules  2  ROSACEAE,  454 

Ovules  many. 
Leaves  2-3-ternately  compound  or  dissected 

RANUNCULACEAE,  392 

Leaves  peltate,  lobed  Podophyllum,  411 

t.  Ovary  compound. 
Ovary  1-celled. 

Sepals  2  (rarely  3),  caducous;  juice  milky  or  col- 
ored; placentae  parietal  PAPAVERACEAE,  414 
Sepals  2;  juice  watery;  placentae  central  PORTULACACEAE,  387 


16  ANALYTICAL   KEY 

Sepals  4;  juice  watery ;  placentae  parietal  CAPPARIDACEAE,  438 
Sepals  3  or  5,  persistent;  juice  watery;    placentae 

parietal  CISTACEAE,  570 

Ovary  several-celled. 

Calyx  valvate  in  bud.  ' 

Herbs  or  rarely  shrubs;  stamens  united;  anthers 

1-celled  MALVACEAE,  566 

Trees;  anthers  2-celled  TILIACEAE,  565 

Calyx  imbricate  in  bud. 
Shrubs ;  stamens  on  the  base  of  the  petals 

TEBNSTROBMIACEAE,  570 
Aquatic  or  marsh-dwelling  herbs. 
Leaves  tubular  or  trumpet-shaped;  placentae  in 

the  axis  SABRACENIACEAE,  439 

Leaves  (when  mature)  flattish,  never  tubular  or 
trumpet-shaped;  ovules  on  the  partitions  of 
the  ovary  NYMPHAEACEAE,  389 

p.  Calyx  more  or  less  adherent  to  a  compound  ovary. 
Ovary  7-30-celled. 

Cells  many-ovuled ;  aquatic  herbs  NYMPHAEACEAE,  389 

Cells  10,  each  1-ovuled ;  trees  or  shrubs  Amelanchier,  459 

Ovary  6-celled  Asarum,  352 

Ovary  1-^5-celled. 

Fleshy-stemmed,  without  true  foliage ;  petals  many  CACTACEAE,  588 

Leaves  present. 
Sepals  or  calyx-lobes  2 ;  ovules  arising  from  the  base  of  a 

1-celled  ovary  PORTULACACEAE,  387 

Sepals  or  calyx-lobes  more  than  2. 

Leaves  opposite ;  stipules  none  SAXIFRAGACEAE,  444 

Leaves  alternate. 

Stipules  present  ROSACEAE,  454 

Stipules  none. 

Herbs  with  rough-pubescent  leaves  LOASACEAE,  588 

Trees  or  shrubs  STYRACACEAE,  649 

o.   Stamens  not  more  than  twice  as  many  as  the  petals    u. 
u.  Stamens  of  the  same  number  as  the  petals  and  opposite  them. 

Ovaries  3-6,  separate ;  woody  vines  MENISPERMACEAE,  410 

Ovary  only  one. 
Ovary  2-4-celled. 

Calyx-lobes  minute  or  obsolete ;  petals  valvate  VITACEAE,  562 

Calyx  4-5-cleft;  petals  involute  RHAMNACEAE,  560 

Ovary  1-celled. 

Anthers  opening  by  uplifted  lids  BERBERIDACEAE,  411 

Anthers  not  opening  by  uplifted  lids. 

Style  1,  unbranched ;  stigma  1  PRIMULACEAE,  643 

Styles,  style-branches,  or  stigmas  more  than  1. 
Sepals  or  calyx-lobes  2  PORTULACACEAE,  387 

Sepals  or  calyx-lobes  3-5. 

Flowers  monoecious  Crotonopsis,  542 

Flowers  perfect  PLUMBAGINACEAE,  643 

u.  Stamens  not  of  the  same  number  as  the  petals,  or  if  of  the  same 

number  alternate  with  them    v. 
v.   Calyx  free  from  the  ovary,  i.e.  ovary  wholly  superior    w. 


ANALYTICAL   KEY  17 

W.  Ovaries  2  or  more,  wholly  separate  or  somewhat  united  x. 

x.  Stamens  united  with  each  other  and  with  a  large  thick  stigma 

common  to  the  2  ovaries  ASCLEPIADACEAE,  663 

x.  Stamens  free  from  each  other  and  from  the  pistils    y. 
y.   Stamens  on  the  receptacle,  free  from  the  calyx. 

Leaves  punctate  with  translucent  dots  RUTACEAE,  537 

Leaves  without  translucent  dots. 
Trees  or  shrubs ;  leaves  pinnate. 

Low  shrub;  leaflets  mostly  5  Zanthorhiza,  408 

Tree ;  leaflets  11  or  more  Ailanthus,  538 

Herbs. 

Leaves  fleshy  CRASSULACEAE,  441 

Leaves  not  fleshy. 

Ovaries  or  lobes  of  the  ovary  2-5,  with  a  common  style. 
Ovary  2-3-lobed  LIMNANTKACEAE,  551 

Ovary  5-lobed  GERANIACEAE,  534 

Ovaries  with  separate  styles  or  sessile  stigmas 

RANUNCULACEAE,  392 
y.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx. 

Plant  fleshy ;  stamens  just  twice  as  many  as  the  pistils 

CRASSULACEAE,  441 

Plant  not  fleshy ;  stamens  not  twice  as  many  as  the  pistils. 
Stipules  present  ROSACKAE,  454 

Stipules  none  SAXIFRAGACEAE,  444 

to.  Ovary  1   z. 

z.  Ovary  simple  with  1  parietal  placenta  LEGUMINOSAE,  499 

z.  Ovary  compound,  as  shown  by  the  number  of  its  cells,  placentae, 

styles,  or  stigmas   A. 
A.  Ovary  1-celled. 

Corrolla  irregular. 

Petals  4 ;  stamens  6  FUMARIACEAE,  416 

Petals  and  stamens  5  VIOLACEAE,  579 

Corolla  regular  or  nearly  so. 
Ovule  solitary. 

Trees  or  shrubs  ANACARDIACEAE,  552 

Herbs  CRUCIFERAE,  418 

Ovules  more  than  one. 
Ovules  at  the  center  or  bottom  of  the  cell. 

Petals  not  inserted  on  the  calyx  CARYOPHYLLACEAE,  377 

Petals  inserted  on  the  throat  of  a  bell-shaped  or 

tubular  calyx  LYTHRACEAE,  591 

Ovules  on  2  or  more  parietal  placentae. 

Leaves  punctate  with  translucent  dots  HYPERICACEAE,  571 

Leaves  beset  with  gland-tipped  bristles  DROSERACEAE,  440 

Leaves  neither  punctate  nor  bristly-glandular. 
Petals  4. 
Stamens  essentially  equal ;  pod  usually  stiped 

CAPPARIDACEAE,  438 
Stamens  unequal,  2  being  shorter  than  the  other  4 ; 

pod  sessile  CRUCIFERAE,  418 

Petals  3  or  5. 

Ovary  stiped  PASSIFLORACEAE,  587 

Ovary  sessile. 

GRAY'S  MANUAL  —  2 


18  ANALYTICAL   KEY 

Calyx  5-lobed  or  of  5  equal  sepa/s  SAXIFRAGACEAE,  444 

Calyx  of  3  equal  or  5  very  unequal  sepals  CISTACEAE,  576 

A..  Ovary  2-several-celled    B. 
B.   Flowers  irregular    C. 
C.   Anthers  opening  at  the  top. 

Anthers  6-8,  1-celled  POLTGALACBAE,  538 

Anthers  10,  2-celled  Rhododendron,  631 

C.  Anthers  opening  lengthwise. 

Stamens  12  and  petals  6  on  the  throat  of  the  gibbous  calyx     Cuphea,  593 
Stamens  5-10  and  petals  hypogynous  or  nearly  so. 
Ovary  3-celled ;  trees  or  shrubs  Aesculus,  559 

Ovary  5-celled ;  herbs  BALSAMINACEAE,  560 

B.  Flowers  regular  or  nearly  so    D. 

D.  Stamens  neither  just  as  many  nor  twice  as  many  as  the 

petals. 

Trees  or  shrubs. 

Stamens  fewer  than  the  4  petals  OLEACEAE,  650 

Stamens  more  numerous  than  the  petals  ACERACEAE,  557 

Herbs. 

Petals  5  HYPERICACEAE,  571 

Petals  4  CRUCIFERAE,  418 

D.  Stamens  just  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals   E. 
E.  Ovules  and  seeds  only  1  or  2  in  each  cell. 
Herbs. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious  EUPHORBIACEAE,  540 

Flowers  perfect  and  symmetrical. 
Cells  of  the  ovary  as  many  as  the  sepals. 
Ovary  2-3-celled  LIMNANTHACEAE,  551 

Ovary  5-celled  GERANIACEAE,  534 

Cells  of  the  ovary  twice  as  many  as  the  sepals. 
Leaves  abruptly  pinnate  ZYGOPHYLLACEAE,  536 

Leaves  simple  LINACEAE,  531 

Shrubs  or  trees. 
Leaves  compound. 

Leaves  3-foliolate,  punctate  Ptelea,  537 

Leaves  pinnate,  not  punctate  SAPINDACEAE,  559 

Leaves  simple. 

Leaves  palmately  veined  ACERACEAE,  557 

Leaves  pinnately  veined. 
Leaves  alternate. 

Climbing  shrub  Celastrus,  557 

Erect  shrubs  or  trees. 

Flowers  racemose  CYRILLACEAE,  553 

Flowers  solitary  or  cymose  AQUIFOLIACEAE,  554 

Leaves  opposite  'CELASTRACEAE,  556 

E.  Ovules,  and  usually  seeds,  several  or  many  in  each  cell   F. 
F.  Leaves  compound. 

Tree  or  shrub  STAPHYLEACEAE,  557 

Herbs ;  leaves  alternate,  or  all  radical. 

Leaflets  3,  obcordate  OXALIDACEAE,  532 

Leaflets  more  numerous,  pointed  Astilbe,  444 

F.  Leaves  simple. 

Stipules  present  between  opposite  leaves  ELATINACEAE,  575 


ANALYTICAL   KEY  19 

Stipules  none  when  the  leaves  are  opposite. 
Stamens  5,  united  at  base  into  a  10-toothed 

cup  or  tube ;  leaves  all  radical  Galax,  642 

Stamens  free  from  each  other. 
Style  1. 

Stamens  free  from  the  calyx  ERICACEAE,  625 

Stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx  LYTHRACEAE,  591 

Styles  2-5,  or  splitting  into  2  in  fruit. 
Stamens   free    from    the   calyx;    leaves 

opposite  CARYOPHYLLACBAE,  377 

Stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx  ERICACEAE,  625 

v.  Calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  at  least  to  its  lower  half    G. 
G.  Tendril-bearing  and  often  succulent  herbs  CUCURBITACEAE,  764 

G.   Not  tendril-bearing    H. 
H.  Ovules  and  seeds  more  than  1  in  each  cell. 
Ovary  1-celled. 
Sepals  or  calyx-lobes  2 ;  ovules  borne  at  the  base  of  the 

ovary  PORTULACACEAE,  387 

Sepals  or  calyx-lobes  4-5 ;  placentae  2-3,  parietal  SAXIFRAGACEAE,  444 
Ovary  2-many-celled. 

Anthers  opening  by  pores  at  the  apex  MELASTOMACEAE,  593 

Anthers  not  opening  by  pores. 
Stamens  inserted  on  or  about  a  flat  disk  which  covers 

the  ovary  CELASTRACEAE,  556 

Stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx. 

Style  1 ;  stamens  4  or  8  (rarely  5)  ONAGRACEAE,  594 

Styles  2-3,  distinct ;  stamens  5  or  10  SAXIFRAGACEAE,  444 

H.  Ovules  and  seeds  only  1  in  each  cell. 
Stamens  5  or  10. 
Trees  or  shrubs. 

Leaves  simple,  not  prickly  Crataegus,  460 

Leaves  compound,  or  prickly  ARALIACEAE,  605 

Herbs. 

Fruit  dry,  splitting  at  maturity ;  styles  2  UMBELLIFERAE,  607 

Fruit  berry-like;  styles  2-5,  separate  or  united       ARALIACEAE,  605 
Stamens  2,  4,  or  8. 

Style  and  stigma  1 ;  fruit  a  drupe  CORNACEAE,  623 

Styles  or  stigmatic  branches  or  sessile  stigmas  usually 

more  than  1 ;  fruit  not  drupaceous. 

Shrubs  or  trees  HAMAMELIDACEAE,  452 

Herbs. 

Style  1 ;  stigma  2-4-lobed  ONAGRACEAE,  594 

Styles  or  sessile  stigmas  4  HALORAGIDACEAE,  602 

n.  Petals  more  or  less  united    I. 

I.   Stamens  more  numerous  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla   J. 
J.  Ovary  1-celled. 

Placenta  1,  parietal  LEGUMINOSAE,  499 

Placentae  2,  parietal  FUMARIACEAE,  416 

Placenta  at  the  center  or  base  of  the  ovary  STYRACACEAE,  649 

J.  Ovary  2-celled  ;  cells  1-ovuled  POLYGALACEAE,  538 

J.   Ovary  3-<*-celled    K. 
K.  Stamens  free  from  the  corolla. 

Style  1 ;  leaves  simple  ERICACEAE,  625 

Styles  5;  leaves  3-foliolate  OXALIDACEAE,  532 


20  ANALYTICAL   KEY 

K.  Stamens  attached  to  the  base  or  tube  of  the  corolla. 

Saprophytic  herbs  without  green  foliage  Monotropoideae,  626 

Not  saprophytic ;  foliage  green. 

Trees,  shrubs,  or  undershrubs ;  anthers  mostly  2-celled. 
Filaments  united  into  1-5  groups. 

Ovary  superior  TERNSTROEMIACEAE,  570 

Ovary  at  least  partly  inferior  STYBACACBAE,  649 

Filaments  free  from  each  other. 

Style  1  ERICACEAE,  625 

Styles  4  EBENACEAE,  648 

Herbs ;  anthers  1-celled. 

Filaments  united  into  a  tube  MALVACEAE,  566 

Filaments  distinct,  2  at  each  notch  of  the  corolla  Adoxa,  761 

I.   Stamens  not  more  numerous  than  the  corolla-lobes    L. 
L.   Stamens  of  the  same  number  as  the  corolla-lobes  and  opposite  them. 
Corolla  appendaged  with  scales  inside ;  ovary  5-celled ;  trees 

or  shrubs  SAPOTACEAE,  648 

Corolla  not  appendaged  with  scales  inside ;  ovary  1-celled ; 

herbs. 

Style  1 ;  fruit  a  several-many-seeded  capsule  PKIMULACEAE,  643 

Styles  5 ;  fruit  a  1-seeded  utricle  PLUMB  AGIN  AC  EAE,  643 

L.   Stamens  alternate  with  the  corolla-lobes  or  fewer    M. 
M.   Ovary  free  from  the  calyx-tube  (superior)    N. 
N.   Corolla  regular    O. 

O.   Stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes    P. 
P.  Ovaries  more  than  1,  or,  if  1,  deeply  lobed    Q. 
Q.   Ovaries  2,  or,  if  1,  2-horned. 

Stamens  united  ASCLEPIADACEAE,  663 

Stamens  distinct. 
Stipules  or  stipular  membrane  or  line  between 

opposite  leaves ;  ovary  2-horned  LOGANIACEAE,  652 

Stipules  none ;  ovaries  2. 

Leaves  kidney-shaped,  alternate  Dichondra,  669 

Leaves  not  kidney-shaped,  chiefly  opposite 

APOCYNACEAE,  661 
Q.  Ovary  deeply  4-lobed. 

Leaves  alternate  BOBAGINACEAE,  679 

Leaves  opposite  LABIATAE,  690 

P.   Ovary  1,  not  deeply  lobed    R. 
R.  Ovary  1-celled. 

Seed  1 ;  corolla  scarious  PLANTAGINACEAE,  743 

Seeds  several-many. 

Leaves  entire,  opposite  GENTIANACEAE,  654 

Leaves  toothed,  lobed,  or  compound. 
Whole  upper  surface  of  corolla  white-bearded ; 

leaflets  3,  entire  Menyanthes,  660 

Corolla  not  conspicuously  bearded;   leaves,  if 
compound,  with  toothed  leaflets 

HYDROPHYLLACEAE,  676 
R,  Ovary  2-10-celled. 

Leafless  twining  parasites  Cuscuta,  671 

Leaves  opposite,  their  bases  connected  by  a  stipular 

line  LOGANIACEAE.  652 


ANALYTICAL   KEY  21 

Leaves  alternate  or  if  opposite  with  no  trace  of  stipules. 
Stamens  free  from  the  corolla  or  nearly  so. 

Style  1  ERICACEAE,  625 

Style  none  AQUIFOLIACEAE,  554 

Stamens  in  the  notches  of  the  corolla;  style  1     DIAPENSIACEAE,  642 
Stamens  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla. 
Stamens  4. 
Leafy-stemmed ;  leaves  opposite ;  corolla  petaloid 

VERBENACEAE,  688 

Acaulescent ;  corolla  scarious  PLANTAGINACEAE,  743 

Stamens  5  or  rarely  more. 

Fruit  of  2  or  4  seed-like  nutlets  BORAGINACEAB,  679 

Fruit  a  few-many-seeded  pod. 

Styles  3  (rarely  in)  Breweria,  669 

Styles  2. 

Pod  few(mostly  4)-seeded  CONVOLVULACEAE,  668 

Pod  many-seeded  HYDROPHYLLACEAE,  676 

Style  1,  often  branched. 
Branches  of  the  style  (or  at  least  the  lobes  of 

the  stigma)  3. 

Not  twining  POLEMONIACEAE,  673 

Twining  Ipomoea,  670 

Branches  of  the  style  or  lobes  of  the  stigma  2 

or  rarely  4. 

Seeds  few,  mostly  4  CONVOLVULACEAE,  608 

Seeds  many  SOLANACEAE,  71J 

O.   Stamens  fewer  than  the  corolla-lobes. 
Stamens  with  anthers  4,  in  pairs. 

Ovary  2-celled ;  cells  several-seeded  ACANTHACEAE,  742 

Ovary  2-4-celled  ;  cells  1-seeded  VERBENACEAE,  088 

Stamens  with  anthers  only  2  or  rarely  3. 

Ovary  4-lobed  Lycopus,  709 

Ovary  2-celled,  not  4-lobed. 
Herbs. 

Acaulescent;  corolla  scarious  PLANTAGINACEAE,  743 

Leafy-stemmed ;  corolla  not  scarious  Veronica,  726 

Trees  or  shrubs  OLKACEAE,  650 

N.   Corolla  irregular    S. 
S.   Stamens  with  anthers  5. 

Stamens  free  from  the  corolla;   anther-cells  opening  at  the 

apex  Rhododendron,  631 

Stamens  inserted  on  the  corolla. 

Ovary  deeply  4-lobed  around  the  style  Echium,  688 

Ovary  not  deeply  lobed,  many-ovuled. 

Filaments  or  some  of  them  woolly  Verbascum,  719 

Filaments  not  woolly  Hyoscyamus,  716 

S.   Stamens  with  anthers  2  or  4. 

Ovules  solitary  in  the  1-4  cells. 

Ovary  4-lobed  ;  style  rising  from  between  the  lobes  LABIATAE,  690 

Ovary  not  lobed  ;  style  from  its  apex. 

Ovary  1-celled ;  fruit  turned  downwards  PHRYMACEAE,  743 

Ovary  2-4-celled  ;  fruit  not  turned  downwards         VERBENACEAE,  688 
Ovules  2-many  in  each  cell. 


22  ANALYTICAL   KEY 

Ovary  imperfectly  4-5-celled  MARTYNIACEAE,  741 

Ovary  1-2-celled. 
Ovary  1-celled. 
Parasites  without  green  foliage,  terrestrial ;  stamens  4 

OBOBANCHACEAE,  739 
Not  parasitic,  chiefly  aquatic  or  mud  plants ;  stamens  2 

LENTIBTTLARIACEAE,  736 
Ovary  2-celled. 

Trees  or  woody  climbers ;  placentae  parietal     BIGNONIACEAE,  740 
Herbs,  rarely  trees;  placentae  in  the  axis. 
Seeds  (mostly  numerous)  nofr'borne  on  hooks 

SCROPHULABIACEAE,  717 

Seeds  (2-12)  borne  on  hook-like  processes  of  the 

placentae  ACANTHACEAE,  742 

M.   Ovary  adherent  to  the  calyx-tube  (inferior)    T. 

T.  Tendril-bearing  herbs;  anthers  often  united  CUCURBITACEAE,  764 

T.  Tendrils  none    U. 
U.   Stamens  separate    V. 

V.  Stamens  free  from  the  corolla  or  nearly  so,  as  many  as  its 

lobes ;  stipules  none ;  juice  milky  CAMPANULACEAB,  765 

V.   Stamens  inserted  on  the  corolla. 

Stamens  1-3,  always  fewer  than  the  corolla-lobes  VALERIANACEAE,  761 
Stamens  4-5 ;  leaves  opposite  or  whorled. 
Ovary  2-5-celled. 
Leaves  opposite  or  perfoliate,  but  neither  whorled 

nor  provided  with  true  stipules  CAPRIFOLIACEAE,  754 

Leaves  either  opposite  and  stipulate,  or  whorled  and 

destitute  of  stipules  KUBIACEAE,  746 

Ovary  1-celled  ;  flowers  in  dense  involucrate  heads  DIPSACACEAE,  763 
U.   Stamens  united  by  their  anthers ;  these  joined  in  a  ring  or  tube. 

Flowers  separate,  not  involucrate ;  corolla  irregular    LOBELIACEAE,  768 
Flowers  in  an  involucrate  head  COMPOSITAE,  770 


TABULAR    VIEW    OF   THE   FAMILIES    TREATED 
IN   THIS   WORK 


—  .  —  

ORDERS,  FAMILIES,  ETC. 

GENERA. 

SPECIES. 

VARIETIES  AND 
NAMED  FORMS. 

DIVISION  I.    PTERIDOPHYTA 

Order  I.    FILICALES 
Fam.    1.   Hymenophyllaceae     .... 

Native. 

Introd. 

Native. 

Introd. 

Native. 

Introd. 

1 
18 
2 
1 
2 
1 
2 

1 

1 
1 
1 

1 
9 

1 
1 

5 
2 
4 
8 

68 

18 

6 
4 

8 

1 
1 
2 
1 
2 

19 

1 

58 
2 
3 
9 
2 
2 

10 

12 
3 
13 

1 
24 

2 
9 

44 
4 
19 
3 

812 
822 

7 
9 

6 

8 
1 
12 
1 
4 

8 

1 

66 
11 

22 

5 

7 

5 
10 
12 

2 

2 

17 
11 

42 
135 

1 

1 

5 

**       5.  Ophioglossaceae     

Ord.  II.    EQUISETALES 

Ord.  III.    LYCOPODIALES 
Fam.    9.   Lycopodiaceae  

*'     11     Isoetaceae     

DIVISION  II.    SPERMATOPHYTA 
SUBDIVISION  I.    GYMNOSPERMAE 

Ord.  IV.      CONIFERALES 

SUBDIVISION  II.    ANGIOSPERMAE 
CLASS  I.  MONOCOTYLEDONEAE 

Ord.  V.     PANDANALES 

Ord.  VI.    NAJADALES 
Fam.  16    Najadaceae         .         ... 

"     17.  Juncaginaceae  .         .    .    . 

"     19.  Hydrocharitaceae  

Ord.  VII.    GBAMINALES 

"     21.   Cyperaceae    
Ord  VIII     ARALES  

"     23.   Letnnaceae    

Ord.  IX.    XYRIDALES 
Fam.  24.   Eriocaulaceae    

"     25.   Xyridaceae    

"     26.   Mayacaceae   

24 


TABULAR    VIEW    OF    THE   FAMILIES 


ORDERS,  FAMILIES,  ETC. 


GENERA. 


Native.    Introd 


SPECIES. 


Native.    Introd 


VARIETIES  AND 
NAMED  FORMS. 


Native.    Introd. 


Ord.  X.  LILIALES 

Fam.  30.  Juncaceae 

"  31.  Liliaceae 

"  32.  Haemodoraceae      .... 

"  33.  Dioscoreaceae 1 

"  34.  Amaryllidaceae 5 

"  35.  Iridaceae 

Ord.  XI.      SCITAMINALES 

Fam.  36.   Marantaceae 1 

Ord.  XII.     ORCHIDALES 

Fam.  37.   Burmanniaceae 1 

"     38.   Orchidaceae 18 

CLASS  II.   DICOTYLEDONEAE 
Subclass  I.   Archichlamydeae 

Ord.  XIII.     PIPERALES 

Fam.  39.  Piperaceae 1 

Ord.  XIV.  SALICALES 

Fam.  40.  Salicaceae 2 

Ord.  XV.  MYRICALES 

Fam.  41.  Myricaceae 1 

Ord.  XVI.  LEITNERIALES 

Fara.  42.     Leitneriaceae 1 

Ord.  XVII.      JUGLANDALES 

Fam.  43.  Juglandaceae 

Ord.  XVIII.   FAGALES 

Fam.  44.   Betulaceae 5 

"     45.   Fagaceae 

Ord.  XIX.     URTICALES 

Fam.  46.   Urticaceae 11 

Ord.  XX.    SANTALALES 

Fam.  47.  Santalaceae 

"     48.   Loranthaceae 2 

Ord.  XXI.     ARISTOLOCHIALES 

Fam.  49.   Aristolochiaceae     .... 

Ord.  XXII.      POLYGONALES 

Fam.  50.   Polygonaceae 6 

Ord.  XXIII.     CIIENOPODIALES 

Fam.  51.   Chenopodiaceae     .... 

"     52.   Amaranthaceae      .....  4 

"     53.   Phytolaccaceae 1 

"      54.   Nyctaginaceae 1 

"     55.   Illecebraceae 2 

"     56.    Aizoaceae 1 

Ord.  XXIV.    CARYOPHYLLALES 

Fam.  57.   Caryophyllaceae 7 

"     58.    Portulacaceae 4 

Ord.  XXV.    KANUNCULALES 

Fam.  59.   Ceratophyllaceae 1 

"      60.   Nymphaeaceae 5 

"      61.   Eanunculaceae 19 

"      62.   Magnoliaceae 


10 


TABULAR    VIEW    OF   THE   FAMILIES 


26 


ORDBRS,  FAMILIES,  ETC. 

GBNERA. 

SPECIES. 

VARIETIES  AND 
NAMED  FORMS. 

Native. 

In  trod. 

Native. 

Introd. 

Native. 

[ntrod. 

1 
1 
3 
5 
4 

3 
3 
16 

2 

1 
1 

1 
3 
14 
3 
1 
20 
42 

1 
1 
1 

2 

1 
10 
1 

1 
2 
1 
1 
1 
2 
8 
1 
1 
2 
1 

3 
3 

1 

8 

2 

4 
1 
15 

1 

1 

4 

11 

1 

1 
2 
1 
1 

2 

1 
3 

2 
1 
3 
5 
6 

8 
9 
56 
4 

2 
6 

1 
9 
50 
3 
1 
181 
145 

7 
8 
4 

3 

14 

89 
4 

1 
2 
1 
8 
1 
10 
5 
1 
6 
4 
3 

6 
14 

8 

17 

3 

1 

9 
1 
46 
1 
3 

5 

4 

83 
37 

4 

9 

2 

1 
1 

9 

1 
2 
2 

12 

1 
14 

1 
1 

5 

74 
23 

1 

1 
2 

2 
7 

8 

3 
2 

1 
5 

1 
1 

1 

1 

Ord.  XXVI.    PAPAVERALES 

Ord.  XXVII.     SARRACENIALES 

Ord.  XXVIII.    EOSALEB 
Fam.  75    Podostemaceae  

"     76.  Crassulaceae           

"     77.   Saxifragaceae     
"     78.   Hamamelidaceae    
"     79    Platan  aceae             

Ord.  XXIX.     GERANIALES 

"     85.   Zygophyllaceae      
"     86    Rutaceae                      .... 

"     89    Euphorbiaceae       . 

"     90    Callitrichaceae        .    .    .    . 

Ord.  XXX.    SAPINDALES 
Fam     91     Buxaceae     

"       92.  Empetraceae    

"       93.   Limnanthaceae     

"       95    Cyrillaceae  

"       96    Aquifoliaceae   

"       97.  Celastraceae     

"       99.   Aceraceae     

"     100    Sapindaceae     

Ord.  XXXI.    RHAMNALES 

"     103    Vitaceae            

Ord.  XXXII.    MALVALES 
Fam  104    Tiliaceae           .         .... 

"      105    Malvaceae    .                  .         • 

Ord.  XXXIII.    VIOLALES 
Fam.  106.   Ternstroemiaceae     .... 

26 


TABULAR    VIEW   OF    THE   FAMILIES 


ORDERS,  FAMILIES,  ETC. 

GENERA. 

SPECIES. 

VARIETIES  AND 
NAMED  FORMS. 

Native. 

Introd. 

Native. 

Introd. 

Native. 

Introd. 

2 
2 
3 
2 
1 
1 

2 

1 
2 
6 
1 
7 
3 

3 
29 
2 

25 
8 

1 
10 

1 
1 
3 

3 

4 
10 
8 
5 

6 
3 
5 
7 
3 
21 
3 
24 
2 
3 
3 
1 
8 
1 

1 

1 

17 

1 
1 

2 

1 

1 

5 

14 
5 
5 

25 
4 
13 
43 
2 
2 

6 

1 

3 
10 
4 

48 
12 

7 
57 
13 

78 
3 

1 
17 

2 

1 
5 

9 
4 
34 
5 
81 

19 
14 
16 
23 
11 
77 
19 
86 
16 
5 
3 
1 
6 
1 

1 
3 

1 
2 
2 

20 

1 
5 

2 

4 

1 
2 

9 
1 

16 
2 
42 
14 
29 

3 
1 

1 

3 
1 

1 

9 

3 

2 

7 
1 

17 
5 

1 

3 
3 
3 

2 

1 

4 
1 
14 
3 

7 

2 

1 

1 

2 

1 
1 
1 

"     108    Elatinaceae       

"     109    Cistaceae      

"     112.   Loasaceae         ...... 
Ord.  XXXIV.     OPUNTIALES 
Fam  113    Cactaceae              .    •    . 

Ord.  XXXV.    MYRTALES 
Fam  114    Thymelaceae         .         . 

"     117    Melastomaceae     

"     118    Onagraceae       

Ord.  XXXVI.     UMBELLALES 

"     121.  TJmbelliferae    

Subclass  II.   Metachlamydeae 

Ord.  XXXVII.    ERICALES 

"     124    Diapensiaceae                 . 

Ord.  XXXVIII.     PRIMULALES 

Ord.  XXXIX.    EBENALES 
Fam  127    Sapotaceae       .    . 

"     129.   Styracaceae      ...              . 

Ord.  XL.    GENTIANALES 
Fam  130    Oleaceae  .             .    . 

"     131     Loganiaceae          . 

"     132.  Gentianaceae    
"     133.   Apocynaceae    .    .              . 

Ord.  XLI.     POLEMONIALES 
Fam.  135.   Convolvulaceae    

"     138.   Boraginaceae    .... 

"     139.   Verbenaceae     

**     140.   Labiatae  

"     141.  Solanaceae   

"     142.   Scrophulariaceae  .     . 

"     143.  Lentibulariaceae  .... 

"     144.  Orobanchaceae     

"     145.   Bignoniaceae    

"     146.   Martyniaceae   
"     147.   Acanthaceae     
"     148.   Phrymaceae     .    . 

TABULAR   VIEW    OF   THE   FAMILIES 


27 


ORDERS,  FAMILIES,  ETC. 

GENERA. 

SPECIES. 

VAKIETrES   AND 

NAMED  FORMS. 

Native. 

Introd. 

Native. 

Introd. 

Native. 

Introd. 

Ord.  XLII.     PLANTAQINALES 
Fam.  149.    Plantaginaceae     

2 

7 
8 
2 

4 

2 
1 

81 

2 
8 

1 
25 

12 

34 
35 

8 

4 

8 
13 
430 

8 

8 
6 
2 
5 

5 

89 

2 

8 
8 
3 

1 
3 
123 

1 
13 

Ord.  XLIII.     RUBIALES 

"     153     Dipsacaceae          .... 

Ord.  XLIV.    CAMPANULALES 
Fam.  154.   Cucurbitaceae                          . 

"     155.   Campanulaceae     .... 

"     156.  Lobeliaceae  ... 

"     157.   Compositae      

SUMMARY  BY  DIVISIONS,   CLASSES,  ETC. 


DIVISION,  CLASS,  BTO. 

GENERA. 

SPECIES. 

VARIETIES  AND 
NAMED  FORMS. 

Native. 

Introd. 

Native. 

Introd. 

Native. 

Introd. 

81 

790 
10 
780 
184 
596 
385 
261 

180 

180 
26 
154 

88 
66 

115 
8298 
25 
3273 
993 
2280 
1249 
1081 

666 
3 
663 
92 
571 
821 
250 

61 
705 
2 
703 
286 
467 
258 
214 

40 

40 
5 
85 
15 
20 

Spermatophyta       .    .                       «         • 

Gymnospermae                .         .        . 

Dicotyledoneae                  

SUMMARY  BY  MINOR  GROUPS 


Families    ................     187 

Genera  native  ......      821 

introduced     ....      180 

total     ..........    1001 

Species  native  ......    8418 

introduced     ....      666 

total     ..........    4079 

Varieties,  named 
forms,  etc.  native  ......      766 

introduced     ....       40 

total      ..........      806 

Whole  number  of  different  plants  (species,  varieties,  and  named  forms)  treated  in 
this  work  . 


EXPLANATION   OP   ABBREVIATIONS   OF 
AUTHORS'    NAMES 


A.  Br. — Braun,  Alexander. 
Adans.  —  Adanson,  Michel. 

A.  DC.  —  Ve  Candolle,  Alphonse. 
Ait.  —  Alton,  William. 

Ait.f.  —  Alton,  William  Townsend. 

All.  —  Allioni,  Carlo. 

Anders.  —  Andersson,  Nils  Johan. 

Andr.  —  Andrews,  Henry  C. 

Andrz.  —  Andrzejowski,  Anton  Lukiano- 

wicz. 

Ard.  —  Arduino,  Pietro. 
Arn.  —  Arnott,  George»A.  Walker. 
Asch.  — Ascherson,  Paul. 
Aust.  —  Austin,  Coe  Finch. 

B.  &  H.  —  Bentham,  George,  and  Hooker, 

Joseph  Dal  ton. 

Bab.  —  Babington,  Charles  Cardale. 

BailL  —  Baillon,  Henri  Ernest. 

Baldw.—  Baldwin,  William. 

Barn. — Barneoud,  F.  Marius. 

Bartl.  —  Bartling,  Friedrich  Gottlieb. 

Bartr.  —  Bartram,  William. 

Beauv.  —  Beauvois,  A.  M.  F.  J.  Palisot  de. 

Benn.  —  Bennett,  Arthur. 

Benth.  —  Bentham,  George. 

Bernh.  —  Bernhardi,  Johann  Jacob. 

Bess.  —  Besser,  Wilhelm  S.  J.  G.  von. 

Bieb.  —  Bieberstein,  Friedrich  August, 
Marschall  von. 

Bigel.  —  Bigelow,  Jacob. 

Bjornstr.  —  Bjornstrom,  Friedrich  Jo- 
hann. 

B.  Juss.  —  Jussieu,  Bernard  de. 

Boeckl.  —  Boeckeler,  Otto. 

Boenn.  —  Boenninghausen,  C.  M.  F.  von. 

Boerh.  —  Boerhaave,  Hermann. 

Boiss.  —  Boissier,  Edmond. 

Borkh.  —  Borkhausen,  M.  B. 

Br.,  A.  Br.  —  Braun,  Alexander. 

Br.,  P.  fir.  — Browne,  Patrick. 

Br.,  B.  Br.  —  Brown,  Robert. 

Brack.  —  Brackenridge,  William  D. 

Briq.  —  Briquet,  John. 


BSP.  —  Britton,  Nathaniel  Lord,  Sterns, 
E.  E.,  and  Poggenberg,  Justus  F. 

Burm.  f.  —  Burman,  Nikolaus  Laurens. 

C.  &  S.  —  Chamisso,  Adalbert  von,  and 
Schlechtendal,  D.  F.  L.  von. 

C.  A.  Mey.  —  Meyer,  Carl  Anton. 

Carr.—  Carriere,  FJie  Abel. 

Gasp.  —  Caspary,  Robert. 

Cass.  —  Cassini,  Henri. 

Cav.  —  Cavanilles,  Antonio  Jose. 

Celak.  —  Celakovsky,  Ladislav. 

Cerv.  —  Cervantes,  Vicente. 

Cham.  —  Chamisso,  Adalbert  von. 

Chapm.  —  Chapman,  Alvan  Wentworth. 

Chois.  —  Choisy,  Jacques-Denis. 

Glayt.  —  Clayton,  John. 

Coult.  —  Coulter,  John  Merle. 

Gyrill.  —  Cirillo,  Domenico. 

Darl.  —  Darlington,  William. 

Davenp. —  Davenport,  George  Edward. 

DC.  —  De  Candolle,  Augustin  Pyramus. 

DC.,  A.  DC.  —  De  Candolle,  Alphonse. 

Dene.  —  Decaisne,  Joseph. 

Desf.  —  Desfontaines,  Rene  Louiche. 

Desr.  — Desrousseaux. 

Desv.  —  Desvaux,  Augustin  Nicaise. 

Dietr.  —  Dietrich,  Albert. 

Dill.  —  Dillenius,  Johann  Jacob. 

Dougl.  —  Douglas,  David. 

Dufr.  —  Dufresne,  Pierre. 

Duham.  —  Du  Hamel  du  Monceau,  H.  L. 

Dumont.  —  Du  Mont  de  Courset,  G.  L.  M 

Duniort. — Dumortier,  Barthelemy  C. 

Dur.  —  Durieu  de  Maisonneuve. 

Eat.  —  Eaton,  Amos. 

Ehrh.  —  Ehrhart,  Friedrich. 

Ell.—  Elliott,  Stephen. 

Endl. — Endlicher,  Stephan  Ladislaus. 

Engelm.  —  Engelmann,  George. 

Eseh.  —  Eschscholtz,  Johann  Friedrich. 

Fisch. — Fischer,  F.  E.  Ludwig  von. 

Forst.  —  Forster,  J.  R.  and  George. 

Foug.  —  Fougeroux,  Auguste  Denis. 


28 


ABBREVIATIONS  OF  AUTHORS'  NAMES 


29 


Fourn. — Fournier,  Eugene. 

Fresn.  —  Fresenius,  J.  B.  G.  W. 

Froel.  — Froelich,  Joseph  Aloys. 

Gaertn.  —  Gaertner,  Joseph. 

Gal.  —  Galeotti,  Henri. 

Gaud.  — Gaudichaud-Beaupre,  Charles. 

G.  F.   W.  Mey.— Meyer,  Georg  Fried- 
rich  Wilhelm. 

Gilib.  —  Gilibert,  Jean  Emmanuel. 

GmeL  —  Gmelin,  Samuel  Gottlieb. 

GmeL,  J.  F.   GmeL— Gmelin,  Johann 
Friedrich. 

GmeL,  J.   G.  GmeL  — Gmelin,   Johann 
Georg. 

Godr.  —  Godron,  Dominique  Alexandre. 

Good.  —  Goodenough,  Samuel. 

Grab.  —  Grabowski,  Heinrich  Emanuel. 

Graebn.  —  Graebner,  Paul. 

Gren.  —  Grenier,  Charles. 

Grev.  —  Greville,  Robert  Kaye. 

Griseb.  —  Grisebach,  Heinrich  R.  A. 

Gronov.  —  Gronovius,  Jan  Fredrik. 
Gunn.  —  Gunnerus,  Johann  Ernst. 
Guss.  — Gussoni,  Giovanni. 
H.  &  ^.  —  Hooker,  William  Jackson,  and 

Arnott,  G.  A.  Walker. 
Hack.  —  Hackel,  Eduard. 
Hartm. — Hartman,  Carl  Johan. 
Hassk. — Hasskarl,  Justus  Carl. 
Haussk.  —  Haussknecht,  Carl. 
Haw.  —  Haworth,  Adrian  Hardy. 
HB K.  —  Humboldt,    F.    Alexander  von, 

Bonpland,  Aime,  and  Kunth,  C.  S. 
Hegel.  —  Hegelmaier,  Friedrich. 
Heist. — Heister,  Lorentz. 
Herb.  —  Herbert,  William. 
Hitchc.  —  Hitchcock,  Albert  Spear. 
Hoffm. — Hoffmann,  Georg  Franz. 
Hook.  —  Hooker,  William  Jackson. 
Hook.f.  —  Hooker,  Joseph  Dalton. 
Hornem.  —  Hornemann,  Jens  Wilken. 
Huds.  —  Hudson,  William. 
Jacq.  —  Jacquin,  Nicolaus  Joseph. 
J.  D.  Sm.  —  Smith,  John  Donnell. 
J.  F.  GmeL  —  Gmelin,  Johann  Friedrich. 
J.  G.  GmeL  —  Gmelin,  Johann  Georg. 
J.  G.  Sm.  — Smith,  Jared  Gage. 
J.  Sm.  —  Smith,  John. 
Jord. — Jordan,  Alexis. 
Juss.  — Jussieu,  Antoine  Laurent  de. 
Juss.,  B.  Juss.—  Jussieu,  Bernard  de. 
Karst.  —  Karsten,  Hermann. 
Krock.  —  Krqcker,  Anton  Johann. 


Ktze.  —  Kuntze,  Otto. 

L.—  Linnaeus,  Carolus,  or  Linne*,  Carl 

von. 

L.f.  —  Linne",  Carl  von  (the  son). 
Laestad.  —  Laestadius,  Lars  Levi. 
Lag.  —  Lagasca,  Mariano. 
Lall.  —  Ave-Lallemant,  J.  L.  E. 
Lam.  —  Lamarck,  J.  B.  A.  P.  Monnet. 
Lamb.  —  Lambert,  Aylmer  Bourke. 
Lat.  —  Latourette,  M.  A.  L. 
Leavenw.  —  Leavenworth,  Melines  C. 
Ledeb.  —  Ledebour,  Carl  F.  von. 
Lehm.  —  Lehmann,  J.  G.  C. 
Lesp.&  The'v. —  Lespinasse,  Gustave,  and 

TheVeneau,  A. 

Less.  —  Lessing,  Christian  Friedrich. 
L'Her.  —  L'Heritier  de  Brutelle,  C.  L. 
Lightf.  —  Lightfoot,  John. 
Lindl.  —  Lindley,  John. 
Lodd.  —  Loddiges,  Conrad. 
Loefl.—  Loefling,  Pehr. 
LoiseL  —  Loiseleur-Deslongchamps,    J. 

L.  A. 

Loud.  —  Loudon,  John  Claudius. 
Lour.  —  Loureiro,  Juan. 
MacM.  —  MacMillan,  Conway. 
Marsh.  —  Marshall,  Humphrey. 
Maxim. — Maximowicz,  Carl  Johann. 
Medic.  —  Medicus,  Friedrich  Casimir, 
Meisn.  —  Meisner,  Carl  Friedrich. 
Merr.  —Merrill,  Elmer  D. 
Mett, — Mettenius,  Georg  Heinrich. 
Mey.  —  Meyer,  Ernst  Heinrich  F. 
Mey.,  C.  A.  Mey.-HG.eyer,  Carl  Anton. 
Mey.,  G.  F.   W.   Mey.-W.eyer,    Georg 

Friedrich  Wilhelm. 
Mich.  —  Micheli,  Pier'  Antonio. 
Michx.  —  Michaux,  Andre. 
Michx.f.  —  Michaux,  Fra^ois  Andre*. 
Mill.  —  Miller,  Philip. 
Moq.  —  Moquin-Tandon,  Alfred. 
Muell.  Arg.  —  Mueller,   Jean   (of    Aar- 

gau). 
Muench.  —  Muenchhausen,  Otto  Freiherr 

von. 

MuhL—  Muhlenberg,  G.  H.  E. 
Murr.  —  Murray,  Johann  Andreas. 
Neck.  —  Necker,  Noel  Joseph  de. 
Nees  —  Nees   von    Esenbeck,    Christian 

Gottfried. 
Nees  &  Eberm.  —  Nees  von  Esenbeck,  T. 

F.  L.,  and  Ebermaier,  K.  H. 
Neiom.  —  Newman,  Edward. 


30 


ABBREVIATIONS  OF  AUTHORS'   NAMES 


Nutt.  —  Nuttall,  Thomas. 

Pall.  —Pallas,  Peter  Simon. 

Parl.  —  Parlatore,  Filippo. 

P.  Br.  —  Browne,  Patrick. 

Pers. — Persoon,  Christian  Hendrik. 

Peterm.  —  Petermann,  Wilhelm  Ludwig. 

Planch. — Planchon,  Jules  Emile. 

Plum.  —  Plumier,  Charles. 

Poir.  —  Poiret,  Jean  Louis  Marie. 

Poll.  —  Pollich,  Johann  Adam. 

R.  &  P.  — Ruiz  Lopez,  Hipolito,  and 
Pavon,  Josef. 

R.  &  S.  —  Roemer,  J.  J.,  and  Schultes, 
August. 

Raf.  —  Rafinesque-Schmaltz,  C.  S. 

R.  Br.  — Brown,  Robert. 

Reichenb.  —  Reichenbach,  H.  G.  L. 

Retz.  —  Retzius,  Anders  Johan. 

Richards.  —  Richardson,  John. 

Roem.  —  Roemer,  M.  J. 

Rostk.  —  Rostkovius,  F.  W.  G. 

Rottb.  —  Rottboell,  Christen  Fries. 

Rupp.  —  Ruppius,  Heinrich  Bernhard. 

Rupr.  —  Ruprecht,  Franz  J. 

Rydb.  —  Rydberg,  Per  Axel. 

Salisb.  —  Salisbury,  Richard  Anthony. 

Sarg.  —  Sargent,  Charles  Sprague. 

Sch.  Bip.  —  Schultz,  Karl  Heinrich  (dis- 
tinguished as  Bipontinus,  i.e.  of 
Zweihrucken). 

Schleich.—  Schleicher,  J.  C. 

Schleid.  —  Schleiden,  Matthias  Jacob. 

Schrad.  —  Schrader,  Heinrich  Adolph. 

Schreb.  —  Schreber,  Johann  D.  C.  von. 

Schwein.  —  Schweinitz,  Lewis  David  de. 

Scop. — Scopoli,  Johann  Anton. 

Scribn.  —  Lamson-Scribner,  Frank. 

Ser.  —  Seringe,  Nicolas  Charles. 

Shuttlw.  —  Shuttleworth,  Robert. 

Sibth.  —  Sibthorp,  John. 

Sieb.  &  Zucc.  —  Siebold,  P.  F.  von,  and 
Zuccarini,  J.  G. 


Sm.  —Smith,  James  Edward. 

Sm.,  J.  Sm.  —  Smith,  John. 

Sm.,  J.  D.  Sm.  —  Smith,  John  Donnell. 

Sm.,  J.  G.  Sm.  —  Smith,  Jared  Gage. 

Soland.  —  Solander,  Daniel. 

Spreng.  —  Sprengel,  Kurt. 

Sternb.  —  Sternberg,  Caspar. 

Steud.  —  Steudel,  Ernst  Gottlieb. 

Stev.  —  Steven,  Christian. 

St.  Hil.  —  St.  Hilaire,  Auguste  de. 

Sulliv.  —  Sullivant,  William  Starling. 

Sw.  —  Swartz,  Olaf. 

T.  &  G. — Torrey,  John,  and  Gray,  Asa. 

Thunb.  —  Thunberg,  Carl  Pehr. 

Torr.  —  Torrey,  John. 

Tourn.  —  Tournefort,  Joseph  Pitton  de. 

Trel.  —  Trelease,  William. 

Trev.  —  Treviranus,  Christian  Ludolf. 

Trin.  — Trinius,  Karl  Bernhard. 

Tuckerm.  —  Tuckerman,  Edward. 

Turcz.—  Turczaninow,  Nicolaus. 

Underw.  —  Underwood,  Lucien  Marcus. 

Vaill.  —  Vaillant,  Sebastien. 

Vent. — Ventenat,  Etienne  Pierre. 

VUl. — Villars,  Dominique. 

JFaM&.  — Wahlberg,  PehrFredrik. 

Wahlenb.  —  Wahlenberg,  Georg. 

Waldst.  &  Kit.—  Waldstein,  F.  A.  von, 

and  Kitaibel,  P. 
Wallr.  —  Wallroth,  K.  F.  W. 
TPa/p.— Walpers,  Wilhelm  Gerhard. 
Walt.—  Walter,  Thomas. 
Wang.  —  Wangenheim,  F.  A.  J.  von. 
Wats.—  Watson,  Sereno. 
Wettst.—  Wettstein,  Richard  von. 
Willd.  — Willdenow,  Carl  Ludwig. 
Wimm. — Wimmer,  Friedrich. 
With.  —Withering,  William. 
Wormsk.  — Wormskiold,  M.  von. 
Wulf.  —  Wulfen,  Franz  Xavier. 


FURTHER  ABBREVIATIONS  AND  SIGNS 
EMPLOYED   IN   THIS  WORK 

(The  customary  and  well  known  abbreviations  for  the  states  of  the  Union  and 
months  of  the  year  are  omitted  from  this  list.) 


Adv.,  adventive,  i.e.  as  yet  only  casual 
and  sporadic. 

Afr.,  Africa. 

Alb.,  Alberta. 

Am.,  America  or  American. 

Assina.,  Assiniboia. 

Austr.,  Australia. 

auth.,  authors. 

B.  O.,  British  Columbia. 

cm.,  centimeter  (or  centimeters),  the 
hundredth  part  of  a  meter,  =  about 
two-fifths  of  an  inch. 

cosmop.,  cosmopolitan. 

distr.,  distributed. 

dm.,  decimeter  (or  decimeters),  the  tenth 
part  of  a  meter,  =  about  four  inches. 

e.,  east  or  eastern. 

eastw.,  eastward. 

Eu.,  Europe. 

Eurasia,  Europe  and  Asia. 

/.,  filius,  son,  or  the  younger. 

FL,  flowers  or  flowering. 

Fr.,  fruit  or  fruiting. 

Greenl,  Greenland. 

Huds.  B.,  Hudson  Bay. 

I.,  island. 

Jntrod.,  introduced,  i.e.  brought  in  inten- 
tionally, as  through  horticulture,  etc. 

I.  T.,  Indian  Territory. 

L.,  lake. 

Lab.,  Labrador. 

L.  I.,  Long  Island,  New  York. 

m.,  meter  (or  meters),  =  about  39j 
inches. 

Man.,  Manitoba. 

Man.  ed.  0,  Sixth  edition  of  Gray's  Man- 
ual of  Botany. 

Mex.,  Mexico. 


mm.,  millimeter  (or  millimeters),  = 
about  one  twenty-fifth  of  an  inch. 

int.,  mts.,  mountain,  mountains. 

n.,  north  or  northern. 

N.  A.,  North  America. 

nat.,  naturalized,  i.e.  thoroughly  estab- 
lished. 

N.  B.,  New  Brunswick. 

n.  e.,  northeast. 

Nfd.,  Newfoundland. 

no.,  number. 

northw.,  northward. 

N.  S.,  Nova  Scotia. 

n.  w.,  northwest. 

Okla.,  Oklahoma. 

Ont.,  Ontario. 

P.  E.  I.,  Prince  Edward  Island. 

Que.,  Province  of  Quebec. 

R.,  river. 

s.,  south  or  southern. 

S.  A.,  South  America. 

Sask.,  Saskatchewan. 

s.  e.,  southeast. 

Siber.,  Siberia. 

southw.,  southward. 

Subtrop.,  sub-tropical. 

s.  w.,  southwest. 

Temp.,  temperate. 

Trop.,  tropics  or  tropical. 

w.,  west  or  western. 

westw.,  westward. 

W.  L,  West  Indies. 


p  (pronounced  mu) .  A  micron,  the  mil- 
lionth part  of  a  meter,  a  measure 
used  in  microscopic  studies. 

-   Figures  or  words  connected  by  the 


31 


32 


ABBREVIATIONS   AND   SIGNS 


short  dash  indicate  the  extremes 
of  variation,  as  "5-12  mm.  long, 
few-mauy-flowered,"  i.e.  varying 
from  five  to  twelve  millimeters  in 
length  and  from  few  to  many  flow- 
ered. 

§  section. 

oo  Of  indefinite  number,  usually  many. 


!  A  mark  of  affirmation  or  authentica- 
tion. 

?  indicates  douht. 

£  Bearing  stamens  or  antheridia  but 
neither  pistils  nor  archegonia. 

9  Bearing  pistils  or  archegonia  but 
neither  stamens  nor  antheridia. 

X  crossed  with,  the  sign  of  a  hybrid. 


100  Millimeters 


10 


10  Centimeters 


3/10  Meter,  or  1  Decimeter 


DESCRIPTIVE    FLORA 

DIVISION  I.    PTERIDOPHYTA 
(FERNS  AND  FERN  ALLIES) 

Male  generative  cells  (spermatozoids)  spirally  coiled  motile  bodies, 
not  developing  into  a  tube.  Plants  with  more  or  less  distinct  alter- 
nation of  generations.  The  sexual  stage,  a  small  thalloid  body ;  the 
asexual  provided  with  vascular  tissue  and  (with  rare  exceptions) 
differentiated  into  stem  and  leaves  (fronds),  some  of  these  modified 
to  bear  asexual  reproductive  bodies  or  spores  (without  embryo), 
which  again  give  rise  to  the  sexual  generation.  —  Often  called 
Vascular  Cryptogams  or  Higher  Flowerless  Plants. 

HYMENOPHYLLACEAE   (FILMY  FERN  FAMILY) 

Delicate  ferns  with  slender  often  filiform  creeping  rootstocks.  Fronds 
pellucid,  of  a  single  layer  of  cells.  Sporangia  sessile  on  a  bristle-like  receptacle 
within  a  cup-shaped,  tubular,  or  bivalvular  involucre,  from  the  apex  of  a  vein, 
the  ring  transverse  and  complete.  Chiefly  tropical,  inhabiting  damp  places, 
often  epiphytic.  Fronds  circinate  in  vernation. 

1.   TRICHOMANES  L.    FILMY  FERN 

Involucre  tubular-funnel-shaped,  the  mouth  nearly  or  quite  truncate.  Spo- 
rangia bursting  vertically.  —  Ours  a  small  creeping  fern  with  much  divided 
fronds.  (An  ancient  Greek  name  for  some  fern.) 

1.  T.  Boschianum.  Sturm.  Fronds  oblong-lanceolate,  1-2  dm.  long,  12-35  mm. 
wide,  bipinnatifid ;  rhachis  narrowly  winged ;  pinnae  triangular-ovate,  the  divi- 
sions toothed  or  again  lobed ;  capillary  receptacle  often  much  exserted.  (  T.  rad- 
icans  Man.  ed.  6,  not  Sw.)  —  On  moist  and  dripping  sandstone  cliffs,  Ky.  to 
Ala. 

POLYPODlACEAE  (FERN  FAMILY) 

Leafy  plants  (ours  herbaceous),  with  creeping  rhizomes.  Spores  borne  in 
sporangia  (spore-cases),  these  collected  in  dots,  lines,  or  variously  shaped  clusters 
(sori  or  fruit  dots)  on  the  back  or  margins  of  the  frond  or  its  divisions,  cellular- 
reticulated,  stalked,  the  stalk  running  into  a  vertical  incomplete  many-jointed 
ring,  which  by  straightening  at  maturity  ruptures  the  sporangium  transversely 
on  the  inner  side,  discharging  the  spores.  Fruit  dots  often  covered  (at  least 
GRAY'S  MANUAL  — 3  33 


34  POLYPODIACEAE    (FERN   FAMILY) 

when  young)  by  a  membrane  called  the  indusium  (or  less  properly  the  involucre) ; 
growing  either  from  the  back  or  the  margin  of  the  frond. 

\t.    Indusium  none  or  abortive  and  obscure  b. 
b.   Sterile  fronds  simply  pinnatifld  (the  segments  rarely  toothed  or  lobed). 

Fertile  fronds  similar  to  the  sterile,  flat  and  leaf-like     ....      1.   POLYPODIUM. 
Fertile  fronds  much  contracted  ;  segments  pod-like      .        .        .        .18.   ONOCLEA. 

b.  Sterile  fronds  2-4-pinnate  or  -pinnatifid. 

Sterile  fronds  green  on  both  surfaces. 

Fertile  fronds  similar  to  the  sterile,  leaf-like 2.   PHEGOPTERIS. 

Fertile  fronds  much  contracted  ;  segments  pod-like          .        .        .18.  ONOCLEA. 

Sterile  fronds  whitened  beneath 3.   NOTIIOLAENA. 

a.   Indusium  present  c. 

c.  Indusium  formed  entirely  or  in  part  by  the  revolute  edge  of  the  frond  d. 
d.   Sori  clearly  distinct. 

Indusium  single,  covering  the  sorus 4.  ADIANTTJM. 

Indusium  double,  cup-like  or  2-valved 17.   DICKSONIA. 

d.  Sori  soon  confluent  as  a  more  or  less  continuous  marginal  band. 

Stipe  stout  (3^4  mm.  in  diam.),  commonly  solitary   ....      5.   PTEBIS. 
Stipes  filiform  (0.5-1.3  mm.  in  diam.),  clustered. 
Segments  of  the  sterile  frond  glabrous. 
Green  or  greenish. 

Segments  petiolulate  or  articulated  at  cordate  or  rounded  base    7.  PELLAEA. 
Segments  of  sterile  frond  cuneate  at  sessile  unarticulated  base    8.   CRYPTOGRAJIMA. 

Chalky-white  beneath 3.   NOTHOLAENA. 

Segments  of  the  sterile  frond  pubescent 6.   CHEILANTHES. 

c.   Indusium  not  continuous  with  the  edge  of  the  frond  e. 

e.  Indusium  peltate  or  laterally  attached,  covering  the  sorus  when  young  f. 
f.   Sori  more  or  less  elongated. 

Sori  parallel  to  the  midrib 9.   WOODWARDIA. 

Sori  parallel  to  the  oblique  lateral  veins. 
Veins  free  ;  fronds  1-3-pinnate. 

Sori  separate,  straight  or  horseshoe-shaped       .        .        .        .10.   ASPLENITTM. 
Sori    linear,    confluent   in.  pairs  (appearing   like  single  sori 

but  with  indusia  on  both  sides) 11.   SOOLOPENDRIUM. 

Veins  reticulated  ;  fronds  simple,  rooting  at  the  tip    .        .        .    12.  CAMPTOSORUS. 
/.   Sori  orbicular  or  reniform  g. 

g.   Indusium  evident  at  least  when  young  ;  fertile  fronds  leaf-like  h. 
h.   Indusium  fixed  by  the  center. 

Indusium  orbicular-peltate,  without  a  sinus   .        .        .        .13.   POLYSTICHUM. 
Indusium  reniform  or  if  orbicular  with  a  narrow  sinus  .        .     14.    ASPIDIUM. 

h.   Indusium  attached  at  the  side 15.   CYSTOPTERIS. 

g.   Indusium  obscure,  lunate ;   fertile  segments  much  contracted, 

pod-like 18.   ONOCLEA. 

6.  Indusium  inferior,  cup-like  or  involucre-like. 

Indusium  2-valved,  cup-like 17.   DICKSONIA. 

Indusium  cleft  into  narrow  segments 16.  WOODSIA. 

1.  POLYPdDIUM   [Tourn.]   L.     POLYPODY 

Fruit  dots  round,  naked,  arranged  on  the  back  of  the  frond  in  one  or  more 
rows  each  side  of  the  midrib  or  central  vein,  or  irregularly  scattered,  each  borne 
in  our  species  on  the  end  of  a  free  veinlet.  Rootstocks  creeping,  branched,  often 
covered  with  chaffy  scales,  bearing  scattered  roundish  knobs,  to  which  the  stipes 
are  attached  by  a  distinct  articulation.  (Name  from  TroAtf-,  many,  and  Trots,  foot, 
alluding  to  the  branching  rootstock.) 

1.  P.  vulgare  L.    Fronds  evergreen,  oblong,  smooth  both   sides,   8-40  cm. 
high,  simple  and  deeply  pinnatifid  ;  the  divisions  linear-oblong,  obtuse  or  some- 
what acute,  remotely  and   obscurely  toothed ;    veins   once   or   twice  forked  ; 
fruit  dots  large,  midway  between  the  midrib  and  the  margin.  —  Rocks  ;  common. 
July.     (Eu.,  etc.)     Variable.     Some  of  the  more  noteworthy  forms  have  been 
distinguished  as  :  Var.  ATTENUA.TUM  Milde,  with  segments  attenuate-acuminate, 
serrulate  toward  the  end.     Var.  AURITUM  Willd.,  with  the  lowest  segments  auri- 
cled.    Var.   CAMB-RICUM  (L.)  Willd.,  with  the  segments  more  or  less  strongly 
toothed  or  pinnatifid.     Var.  CRISTA.TUM  Moore,  with  segments  1-several  times 
forked  at  the  ends. 

2.  P.  polypodioides  (L.)  Hitchc.    Frond  evergreen  and  coriaceous,  oblong, 
6-25  cm.  high,  grayish  and  very  scurfy  underneath  with  peltate  scales,  simply 
pinnatifid  ;  the  divisions  oblong-linear,  obtuse  ;  fruit  dots  rather  small,  near  the 
margin;  veins  forking,  free  in  the  N.  American  plant!    (P.  incanum  Sw.)  — 
Rocks  and  trunks  of  trees,  Va.    and  O.    to   la.,   and  south w. ;   reported  on 
Staten  L,  N.  Y.     (Trop.) 


POLYPODIACEAE    (FERN    FAMILY)  35 

2.   PHEG6PTERIS    (Presl)    Fde.    BEECH  FERN 

Fruit  dots  small,  round,  naked  (no  indusium),  borne  on  the  back  of  the  veins 
below  the  apex.  Stipe  continuous  with  the  rootstock.  —  Our  species  have  free 
veins  and  bright  green  membranaceous  fronds,  decaying  in  early  autumn. 
(Name  composed  of  0*7765,  an  oak  or  beech,  and  irr^pis,  fern. ) 

*  Fronds  twice  pinnatifid  ;  pinnae  all  sessile,  adnate  to  the  winged  rhachis. 

1.  P.  polypodioides  Fee.      Fronds  triangular,  longer  than  broad  (8-26  cm. 
long),  hairy  on  the  veins,  especially   beneath  ;   pinnae   linear-lanceolate,  the 
lowest  pair  deflexed  and  standing  forward  ;  their  divisions  oblong,  obtuse,  entire, 
the  basal  decurrent  upon  the  main  rhachis  ;  fruit  dots  all  near  the  margin.     (P. 
Phegopteris  Underw.)  —Damp  woods,  Nfd.  to  N.  Y.,  "  Va.,"  Wise.,  la.,  Wash., 
and  Alaska.     (Eurasia.) 

2.  P.  hexagon6ptera  (Michx.)  F6e.    Fronds  triangular,  usually  broader  than 
long  (14-30  cm.  broad),  slightly  pubescent  and  often  finely  glandular  beneath: 
pinnae  lanceolate  ;  upper  segments  oblong,  obtuse,  toothed  or  entire,  those  of  the 
very  large  lowest  pinnae  often  elongated  and  pinnately  lobed,  basal  ones  very 
much  decurrent  and  forming  a  continuous  many-angled  wing  along  the  main 
rhachis  ;  fruit  dots  near  the  margin  ;  some  also  between  the  sinus  and  the  mid- 
rib. —  Rather  open  woods,  centr.  Me.  to  w.  Que.,  w.  to  Minn.,  and  south w.  ; 
common. — Larger  and  broader  than  the  last,  which  it  often  closely  resembles. 

*  *  Fronds  ternate,  the  three  divisions  petioled  ;  rhachis  wingless. 

3.  P.  Dry6pteris  (L.)  Fe"e.    (OAK  FERN.)    Fronds  smooth,  broadly  triangular 
(1-1.5  dm.  wide),  the  three  triangular  primary  divisions  all  widely  spreading, 
1-2-pinnate ;  segments  oblong,  obtuse,  entire  or  toothed  ;  fruit  dots  near  the 
margin.  —  Rocky  woods  ;  common  northw.     (Eurasia.) 

4.  P.  Robertiana  (Hoffm.)  A.  Br.     Fronds  minutely  glandular  and  some- 
what rigid,  dull  green  ;  lowest  inferior  pinnae  of  the  lateral  divisions  smaller  in 
proportion  than  in  the  last  species.     (P.  calcarea  Fe"e.)  —  Shaded  limestone, 
«*  Lab."  and  Anticosti  to  N.  B.,  la.,  and  Man. ;  rare.     (Eu.) 

3.  NOTHOLAENA    R.  Br.     CLOAK  FERN 

Fruit  dots  roundish  or  oblong,  placed  near  the  ends  of  the  veins,  soon  more 
or  less  confluent  into  an  irregular  marginal  band,  with  no  proper  involucre. 
Veins  always  free.  Fronds  of  small  size,  1-4-pinnate,  the  lower  surface  almost 
always  either  hairy,  tomentose,  chaffy,  or  covered  with  a  fine  waxy  white  or 
yellow  powder.  (Name  from  v66os,  spurious,  and  Xcura,  a  cloak,  the  woolly 
coating  of  the  original  species  forming  a  spurious  covering  to  the  sporangia.) 

1.  N.  dealbata  (Pursh)  Kunze.  Fronds  triangular-ovate,  3-8  cm.  long, 
3-4-pinnate ;  rhachis  and  branches  straight,  black  and  shining ;  ultimate  pin- 
nules ovate-oblong,  scarcely  2  mm.  long,  white  and  powdery  on  the  lower  surface. 
(N.  nivea,  var.  Davenp.) — Clefts  of  dry  calcareous  rocks,  Mo.,  Kan.,  and 
southwestw.  July,  August. 

4.  ADIANTUM   [Tourn.]   L.    MAIDENHAIR 

Fruit  dots  marginal,  short,  borne  on  the  under  side  of  a  transversely  oblong, 
crescent-shaped  or  roundish,  more  or  less  altered  margin  of  a  lobe  of  the  frond 
reflexed  to  form  an  indusium  ;  the  sporangia  attached  to  the  approximated  tips 
of  the  free  forking  veins.  — Main  rib  (costa)  of  the  pinnules  none  (in  our  species) 
or  at  the  lower  margin.  Stipes  black  and  polished.  (The  ancient  name,  from 
a-  privative  and  dialvw,  meaning  unwetted,  the  foliage  repelling  rain-drops.) 

1.  A.  pedatum  L.  Frond  forked  at  the  summit  of  the  upright  slender  stalk 
(2-5  dm.  high),  the  recurved  branches  bearing  on  one  side  several  slender 
spreading  pinnate  divisions  ;  pinnules  numerous,  short-stalked  and  obliquely 
triangular-oblong,  entire  on  the  lower  margin,  from  which  the  vines  all  proceed, 
and  cleft  and  fruit-bearing  on  the  other.  —  Rich  moist  woods.  July. 


36  POLYPODIACEAE    (FERN   FAMILY) 

2.  A.  Capillus-VSneris  L.  Fronds  (1-5  dm.  high)  with  a  continuous  main 
rhachis,  ovate-lanceolate,  often  pendent,  2-3-pinnate  at  the  base,  the  upper  third 
or  half  simply  pinnate  ;  pinnules  wedge-obovate  or  rhomboid,  15-32  mm.  long, 
deeply  and  irregularly  incised  ;  vein  lets  flabellately  forking  from  the  base  ;  invo- 
lucres lunulate  or  transversely  oblong. — Moist  rocky  places,  s.  N.  Y.  (?)  ; 
s.e.  Pa.  to  Ky.  and  Fla.;  also  S.  Dak.  and  southwestw.  (Widely  distr.) 

5.   PTERIS    L.     BRAKE  or  BRACKEN 

Sporangia  in  a  continuous  slender  line  of  fructification,  occupying  the  entire 
margin  of  the  fertile  frond,  and  covered  by  its  reflexed  narrow  edge  which  forms 
a  continuous  membranaceous  indusium,  attached  to  an  uninterrupted  transverse 
vein-like  receptacle  connecting  the  tips  of  the  forked  free  veins,  with  or  without 
an  obscure  inner  indusium.  Fronds  1-3-pinnate  or  decompound.  (The  ancient 
Greek  name  of  Ferns,  from  wrep6v,  a  wing,  on  account  of  the  prevalent  pinnate 
or  feathery  fronds.) 

1.  P.  aquilina  L.  (COMMON  BRAKE.)  Frond  dull  green  (2-9  dm.  wide), 
ternate  at  the  summit  of  an  erect  stout  stalk  (2-9  dm.  high),  the  widely  spread- 
ing branches  twice  pinnate  ;  pinnules  oblong-lanceolate  ;  the  upper  undivided  ; 
the  lower  more  or  less  pinnatifid,  with  oblong  obtuse  lobes,  margined  all  round 
with  the  indusium,  which  is  really  double  in  this  species.  (Pteridium  Kuhn.) 
—  Thickets  and  hillsides,  common.  Aug.  (Widely  distr.)  Var.  PSEUDOCAU- 
D\TA  Clute  is  a  form  with  many  of  the  pinnules,  especially  the  terminal  ones, 
narrow,  entire,  and  much  elongated.  — Mass,  to  N.  J.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

6.    CHEILANTHES    Sw. 

Sporangia  borne  on  the  thickened  ends  of  free  veinlets,  forming  small  and 
roundish  distinct  or  nearly  contiguous  marginal  fruit  dots,  covered  by  a  mostly 
whitish  and  membranaceous,  sometimes  herbaceous,  common  indusium,  formed 
of  the  reflexed  margin  of  separate  lobes  or  of  the  whole  pinnule.  — Low,  mostly 
with  2-3-pinnate  and  hairy  or  chaffy,  rarely  smooth  fronds,  the  sterile  and 
fertile  nearly  alike,  the  divisions  with  the  principal  vein  central.  Some  species 
with  continuous  indusium  connect  this  genus  very  closely  with  the  next.  (Name 
composed  of  xeiXos,  margin,  and  &v6os,  a  flower,  from  the  marginal  sori.) 

*  Fronds  smooth,  or  at  most  hairy. 

1.  C.  alabam6nsis  (Buckley)  Kunze.     Fronds  smooth,  chartaceous  (7-20  cm. 
long),  ovate-lanceolate,  bipinnate  ;   pinnae   numerous,  oblong-lanceolate  ;   pin- 
nules triangular-oblong,  rather  acute,  often  auriculate  or  lobed  ;  indusium  con- 
tinuous, rather  broad,  pale,  and  of  firm  consistence.  — On  rocks,  mts.  of  Va.  to 
Ky.,  southw.  and  westw.    (Mex.) 

2.  C.  lanbsa   (Michx.)    Watt.    Fronds   (1-4  dm.   high)   lanceolate-oblong, 
hirsute,  as  are  the  brown  and  shining  stipes,  with  straightish  prominently  articu- 
lated rusty  hairs,  twice  pinnate ;  pinnae  rather  distant,  triangular-ovate  ;  pin- 
nules oblong,  crowded  (4-8  mm.  long),  more  or  less  incised,  the  ends  of  the 
roundish  or  oblong  lobes  reflexed  and  forming  separate  herbaceous  involucres, 
which  are  pushed  back  by  the  ripened  sporangia.     (C.  vestita  Sw.)  — Clefts  of 
rocks,  Ct.  to  Minn.,  Wyo.,  and  southw. 

*  *  Fronds  woolly  or  tomentose. 

3.  C.  tomentbsa  Link.     Fronds  (1.5-5  dm.  high)  lanceolate-oblong,  densely 
tomentose  with  slender  and  entangled  whitish  obscurely  articulated  hairs,  thrice 
pinnate  ;  primary  and  secondary  pinnae  oblong  or  ovate-oblong  ;  pinnules  dis- 
tinct, minute  (1-2  mm.  long),  roundish-obovate,  sessile  or  adnate-decurrent,  the 
upper  surface  less  woolly,  the  reflexed  narrow  margin  forming  a  continuous 
somewhat  membranaceous   indusium.  —  Mts.  of  Va.  and  Ky.  ;    thence  w.  and 
southw.  — Stipe  and  rhachis  rather  stout,  brown,  covered  with  narrow  chaffy 
scales  and  whitish  hairs.     (Mex.,  W.  I.) 

4.  C.  Feei  Moore.     Stipes  slender,  at  first  hairy,  black  or  brown,  shining  ; 


POLYPODIACEAE    (FERN   FAMILY)  37 

fronds  (8-17  cm.  high)  ovate-lanceolate,  woolly  with  soft  whitish  distinctly 
articulated  flattened  hairs,  becoming  smoother  above,  twice  or  thrice  pinnate; 
pinnae  (8-12  mm.  long)  ovate,  the  lowest  distant,  the  others  contiguous  ;  pin- 
nules crenately  pinnatifid,  or  mostly  divided  into  minute  and  roundish  densely 
crowded  segments  (1-2  mm.  long),  the  herbaceous  margin  recurved  and  forming 
an  almost  continuous  indusium.  ( C.  lanuginosa  Nutt.)  —  In  dense  tufts,  on 
dry  rocks  and  cliffs,  111.  to  Minn. ,  thence  w.  and  southw. 

7.  PELLAEA    Link.     CLIFF  BRAKE 

Sporangia  in  roundish  or  elongated  clusters  on  the  upper  part  of  the  free 
veins,  distinct,  or  confluent  laterally  so  as  to  imitate  the  marginal  continuous 
line  of  fructification  of  Pteris,  commonly  covered  by  a  broad  membranaceous  and 
continuous  (rarely  interrupted)  general  indusium,  which  consists  of  the  reflexed 
and  altered  margin  of  the  fertile  pinnule  or  division.  —  Small  ferns,  with  1-3- 
pinnate  fronds,  the  fertile  ones  with  narrower  divisions  than  the  sterile,  but 
otherwise  similar.  Stipes  generally  dark-colored,  smooth,  and  shining.  (Name 
from  7re\\6s,  dusky,  alluding  to  the  stipe.) 

1.  P.  atropurpurea  (L.)  Link.  Smooth,  except  some  bristly-chaffy  hairs  on 
the  midribs  and  especially  on  the  dark  purple  and  polished  stalk  and  rhachis, 
1-6  dm.  high ;  fronds  coriaceous,  pale,  once  or  below  twice  pinnate  ;  the  divi- 
sions broadly  linear  or  oblong,  or  the  sterile  sometimes  oval,  chiefly  entire,  some- 
what heart-shaped  or  else  truncate  at  the  stalked  base  ;  veins  about  twice  forked. 
— Dry  calcareous  rocks,  "N.  H."  and  Vt.  to  R.  I.,  Ga.,  and  westw.  ;  not  common. 
July.  Var.  CRISTATA  Trel.  is  a  form  with  dichotomously  forked  pinnae,  somewhat 
crowded  toward  the  summit  of  the  frond.  —  Eureka,  Mo.  (Gf.  Pauls). 

8.   CRYPTOGRAMMA    R.  Br.     ROCK  BRAKE 

Fruit  dots  roundish  or  elongated  and  extending  far  down  on  the  free  forking 
veins.  Margins  of  the  fertile  segments  herbaceous  or  more  or  less  scarions,  at 
first  reflexed  and  meeting  at  the  midrib,  at  length  opening  out  flat  and  exposing 
the  confluent  sporangia.  —  Low  ferns,  with  smooth  2-3-pinnate  tufted  fronds, 
the  fertile  ones  taller  than  the  sterile,  and  with  narrower  divisions.  (Name 
from  KpviTTfc,  hidden,  and  ypaw/i,  a  line,  alluding  to  the  lines  of  sporangia 
at  first  concealed  by  the  reflexed  margin.) 

*  Eevolute  margins  of  the  fertile  frond  bearing  a  distinct  scarious  indusial 

border  j  ultimate  segments  of  the  sterile  fronds  lance-linear,  acute. 

1.  C.  d6nsa  (Brack.)  Diels.      Fronds  not  very  dissimilar,  8-20  cm.  high  ; 
stipes  purplish  brown  ;  segments  of  the  sterile  fronds  lance-linear,  very  acute, 
incisely  serrate.     (Pellaea  Hook.)  — Calcareous  or  serpentine  walls  of  ravines, 
etc.,  Mt.  Albert,  Gaspe"  Co.,  Que.  ;  Grey  Co.,  Ont.  ;  and  in  the  far  west. 

*  *  Eevolute  margins  of  the  fertile  frond  scarcely  modified;  ultimate  segments 

of  the  sterile  fronds  broader. 

2.  C.  acrostichoides  R.  Br.     Fronds  markedly  dissimilar ;  segments  of  the 
fertile  linear  (6-10  mm.  long),  of  the  sterile  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  serrulate  ; 
stipes    straw-colored,   scaly  especially  toward  the  base.  —  Crevices  of  rocks, 
Arctic  Am.  to  L.  Huron,  L.  Superior,  Col.,  and  Cal. 

3.  C.  StellSri  (Gmel. )  Prantl.      Fronds  markedly  dissimilar ;    segments  of 
the  fertile  linear-oblong  to  lance-linear;  those  of  the  sterile  ovate  to  obovate- 
flabelliform,  crenulate,  decurrent  at  their  cuneate  bases.     {Pellaea  gracilis 
Hook.)  —Shaded  chiefly  calcareous  rocks,  Que.  and  N.  B.  to  Vt.,  Ct.,  n.  Pa.,  111., 
and  northwestw. ;  local.     (Asia.) 

9.    WOODWARDIA    Sm.     CHAIN  FERN 

Fruit  dots  oblong  or  linear,  arranged  in  one  or  more  chain-like  rows  on  trans- 
verse anastomosing  veinlets  parallel  and  near  to  the  midrib.  Indusium  fixed  by 


38  POLYPODIACEAE    (FERN    FAMELY) 

its  outer  margin  to  the  fruitful  veinlet,  free  and  opening  on  the  side  next  the 
midrib.  Veins  more  or  less  reticulated,  free  toward  the  margin  of  the  frond.  — 
Large  ferns,  with  pinnatifid  or  pinnate  fronds.  (Named  for  Thomas  J.  Wood- 
ward, an  English  botanist.) 

§  1.    ANCHISTEA  (Presl)  Hook.     Sterile  and  fertile  fronds  alike  ;  veins  form- 
ing only  one  row  of  meshes  (areoles}. 

1.  W.  virginica  (L.)  Sm.    Fronds  (6-14  dm.  high)  pinnate,  with  numerous 
lanceolate  pinnatifid  pinnae ;  segments  oblong  ;  veins  forming  a  row  of  narrow 
areoles  along  the  midrib  both  of  the  pinnae  and  of  the  lobes,  the  outer  veinlets 
free  ;  fruit  dots  oblong,  one  to  each  areole,  confluent  when  ripe.  —  Wet  swamps, 
N.  S.  to  Fla.,  La.,  Mich.,  and  Ont.      Rootstocks  creeping,  often  2-3  m.  long  I 
July. 

§  2.    LORINSERIA  (Presl)  Hook.     Sterile  and  fertile  fronds  unlike;  veins  of 
the  sterile  fronds  forming  many  rows  of  meshes. 

2.  W.  areolata  (L.)  Moore.     Fronds  pinnatifid  ;  sterile  ones  (2-6  dm.  high) 
with  lanceolate  serrulate  divisions  united  by  a  broad  wing  ;  fertile  fronds  taller, 
with  narrowly  linear  almost  disconnected  divisions,  the  areoles  and  fruit  dots 
(8-10  mm.  long)  in  a  single  row  each  side  of  the  secondary  midrib  ;  rootstocks 
creeping.     (  W.  angustifolia  Sm. )  —  Wet  woods,  s.  Me.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  ;  also 
Ark.  and  Mich.  ;  rare.     Aug.,  Sept. 

10.    ASPLENIUM    L.     SPLEENWORT 

Fruit  dots  oblong  or  linear,  oblique,  separate ;  the  straight  or  rarely  curved 
indusium  fixed  lengthwise  by  one  edge  to  the  upper  (inner)  side  of  the  fertile 
vein  ;  — in  some  species  a  part  of  the  fruit  dots  are  double,  the  fertile  vein  bear- 
ing two  indusia  placed  back  to  back.  Veins  free  in  all  our  species.  (Name 
from  a-  privative  and  <nr\^v,  the  spleen,  for  supposed  remedial  properties.) 

§  1.  EU ASPLENIUM  (Endl.)  Klotzsch.  Indusium  straight  or  slightly  curved, 
attached  to  the  upper  side  of  the  vein,  rarely  double  ;  small  evergreen  ferns  ; 
stipes  filiform  or  nearly  so,  with  vascular  bundles  separate  and  peripheral  or 
if  united  toward  the  summit  forming  a  lunate  bundle ;  scales  of  the  rhizome 
and  stipes  narrow,  of  firm  texture  and  with  thick-walled  cells. 

*  Fronds  pinnatifid,  or  pinnate  only  near  the  base. 

1.  A.  pinnatlndum  Nutt.     Fronds  (7-20  cm.  long)  lanceolate,  pinnatifid  or 
pinnate  below,  tapering  above  into  a  slender  prolongation,  "the  apex  sometimes 
rooting";   lobes  roundish-ovate,  obtuse,  or  the  lowest  long-acuminate,'    fruit 
dots  irregular,  those  next  the  midrib  often  double,  even  the  slender  prolongation 
fertile ;  stipes  brownish,  becoming  green  above,  and  so  passing  into  the  broad 
pale  green  midrib. — On  cliffs  and  rocks,   Ct.  to  Mo.,  and  south w.  ;  very  rare. 
July.  — Resembles  the  Walking  Leaf  (Camptosorus*) ,  but  the  veins  are  free. 

x  A.  ebenoides  R.  R.  Scott.  Fronds  (1-2  dm.  high)  broadly  lanceolate,  pin- 
natifid, below  pinnate,  the  apex  prolonged  and  slender;  divisions  lanceolate 
from  a  broad  base,  the  lower  ones  shorter,  often  proliferous,  as  is  the  apex  of 
the  frond ;  fruit  dots  much  as  in  the  last ;  stipes  black  and  polished,  as  is  the 
lower  part  of  the  midrib,  especially  beneath.  — Limestone  cliffs,  Vt.  (Miss  Wool- 
son,  Miss  Smith}  to  Mo.,  and  south  w.  ;  very  rare.  A  noteworthy  hybrid  be- 
tween A.  platy neuron  and  Camptosorus  rhizophyllus  ;  its  origin  early  suspected 
by  M.  G.  Berkeley  and  recently  demonstrated  by  Miss  Margaret  Slosson.  This 
fern  is  more  abundant  and  probably  self-perpetuating  in  Ala. 

*  *  Fronds  narrow,  linear-oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  pinnate,  with  numerous 
pinnae  ;  these  entire  to  serrate  or  rarely  incised. 

-i-  Pinnae  not  auricled. 

2.  A.  viride    Huds.     Fronds  (5-13  cm.  tall)  tufted,  linear  in  outline,  pale 
green,    softly    herbaceous;   pinnae    roundish-ovate  or   ovate-rhomboid,    short- 
stalked,  crenately  toothed  (4-9  mm.  long),  the  midvein  indistinct  and  forking; 


POLYPODIACEAE    (FERN   FAMILY)  39 

the  slender  stipe  brownish  and  passing  into  a  green  herbaceous  rhachis.  —  Shaded 
limestone  ;  Nfd.  to  n.  N.  E.,  w.  and  northw  ;  rare.     (Widely  distr.) 

:•>.  A.  Trich6manes  L.  Fronds  (8-22  cm.  long)  in  dense  spreading  tufts, 
linear  in  outline,  dark  green  and  more  rigid ;  pinnae  roundish-oblong  or  oval 
(3-7  mm.  long),  entire  or  crenulate,  rarely  incised,  unequal-sided,  obliquely 
wedge-truncate  at  base,  attached  by  a  narrow  point,  the  midvein  forking 
and  evanescent ;  the  thread-like  stipe  and  rhachis  purple-brown  and  shin- 
ing.—Shaded  rocks.  July.  (Widely  distr.)  Forma  INCISUM  Moore  with 
deeply  pin natifid  pinnae  has  been  reported  from  Vt.  (Miss  Grout,  Mrs.  Horton). 

i-  •«-  Pinnae  more  or  less  auricled. 

4.  A.  parvulum  Mart.  &  Gal.     Fronds  upright  (1-25  dm.  high),  narrowly 
linear-oblanceolate  ;  pinnae  (4-12  mm.  long)  rigid  and  thickish,  mostly  opposite, 
nearly  sessile,  somewhat  deflexed,  oblong,  obtuse,  entire  or  crenulate,  auricled 
on  the  upper  or  both  sides  ;  sori  rather  few,  as  near  the  margin  as  to  the  continu- 
ous midvein  ;  stipe  and  rhachis  black  and  shining.    (A.  resiliens  Kunze.)  —  Mts. 
of  Va.  to  Kan.,  and  southw.  —  Intermediate  between  the  last  and  the  next. 

5.  A.  platyneuron   (L  )   Oakes.     Fronds    upright   (2-5  dm.   tall),   linear- 
oblanceolate  in  outline,  fertile  ones  much  the  taller;  pinnae  (1-3  cm.  long) 
firmly  membranaceous,  mostly  alternate,  sessile,  spreading,  oblong  or  oblong- 
linear,  finely  serrate  or  even  incised,  the  base  auricled  on  the  upper  or  both  sides  ; 
sori  many,  nearer  the  elongated  midvein  than  the  margin  ;  stipe  and  rhachis 
blackish-purple  and  shining.     (A.  ebentum  Ait.) — Rocky  open  woods,  s.  Me. 
to  Col.,  and  southw.     (W.  I.,  S.  Am.,  Afr.)     Var.  SERR\TUM  (E.  S.  Miller) 
BSP.  is  a  form  with  at  least  some  of  the  pinnae  deeply  jagged-serrate.     Var. 
INCISUM  (E.  C.  Howe)  Robinson  has  very  brittle  stipes  and  the  pinnae  deeply 
pinnatilid.     (A.  ebeneum,  var.  Hortonae  Davenp.)  —  Vt.   to  Md.,   Mo.,  and 
"Ark."  ;  rare. 

6.  A.  Bradley!  D.  C.  Eaton.    Fronds  oblong-lanceolate  (4-20  cm.  tall);  stipe 
blackish  and  somewhat  shining ;  pinnae  membranaceous,  rather  numerous,  the 
lower  ones  no  larger  than  the  middle  ones,  all  short-stalked,  oblong-ovate,  obtuse, 
incised  or  pinnatifid  into  oblong  toothed  lobes.  —  On  rocks,  e.  N.  Y.  to  Ky., 
"Mo.,"  and  southw.  ;  rare. 

*  *  *  Fronds  ovate-lanceolate  to  deltoid,  2-3-pinnate  or  -pinnatifid. 

7.  A  montanum    Willd.     Fronds  ovate-lanceolate  from  a  broad  base  (5-13 
cm.  long),  subcoriaceous,  pinnate  ;  pinnae  ovate-oblong,  the  lowest  pinnately 
cleft  into  oblong  or  ovate  cut-toothed  lobes,  the  upper  gradually  simpler ;  rhachis 
green,  broad  and  flat ;  stipe  brown  at  base.  —  Cliffs  and  rocks,  from  Ct.  to 
O.,  Ky.,  "Ark.,"  and  southw.     July. 

8.  A.   Ruta-muraria  L.     Fronds  deltoid-ovate  (3-7  cm.  long  exclusive  of  the 
green  stipe),   subcoriaceous,  laxly  2-3-pinnate  at  base,  the  pinnae  alternate; 
ultimate  segments  few,   stalked    (3-14  mm.  long),  from  narrowly  cuneate  to 
roundish-obovate,  toothed  or  incised  at  the  apex;  veins  forking;  sori  2-4  on  a 
segment;  rhachis  and  stipe  green.  —  Limestone  cliffs,  Vt.  to  Ont.,  Mich.,  Mo., 
and  southw. ;  scarce.    July.     (Eurasia.) 

§  2.  ATHYRTUM  (Roth)  J.  Sm.  Indusium  straight  or  more  often  curved,  fre- 
quently crossing  the  vein  ;  fronds  tall,  strictly  herbaceous ;  the  stipes  green 
or  greenish  not  filiform,  the  bundles  concentric  and  uniting  above  into  a 
3-4-armed  central  bundle;  scales  delicate,  of  thin-walled  cells. — Athyrium 
Roth  as  redefined  by  Milde. 

*  Fronds  simply  pinnate  ;  indusium  straight  or  but  slightly  curved. 

9.  A.  angustifblium    Michx.     Fronds  6-12  dm.   high ;   pinnae   (8-12  cm. 
long)  numerous,  short-stalked,  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  entire  or  crenulate, 
those  of  the  fertile  frond  narrower;  fruit  dots  linear,  20-40  each  side  of  the 
midvein  ;  indusia  slightly  convex.     (Athyrium  Milde.)  —  Rich  woods,  w.  Que. 
and  N.  H.  to  Minn.,  and  southw.     Sept. 

*  *  Fronds  bipinnatifid;  indusium  straight  or  slightly  curved. 

10.  A.  acrostichoides    Sw.     Fronds  (6-11  dm.  high)  pinnate;  pinnae  deeply 


40  POLYPODIACEAE    (FERN   FAMILY) 

pinnatifid,  linear-lanceolate  (7-13  cm.  long) ;  the  lobes  oblong,  obtuse,  minutely 
toothed,  crowded,  each  bearing  3-6  pairs  of  oblong  fruit  dots,  some  of  them 
double.  (A.  thelypteroides  Michx.  ;  Athyrium  acrostichoides  Diels.)  —  Rich 
woods,  N.  S.  to  Ga.,  Ala.,  and  Minn.  ;  not  rare.  (Asia.) 

*  *  *  fronds  bipinnate  ;  indusia  at  least  in  part  reniform  or  horseshoe-shaped. 

11.  A.  Filix-f6mina  (L.)  Bernh.  (LADY  FERN.)  Fronds  (4-10  dm.  high) 
ovate-oblong  or  broadly  lanceolate,  twice  pinnate  ;  pinnae  lanceolate,  numerous  ; 
pinnules  confluent  on  the  secondary  rhachis  by  a  narrow  margin,  oblong  and 
doubly  serrate,  or  elongated  and  pinnately  incised  with  cut-toothed  segments  ; 
fruit  dots  short,  variously  curved,  at  length  confluent.  (Athyrium  Roth.)  — 
Moist  woods  ;  common  and  presenting  many  varying  forms.  July.  (Cosmop.) 

11.    SCOLOPENDRIUM    Adans.     HART'S  TONGUE 

Fruit  dots  linear,  elongated,  almost  at  right  angles  to  the  midrib,  contiguous 
by  twos,  one  on  the  upper  side  of  one  veinlet,  and  the  next  on  the  lower  side  of 
the  next  superior  veinlet,  thus  appearing  to  have  a  double  indusium  opening 
along  the  middle.  (The  ancient  Greek  name,  employed  because  the  numerous 
parallel  lines  of  fruit  resemble  the  feet  of  the  centipede,  or  Scolopendra.} 

1.  S.  vulgare  Sm.  Frond  oblong-lanceolate  from  an  auricled-heart-shaped 
base,  entire  or  wavy-margined  (12-45  cm.  long,  2-6  cm.  broad),  bright  green. 
(Phyllitis  Scolopendrium  Newm.)  — Shaded  ravines  and  under  limestone  cliffs  ; 
Woodstock,  N.  B. ;  Grey  and  Bruce  Cos.,  Ont. ;  centr.  N.  Y. ;  and  Tenn. ;  very 
rare.  Aug.  (Mex.,  Eurasia.) 

12.    CAMPTOS6RUS    Link.     WALKING  LEAF 

Fruit  dots  oblong  or  linear,  as  in  Asplenium,  but  irregularly  scattered  on 
either  side  of  the  reticulated  veins  of  the  simple  frond,  those  next  the  midrib 
single,  the  outer  ones  inclined  to  approximate  in  pairs  (so  that  their  two  indusia 
open  face  to  face)  or  to  become  confluent  at  their  ends,  thus  forming  crooked 
lines  (whence  the  name,  from  Ka^Trrfa,  flexible,  and  o-o>/>6s,  for  fruit  dot}. 

1.  C.  rhizpphyllus  (L.)  Link.  Fronds  evergreen,  subcoriaceous,  growing  in 
tufts,  spreading  or  procumbent  (1-3  dm.  long),  gradually  narrowed  from  a 
cordate  or  auricled  base  to  a  long  and  slender  acumination,  which  often  roots  at 
the  end  and  forms  a  new  plant.  —  Shaded,  especially  calcareous  rocks  ;  centr. 
Me.  to  Ottawa,  thence  to  Minn.,  and  south w.  to  Kan.  and  Ga. — The  auricles 
are  sometimes  greatly  elongated,  and  even  rooting ;  in  another  form  they  are 
lacking. 

13.    POLYSTICHUM    Roth 

Fronds  tufted  at  the  end  of  a  stout  rootstock,  chiefly  of  firm  or  leathery 
texture,  evergreen  ;  stipes  and  rhachises  chaffy.  Sori  orbicular,  opening  on  all 
sides  of  the  circular  peltate  centrally  attached  indusium.  (Name  from  TroXtf-, 
many,  and  o-rtxos,  row,  the  sori  of  some  species  being  in  many  ranks.) 

*  Fronds  narrowly  oblong  or  lanceolate,  simply  pinnate,  the  pinnae  sometimes 

again  cleft. 

-<-  Upper  (spore-bearing}  pinnae  of  the  fertile  fronds  much  contracted. 

1.  P.  acrostichoides  (Michx.)  Schott.    (CHRISTMAS  FERN.)     Fronds  2-5  dm. 
long,  the  scaly  stipe  5-15  cm.  in  length  ;  pinnae  linear-lanceolate,  half-halberd- 
shaped  at  the  slightly  stalked  base,  serrulate  with  appressed  bristly  teeth ;  the 
smaller  upper  pinnae  bearing  two  rows  of  sori,  which  in  age  becoming  confluent 
cover  their  entire  lower  surface.     (Aspidium  Sw.)  —  Common  in  rocky  woods. 
Var.  SCHWEINITZII  (Beck)  Small  (Aspidium  acrostichoides,  var.  incisum  Gray) 
is  a  variable  form  with  larger  fronds,  toothed  or  pinnatifid  pinnae,  the  fertile  less 
reduced  and  the  sori  less  confluent,  chiefly  near  the  tips  of  the  pinnae.  —  Not  rare. 

•«-  t-   Upper  (spore-bearing}  pinnae  similar  to  the  others. 

2.  P.  Lonchitis  (L.)  Roth.     (HOLLY  FERN.)    Fronds  linear-lanceolate,  very 


POLYPODIACEAE  (FERN  FAMILY)  41 

short-stalked,  rigid  (1-6  dm.  long)  ;  pinnae  broadly  lanceolate-scythe-shaped, 
acute,  the  lowest  short-triangular,  strongly  auricled  on  the  upper  side,  spinulose- 
dentate  ;  sori  biseriate,  at  length  subconfluent.  (Aspidium  Svv.)  —  Rocky  (calca- 
reous) woods,  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  ;  and  from  Niagara  Falls,  Ont.,  to  L.  Superior, 
westw.  and  north w.  (Eu.) 

*  *  Fronds  bipinnate. 

3.  P.  Braunii  (Spenner)  Fe"e.  Fronds  ovate-  or  oblong-lanceolate  (4-9  dm. 
long)  tapering  to  a  very  short-stiped  base  ;  pinnules  ovate  or  oblong,  obtuse, 
truncate  and  almost  rectangular  at  base,  short-stalked,  or  the  upper  confluent, 
sharply  toothed,  beset  with  long  and  soft  as  well  as  chaffy  hairs.  (Aspidium 
aculeatum,  var.  Doll.)  —  Rich,  mostly  upland  woods,  Nfd.  to  N.  Y.,  and 
L.  Superior.  (Eu.) 

14.    ASPIDIUM    Sw.     SHIELD  FERN.     WOOD  FERN 

Fronds  tufted,  1-3-pinnate  ;  veins  simple  or  branched.  Sori  orbicular,  borne 
on  the  back  of  the  scarcely  modified  fertile  frond.  Indusium  reniform  or,  if 
orbicular,  exhibiting  a  distinct  narrow  depression  or  sinus  at  one  side,  although 
centrally  attached.  Stipes  not  articulated  at  the  base.  (Name  from  avirldiov, 
a  small  shield,  from  the  shape  of  the  indusium.)  NEPHRODIUM  Rich. 

a.  Veins  simple  or  once  forked  ;  fronds  not  evergreen  ;  stipes  and  slender 

rootstocks  nearly  naked. 
Lowest  pinnae  scarcely  smaller  than  the  middle  ones. 

Fertile  veins  once  forked 1.    A.   Thelypteris. 

Fertile  veins  simple   .        .        .        . 2.    A.  (simulatwm. 

Lower  pinnae  gradually  decreasing  in  size,  the  lowest  very  small     .      3.    A,  noveboracense. 
a.    Veins,  at  least  the  lowest,  more  than  once  forked  ;  fronds  mostly  ever- 
green ;  stipes  and  rootstocks  scaly    b. 

&.   Pinnae  40-60,  small,  4-8  mm.  broad 4.    A.  fragrant. 

b.   Pinnae  fewer,  12-90  mm.  broad    c. 

c.  Frond  bipinnatifid  or  bipinnate  (or  sub-tripinnatifid  near  the  base). 

Sori  marginal 5.    A.  marginale. 

Sori  not  marginal. 

Basal  scales  lance-linear,  caudate-attenuate       .  .  6.    A.  Filix-mas. 

Basal  scales  ovate-oblong  to  deltoid. 

Basal  scales  firm,  shining,  dark  chestnut-colored          .  7.    A.  Goldianum. 

Basal  scales  thiu,  dull,  membranous,  light  brown. 
Indusium  glandular-puberulent. 
Lobes  of  frond  with  incurved  teeth ;  sori  1.5-1.8  mm. 

in  diameter         .        .        .        .          (9)   A.  cvixtatwm,  var.  Clintonianum. 
Lobes  with  spreading  teeth  ;  sori  1-1.2  mm.  in  diameter.      8.    A.  Boottii. 
Indusium  glabrous. 

Frond  conspicuously  narrowed  at  the  base     .        .  9.    A.  cristatum. 

Frond  scarcely  or  not  at  all  narrowed  at  the  base. 
Lobes  incurved-serrate .        .        .        .  (9)    A.  cristatum,  var.  Clintonianum. 

Lobes  spinulose-dentate 10.    A.  spinulosum. 

C.  Fronds  trlpinnate  or  tripinnatifid    d. 
d.   Fronds  tripinnatifid. 

Basal  scales  large,  lance-oblong,  dark  brown         (10)    A.  apinulosum,  var.  dilatatum. 
Basal  scales  small,  deltoid-ovate,  light  brown. 

Indusium  glandless (10)    A.  spinulowm. 

Indusium  glandular-puberulent     .        .        (10)    A.  spinulosum,  var.  intermedium. 
d.   Fronds  tripinnate (10)    A.  spinoluwm,  var.  concordianum. 

1.  A.  Thelypteris  (L.)  Sw.     Fronds  pinnate,  lanceolate  in  outline;  pinnae 
horizontal    or    slightly    recurved,    linear-lanceolate,    deeply    pinnatifid  ;    lobes 
oblong,  entire,  obtuse  or  appearing  acute  when  in  fruit  from  the  strongly  revo- 
lute  margins;  veins  forked,  bearing  the  (numerous  and  soon  confluent)  fruit 
dots  near  their  middle  ;  indusium   minute,  smooth  and  naked.     (Nephrodium 
Strempel ;   Dryopteris  Gray.)  —  Marshes;  common.     Aug.  (Cosmop.)     Forma 
PUFFERAE  (A.  A.  Eaton)  Robinson   is  a  form  with  pinnae  variously  forked 
at  the  tip. 

2.  A.  simul&tum  Davenp.     In  habit  similar  to  the  preceding;  veins  simple ; 
fruit  dots  few  (3-10  on  each  lobe)  ;  indusium  glandular-ciliolate.     (Dryopteris 
Davenp.)  — Boggy  woods,  etc.,  Me.  to  Vt.  and  Md. ;  reported  from  Mo. 

3.  A.  noveboracSnse  (L.)  Sw.     Fronds  pinnate,  lanceolate  in  outline,  taper- 
ing both  ways  from  the  middle ;  pinnae  lanceolate,  the  lowest  2  or  more  pairs 


42  POLYPODIACEAE   (FERN   FAMILY) 

gradually  shorter  and  deflexed  ;  lobes  flat,  oblong,  basal  ones  often  enlarged 
and  incised  ;  veins  simple,  or  forked  in  the  basal  lobes  ;  fruit  dots  distinct,  near 
the  margin  ;  indusium  minute,  the  margin  glanduliferous.  (Dryopteris  Gray.) 

—  Rich  woods  ;  common.     July.  —  Frond  pale  green,  delicate  and  membrana- 
ceous,  hairy  beneath  along  the  midribs  and  veins. 

4.  A.  fragrans  (L.)  Sw.     Fronds  (1-3.5  dm.  high)  glandular  and  aromatic, 
narrowly  lanceolate,  with  linear-oblong  pinnately-parted  pinnae  ;  their  crowded 
divisions   (2-4  mm.  long)   oblong,    obtuse,   toothed  or  almost  entire,   nearly 
covered  beneath  with  the  very  large  thin  imbricated  indusia,  which  are  orbicu- 
lar with  a  narrow  sinus,  the  margin  sparingly  glanduliferous  and  often  ragged. 
(Nephrodium  Richards. ;  Dryopteris  Schott.)  —  Chiefly  on  limestone  cliffs,  N.  B.: 
and  n.  N.  E.  to  Minn.,  Alaska,  and  Greenl.    (Caucasus,  Asia.) 

5.  A.  marginale  (L.)  Sw.     Frond  evergreen,  smooth,  thickish   and  almost 
coriaceous,  ovate-oblong  in  outline  (3-7  dm.  long)  ;  pinnae  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, slightly  broadest  above  the  base  ;  pinnules  oblong  or  oblong-scythe-shaped, 
crowded,  obtuse  or  pointed,  entire  or  crenate  ;  fruit  dots  close  to  the  margin. 
(Nephrodium  Michx.  ;    Dryopteris  Gray.)  —  Rocky   hillsides   in   rich   woods ; 
common,  especially  northw.     Aug.     Var.  ELEGANS  J.  Robinson  is  a  form  with 
large  fronds  (2-2.5  dm.  broad)  which  have  the  pinnules  or  most  of  them  toothed 
or  lobed. 

6.  A.   Filix-mds   (L.)    Sw.      Frond  lanceolate    (3-11   dm.  long) ;    pinnae 
linear-lanceolate,  tapering  from  base  to   apex ;  pinnules   oblong,  very  obtuse, 
serrate  at  the  apex  and  obscurely  so  at  the  sides,  the  basal  incisely  lobed,  dis- 
tinct, the  upper*  confluent ;  fruit  dots  nearer    the  midvein    than   the  margin, 
usually  confined  to  the  lower  half  of  each  fertile  pinnule.     (Dryopteris  Schott.) 

—  Rocky  woods,  Nfd.,  N.  S.,  n.  Vt.,  L.  Huron,  L.  Superior,  Dak.,  Ariz.,  and 
northw.     (Cosmop.) 

7.  A.  Goldianum  Hook.     Frond  broadly  ovate,  or  the  fertile  ovate-oblong 
(6-10  dm.  long)  ;    pinnae   (1.5-2.3   dm.   long)   oblong-lanceolate,    broadest  in 
the  middle,  pinnately  parted ;   the  divisions    (about  20  pairs}  oblong-linear, 
slightly  scythe-shaped  (2-3  cm.  long),  serrate  with  appressed  teeth ;  veins  pin- 
nately forking  and  bearing  the  fruit  dots  very  near  the  midvein  ;  indusium  very 
large,  orbicular,  with  a  deep  narrow  sinus,  smooth  and  without  marginal  glands. 
(Nephrodium  Hook.  &  Grev.  ;  Dryopteris  Gray.)  —  Rich  woods,  centr.  Me.  to 
Minn.,  la.,  and  N.  Car. 

Var.  c£lsum  (Palmer)  Robinson.  Fronds  more  narrowly  ovate-oblong,  slightly 
firmer,  the  lowest  pinnae  on  rather  long  stalks  ;  pinnules  subremote.  (Dryopteris 
Goldieana,  subsp.  Palmer.) — On  cypress  knees  and  decaying  logs,  Dismal 
Swamp,  Va.  (Palmer}. 

8.  A.  Bo6ttii  Tuckerm.     Scales  of  the  stipe  pale-brown ;  fronds  (4-6.5  dm. 
long)  elongated-lanceolate  in  outline,  somewhat  narrowed  at  base  ;  lowest  pin- 
nae triangular-ovate,  the  upper  longer  and  narrower ;  pinnules  oblong-ovate, 
sharply  spinulose-serrate  or  the  lower  pinnatitid  ;  indusium  minutely  glandular. 
(Nephrodium  Davenp.  ;  Dryopteris  Underw.)  —  Low  wet  thickets,  etc.  —Many 
differing  forms  have  been  referred  to  this  species.     Plants  corresponding  to  the 
original  material  have  been  seen  only  from  N.  H.,  e.  Mass.,  Ct.,  and  e.   Pa. 
They  are  suspiciously  intermediate  between  A.  cristatum  and  A.  spinulosum, 
var.  intermedium. 

9.  A.  cristatum  (L.)  Sw.     Frond  linear-oblong  or  lanceolate  in  outline  (3-6 
dm.  long)  ;  pinnae  (5-8  cm.  long)  triangular-oblong,  or  the  lowest  nearly  tri- 
angular-ovate, from  a  somewhat   heart-shaped  base,  acute,  deeply  pinnatificl ; 
the  divisions  (6-10  pairs')  oblong,  very  obtuse,  finely  serrate  or  cut-toothed,  the 
lowest  pinnatifid-lobed ;  fruit  dots  as  near  the  midvein  as  the  margin ;  indusium 
round-reniform,  the  sinus  mostly  shallow,  smooth  and  naked.     (Nephrodium 
Michx.;  Dryopteris  Gray.) — Swamps,  etc.  ;  common.    July.  —  Stipes  and  the 
stout  creeping  rootstock  bearing  broad  and  deciduous  chaffy  scales.     (Eu.) 

Var.  Clintonianum  D.  C.  Eaton.  Frond  in  every  way  much  larger  (4-13  dm. 
long)  ;  pinnae  oblong-lanceolate,  broadest  at  base  (8-15  cm.  long,  2-5  cm.  broad), 
deeply  pinnatifid ;  the  divisions  (8-16  pairs}  crowded  or  distant,  linear-oblong, 
obtuse,  obscurely  serrate  or  cut-toothed,  the  basal  sometimes  pinnately  lobed ; 


POLYPODIACEAE   (FERN   FAMILY)  43 

veins  pinnately  forking,  the  lowest  anterior  veinlets  bearing  the  fruit  dots  near 
the  midvein;  indusium  orbicular  with  a  shallow  sinus,  smooth  and  naked. 
(Dryopteris  cristata,  var.  Underw.)  — Swampy  woods,  N.  H.  to  N.  C.,  and  westw. 
to  Wise.  July.  —  Rootstock  stout,  creeping,  chaffy  (like  the  stipes)  with  large 
bright-brown  scales.  Appears  to  hybridize  with  A.  marginale,  as  does  also  the 
typical  form  of  the  species. 

10.  A.  spinulbsum  (O.  F.  Mtiller)  Sw.  Stipes  with  a  few  pale-brown  deciduous 
scales ;  frond  ovate-lanceolate,  twice  pinnate  ;  pinnae  oblique  to  the  rhachis, 
elongated-triangular,  the  lower  pairs  broadly  triangular  ;  pinnules  set  obliquely 
on  the  midribs,  connected  by  a  very  narrow  wing,  oblong,  acute,  incisely  serrate 
or  pinnatilid  with  spinulose-toothed  lobes ;  indusium  smooth  and  without  mar- 
ginal glands.  (Nephrodium  Strempel  ;  Dryopteris  Kuntze.)  —  Rich  woods, 
Nl'd.  to  Va.,  Ky.,  and  northwestw.  (Greenl.,  Eu.)  A.  PITTSFORDENSE  (Slos- 
son)  Eastman,  a  supposed  hybrid  with  A.  marginale,  occurs  in  Vt.  and  on  Staten 
I.,  N.  Y. 

Var.  intermedium  (Muhl.)  D.  C.  Eaton.  Scales  of  the  stipe  few.  brown  with 
a  darker  center;  frond  broadly  oblong-ovate,  tripinnatifid ;  pinnae  spreading, 
oblong-lanceolate,  the  lower  unequally  triangular-ovate  ;  pinnules  crowded, 
ovate-oblong,  spreading,  pinnately  cleft ;  the  oblong  lobes  spinulose-toothed  at 
the  apex ;  margin  of  the  indusium  denticulate  and  beset  with  minute  stalked 
glands.  (Nephrodium  spinulosum,  var.  Davenp.  ;  Dryopteris  spinulosa,  var. 
Underw.)  —  Woods,  common. 

Var.  dilatatum  (Hoffm.)  Hook.  Scales  of  the  stipe  large,  brown  with  a  dark 
center;  frond  broader,  ovate  or  triangular-ovate  in  outline,  tripinnatifid;  pin- 
nules lance-oblong,  the  lowest  often  much  elongated  ;  indusium  glandular- 
ciliolate.  (Nephrodium  spinulosum,  var.  fructuosum  Gilbert). — N.  S.  to  Va., 
and  N.  Y.  (Eu.)  Forma  ANADENIUM  Robinson  is  in  all  respects  like  var.  dila- 
tatum, but  with  the  indusium  destitute  of  glands  (the  var.  dilatatum  of  Am. 
auth.  chiefly,  not  Hook.)  —  Common,  chiefly  in  rocky  upland  woods.  (Asia.) 

Var.  concordianum  (Davenp.)  Eastman.  Fronds  trip'innate;  pinnules  (of 
the  3d  order)  small  (4  mm.  long),  elliptical,  spinulose-denticulate ;  indusium 
gland  ular-puberulent. — Concord,  Mass.  (Purdie). 

15.   CYST6PTERIS  Bernh.    BLADDER  FERN 

Fruit  dots  roundish,  borne  on  the  back  of  a  straight  fork  of  the  free  veins ; 
the  delicate  indusium  hood-like  or  arched,  attached  by  abroad  base  on  the  inner 
side  (toward  the  midrib)  partly  under  the  fruit  dot,  early  opening  free  at  the 
other  side,  which  looks  toward  the  apex  of  the  lobe,  and  is  somewhat  jagged, 
soon  thrown  back  or  withering  away.  —  Delicate  ferns  with  2-3-pinnate  fronds  ; 
the  lobes  cut-toothed.  (Name  composed  of  KIJ<TTIS,  a  bladder,  and  Trrfyis,  /ern, 
from  the  inflated  indusium.) 

1.  C.  bulbifera  (L.)    Bernh.     Frond  lanceolate,  elongated,  attenuate   (3-6 
dm.  long),   2-pinnate  ;  the  pinnae  lanceolate-oblong,  pointed,    horizontal;  the 
rhachis  and  pinnae  often    bearing    bulblets   underneath,   wingless;   pinnules 
crowded,  oblong,  obtuse,  toothed  or  pinnatifid ;    indusium  short,   truncate  on 
the  free  side.     (Filix  Underw.)  —  Shaded  ravines,  chiefly  on  calcareous  rocks. 
July. 

2.  C.  fragilis  (L.)    Bernh.     Frond  oblong -lanceolate  (1-3  dm.  long,  besides 
the  brittle  stalk  which  is  fully  as  long),  2-3-pinnate;  the  pinnae  and  pinnules 
ovate  or  lanceolate  in   outline,   irregularly   pinnatifid   or  cut-toothed,   mostly 
acute,   decurrent  on  the  margined  or  winged  rhachis;  indusium  tapering  or 
acute  at  the  free  end.     (Filix  Underw.) — Shaded  cliffs,  rocky  woods,  etc.; 
common  and  varying  greatly  in  the  shape  and  cutting  of  the  pinnules.    July. 
(Cosmop.) 

16.   W06DSIA    R.  Br. 

Fruit  dots  round,  borne  on  the  back  of  simply  forked  free  veins ;  the  very  thin 
and  often  evanescent  indusium  attached  by  its  base  all  around  the  receptacle, 
under  the  sporangia,  either  small  and  open,  or  else  early  bursting  at  the  top  into 


44  POLYPODIACEAE    (FERN    FAMILY) 

irregular  pieces  or  lobes.  —  Small  and  tufted  pinnately  divided  ferns.     (Dedi- 
cated to  Joseph  Woods,  an  English  botanist.) 

*  Stalks  obscurely  articulated  some  distance  from  the  base ;  fronds  chaffy  or 
smooth,  never  glandular  ;  indusium  divided  nearly  to  the  center  into  slender 
hairs  which  are  curled  over  the  sporangia. 

1.  W.  ilvSnsis  (L.)    R.  Br.     Frond  oblong-lanceolate  (5-15  cm.  long,  2-4 
cm. wide),  smoothish  and  green  above,  thickly  clothed  underneath  as  well  as  the 
stalk  with  rusty  bristle-like  chaff,  pinnate  ;  the  pinnae  crowded,  oblong,  obtuse, 
sessile,    pinnately   parted,    the    numerous    crowded    segments    oblong,   obtuse, 
obscurely  crenate ;  the  fruit  dots  near  the   margin,  somewhat  confluent  when 
old.  —  Exposed  rocks;  arctic  Am.,  s.  to  N.  E.,  the  Great  L.  region,  and  in  the 
mts.  to  N.  C.     June.     (Eurasia.) 

2.  W.  alpina  (Bolton)  S.  F.  Gray.     Frond  narrowly  oblong-lanceolate  (4-13 
cm.  long,  (5-34  mm.  wide),  smooth  above,  sparingly  paleaceous-hirsute  beneath, 
pinnate  ;  the  pinnae  triangular-ovate,  obtuse,  pinnately  lobed,  the  lobes  few  and 
nearly   entire;   fruit  dots  rarely  confluent.      (W.  hyperborea  R.  Br.) — N.  B., 
Que.,  n.  Vt.,  n.  N.  Y.,  Ont.,  and  northw.  ;  rare.     (Eurasia.) 

3.  W.  glab£lla    R.  Br.     Smooth  and  naked  throughout;  frond  linear  and 
very  delicate  (4-16  cm.  high),  pinnate  ;  pinnae  roundish-ovate,  the  lower  ones 
rather  remote  (3-9  mm.  long),  obtuse,  crenately  lobed;  fruit  dots  scanty;  the 
hairs  of  the  indusium  fewer  than  in  the  last  two  species.  — On  moist  mossy  rocks, 
Nfd.  to  n.  N.  E.,  N.  Y.,  Minn.,  and  northw.  to  Alaska  and  Greenl      (Eurasia.) 

*  *  Stalks  not  articulated;  fronds  never  chaffy,  often  glandular-pubescent. 
•t-  Indusium  of  a  few  broad  segments,  at  first  covering  the  sorus  completely. 

4.  W.  obtusa  (Spreng.)  Torr.      Frond  broadly  lanceolate,  minutely  glan- 
dular-hairy (2-5  dm.  high),  pinnate  or  nearly  bipinnate  ;  pinnae  rather  remote, 
triangular-ovate  or  oblong  (2-6  cm.  long),  bluntish,  pinnately  parted  :  segments 
oblong,  obtuse,  crenately  toothed,  the  lower  pinnatifid  with  toothed  lobes  ;  veins 
forked,  and  bearing  the  fruit  dots  on  or  below  the  minutely  toothed  lobes  ;  indu- 
sium at  length  splitting  into  several  spreading  jagged  lobes.  —  Rocky  banks  and 
cliffs,  "  N.  S.,"  and  centr.  Me.  to  Ga.,  and  westw.     Var.  ANGUSTA  Peck  is  a  form 
with  very  narrow  fronds  (35  cm.  long  and  4  cm.  wide)  and  pinnae.  —  High- 
lands, N.Y. 

i-  f-  Indusium  entirely  concealed  beneath  the  sorus,  divided  into  very  narrow 
segments  or  reduced  to  minute  hairs. 

5.  W.  oregina  D.  C.  Eaton.     Glabrous;  fronds  bright  green,  soft  in  texture, 
narrowly  lance-oblong  (12-23  mm.  wide),  bipinnatifid,  pinnae  triangular-oblong, 
obtuse  ;  the  segments  oblong  or  ovate,  obtuse,  crenate-serrulate,  the  teeth  or 
margin  nearly  always  reflexed.  —  Limestone  cliffs  and  ledges,  Bic,  Que. ;  s.  shore 
of  L.  Superior  (Robbins),  northw.  and  westw. 

6.  W.  Cathcartiana   Robinson.     Finely  glandular-puberulent ;  fronds  (2-3 
dm.  high)  rather  dull  green,  of  firm  texture,  lanceolate  (25-55  mm.  broad), 
bipinnatifid  ;  pinnae  oblong,  the  lower  distant ;  segments  usually  separated  by 
wide    sinuses,    oblong,    denticulate.      ( W.    scopulina   Man.    ed.   6,    not  D.  C. 
Eaton.)  —  Rocky  river  banks,  w.  Mich.  (Wheeler},  and  n.e.  Minn.  (Miss  Ellen 
Cathcart. ) 

7.  W.  scopulina  D.  C.  Eaton.     Loosely  hispidulous  with  minute  white  hairs, 
and   finely  glandular-puberulent;    segments  approximate,  crenate-serrulate. — 
Limestone  cliffs ;  Gasp6  Co.,  Que.  ;  S.  Dak. ;  Rocky  Mts.,  etc.  ;  reported  from 
Minn,  and  n.w.  la. 

17.    DICKS6NIA    L'Her. 

Fruit  dots  small,  globular,  marginal,  each  placed  on  the  apex  of  a  free  vein 
or  fork  ;  the  sporangia  borne  on  an  elevated  globular  receptacle,  inclosed  in  a 
mem  bran  aceous  cup-shaped  indusium  which  is  open  at  the  top,  and  on  the 
outer  side  partly  adherent  to  a  reflexed  toothlet  of  the  frond.  (Named  for 
James  Dickson,  an  English  cryptogamic  botanist.') 


SCHIZAEACEAE    (CURLY  GRASS   FAMILY)  45 

1.  D.  puncti!6bula  (Michx.)  Gray.  (HAY-SCENTED  FERN.)  Fronds  minutely 
glandular  and  hairy  (5-10  dm.  high),  ovate-lanceolate  and  acuminate  in  outline, 
pale  green,  very  thin,  with  strong  chaffless  stalks  rising  from  slender  extensively 
creeping  naked  rootstocks,  mostly  bipinnate ;  primary  pinnae  lanceolate,  pointed, 
the  secondary  pinnatifid  into  oblong  and  obtuse  cut-toothed  lobes  ;  fruit  dots 
minute,  each  on  a  recurved  toothlet,  usually  one  at  the  upper  margin  of  each 
lobe.  (D.  pilosiuscula  Willd. ;  Dennstaedtia  punctilobula  Moore.) — Common 
in  moist  and  shady  places,  N.S.  to  Ala.,  rarer  westw.  to  Minn.  —  Frond  sweet- 
scented  especially  in  drying.  Forma  CRISTA.TA  (Maxon)  Clute  has  the  pinnae 
cristate-forked  at  tip.  —  Mass,  and  Vt.  Forma  SCHIZOPHYLLA  Clute  has  fronds 
often  more  deeply  forked  and  the  ultimate  segments  incised.  —  Mass,  and  Ct. 

18.    ONOCLEA    L. 

Sporangia  borne  on  elevated  receptacles,  forming  roundish  sori  imperfectly 
covered  by  very  delicate  hood-shaped  indusia  attached  to  the  base  of  the  re- 
ceptacles. Fertile  fronds  erect,  rigid,  with  contracted  pod-like  or  berry -like 
divisions  at  first  completely  concealing  the  sporangia,  and  at  last,  when  dry 
and  indurated,  cracking  open  and  allowing  the  spores  to  escape.  Sterile 
fronds  foliaceous.  Rootstocks  creeping  and  constantly  forming  new  plants. 
(Name  employed  by  Dioscorides  for  some  probably  boraginaceous  plant.) 

§  1.    EUONOCLEA  Hook.    Fertile  fronds  bipinnate. 

1.  0.  sensibilis  L.     (SENSITIVE  FERN.)     Fronds  scattered;  the  sterile  ones 
long-stalked,  the  lamina    1-3  dm.   long,   deltoid-ovate,  pinnatifid   into  a  few 
oblong-lanceolate  sinuately  lobed  or  nearly  entire  segments  ;  veins  reticulated 
with  fine   meshes ;    fertile  fronds  contracted,   closely  bipinnate,  the   pinnules 
rolled  up  into  berry-like  bodies. — Moist  meadows  and  thickets,  very  common. 
(E.   Asia.)     Sports  are  frequent,  especially  bipinnatifid  foliaceous  fronds  with 
rounded  lobes,   free  veins,  and  sometimes    abortive  sori,  —  the  so-called  var. 
OBTCSILOBATA  (Schkuhr)  Torr. 

§2.    STRUTHI6PTERIS  Mett.     Fertile  fronds  pinnate. 

2.  0.  Struthi6pteris  (L.)  Hoffm.     (OSTRICH  FERN.)     Fronds  growing  in  a 
crown;  sterile  ones  short-stalked  (6-30  dm.  high),  broadly  lanceolate,  narrowed 
toward  the  base,  with  many  linear-lanceolate  pinnatifid  pinnae  ;  veins  free,  the 
veinlets  simple;    fertile  frond  shorter,  with   pod-like   or  somewhat   necklace- 
shaped  pinnae.    (Matteuccia  Todaro.)  —  Alluvial  soil,  Nfd.  to  Va.,  and  north- 
westw.     July.  —  The  rootstock  sends  out  slender  underground  stolons,  which 
bear  fronds  the  next  year.     (Eurasia.) 

SCHIZAEACEAE    (CURLY  GRASS  FAMILY) 

Sterile  fronds  tufted  and  linear-filiform  (Schizaea)  or  resembling  a  twining 
aerial  stem  with  alternate  paired  palmately  lobed  leaves  (Lygodium}.  Sporangia 
borne  in  double  rows  on  narrow  fertile  segments,  ovate,  sessile,  having  a  com- 
plete transverse  ring  at  the  apex,  and  opening  by  a  longitudinal  slit. 

1.  Schizaea.    Sterile    fronds    rigid,   simple  or  dichotomously  branched.      Plant  dwarf,   not 

climbing. 

2.  Lygodium.    Fronds  with  paired  alternate  stipitate  leaf-like  segments. 

1.    SCHIZAEA    Sm.     CURLY  GRASS 

Sporangia  large,  ovoid,  striate-rayed  at  the  apex,  opening  by  a  longitudinal 
cleft,  naked,  vertically  sessile  in  a  double  row  along  the  single  vein  of  the  nar- 
row divisions  of  the  pinnate  (or  radiate)  fertile  appendages  to  the  slender  and 


46  OSMUNDACEAE    (FLOWERING   FERN   FAMILY) 

simply  linear,  or  (in  foreign  species)  fan-shaped  or  dichotomously  many-cleft 
fronds  (whence  the  name,  from  <rxl£<»,  to  split). 

1.  S.  pusilla  Pursh.  Sterile  fronds  linear,  very  slender,  flattened  and 
tortuous ;  the  fertile  ones  equally  slender  (0.5  mm.  wide),  but  taller  (5-12  cm.) 
and  bearing  at  the  top  the  fertile  appendage  consisting  of  about  5  pairs  of 
crowded  pinnae  (each  2-3  mm.  long).  —  Low  grounds,  pine  barrens  of  N.  J.  ; 
N.  S.  ;  very  local.  Sept.  (Nfd.) 

2.    LYGdDIUM    Sw.     CLIMBING  FERN 

Fronds  twining  or  climbing,  bearing  stalked  and  variously  lobed  (or  com- 
pound) divisions  in  pairs,  with  mostly  free  veins ;  the  fructification  on  separate 
contracted  divisions  or  spike-like  lobes,  one  side  of  which  is  covered  with  a 
double  row  of  imbricated  hooded  scale-like  indusia,  fixed  by  a  broad  base  to 
short  oblique  veinlets.  Sporangia  much  as  in  Schizaea,  but  oblique,  fixed 
to  the  veinlet  by  the  inner  side  next  the  base,  one  or  rarely  two  covered  by  each 
indusium.  (Name  from  Xiryc^s,  flexible.) 

1.  L.  palmatum  (Bernh.)  Sw.  Very  smooth  ;  stalk-like  fronds  slender, 
flexile  and  twining  (3-10  dm.  long),  from  slender  running  rootstocks;  the  short 
alternate  branches  or  petioles  2-forked ;  each  fork  bearing  a  round-heart- 
shaped  palmately  4-7 -lobed  frondlet ;  fertile  frondlets  above,  contracted  and 
several  times  forked,  forming  a  terminal  panicle.  —  Low  moist  thickets  and  open 
woods,  s.  N.  H.  to  Fla.,  Tenn.,  and  Ky.  ;  local.  Sept. 


OSMUNDACEAE     (FLOWERING  FERN  FAMILY) 

Leafy  plants  (ours  herbaceous),  with  creeping  rhizomes.  Sporangia  naked, 
globose,  mostly  pediceled,  reticulated,  with  no  ring  or  with  mere  traces  of  one  near 
the  apex,  opening  into  two  valves  by  a  longitudinal  slit.  Stipes  winged  at  the 
base. 

1.    OSMUND  A    [Tourn.]    L.     FLOWERING   FERN 

Fertile  fronds  or  fertile  portions  of  the  frond  destitute  of  chlorophyll,  very 
much  contracted,  and  bearing  on  the  margins  of  the  narrow  rhachis-like 
divisions  short-pediceled  and  naked  sporangia ;  these  globular,  thin  and  reticu- 
lated, large,  opening  by  a  longitudinal  cleft  into  two  valves,  and  bearing 
near  the  apex  a  small  patch  of  thickened  oblong  cells,  the  rudiment  of  a  trans- 
verse ring.  —  Fronds  tall  and  upright,  growing  in  large  crowns  from  thickened 
rootstocks,  once  or  twice  pinnate  ;  veins  forking  and  free.  Spores  green. 
(Osmunder,  a  Saxon  name  of  the  Celtic  divinity,  Thor.) 

*  Sterile  fronds  truly  bipinnate. 

1.  0.  regalis  L.     (FLOWERING  FERN.)    Very  smooth,  paie  green  (0.3-1.6  m. 
high)  ;  sterile  pinnules  13-25,  varying  from  oblong-oval  to  lance-oblong,  finely 
serrulate,   especially  toward  the   apex,    otherwise  entire,   or  crenately   lobed 
toward  the  rounded,  oblique  and  truncate,  or  even  cordate  and  semi-auriculate 
base,  sessile  or  short-stalked  (2-5  cm.  long)  ;   the  fertile  racemose-panicled  at 
the  summit  of  the  frond.     (O.  spectabilis  Willd.) —Swamps  and  wet  woods, 
common.    The  cordate  pinnules  sometimes  found  here  are  commoner  in  Europe. 
May,  June.     (Eu.)     Forma  ORBICULATA   Clute  has  narrow   fronds  and  few 
(3-7)  roundish  crowded  pinnules  on  each  pinna.  — Hartland,  Vt.  (Buggies). 

*  *  Sterile  fronds  once  pinnate  ;  pinnae  deeply  pinnatifid  ;  the  lobes  entire. 

2.  0.  Claytoniana  L.     Clothed  with  loose  wool  when  young,  soon  smooth  ; 
fertile  fronds  taller  than  the  sterile  (6-12  dm.  high)  ;  pinnae  oblong-lanceolate, 
with  oblong  obtuse  divisions  ;  some  (2-5  pairs)  of  the  middle  pinnae  fertile,  these 
entirely  pinnate  ;  sporangia  greenish,  turning  brown.  — Low  grounds,  common. 
May.  —  Fruiting  as  it  unfolds.     (Himalayas.)     Var.  DtuiA  Grout  is  a  peculiar 


OPHIOGLOSSACEAE    (ADDER'S   TONGUE   FAMILY)  47 

form  with  the  pinnules  of  the  sterile  frond  widely  separated,  the  outer  ones 
enlarged  and  pinnatifid,  in  s.  Vt.  (Grout). 

3.  0.  cinnambmea  L.  (CINNAMON  FERN.)  Clothed  with  rusty  wool  when 
young  ;  sterile  fronds  tallest  (at  length  0.8-1.6  m.  high),  smooth  when  full 
grown,  the  lanceolate  pinnae  pinnatifid  into  broadly  oblong  obtuse  divisions ; 
fertile  fronds  separate,  appearing  earlier  from  the  same  rootstock  and  soon 
withering  (2-9  dm.  high),  contracted,  twice  pinnate,  covered  with  the  cinna- 
mon-colored sporangia. —  Swamps  and  low  copses,  common.  (Eurasia.)  Var. 
FRONn6sA  Gray  is  an  occasional  state  in  which  some  of  the  fronds  are  sterile 
below  and  more  sparsely  fertile  at  their  summit,  or  rarely  in  the  middle.  Var. 
INCISA  J.  W.  Huntington  is  a  form  with  the  inner  pinnules  of  some  of  the 
pinnae  more  or  less  cut  or  pinnatifid. 

Var.  glandulbsa  Waters.  Rhachis  and  lower  surface  of  the  sterile  frond 
permanently  glandular-pubescent.  —  R.  I.,  N.  J.,  and  Md. 

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE     (ADDER'S  TONGUE  FAMILY) 

Leafy  and  often  somewhat  fleshy  plants;  the  leaves  (fronds)  simple  or 
branched,  of  ten  fern-like  in  appearance,  erect  in  vernation,  developed  from  under- 
ground buds  formed  either  inside  the  base  of  the  old  stalk  or  by  the  side  of  it,  and 
bearing  in  special  spikes  or  panicles  rather  large  subcoriaceous  bivalvular  spo- 
rangia formed  from  the  main  tissue  of  the  fruiting  branches.  Prothallus  under- 
ground, not  green,  monoecious. — A  small  family,  separated  from  Ferns  on 
account  of  the  different  nature  of  the  sporangia,  the  erect  vernation,  etc. 

1.  Ophioglossum.    Sporangia  cohering  in  a  simple  spike.     Veins  reticulated. 

2.  Botrychium.    Sporangia  in  pinnate  or  compound  spikes,  distinct.    Veins  free. 

1.  OPHIOGL6SSUM  [Tourn.]  L.     ADDER'S  TONGUE 

Rootstock  erect,  fleshy  and  sometimes  tuberous,  with  slender  fleshy  roots 
which  are  sometimes  proliferous ;  bud  placed  by  the  side  of  the  base  of  the 
naked  stalk  ;  fronds  with  anterior  and  posterior  segments  as  in  Botrychium, 
but  the  coriaceous  sporangia  connate  and  coherent  in  two  ranks  on  the  edges 
of  a  simple  spike.  Sterile  segment  fleshy,  simple  in  our  species;  the  veins 
reticulated.  Spores  copious,  sulphur-yellow.  (Name  from  6<j>is,  a  serpent,  and 
7\w<7cra,  tongue.) 

1.  0.    yulgatum     L.      Fronds  from   a  slender  rootstock,  5-42  cm.  high, 
mostly  solitary  ;  sterile  segment  sessile  near  the  middle  of  the  plant,  ovate  or 
elliptic-oblong  (5-9  cm.  long),  rounded  or  obtuse  at  the  apex;  midvein  indis- 
tinct or  none  ;  principal  veins,  forming  a  loose  network,  the  meshes  nearly  free 
from   secondary  veins.  —  Meadows   and  pastures,    rarely   on  dry   slopes;   not 
common.     June- Aug.     (Eurasia.) 

Var.  minus  Moore.  Smaller;  fronds  often  in  pairs,  the  sterile  segment 
slightly  fleshy,  yellowish-green,  attached  usually  much  below  the  middle  of  the 
plant.  (0.  Grayi  Beck,  ace.  to  Moore  ;  O.  poiyphyllum  A.  Br.  ;  O.  arenarium 
E.  G.  Britton.)  —Sandy  ground,  N.  H.  to  w.  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  (En.,  n.  Afr.) 

2.  0.  Engelmanni  Prantl.     Habit  of  the  preceding  species  ;  sterile  segment 
thicker,  cuspidate;  secondary  veins  numerous,  forming  a  fine  but  readily  dis- 
cernible network  within  the  meshes  of  the  principal   ones. — "Va.";   Mo. 
(Bush),  Tex.,  and  Cal. 

2.   BOTRYCHIUM    Sw.     MOONWORT 

Rootstock  very  short,  erect,  with  clustered  fleshy  roots;  the  base  of  the 
sheathed  stalk  containing  the  bud  for  the  next  year's  frond  ;  frond  with  an 
anterior  fertile  and  a  posterior  sterile  segment ;  the  former  mostly  1-3-pinnate, 
the  contracted  divisions  bearing  a  double  row  of  sessile  naked  sDorangia  ;  these 


48  OPHIOGLOSSACEAE    (ADDER'S   TONGUE   FAMILY) 


distinct,  rather  coriaceous,  not  reticulated,  globular,  without  a  ring,  and  open- 
ing transversely  into  two  valves.  Sterile  segment  of  the  frond  ternately  or 
pinnately  divided  or  compound  ;  veins  all  free.  Spores  copious,  sulphur-color. 
(Name  a  diminutive  of  pbrpvs,  a  cluster  of  grapes,  from  the  appearance  of  the 
fructification.) 

§1.   EUBOTRYCHIUM  Milde.   Base  of  the  stalk  (containing  the  bud}  completely 
closed;  sterile  segment  more  or  less  fleshy  ;  the  cells  of  the  epidermis  straight. 

*  Sterile  segment  sessile  or  on  a  short  petiole  (less  than  1  cm.  long}. 

1.  B.  Lunaria  (L.)  Sw.  Very  fleshy  (8-18  cm.  high)  ;  sterile  segment  sub- 
sessile,  borne  near  the  middle  of  the  plant,  oblong,  simply  pinnate  with  5-15 
lunate  or  fan-shaped  very  obtuse  crenate,  incised,  or  nearly  entire, 
fleshy  divisions,  more  or  less  excised  at  the  base  on  the  lower  or 
on  both  sides,  the  veins  radiating  from  the  base  and  repeatedly 
forking;  fertile  segment  panicled,  2-3-pinnate.  —  Open  places, 
e.  Que.  to  Vt.,  n.  O.,  L.  Superior,  and  north w. ;  rare.  (Widely 
distr.)  FIG.  1.  Also  on  wooded  cliffs  near  Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  where 
tending  to  a  more  slender  form  with  decidedly  stipitate  sterile 
segment  and  sub  remote  more  narrowly  cuneate 
pinnae  (B.  onondagense  Underw.). 

2.  B.  simplex  E.  Hitchcock.  Fronds  small 
(5-10  or  rarely  25  cm.  high)  ;  sterile  segment 
short-petioled  from  near  base,  middle,  or  sum- 
mit of  the  stalk,  thickish,  simple,  and  roundish, 
or  pinnately   3-7-lobed ;    the   lobes   roundish- 
obovate,  nearly  entire,  decurrent  on  the  broad 
and  flat   indeterminate   rhachis,  the  terminal 
one  usually  emarginate  ;  the  veins  all  forking 
from  the  base ;  fertile  segment  simple  or  1-2- 
pinnate.    (B.  tenebrosum  A.  A.  Eaton.)  — N.  S. 
to  Md.,  Ont.,  Minn.,  and  Rocky  Mts. ;    rare. 

(Eu.)  FIG.  2.  Var.  COMPOSITUM  Lasch.    Sterile    2.  B.  simplex.    x%. 

segment  binate  or  ternate  ;  the  divisions  pin- 

natifid.  —  Occurring  with  and  clearly  passing  into  the  typical  form. 

3.  B.  lanceolatum  (Gmel.)  Angstroem,  var.  angus- 
tisegm6ntum  Pease  &  Moore.      Fronds  small   (1-2.5 
dm.  high)  ;  the  sterile  segment  closely  sessile  at  the 
top  of  the  long   and   slender  stalk,  scarcely  fleshy, 

triangular,  ternately  twice  pinnatifid ;  the  acute  lobes  lanceolate, 
incised  or  toothed;  veinlets  forking  from  a  continuous  midvein; 
fertile  part  2-3-pinnate. — N.  S.  to  N.  J.,  O.,  and  L.  Superior. 
July,  Aug.  FIG.  3.  The  typical  European 
form  has  the  segments  of  the  sterile  frond 
broader  and  more  approximate. 

4.  B.  rambsum  (Roth)  Aschers.  Fronds 
small  (1-2.5  dm.  high)  ;  the  sterile  segment 
nearly  sessile  at  the  top  of  the  long  and 
slender  common  stalk,  moderately  fleshy, 
ovate  or  triangular,  varying  from  pinnate  to 
bipinnatind ;  the  lobes  oblong-ovate  and 
obtuse ;  midvein  dissipated  into  forking 
veinlets  ;  fertile  part  2-3-pinnate.  (B.  ma- 
tricariaefolium  A.  Br. ;  B.  neglectum  Wood.) 
—  Rich  soil,  e.  Que.  to  Md.,  and  westw. 
June,  July.  (Eurasia.)  FIG.  4. 

*  *  The  sterile  segment  on  a  long  petiole  (2-16  cm.  in  length}. 

5.  B.  obliquum  Muhl.  Subcoriaceous  (1-4  dm.  high),  sparsely 
hairy  or  glabrous ;  sterile  segment  long-petioled,  springing  from 
near  the  base  of  the  plant,  broadly  triangular  or  somewhat  pen- 


1.   B.  Lunaria. 


4.  g.  ramo- 
sum!    x  %. 


MARSILEACEAE 


49 


5.   B.  obliquum  and  vars.     x 


tagonai,  ternate  and  variously  decompound  with  stalked  divisions,  these  ovate- 
oblong,  acutish,  usually  two  or  three  times  as  long  as  broad,  crenate-serrulate, 
obliquely  cordate  or  subcordate  ;  fertile  seg- 
ment erect,  2-4-pinnate.  (B.  ternatum,  var. 
obliquum  Milde.)  — Pastures  and  open  woods, 
N.  B.  to  Ont.,  Minn.,  and  south  w.  FIG.  5,  a. 
Polymorphous.  The  chief  forms  are  :  Var. 
ONEIDENSE  (Gilbert)  Waters.  FIG.  5,  b.  Ulti- 
mate divisions  broadly  oblong,  rounded  at  the 
apex,  crenulate-serrulate.  — Vt.  (Miss  Gilman) 
to  centr.  N.  Y.  (Gilbert,  Haberer),  etc.  Var. 
TENUIF6LIUM  (Uiiderw.)  Gilbert.  Divisions 
few,  usually  9,  thin ;  otherwise  much  like  the 
typical  form. — N.  Y.  (ace.  to  Gilbert)]  Mo. 
(Bush),  and  south  w.  to  the  Gulf.  Var.  ELON- 
GATUM  Gilbert  &  Haberer.  FIG.  5,  c.  Divisions 
lanceolate,  elongated,  acute.  —  Mass,  to  centr. 
N.  Y.  and  D.  C.  Var.  DISSECTUM  (Spreng.) 
Clute.  FIG.  5,  d.  Divisions  incisely  many- 
toothed.  —  Often  with  the  typical  form  in  N.  E., 
N.Y.,  andO. 

6.  B.    ternatum  (Thunb.)    Sw.,  var.  intermedium  D.  C.   Eaton.      Stout, 
decidedly  fleshy,  loosely  pubescent  to  subglabrous,  1.5-4  dm.  high  ;  habit  and 

fertile  segment  as  in  the  preceding ;  sterile  segment  becoming 
large  (sometimes  2  dm.  broad),  its  ultimate  divisions  numer- 
ous, ovate  or  obovate,  commonly  subcuneate  or  semicordate 
at  the  base,  crenulate  and  more  or  less  lobed,  usually  obtuse 
or  rounded  at  the  apex.  (Including  var.  australe  D.  C. 
Eaton,  as  to  Am.  plant.)  —  Sandy  soil,  pastures  and  open 
woods,  common,  N.  E.,  N.  Y.,  and  (?)  n.  Mich.  FIG.  6. 
Passing  insensibly  into  var.  RUTAEF6LIUM  (A.  Br.)  D.  C. 
Eaton.  More  slender,  rarely  over  1.7  dm.  high;  sterile 
segment  commonly  about  5  cm.  broad,  its  divisions  few, 
broadly  ovate,  the  lowest  sublunate.  (B.  Matricariae  Spreng.  ; 
B.  rutaceum  Sw.)  — Nfd.  to  s.  N.  H.,  and  n.  Mich.  (Eurasia.) 

§  2.    OSMUND6PTERIS  Milde.     Base  of  the  stalk  (contain- 
ing the  bud)  open  along  one  side;  sterile  segment  mem- 
A  "/8>  branaceous  ;  the  cells  of  the  epidermis  flexuous. 

7.  B.  virginianum  (L.)  Sw.     (RATTLESNAKE  FERN.)     Fronds  3-6  dm,  tall, 
ample ;  sterile  segment  sessile  above  the  middle  of  the  plant,  broadly  triangular, 
thin  and  membranaceous,  ternate;  the  short-stalked  primary  divisions  once  or 
twice  pinnate,  and  then  once  or  twice  pinnatifid ;  the  oblong  lobes  cut-toothed 
toward  the  apex ;   veins  forking  from  a  midvein ;  fertile  part  2-3-pinnate.  — 
Rich  woods,  common.     June,  July.     (Widely  distr.) 


*^< 

B.tern.,  v.  intertn. 


MARSILEACEAE 

Perennial  plants  rooted  in  mud,  having  a  slender  creeping  rhizome  and  either 
filiform  or  ^-parted  long-petioled  leaves  ;  the  somewhat  crustaceous  several-celled 
sporocarps  borne  on  peduncles  which  rise  from  the  rhizome  near  the  leaf-stalks, 
or  are  more  or  less  consolidated  with  the  latter,  and  contain  both  macrospores 
and  microspores. 

1.   MARSiLEA    L. 

Submersed  or  emersed  aquatic  plants.     Leaves  4-foliolate.     Sporocarps  with  2 
teeth  near  the  base,  2-celled  vertically,  with  many  transverse  partitions,  splitting 
into  2  valves  at  maturity,  and  emitting  an  elastic  cord  or  band  of  tissue,  which 
GRAY'S  MANUAL — 4 


50  SALV1NIACEAE 

carries  the  sporangia  on  a  series  of  short  branches  or  lobes.     (Named  for  Aloysins 
Marsili,  an  early  Italian  naturalist.) 

1.  M.  quadrifolia    L.     Leaflets  broadly   obovate-cuneate,  glabrous ;  sporo- 
carps usually  2  or  3  on   a  short  peduncle  from  near  the  base  of  the  petioles, 
pediceled,  glabrous  or  somewhat  hairy,  the  basal  teeth  small,  obtuse,  or  the 
upper  one  acute.  —  In  water,  the  leaflets  commonly  floating  on   the  surface  ; 
frequently  cultivated  and  now  somewhat  extensively  introduced  from  material 
taken  chiefly  from  Bantam  Lake,  Litchfield,  Ct.,  where  perhaps  casually  intro- 
duced from  Eu. 

2.  M.  vestita    Hook.  &  Grev.     Leaflets  broadly  cuneate,  usually  hairy,  entire 
(5-15  mm.  long  and  broad)  ;  petioles  2-11  cm.  long  ;  peduncles  free  from  the 
petiole,  very  short ;  sporocarps  solitary,  hairy  when  young  (about  4  mm.  long), 
with  upper  basal  tooth  longest,  acute,  straight  or  curved,  lower  tooth  acute,  the 
sinus  between  them  rounded.  —  In  swamps  which  become  dry  in  summer  j  la. 
and  southwestw. 

SALVINlACEAE 

Floating  plants  of  small  size,  having  a  more  or  less  elongated  and  sometimes 
branching  axis,  bearing  apparently  distichous  leaves  •  sporocarps  (son)  very  soft 
and  thin-walled,  two  or  more  on  a  common  stalk,  one-celled  and  having  a 
central,  often  branched  receptacle  which  bears  either  macrosporangia  containing 
solitary  macrospores,  or  microsporangia  with  numerous  microspores.  —  A  small 
and  interesting  family  of  plants  without  close  affinity  to  other  groups. 

1.   AZ6LLA   Lam. 

Small  moss-like  plants,  the  stems  pinnately  branched,  covered  with  minute 
2-lobed  imbricated  leaves,  and  emitting  rootlets  on  the  under  side.  Sporocarps 
in  pairs  beneath  the  stem ;  the  smaller  ones  acorn-shaped,  containing  at  the 
base  a  single  macrospore  with  a  few  attached  bodies  of  doubtful  function  above 
it;  the  larger  ones  globose,  and  having  a  basal  placenta  which  bears  many 
pedicellate  microsporangia  which  contain  masses  of  microspores.  (Name  not 
satisfactorily  explained.) 

1.  A.  caroliniana  Willd.  Plants  somewhat  deltoid  in  outline  (6-25  mm. 
broad),  much  branched ;  leaves  with  ovate  lobes,  the  lower  lobe  reddish,  the 
upper  one  green  with  a  reddish  border;  macrospore  with  three  attendant 
corpuscles,  its  surface  minutely  granulate  ;  masses  of  microspores  glochidiate.  — 
Floating  on  quiet  waters,  from  L.  Ontario  westw.  and  south w.  — Appearing  like 
a  reddish  hepatic  moss. 

2.   SALVfNIA    [Mich.]  Adans. 

Leaves  "apparently  2-ranked,  horizontally  floating  or  subaerial,  a  third  series 
of  foliar  structures  developed  ventrally  on  the  stem  taking  the  form  of  fascicles  of 
root-like  fibers.  Sporangia  subsessile,  clustered,  depressed-globose,  longitu- 
dinally sulcate,  formed  from  the  tips  of  short  basal  divisions  of  the  filiform  ven- 
tral leaves.  Sori  basal  within  the  fruit,  the  macrosporangia  subsessile,  the 
microsporangia  (in  separate  fruits)  borne  on  filiform  pedicels.  (Named  for 
Prof.  Antonio  Maria  Salvini  of  Florence,  1633-1729.) 

1.  S.  natans  (L.)  All.  Foliage-leaves  suborbicular-oblong,  thickish,  mostly 
10-15  mm.  long,  hairy  or  papillose  on  both  sides,  the  lower  surface  commonly 
brownish  or  purplish. — Marshes  and  ponds,  Minn,  and  Mo. — Long  ago  re- 
ported by  Pursh  as  "floating,  like  Lemna,  on  the  surface  of  stagnant  waters: 
in  several  of  the  small  lakes  in  the  western  parts  of  New  York,"  but  not 
detected  in  this  region  by  recent  botanists.  (Eurasia.) 


EQUISETACEAE    (HORSETAIL  FAMILY)  51 

EQUISETACEAE    (HORSETAIL  FAMILY) 
(REVISED  BY  A.  A.  EATON.) 

Rush-like,  often  branching  plants,  with  jointed  and  mostly  hollow  stems  from 
running  rootstocks,  having  sheaths  at  the  joints,  and,  when  fertile,  terminated 
by  the  conical  or  spike-like  fructification  composed  of  shield-shaped  stalked 
scales  bearing  the  spore-cases  beneath.  —  A  single  genus. 

1.  EQUISETUM    [Tourn.]   L.     HORSETAIL 

Rootstocks  perennial,  jointed,  branched,  wide-creeping,  dull  and  blackish, 
felted  or  naked,  often  tuber-bearing,  the  nodes  provided  with  toothed,  often 
felted  sheaths  ;  roots  in  verticils  from  the  nodes,  annual,  felted.  Stems  usually 
erect,  simple  or  branched,  cylindrical,  jointed,  the  surface  regularly  striated, 
overlaid  with  teeth,  dots,  bands,  rosettes,  or  a  smooth  coat  of  silex;  the  stomata 
in  the  grooves  in  regular  rows  or  broad  bands  ;  the  internodes  (except  in  E.  scir- 
poides)  bearing  a  large  central  air-cavity  (centrum),  a  medium  sized  one  (vallecu- 
lar^nder  each  groove,  with  which  the  stomata  connect,  and  a  smaller  one 
(carinal)  under  each  ridge.  The  nodes  are  closed  and  solid,  each  bearing  a 
whorl  of  reduced  leaves  joined  by  their  edges  into  cylindrical  sheaths,  their  tips 
thinner  and  prolonged  into  persistent  or  deciduous  teeth.  Branches,  when 
present,  mostly  in  whorls  from  the  nodes.  Fruit  in  a  terminal  cone  formed  of 
regular  verticils  of  stalked  sporophylls,  the  6  or  7  sporangia  opening  down  the 
inner  side  and  discharging  many  loose  green  spores,  each  provided  with  four 
elastic  hygroscopic  clavate  bands.  Prothallus  in  damp  places,  dioecious,  green, 
variously  lobed.  (The  ancient  name  from  equus,  horse,  and  seta,  bristle.) 

§  1.   Stems  annual  ;   spikes  rounded  ;  stomata  scattered  in  the  grooves.  — 


Fertile  stems  branchless,  soon  perishing  ;  silex  of  sterile  stems  in 

dots  .............      1.  E.  arvense. 

Fertile  stems  becoming  branched. 

Branches  simple  ;  silex  in  3  rows  of  broad  spinules  on  the  ridges  .      2.  E.  pratense. 

Branches  compound  ;  silex  in  2  rows  of  hooked  spinules        .  8.  E.  sylvaticum. 

a.  Fertile  and  sterile  stems  alike,  branched  or  simple. 

Centrum  one  sixth  of  the  total  diameter  of  stem  ;  teeth  grooved, 

black,  with  broad  white  margins    .......      4.   E.  palustre. 

Centrum  half  the  total  diameter  or  more. 
Centrum  not  more  than  two  thirds  the  diameter  ;  vallecular  holes 

present  ;  sheaths  loose  ;  fruit  abortive       .....      5.  E.  litorale. 

Centrum  four  fifths  the  diameter  ;  vallecular  holes  mostly  absent; 

sheaths  tight        ..........      6.  E.  fluviatile. 

§  2.  Stems  evergreen  (except  in  E.  latvigatum  and  E.  variegatum,  v. 
Nelsoni),  mostly  simple  ;  spikes  apiculate  ;  stomata  in  single  regular 
series.  -  HIPPOCHAETE  Milde  &. 

b.  Silex  in  cross-bands  on  ridges  and  grooves  c. 

c.  Vallecular  bast  cutting  the  green  parenchyma,  carinal  not  doing  so  ; 

sheaths  ampliated,  green. 

Teeth  deciduous,  leaving  black  triangular  bases  ;  centrum  wide    .      7.  E.  laevigatwm. 
Teeth  persistent,  broadly  white-bordered  ;  centrum 

sma11     .........        (9)  E.  variegatum,  v.  Nelsoni. 

c.  Vallecular  bast  not  cutting  the  parenchyma,  the  carinal  larger; 

sheaths  usually  with  black  and  white  bands. 
Sheaths  much  longer  than  broad,  ampliated;  plants 

similar  to  E.  laevigatum  in  appearance  .        .      (8)  K  hyemale,  v.  intermedium. 
Sheaths  little  longer  than  broad,  tight      ....    (8)  E.hyemale,  v.  robustum. 
b.  Ridges  biangulate  (except  in  E.  variegatum,  v.  Nelsoni)  ;  silex  of  the 
grooves  in  rosulae  d. 

d.  Teeth  deciduous  ;  ridges  slightly  biangulate        .....      8.   E.  hyemale. 
d.  Teeth  persistent,  white-bordered  e. 

e.   Centrum  one  third  of  the  diameter  of  the  stem. 

Ridges  distinctly  bianpulate  ;  bristle-tips  of  teeth  deciduous      .      9.   E.  variegatum. 

Ridges  slightly  biangulate  ;  tips  of  teeth  persistent  (9)  E.  variegatum,  v.  Jesupi. 

Ridges  rounded       .......          (9)  E.  variegatum,  v.  Nelsoni. 

e.  Centrum  absent  ;  stems  6-angled      .......        10.    E.  scirpoides. 


52 


EQUISETACEAE    (HORSETAIL   FAMILY) 


§  1.  EUEQUISETUM  Sadebeck.  Stems  annual,  mostly  with  regular  verticils 
of  branches ;  spikes  not  apiculate ;  stomata  in  one  or  two  broad  bands  in 
each  groove,  their  surfaces  overlaid  with  a  silex  plate  that  bears  a  vertical 
slit  in  the  center. 


1.  E.    arvSnse   L. 


7.  E.  arvense.    Cross- 
section  of  stem  x  12. 

centrum 


in  Tinrees ,  ^^nui^m.  •&  DUO  u\/u<n  vnc*m- 
eter.  —  Alluvial  soil,  N.  S.  and  Que. 
to  Alaska,  south w.  to  w.  Mass.,  N.  J., 
and  la.,  chiefly  in  calcareous  re- 
gions. April,  May.  (Eurasia.)  FIGS. 
8,  9. 

3.  E.  sylvdticum  L.  Stems  0.7-4.5 
dm.  high ;  both  kinds  developing  com- 
pound branches;  centrum  half  the 
diameter  ;  ridges  8-14,  flat,  with  a  row 
of  recurved  spinules  on  each  side; 
sheaths  green,  with  the  papery  brown 
teeth  coherent;  primary  branches 


(COMMON  H.)  Fertile  stems  0.5-2.5  dm.  high,  with 
loose  8-12-toothed  sheaths,  not  rarely  developing  a  few 
branches  in  wet  places ;  sterile  stems  prostrate  or  erect, 
0.5-5  dm.  high,  10-14-furrowed,  variously  branched ; 
silex  in  punctiform  dots;  branches  3-4-angled,  mostly 
simple,  solid,  winged,  the  teeth  of  their  sheaths  triangu- 
lar-lanceolate, with  sharp  erect  acuminate  points  ;  root- 
stocks  tuberiferous,  felted ;  centrum  |-|  the  total  diameter 
of  the  stem. — Common.  (Widely  distr.)  FIG.  7. 

2.  E.  prat6nse  Ehrh.  Sterile  and  finally  fertile 
stems  developing  simple  horizontal  triangular  branches 
whose  first  internodes  do  not  exceed  the  stem-sheaths; 
teeth  of  branch-sheaths  deltoid,  acute;  stems  2-3  dm. 
high,  8-20-ridged,  beset  with  flat  spines  of  silex,  arranged 
the  total  diam- 


8.  E.  pratense. 
Cross-section 
of  stem  x  12. 


E.  pratense.    Epi- 
dermis x  12. 


4-5-angled,  the    secondary  3-angled.  —Damp,  shady  places,  Nfd.   to  Alaska, 

southw.  to  Va.,  O.,  and  la.;  com- 
mon northw.  May,  June.  (Eura- 
sia.) FIGS.  10,  11. 

4.  E.  palustre  L.  Rootstocks 
shining,  black,  solid  at  center; 
stems  2.5-9  dm.  high,  deeply  5-10- 
grooved ;  ridges  narrow,  sharply 
elevated ;  sheaths  widened  up- 
ward ;  leaves  centrally  grooved  ; 
teeth  lance-subulate,  black,  with 
broad  white  margins;  silex  in 

10.   E.  sylvaticum.     Epi-      11.   E.  sylvaticum.     Cross-     Prncc.hiiTiH<a  •   ppntriim    1   thp    tntal 

dermisxl2.  section  of  stem  x  12.        cross-Dands  ,  centium  g  tne  total 

diameter ;   branches  hollow,  4-7- 

angled.  —Wet  places,    Nfd.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  Ct.  (Graves),  111.  (Brendel}, 
etc.  June-Aug.    (Eurasia.)   FIGS. 
12,  13. 

5.  E.litoraleKiihlewem.  Stems 
diffuse  to  erect,  simple  to  densely 
branched,  2-9  dm.  high,  6-18- 
grooved  ;  centrum  -|-f  the  total 
diameter ;  vallecular  holes  present ; 
sheaths  slightly  spreading ;  teeth 
dark  brown,  acute,  coherent  in 
groups  ;  branches  2.5-15  cm.  long, 
3-5-angled,  winged,  often  solid, 

similar  to   those  of  E.  arvense ;     12.  E.  palustre.    Cross- 
spikes    usually    abortive.  —  Wet,         section  of  stem  x  12. 


Epi- 


EQUISETACEAE    (HORSETAIL  FAMILY) 


53 


sandy  shores,  N.  B.  to  Pa.,  Minn.,  aud  westw.     May,  June.     (Eu.)  —  Possibly 
a  hybrid.     FIGS.  14,  15. 


14.   E.  litorale.     Cross- 
section  of  stem  x  12. 


15.  E.  litorale. 
Cross -section 
of  stem  near 
apex  x  12. 


16.   E.  fluviatile.     Cross- 
section  of  stem  x  12. 


IT.  E.  fluvia- 
tile. Cross- 
section  ot 
stem  near 
apex  x  12. 


6.  E.  fluvidtile  L.   (PIPES.)     Stems  erect,  3-15  dm.  high,  with  10-30  shal- 
low grooves,  simple,  or  branched  in  the  middle  ;  centrum  f  the  total  diameter  ; 
vallecular  holes  absent  except  at  bases  of  largest  stems  ;  branches  2.  5-16  cm. 
long,  4-6-angled,  hollow,  not  winged,  horizontal,  with  erect  tips  ;  sheaths  ap- 
pressed  ;  teeth  dark  brown,  narrow,  acute,  rigid,  distinct.     (E.  limosum  L.) 
—  Shallow  water  and  mud-  banks,  common.     June,  July.     (Eu.)     FIGS.  16,  17. 

§  2.  HIPPOCHAETE  Milde.  Stems  mostly  evergreen,  simple  or  becoming 
sparingly  branched,  mostly  rough  ;  spikes  apiculate  ;  stomata  (in  ours) 
in  a  single  regular  row  on  each  side  of  the  groove,  overlaid  by  the 
siliceous  coat  of  the  stem,  having  access  to  the  air  through  an  irregular 
hole. 

7.  E.  laevigatum  A.  Br.     Stems  mostly  annual,  diffuse  and  rough  or  erect 
and  nearly  smooth,  1-12  dm.  long,  simple  or  with  few  to  many  rough  branches  ; 
centrum  f  the  diameter  of  stem;  sheaths  widened  up- 

ward, green  with  narrow  black  limb  ;  teeth  of  the  stem- 
sheaths  mostly  deciduous,  leaving  black  triangular  bases, 
those  of  the  branches  persistent  ;  leaves  flat  above,  ridged 
below  ;  green  parenchyma  continuous  under  the  keels, 
separated  by  the  vallecular  bast.  —  Alluvial  soils,  O.  to 
B.  C.  and  Tex.  June-Aug.  FIG.  18. 

8.  E.  hyemale  L.     (SCOURING  RUSH.)     Stems  erect, 
mostly  simple,  3  to  9  dm.  high,  the  ridges  slightly  grooved 
on   the  back  with  a  row  of  tubercles  on  each  side  ; 
sheaths  longer  than  broad,  tight,  with  two  black  rings 
separated  by   an   ashy   one  ;    teeth  mostly  deciduous  ; 
centrum   usually   |  the  total   diameter  ;    green    paren- 

chyma continuous  over  the  vallecular  holes,  separated  by  the  bast  under  the 
ridges.  —  Eu. 

Var.  intermedium  A.  A.  Eaton.  Steins  evergreen,  simple,  erect,  3-12  dm. 
high,  smoothish  or  rough  with  cross-bands  of  silex  ;  sheaths  widened  upward, 
the  lower  with  basal  and  terminal  black  rings  separated  by  an  ashy  band,  all 
similarly  marked  the  second  year  ;  green  parenchyma  continuous  over  the 
vallecular  holes,  separated  by  the  carinal  bast.  —  Moist  sandy  soils,  Ct., 
N.  Y.,  and  Mich,  to  Tex.  and  Cal.  May-  Aug.  —  Often  confused  with  E. 
laevigatum.  FIG.  19. 

Var.  affine  (Engelm.)  A.  A.  Eaton.  Differs  from  the  type  only  in  having  the 
ridges  rounded  instead  of  biangulate.  —  Can.  to  Mex.  ;  common  in  N.  E.,  less 
common  than  the  next  further  west. 

Var.  robustum  (A.  Br.)  A.  A.  Eaton.  Mostly  stout,  12-30  dm.  high,  6-18 
mm.  thick  ;  ridges  rounded  ;  sheaths  nearly  as  broad  as  long  ;  leaves  with  a 
central  and  two  lateral  ridges  ;  teeth  mostly  persistent.  (E.  robustum  A.  Br.)  — 


18>  E.  laevigatum.  Cross- 


54 


LYCOPODIACEAE    (CLUB   MOSS   FAMILY) 


Md.  to  Mich.,  southwestw.  and  westw. ;  rare  east  of  the  Miss.  R.    (Mex..  Asia.) 
FIGS.  20,  21. 

9.    E.  variegatum  Schleich.     Stems  tufted,   ascending,  1.5   to   ?>  dm.  high, 
slender,  5-10-grooved ;   ridges   with  broad    central    grooves ;     centrum  \  the 


19.  E.  hyemale,  v.  intermedium. 
Cross-section  of  stem  x  12. 


20.   E.  hyemale,  v.  robus- 
tum.    Epidermis  x  12. 


21.    E.  hyemale,  v.  robustum. 
Cross-section  of  stem  x  12. 


total  diameter  ;  green  parenchyma  continuous  under  the  keels,  interrupted  in  the 
grooves  ;  sheaths  loose,  green  below,  black-girdled  above  ;  leaves  4-carinate  ; 
teeth  black,  with  broad  hyaline  white  borders,  persistent,  with  long  filiform 
deciduous  tips. — Lab.  to  Alaska,  south w.  to  Me.,  N.  Y.,  and  Wyo.  ;  rare. 
(Eurasia.) 

Var.  Jesupi  A.  A.  Eaton.  Stems  ascending  or  erect,  2-4  dm.  high,  10-12- 
furrowed  ;  ridges  with  slight  central  grooves  ;  centrum  |-|  the  total  diameter  ; 
caririal  bast  cutting  the  parenchyma,  the  vallecular  small ;  sheaths  green,  with 
black  limbs,  becoming  ashy  with  black  bases ;  teeth  brown-centered,  white-bor- 
dered, withflexuous  persistent  awn-points,  often  becoming  papery  and  withering. 
—  Que.  and  Ont.,  southw.  to  Ct.  and  111. 

Var.  Nelsbni  A.  A.  Eaton.  Stems  annual,  tufted,  slender,  1.5-4  dm.  high; 
angles  rounded  ;  sheaths  ampliated,  green,  with  narrow  black  limb,  becoming 
dusky;  teeth  centrally  grooved,  with  dark  centers  and  broad 
white  borders,  bearing  deciduous  awn-points;  centrum  f  the 
total  diameter  of  stem  ;  bast  similar  to  the  type.  — N.  Y.  to  Mich. 
and  111. 

10.  E.  scirpoides  Michx.     Stems  many  in  a  tuft,  filiform,  0.75 
Gf'  8CirP°ide8-   to  1.5  dm.  high,  flexuous  and  curving,  solid  at  the  center,  6-ridged 
stem  x  12.          through  the  deep  grooving  of  the  3  angles  ;  sheaths  with  3  per- 
sistent hyaline-bordered  filiform-tipped  teeth.  —  Moist  evergreen 
woods  and  low  fields;  Lab.  to  Pa.,  111.,  and  northwestw.     (Eurasia.)     FIG.  22. 

LYCOPODIACEAE     (CLUB  Moss  FAMILY) 

Low  plants,  usually  of  moss-like  aspect,  with  elongated  and  often  much 
branched  stems  covered  with  small  lanceolate  or  subulate,  rarely  oblong  or 
rounded,  persistent  entire  leaves  ;  the  sporangia  1-3-celled,  solitary  in  the  axils 
of  the  leaves,  or  on  their  upper  surface,  when  ripe  opening  into  two  or  three 
valves,  and  shedding  the  numerous  yellow  spores,  which  are  all  of  one  kind.  — 
The  Family,  as  here  defined,  consists  mainly  of  the  large  genus 

1.  LYCOPdDIUM    L.     CLUB  Moss 

Spore-cases  coriaceous,  flattened,  usually  kidney-shaped,  1-celled,  2-valved, 
mostly  by  a  transverse  line  round  the  margin,  discharging  the  subtile  spores,  in 
the  form  of  a  copious  sulphur-colored  inflammable  powder.  —  Perennials,  with 
evergreen  one-nerved  leaves  imbricated  or  crowded  in  4-16  ranks.  (Name 
compounded  of  Xikoj,  a  wolf,  and  -rrofa,  foot,  from  a  fancied  resemblance.) 


LYCOPODIACEAE    (CLUB   MOSS   FAMILY)  55 

a.   Spore  cases  in  the  axils  of  ordinary  dark-green  shining  leaves,  not  form- 
ing a  well  marked  terminal  spike  ;  gemmae  commonly  present. 

Leaves  uniform 1.   L.  Selago. 

Leaves  in  zones,  alternately  shorter  and  longer 2.   L.  lucidulum. 

a.   Spore  cases  only  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  (bracteal)  leaves,  forming  a 

spike  b. 
b.   Bracteal  leaves  scarcely  or  not  at  all  modified  in  form  or  texture. 

Bracteal  leaves  lance-linear  or  linear,  scarcely  broader  at  the  base  .      8.   L.  alopecuroidea. 
Bracteal  leaves  linear-attenuate  from  a  distinctly  broadened  ovate 

base 4.  L.  inimdatwm. 

b.   Bracteal  leaves  scale-like,  yellowish,  very  different  from  those  of  the 

sterile  parts  of  the  stem  c. 
c.   Sterile  branches  convex  and  uniformly  leafy  on  all  sides. 

Free  part  of  leaves  4-8  mm.  long ;  fertile  branches  mostly  1.5- 

2.5  dm.  high. 

Fertile  branches  leafy  up  to  the  spikes. 
Creeping  stem  deep  in  the  ground,  the  upright  branches 

repeatedly  forked,  tree-like       .        .        .       (7)  Z.  obscurum,  v.  dendroideitm, 
Creeping  stem  on  or  near  the  surface  of  the  ground,  its 
numerous  erect  branches  mostly  subsimple  or  sparingly 

forked 5.  L.  annolinum, 

Fertile  branches  modified  beneath  the  spikes  into  scaly  pe- 
duncles     6.  L.  clavatwm, 

Free  parts  of  the  leaves  1-3  mm.  long ;  fertile  branches  usually 

5-18  cm.  high 8.  L.  sitchense. 

c.   Sterile  branches  flattened  or  concave  beneath,  the  leaves  usually 

reduced  or  modified  on  the  lower  surface  d. 

d.   Fertile  branches  leafy  essentially  to  the  spikes       .        .        .  7.  L.  obscurum. 

d.  Spikes  borne  on  scaly  peduncles  e. 


e.  Peduncles  terminating  upright  leafy  branches. 
Fertile  branches  usually  5-10,  rarely 


y  5-10,  rarely  15  cm.  high ;  free  part 
of  lateral  leaves  linear-subulate,  spreading,  nearly  or  quite 

as  long  as  the  adnate  part 9.  L.  sabinaefolium. 

Fertile  branches  usually  1.5-3  drn.  high  ;  free  part  of  lateral 
leaves  deltoid-subulate,  scarcely  more  than  one  third  to 
one  half  the  length  of  the  adnate  part. 
Eunning  stems  deep  in  the  ground;  branches  narrowly 
linear,  1.3-1.8  mm.  broad,  their  divisions  very  numer- 
ous and  crowded 12.  L.  t/ristach/ywrn-. 

Eunning  stems  at  or  near  the  surface  of  the  ground ; 
branches  2^4  mm.  broad,   more  loosely  and  openly 

forked 11.  L.  complanatum. 

«.  Peduncles  springing  directly  from  a  short  horizontal  rootstock    10.  L.  carolinianum. 

1.  L.  Selago    L.     Stems  erect  and  rigid,  dichotomous,  from  a  short  slender 
rootstock,  forming  a  level-topped   tuft    (0.5-2.5  dm.   high) ;   leaves  uniform, 
lance-attenuate,  crowded,  ascending,   glossy,  pale  green  or  yellowish,  sharp- 
pointed,  entire  or  denticulate ;  sporangia  in  the  axils  of  unaltered  leaves.  — 
Crevices  of  exposed  or  cold  rock,  chiefly  alpine ;  Greenl.  to  Alaska,  s.  to  N.  E., 
L.  Superior,  Mont.,  and  Wash.,  and  on  the  higher  Alleghenies  to  Va.     (Widely 
distr.)  —  Commonly  gemmiparous  in  the  upper  axils.     Var.  APPRESSUM  Desv. 
Leaves  closely  crowded,  appressed.  —  Usually  more  abundant,  extending  s.  to 
N.  C. 

Var.  patens  (Beauv.)  Desv.  Leaves  linear-attenuate  and  wide-spreading, 
dark  green.  —  Cool  calcareous  cliffs,  Que.  and  n.  Vt. 

2.  L.  lucidulum  Michx.     Stems  assurgent,  the  old  elongate  bases  very  per- 
sistent;  leaves  pointed,   toothed,  at  first  spreading,    then   deflexed,   distinctly 
broader  above  the  middle,  arranged  in  alternate  zones  of  shorter  and  longer 
leaves,  the  shorter  leaves  more  frequently  bearing  sporangia   in  their  axils  ; 
proliferous  gemmae  usually  abundant  but  caducous.  — Cold,  damp  woods  ;  Nfd. 
to  Ont.,  Minn.,  la.,  Ind.,  and  south w.  in  the  Alleghenies  to  S.  C. 

Var.  por6philum  (Lloyd  &  Underw.)  Clute.  Leaves  lance-linear,  attenuate, 
narrowed  from  base  to  apex,  nearly  or  quite  entire.  (L.  porophilum  Lloyd  & 
Underw.)  — Mts.  and  cold  ravines,  local ;  Nfd.  and  e.  Que.  to  Wise.,  s.  to  S.  C. 
and  Ala. 

3.  L.  alopecuroides    L.     fitems  stout,  very  densely  leafy  th1.  oughout ;  the 
sterile   branches  recurved-procumbent  and  creeping ;  the  fertile   of  the   same 
thickness,  13-33  cm.  high  ;  leaves  narrowly  linear-awl-shaped,  spinulose-pointed, 
spreading,  conspicuously  bristle-toothed  below  the  middle  ;  those  of  the  cylindri- 
cal   spike  with    l»ny  setaceous    tips.      (L.   adpressum  Lloyd   &    Underw.,  in 


56  LYCOPODIACEAE    (CLUB   MOSS   FAMILY) 

part.) — Pine-barrens  and  sandy  swamps,  Nantucket  (Mrs.  Owen,  Dame, 
Floyd),  L.  L,  and  south w.  Aug.,  Sept.  — Stems,  including  the  dense  leaves,  15 
mm.  in  thickness  ;  the  comose  spike,  with  its  longer  spreading  leaves,  18-22  mm. 
thick.  (S.  A.) 

4.  L.  inundatum    L.      Dwarf;  creeping  sterile  stems  forking,  flaccid,  3-10 
(rarely  15)  cm.  high,  bearing  a  short  thick  spike  ;  sporophylls  usually  toothed 
near  the  ovate  base,  their  attenuate  tips  herbaceous,  loosely  spreading ;  leaves 
lanceolate  or  lance-awl-shaped,    acute,   soft,    spreading,    mostly  entire,    those 
of  the  prostrate  stems  curving  upward.  — Sandy  shores  and  in  sphagnum,  Nfd. 
to  N.  J.,  and  north westw.  to   Alaska.     (Eurasia.)     Var.  BIGELOVII  Tuckerm. 
Taller  (the   fertile   branches   1-3  dm.  high) ;    sporophylls  more   incurved   or 
appressed,   commonly  somewhat  stramineous,    mostly  entire.      (L.  adpressum 
Lloyd  &  Underw.  in  part.) — Sandy  shores,  e.  Mass,  to  Md. 

5.  L.  ann6tinum    L.     Much  branched ;  stems  prostrate  and  creeping  (3-12 
dm.  long);  the  ascending  branches  similar  (1-2.5  dm.  high),  sparingly  forked 
sterile  ones  making  yearly  growths  from  the  summit ;  leaves  equal,  spreading, 
in  about  5  ranks,  rigid,  lanceolate,  pointed,  minutely  serrulate  (pale  green); 
spike  solitary,    thickish-cylindrical. — Open  woods,   Nfd.  to  Ot.,   Minn.,  Col., 
Alaska,  and  Greenl.    (Eurasia.)    In  exposed  and  alpine  situations  replaced  by 
var.   PUNGENS   Desv.,  a  form  with  short  thick  more   rigid  leaves  which  are 
3-4  mm.  long  and  erectish.  —  Nfd.  to  n.  N.  Y.,  and  north  westw.     (Eurasia.) 

6.  L.  clavatum  L.     (COMMON  C.)     Stems  creeping  extensively,  with  similar 
ascending  short  and  very  leafy  branches  ;  the  fertile  terminated  by  a  slender 
peduncle  (1-1.5  dm.  long),  bearing  about  2-4  slender  cylindrical  spikes  ;  leaves 
linear-awl-shaped,  incurved-spreading  (light  green),  tipped,  as  also  the  bracts, 
with  a  fine  bristle. — Dry  woods  ;  common  especially  north  w.     July.     (Cosmop.) 
Var.    MONOSTA.CHYON  Grev.  &  Hook.      Spike  solitary  on   each   peduncle  com- 
monly of  larger  size  (sometimes  8  cm.  long). — E.  Que.  to  Ct.  and  northwestw. 
Var.  BREvisprcXxuM  Peck.      Spikes  solitary  or  in   pairs,  very  short  (1.3-2.4 
cm.   long),  thickish,  blunt;   peduncles  3-5  cm.  long. — Wallface    Mt.,  N.  Y. 
(Peck).     A  sterile  form  with  greatly  elongated  peduncles  is  sometimes  found  : 
Taconic  Mts.,  w.  Mass.  (Harrison),  and  Green  Mts.,  Vt.  (Kent). 

7.  L.  obscdrum    L.      Rootstock  cord-like,   subterranean,  bearing  scattered 
erect  tree-like  steins  dividing  at  the  summit  into  several  densely  dichotomous 
spreading  branches  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  decurrent,  entire,  acute,  6-ranked, 
those  of  the  two  upper  and  two  lower  ranks  smaller  and  appressed,  the  lateral  ones 
incurved-spreading ;  spikes  1-3,  erect,  essentially  sessile ;  bracts  scarious-mar- 
gined,  broadly  ovate,  abruptly  apiculate.  —  Rich  woods,  N.  E.  to  Va. — Passing 
imperceptibly  into 

Var.  dendroideutn  (Michx.)  D.  C.  Eaton.  Leaves  equal,  erect  or  incurved  ; 
branches  scarcely  or  not  at  all  dorsiventral,  usually  erect  and  crowded  ;  spikes 
1-15.  (L.  dendroideum  Michx. )  —  The  more  common  form,  in  woods  or  on  open 
hillsides,  Nfd.  to  N.  C.  and  L.  Superior. 

8.  L.  sitch6nse    Rupr.     Glaucous  ;  rootstock  long,  nearly  superficial ;  steins 
short,  numerous,  erect,  divided  from  near  the  base  into  numerous  erect  sub- 
simple  crowded  branches  (3-7  cm.  high),  equally  leafy  all  round  ;  leaves  equal, 
few-ranked,  ascending,  about  2  mm.  long,  slender,  very  acute  ;  spikes  on  short 
but  usually  distinct  scaly  peduncles  ;   sporophylls  green  with   scarious  erose 
margin,  the  tip  spreading.  — Coniferous  woods,  e.  Que.  and  n.  Me.;  Mt.  Katah- 
din;   Mt.    Washington,  N.  H.   (Eggleston) ;    Adirondack  Mts.,  N.  Y.  (Peck)', 
n.  shore  of  L.  Superior  ;  Alaska. 

9.  L.  sabinaefblium    Willd.     In  habit  similar  to  the  preceding ;   branches 
5-10  cm.  long,  flexuous,  dorsiventral ;  the  leaves  on  the  lower  surface  smaller; 
peduncles  2-3  cm.  long.  —Dry  woods,  e.  Que.  to  Vt. ;  Staten  Isl.,  N.  Y.  (Buch- 
heister)  ;  and  L.  Superior  (G-.  S.  Miller). 

10.  L.  carolinianum    L.     Sterile  stems  and  their  few  short  branches  entirely 
creeping  (leafless  and  rooting  on  the  under  side),  thickly  clothed  with  broadly 
lanceolate  acute  and  somewhat  oblique  1-nerved  lateral  leaves  widely  spreading 
in  2  ranks,  and  a  shorter  intermediate  row  appressed  on  the  upper  side  ;  also 
sending   up  a  slender  simple  peduncle   (7-21   cm.    long,  clothed   merely  with 


SELAGINELLACEAE  57 

small  bract-like  and  appressed  awl-shaped  leaves)  bearing  a  single  cylindrical 
spike.  —  Wet  pine-barrens,  N.  J.  to  Va.,  and  southw. 

11.  L.  complanitum  L.     Eootstock  nearly  superficial;  stems  erect,  irregu- 
larly branched  or  forked,  the  branches  very  flat,  more  or  less  glaucous,  few- 
forked,  the  divisions  (0.5-1.5  dm.  long,  2-4  inin.  wide)  erect  or  but  slightly 
spreading,  all  clothed  with  minute  imbricated-appressed  awl-shaped  leaves  in  4 
ranks  with  decurrent  adnate  bases,  the  lateral  with  tooth-like  tips  ;  peduncles 
(about  3  cm.  long)  bearing  1-3  erect  spikes.  —  Dry  coniferous  woods,  Nfd.  to 
Me.,  Ida.,  and  Alaska.     (Eurasia.) 

Var.  flabellif6rme  Fernald.  (GROUND  PINE.)  Brighter  green  ;  the  branches 
several-forked  and  spreading  in  a  fan-like  manner,  the  terminal  divisions 
0.5-4  cm.  long  and  1.5-3  mm.  broad  ;  peduncles  (averaging  7  cm.  long)  mostly 
4-spiked.  — Dry  woods,  N.  S.  to  W.  Va.,  Ky.,  la.,  and  Minn.;  common.  Var. 
WIBBEI  Haberer  is  a  form  with  peduncles  only  1-spiked.  —  N.  Vt.  and  centr. 
N.  Y. 

12.  L.   tristachyum    Pursh.      Very   glaucous ;    rootstock    deep    (5-12  cm. 
below  the  surface)  ;  stems  erect,  the  branches  numerous,  crowded,  erect,  1-2 
mm.  broad  ;   peduncles  (8-12  cm.  long)  with  a  few  scattered  attenuate  bracts 
and  bearing  1-5  (mostly  4)  spikes.     (L.  Chamaecyparissus  A.  Br.  ;  L.  compla- 
natum,  var.   Chamaecyparissus  Milde.)  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  n.  Me.  to  Del.,  and 
L.  Superior;  southw.  in  the  mts.  to  N.  C.     (Eu.) 


SELAGINELLACEAE 

Leafy  plants,  terrestrial  or  rooted  in  mud,  never  very  large  ,*  stems  branch- 
ing;  leaves  small  and  4-6-rowed;  sporangia  one-celled,  solitary,  axillary  or 
borne  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaf  at  its  base  and  enwrapped  in  its  margins, 
some  containing  large  spores  (macrospores)  and  others  small  spores  (micro- 
spores').  The  macrospores  are  in  the  shape  of  a  low  triangular  pyramid  with  a 
hemispherical  base,  and  marked  with  elevated  ribs  along  the  angles.  In  ger- 
mination they  develop  a  minute  prothallus  which  bears  archegonia  to  be  fer- 
tilized by  antherozoids  developed  from  the  microspores. 

1.  SELAGINELLA    Beauv. 

Fructification  of  two  kinds,  namely,  of  minute  and  oblong  or  globular  spore- 
cases,  containing  reddish  or  orange-colored  powdery  microspores;  and  of 
mostly  2-valved  tumid  larger  ones,  filled  by  3  or  4  (rarely  1-6)  much  larger 
globose-angular  macrospores ;  the  former  usually  in  the  upper  and  the  latter  in 
the  lower  axils  of  the  leafy  4-ranked  sessile  spike,  but  sometimes  the  two  kinds 
on  opposite  sides  all  along  the  spike.  (Name  a  diminutive  of  Selago,  an 
ancient  name  of  a  Lycopodium,  from  which  this  genus  is  separated,  and  which 
the  plants  greatly  resemble  in  habit  and  foliage.) 

*  Leaves  all  alike  and  uniformly  imbricated  ;  those  of  the  spike  similar. 

1.  S.  selaginoides  (L.)  Link.     Sterile  stems  prostrate  or  creeping,  small  and 
slender  ;  the  fertile  thicker,  ascending,  simple  (3-8  cm.  high)  ;  leaves  lanceolate, 
acute,  spreading,  sparsely  spinulose-ciliate.     (#.  spinosa  Beauv.)  — Wet  places, 
Nfd.  to  N.  H.  (Pursh},  Mich.,  L.  Superior,  Col.,  and  northw, ;  rare. —  Habit  of 
Lycopodium   inundatum.     Leaves  larger  on  the  fertile  stems,  yellowish-green. 
(Eu.) 

2.  S.  rup6stris  (L.)  Spring.     Much  branched  in  close  tufts  (2-6  cm.  high)  ; 
leaves  densely  appressed-imbricated,  linear-lanceolate,  convex  and  with  a  grooved 
keel,  minutely  ciliate,  bristle-tipped  ;  those  of  the  strongly  quadrangular  spike 
rather  broader.  —  Dry   and   exposed   rocks,   somewhat  local   but  not  rare.  — 
Grayish-green  in  aspect,  resembling  a  rigid  moss.     (Eurasia.) 


58 


ISOETACEAE    (QUILLWORT    FAMILY) 


*  *  Leaves  shorter  above  and  below,  stipule-like  ;  the  lateral  larger,  2-ranked. 

3.  S.  apus  (L.)  Spring.  Stems  tufted  and  prostrate,  creeping,  much 
branched,  flaccid ;  leaves  pellucid-membranaceous,  the  larger  spreading  hori- 
zontally, ovate,  oblique,  mostly  obtuse,  the  smaller  appressed,  taper-pointed  ; 
those  of  the  short  spikes  nearly  similar  ;  larger  spore-cases  copious  at  the  lower 
part  of  the  spike.  —  Low,  shady  places,  s.  Me. ,  south w.  and  westw.  —  A  delicate 
little  plant,  resembling  a  Moss  or  Jungermannia.  (S.  A.) 


ISOETACEAE     (QUILLWORT  FAMILY) 
(REVISED  BY  A.  A.  EATON.) 

Small  aquatic  or  palustrine  herbs  of  grass-like  or  rush-like  aspect.  Stem 
short,  thick,  and  corm-like,  crowned  with  numerous  subulate  leaves.  Spores  of 
two  kinds  in  distinct  axillary  solitary  sporangia.  —  A  single  genus  ;  the  species 
similar  in  habit  and  to  be  distinguished  with  certainty  only  by  the  aid  of  the 
compound  microscope. 

1.   IS6ETES   L.     QUILLWORT 

Stem  fleshy,  more  or  less  depressed,  the  roots  arising  from  the  2-5-lobed 
base,  the  flattened  top  bearing  the  leaves  from  a  central  bud  or  crown.  Leaves 
dilated  and  imbricated  at  base,  rounded  or  somewhat 
angular  above,  orbicular  in  section,  traversed  by  four 
air-tubes  that  are  separated  by  cross-partitions,  bearing 
a  bast-bundle  in  the  center  and  often  4  or  more  in  the 
periphery.  Stomata  none  or  in  narrow 
bands  over  the  air-cavities.  Sporangia 
in  excavations  of  the  dilated  bases  of 
the  leaves  (more  or  less  covered  by  the 
velum,  formed  from  the  thin  edges  of 
the  excavation) ,  attached  by  their  backs, 
orbicular  to  ovoid,  plano-convex,  trav- 
ersed internally  by  transverse  threads, 
their  thin  integuments  often  bearing 
small  dark  sclerenchymatous  cells. 
Spores  dimorphous,  the  female  or  gyno- 

spores  large  (250-1000 /*  or  more  in  diameter),  spherical,  with 
an  elevated  ridge  (equator)  around  the  middle  and  three  others 
(commissures)  arising  from  this  and  meeting  at  the  summit  of 
the  upper  hemisphere,  the  surface  variously  beset  with  siliceous 
elevations,  rarely  smooth  ;  the  male  or  androspores  in  separate 
sporangia,  mostly  in  alternate  cycles  with  the  female,  very 
minute  (20-45  /*  long),  obliquely  oblong,  triangular  in  section. 
The  trunks  of  all  our  species  but  7.  Tuckermani  and  /.  sac-  24.  I.  riparia,  show- 
charata,  var.  Amesii  are  habitually  bilobed.  (Name  used  by  ing  generic  habit 
Pliny,  presumably  for  a  house-leek.)  FIGS.  23,  24.  x  %. 

§  1.  Submersed  ;  leaves  cylindrical,  fleshy,  without  bast-bundles  or  stoinata. 

—  AQUATIC AE  A.  Br.  a. 
a.   Leaves  stout,  rigid,  erect. 

Gynospores  honeycomb-reticulated  below 1.   I.  macrottpora. 

Gynospores  with  distinct  or  anastomosing  crests  (1)  7.  macrospora,  v.  heterospora. 

a.   Leaves  mostly  slender  and  spirally  spreading  or  recurved  b. 
b.  Gynospores  with  thin  jagged  honeycomb-reticulated  crests. 
Leaves  1  mm.  or  less  in  diameter. 
Leaves  reddish  or  olive,  often  with  a  few  stomata ;  spores  600  /x 

or  less  in  diameter 2.    7.  Tuckermam. 

Leaves  green,  recurved  at  end,  not  spiral ;  spores  averaging 

650  ju,  in  diameter (2)  7.  Tuckermani,  \.  borealis. 

Leaves  2.5-3  mm.  in  diameter         ....  (2)  7.  Tuckermani,  v.  Harveyi. 

b.   Gynospores  with  thick  vermiform  free  or  anastomosing  ridges  .        .3.7.  hieroglyphica, 
§  2.    Plants  of  inundated  shores  or  tidal  flats,  fruiting  as  the  water  recedes  ; 
with  stomata  but  no  bast-bundles.  —  AMPHIBIAE    A.  Br.  c. 


..sponngium. 


23.  Isoetes (diagrammatic). 
Inner  surface  of  leaf-base. 


Crests  crowded ;  sporangia  densely  spotted 
Gynospores  reticulated. 
Plants  of  medium  size;  androspores  smooth 
Plants  large  ;  androspores  spinulose  . 


ISOETACEAE    (QUILLWOKT    FAMILY)  59 

0.  Leaves  reddish  or  olive-green. 

Gynospores  averaging  440 /u.  in  diameter,  with  small  pits        .        .      4.    I.foveolata. 
Gynospores   averaging   510  /u.    in   diameter,  with   thin    irregular 

walls (4)7.  foveolata,  v.  plenospora. 

c.  Leaves  green  d. 
d.   Gynospores  with  jagged  crests. 

Gynospores  averaging  600  /u.  in  diameter;  crests  tall,  mostly 

simple 5.   7.  riparia. 

Gynospores  averaging  less  than  550  jn  in  diameter ;  crests  low, 

simple  or  reticulated. 

Leaves  1-2.5  mm.  in  diameter ;  trunks  2-lobed          .        .        .6.   7.  saccharata. 
Leaves  1-1.5  mm.  in  diameter;  trunks  2-5-lobed  (6)  7.  saccharata,  v.  Amesii. 

d.   Gynospores  with  slender  or  lagged  spines. 

Leaves  short,  stout,  spreading 1.  I.  echinospora.  v.  Braunii. 

Leaves  long,  fine,  spiral (7)  7.  echinospora,  v.  muricata. 

§  3.   Plants  of  the  extreme  edges  of  ponds  or  streams,  emersed  most  of  the 
summer,   with   stomata    and  bast-bundles.  —  PALWTRES    A.  A. 
Eaton  e. 
e.   Bast-bundles  4,  one  at  each  front  angle  and  one  at  each  end  of  the 

dorsi-ventral  partition  /. 

f.   Polygamous  ;  androsporangia  rare ;  gynospores  appearing  abortive. 
Bast-bundles    often    absent;    gynospores  with   labyrinthiform 

ridges 8.   7.  Eatoni. 

Bast-bundles  always  present;  gynospores  with  truncate  col- 
umns   9.  7.  Gravesii. 

/.   Monoecious. 

Gynospores  with  coarse  irregular  crests. 
Crests  loose  ;  sporangia  slightly  spotted     .  ...    10.   7.  Dodgei. 

ded ;  sporangia  densely  spotted  .        (10)  7.  Dodgei,  \.  Robbinsii. 

.    11.   7.  Engelmanni. 
.    (11)  7.  Engelmanni,  v.  valida. 
e.   Bast-bundles  4,  with  accessary  ones  in  the  periphery 

Monoecious;  gynospores  crested,  somewhat  reticulated    (11)  7.  Engelmanni,  v.fontana. 
Polygamous ;  gynospores  small,  smooth  or  with  low  tubercles  or 

wrinkles 12.  7.  melanopoda. 

§  4.    Plants  of  dry  situations  ;  leaves  setaceous ;  bast-bundles  4  ;  stomata 

many ;  velum  none.  —  TERRESTRES  A.  Br 18.    7.  JSutleri. 

1.  I.  macr6spora  Dur.     Leaves  10-30,  2  mm.  in  diameter,  erect,  round,  dark 
green,  rather  blunt;  velum  covering  |  of  the  unspotted  sporangium  ;  gynospores 
600-800  it  in  diameter,  the  upper  faces  traversed  by  thin  parallel 

walls,  the  lower  hemisphere  reticulated  ;  androspores  36-47  fj. 
(average  42  /x)  long,  smooth.  —  GaspS  Co.,  Que.,  and  Me.  to 
Ont.  and  Minn.  FIG.  25. 

Var.  heter6spora  A.  A.  Eaton.    Leaver  50-150,  2  mm.  in 
diameter,  5-8  cm.  long,  rigid,  erect,  tapering  to  a  sharp  point; 
sporangia  spotted  $-f  indusiate  ;  gynospores  540-675  /x  (some 
abnormally  1100-1134  /x)    in   diameter,  densely  covered  with 
thick  jagged  convoluted  crests,  often  reticulated  below ;  andro-    -J  L  macrosP°™. 
spores  30-40 /x   (average  35 /x)   long,  dark  brown,    papillose.     ^ynosP°r' 
(/.  heterospora  A.  A.  Eaton.)  — Jordan  Pond,  Mt.  Desert,  Me. 

2.  I.  Tuckermani  A.  Br.    Trunk  often  3-lobed,  small ;  leaves  10-40,  1  mm. 
or  less  in  diameter,  4-15  cm.  long,  reddish  or  olive  green,  sometimes  with  a 
few  stomata  but  no  bast-bundles  ;  sporangia  small,  rarely  spotted,  £  or  more 
covered  by  the  velum;    gynospores  450-750 /x    (average  600 M)    in  diameter, 
parallel-walled  or  reticulated  above,  more   or  less  reticulated   below ;   andro- ' 
spores  25-38  /x  (average  30  /x)  long,  slightly  rough.  —  Sandy  ponds,  Me.  to  Ct. 

Var.  borealis  A.  A.  Eaton.  Trunk  bilobed  ;  leaves  10-100,  3-25  cm.  long, 
1-1.5  mm.  thick,  green  or  reddish,  straight  or  recurved;  stomata  none; 
gynospores  600-785  /x  in  diameter,  more  coarsely  reticulated  ;  androspores  42  /x 
long,  finely  spinulose.  — N.  Y.  to  N.  H.  and  Lab. 

Var.  HarvSyi  (A.  A.  Eaton)  Clute.  Trunk  2-lobed,  1.6-3  cm.  in  diameter; 
leaves  50-140,  purple-bronze,  2.5-3  mm.  in  diameter,  5-6  cm.  long,  strongly  re- 
curved ;  stomata  none ;  sporangia  unspotted,  £-^  covered  by  the  velum  ;  gyno- 
spores 526-648  n  (average  560  /x)  in  diameter  :  androspores  30-39.6  /x  (average 
34  it)  long.  (7.  Harveyi  A.  A.  Eaton. )T—N.  Y.  and  Mass,  to  Nfd. 

3.  I.  hieroglyphica  A.  A.  Eaton.     Leaves  10-20,  6-7.5  cm.  long,  1-2  mm.  in 
diameter,  blunt,  recurved  ;    sporangia  not  spotted,  £  covered  by  the  velum ,- 


60  ISOETACEAE   (Q0ILLWORT  FAMILY) 

gynospores  486-720  /x  (average  600  At)  in  diameter,  sparingly  covered  with  thick 
vermiform  subconfluent  or  reticulated  ridges  except  just  beneath  the  equator  ; 
androspores  31-44  At  (average  36  ^)  long,  verrucose.  —  Ponds 
and  lakes,  N.  S.,  Que.,  and  Me.  FIG.  26. 

4.  I.  foveolata  A.  A.  Eaton.  Polygamous  ;  leaves  50-150, 
5-15  cm.  long,  2  mm.  in  diameter,  round,  pinkish  or  olive- 
green  ;  sporangia  thickly  dark-spotted,  \-\  covered  by  the 
velum  ;  gynospores  380-560  /A  (average  44i)  A*)  in  diameter, 
the  lowsr  surface  covered  with  little  holes,  the  upper  a 
little  more  open  ;  androspores  22-35  /*  long,  reticulated  or 
papillose.  —  Ponds  and  river  borders  :  N.  H.  and  Ct.  FIG. 
27. 

Var.  plen6spora  A.  A.  Eaton.     Leaves  30-110,  1.5  mm. 
27.  I.  foveolata.  Gyno-  in  diameter,  20-40  cm.  long ;  sporangia  thickly  dark-spotted, 
spore  x  15.  i~l  covered  by  the  velum  ;  gynospores  white  or  ashy,  450- 

600  A*  (average  510  A*)  in  diameter,  covered  with  tall  thin 
mostly  honeycomb-reticulated  walls  ;  androspores  27-33  /JL  long,  finely  granular 
or  tuberculate.  —  Gravelly  shores  of  ponds  in  a  thin  layer  of  silt,  s.  e.  Mass. 

5.  I.  riparia  Engelm.     Often  polygamous ;  leaves  10-30,  1-3  mm.  in  diam- 
eter, 10-25  cm.  long,  erect,  dark  green  ;  sporangia  densely  spotted,  £-f  covered 
by  the  velum  ;  gynospores  450-756  /*  (averaging  570  At)  in  diameter,  covered  with 
high  isolated,  united,  or  reticulated  jagged  crests  ;  androspores  28-32  A*  (average 
29  M)  long,  sparingly  tubercled. — Tidal  shores  of  Del.  R.,  in  gravel.  —  A  species 
misinterpreted  in  the  past,  and  seemingly  of  restricted  range. 

6.  I.  saccharata  Engelm.     Leaves  10-30,  1-2.5  mm.  in  diameter,  3-25  cm. 
long,    spreading  or  recurved  ;  velum  very  narrow  to  half  covering  the  thickly 
spotted  sporangium  ;  gynospores  420-510  ^  (average  480  A*)  in  diameter,  covered 
with  low  granules,  reticulated  walls  or  tall  rough  crests  ;  androspores  22-30  /* 
(average  28  At)  long,  sparingly  papillose. — Fresh-water  tidal  flats,  n.    arm  of 
Chesapeake  Bay  and  Del.  R.  —  Very  variable  and  closely  approaching  the  last  in 
some  of  its  forms. 

Var.  Amdsii  A.  A.  Eaton.  Trunks  2-5-lobed  ;  leaves  8-30  cm.  long,  1-1.5  mm. 
in  diameter,  slender,  finely  pointed,  quadrangular ;  sporangia  with  few  spots, 
^-f  covered  by  the  velum  ;  gynospores  420-000  At  (average  510  At)  in  diameter, 
marked  with  fine  granules  and  thin  short  often  reticulated  walls;  androspores 
28-32  At  long.  —  Gravelly  shores  overlaid  by  fine  silt,  chiefly  in  shallow  water, 
s.  Mass,  to  N".  Y. 

7.  I.  echin6spora    Dur.    Leaves  10-30,  5-15  cm.    long,  1.5-2   mm.  broad, 
dark  green,  finely  pointed ;  velum  about  one  half  covering  the  sporangium  ; 
gynospores  350-560  ^  (average    500  At)  in  diameter,  covered   with  simple   or 
forked  spinules  ;  androspores  26-30  At  long,  smooth.  —  Eu. — A  species  repre- 
sented in  America  by  the  following  varieties. 

Var.  Braunii  (Dur.)    Engelm.     Differs  from  the  type  in  having  stomata  on 
the  leaves,  a  broader  velum,  spotted  sporangium,  and  not  rarely  broad  jagged 
crests  on  the  gynospores.    (Var.  robusta  Engelm.;  /.  Bcottii 
A.  Br.)  —  Muddy  or  sandy  river  and  pond  borders.  Gaspe" 
Co.,  Que.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to  Cal.  and  Pa.  ;  variable.     FIG.  28. 

Var.  muricata  (Dur.)  Engelm.  Submersed  leaves  10-30, 
flaccid,  spiral,  15-40  cm.  long,  1  mm.  in  diameter;  emersed 
ones  5-8  cm.  long,  slender,  recurved ;  sporangia  pale-spotted, 
|-|  indusiate.;  gynospores  400-620  /j.  (average  510  /z)  in 
diameter,  covered  with  slender  round  spines  and  flat,  blunt, 
or  retuse  lamellae;  androspores  25-31  /x  long,  smooth  or  slightly  granular. — 
Firm  soil  in  shallow  waters,  mostly  submersed  ;  N.  S.  to  n.  Me.  and  N.  J. 
—  Grades  into  the  last. 

8.  I.  Eat6ni  Dodge.     Polygamous ;    leaves  30-200,  40-70  cm.  long,  3-4  mm. 
in   diameter,    flat    above ;    stomata   abundant ;   bast-bundles  usually   present ; 
velum  very  narrow  ;  sporangia  densely  light-brown  spotted,  not  filled  by  spores  ; 
gynospores  round  below,  upper  half  depressed,  300-450  fj.  (average  390  At)  in 
diameter,  with   labyrinthiform-convolute    ridges ;    androsporangia  very    rare, 


ISOETACEAE    (QUILLWOKT   FAMILY)  61 

usually  scattered  among  the  gynosporangia,  the  spores  25-30  /A  (average  28  /*) 
long,  minutely  tuberculate.  —  Borders  of  ponds  and  streams,  s.  N.  H.  to  N.  J. 
—  Our  largest  species. 

9.  I.    Gravdsii    A.   A.    Eaton.      Polygamous;    leaves    20-150,    12-30    cm. 
long,  2-3   mm.  in  diameter,  erect,  reddish  or  dark  green  ;  sporangia  with  an 
abundance  of  light  brown   cells,  \-\  covered  by  the  velum  ;   gynospores  351- 
405  /j.  in  diameter,  the  upper  hemisphere  depressed,  covered  with  short  truncate 
single  columns  ;  androspores  22-30  /*  (average  26  /*)  long,  high-cristate  or  tuber- 
culate. —  Mass,  to  Ct. 

10.  I.  Dodgei  A.  A.  Eaton.     Leaves  10-75,  the  submersed  20-45  cm.  long, 
1.5-2  mm.  wide,  erect  or  spiral;   emersed  10-15  cm.  long,  interlaced;  stoinata 
many  ;   bast-bundles  usually  present ;   sporangia  sprinkled 

with   light  cells,  \-\   covered   by  the   velum  ;    gynospores 

500-675  ft  (average  560  ^)  in  diameter,  sparsely  beset  with 

irregular  often   anastomosing  walls  ;   androspores  22-44  p. 

(average  32  /*)  long,  wrinkled.     (/.  riparia,  var.  canadensis     9q   T  n  ,    . 

Engelm: ;  /.  canadensis  A.  A.  Eaton.)  —Firm  soil,  borders        '    8p0re  xl5 

of  ponds  and  streams,  Me.  to  B.  C.,  southw.  to  Pa.     FIG.  29. 

Var.  Robbinsii  A.  A.  Eaton.  Leaves  15-30,  10-38  cm.  long,  1-1.5  mm.  wide, 
dark  green,  rigidly  erect,  fine-pointed ;  sporangia  ^-^  indusiate,  covered  with 
brown  cells ;  gynospores  460-600  n  (average  500  /*)  in  diameter,  thickly  beset 
with  anastomosing  jagged  walls  ;  androspores  28.7-32.8  /*  long,  rough  or  slightly 
papillose.  (/.  canadensis,  var.  Robbinsii  A.  A.  Eaton.)  —  Borders  of  ponds 
and  streams,  s.  Mass,  to  N.  Y. 

11.  I.  Engelmanni  A.  Br.     Leaves  10-40,  1-4  dm.  long,  1-2  mm.  in  diame- 
ter, light  green  ;  sporangia  unspotted,  \  or  less  indusiate  ;  gynospores  350-570  /* 

(average  450  /*)  in  diameter,  honeycomb-reticulated  with 
thin  walls  ;  androspores  24-29  /j.  long,  smooth.  —  Ponds, 
streams,  and  ditches,  mostly  in  clay,  N.  H.  and  Vt.  to  Pa. 
and  Mo;  mostly  near  the  coast.  FIG.  30.  Var.  GRACILIS 
Engelm.  is  an  attenuate  form  in  shade  or  deep  water, 
x  15  Var-  valida  Engelm.  Plants  larger  ;  leaves  50-100,  3-6  dm. 

tall,  2-3  mm.  wide,  often  with  6  bast-bundles  ;  sporangia 
-f  indusiate  ;  gynospores  320-570  fj.  (average  480  /A)  in  diameter ;  androspores 
4-30  ^  (average  28  /x)  long,  blunt-spinulose.  —  N.  J.  to  Va. 

Var.  fontana  A.  A.  Eaton.  Trunk  1-2  cm.  in  diameter ;  leaves  30-50, 
15-20  cm.  long,  2  mm.  wide,  erect,  with  many  stomata  and  six  large  and  sev- 
eral small  bast-bundles  ;  velum  narrow  ;  sporangia  sparingly  spotted  with  light- 
brown  cells ;  gynospores  400-750  ^  (average  500  /*)  in  diameter,  covered  with 
coarser  more  or  less  broken  alveolations  ;  androspores  as  in  the  type.  —  Pa.  and 
Va. ;  local. 

12.  I.  melan6poda  J.  Gay.     Polygamous;  leaves  15-60,  1.5-3.5  mm.  broad, 
12-45  cm.   tall,   chestnut  or  black  at  base,  with   numerous  peripheral  bast- 
bundles  ;    sporangia    less    than  £  indusiate,   thickly  spotted ; 

gynospores   250-400  /u,   (average    330  /*)    in    diameter,    nearly 

smooth  or  with   low  often  confluent   tubercles ;    androspores 

23-30  /j,  (average  25  /*)  long,  spinulose.  —  Inundated  fields  and 

shallow  ponds,  111.  and  la.  to  Okl.  and  Cal.     FIG.  31.     Variety   31.  I.  melanopoda. 

PALLIDA  Engelm.  of  the  Southwest,  occasionally  found  mixed     Gynospore  x  15. 

with  the  type  in  our  range,  differs  only  in  having  pale  leaf-bases. 

13.  I.  ButlSri  Engelm.     Dioecious;  leaves  8-60,   7.5-22  cm.  long,  0.5  mm. 
in  diameter,  rigid,   triangular-setaceous,  with  wide   dissepiments,  narrow  air- 
canals,  and  four  stout  bast-bundles  ;    sheaths  granular  on  the 
backs  ;  velum  none  or  very  narrow  ;  sporangia  mostly  spotted  ; 
gynospores  400-630  /j.  (average  570  /A)   in  diameter,  roughened 
with  very  small  warts  or  fragmentary  crests  ;  androspores  28-34  /* 

"  long,  coarsely   tubercled.  —  Moist  hillsides  and  shallow  depres- 

sions,  111.  and  Kan,  toTenn.  and  Okl.  FIG.  32.  Var.  IMMACUIATA 
Engelm.  is  a  form  without  spots  on  the  sporangia,  growing  with  the  typical 
form  of  the  species. 


62  TAXACEAE    (YEW   FAMILY) 

DIVISION  II.    SPERMATOPHYTA 
(SEED-PLANTS,  PHANEROGAMIA,  OB  FLOWERING  PLANTS) 

Male  generative  cells  (with  rare  extra-limital  exceptions)  passive, 
developing  an  elongated  tube.  Flowers  with  stamens,  or  pistils, 
or  both.  Normal  reproduction  by  seeds  containing  an  embryo  or 
minute  plant. 

TAXACEAE     (YEW  FAMILY) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  ours  with  evergreen  linear  leaves,  and  dioecious  (or  more 
rarely  monoecious)  flowers  (borne  on  short  scaly  peduncles),  the  sterile  globular, 
formed  of  a  few  naked  stamens  with  anther-cells  under  a  shield-like  somewhat 
lobed  connective,  the  fertile  consisting  of  an  erect  ovule,  which  becomes  a  bony- 
coated  seed  more  or  less  surrounded  by  a  large  fleshy  disk  (or  scale).  Now  gen- 
erally treated  as  a  family  distinct  from  the  Pinaceae. 

1.   TAXUS   [Tourn.]    L.    YEW 

Annular  disk  of  the  fertile  flowers  cup-shaped,  globular,  at  length  pulpy, 
red,  and  berry-like.  Cotyledons  2.  —  Leaves  flat,  mucronate,  rigid,  scattered,  2- 
ranked.  (The  classical  name,  probably  from  rb^ov,  a  bow,  the  wood  anciently 
used  for  bows.) 

1.  T.  canadSnsis  Marsh.  (AMERICAN  Y.,  GROUND  HEMLOCK.)  A  low  strag- 
gling bush ;  stems  diffuse  (or  rarely  arborescent  and  2  m.  high) ;  leaves  linear, 
green  on  both  sides.  —  Evergreen  woods,  Nfd.  to  Va.,  la.,  and  Man. 

PINACEAE     (PINE  FAMILY) 

Trees  and  shrubs,  with  resinous  juice,  mostly  aid-shaped  or  needle-shaped 
entire  leaves,  and  monoecious  or  rarely  dioecious  flowers  borne  in  or  having  the 
form  of  scaly  catkins,  of  which  the  fertile  become  cones  or  berry-like.  Ovules  2 
or  more  at  the  base  of  each  scale.  Mostly  evergreen.  In  the  following  treatment 
the  term  catkin  (or  ament)  is  retained  as  the  most  convenient  designation  for 
the  catkin-like  aggregates  of  scales  bearing  or  inclosing  either  stamens  or  ovules. 
The  morphology  of  the  coniferous  inflorescence  is  still  doubtful.  It  seems  proba- 
ble that  the  staminate  catkin  is  a  single  flower,  but  paleophytological  evidence 
suggests  that  the  ovule-bearing  cones  are  inflorescences. 

Tribe  I.  ABIETEAE.  Fertile  flowers  consisting  of  numerous  open  spirally  imbricated  carpels 
in  the  form  of  scales,  each  scale  in  the  axil  of  a  persistent  bract ;  in  fruit  forming  a  cone. 
Ovules  2,  adherent  to  the  base  of  each  scale,  inverted.  Seeds  winged.  Cotyledons  3-16. 
Anthers  spirally  arranged  upon  the  stamineal  column,  which  is  subtended  by  involucral  scales. 
Buds  scaly.  Leaves  linear  to  needle-shaped. 

*  Leaves  in  bundles  of  two  or  more. 

1.  Pinus.     Leaves  2-5  in  each  bundle,  evergreen. 

2.  Larix.     Leaves  many  in  each  cluster,  deciduous. 

*  *  Leaves  solitary. 
•*-  Leaves  keeled  on  both  surfaces  (tetragonal)  ;  scales  of  the  cone  persistent  upon  the  axis. 

3.  Picea.     Leaves  not  2-ranked. 

-»-  +-  Leaves  flattish,  whitened  along  two  lines  beneath. 

4.  Abies.     Cone  large  (5-10  cm.  long),  the  scales  falling  away  before  the  axis. 

5.  TSUga.     Cone  small  (12-35  mm.  long),  the  scales  persisting  on  the  axis. 


PINACEAE  (PINE  FAMILY)  63 

Tribe  II.  TAXODiEAE.  Fertile  flowers  of  several  spirally  arranged  imbricated  scales  without 
bracts,  becoming  a  globular  woody  cone.  Ovules  2  or  more  at  the  base  of  each  scale,  erect. 
Leaves  linear,  alternate ;  leaf-buds  not  scaly. 

6.  Taxodium.    Seeds  2  to  each  scale.    Leaves  2-ranked,  deciduous. 

Tribe  III.  CUPRESSEAE.  Scales  of  the  fertile  flower  few,  decussately  opposite  or  ternate,  becom- 
ing a  small  closed  cone  or  sort  of  drupe.  Ovules  2  or  more  in  their  axils,  erect.  Cotyledons  fe 
(rarely  more).  Leaves  decussately  opposite  or  ternate,  usually  scale-like  and  adnate,  the  earlier 
free  and  subulate ;  leaf-buds  not  scaly. 

*  Monoecious  ;  fruit  a  small  cone  ;  leaves  opposite  and  more  or  less  2-ranked. 

7.  Chamaecyparis.    Cone  globose  ;  scales  peltate.     Seeds  1  or  2,  narrowly  winged. 

8.  Thuja.    Cone  pendulous,  ellipsoid,  of  8-12  imbricated  scales.     Seeds  2,  2-winged. 

*  *  Dioecious ;  fruit  berry -like,  with  bony  ovate  seeds. 

9.  Juniperus.    Fruit-scales  3-6,  coalescent.    Foliage  not  2-ranked. 

1.   PlNUS   [Tourn.]  L.    PINE 

Filaments  short ;  connective  scale-like  ;  anther-cells  2,  opening  lengthwise. 
Pollen  of  3  united  cells,  the  2  lateral  ones  empty.  Fruit  a  cone  formed  of 
the  imbricated  woody  scales,  which  are  persistent,  spreading  when  ripe  and  dry  ; 
the  2  nut-like  seeds  partly  sunk  in  excavations  at  the  base  of  the  scale.  Cotyle- 
dons 3-12,  linear.  —  Primary  leaves  thin  and  chaff-like,  merely  bud-scales  ;  from 
their  axils  immediately  proceed  the  secondary  needle-shaped  evergreen  leaves, 
in  fascicles  of  2  to  5,  from  slender  buds,  some  thin  scarious  bud-scales  sheathing 
the  base  of  the  cluster.  Leaves  when  in  pairs  semicylindrical,  becoming  chan- 
neled ;  when  more  than  2  triangular ;  their  edges  in  our  species  serrulate. 
Blossoms  developed  in  spring ;  the  cones  maturing  in  the  second  autumn. 
(The  classical  Latin  name.) 

Leaves  5  in  a  fascicle ;  cone-scales  thin        .        .        .        .  •        .        .1.  P.  Strobus. 

Leaves  2-3  in  a  fascicle  ;  cone-scales  thickened  at  the  end. 
Cone-scales  unarmed. 

Leaves  9-16  cm.  long;  sheath  8-21  mm.  long 10.  P.resinosa. 

Leaves  4.5-6  cm.  long ;  sheath  2-5  mm.  long ;  resin-ducts  in  each  leaf 

numerous,  peripheral  or  nearly  so 9.   P.  sylvestris. 

Leaves  1.5-4  cm.  long ;  resin-ducts  mostly  2,  deeply  embedded  in  the  leaf- 
tissue         7.  P.  Banksiana. 

Cone-scales  armed  with  a  sharp  dorsal  spine  or  prickle. 

Cone  very  large,  15-25  cm.  long 11.  P.  palustris. 

Cone  8-12  cm.  long. 

Spine  of  cone-scales  stout,  5-6  mm.  long 5.  P.pungens. 

Spine  of  cone-scales  smaller,  1-3  mm.  long. 
Leaves  somewhat  rigid,  1.8-3  mm.  broad. 

Leaves  in  2's,  1.5-4  cm.  long 7.   P.  Banksiana. 

Leaves  in  3's,  5-12  cm.  long 8.  P.  rigida. 

Leaves  in  3's,  15-25  cm.  long 4.  P.  serotina. 

Leaves  flaccid,  0.7-1.5  mm.  broad. 
Old  cones  when  open  subcylindric-ovoid,  about  10  cm.  long,  usually 

shining 2.   P.  Taeda. 

Old  cones  when  open  broadly  ovoid,  4-7  cm.  long,  dull. 

Spine  of  cone-scale  2-3  mm.  long  ;  leaves  in  2's,  4-8  cm.  long      .      6.  P.  virginiana. 
Spine  of  cone-scale  minute,  about  1  mm.  long ;  leaves  in  2's  or 

8's,  7-13  cm.  long 8.   P.  echinata. 

1.  P.    Strbbus   L.    (WHITE  P.)      Tree  20-50  m.  high  ;   leaves  in  5's,  very 
slender,  glaucous  ;  sterile  flowers  oval   (8-10  mm.  long),  with  6-8  involucral 
scales  at  base  ;  fertile  catkins  long-stalked,  cylindrical ;  cones  narrow,  cylindri- 
cal, nodding,  often  curved  (1-1.5  dm.  long);  seed  smooth;  cotyledons  8-10. — 
Nfd.  to  Pa.,  along  the  mts.  to  Ga.,  west  to  Man.  and  e.  la. 

2.  P.  Tadda  L.   (LOBLOLLY  or  OLD-FIELD  P.)     Leaves  long  (14-23  cm.),  in 
3's  or  sometimes  2's,  with  elongated  sheaths,  light  green  ;   cone-scales   tipped 
with  a  stout  incurved  spine.  — Wet  clay,  or  dry  sandy  soil,  s.  N.  J.  to  Fla.,  near 
the  coast,  thence  to  Tex.  and  Ark. — A  tree  15-45  m   high  ,  staminate  flowers 
slender,  5  cm.  long,  usually  with  10-13  involucral  scales ;  seeds  with  3  strong 
rough  ridges  on  the  under  side. 


64  PIN  ACE  AE  (PINE  FAMILY) 

3.  P.  rigida  Mill.     (PITCH  P.)     Leaves  (5-12  cm.  long)  dark  green,  from 
short  sheaths  •  cones  ovoid-conical  or  ovoid  (3-9  cm.  long),  often  in  clusters ; 
scales  with  a  short  stout  generally  recurved  prickle.  —  Sandy  or  barren  soil, 
N.  B.  to  L.  Ontario,  e.  Tenn.,  and  n.  Ga. — A  tree  10-25  in.  high,  with  very 
rough  dark  bark  and  hard  resinous  wood  ;  sterile  flowers  shorter  ;  scales  0-8. 

4.  P.  ser6tina  Michx.     (POND  or  MARSH  P.)     Similar  to  the  last  but  readily 
distinguished  by  its  much  longer  leaves  (15-25.  cm.  in  length)  and  sheaths,  as 
well  as  the  short  more  deciduous  prickles  of  the  cone. — Coastal  swamps,  Va. 
(Harper}  to  Fla. 

5.  P.  pungens  Lamb.      (TABLE  MOUNTAIN  P.)     Leaves  stout,  short,  in  2's 
or   3's   (3-6  cm.  long),  crowded,  bluish;  the  sheath  short  (very  short  on  old 
foliage);   the  scales  armed  with  a  strong  hooked  spine. — Allegheny  Mts.,  N.  J. 
and  Pa.,  to  Ga.  and  Tenn. — A  rather  small  tree  (6-18  m.  high)  ;  cones  long- 
persistent. 

6.  P.  virginiana   Mill.      (JERSEY    or  SCRUB  P.)      Leaves  short   (4-8   cm. 
long),  in  2's;  cones  sometimes  curved,  the  scales  tipped  with  a  straight  or  re- 
curved awl-shaped  prickle.     (P.  inops  Ait.)  — Barrens  and  sterile  hills,  L.  I.  to 
S.C.,  Ala.,  and  s.  Ind. — A  straggling  tree  (5-12  m.  high),  with  spreading  or 
drooping  branchlets  ;   larger  westward.     Young  shoots  with  a  purplish  glaucous 
bloom. 

7.  P.  Banksiana  Lamb.     (GRAY  or  NORTHERN  SCRUB  P.)     Leaves  in  2's, 
very  short  and  thick  (usually  2-3  cm.  long),  oblique,  divergent;  cones  conical, 
oblong,  usually  curved  (4-5  cm.  long),  smooth,  the  scales  pointless,  or  with  a 
minute  obsolescent  prickle.    (P.  divaricata  auth.)  — Barren,  sandy,  or  rocky  soil, 
N.  S.  to  n.  N.  Y.,  w.  to  n.  111.,  Minn.,  and  northw.  —  A  low  tree,  usually  5-10 
(rarely  20)  m.  high. 

8.  P.  echinata  Mill.     (YELLOW  P.)      Leaves  in  2's  or  3's,  slender,  mostly 
about  1  dm.  long,  with  long  sheaths;  cone-scales  with  a  minute  weak  prickle. 
(P.  mitis  Michx.)  — Usually  dry  or  sandy  soil,  Staten  I.  to  Kan.,  and  southw.  — 
A  straight  tree  (15-30  in.  high),  with  dark  green  leaves  more  soft  and  slender 
than  the  preceding.     The  western  form  has  more  rigid  leaves  and  more  tubercu- 
late  and  spiny  cones. 

9.  P.  SYLVESTRIS  L.  (SCOTCH  P.,  SCOTCH  FIR.)     Leaves  in  2's,  dark  green  ; 
cones  4-6  cm.  long,  the  thickened  rhombic  scales  with  central  tubercle  but  not 
spinous.  —  Much  cultivated,  and  thoroughly  naturalized  at  some  points  on  the 
N.  E.  coast.  —  A  valuable  long-lived  tree  attaining  considerable  height,  but  the 
trunk  rarely  straight,  the  bark  gray.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

10.  P.  resinbsa  Ait.      (RED  P.)      Leaves  in  2's,  dark  green  ;  cones  ovoid- 
conical,  smooth  (about  5  cm.  long},  their  scales  slightly  thickened,  pointless; 
sterile  flowers  oblong-linear  (12-18  mm.  long),  subtended  by  about  6  involucral 
scales  which  are  early  deciduous  by  an  articulation  above  the  base. — Dry  woods, 
Mass,  to  n.  Pa.,  Mich.,  and  Minn.,  and  northw. — A  tall  tree,  with  reddish  rather 
smooth  bark  and  hard  wood,  not  very  resinous. 

11:  P.  paliistris  Mill.  (LONO-LEAVED,  YELLOW,  or  GEORGIA  P.)  Leaves  in 
3's  from  long  sheaths,  very  long,  crowded  at  the  summit  of  very  scaly  branches  ; 
sterile  flowers  6-8  cm.  long,  rose-purple  ;  cones  large,  cylindrical  or  conical- 
cylindric,  the  thick  scales  armed  with  a  short  recurved  spine.  (P.  australis  Michx. ) 
—  Sandy  soil,  s.  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  — A  large  tree,  with  thin-scaled  bark  and 
exceedingly  hard  and  resinous  wood. 

2.    LARIX   [Tourn.]   Adans.     LARCH 

Catkins  lateral,  terminating  short  spurs  on  branches  of  a  year's  growth  or 
more,  short  or  globular,  developed  in  early  spring  ;  the  sterile  from  leafless  buds  ; 
the  fertile  mostly  with  leaves  below.  Anther-cells  opening  transversely.  Pollen- 
grains  simple,  globular.  Cone-scales  persistent.  —  Leaves  needle-shaped,  Soft, 
deciduous,  very  many  in  a  fascicle,  developed  in  early  spring  from  lateral  scaly 
and  globular  buds.  Fertile  catkins  crimson  or  red  in  flower.  (The  ancient 
name.) 


PINACEAE  (PINE  FAMILY)  65 

1.  L.    laricina    (DuRoi)    Koch.     (AMERICAN    or    BLACK    L.,    TAMARACK, 
HACKMATACK.)     Leaves  1-2.5  cm.  long ;  cones  ovoid,   1.2-2  cm.   long,  of  few 
rounded  scales.    (L.  americana  Michx.)  — Chiefly  in  cold  swamps,  Lab,  and  Nfd. 
to  n.  Pa.,  n.  111.,  centr.  Minn.,  and  far  northw.— A  slender  tree  (8-30  m.  high), 
with  hard  and  very  resinous  wood. 

2.  L.  DECI'DUA  Mill.   (L.  europaea  DC.),  with  longer  leaves  and  larger  cones, 
is  often  cultivated,  and  occasionally  established,  as  in  Ct.  (Bissell).     (Introd. 
from  Eu.) 

3.    PfCEA  Link.    SPRUCE 

Sterile  flowers  on  branchlets  of  the  preceding  year ;  anthers  tipped  with  a 
rounded  recurved  appendage,  their  cells  opening  lengthwise.  Cones  maturing 
the  first  year,  becoming  pendulous ;  their  scales  thin,  not  thickened  nor  prickly- 
tipped,  persistent.  — Leaves  scattered,  needle-shaped  and  keeled  above  and  below 
(4-sided),  pointing  every  way.  Otherwise  nearly  as  in  Pinus.  (The  classical 
Latin  name  of  a  pine. ) 

1.  P.  canadgnsis  (Mill.)  BSP.     (WHITE  or  CAT  S.)     Branchlets  glabrous; 
leaves  slender,  pale  or  glaucous  ;  cones  cylindrical,  about  5  cm.  long,  deciduous, 
the  thin  scales  with  an  entire  edge.     (P.  alba  Link.)— N.  S.  and  N.  B.  to  N.  Y., 
L.  Superior  and  northw. —  A  handsome  tree  (15-45  m.  high),  in  aspect  resem- 
bling the  Balsam  Fir. 

2.  P.   riibra    (DuRoi)    Dietr.      (RED    S.)      Branchlets   pubescent;    leaves 
mostly  slender,  12-15  mm.  long,  usually  acute  or  acutish,  dark  green  or  yellowish 
green;  cones  elongated-ovoid,  mostly  3-4  cm.  long,  clear  brown  or  reddish  brown, 
the  scales   rounded,  entire  or  slightly  erose.     (P.   rubens  Sarg.  ;  P.  australis 
Small.)  —  Rocky  upland  woods,  Nfd.  to  Pa.,s.  in  the  Alleghenies  to  Ga.,  w.  to 
Minn.,  and  northw.  — A  valued  timber  tree,  20-35  m.  high. 

3.  P.  mariana  (Mill.)  BSP.      (BLACK  or  BOG  S.)     Branchlets  pubescent; 
leaves  short  and  thickish,  mostly  6-10  (rarely  13)  mm.  long,  pale  bluish  green, 
with  strong  whitish  bloom  ;  cones  short-ovoid  or  subglobose,  2-3  cm.  long,  dull 
grayish  brown,  persisting  for  several  years  ;   the  scales  more  decidedly  erose, 
rounded  or  often  somewhat  narrowed  toward  the  apex.     (P.  nigra  Link  ;  P. 
brevifolia  Peck.)  — Cold  bogs  and  mountain  slopes,  Nfd.  to  N.  J.,  along  the  Great 
Lakes  and  northw.  —  Chiefly  a  low  tree  (8-12  in.)  rarely  attaining  30  m.  in 
height. 

4.  P.  ABIES  (L.)  Karst.  (P.  excelsa  Link),  the  NORWAY  S.,  often  cultivated 
as  a  shade  tree,  and  now  established  (ace.  to  Bissell)  at  several  places  in  Ct., 
has  subglabrous  branchlets,  slender  sharp-pointed  dark  green  glossy  leaves,  and 
large  cones  (1-1.5  dm.  long).     (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

4.    ABIES  [fourn.]  Hill.     FIB 

Sterile  flowers  from  the  axils  of  last  year's  leaves  ;  anthers  tipped  with  a 
knob,  their  cells  bursting  transversely  ;  pollen  as  in  Pinus.  Cones  erect  on  the 
upper  side  of  spreading  branches,  maturing  the  first  year ;  their  thin  scales 
and  bracts  deciduous  at  maturity.  Seeds  and  bark  with  balsam-bearing  vesicles. 
—  Leaves  scattered,  sessile,  flat,  with  the  midrib  prominent  on  the  whitened 
lower  surface,  on  horizontal  branches  appearing  2-ranked.  (The  classical  Latin 
name.) 

1.  A.   balsamea   (L.)    Mill.      (BALSAM   or  BALM-OF-GILEAD  F.)      Leaves 
narrowly  linear,  obtusely  pointed  or  retuse  (1-3.2  cm.  long)  ;  cones  cylindrical 
(G-10  cm.  long ;  2-3 cm.  thick),  at  first  violet-colored  ;  the  bracts  obovate,  serrulate, 
tipped  with  an  abrupt  slender  point,  shorter  than  the  scales.  —  Damp  woods  and 
mt.  swamps,  Nfd.  to  Pa.,  along  the  mts.  to  Va.,  w.  to  centr.  la.,  and  northw.  — 
A  slender  tree  or  at  high  elevations  a  low  or  prostrate  shrub. 

2.  A.  Fras&ri  (Pursh)  Poir.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  commonly  retuse  ;  bracts 
of  the  cones  dentate  or  erose-lacerate  on  the  margin,   often  emargiuate  and 
bearing  a  slender  cusp  at  the  apex,  longer  than  the  scales.  —  Mts.    of    Va., 
and  N.  C. 

OKAY'S  MANUAL  —  6 


66  PINACEAE  (PINE  FAMILY) 

5.    TStFGA  (Endl.)  Carr.     HEMLOCK 

Sterile  flowers  a  subglobose  cluster  of  stamens,  from  the  axils  of  last  year's 
leaves,  the  long  stipe  surrounded  by  numerous  bud-scales  ;  anthers  tipped  with 
a  short  spur  or  knob,  their  confluent  cells  opening  transversely  ;  pollen-grains 
simple.  Cones  on  the  end  of  last  year's  branchlets,  maturing  the  first  year, 
pendulous;  their  scales  thin,  persistent. — Leaves  scattered,  flat,  whitened 
beneath,  appearing  2-ranked.  (The  Japanese  name  of  one  of  the  species.) 

1.  T.  canadSnsis  (L.)  Carr.     Leaves  petioled,  short-linear,   obtuse,  8-13  mm. 
long ;  cones  ovoid,  1.5-2.5  cm.  long,  the  scales  suborbicular.     (Abies  Michx.)  — 
Mostly  hilly  or  rocky  woods,  N.  B.  and  N.  S.  to  Del.,  and  along  the  mts.  to  Ala., 
w.  to  Minn.  —  A  tall  tree,  with  light  and  spreading  spray  and  delicate  foliage, 
bright  green  above,  silvery  beneath. 

2.  T.  caroliniana  Engelm.     Leaves  petioled,  linear,  15-18  mm.  long;  cones 
ovoid,  2-3.5  cm.  long ;  scales  oblong,  in  age  loosely  imbricated,   widely  and 
irregularly  spreading.  —  Mts.  of  Va.  to  Ga. 

6.   TAX6DIUM  Richard.     BALD  CYPRESS 

Flowers  monoecious,  the  two  kinds  on  the  same  branches.  Sterile  flowers 
spiked-panicled,  of  .few  stamens  ;  filaments  scale-like,  shield-shaped,  bearing 
2-5  anther-cells.  Fertile  catkins  ovoid,  in  small  clusters,  scaly,  with  a  pair  of 
ovules  at  the  base  of  each  scale.  Cone  globular,  closed,  composed  of  very  thick 
and  angular  somewhat  shield-shaped  scales,  bearing  2  angled  seeds  at  the  base. 
Cotyledons  6-9. — Trees,  with  light  green  deciduous  leaves  ;  a  part  of  the  slender 
leafy  branchlets  of  the  season  also  deciduous  in  autumn.  (Name  compounded 
of  rci£os,  the  yew,  and  e?5os,  resemblance,  the  leaves  being  yew-like.) 

1.  T.  distichum  (L.)  Richard.  Leaves  linear  and  spreading;  also  some 
awl-shaped  and  imbricated  on  flowering  branchlets.  —  Swamps,  s.  Del.  to  s.  111., 
Mo.  and  Tex.  March,  April. 

7.    CHAMAECYPARIS  Spach.     WHITE  CEDAR.     CYPRESS 

Flowers  monoecious  on  different  branches,  in  terminal  small  catkins.  Sterile 
flowers  composed  of  shield-shaped  scale-like  filaments  bearing  2-4  anther-cells 
under  the  lower  margin.  Fertile  catkins  globular,  of  shield-shaped  scales  de- 
cussate in  pairs,  bearing  few  (1-4)  erect  bottle-shaped  ovules  at  base.  Cone 
globular,  firmly  closed,  but  opening  at  maturity  ;  the  scales  thick,  pointed  or 
bossed  in  the  middle ;  the  few  angled  or  somewhat  winged  seeds  attached  to 
their  contracted  base  or  stalk.  Cotyledons  2  or  3.  —  Strong-scented  evergreen 
trees,  with  very  small  and  scale-like  or  ^  some  awl-shaped  closely  appressed- 
imbricated  leaves,  distichous  branchlets,  and  exceedingly  durable  wood.  (From 
Xd;u,a£,  on  the  ground,  and  Kvirdpio-o-os,  cypress.) 

1.  C.  thyoides  (L.)  BSP.  (WHITE  CEDAR.)  Leaves  minute,  pale,  often 
with  a  small  gland  on  the  back,  closely  imbricated  in  4  rows  ;  cones  small 
(6-9  mm.  in  diameter)  of  about  3  pairs  of  scales;  seeds  slightly  winged.  (C. 
sphaeroidea  Spach.)  —  Swamps,  s.  N.  H.  to  Fla.  and  Miss.  —  A  tree  10-25  m. 
high,  resembling  Arbor  Vitae.  Doubtfully  indigenous  in  N.  S.,  and  said  to  have 
been  originally  collected  in  Canada  by  Kalm. 

8.   THtrjA  L.     ARBOR  VITAE 

Flowers  mostly  monoecious  on  different  branches,  in  very  small  terminal 
ovoid  catkins.  Stamens  with  a  scale-like  filament  or  connective,  bearing 
4  anther-cells.  Fertile  catkins  of  few  imbricated  scales  (fixed  by  the  base)  each 
bearing  2  erect  ovules;  dry  and  spreading  at  maturity.  Cotyledons  2.  —  Small 
evergreen  trees,  with  very  flat  2-ranked  spray,  and  closely  imbricated  small 
appressed  persistent  leaves ;  these  of  two  sorts,  on  different  or  successive 
branchlets  ;  one  awl-shaped  ;  the  other  scale-like,  blunt,  short,  and  adnate  to 
the  branch.  (Qvia  or  6tfa,  the  ancient  name  of  some  resin-bearing  evergreen.) 


TYPHACEAE    (CAT-TAIL   FAMILY)  67 

1.  T.  occidentalis  L.  (ARBOR  VITAE,  WHITE  CEDAR.)  Leaves  appressed- 
imbricated  in  4  rows  on  the  2-edged  branchlets  ;  scales  of  the  cones  pointless ; 
seeds  broadly  winged  all  round.  —  Swamps  and  cool  rocky  banks,  e.  Que.  to 
Pa.,  along  the  mts.  to  N.  C.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Man.  —  A  tree  10-20  m.  high, 
with  pale  shreddy  bark,  and  light,  soft,  but  very  durable  wood. 

9.    JUNiPERUS    [Tourn.]  L.     JUNIPER 

Flowers  dioecious,  or  occasionally  monoecious,  in  very  small  lateral  catkins. 
Anther-cells  3-6,  attached  to  the  lower  edge  of  the  shield-shaped  scale.  Fertile 
catkins  ovoid,  of  3-6  fleshy  coalescent  scales,  each  1-ovuled,  in  fruit  forming 
a  sort  of  berry,  which  is  scaly-bracted  underneath,  bluish-black  with  white 
bloom.  Seeds  1-3,  ovate,  wingless,  bony.  Cotyledons  2.  —  Evergreen  trees  or 
shrubs.  (The  classical  name.) 

§  1.  OXYCEDRUS  Spach.  Catkins  axillary;  leaves  in  whorls  of  3,  free  and 
jointed  at  base,  linear-subulate,  prickly-pointed,  channeled  and  white- 
glaucous  above. 

1.  J.  communis  L.     (COMMON  J.)     Arborescent,  2-4  m.  high  ;  leaves  thin, 
straight,  long  and  relatively  narrow   (12-21  mm.  in  length,  1.5  mm.  broad  at 
the  base),  widely  spreading,  grayish  beneath,  needle-pointed  ;  berry  subglobose, 
6-8  mm.  in  diameter. — Dry   soil,    e.   Mass,   (where  rare)    to  Pa.,  Man.,  and 
south w.  in  the  mts.  to  N.  C.  and  N.  Mex.     (Eu.) 

Var.  deprSssa  Pursh.  Decumbent,  forming  large  mats,  3-10  dm.  high  and 
often  several  m.  in  diameter  ;  leaves  8-13  mm.  long,  straight  or  nearly  so,  sharp- 
pointed  and  with  a  white  stripe  beneath  ;  berry  6-10  mm.  in  diameter.  (J.  com- 
munis, var.  canadensis  Loud.;  var.  alpina  Man.  ed.  6,  in  part.) — Common  in 
poor,  rocky  soil,  pastures,  etc.,  Nfd.  to  Ct.,  along  the  Great  Lakes  and 
northwestw. 

Var.  montana  Ait.  Very  depressed  and  trailing  ;  leases  short  and  relatively 
broad,  curved,  subappressed,  6-9  mm.  long,  1.6-2  mm.  broad,  short-pointed, 
with  a  conspicuous  white  stripe  beneath.  (Var.  alpina  Gaud.;  J.  nana  Willd.) 
—  Exposed  rocky  places,  coast  of  n.  Mass,  (where  doubtful)  to  Nfd. ;  also  in  the 
Rocky  Mts.  and  Alaska.  (Eurasia.) 

§  2.  SABiNA  Spach.  Catkins  terminal ;  leaves  mostly  opposite,  sometimes 
awl-shaped  and  loose,  sometimes  scale-shaped,  appressed-imbricated  and 
crowded,  the  latter  with  a  resiniferous  gland  on  the  back. 

2.  J.   horizontalis  Moench.    A  procumbent,  prostrate,  or  sometimes  creeping 
shrub  ;  scale-like  leaves  acutely  cuspidate ;  berry  on  short  recurved  peduncles, 
6-10  mm.  in  diameter.     (J.  Sabina,  var.  procumbens  Pursh.)  —  Rocky  or  sandy 
banks,  borders  of  swamps,  etc.,  Nfd.  to  N.  E.,  N.  Y.,  n.  Minn.,  and  north  w.  — 
J.  Sabina  L.,  the  SAVIN  of  Europe,  has  its  scale-like  leaves  obtuse  and  more 
closely  appressed. 

3.  J.  virginiana    L.     (RED  CEDAR  or  SAVIN.)     From  a  shrub  to  a  tree 
15-25  m.  high,  pyramidal  in  form  ;  scale-like  leaves  obtuse  or  acutish,  entire; 
berries  on  straight  peduncles,  about  6  mm.  in   diameter. — Dry  hills  or  deep 
swamps,  s.  Me.,  westw.  and  south  w. — Bark  shreddy,  and  heart-wood  red  and 
aromatic. 

TYPHACEAE    (CAT-TAIL  FAMILY) 

Marsh  or  aquatic  herbs,  with  nerved  and  linear  sessile  leaves,  and  monoecious 
flowers  on  a  spadix,  destitute  of  proper  floral  envelopes.  Ovary  1-celled,  with 
persistent  style  and  elongated  1 -sided  stigma  ;  cell  1-ovuled.  Fruit  nut-like. 
Seed  suspended,  anatropous;  embryo  straight  in  copious  albumen.  Root 
perennial. 


68  SPARGANIACEAE   (BUR-REED  FAMILY^ 

1.   TYPHA   [Tourn.]  L.     CAT-TAIL  FLAG 

Flowers  in  a  long  and  very  dense  cylindrical  spike  terminating  the  stem ; 
the  upper  part  consisting  of  stamens  only,  inserted  directly  on  the  axis,  and 
intermixed  with  long  hairs  ;  the  lower  part  consisting  of  stipitate  1-celled  ova- 
ries, the  stipes  bearing  club-shaped  bristles,  which  form  the  copious  down  of 
the  fruit.  Nutlets  minute,  very  long-stalked.  —  Spathes  merely  deciduous 
bracts,  or  none.  Rootstocks  creeping.  Leaves  long,  sheathing  the  base  of 
the  simple  jointless  stems,  erect,  thickish.  Flowering  in  summer.  (Tixpv],  the 
old  Greek  name.) 

1.  T.  latifblia   L.     (COMMON  CAT-TAIL.)     Stout  and  tall  (1-2  m.  high),  the 
flat  sheathing  leaves  6-23  mm.  broad,  exceeding  the  stem  ;  the  staminate  and 
dark  brown  pistillate  parts  of  the  spike  (each  8-15  cm.  long  or  more)  usually 
contiguous,  the  latter  at  length  2.5  cm.  in  diameter ;  pistillate  flowers  without 
bractlets ;    stigma  rhombic-lanceolate;  pollen-grains  in  fours.  —  In   marshes, 
throughout  temperate  N.  A.     (Cosmop.) 

2.  T.  angustifolia   L.     Leaves  narrower  (6-12  mm.  broad),  somewhat  con- 
vex on  the  back ;  pistillate  and  staminate  parts  of  spike  usually  separated  by  a 
short   interval,  the  fertile  portion  becoming   10-12  mm.  in   diameter;  pollen- 
grains  simple;  pistillate  flowers  with  a  linear  stigma  and  a  hair-like  bractlet 
slightly  dilated  at  the  summit.  — S.  Me.  to  N.  C.  and  westw.,  less  frequent  than 
the  preceding,  and  mainly  near  the  coast.     (Eurasia,  etc.) 

SPARGANIACEAE     (BUR-REED  FAMILY) 

Marsh  or  aquatic  plants  with  alternate  sessile  linear  ^-ranked  leaves  and 
monoecious  flowers  in  globular  sessile  or  pedunculate  heads.  Upper  heads  bear- 
ing sessile  3-androus  naked  flowers  and  minute  scales  irregularly  interposed. 
The  lower  heads  consisting  of  numerous  sessile  or  shortly  pediceled  pistillate 
flowers  with  a  calyx-like  perianth  of  3-6  linear  or  spatulate  scales.  Ovary 
1-2-celled.  Fruit  obovoid  or  spindle-shaped,  1-2-seeded. 

1.    SPARGANIUM    [Tourn.]    L.     BUR-REED 

Heads  scattered  along  the  upper  part  of  the  simple  or  sparingly  branched 
leafy  stem,  the  bracts  caducous  or  the  lower  persisting  and  leaf-like.  —  Perennials 
with  fibrous  roots  and  creeping  horizontal  rootstocks.  Flowering  through  the 
summer.  The  fertile  heads  becoming  bur-like  from  the  divergent  beaks,  but 
the  pistils  at  maturity  falling  away  separately.  (Name  ancient,  probably  from 
(rwdpyavov,  a  band,  in  allusion  to  the  ribbon-like  leaves.) 

Fertile  flowers  closely  sessile  ;  fruit  broadly  obovoid 1.  S.  eurycarpum. 

Fertile  flowers  shortly  pedicellate  ;  fruit  fusiform. 
Beak  of  fruit  long  and  slender  ;  stigma  linear. 
Pistillate  heads  strictly  axillary. 

Mature  fruits  dull  ;  stigma  1-2  mm.  long 2.   S.  americanum. 

Mature  fruits  lustrous  ;  stigma  2.5-4  mm.  long 3.   S.  lucidum. 

One  or  more  of  the  pistillate  heads  supra-axillary. 

Erect  plants  of  rnuddy  shores  ;  leaf-blades  translucent  and  reticulated      4.  S.  diver sifolium. 
Distinctly  aquatic ;  leaves  with  long  floating  opaque  blades. 
Achenes  rather  abruptly  slender-beaked  ;    leaf-blades  1.5-4  mm. 

broad;  stigrna  rarely  over  1.2  nlm.  long 5.   S.  angustifolium. 

Achenes  gradually  acuminate  ;  leaf-blades  4—9  mm.  broad  ;  stigma 

1.5-2  mm.  long 6.   8.  simplex. 

Beak  of  fruit  stouter  and  falcate  or  short  and  conical  or  none ;  stigma  ovoid  or  oblong. 
Fruiting  heads  2  cm.  in  diam. ;  beak  gladiate-falcate         .        .        .        .7.   S.fluctuam. 
Fruiting  heads  1  cm.  in  diam. 

Beak  short,  conical 8.   8.  minimum. 

Beak  none,  stigma  sessile 9.   S.  fiyperboreum. 

1.  S.  eurycarpum  Engelm.  Stems  stout,  erect  (8-13  dm.  high) ;  leaves  mostly 
flat  and  merely  keeled  ;  pistil  attenuate  into  a  short  style  bearing  1  or  2  elongated 
stigmas ;  fruit  heads  2-6  or  more,  2-3  cm.  in  diameter  ;  fruit  angled,  often 


NAJADACEAE   (PONDWEED  FAMILY)  69 

2-seeded,  7-8  mm.  long  when  mature,  with  a  broad  and  depressed  or  retusv  sum- 
mit abruptly  tipped  in  the  center.  —  Borders  of  ponds,  lakes,  and  rivers,  N.  S.  and 
Me.,  south w.,  and  westw.  to  the  Pacific,  chiefly  at  low  altitude. 

2.  S.  americanum  Nutt.     Stoutish,  3-7   dm.   high ;    leaves  thin  and  soft, 
6-12  mm.  broad;  bracts  divaricate  or  arcuate-ascending;  inflorescence  strictly 
simple  ;  pistillate  heads  all  axillary,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  in  fruit  1.8-2.6  cm.  in 
diameter;  fruit  dull,  the   beak  2.5-4  mm.   long.     (/&'.   simplex,  var.  Nuttallii 
Engelm.)  —  Bogs  and  muddy  shores,  N.  B.  to  la.  and  Va.     (E.  Asia.) 

Var.  andr6cladum  (Engelrn.)  Fernald  &  Eames.  Inflorescence  bearing 
from  its  lower  axils  1-2  weak  branches.  {S.  simplex,  var.  Engelm.)  —  Similar 
places,  Nfd.  to  Minn.,  Mo.,  and  Fla. 

3.  S.  lucidum  Fernald  &  Eames.     Similar,  but  taller   (7.5-9  dm.   high)  ; 
leaves  firmer,  strongly  carinate,  much  overtopping  the  simple  or  forking  inflo- 
rescence ;  pistillate  heads  in  maturity  3  cm.  or  more  in  diameter  ;  fruit  lustrous, 
the  beak  5-7  mm.  long.  —  Muddy  shores,  Mass,  to  Pa.  ;  also  111.  and  Mo. 

4.  S.  diversifblium  Graebner.    Erect,  stoutish,  3-6  dm.  high  ;  leaves  delicate, 
cellular-reticulated,  4-9  mm.  wide,  with  a  broad  scarious  margin  toward  the 
base ;  heads  chiefly  sessile  at  least  the  lower  supra-axillary,  in  fruit  2-2.5  cm.  in 
diameter.     (8.  simplex  Man.  ed.  6,  in  great  part.)  —  E.  Que.  to  Ct.  and  S.  Da,k. 

Var.  acaule  (Beeby)  Fernald  &  Eames.  Dwarf,  1-3  dm.  high  ;  pistillate 
heads  smaller,  1.5-2  cm.  in  diameter,  mostly  crowded.  (Var.  nanum  Graebner.) 

—  Nfd.  tola,  and  W.  Va. 

5.  S.  angustif61ium  Michx.     Slender  aquatic;  stems  3-12  dm.  long;  leaves 
exceedingly  long  and  narrow,  opaque;  inflorescence  simple;  heads  somewhat 
supra-axillary,  the  lower  ones  often  peduncled,  in  fruit  1.3-2  cm.  in  diameter. 
— Ponds  and  slow  streams,  Nfd.  to  N.  E.,  westw.  and  northw.  to  Ore.  and 
Alaska. 

6.  S.  simplex  Huds.    Coarser  and  in  America  distinctly  aquatic  ;  stems  3-10 
dm.  long ;  leaves  4-9  mm.  broad  ;  inflorescence  simple,  elongated  ;  heads  mostly 
supra-axillary,  the  lowermost  long-peduncled,  in  fruit  2-2.5  cm.  in  diameter. — 
Nfd.  and  n.  N.  E.  to  Cal.,  and  northw.     (Eu.) 

7.  S.  fluctuans  (Morong)  Robinson.     Of  medium  size  for  the  genus,  0.5-1  m. 
high  ;  leaves  7-12  mm.  broad ;  inflorescence  branched  ;  each  of  2  or  3  branches 
bearing  3-5  heads,  usually  but  1-3  of  the  lowermost  fertile  ;  these  at  maturity 
2  cm.  in  diameter  ;  nutlets  with  outer  coat  of  firm  texture,  beaked  by  a  persistent 
gladiate-falcate  style,  tipped  with  a  short  ovoid  or  oblong  stigma.     (S.  androcla- 
dum,  var.  fluctuans  Morong,  at  least  in  part ;  8.  simplex,  var.  fluitans  Engelm.) 

—  Margins  of  cool  lakes,  usually  at  a  depth  of  about  1  m.,  n.  N.  B.  and  adjacent 
Que.  to  Pa.  and  Minn. 

8.  S.  minimum  Fries.    Slender,  1-4  dm.  high  ;  leaves  grass-like,  flat,  thin, 
usually  floating,  2-4  mm.  broad  ;  inflorescence  simple  ;  heads  mostly  sessile,  the 
fertile  at  length  1  cm.  in  diameter ;  the  nutlets  smooth,  conically  narrowed  to  a 
short  but  slender  straightish  beak  tipped  with  a  short  ovoid  or  oblong  stigma.  — 
Cold  shallow  water,  N.  B.  to  Pa.,  Mich.,  Col.,  Wash.,  and  northw.     (Eurasia.) 

9.  S.  hyperbbreum  Laestad.    Slender,  flexuous,  2-4  dm.  high  ;  leaves  1-4  mm. 
broad,  the  cauline  somewhat  saccate  at  the  base  ;   inflorescence  simple  ;   the 
lower  heads  usually  peduncled,  in  fruit  8-10  mm.  in  diameter ;  nutlets  obovoid, 
rounded  at  the  summit  and  tipped  with  a  sessile  short-oblong  stigma.  —  Cape 
Breton  (ace.  to  Macoun)  and  northw.  to  Greeul.    (N.  Eurasia.) 

NAJADACEAE     (PONDWEED  FAMILY) 

Marsh  or  mostly  immersed  aquatic  herbs,  with  stems  jointed  and  leafy,  leaves 
sheathing  at  base  or  stipulate,  and  flowers  perfect  or  unisexual,  often  spatha- 
ceous,  with  perianth  of  4  or  6  herbaceous  distinct  valvate  segments,  or  mem- 
branous and  tubular  or  cup-shaped,  or  none.  Stamens  1,  2,  4,  or  6,  with 
extrorse  anthers.  Ovaries  1-6,  distinct,  1-celled,  usually  1-ovuled,  in  fruit 
indehiscent. 


70  NAJADACEAE    (PONDWEED   FAMILY) 

*  Flowers  perfect,  spiked  or  clustered  ;  anthers  4  or  2,  sessile  ;  leaves  alternate. 

1.  Potamogeton.    Spike  peduncled.     Sepals  4,  herbaceous.     Anthers  4.    Ovaries  4,  sessile. 

2.  Ruppia.     Flowers  on  an  inclosed  spadix,  at  length  long-exserted,  without  perianth.    Anther- 

cells  4,  distinct.    Ovaries  4,  becoming  stipitate. 

*  *  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  axillary,  naked,  monandrous ;  leaves  opposite  (alternate 

in  n.  4). 

3.  Zannichellia.     Monoecious.     Pistils  (2-5)  from  a  cup-shaped  involucre  or  sheath. 

4.  Zostera.     Pistils  and  stamens  alternate  in  2  vertical  rows  on  the  inner  side  of  a  leaf-like  in- 

closed spadix.     Stigmas  2,  linear.    Stem  creeping. 

5.  Najas.      Dioecious.    Pistil    solitary,   naked.     Stamen    inclosed    in   a  membranous  spathe. 

Stems  floating,  with  opposite  or  ternate  leaves. 

1.    POTAMOGETON    [Tourn.]  L.    POND  WEED. 

Sepals  4,  rounded,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4,  opposite  the  sepals ; 
anthers  2-celled.  Ovaries  4  (rarely  only  one),  with  an  ascending  cainpylotro- 
pous  ovule  ;  stigma  sessile  or  on  a  short  style.  Fruit  drupe-like  when  fresh, 
more  or  less  compressed ;  endocarp  (seed)  crustaceous.  Embryo  hooked, 
annular,  or  cochleate,  the  radicular  end  pointing  downward.  —  Herbs  of  ponds 
and  streams,  with  jointed  mostly  rooting  stems,  and  2-ranked  leaves,  which  are 
usually  alternate  or  imperfectly  opposite  ;  the  submersed  ones  pellucid,  the 
floating  ones  often  dilated  and  of  a  firmer  texture.  Stipules  membranous,  more  or 
less  united  and  sheathing.  Spikes  sheathed  by  the  stipules  in  the  bud,  mostly 
raised  on  a  peduncle  to  the  surface  of  the  water.  (An  ancient  name,  composed 
of  7roTa/x,6s,  a  river,  and  yeirwv,  a  neighbor,  from  the  place  of  growth.)  — By 
fruit,  the  full-grown  fresh  or  macerated  fruit  is  intended  ;  by  seed,  that  with 
the  fleshy  outer  portion  or  epicarp  removed.  All  measurements  are  from  dried 
specimens.  The  month  mentioned  indicates  the  time  of  ripening  of  the  fruit. 

a.  Leaves  of  two  sorts  ;  floating  ones  more  or  less  coriaceous,  with  a 
dilated  petioled  blade,  different  in  form  from  the  thinner  sub- 
mersed ones  &. 

6.  Submersed  leaves  filiform  or  very  narrowly  linear,  at  most  2  mm. 

wide  c. 
c.   Spikes  all  alike,  cylindrical  d . 

d.   Blades  of  floating  leaves  2.5  cm.  or  more  long,  mostly  shorter 
than  the  elongate  petioles ;  spikes  1.5  cm.  or  more  long. 

Seed  with  a  depression  on  each  side 1.  P.  natcvns, 

Seed  with  plane  sides,  not  at  all  impressed         .        .        .  2.   P.  Oakesianus. 

d.  Blades  of  floating  leaves  less  than  1.5  cm.  long,  equaling  or  longer 

than  the  petioles ;  spikes  less  than  1  cm.  long. 
Fruit  compressed,   distinctly  keeled,  tipped  by  the  curved 

style 27.  P.  Vaseyi. 

Fruit  plump,  slightly  grooved  on  the  sides,  but  not  keeled ; 

stigma  nearly  sessile 26.  P.  lateraUs. 

c.   Spikes  of  two  kinds ;  one  emersed,  cylindrical,  and  many-flowered, 

the  other  submersed,  globular,  and  few-flowered. 
Peduncles  of  the  submersed  spikes  equaling  or  exceeding  the 

spikes 32.   P.  hybridus. 

Peduncles  shorter  than  the  submersed  spikes        .        .        .        .    33.   P.  dimorphus. 
I).  Submersed  leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate,  if  linear  more  than  2  mm.  wide  e. 
e.  Submersed  leaves  linear  and    ribbon-like,  with  a  broad  coarsely 

cellular-reticulate  space  each  side  of  the  midrib          .        .        .      4.   P.  epihydrus. 
e.   Submersed  leaves  broader  /. 
/.   Principal  floating  leaves  heart-shaped  at  base. 

Fruit  3-4  mm.  long,  compressed,  and  distinctly  3-keeled  .        .      7.  P.  pulcher. 
Fruit  1.5-2  mm.  long,  plump,  and  obscurely  3-keeled        .  3.   P.  polygonifolius 

f.  Floating  leaves  rounded  or  tapering  at  base,  not  heart-shaped  g. 

g.   Floating  leaves  30-50-nerved 8.   P.  amplifolius. 

g.   Floating  leaves  with  fewer  nerves  h. 
h.  Mature  fruit  2.5  mrn.  or  more  long  i. 

i.   Mature  spikes  4-5.5  crn.  long  (if  rarely  shorter,  with  floating 
leaves  18-24- nerved). 

Submersed  leaves  mucronate 11.  P.  angustifolius 

Submersed  leaves  merely  acuminate. 
Submersed  leaves  broadly  lanceolate  or  oblong-ellipti- 
cal ;  fruit  tipped  by  the  prominent  style         .  9.   P.  illinoensis. 
Submersed  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  ;  fruit  tipped  by 

the  nearly  sessile  stigma 6.  P.  americanus. 


NAJADACEAE   (PONDWEED   FAMILY) 


71 


i.   Mature  spikes  1.5-3.5  cm.  long  (if  rarely  longer,  with  float- 
ing leaves  10-18-nerved). 
Foliage  and  spikes  strongly  suffused  with  red ;  3  or  4 

carpels  of  each  flower  usually  ripening       .        .        .      5.  P. 
Foliage  and  spikes  greenish ;  1  (rarely  2)  carpels  ripening    10.  P. 

h.   Mature  fruit  1.5-2  mm.  long 3.  P. 

a.   Leaves  all  submersed  and  similar  j. 
j.   Leaves  lanceolate,  oblong  or  broader  k. 
k.   Leaves  sessile  or  short-petioled,  not  clasping  I. 

1.   Leaves  finely  and  sharply  serrulate 18.  P. 

I.  Leaves  entire,  but  sometimes  with  puckered  or  undulate,  not 

serrulate,  margins  m. 
m.   Mature  spike  3.8-5.5  cm.  long. 

Fruit  distinctly  3-keeled 11.  P. 

Fruit  with  rounded,  scarcely  keeled  sides       .       .       .        .    12.   P. 
m.  Mature  spike  shorter  n. 

n.   Spike  more  than  1  cm.  long. 

Foliage  and  spikes  strongly  suffused  with  red ;  8  or  4  car- 
pels of  each  flower  usually  ripening       .        .        .  5.   P. 
Foliage  and  spikes  greenish  ;  1  (rarely  2)  carpels  ripening    10.   P. 

n.  Spike  4-7  mm.  long 17.  P. 

k.   Leaves  clasping  or  half-clasping  o. 

o.  Leaves    half-clasping,   elongate,   with  rounded  cucullate  tips ; 
stipules  conspicuous  and  persistent ;  fruit  sharply  keeled 


alpinus. 

heterophyllus. 

polygonifolius. 


angustifoUus. 
lucens. 


alpinus. 

heterophylhta. 

mysticus. 


13.  P.  praelongus. 


16.  P.  buplewoides. 
epihydrus. 


4.  P. 


o.  Leaves  cordate-clasping,  if  elongate  with  tapering  plane  tips ; 
stipules  inconspicuous  or  soon  reduced  to   shreds;  fruit 
rounded  on  the  back  or  obtusely  keeled  p. 
p.  Leaves  undulate  or  crisped,  with  3-7  prominent  nerves ;  fruit 

3.5-4.5  mm.  long. 

Stipules  1-2  cm.  long,  persisting  as  shreds;  leaves  lance- 
attenuate     14.  P.  Richardsonii. 

Stipules  short  and  inconspicuous ;  leaves  from  suborbicular 

to  oblong-lanceolate 15.  P.  perfoliatus. 

p.  Leaves  flat,  scarcely  crisped,  with  1  prominent  nerve;  fruit 
2.5-3.2  mm.  long;   stipules,  when  developed,  short  and 

inconspicuous 

j.  Leaves  linear  to  setaceous  q. 

q.  Leaves  ribbon-like,  2  mm.  or  more  wide,  with  a  broad  coarsely 

cellular-reticulate  space  each  side  of  the  midrib  .... 

q.   Leaves  narrower,  if  occasionally  2  mm.  wide,  without  a  broad 

cellular-reticulate  space  r. 

r.  Leaves  free  from  the  stipules,  or,  if  slightly  ad  n  ate  to  them, 
bearing  globose  subsessile  or  short-stalked  spikes  in  their 
axils  s. 
s.  Fruit  flat,  cochleate ;  the  globular  spikes  borne  in  the  axils  of 

the  principal  leaves. 
Peduncles  equaling  or  exceeding  the  spikes    .        .        .        .    32.  P. 

Peduncles  shorter  than  the  spikes 83.  P. 

s.  Fruit  plump;  spikes  terminal  or  borne  on  the  uppermost 

branches  t. 

t.   Principal  leaves  more  than  1  mm.  broad  u. 
u.   Leaves  with  very  many  fine  nerves. 

Spikes  many-flowered,  in  fruit  1.5-3  cm.  long          .        .    19.  P. 
Spikes  4-8-flowered,  in  fruit  5-8  mm.  long       .        .        .20.   P. 
u.  Leaves  with  3-7  nerves  •». 

v.  Mature  fruit  3.5-4.5  mm.  long. 

Stipules  0.5-1  cm.  long;  leaves  acute;  spikes  capitate    21.   P.  Hillii. 
Stipules  1.2-2  cm.  long ;  leaves  obtuse,  mucronate ; 

spikes  subcylindric-ovoid 22.  P.  obtusifolius. 

V.   Mature  fruit  2-3  mm.  long  w. 
w.  Bases  of  the  leaves  bearing  translucent  glands ;  fruit 


hybridus. 
dimorplws. 


zosterifoUiks. 
acutifolius. 


plump,  obscurely  or  bluntly  keeled. 
Leaves  5-7-nerved  ;  stipules  1-2  cm.  1 


long 


28.   P. 
25.  P. 


Friesii. 
pusillus. 


Leaves  3-nerved  ;  stipules  less  than  1  cm.  long 
w.  Bases  of  leaves  glandless  ;  fruit  flattened,  with  a  thin 

keel  or  crest (80)  P.foUo8W,\.niagaren8i8. 

t.   Principal  leaves  less  than  1  mm.  broad  OD. 
x.   Plant  bearing  winter-buds  formed  by  the  hardened  ends  of 
branches  closely  invested  by  imbricated  leaves  and 
stipules  y. 
y.   Winter-buds   borne  primarily  on  very  short   axillary 

branches. 

Leaves  of  the  winter-buds  widely  divaricate         . 
Leaves  of  the  winter-buds  loosely  ascending 
y.   Winter-buds  borne  at  the  tips  of  elongate  branches. 
Leaves  bristle-form,  with  very  fine  slender  tips  . 
Leaves  flat  or  revolute,  acute  or  short-acuminate. 
Leaves  rigid,  revolute  ;  winter-buds  1-2  cm.  long 
Leaves  soft ;  winter-buds  about  1  cm.  long 


26. 

27. 


lateralis. 
Vaseyi, 


28.  P.  gemmiparus. 


25. 


strictifotiits. 
pusillus. 


72  NAJADACEAE    (PONDWEED   FAMILY) 

flj.  Plant  without  winter-buds. 
Leaves  bi-glandular  at  base. 
Stipules  1-2  cm.  long,  persistent    .....    29.  P.  rutilus. 

Stipules  less  than  1  cm.  long,  scarcely  persistent         .    25.   P.  pusillus. 
Leaves  glandless  at  base. 
Spikes  short-peduncled,  axillary  ;  leaves  broader  than 

the  diameter  of  the  stems        .....    30.   P.  follows. 

Spikes  long-peduncled,  terminal  ;  leaves  narrower  than 

the  diameter  of  the  stems        .....    81.  P.  confervoides. 

r.  Stipules  united  with  the  sheathing  base  of  the  leaf;  spikes  inter- 

rupted 8. 

0.  Leaves  at  most  3  mm.  wide,  entire. 
Stigma  broad  and  depressed,  sessile. 
Stigma  nearly  central,  the  ventral  face  of  the  fruit  curved  ; 

leaves  filiform,  taper-pointed  ......    34.   P.filiformis. 

Stigma  nearly  in  line  with  the  straightish  ventral  face  of 
the  fruit  ;  leaves  narrowly  linear,  with  blunt  or  rounded 
tips  ...........    35.  P.  interior. 

Stigina  capitate,  tipping  the  definite  style. 
Fruit  not  keeled     .........    36.   P. 


Fruit  prominently  keeled       .......    37.   P.  interruptus. 

ves  4-8  mm.  wide,  ciliate-serrulate 


».   Leaves  4-8  mm.  wide,  ciliate-serrulate        .....    38.   P.  Robbinsii. 


1.  P.  natans  L.     Stem  simple  or  sparingly  branched  ;  floating  leaves  2.5-10 
cm.  long,  elliptical  or  ovate,  somewhat  cordate  at  base,  obtuse  but  with  a  blunt 
point,  21-29-nerved,  flexible  at  base,  as  if  jointed  to  the  petiole  ;  upper  sub- 
mersed leaves  lanceolate,  early  perishing,  the  lower  (later  in  the  season)  very 
slender  (7-18  cm.  long,  barely  2  mm.  wide)  ;  upper  stipules  very  long,  acute; 
peduncle  about  the  thickness  of  the  stem;  spikes  3-6  cm.  long;  fruit  obliquely 
obovoid ;  sides  of  the  turgid  seed  with  a  small  deep  impression  in  the  middle ; 
embryo  coiled  into  an  incomplete   elliptical  ring.  —  Ponds  and  quiet  streams, 
common.    July-Sept.     (Widely  distr.  in  temp,  and  subtrop.  regions. ) 

2.  P.  Oakesianus  Robbins.     Stem  more  slender,  much  branched;  floating 
leaves  smaller  (2-5  cm.  long),  ovate-  or  oblong-elliptical,  obtuse,  fewer  (17-23)- 
nerved  ;  lowest  submersed  ones  almost  capillary  (barely  1  mm.  wide),  continu- 
ing through  the  flowering  season  ;  spikes  shorter  (1.5-3  cm.  long),  on  peduncles 
much  thicker  than  stem;  fruit  smaller  and  more  acute  ;  sides  of  the  seed  not  at 
all  impressed;  curvature  of  the  embryo  nearly  circular,  its  apex  directed  to  a 
point  above  its  base. — Ponds,  and  especially  pools  and  quiet  streams,  local, 
Anticosti  to  n.  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.     July-Sept. 

3.  P.  polygonif&lius  Pourret.     Stem  slender,  freely  creeping,  and  sending  up 
short  leafy  branches;  floating  leaves  elliptic-lanceolate  to  cordate-ovate,  rather 
thin,  2.5-9  cm.  long,  1-4  cm.  broad,  11-33-nerved,  not  apparently  jointed  to  the 
petioles ;  submersed  leaves  (when  present)  lanceolate,  short,  mostly  exceeding 
the  petioles  ;  stipules  blunt,  2-4  cm.  long ;  spikes  2-4  cm.  long,  very  slender ; 
fruit  plump,  3-keeled,  1.5-2  mm.  long.  — Shallow  pools,  Sable  I.,  N.  S.  and  Nfd. 
Aug.    (Greenl.,  Eurasia,  A fr.,  Austr.) 

4.  P.  epihydrus  Raf.     Stems  compressed,   often  simple  from  the  creeping 
rootstocks  ;  floating  leaves  chiefly  opposite  (3-7.5  cm.  long,  1-2.5  cm.  broad), 
11-27 -nerved,  oblong,  tapering  into  a  short  petiole,  the  lower  gradually  narrow- 
ing and  passing  into  the  submersed  ones,  which  are  very  numerous  and  approxi- 
mate, conspicuously  2-ranked  (5-13  cm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide},   5-1 -nerved,  the 
lateral  nerves  slender  and  nearly  marginal,  the  space  within  the  inner  nerves 
coarsely  cellular-reticulated ;  stipules  very  obtuse ;  spikes  numerous,  about  the 
length  of  the  thickened  peduncle ;  fruit  round-obovoid,  flattish,  3-keeled  when 
dry,  2.5-3.5  mm.  long ;  seed  distinctly  impressed  on  the  sides ;  curvature  of  the 
embryo  transversely  oval.       (P.  perisylvanicus  Willd.  ;    P.  Nuttallii  C.  &  S.) 
—  Still  or  flowing  water.     July-Sept. 

Var.  cayug6nsis  (Wiegand)  Benn.  Stouter ;  floating  leaves  5-8  cm.  long, 
2-3.5  cm.  wide,  29-4l-nerved  ;  submersed  ones  less  distichous,  1.2-2.2  dm. 
long,  0.5-1  cm.  wide,  9-T3-nerved  ;  fruit  3.5-4.5  mm.  long.  —  N.  B.  and  Que.  to 
Wash.,  s.  to  centr,  N.  Y.,  Mich.,  and  la.  (Japan.) 

5.  P.  alpinus  Balbis.     Stems  mostly  simple  ;  floating  leaves  (often  wanting) 
3.5-8  cm.  long,  rather  thin,  wedge-oblanceolate,  narrowed  into  a  short  petiole, 
11-21-nerved ;  submersed  leaves  almost  sessile,  lanceolate  and  lance-oblong, 


NAJADACEAE    (PONDWEED   FAMILY)  73 

smooth  on  the  margin,  fewer-nerved  ;  stipules  broad,  hyaline,  obtuse,  upper  ones 
acuminate  ;  spike  1.5-3.5  cm.  long,  often  somewhat  compound  ;  fruit  obovoid, 
lenticular,  pitted  when  immature,  with  an  acute  margin  and  pointed  with  the 
rather  long  style;  embryo  incompletely  annular.  (P.  rufescens  Schrad.) — In 
streams  or  ponds,  Lab.  to  Alaska,  s.  to  Mass.,  N.  J.,  Mich.,  Minn.,  Utah, and Cal. 
July-Sept.  (Greenl.,  Eurasia.) 

x  P.  FAX6NI  Morong  from  Ferrisburg,  Vt.,  and  x  P.  RECTiFdLius  Benn. 
from  Chicago,  111.,  are  infertile  hybrids  of  nos.  5  and  6. 

6.  P.  americanus  C.  &  S.     Stem  often  branching  below  ;  floating  leaves  thin- 
nish,  lance-oblong  or  long-elliptical,  often  acute,  long-petioled,  4-11  cm.  long,  1-3 
cm.  wide,  17-23-nerved  ;   submersed  leaves  very  long  (0.8-3  dm.  long,  0.4-2.5 
cm.    wide),  lanceolate  and  lance-linear,    7-15-nerved,   coarsely   reticulated  ; 
peduncles   somewhat   thickened   upward ;    fruit  obliquely   obovoid,   obscurely 
3-keeled  when  fresh,  and  distinctly  so  when  dry,  the  middle  keel  winged  above 
and  sometimes  with  3-5  shallow  indentations  ;  the  rounded  slightly  curved  face 
surmounted  by  the  short  style  ;  seed  with  the  sides  scarcely  impressed  ;  upper 
part  of  the  embryo  circularly  incurved.      (P.  fluitans  Man.  ed.  6,  not  Roth  ; 
P.  lonchites  Tuckerm.)  —  In  streams  or  rarely  in  ponds,  N.  B.  to  B.  C.  and 
southw.    Aug.,  Sept.     (Eurasia,  n.  Afr.,  W.  I.) 

Var.  noyaeboracSnsis  (Morong)  Benn.  Floating  leaves  large  and  thick, 
broadly  elliptic,  rounded  or  obtuse  at  apex  and  base,  2.5-4.5  cm.  wide.  — Ct. 
to  Wise.  (Eu.) 

7.  P.  piilcher    Tuckerm.    Stem  simple  (very  rarely  branched),  black-spotted  ; 
leaves  of  three  kinds ;  floating  ones  becoming  very  large  (4.5-11)  cm.  long, 
2-7  cm.  wide),  roundish-ovate  and  cordate  or  ovate-oblong,  25-37-nerved,  all 
alternate;  upper  submersed  ones  (3-5)  usually  lanceolate,  acute  at  base  and 
very  long-acuminate,  10-15-nerved,  very  thin,  cellular  each  side  of  the  midrib, 
undulate,  short-petioled ;  lowest  (2-4  near  the  base  of  the  stem)  thicker,  plane, 
oval  or  oblong  with  a  rounded  base,  or  spatulate-oblong,  on  longer  petioles  ; 
peduncles  thicker  than  the  stem  ;  spikes  2-4  cm.  long ;  fruit  with  a  rounded 
back  and  angular  face,  pointed,  distinctly  3-keeled  when  fresh,  sharply  so  when 
dry  ;  seed  with  two  deep  dorsal  furrows,  and  a  sinus  below  the  angle  in  front ; 
sides  flat ;  embryo  circularly  much  incurved  above.  —  Ponds,  local,  s.  Me.  to 
Fla. ;  and  near  St.  Louis,  Mo.    June,  July. 

8.  P.  amplif61ius    Tuckerm.     Stems  simple,  of  very  variable  length  ;  float- 
ing leaves  (sometimes  wanting)  large,  oblong,  lance-ovate  or  broadly  elliptic, 
abruptly  acutish,  30-50-nerved,  on  rather  long  petioles  ;  submersed  leaves  often 
very  large  (0.8-2  dm.  long,  2.5-7  cm.  broad),  lanceolate  or  oval,  acute  at  each 
end,  usually  much  recurved,  undulate,  mostly  on  short  petioles  ;  stipules  very 
long  and  tapering  to  a  point,  soon  becoming  loose  ;  peduncles  thickened  upward, 
in  deep  water  much  elongated  ;  spikes  3.5-8  cm.  long;  fruit  very  large  (4-5.5 
mm.  long),  rather  obliquely  obovoid,  3-keeled,  with  a  broad  stout  beak ;  seed 
slightly  impressed  on  the  sides  ;  upper  part  of  the  embryo  curved  into  a  ring.  — 
Ponds  and  rivers,  N.  S.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to  N.  J.,  Ky.,  Kan.,  and  Cal.     July-Sept- 

9.  P.  illino6nsis    Morong.     Stem  stout,   branching    towards  the  summit ; 
floating  leaves  opposite,   oval  or  elliptic  (0.5-1.5  dm.   long,  4-9  cm.  broad), 
19-27-nerved,  rounded  or  narrowed  at  base,  with  a  short  blunt  point,  on  short 
petioles ;  submersed  leaves  oblong-elliptical,  acute  at  each  end,  usually  ample 
(1-2  dm.  long)  ;  stipules  coarse,  obtuse,  strongly  bicarinate  (5-7  cm.  long) ; 
peduncles  often  clustered  at  the  summit,  thickening  upward;    spikes  4-5  cm. 
long  ;  fruit  roundish-obovate  (3.5-4.5  mm.  long),  3-keeled  on  the  back,  middle 
keel  prominent ;  seed  flattened  and  slightly  impressed  on  the  sides,  obtuse  or 
pointed  at  base ;  apex  of  embryo  directed  transversely  inward.  —  Streams  and 
ditches,  111.,  la.,  and  Minn.     July,  Aug. 

10.  P.  heterophyllus   Schreb.     Stem  slender,  very  branching  below  ;  floating 
leaves  mostly  thin,  variable,  but  with  a  short  blunt  point,  9-17-nerved,  1.5-7  cm. 
long,   0.5-2.6  cm.  wide;   submersed   ones  lanceolate,    oblanceolate  or  linear- 
lanceolate,  acuminate  or  cuspidate,  narrowed  toward  the  base,  somewhat  stiffish, 
2.5-8  cm.  long,  0.2-1.3  cm.  wide,  about  7-nerved  on  the  stem  and  .3-nerved  on 
the  branches  ;  upper  ones  petioled,  lower  sessile  ;  stipules  obtuse,  loose  ;  pedun- 


74  NAJADACEAE  (PONDWEED   FAMILY) 

cles  somewhat  thickened  upward,  mostly  less  than  1  dm.  long ;  fruit  small  (2.5-3 
mm.  long),  roundish,  compressed,  scarcely  keeled;  embryo  annular  above. — 
Still  or  flowing  water,  common.  July-Sept.  (Greenl. ,  Eurasia. )  —  Varies  ex- 
ceedingly in  its  submersed  leaves,  peduncles,  etc.  Forma  GRAMINIFOLIUS 
(Fries)  Morong.  Steins  much  elongated  and  less  branched,  and  the  flaccid 
linear-lanceolate  submersed  leaves  0.5-1.5  dm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide  ;  spikes  1.5-3 
cm.  long.  Forma  LONGIPEDUNCULATUS  (Merat)  Morong.  Subsimple,  the  inter- 
nodes  very  elongate  (the  uppermost  1-3  dm.  long) ;  submerged  leaves  lanceo- 
late;  peduncles  1-2.5  dm.  long.  —  Nfd.  to  Ct.,  Mich.,  and  westw.  Forma 
MYRIOPHYLLUS  (Bobbins)  Morong.  Sending  up  from  running  rootstocks  many 
short  repeatedly  dichotomous  and  densely  leafy  stems  ;  fertile  stems  very  slen- 
der; floating  leaves  small,  delicate,  lance-oblong,  on  long  filiform  petioles; 
submersed  stem-leaves  larger,  early  perishing;  those  of  the  branches  (deep 
green)  linear-oblanceolate,  very  small  (1.5-3  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide),  acute; 
spike  slender,  loosely  flowered,  1.2-2.5  cm.  long.  —  N.  E.  Forma  MAXIMUS 
Morong.  Floating  leaves  0.6-1.6  dm.  long,  1-3  cm.  wide,  very  acute  ;  sub- 
mersed leaves  0.5-1.6  dm.  long,  0.6-1.6  cm.  wide,  5-9-nerved.  Forma  TERRES- 
TRIS  Schlecht.  Freely  creeping  in  exsiccated  places,  producing  numerous  very 
short  branches  which  bear  tufts  of  oblong  or  oval  coriaceous  leaves  but  no 
fruit.  —  Que.  and  N.  E. 

11.  P.  angustifblius  Berchtold  &  Presl.     Resembling  P.  lucens,  but  smaller, 
slender,  much  branched  at  base  ;  upper  leaves  coriaceous  or  subcoriaceous,  long- 
petioled  and  sometimes  emersed,  0.4-1  dm.  long,  1-2.5  cm.  wide,  13-21-nerved ; 
the  others  subsessile,  all  usually  numerous,  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  mucro- 
nate,  undulate  and  crisped,  shining,  0.5-1.5  dm.  long,  0.5-3  cm.  broad,  7-17- 
nerved;   stipules  obtuse,  1.5-4  cm.  long;  peduncle  elongated ;  fruit  distinctly 
3-keeled,  3-4  mm.  long.     (P.  Zizii  Mertens  &  Koch.)  —  Lakes,  rarely  streams, 
local,  Mass,  to  Mich.,  westw.  and  south w.    June-Sept.      (W.  I.,  Eurasia,  Afr.) 
Var.  CONNECTICUTENSIS  (Robbins)  Benn.     Larger  throughout ;  leaves  all  sub- 
mersed;  fruit  4-4.5  mm.  long.      (P.  lucens,  var.  Robbins.)  —  Lakes,  Vt.,  Ct., 
and  e.  N.  Y. 

x  P.   SPATHAEFORMIS    Tuckerm.    (P.  spathulaeformis   Morong)    in   Mystic 
Pond,  Medford,  Mass.,  is  an  infertile  hybrid  of  nos.  11  and  10. 

12.  P.  lucens    L.     Stem  thick,  branching,  sometimes  very  large ;  leaves  all 
submersed  and  similar,  more  or  less  petioled,  oval  or  lanceolate,  mucronate, 
often  crisped,  frequently  shining,  6-20  cm.  long,  about  13-nerved ;  peduncles 
often  elongated  ;  fruit  roundish  and  compressed,  with  obtuse  margins,  scarcely 
keeled;  embryo  circularly  incurved  above. — Ponds,  local,  N.  S.  to  Fla.,  w.  to 
the  Pacific.     Aug.-Oct.     (Mex.,  W.  I.,  Eurasia,  n.  Afr.) 

13.  P.  prae!6ngus    Wulf .      Stem    white,   very   long,    branching,    flexuous ; 
leaves  bright  green,  lance-oblong  or  lanceolate  (0.5-3  dm.  long),  half-clasping, 
obtuse  with  a  boat-shaped  cavity  at  the  extremity,  thence  splitting  on  pressure  ; 
stipules  white,  scarious,  very  obtuse,  1.5-8  cm.  long  ;  peduncles  very  long  (some- 
times reaching  5  dm.);  spikes  rather  loose-flowered ;  fruit  obliquely  obovoid, 
compressed,   sharply  keeled  when  dry,  4-5  mm.  long;   style   terminating  the 
nearly  straight  face  ;  curve  of  the  embryo  oval  and  longitudinal.  —  Ponds  and 
lakes,  N.  S.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to  Ct.,  N.  J.,  the  Great  Lakes,  la.,  Mont.,  and  Cal.  — 
Fruiting  in  June  and  July,  withdrawing  the  stems  to  deep  water  to  mature  the 
fruit.     (Eurasia. ) 

14.  P.  Richardsbnii  (Benn.)  Rydb.     Stem  branching  ;  leaves  long-lanceolate 
from  a  cordate-clasping  base,  acuminate,  wavy,  pale   bright  green,  3-11    cm. 
long,  13-23-nerved  ;    stipules  conspicuous,  at  least  as  shreds ;  peduncles  thick- 
ened upward,   of  somewhat  spongy  texture,  elongating  sometimes  to  1   dm. 
or  more;  spikes  1.5-3.5  cm.  long;  fruit  irregularly  obovoid,  distinctly  beaked, 
obscurely  3-keeled,  4  mm.  long,  the  green  epicarp  puckered  in  drying.      (P. 
perfoliatus,  var.  lanceolatus  Robbins.)  —  Quiet  water,  Que.  to  Mackenzie  and 
B.  C.,  s.  to  N.  E.,  N.  Y.,  the  Great  Lake  region,  Neb.,  etc.     July-Sept. 

15.  P.  perfoliatus    L.     Similar  ;  leaves  orbicular,  ovate  or  lanceolate  from  a 
cordate-clasping  base,  usually  obtuse  and  crisped,  2-6  cm.  long,  1 5-27 -nerved; 
stipules  rarely  developed,  less  than  1  cm.  long;  peduncles  spongy  and  thickish, 


NAJADACEAE    (PONDWEED   FAMILY)  75 

3-4  cm.  long;  spikes  2-2.5  cm.  long;  fruit  similar.  —  Ponds  and  slow  streams, 
local,  N.  E.  to  the  Great  Lakes.  Sept.,  Oct.  (Eu.) 

10.  P.  bupleuroides  Fernald.  Very  slender,  branching  ;  leaves  orbicular  to 
lanceolate,  obtuse,  flat,  not  crisped,  drying  blackish  green  or  bronze,  1-3.5  cm. 
long,  7 -17 -nerved;  stipules  rarely  developed,  appressed  and  inconspicuous ; 
peduncles  slender,  scarcely  spongy,  2-6  cm.  long;  spikes  0.7-2  cm.  long;  fruit 
narrowly  obovoid,  2.5-3.2  mm.  long,  the  sides  flat  and  deeply  pitted,  the  back 
rounded,  slightly  3-keeled  ;  style  slender  and  prominent ;  the  olive  or  brownish 
epicarp  closely  investing  the  seed.  (P.  perfoliatus  Man.  ed.  6,  in  part,  not 
L.) — Brackish,  occasionally  fresh,  ponds  and  quiet  streams,  Nfd.  and  e.  Que. 
to  Fla.,  rarely  inland  to  w.  N.  Y.  and  Mich.  July-Sept. 

x  P.  NITENS  Weber  and  plants  closely  simulating  it  in  America  are  infertile 
and  appear  to  be  hybrids  of  no.  10  with  no.  14,  15,  or  16. 

17.  P.  mysticus    Morong.      Stem  very  slender  and   irregularly   branching, 
nearly  filiform  ;    leaves  oblong-linear  (1.5-4  cm.  long,  4-6  mm.  wide),  5-7- 
nerved,  finely  undulate  and   entire,  obtuse  or  bluntly  pointed,  abruptly   nar- 
rowing at  base,  sessile  or  partly  clasping  ;  spikes  few,  capitate  (4-6-rlowered) , 
on  erect  peduncles ;  fruit  (immature)  obovoid,  small  (less  than  2  mm.  long), 
obscurely  %-keeled  on  the  back,  a  little  beaked  by  the  slender  recurved  style.  — 
Locally  in  brackish  ponds,  Mass,  and  Md.  —  Infertile,  and  probably  a  hybrid  of 
nos.  16  and  25. 

18.  P.  CRfspus  L.      Stem  compressed;  leaves  linear-oblong,  sessile  or  half- 
clasping,  obtuse,  serrulate,  crisped-wavy,  3-5-nerved  ;  fruit  long-beaked;  upper 
portion  of  the  embryo  incurved  in  a  large  circle.  —  Fresh  or  brackish  waters, 
Mass,  to  Ont.  and  Va.     June,  July.  —  Propagating  chiefly  by  bur-like  winter- 
buds  formed  by  hardened  abbreviated  branches  and  indurated  bases  of  leaves. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 

19.  P.  zosterifblius  Schumacher.     Stem  branching,  wing-flattened;   leaves 
linear  and  grass-like  (0.5-2  dm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide),  abruptly  pointed,  with  many 
fine  and  3  larger  nerves  ;  stipules  oblong,  very  obtuse  ;  spikes  cylindrical,  12-15- 
flowered,  not  half  so  long  as  the  peduncle;  fruit  obliquely  obovoid,  3.5-4.5  mm. 
long,  somewhat  keeled  and  with  slight  teeth  on  the  back,  the  sides  not  im- 
pressed, the  face  arching  and  terminated  by  the  short  style  ;  summit  of  the 
large  embryo  lying  transverse  to  the  fruit.  —  Still  and  slow-flowing  waters,  N.  B. 
to  B.  C. ,  s.  to  N.  J. ,  the  Great  Lake  region,  la.,  etc.    June-Aug.  —  Freely  propa- 
gating by  large  winter-buds.     (Eurasia.) 

20.  P.  acutif61ius  Link.      Similar ;    leaves  many-nerved,  sharp-acuminate ; 
spikes  globose,  4-S-flowered  ;  fruit  conspicuously  crested,  the  sides  flat.  —  Col- 
lected at  Lancaster,  Pa. ,  by  Muhlenberg  nearly  a  century  ago  ;  not  since  found 
in  Am.     July,  Aug.     (Eurasia,  Austr.) 

21.  P.  Hillii  Morong.      Stem  slender,   widely  branching,   flattish ;    leaves 
linear,  acute  (2.5-6.5  cm.  long,  1-2.2  mm.  wide),  &-nerved,  the  lateral  nerves 
delicate  and  near  the  margin  ;   stipules  whitish,  striate,  obtuse ;  spikes  capitate 
(3-6-fruited),  on  short  spreading  or  recurved  peduncles  ;  fruit  as  in  the  last,  but 
the  sides  rounded.  — Lakes  and  ponds,  Ct.  to  Pa.,  Mich.,  and  Ont.     July,  Aug. 

22.  P.  obtusifblius  Mertens  &  Koch.     Stem  flattened,  very  branching ;  leaves 
linear,  tapering  toward  the  base,  obtuse  and  mucronate,  1.5-3.5  mm.  broad, 
^(rarely  5  or  7)-nerved,  bearing  2  large  translucent  glands  at  base ;  spike  con- 
tinuous, 5-8-flowered  (8-24-f  raited,  most  of  the  carpels  maturing),  about  the 
length  of  the  peduncle ;  fruit  ovoid,  apiculate  with  the  style,  not  keeled  when 
fresh,  upper  portion  of  embryo  coiled  inward  and  lying  transverse  to  the  fruit. — 
Clear  streams  and  ponds,   e.  Que.  to  Athabasca,  s.  to  e.  N.  Y.,  Pa.,  Mich., 
Wise.,  Minn.,  and  Wyo.    July-Sept.  —  Freely  propagating  by  large  winter-buds. 
(Eurasia.) 

23.  P.   Fridsii  Rupr.      Resembling  no.  25  ;    stem  more  flattened  and  less 
branching;  leaves  broader  (1-3  mm.  wide),  5-7 '-nerved;  winter-buds  abundant; 
stipules  conspicuous,  white-hyaline  ;  glands  small  and  dull ;  spikes  interrupted, 
in  fruit  0.8-1.6  cm.  long.     (P.  mucronatus  Man.  ed.  6,  not  Schrad.?) — Local, 
P.  E.  I.  to  B.C.,  s.  to  Ct.,  N.  Y.,  Mich.,  Wise.,  Minn.,  and  N.  Dak.     July,  Aug. 
(Eu.) 


76  NAJADACEAE   (PONDWEED   FAMILY) 

24.  P.  strictifblius  Benn.      Stems  slender,  wiry,  simple  below,  freely  and 
stiffly  branched  above,  the  ascending  branches  mostly  tipped  by  large  winter- 
buds;  leaves  spreading-ascending,  very  rigid,  2-3.5  cm.  long,  0.4-1  mm.  wide, 
revolute,  3-nerved,  the  central  nerve  prominent ;   stipules  as  long  as  the  upper 
internodes,  appressed  and  veiny;  peduncles  rigid;  spikes  slightly  interrupted, 
6-10  mm.  long,  3-8-fruited  ;  fruit  obliquely  ellipsoidal,  2  mm.  long,  plump  and 
rounded  on  the  back,  the  style  nearly  in  line  with  the  straightish  ventral  face. 
(P.  pusillus,  var.  pseudo-rutilus  Benn.)  —  Que.  to  e.  Mass.,  and  Mich.     July- 
Sept.  —  Perhaps  a  variety  of  no.  25. 

25.  P.  pusillus  L.     Stem  slender,  flattish  or  nearly  cylindrical,  often  very 
branching;  leaves  narrow-linear,  acute  or  subacute,  2-6  cm.  long,  0.5-1.5  mm. 
wide,  3-nerved,  furnished  with  translucent  glands  on  each  side  at  the  base ;  win- 
ter-buds occasional  ;  stipules  at  first  obtuse,  soon  deciduous  ;  spikes  interrupted 
or  capitate,  2-10-flowered,  on  rather  long  (0.5-3  cm.)  peduncles  ;  fruit  obliquely 
ellipsoid,  scarcely  keeled,  1.5-2  mm.  long;  apex  of  embryo  incurved  and  directed 
obliquely  downward. — Pools,  ditches,  and  ponds,  generally  distr.     July-Sept. 
(Eurasia,  Trop.  Am.)     Passing  freely  to  the  following  varieties. 

Var.  tenuissimus  Mertens  &  Koch.  Leaves  setaceous,  0.2-0.5  mm.  wide,  1- 
3-nerved.  —  Range  of  species. 

Var.  polyphyllus  Morong.  A  dwarf  bushy-branched  sterile  plant,  bearing 
very  abundant  winter-buds.  —  Ponds,  Me.  and  Mass. 

Var.  capitatus  Benn.  Internodes  very  long,  mostly  much  exceeding  the 
leaves;  peduncles  elongate,  mostly  3-6  cm.  long. — P.  E.  I.  and  N.  S.  to  Sask., 
B.  C.,  and  Ore. 

Var.  Sturr6ckii  Benn.  Leaves  obtuse,  pellucid  and  bright  green,  0.8-2  mm. 
broad  ;  fruit  smaller  than  in  the  species.  — Gasp^  Co.,  Que.,  to  Ct. 

26.  P.  lateralis  Morong.     Plants  of  two  sorts,  only  the  fruiting  producing 
floating  leaves ;  stem  filiform,  branching  ;  floating  leaves  elliptical  (0.8-1.2  cm. 
long,  2-4  mm.  wide),  with  5-7  nerves  deeply  impressed  beneath,  tapering  into  a 
somewhat  dilated  petiole;    submersed  leaves  linear,  acute  (2.5-7  cm.  long,  0.2- 
0.9  mm.  wide),  1-3-nerved,  the  midnerve  with  fine  veins  or  cellular  reticula- 
tions on  each  side,  bi-glandular  at  base ;  stipules  short,  deciduous  ;  peduncles 
widely  spreading  at  maturity,  sometimes  even  recurved,  often  thicker  than  the 
stem ;  spikes  often  interrupted  (2-4-flowered) ;  fruit  obliquely  obovoid  (hardly 
2  mm.  long),  the  back  much  curved,  with  two  fine  grooves  upon  it  ;   embryo 
oval  in   its  curve,    the   apex  nearly   touching  the  base.  —  Mass,   and   Ct.   to 
Mich. ;  rare.    July,  Aug.  —  Undeveloped  specimens  resemble  no.  25.    Propagated 
by  winter-buds  on  short  lateral  branches. 

27.  P.   Vaseyi   Bobbins.       Similar ;    very  delicate  ;   stem  almost  capillary ; 
floating  leaves  obovate  (0.7-1.4  cm.  long,  3-6.5  mm.  wide),  the  length  of  their 
filiform  petioles,  with  5-9  nerves  deeply  impressed  beneath,  cross-veins  distinct ; 
submersed  leaves  filiform-linear,  very  attenuate  (2.5-5  cm.  long,  0.1-0.5  mm. 
wide)  and  acute  ;    stipules  scarious,  long,  acute ;   spikes  all  emersed,  few,  in- 
terrupted-cylindric,  3-5-flowered,  on  a  thickish  peduncle  ;  fruit  oblique,  round- 
obovoid,  compressed,  slightly  sharp-margined,  tipped  with  a  distinct  recurved 
style,  the  sides  impressed  and  face  acute ;    upper  portion  of  the  embryo  cir- 
cularly incurved,  its  apex  transverse  to  the  fruit.  —  Me.  to  Ont.,  s.  to  Ct.,  N.  Y., 
O.,  111.,  and  Minn.,  local.    June-Aug.  — The  fruiting  form,  with  floating  leaves, 
rare  ;    the  submerged  form,  bearing  winter-buds,  apparently  much  more  abun- 
dant. 

28.  P.    gemmiparus   Robbins.      Stem  filiform,   branching,    terete,   varying 
greatly  in  height;  leaves  hair-like,  sometimes  not  as  broad  as  the  stem,  often 
with  no  apparent  midrib,  tapering  to  the  finest  point  (1.5-8  cm.  long),  bi-glan- 
dular at  base;  stipules  1.2-2.5  cm.  long,  obtuse,  early  deciduous ;  spikes  few  (3- 
6-flowered),  interrupted,  on  long  filiform  peduncles;   winter-buds  very  numer- 
ous; fruit  like  that  of  P.  pusillus,  but  flattened  and  impressed  on  the  sides,  very 
rare.  —  Slow-moving  streams  and  still  water,  centr.  Me.  to  R.  I.,  local.     Aug., 
Sept. 

29.  P.  rutilus  Wolfgang.     Stems  very  slender,  simple  or  slightly  branching 
at  base  ;  winter-buds  usually  wanting ;  leaves  erect,  narrowly  linear,  attenuate, 


NAJADACEAE    (POND  WEED   FAMILY)  77 

sharp-acuminate,  soon  revolute,  3-5-nerved,  the  prominent  midrib  often  com- 
pound, bi-glandular  at  base  ;  stipules  1-2  cm.  long,  acuminate,  scarious  and 
strongly  nerved,  persistent;  peduncles  1.3-3.5  era.  long;  spikes  elongate,  6-8- 
flowered  ;  fruit  narrowly  oblique-obovoid,  about  2  mm.  long,  the  erect  style 
nearly  in  line  with  the  straightish  ventral  face. — Gaspe"  Co.,  Que.,  to  Hudson 
Bay,  s.  to  Me.,  Vt.,  Mich.,  and  Minn.,  local.  (Eu.) 

30.  P.  folibsus   Raf.     titem  filiform,  flattish  and  very    branching ;   leaves 
narrowly  linear  (2-6  cm.  long,  0.3-1    mm.  wide),  acute,  obscurely  3-nerved  ; 
stipules  obtuse;  spikes  capitate,  l-4(usually  ^-flowered,  on  short  club-shaped 
peduncles  ;  fruit  roundish-lenticular,  the  back  more  or  less  crested  ;  upper  por- 
tion of  the  embryo  incurved  in  a  circle.    (P.  pauciflorus  Pursh.)  — Still  waters, 
N.  B.  to  B.  C.,  and  south w.     July-Sept. 

Var.  niagar6nsis  (Tuckerm.)  Morong.  Stem  often  longer;  leaves  larger 
(4-9  cm.  long,  1-2.4  mm.  wide),  3-5-nerved  at  base,  very  acute  and  mucronate, 
narrowed  to  the  subpetiolate  base. — Running  water,  Me.  to  Ont.,  and  southw.; 
also  in  Cal. 

31.  P.  confervoides  Reichenb.     Very  slender  and  delicate  from  a  creeping 
rootstock,  of  a  fine  light  green  ;  stem  filiform  with  several  short  and  repeatedly 
dichotomous  leaf-bearing  branches  ;  leaves  flaccid,  thin  and  flat,  but  setaceous 
and  tapering  nearly  to  the  fineness  of  a  hair  (2.5-6.5   cm.   long,  0.1-0.5  mm. 
wide),  obscurely  1-3-nerved,  with  a  few  coarse  reticulations;   stipules  rather 
persistent  below,  5  mm.  long,  obtuse  ;  peduncle  solitary,  very  long  (0.5-2  dm.), 
rather  thickened  upward  ;  spike  4-8-flowered,  in  fruit  continuous,  cylindrical; 
fruit  thick-lenticular,  obscurely  3-keeled  ;  seed  slightly  impressed  on  the  sides ; 
epicarp  thick  and  hard  ;  embryo  nearly  annular.     (P.  Tuckermani  Robbins.)  — 
Cold  ponds,  local,  Me.  to  N.  Y.,  N.  J.,  and  Pa.     June-Aug. 

32.  P.  hybridus  Michx.     Floating  leaves  (when  present)  oval  to  lance-oblong 
(the  largest  2.6  cm.  long,  1.2  cm.  wide),  often  acute,  longer  than  the  filiform 
petioles,  with  about  5-7  nerves  beneath  deeply  impressed  ;  submersed  leaves 
very  numerous,  almost  setaceous  (2-7  cm.    long,  0.1-0.5  mm.   wide)  ;  stipules 
obtuse,  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  lower  leaves  ;  emersed  spikes  0.5-1.5  cm.  long  ; 
submersed  spikes  1-4-flowered,  their  peduncles  frequently  recurved;  fruit  about 
1  mm.  long,  about  %-toothed  on  the  margin,  the  lateral  keels  smooth  ;  embryo 
coiled  l^  turns.     (P.  diversifolius  Raf.) — Shallow  quiet  waters,  Me.  to  Fla.  ; 
also  Mich,  to  Mont,  and  Tex.     July-Sept.  (Mex.,  W.  I.)     Var.  MULTI-DENTICU- 
LATUS  (Morong)  Asch.  &  Graebn.     Fruit  12-toothed  on  the  margin,  the  lateral 
keels  6-8-toothed.  —  Ct.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

33.  P.  dim6rphus  Raf.    Coarser ;  blades  of  the  floating  leaves  with  rather 
dilated  petioles,  with  5-many  nerves  beneath  deeply  impressed  ;  upper  submersed 
leaves  either  with  or  without  a  lance-oblong  or  broad-linear  proper  blade  ;  the 
numerous  lower  ones  narrow-linear,  tapering  toward  the  obtuse  apex  (2-4  cm. 
long,  about  1  mm.  wide);  stipules  early  lacerate  ;  submersed  flowers  1-4,  on  very 
short  erect  peduncles;  fruit  with  the  back  either  winged  and  with  4-5  distinct 
teeth  or  wingless  and  entire;  embryo  coiled  If  turns.     (P.  Spirillus  Tuckerm.) 
—  N.  B.  to  Ont.,  s.  to  Va.,  W.  Va.,  and  Mo.     June-Sept. 

34.  P.  filif6rmis  Pers.     Stems  from  elongate  tuberiferous  rootstocks,  filiform, 
branching  at  base,  low  and  very  leafy  ;  leaves  pale,  filiform,  less  than  0.5  mm. 
wide;    peduncles  much   elongated   and   overtopping   the  leaves  (in   one  form 
shorter);  spikes  of  2-5   whorls,  the  lowest    whorls  0.6-1.5  cm.   apart;  fruit 
2.5-3  mm.  long,  globose-obovoid,  not  keeled  upon  the  rounded  back,  tipped  with 
the  broad  sessile  stigma;  embryo  annular.     (P.  marinus  auth.,  not  L.  ?)  — 
Shallow  water  in  calcareous  regions,  e.  Que.  to  Alb.,  s.  to  n.  Me.,  n.  Vt.,  w. 
N.    Y.,    Mich.,  and  the  Rocky  Mts.     July-Sept.     (Eurasia,  Air.,  Austr.) 

35.  P.   interior  Rydb.     Coarser ;  the  comparatively  stout  stems  flattened, 
freely  branching  above,  elongate  ;  leaves  dark  green,  narrowly  linear,  0.5-2  mm. 
wide  ;   peduncles  of  various  lengths  ;    spikes  of  4-9  whorls,  the  upper  whorls 
crowded,  the  lowest  4-9  mm.  apart ;  fruit  compressed,  narrowly  oblique-obovoid, 
the  ventral  face  straightish.     (P.  filiformis,  vars.  Macounii  and  occidentalis 
Morong.)  —  Mostly   in  brackish   water,   P.    E.    I.;  Huds.  B.  to   Assina.    and 
Athabasca,  s.  to  Neb.,  Col.,  and  Nev.     July-Sept. 


78  NAJADACEAE    (PONDWEED   FAMILY) 

36.  P.  pectinlrtus  L.     Stem  filiform,  repeatedly  dichotomous ;   leaves  very 
narrowly  linear  or  setaceous,  attenuate  to  the  apex,  1-nerved  with  a  few  trans- 
verse veins  ;  peduncles  filiform  ;    spikes  of  2-6  remote  whorls  ;  fruit  obliquely 
broad-obovoid,  compressed,  3.5-4.5  mm.  long,  rounded  on  the  back,  obscurely 
ridged  on  the  sides ;  embryo  spirally  incurved.  —  Chiefly  in  brakish  water,  e. 
Que.  to  B.  C. ,  s.  along  the  coast  to  Fla. ,  and  in  the  interior  to  Pa. ,  the  Great 
Lake  region,  Kan.,  Col.,  etc.     July-Sept.     (Cosmop.) 

37.  P.  interruptus  Kitaibel.     Similar;   leaves  usually   broader   (0.5-2  mm. 
wide)  ;  edges  of  the  stipules  less  scarious  ;  fruit  more  compressed,  sharply  keeled. 
—  Coast  of  e.  N.  B. ;  Mich.  ;  probably  of  wide  distrib.    July-Sept.     (Eu. ) 

38.  P.  Robbinsii  Oakes.     Stem  ascending  from  a  creeping  base,  rigid,  very 
branching,  invested  by  the  bases  of  the  leaves  and  stipules  ;  leaves  crowded  in  two 
ranks,  recurved-spreading,  narrow-lanceolate  or  linear,  7-12  cm.  long,  acuminate, 
ciliate-serrulate  with   translucent  teeth,  many-nerved ;  stipules  obtuse  when 
young,   their  nerves  soon  becoming  bristles  ;   spikes  numerous,  loosely  few- 
flowered,  on  short  peduncles  ;  fruit  oblong-obovoid,  keeled  with  a  broadish  wing, 
acutely  beaked ;  embryo  stout,  ovally  annular.  — In  quiet  water,  N.  B.  to  B.  C., 
s.  to  Del.,  Pa.,  Ind.,  Wyo.,  Ida.,  and  Ore. ;  rarely  fruiting.    July-Sept. 

2.   RUPPIA  L.     DITCH  GRASS 

Flowers  2  or  more  (approximate  on  a  slender  spadix,  which  is  at  first  inclosed 
in  the  sheathing  spathe-like  base  of  a  leaf),  consisting  of  2  sessile  stamens,  each 
with  2  large  and  separate  anther-cells,  and  4  small  sessile  ovaries,  with  solitary 
campylotropous  suspended  ovules  ;  stigma  sessile,  depressed.  Fruit  small  ob- 
liquely ovoid  pointed  drupes,  each  raised  on  a  slender  stalk  which  appears  after 
flowering ;  the  spadix  itself  also  then  raised  on  an  elongated  thread-form 
peduncle.  Embryo  ovoid,  with  a  short  and  pointed  plumule  from  the  upper  end, 
by  the  side  of  the  short  cotyledon.  — Marine  herbs,  growing  under  water,  with 
long  and  thread-like  forking  stems,  and  slender  almost  capillary  alternate  leaves 
sheathing  at  the  base.  Flowers  rising  to  the  surface  at  the  time  of  expansion. 
(Dedicated  to  H.  B.  Euppius,  a  German  botanist  of  the  18th  century.) 

1.  R.  maritima  L.  Leaves  linear-capillary  ;  fruit  obliquely  erect ;  fruiting 
peduncles  capillary  (1-3  dm.  long)  ;  stipes  0.5-4  cm.  long.  —  Shallow  bays  and 
streams,  along  the  entire  coast ;  also  occasionally  in  saline  places  in  the  interior. 
(Cosmop.) 

3.  ZANNICHELLIA   [Mich.]    L.     HORNED  PONDWEED 

Flowers  monoecious,  sessile,  naked,  usually  both  kinds  from  the  same  axil ; 
the  sterile  consisting  of  a  single  stamen,  with  a  slender  filament  bearing  a  2-4- 
celled  anther ;  the  fertile  of  2-5  (usually  4)  sessile  pistils  in  the  same  cup-shaped 
involucre,  forming  obliquely  oblong  nutlets  in  fruit,  beaked  with  a  short  style, 
which  is  tipped  by  an  obliquely  disk-shaped  or  somewhat  2-lobed  stigma.  Seed 
orthotropous,  suspended,  straight.  Cotyledon  taper,  bent  and  coiled. — Slender 
branching  herbs,  growing  under  water,  with  mostly  opposite  long  and  linear 
thread-form  entire  leaves,  and  sheathing  membranous  stipules.  (Named  in 
honor  of  G.  Gr.  Zannichelli,  a  Venetian  botanist.) 

1.  Z.  palustris  L.  Style  at  least  half  as  long  as  the  fruit,  which  is  flattish, 
somewhat  incurved,  even,  or  occasionally  more  or  less  toothed  on  the  back  (not 
wing-margined  in  our  plant),  nearly  sessile;  or,  in  var.  PEDUNCCL\TA  J.  Gay, 
both  the  cluster  and  the  separate  fruits  evidently  peduncled.  —  Ponds  and  slow 
streams,  chiefly  brackish,  throughout  N.  A.  July.  (Cosmop.) 

4.   ZOSTERA  L.     GRASS  WRACK.    EEL  GRASS 

Flowers  monoecious ;  the  two  kinds  naked  and  sessile  and  alternately  ar- 
ranged in  two  rows  on  the  midrib  of  one  side  of  a  linear  leaf -like  spadix,  which 
.is  hidden  in  a  long  and  sheath-like  base  of  a  leaf  (spathe)  ;  the  sterile  flowers 
consisting  of  single  ovate  or  oval  1-celled  sessile  anthers,  as  large  as  the  ovaries, 


JUNCAGINACEAE   (ARROW   GRASS   FAMILY)  79 

and  containing  a  tuft  of  threads  in  place  of  ordinary  pollen  ;  the  fertile  of  single 
ovate-oblong  ovaries  attached  near  their  apex,  tapering  upward  into  an  awl- 
shaped  style,  and  containing  a  pendulous  orthotropous  ovule  ;  stigmas  2,  long 
and  bristle-form,  deciduous.  Utricle  bursting  irregularly,  inclosing  an  oblong 
longitudinally  ribbed  seed  (or  nutlet).  Embryo  short  and  thick  (proper  cotyle- 
don almost  obsolete),  with  an  open  chink  or  cleft  its  whole  length,  from  which 
protrudes  a  doubly  curved  slender  plumule.  — Grass-like  marine  herbs,  growing 
wholly  under  water,  from  a  jointed  creeping  stem  or  rootstock,  sheathed  by  the 
bases  of  the  very  long  and  linear  obtuse  entire  grass-like  ribbon-shaped  leaves 
(whence  the  name,  from  facrr-ftp,  a  belt}. 

1.  Z.  marina  L.  Leaves  obscurely  3-5-nerved.  —  Shoal  water  of  bays  along 
the  coast,  Nfd.  to  Fla.  ;  Pacific  coast.  (Eurasia.) 

5.    NAjAS   L.     NAIAD 

Flowers  dioecious  or  monoecious,  axillary,  solitary,  and  sessile  ;  the  sterile 
consisting  of  a  single  stamen  inclosed  in  a  little  membranous  spathe  ;  anther  at 
first  nearly  sessile,  the  filament  at  length  elongated.  Fertile  flowers  consisting 
of  a  single  ovary  tapering  into  a  short  style  ;  stigmas  2-4,  awl-shaped  ;  ovule 
erect,  anatropous.  Fruit  a  little  seed-like  nutlet,  inclosed  in  a  loose  and  sepa- 
rable membranous  epicarp.  Embryo  straight,  the  radicular  end  downward.  — 
Slender  branching  herbs,  growing  under  water,  with  opposite  and  linear  leaves, 
somewhat  crowded  into  whorls,  spinulose-toothed,  sessile  and  dilated  at  base. 
Flowers  very  small,  solitary,  but  often  clustered  with  the  branch-leaves  in  the 
axils  ;  in  summer.  (Nai'ds,  a  water-nymph.} 

1.  N.  marina  L.     Stem  rather  stout  and  often  armed  with  broad  prickles ; 
leaves  broadly  linear  (2  mm.  broad},  coarsely  and  sharply  toothed,  the  dilated 
base  entire  ;  fruit  4-5  mm.  long;  seed  very  finely  lineate,  oblong,  slightly  com- 
pressed. —  Marshes  and  salt  springs  of  w.  N.Y.,  Mich.,  and  Minn.;  Fla.;  Utah  to 
Mex.  — Teeth  of  one  or  more  brownish  cells  upon  a  many-celled  base.     (W.  I., 
Eurasia,  Austr.) 

Var.  gracilis  Morong.  Internodes  long  (5-8  cm.)  and  nearly  naked,  with 
only  a  few  teeth  above  ;  leaves  very  narrow  (0.5  mm.  wide)  with  8-12  teeth 
on  each  margin,  the  dilated  base  also  toothed  ;  fruit  smaller.  —  Canoga  marshes, 
w.  N.  Y.;  Fla. 

Var.  recurvata  Dudley.  Stems  short,  inclined  to  be  dichotomously  branched, 
recurved-spreading ;  leaves  usually  recurved,  the  teeth  prominent,  2-7  on  each 
margin,  the  dilated  base  with  a  projecting  tooth  each  side.  —  N.  Y. ;  Utah  and  Ariz. 

2.  N.  fl£xilis  (Willd.)  Rostk.  &  Schmidt.     Stems  usually  very  slender  ;  leaves 
very  narrowly  linear  (less  than  1  mm.  wide),  very  minutely  serrulate,  tapering 
gradually  to  the  serrulate  base;  fruit  2. 5-3  mm.  long,  narrowly  oblong;  seeds 
lance-oval,  smooth  and  shining.  —  Ponds  and  slow  streams,  Lab.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to 
S.  C.  and  Mo.  —  Teeth  on  the  margins  of  the  leaves  1-celled.      (Eu.)     Var. 
ROBUSTA  Morong.    Stem  stout,  few-leaved,  sparsely  branching,  elongated ;  leaves 
flat,  strongly  ascending,  linear-tapering.  — Mass,  to  Mich,  and  Tex. 

3.  N.  guadalupSnsis  (Spreng.)    Morong.     Similar;    leaves  with  20-45  very 
minute  teeth  on  each  margin ;    fruit  2  mm.    long ;    seeds  dull,  conspicuously 
reticulate.     (N.  microdon  A.  Br.) — Pa.  to  Neb.,  and  southw.     (Trop.  Am.) 

4.  N.  gracillima  (A.  Br.)  Magnus.      Branches  alternate;    leaves  very  nar- 
rowly linear,  nearly  capillary,  straight,  serrate,  the  rounded  lobes  of  the  sheath- 
ing base  spinulose-ciliate  ;  fruit  linear,  impresses-dotted  between  the  numerous 
ribs.     (N.  indica,  var.  A.  Br.)  —  Local,  e.  Mass.  toe.  N.  Y.,  N.  J.,  and  Pa. ;  Mo. 
—  Teeth  of  3  cells  each. 

JUNCAGINACEAE     (ARROW  GRASS  FAMILY) 

Marsh  plants,  with  terete  bladeless  leaves.  Flowers  perfect,  spicate  or 
racemose,  with  herbaceous  6(rarely  %}-lobed  perianth.  Carpels  3  or  6,  more 
or  less  united,  separating  at  maturity.  Seeds  anatropous;  embryo  straight. 
Fruit  follicular  or  capsular. 


80  ALISMACEAE  (  WATER-PLANTAIN   FAMILY) 

1.  Scheuchzeria.    Ovaries  3,  nearly  distinct,  at  length  divergent.    Flowers  bracteate,  in  a  loose 

raceme  upon  a  leafy  stem. 

2.  Triglochin.    Ovaries  3-6,  united  until  maturity.     Leaves  radical.    Flowers  bractless,  in  a 

spike-like  raceme  terminating  a  jointless  scape. 

1.   SCHEUCHZERIA    L. 

Sepals  and  petals  oblong,  spreading,  nearly  alike  (greenish  yellow),  but  the 
latter  narrower,  persistent.  Stamens  6 ;  anthers  linear.  Ovaries  3,  globular, 
slightly  united  at  base,  2-3-ovuled,  bearing  flat  sessile  stigmas,  in  fruit  forming 
3  diverging  and  inflated  1-2-seeded  pods,  opening  along  the  inside. —  A  low  bog- 
herb,  with  a  creeping  jointed  rootstock,  tapering  into  the  ascending  simple  stem, 
which  is  zigzag,  partly  sheathed  by  the  bases  of  the  grass-like  conduplicate 
leaves,  and  termimated  by  a  loose  raceme  of  a  few  flowers,  with  sheathing 
bracts  ;  leaves  tubular  at  the  apex.  (Named  for  Johann  and  Johann  Jacob 
Scheuchzer,  distinguished  Swiss  botanists  early  in  the  18th  century.) 

1.  S.  palustris  L.  —  Peat-bogs,  and  wet  shores,  e.  Que.  to  N.  J.,  westw. 
across  the  continent.  June.  (Eurasia.) 

2.   TRIGL6CHIN    L.    ARROW  GRASS 

Sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike  (greenish),  ovate,  concave,  deciduous.  Sta- 
mens 3-6  ;  anthers  oval,  on  very  short  filaments.  Pistils  united  into  a  3-6- 
celled  compound  ovary ;  stigmas  sessile ;  ovules  solitary.  Capsule  splitting 
when  ripe  into  3-6  carpels,  which  separate  from  a  persistent  central  axis.  — 
Perennials,  with  rush-like  fleshy  leaves  below  sheathing  the  base  of  the  wand- 
like  naked  and  jointless  scape.  Flowers  small,  in  a  spiked  raceme,  bractless. 
(Name  composed  of  rpeis,  three,  and  y\c*xh,  point,  from  the  three  points  of  the 
ripe  fruit  in  no.  3  when  dehiscent.) 

Fruit  thicker  than  long 1.  T.  striata. 

Fruit  longer  than  thick. 

Fruit  (with  3-6  carpels)  ovoid-prismatic,  about  twice  as  long  as  thick        .        .  2.  T.  maritima. 

Fruit  (3-carpelled)  clavate-  or  linear-prismatic,  3-5  times  as  long  as  thick .        .  3.  T.  palustris. 

1.  T.  striata  R.  &  P.      Scape  (8-34  cm.  high)  and  leaves  slender ;  flowers 
very   small ;   sepals  and   stamens   3 ;   fruit   globose-triangular,    or   when  dry 
3-lobed.     (  T.  triandra  Michx. )  —  Salt  marshes,  near  seashore,  Md.  to  Fla.  and 
La.     (S.  A.) 

2.  T.    maritima    L.     Scape  (1.5-7.5  dm.  high)  and  leaves  thickish;  fruit 
ovoid  or  short-prismatic,  acutish  ;  carpels  3-  (more  often)  6,  rounded  at  base 
and  slightly  grooved  on  the  back,  the  edges  acutish.  —  Salt  marshes  near  the 
coast,  Lab.  to  N.  J.,  and  in  saline,  boggy,  or  wet  places  across  the  continent. 
(Eurasia.,  n.  Afr.) 

3.  T.  palustris  L.     Scape  (5-50  cm.  high)  and  leaves  slender ;  stamens  6  ; 
fruit  linear-club-shaped;   carpels  when  ripe  separating  from  below  upward, 
leaving  a  triangular  axis,   awl-pointed  at  base.  —  Marshes  (usually  brackish) 
and  bogs,  Greenl.  to  the  coast  of  s.  Me. ;  also  inland  along  the  St.  John  and 
St.  Lawrence  R.,  Great  Lakes  and  north  westw.     (Eurasia.) 

ALISMACEAE     (WATER-PLANTAIN  FAMILY) 

Marsh  herbs,  with  scape-like  stems,  sheathing  leaves,  and  perfect,  monoecious, 
or  dioecious  flowers ;  perianth  of  3  herbaceous  persistent  sepals  and  as  many 
{often  conspicuous}  white  deciduous  petals,  which  are  imbricate  or  involute  in 
bud;  stamens  6  or  more,  included;  ovaries  numerous,  distinct,  l-celled  and 
mostly  l-ovuled,  becoming  achenes  in  fruit  (in  our  genera)  ;  seeds  erect,  cam- 
pylotropous.  —  Roots  fibrous  ;  leaves  radical,  petiolate  and  strongly  nerved  with 
transverse  veinlets,  the  earlier  sometimes  without  blade  ;  flowers  long-pedicellate, 


ALISMACEAE    (  WATER-PLANTAIN   FAMILY)  81 

mostly  verticillate,  in  a  loose  raceme  or  panicle,  with  lanceolate  scarious  bracts 
slightly  connate  at  base. 

1.  Sagittaria.     Monoecious  (or  dioecious),  lower  (first  developed)  flowers  pistillate,  the  upper 

(later)  ones  staminate.     Stamens  indefinite,  mostly  numerous.     Carpels  strongly  flattened, 
in  a  dense  head. 

2.  Lophotocarpus.     Polygamous ;  lower  flowers  perfect,  the  upper  staminate.    Stamens  9-15. 

Carpels  strongly  flattened,  in  a  dense  head. 

3.  Echinodorus.     Flowers  all  perfect.     Stamens  6-21,  mostly  definite.      Carpels  somewhat 

turgid,  in  a  dense  head. 

4.  Alisma.    Flowers  all  perfect.    Stamens  usually  6.    Carpels  strongly  flattened,  in  a  single  ring. 

1.    SAGITTARIA    L.    ARROW-HEAD 

Sepals  loosely  spreading  or  reflexed  in  fruit.  Petals  imbricated  in  the  bud. 
Ovaries  crowded  in  a  spherical  or  somewhat  triangular  depressed  head  on  a 
globular  receptacle,  in  fruit  forming  flat  membranaceous  winged  achenes. — 
Marsh  or  aquatic,  mostly  perennial,  stoloniferous  herbs,  with  milky  juice ; 
the  scapes  sheathed  at  base  by  the  bases  of  the  long  cellular  petioles,  of  which 
the  primary  ones,  and  sometimes  all,  are  destitute  of  any  proper  blade  (i.e.  are 
phyllodia)  ;  when  present  the  blade  is  arrow-shaped  or  lanceolate.  Flowers 
produced  all  summer,  whorled  in  threes,  with  membranous  bracts.  (Name 
from  sagitta,  an  arrow,  from  the  prevalent  form  of  the  leaves.) 

a.   Beak  of  the  achene  erect  or  nearly  so    &. 
b.  Beak  long,  usually  half  to  three-fourths  the  length  of  the  body. 

Leaves  habitually  sagittate,  the  basal  lobes  nearly  or  quite  as 
long  as  the  terminal  portion  of  the  blade. 

Stout ;  leaf-blades  broadly  ovate-oblong 1.  S.  longirostra. 

Slender ;  leaf-blades  linear 8.  S.  Engelmanniana. 

Leaves  lanceolate  to   elliptical,  the  basal  lobes  when  present 

much  shorter  than  the  terminal  portion        .        .        .  8.   8.  heterophylla. 

6.  Beak  very  short,  not  one-fourth  the  length  of  the  body. 
Leaves  all  or  most  of  them  sagittate,  ovate. 

Lowest  bracts  0.5-1.5  cm.  long;  leaf-blades  2-18  cm.  long        .      4.   S.  arifolia. 
Lowest  bracts  2-4  cm.  long ;  leaf-blades  2.5-5  dm.  long    .        .      5.  S.  brevirostra. 
Leaves  never  sagittate. 

Fruiting  pedicels  thickish,  recurved 11.   S.  subulata. 

Fruiting  pedicels  slender,  ascending  or  spreading      .        .        .10.   S.  leres. 
a.   Beak  of  the  achene  strongly  incurved,  almost  or  quite  horizontal   c. 
c.   Leaves  habitually  sagittate,  the  basal  lobes  nearly  or  quite  as  long 

as  the  terminal  portion 2.  S.  latifolia. 

o.  Leaves  linear  to  elliptic-ovate,  entire  or  rarely  sagittate  at  the  base, 
the  basal  lobes  when  present  much  shorter  than  the  terminal 
portion  of  the  blade. 

Fertile  pedicels  thickened,  recurved  ;  western       .        .        .        .    12.  S.  plfityphylla. 
Fertile  pedicels  slender,  ascending  or  spreading. 

Filaments  thickened  at  the  base,  short 9.  S.  graminea. 

Filaments  slender,  longer  than  the  anthers,  pubescent     .  6.  S.  lancifolia. 

Filaments  slender,  longer  than  the  anthers,  glabrous        .  7.  S.  ambigua. 

*  Filaments  numerous,   narrow,  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  linear-oblong 
anthers;  bracts  3,  distinct;  fruiting  heads  large. 

1.  S.  Iongir6stra  (M.  Micheli)  J.  G.  Sm.     Robust,  3-6  dm.  high,  monoecious  ; 
leaves  broadly  ovate-oblong,  obtusish,  sagittate  with  broad  basal  lobes ;  fertile 
whorls  2-4  ;  fertile  pedicels  about  1  cm.  long ;  body  of  the  mature  achene  obovate, 
winged  all  round,  3  mm.  long,  the  beak  nearly  erect  from  the 

inner  angle,  1.5-2  mm.  long.  —  About  springs,  etc.,  Ct.  (Harger), 
N.  J.,  and  Pa.  to  Ky.,  Del.,  and  Ala.     FIG.  33. 

2.  S.  latif&lia  Willd.     Glabrous;  scape  1-9 dm. hi^h,  angled, 
with  one  or  more  of  the  lower  whorls  fertile  ;  leaves  ovate,  acute, 
almost  always  sagittate,  the  basal  lobes  triangular,  acute ;  pedi- 
cels of  the  fertile  flowers  at  least  half  the  length  of  the  sterile 

ones ;  petals  wholly  white  ;  filaments  glabrous,  nearly  twice  the  83.  S.  longirostra 
length  of  the  anthers;  achenes  obovate  (about  2  mm.  long),       Athene  x  8. 
GRAY'S  MANUAL  —  6 


82 


ALISMACEAE    (WATER-PLANTAIN   FAMILY) 


84.  8.  latifolia. 
Achene  x  3, 


winged  on  both  margins,  with  a  curved  usually  horizontal  beak.  (&  variabilis 
Engelm.) — In  water  or  wet  places,  very  common;  exceedingly  variable  as  to 
leaf-contour.  FIG.  34.  The  following  forms,  although  ill  defined, 
are  in  most  instances  recognizable  :  Forma  OBTUSA  (Muhl.) 
Robinson.  (S.  obtusa  Muhl.)  Leaves  very  broad,  sagittate,  ob- 
tuse. Forma  HASTATA  (Pursh)  Robinson.  (S.  hastata  Pursh.) 
Leaf-blades  and  their  basal  lobes  oblong-lanceolate,  acute.  Forma 
GRACILIS  (Pursh)  Robinson.  (S.  gracilis  Pursh.)  Leaf -blades  and 
their  basal  lobes  narrowly  linear.  Forma  DIVERSIFOLIA  (Engelm.) 
Robinson.  ($.  variabilis,  var.  Engelm.)  Leaf -blades  partly  sagit- 
tate and  partly  lanceolate  or  elliptic  without  basal  lobes. 
Var.  pubSscens  (Muhl.)  J.  G.  Sm.  Robust,  pubescent,  broad- 
leaved;  bracts  shorter  than  in  the  other  forms,  6-9  mm.  long, 
broadly  ovate,  obtusish,  and  very  pubescent. — N.  J.  and  Pa.  to 
N.  C. 

3.  S.    Engelmanniana    J.   G.  Sm.       Slender;    lobes    of    the 
sagittate  leaves  very  narrowly  linear  (1-3   mm.   wide)  ;   achene 
narrowly  cuneate-obovate  (4  mm.  long),  the  beak  elongated,  erect 
or  recurved,  the  sides  usually  strongly  1-3-crested.     (S.  variabilis, 
var.  gracilis  Engelm.) — About  ponds,  etc.,  "N.  H."  and  Mass. 
to  Del.    FIG.  35. 

4.  S.   arif61ia  Nutt.      Monoecious,  glabrous;    scape  2-4  dm. 

high,  simple  or  rarely  branched  ;  fertile  whorls  l-( rarely) 3  ;  fertile  pedicels 
3-11  mm.  long;  leaf- blades  sagittate-hastate,  ovate,  acute;  achenes  winged  all 
round,  bearing  at  the  upper  inner  angle  a  minute  erect  beak.  — 
Que.  to  centr.  Me.,  Vt.,  Ct.,  Mich.,  Kan.,  Dak.,  and  westw. — 
When  in  deep  water  producing  lance-linear  phyllodia  at  the  base 
and  developing  elongated  petioles  of  the  blade-bearing  leaves 
(S.  cuneata  Sheldon).  FIG.  36. 

5.  S.  brevir6stra  Mackenzie  &  Bush.  Very  stout ;  scape  6-12 
dm.  high ;  leaf-blades  all  sagittate,  basal  lobes  ovate-lanceolate, 
acute,  about  as  long  as  the  terminal  portion ;  inflorescence  simple 
or  slightly  branched,  2-5  dm.  long ;  bracts  lanceolate,  attenuate  ;  fruiting  pedi- 
cels 1-2  cm.  long  ;  fruiting  heads  2-3  cm.  in  diameter;  achenes  cuneate-obovate, 
with  dorsal  wing  prominent ;  beak  suberect,  but  little  surpassing  the  wing  at 
the  summit.  —  Sloughs  and  bottoms,  Ind.  to  Kan. 

6.  S.  lancifblia  L.    Scape  8-15  dm.  high,  with  several  of  the  lower  whorls 
fertile  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  lance-oblong,  rarely  linear,  all  with  a  tapering  base, 
thick  or  coriaceous  (1.5-4.5  dm.  long  on  a  long  and  stout  petiole,  never  sagittate), 
the  nerves  mostly  arising  from  the  very  thick  midrib ;  bracts  ovate,  acute  or  acu- 
minate ;   pedicels  slender,  the  fertile  scarcely  shorter  than  the 

sterile  ones  ;  filaments  pubescent ;  achenes  falcate,  winged  on  the 
back,  pointed  with  an  incurved  beak.  — Swamps,  Md.  to  Ky.,  Mo., 
andsouthw.  (W.I.)  FIG.  37. 

7.  S.  ambigua  J.  G.  Sm.    Scape  4-6  dm.  high ;  leaves  as  in 
the  preceding  ;  raceme  simple  ;  pedicels  1.5-2.5  cm.  long  ;  bracts 
lanceolate,  small  (8  mm.  long)  ;  filaments  glabrous  ;    achenes 

with  a  short  incurved  beak,  scarcely  winged.  —  Borders  of  ponds,  etc.,  Kan. 
and  souhtw. 


36.  S.  arifolia. 
Achene  x  3. 


87.  S.  lancifolia. 
Achene  x  8. 


*  *  Filaments  very  short,  with  enlarged  mostly  glandular  base  ;  anthers  ovate  or 
short-oblong ;  fruiting  heads  small;  bracts  more  or  less  connate ;  leaves  very 
rarely  sagittate. 

8.    S.  heterophylla  Pursh.     Scape  weak  (1.5-8  dm.  high), 
at  length  procumbent ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  lance-oval,  entire, 
or  with  one  or  two  narrow  basal  sagittate  appendages  ;  bracts 
roundish,  obtuse  ;  flowers  of  the  lowest  whorl  fertile  and  almost 
sessile ;    the  sterile    on  long  pedicels  ;    filaments   glanclular- 
38.  S.  heterophylla.  pubescent ;  achenes  narrowly  obovate  with  a  long  erect  beak.  — 
Achene  x3.        N.  E.  to  Fla.,  w.  to  Minn,  and  Mo.  —  Varies  as  to  foliage,  the 


ALISMACEAE    (WATER-PLANTAIN   FAMILY)  83 

leaves  being  broad  (var.  ELLIPTICA  Engelm.),  or  rigid,  narrowly  lanceolate  and 
acute,  unappendaged  at  the  base,  and  with  stout  petioles  (var.  R^GIDA  (Pursh) 
Engelm.),  or  nearly  linear  (var.  ANGUSTir6LiA  Engelm.).  FIG.  38. 

9.  S.  graminea   Michx.     Scape  0.8-5    din.    high ;  phyllodia  flat,    mostly 
broad-linear,  acuminate;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  to  linear,   on  long   slender 
petioles,  sometimes  reduced  to  the  petiole  merely  ;  bracts  rather 

obtuse ;  whorls  of  flowers  often  few,  all  staminate  or  the  lower  ^ 

fertile  ;  pedicels  slender,  spreading,  nearly  equal ;  flowers  white  V 

or  roseate;  filaments  10-13  "-20,"  glandular-pubescent;  achene 
small  (1  mm.  long),  narrowly  obovate,  almost  beakless,  winged  39.  S.  graminea. 
on  the  back,  flat  and  scarcely  costate  on  the  sides.     (S.  Eaioni     Ach<      *   ' 
J.  G.  Sm.)  — Nfd.  to  Ont.,  s.  to  the  Gulf  ;  very  variable.     FIG.  39.     S.  CRISTATA 
Engelm.  is  apparently  a  form  of  this  species  with  achenes  somewhat  wing- 
crested. 

10.  S.  tdres  Wats.    Phyllodia  terete,  very  acutely  attenuate  upward,  9-34  cm. 
long,  very  rarely  bearing  a  narrow  blade  ;  scape  1-5  dm.  high  ;  bracts  connate 

at  base  ;  pedicels  in  1-3  whorls,  all  very  slender  and  spreading,  1  or 
2  fruiting,  1-3  cm.  long;  filaments  12,  dilated,  pubescent;  achene 
obovate,  2-2.4  mm.  long,  with  an  erect  beak,  the  margins  and  sides 
crenately  several-crested.  (8.  isoetiformis  J.  G.  Sm.)  —  In  shallow 
water,  Cape  Cod,  Mass. ,  and  L.  I.  to  Fla.  —  Phyllodia  usually  very 
strongly  nodose.  FIG.  40. 

11.  S.  subulata  (L.)  Buchenau.  Usually  dwarf;  leaves  linear, 
strap-shaped,  obtuse  or  acutish,  3-20  cm.  long,  equaling  or  shorter  than  the  scape, 
very  rarely  with  a  narrow  blade ;  pedicels  in  1-3  whorls,  only  1  or  2  fruiting, 
stouter  and  recurved;  bracts  connate  or  spathe-like;  filaments  6-8,  glabrous', 
achene  obovate,  short-beaked,  2  mm.  long,  the  margins  and  sides  crenately 
crested.  (8.  natans,  var.  lorata  Chapm.  ;  8.  pusilla  Nutt.) — In  mud  or  shal- 
low water,  near  the  coast ;  Ct.  to  Fla.  —  In  the  South  often  becoming  more 
robust. 

Var.  (?)  graclllima  (Wats.)  J.  G.  Sm.  Scape  and  the  almost  or  wholly 
bladeless  leaves  very  slender  and  greatly  elongated  (6-12  dm.  long,  2  mm.  wide) ; 
pedicels  all  elongated,  in  usually  distant  whorls,  the  lower  pistillate,  slender  and 
spreading  ;  fruit  unknown.  (8.  natans,  var.  Wats.) — In  deep  water  of  streams 
in  e.  Mass.  (Hitchings,  Boott,  C.  E.  Faxon,  etc.),  R.  I.  (J.  F.  Collins),  and  Ct. 
(Bissell). —  Wholly  submerged,  only  1  or  2  flowers  appearing  at  a  time,  floating 
on  the  surface.  The  fruit  has  not  yet  been  collected. 

12.    S.  platyphylla  (Engelm.)  J.  G.  Sm.    Scape  2-5  dm.  high  ;  ^* 

leaves  elliptic-lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends,  rarely  biauriculate  yg 

at  the  base,  9-11-nerved  ;  fertile  whorls  usually  2  ;  fertile  pedi- 
cels about  2  cm.  long,  soon  recurved  ;  stamens  about  20,  the  broad 
base  of  the  filament  pubescent.     (S.  graminea,  var.  Engelm.) —  41.  s.  platyphylla. 
River  sloughs,  s.  Mo.  and  Kan.  to  Tex.     FIG.  41.  Achene  x8. 

2.  LOPHOTOCARPUS    Th.  Durand 

Sepals  strongly  concave,  erect  and  appressed  to  the  fruit.  —  Perennials  with 
habit  and  carpels  much  as  in  Sagittaria.  (Name  from  \60os,  a  crest,  and  /cap7r6s, 
fruit,  not  very  applicable.)  LOPHIOCARPUS  (Kunth)  Miquel,  not  Turcz. 

*  Chiefly  maritime  ;  leaves  mostly  thick  spongy  phyllodia,  the  blades  when 
present  small,  lance-oblong,  entire,  or  ovate  and  sagittate,  the  auricles 
relatively  small,  linear-oblong,  divergent. 

1.  L.  spongibsus  (Engelm.)  J.  G.  Sm.  Low  (1-3  dm.  high)  ;  leaf-blades 
0.5-2.5  cm.  broad;  the  thick  spongy  petioles  septate-nodulose  ;  scapes  4-15  cm. 
high,  recurved,  bearing  mostly  2  whorls  of  flowers  ;  head  of  carpels  7-10  mm. 
in  diameter.  (L.  spatulatus  J.  G.  Sm.;  Sagittaria  calycina,  var.  Engelm.) 
—  On  tidal  mud  of  brackish  estuaries,  etc.,  N.  B.  (Fowler)  to  Del.  ;  rarely 
inland,  Mo.  (L.  depauperatus  J.  G.  Sm.,  at  least  in  part). 


84 


ALISMACEAE    (WATER  PLANTAIN    FAMILY) 


*  *  Species  of  the  interior ;    leaf-blades  relatively  large,  sagittate  with  broad 

triangular  auricles. 

2.  L.  calycinus  (Engelm.)  J.  G.  Sm.  Taller  (1.5-4  dm.  high)  ;  leaf-blades 
deeply  sagittate,  thin,  10-15-nerved,  4-8  cm.  broad,  the  auricles  triangular, 
acute,  nearly  or  quite  as  long  as  the  terminal  portion  of  the  blade  ;  stipes  re- 
curving or  procumbent,  1-4  dm.  long,  usually  bearing  3-4  whorls  of  flowers  ; 
nead  of  carpels  about  1  cm.  in  diameter.  (Sagittaria  Engelm.)  —  Muddy  banks, 
Mich,  to  Dak.  and  southw. 

Var.  maximus  (Engelm.)  Robinson.  Leaf-blades  very  large  (3  dm.  wide), 
18-21-nerved,  considerably  broader  than  long,  the  auricles  almost  divaricate ; 
inflorescence  stout,  sometimes  branched.  (Sagittaria  calycina,  var.  Engelm. > 
—  O.  (Moseley)  and  southw. 


42.  E.  tenellus. 
a.  Fl.  x  1.    6.  Fr.  x  1. 

G.  Achene  3. 


3.   ECHIN6DORUS    Richard. 

Petals  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  6-21  or  more.  —  Mostly  annuals,  with 
the  habit  of  Sagittaria,  the  naked  stems  sparingly  branched  or  simple,  and  the 
flowers  on  rather  short  pedicels,  in  whorls  of  3-6  or  more. 
Fl.  summer  and  autumn.  (Name  from  ^"^T^S,  prickly, 
or  from  ^%ZVos,  and  8op6s,  a  leathern  bottle,  applied  to  the 
ovary,  which  is  in  most  species  armed  with  the  persistent 
style,  so  as  to  form  a  sort  of  prickly  head  of  fruit. ) 

1.  E.  tenSllus  (Martius)  Buchenau.  Scapes  1.5-10  cm. 
high ;  shoots  often  creeping  and  proliferous ;  submersed 
leaves  lance-linear  phyllodia,  emersed  leaves  petiolate  with 
a  lanceolate  blade,  acute  (1-3  cm.  long)  ;  umbel  single, 
2-8-flowered ;  pedicels  reflexed  in  fruit ;  flower  6  mm. 
broad  ;  stamens  9 ;  styles  much  shorter  than  the  ovary ; 
achenes  beakless,  8-ribbed,  reddish  brown,  without  glands. 
(Alisma  Martins ;  Helianthium  Britton ;  E.  parvulits 
Engelm.)  —  Submersed  or  on  mud,  e.  Mass.,  Mich.,  Minn.,  and 
southw.  (S.  A.)  FIG.  42. 

2.   E.   cordif&lius  (L.)  Griseb.      Scape  erect,  1-6  dm  high, 
longer  than  the  leaves  ;  leaves  broadly  ovate,  cordate  or  truncate 
at  base,  obtuse  (the  blade  2-11  cm.  long)  ;  umbel  proliferous,    43  E.  cordifolius. 
in  a  branched  panicle  ;   flower  8-10  mm.  broad ;  stamens  12  ;        Achene  x  3. 
styles  longer  than  the  ovary  ;  achenes  with  a  conspicuous  erect 
beak.     (E.  rostratus  Engelm.) — Borders  of  ponds  and  ditches,  111.  to  Kan., 
s.  Cal.,  and  Fla.     FIG.  43.     Var.  LANCEOLATUS  (Engelm.) 
Mackenzie    &  Bush  is  a  low  form   which   has  the  leaves 
lanceolate  with  an  acute  base.  —  111.,  Mo. 

3.   E.  radicans  (Nutt.)  Engelm.    Stems  or  scape  prostrate, 
creeping  (6-12  dm.  long),  proliferous,  bearing  many  whorls 
of  flowers ;  leaves  somewhat  truncately  heart-shaped,  obtuse 
(5-20  cm.  broad),  long-petioled ;  flowers  12-2!)  mm.  broad; 
stamens  about  21  ;  styles  shorter  than  the  ovary ;  achenes 
44.  E.  radicans.         with  a  short  incurved  beak,  the  keeled  back  denticulate. 
a.  Fr.  x  1.  — About  ponds,  etc.,  111.  to  N.  C.  and  Fla.,  w.  to  Kan.  and 

6.  Achene  x  3.  Tex.      FlG.  44. 


4.  ALISMA    L.     WATER  PLANTAIN 

Petals  involute  in  the  bud.  Ovaries  many  in  a  simple  circle  on  a  flattened 
receptacle,  forming  flattened  coriaceous  achenes,  which  are  dilated  and  2-3- 
keeled  on  the  back.  —  Scape  with  whorled  panicled  branches.  Flowers  small, 
white  or  pale  rose-color.  (The  Greek  name  ;  of  uncertain  derivation.) 

1.  A.  Plantago-aquatica  L.  Perennial  by  a  stout  proliferous  corm  ;  leaves 
long-petioled,  ovate  or  oblong,  acute,  mostly  rounded  or  heart-shaped  at  base. 
3-9-nerved  ;  scapes  1  or  2;  panicle  loose,  pyramidal,  3-6  dm.  long,  much  overtop- 


HYDROCHARITACEAE    (FROG'S    BIT' FAMILY)  85 

ping  the  leaves,  with  verticils  of  2  or  Borders  ;  rays  and  slender  pedicels  ascending 
at  an  angle  of  about  45°;  sepals  10-striate,  the  hyaline  margins  whitish  ;  petals 
2-4  mm.  long,  white,  with  yellowish  claw  ;  stamens  twice  as  long 
as  the  carpels ;  these  furrowed  along  the  back,  not  meeting  at 
the  center  of  the  disk. — Shallow  water  and  ditches,  across  the 
continent.  (Eurasia.)  FIG.  45. 

2.   A.  Geyeri  Torr.     Scapes  2-4,  the  shorter  overtopped  by    45.  A.  Plant.-aq. 
the  long-petioled  linear-lanceolate   to   elliptic  leaves  ;   panicles         Fruit  x  i. 
usually  less  diffuse,  the  verticils  in  1  or  2  orders  ;  the  thickish 
peticels  strongly  divergent  in  fruit,'  sepals  10-14-striate,  the  margins  rose-color  ; 
petals  1-2  mm.  long,  rose-color,  with  yellow  basal  spot ;  stamens  about  equaling 
the  carpels  ;  these  ridged  on  the  back,  meeting  at  the  center  of  the  disk. — Locally 
from  N.  Y.  to  N.  Dak.  and  the  Pacific.     (Eurasia.) 

HYDROCHARITACEAE  (FROG'S  BIT  FAMILY) 

Aquatic  herbs,  with  dioecious  or  polygamous  regular  flowers,  sessile  or  on 
scape-like  peduncles  from  a  spathe,  and  simple  or  double  floral  envelopes,  which 
in  the  fertile  flowers  are  united  into  a  tube  and  coherent  with  the  1-3-celled 
ovary.  Stamens  3-12,  distinct  or  monadelphous ;  anthers  2-celled.  Stigmas  3 
or  6.  Fruit  ripening  under  water,  indehiscent,  many-seeded. 

1.  Elodea.    Stem  elongated,  submerged,  leafy.    Spathes  small,  sessile. 

2.  Vallisneria.    Stemless.    Leaves  narrow,  elongated.    Spathes  pedunculate. 

3.  Limnobium.     Stein  very  short.     Leaves  crowded;  Wades  broad  and  spongy.     Spathes 

pedunculate. 

1.   ELODEA    Michx.    WATER-WEED 

Flowers  polygamo-dioecious,  solitary  and  sessile  from  a  sessile  tubular  2-cleft 
axillary  spathe.  Sterile  flowers  small  or  minute,  with  3  sepals  barely  united  at 
base,  and  usually  3  similar  or  narrower  petals  ;  filaments  short  and  united  at 
base,  or  none  ;  anthers  3-9,  oval.  Fertile  flowers  pistillate  or  apparently  per- 
fect ;  limb  of  the  perianth  6-parted  ;  the  small  lobes  obovate,  spreading.  Ovary 
1-celled,  with  3  parietal  placentae,  each  bearing  a  few  orthotropous  ovules  ;  the 
capillary  style  coherent  with  the  tube  of  the  perianth  ;  stigmas  3,  large,  2-lobed 
or  notched,  exserted.  Fruit  oblong,  coriaceous,  few-seeded.  — Perennial  slender 
herbs,  with  pellucid  veinless  1-nerved  sessile  whorled  or  opposite  leaves. 
The  staminate  flowers  (rarely  seen)  commonly  break  off  and  float  on  the  sur- 
face, where  they  expand  and  shed  their  pollen  around  the  stigmas  of  the  fertile 
flowers,  raised  to  the  surface  by  the  prolonged  calyx-tube.  (Name  from  eXwdys, 
marshy. ) 

1.  E.  canad6nsis  Michx.  Leaves  varying  from  linear  to  oval-oblong,  minutely 
serrulate  ;  stamens  9  in  the  sterile  flowers,  3  or  6  almost  sessile  anthers  in  the 
fertile.  (Anacharis  Planch.  ;  Philotria  Britton.)  —  Slow  streams  and  ponds, 
common.  July.  (Nat.  in  Eu.) 

2.  VALLISNERIA    [Mich.]     L.     TAPE  GRASS.     EEL  GRASS 

Flowers  dioecious ;  the  sterile  crowded  in  a  head,  inclosed  in  an  ovate  at 
length  3-valved  spathe  borne  on  a  short  scape  ;  stamens  mostly  3.  Fertile 
flowers  solitary  and  sessile  in  a  tubular  spathe  on  an  exceedingly  lengthened 
scape.  Calyx  3-parted  in  the  sterile  flowers ;  in  the  fertile  with  a  linear  tube 
coherent  with  the  1-celled  ovary,  but  not  extended  beyond  it,  3-lobed  (the  lobes 
obovate).  Petals  3,  linear,  small.  Stigmas  3,  large,  nearly  sessile,  2-lobed. 
Ovules  very  numerous,  scattered  over  the  walls,  orthotropous.  Fruit  elongated, 
cylindrical,  berry-like.  —  Long  linear  leaves  wholly  submerged  or  their  ends 
floating.  The  staminate  flower-buds  themselves  break  from  their  short  pedicels 
and  float  on  the  surface,  were  they  shed  their  pollen  around  the  fertile  flowers, 


86  GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY) 

which  are  raised  to  the  surface  by  sudden  growth  at  the  same  time  ;  afterwards 
the  thread-form  scapes  (6-12  dm.  long)  coil  up  spirally,  drawing  the  fruit 
under  water  to  ripen.  ( Named  f  or  Antonio  Vallisneri,  an  early  Italian  botanist.) 
1.  V.  spiralis  L.  Leaves  thin,  ribbon-like  (0.3-2  m.  long),  obscurely  serru- 
late, obtuse,  somewhat  nerved  and  netted-veined.  —  Common  in  slow  waters, 
N.  S.  to  Fla.,  w.  to  Minn,  and  Tex.  (Eurasia,  Austr.) 

3.     LIMNdBIUM   Richard.     AMERICAN  FROG'S  BIT 

Flowers  dioecious  (or  monoecious  ?),  from  sessile  or  somewhat  peduncled 
spathes ;  the  sterile  spathe  1-leaved,  producing  about  3  long-pediceled  flowers  ; 
the  fertile  2-leaved,  with  a  single  short-pediceled  flower.  Calyx  3-parted  or 
Deleft ;  sepals  oblong-oval.  Petals  3,  oblong-linear.  Filaments  in  the  sterile 
flowers  entirely  united  in  a  central  solid  column,  bearing  6-12  linear  anthers  at 
unequal  heights ;  stamens  in  the  fertile  flowers  3-6  awl-shaped  rudiments. 
Ovary  6-9-celled,  with  as  many  placentae  in  the  axis,  forming  an  ovoid  many- 
seeded  berry  in  fruit ;  stigmas  as  many  as  the  cells,  but  2-parted,  awl-shaped.  — 
Floating  in  stagnant  water  and  proliferous  by  runners.  Leaves  round-heart- 
shaped,  spongy-reticulated  and  purplish  underneath.  (Name  from  \i(j.v6pios, 
living  in  pools.) 

1.  L.  Sp6ngia  (Bosc)  Richard.  Leaves  2.5-5  cm.  long,  faintly  5-nerved  ; 
peduncle  of  the  sterile  flower  about  7.5  cm.  long  and  filiform,  of  the  fertile  only 
2.5  cm.  long  and  stout.  — Stagnant  water,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  ;  also  L.  Ont.  to  111., 
Mo.,  and  Tex. 

GRAMINEAE      (GRASS  FAMILY) 
(REVISED  BY  A.  S.  HITCHCOCK) 

Herbs  (shrubs  or  trees  in  Bambuseae)  with  usually  hollow  stems  (culms) 
closed  at  the  nodes,  and  2-ranked  parallel-veined  leaves  these  consisting  of  two 
parts,  the  sheath  and  the  blade,  the  sheath  enveloping  the  culm  with  the  mar- 
gins overlapping  or  rarely  grown  together ;  at  the  junction  of  the  sheath  and 
blade,  on  the  inside,  is  a  membranaceous  hyaline  or  hairy  appendage  (the 
ligule)  rarely  obsolete.  Flowers  perfect  (rarely  unisexual),  very  small, 
without  a  distinct  perianth,  arranged  in  spikelets  consisting  of  a  short- 
ened axis  (rhachilla)  and  2-many  distichous  bracts,  the  lowest  two  of  which 
(the  glumes)  are  empty  (rarely  1  or  both  obsolete)  ;  in  the  axil  of  each  succeed- 
ing bract  (the  lemma)  is  borne  a  single  flower,  subtended  and  usually  enveloped 
by  a  (normally)  2-nerved  bract  or  prophyllum  (the  palea),  with  its  back  to  the 
rhachilla  ;  at  the  base  of  the  flower,  between  it  and  the  lemma,  are  usually  2  very 
small  hyaline  scales  (the  lodicules),  rarely  a  third  lodicule  between  the  flower 
and  the  palea;  stamens  3  (rarely  1,  2,  or  6),  with  very  delicate  filaments  and 
2-celled  versatile  anthers ;  pistil,  one,  with  a  1-celled  1-ovuled  ovary,  2  (rarely 
1  or  3)  styles,  and  mostly  plumose  stigmas.  Fruit  a  caryopsis  with  starchy  endo- 
sperm and  a  small  embryo  at  the  base  on  the  side  opposite  the  hilum.  Grain 
usually  inclosed  at  maturity  in  the  lemma  and  palea,  free  or  aclnate  to  the  palea. 
The  lemma  with  its  palea  and  flower  constitute  the  floret.  The  lemma  may  be 
variously  modified  ;  and  may  be  sterile  or  neuter,  that  is,  containing  a  palea  or 
rudiment  of  one,  without  a  flower,  or  empty  ;  or  may  itself  be  rudimentary  (as 
in  some  of  the  Chlorideae)  ;  in  such  cases  the  spikelet  contains  at  least  one  per- 
fect floret ;  the  sterile  or  modified  lemmas,  one  or  more,  above  or  below  it.  The 
palea  is  rarely  obsolete.  Spikelets  arranged  in  spikes,  racemes,  or  panicles,  the 
branches  of  which  are  bractless. 


GRAMLNEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY)  87 

SUBFAMILY  I.     PANICOfDEAE 

Spikelets  1-,  rarely  2-flowered,  when  2-flowered  the  terminal  flower  perfect, 
the  lower  staminate  or  neuter ;  rhachilla  articulated  below  the  glumes,  the  more 
or  less  dorsally  compressed  spikelets  falling  from  the  pedicels  entire,  singly,  in 
groups,  or  together  with  joints  of  an  articulate  rhachis. 

This  first  grand  division  of  the  Gramineae  is  based  upon  two  characters  in 
combination,  the  articulation  of  the  pedicels  just  below  the  spikelets  or  cluster 
of  spikelets  and  the  single  perfect  flower,  which  may  or  may  not  have  a  staminate 
or  imperfect  flower  below  it.  The  lemma  of  the  imperfect  flower  is  similar  to 
the  glumes  in  texture  in  Paniceae  and  like  the  fertile  lemma  in  the  other  tribes. 
In  a  few  genera  the  first  glume  is  obsolete,  but  in  these  cases  the  articulation 
below  the  dorsally  compressed  spikelets  indicates  their  relation. 

Tribe  I.  MAYDEAE.  Pistillate  and  staminate  spikelets  in  different  inflorescences  or  in  different 
parts  of  the  same  inflorescence  ;  awnless  ;  glumes  indurated. 

1.  Tripsacum.    Staminate  spikelets  above  the  pistillate,  in  pairs  at  each  joint  of  a  spike-like 

raceme ;  pistillate  single,  imbedded  in  the  jointed  rhachis. 

Tribe  II.  ANDROPOG6NEAE.  Spikelets  in  pairs  or  threes  on  the  usually  articulate  rhachis  of  a 
spike  like  raceme,  one  sessile  and  fertile,  the  other  pediceled  and  perfect,  staminate,  neuter  or 
rudimentary  ;  glumes  more  or  less  indurated  ;  lemmas  smaller  and  hyaline,  that  of  the  fertile 
flower  usually  awned. 

2.  Rottboellia.    Rhachis  naked  ;  pediceled  spikelets  neuter,  often  rudimentary;  fertile  spikelets 

awnless. 

3.  Erianthus.     Rhachis  hairy ;  spikelets  all  perfect  and  fertile,  awned. 

4.  Andropogon.    Rhachis  hairy  ;  pediceled  spikelets  sterile,  often  rudimentary ;  fertile  spikelets 

awned. 

5.  Sorghastrum.    Racemes  reduced  to  one  or  two  joints,  on  slender  peduncles,  arranged  in 

open  panicles  ;  second  spikelet  reduced  to  a  pedicel. 

Tribe  III.  PANfCEAE.  Spikelets  all  perfect  (in  our  genera)  in  racemes  or  panicles  ;  glumes  mem- 
branaceous,  unequal,  the  first  usually  small,  sometimes  obsolete;  a  lemma  of  like  texture, 
empty  or  with  a  hyaline  palea,  rarely  inclosing  a  staminate  flower,  subtends  the  perfect  floret 
and  simulates  a  third  glume ;  fertile  lemma  and  palea  indurated,  firmly  clasped  together, 
inclosing  tho  free  grain,  awnless  (pointed  in  Echinochloa). 

*  Spikelets  without  an  involucre  of  bristles. 

•*-  Lemma   leathery-indurated  with  hyaline  margins    not  inrolled ;  spikelets  lanceolate ;  first 
glume  sometimes  wanting. 

6.  Digitaria.    Spikelets  in  slender  spike-like  racemes,  aggregated  toward  the  summit  of  the 

culm.  » 

7.  Leptoloma.    Spikelets  long-pediceled  in  a  diffuse  panicle. 

+-  +-  Lemma  chartaceous-indurated  ;  margins  not  hyaline,  inrolled  except  in  Amphicarpon. 
•H-  Glumes  and  lemmas  awnless. 

8.  Amphicarpon.    Spikelets  of  2  kinds,  one  in  terminal  panicle,  not  fruitful ;  the  other  sub- 

terranean, perfecting  fruit ;  margins  of  lemma  not  inrolled. 

9.  Paspalum.    Spikelets  all  alike,  plano-convex,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  solitary  or  in  pairs  in  2 

rows  on  one  side  of  a  flattened  rhachis ;  first  glume  obsolete  (rarely  present) ;  epikelets 
placed  with  back  of  fertile  lemma  toward  the  rhachis. 

10.  Axonopus.     Spikelets  all  alike,  compressed,  biconvex,  sessile,  solitary  in  2  rows  on  one  side 

of  a  flattened  rhachis ;  first  glume  obsolete ;  spikelets  placed  with  the  back  of  the  fer- 
tile lemma  from  the  rhachis. 

11.  Panicum.     Spikelets  all  alike,  biconvex,  in  panicles  (rarely  racemes);  first  glume  present; 

second  glume  and  sterile  lemma  similar. 

12.  Sacciolepis.     Spikelets  all  alike,   in   spike-like   panicles ;    second   glume   saccate  at  base, 

11-uerved  ;  sterile  lemma  flat,  3-5-nerved. 


88  GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY) 

•H-  -H-  Sterile  lemma  awned  or  pointed  ;  fruit  acuminate  ;  palea  not  included  at  the  summit. 

13.  Echinochloa.     Spikelets  crowded  in  one-sided  racemes,  these  arranged  in  a  panicle. 

*  *  Spikelets  with  an  involucre  of  bristles. 

14.  Setaria.     Spikelets  in  a  dense  cylindrical  spike-like  panicle ;  bristles  persistent. 

15.  Cenchrus.    Spikelets   (1-5  together)  inclosed  in  a  globular  spiny  bur-like   involucre;  this 

falling  with  spikelets  inclosed. 

SUBFAMILY  II.     POACOfDEAE 

Spikelets  1-many-flowered,  the  imperfect  or  rudimentary  floret,  if  any,  usu- 
ally uppermost,  rhachilla  usually  articulated  above  the  glumes  which  are  persist- 
ent on  the  pedicel  or  rhachis  after  the  fall  of  the  florets  ;  when  2-inany-flowered 
a  manifest  in  tern  ode  of  the  rhachilla  separates  the  florets,  and  is  articulated  below 
them;  spikelets  more  or  less  laterally  compressed  (except  in  Miliurri).  The 
spikelets  are  articulated  below  the  glumes  in  Oryzeae,  Alopecurus,  Cinna,  Poly- 
pogon,  Holcus,  Sphenopholis,  Spartina,  and  Beckmannia ;  these  are  distin- 
guished from  SUBFAMILY  I  by  the  laterally  compressed  spikelets. 

Tribe  IV.  ORYZEAE.  Spikelets  unisexual  or  perfect,  in  loose  panicles ;  rhachilla  articulated  be- 
low the  glumes  ;  glumes  often  wanting ;  stamens  often  6. 

16.  Zizania.     Spikelets  unisexual,  unlike  in  appearance  ;  panicle  pistillate  above,  staminate 

below. 

17.  Zizaniopsis.     Spikelets  unisexual,  much  alike  in  appearance,  intermixed  in  the  same  panicle. 

18.  Leersia.     Flowers  perfect,  spikelets  much  flattened  laterally  ;  lemma  carinate,  awnless  ;  pa- 

lea  1-keeled. 

Tribe  V.  PHALARlDEAE.  Spikelets  laterally  compressed,  1  (rarely  3)-flowered;  two  sterile 
lemmas  below  the  fertile  floret,  and  falling  attached  to  it,  usually  empty  and  unlike  the  fertile 
lemma,  sometimes  reduced  to  bristles,  or  sometimes  with  a  staminate  flower  in  IHerochloe; 
fertile  lemma  with  a  1-2-nerved  or  nerveless  palea  and  a  perfect  flower. 

19.  Phalaris.      Sterile  lemmas  very  narrow,  much  shorter  than  the  indurated  fertile  lemma, 

which  is  much  exceeded  by  the  equal  glumes. 

20.  Anthoxanthum.     Sterile  lemmas  dorsally  awned,  larger  than  the  slightly  indurated  fertile 

lemma ;  glumes  very  unequal. 

21.  Hierochloe.     Sterile  lemmas  larger  than  the  fertile  lemma,  indurated,  inclosing  a  2-nerved 

palea  and  usually  a  staminate  flower ;  glumes  subequal,  scarcely  exceeding  the  florets. 

Tribe  VI.  AGROSTfDEAE.  Spikelets  1 -flowered ;  rhachilla  sometimes  prolonged  behind  the 
palea  into  a  naked  or  plumose  bristle ;  glumes  subequal,  usually  equaling  or  exceeding  the 
lemma  ;  palea  2-nerved,  rarely  nerveless  or  wanting  (1-nerved  in  one  species  of  Cinna). 

*  Lemma  indurated. 
+-  Spikelets  awnless  ;  callus  none  ;  margins  of  lemma  inrolled. 

22.  Milium.     Spikelets  dorsally  compressed. 

+-  +-  Spikelets  with  a  terminal  awn  ;  margins  of  lemma  not  inrolled  ;   a  callus  at  base.  —  STIP!NAE 

23.  Oryzopsis.     Awn  simple,  deciduous  ;  callus  short,  obtuse. 

24.  Stipa.     Awn  simple,  persistent ;  callus  usually  acute. 

25.  Aristida.   Awn  3-fid,  the  branches  divaricate ;  callus  acute. 

*  *  Lemma  membranaceous. 
•»-  Lemma  awned  from  the  tip  or  mucronate,  closely  infolding  the  grain  ;  callus  acute. 

26.  Muhleubergia.     Khachilla  not  prolonged  behind  the  palea ;  lemma  pointed  or  awned. 

27.  Brachyelytrum.     Khachilla  prolonged  into  a  bristle  behind  the  palea  ;  lemma  long-awned. 

•*-  +-  Lemma  awnless  or  dorsally  awned,  loosely  embracing  the  grain. 
«-*•  Glumes  conspicuously  compressed-carinate  ;  spikelets  in  dense  spike-like  panicles.  —  PHLEIKAE. 

28.  Heleochloe.     Lemma  membranaceous  like  the  glumes,  awnless  ;  glumes  not  aristate  ;  pani- 

cle partly  included,  ovoid. 


GBAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY)  89 

29.    Phleum.     Lemma  hyaline,  awnless,  glumes  abruptly  aristate  ;  panicle  exserted,  cylindrical. 
'60.   Alopecurus.     Lemma  hyaline,  awned  below  the  middle ;  palea  none ;  glumes  not  aristate ; 
panicle  exserted,  cylindrical. 

•H-  -H-  Glumes  not  conspicuously  compressed  ;  spikelets  in  open  or  narrow  panicles.  —  AGROST}NAE. 
=  Lemma  1  (rarely  3)  -nerved,  awnless  ;  pericarp  readily  separating  from  the  grain. 

81.  Sporobolus.    Lemma  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  glumes ;  culms  wiry  or  rigid. 

=•  «=  Lemma  3-5-nerved,  awued  or  awnless  ;  pericarp  adherent  to  the  grain. 
a.   Floret  not  stipitate  ;  palea  2-nerved  ;  stamens  3. 
b.   Khachilla  not  prolonged  behind  the  palea. 

82.  Agrostis.     Glumes  longer  than  the  floret,  awnless  ;  panicle  usually  open. 
33.   Polypogon.     Glumes  longer  than  the  floret,  awned  ;  panicle  spike-like. 
84.   Calamovilfa.    Glumes  shorter  than  the  floret,  awnless. 

b  b.  Rhachilla  prolonged  behind  the  palea,  bristle-like. 

35.  Calamagrostis.     Perennial ;  panicle  loose  or  contracted  ;  prolonged  rhachilla  and  callus  with 

long  hairs  ;  lemma  short-awned  below  the  middle. 

36.  Ammophila.     Perennial ;  panicle  dense  and  spike-like ;  prolonged  rhachilla  and  callus  with 

short  hairs  ;  lemma  awnless. 

37.  Apera.    Annual ;  panicle  loose  ;  the  prolonged  rhachilla  naked  ;  lemma  long-awned  below  the 

bifid  apex. 

a  a.   Floret  stipitate  ;  palea  1-2-nerved  ;  stamen  1. 

88.  Cinna.    Spikelets  in  a  loose  panicle. 

Tribe  VII.  AVENEAE.  Spikelets  2-several-flowered,  panicled ;  rhachilla  prolonged  behind  the 
palea  of  uppermost  floret  except  in  Aira;  glumes  usually  longer  than  the  first  floret ;  1  or 
more  of  the  florets  awned  on  the  back  or  from  the  teeth  of  the  bifid  apex  (or  usually  awnless  in 
SphenopJioUs  and  Koeleria)  ;  the  callus  and  usually  the  rhachilla-joints  hairy. 

*  Rhachilla  not  prolonged  behind  the  palea  of  uppermost  floret ;  spikelets  2-flowered,  both  perfect. 

89.  Aira.    Florets  approximate ;  glumes  broad,  boat-shaped. 

*  *  Rhachilla  prolonged  behind  the  palea  of  uppermost  floret ;  spikelets  2-several-flowered. 

•*-  Articulation  below  the  glumes  ;  spikelets  falling  entire  or  the  glumes  and  lowest  floret  together. 

•H-  Glumes  much  exceeding  the  two  florets. 

40.  HolCUS.     Lower  floret  stipitate,  awnless,  upper  with  a  hook -like  awn. 

•H-  -M-  Glumes  exceeded  by  upper  floret. 

41.  SphenopholiS.    Glumes  dissimilar,  the  second  obovate;  florets  usually  awnless. 

-«-  -t-  Articulation  above  the  glumes. 
•H-  Awns  wanting  or  but  a  mucronate  tip. 

42.  Koeleria.    Glumes  unequal,  exceeded  by  the  upper  floret. 

•H-  -H-  Awns  present. 
=  Awns  dorsal,  not  flattened. 
a.  Spikelets  2-several-flowered  ;  florets  all  perfect  or  the  uppermost  imperfe 

b.   Spikelets  less  than  1  cm.  long ;  grain  free. 
4-'?.  Trisetum.    Lemma  keeled,  bidentate,  awn  arising  from  above  the  middle. 

44.  Deschampsia.     Lemma  convex,  awn  from  the  middle  or  below. 

b  b.   Spikelets  more  than  1  cm.  long ;  grain  adherent  to  the  palea. 

45.  Avena.     Florets  approximate,  exceeded  by  the  striate  glumes. 

a  a.   Spikelets  2-flowered  ;  lower  floret  staminate,  upper  perfect. 
4fi.  Arrhenatherum.     Lower  floret  long-awneu,  upper  usually  awnless. 

<=  =  Awns  from  between  the  teeth  of  the  bidentate  apex  of  the  lemma,  flattened,  twisted. 
47.   Danthonia.     Florets  several,  not  closely  approximate,  glumes  equaling  or  exceeding  the 
uppermost. 


90  GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY) 

Tribe  VIII.  CHLORlDEAE.  Spikelets  1-several-flowered,  in  1-sided  spikes  which  are  digitate  01 
paniculate,  sometimes  solitary. 

*  Spikelets  all  alike. 

•t-  Spikelets  strictly  1-flowered,  no  sterile  lemma. 
•H-  Ehachilla  articulated  below  the  glumes. 

48.  Spartina.    Glumes  narrow,  unequal. 

49.  Beckmannia.    Glumes  broad,  boat-shaped,  inflated,  equal. 

•H-  -H-  Rhachilla  articulated  above  the  glumes. 

50.  Cynodon.     Spikes  digitate  ;  plants  extensively  creeping. 

51.  Schedonnardus.    Spikes  paniculate  ;  plants  caespitose. 

+-  +-  Spikelets  with  more  than  1  floret. 

•H-  Perfect  floret  1,  additional  florets  staminate,  neuter  or  rudimentary. 
=  Lowest  floret  perfect. 

52.  Gymnopogon.    Spikelets  remote,  appressed. 

53.  Chloris.     Spikelets  imbricated  ;  fertile  lemma  1-awned  or  awnless ;    spikes  more   or  less 

whorled  or  digitate. 

54.  Bouteloua.     Spikelets  imbricated  ;  fertile  lemma  3-awned  ;  spikes  racemose. 

=  =  Lowest  florets  neuter,  third  perfect. 

55.  Ctenium.    Spike  solitary ;  second  glume  bearing  a  stout  divergent  dorsal  awn. 

•H-  -H-  Perfect  florets  2  or  more. 
=  Spikes  few,  stout,  digitate. 

56.  Dactyloctenium.    Rhachis  of  spike  prolonged  beyond  the  spikelets ;  second  glume  and  at 

least  lowest  lemma  cuspidate. 

57.  Eleusine.     Rhachis  of  spike  not  prolonged  beyond  the  spikelets,  neither  glumes  nor  lemmas 

cuspidate. 

=  -=  Spikes  numerous,  Tery  slender,  racemose. 

58.  Leptochloa.     Spikelets  not  crowded,  often  slightly  pediceled. 

*  *  Spikelets  unisexual,  dissimilar ;  plants  dioecious  or  monoecious. 

59.  Buchloe.    Staminate  spikes  exserted,  racemose ;  pistillate  spikelets  nearly  capitate,  partially 

included  in  broad  sheaths. 

Tribe  IX.  FESTtfCEAE.  Spikelets  2-m any-flowered,  usually  perfect,  pedicellate  in  racemes  or  in 
loose  or  dense  panicles;  glumes  shorter  than  the  lowest  floret;  lemmas  1-several-nerved,  awn- 
less  or  with  1-several  straight  awns,  terminal  or  borne  just  below  the  apex. 

*  Rhachilla  clothed  with  long  silky  hairs,  exceeding  the  florets. 

60.  Phragmites.     Lowest  floret  staminate,  the  others  perfect. 

*  *  Rhachilla  naked  or  with  hairs  much  shorter  than  the  florets, 
-t-  Callus  and  nerves  of  lemma  densely  bearded  (not  cobwebby). 

61.  Tridens.     The  three  nerves  or  only  the  middle  one  excurrent  between  the  acute  lobes  of  the 

lemma  ;  palea  not  ciliate-fringed. 

62.  Triplasis.     Midnerve  excurrent  between  the  truncate  lobes  of  the  lemma ;  palea  conspicu- 

ously ciliate-fringed ;  florets  remote. 

+-  +-  Callus  and  nerves  glabrous  or  cobwebby,  or  callus  sparsely  bearded. 
•H-  Lemma  coriaceous,  smooth  and  shining,  without  a  scarious  margin. 

=  Spikelets  dioecious. 
68.   Distichlis.     Spikelets  large,  compressed,  in  a  small  crowded  panicle. 

=  =  Spikelets  perfect. 
67.  Uniola.     Lower  1-4  lemmas  empty. 
66.   Diarrhena.     Upper  2-4  lemmas  empty. 

•H-  ++  Lemmas  membranaceous,  or  if  subcoriaceous  having  a  scarious  margin. 
-=  Lemmas  3-nerved.    (Koeleria  might  be  looked  for  here,  but  the  upper  glume  about  equals 

the  lower  floret.) 

63.  Eragrostis.     Spikelets  3-rnany-flowered. 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY)  91 

64.  Catabrosa.     Spikelets  2-flowered. 

=  =  Lemmas  5-inany-nerved  (nerves  often  obscure  in  Briza). 
a.  Spikelets  nearly  sessile  in  dense  1-sided  clusters  at  the  end  of  the  few  panicle-branches. 

70.  Dactylis.    Spikelets  flattened  ;  glumes  and  lemmas  keeled,  the  keels  hispid-ciliate. 

a  a.   Spikelets  not  in  dense  1-sided  clusters. 
6.  Spikelets  as  broad  as  long,  somewhat  heart-shaped. 

69.  Briza.    Florets  crowded  in  the  spikelets,  almost  horizontal ;  lemmas  boat-shaped  or  ventricose. 

&  &.   Spikelets  much  longer  than  broad,  not  heart-shaped. 

c.  Lemmas  keeled. 

71.  Poa.    Base  of  florets  often  cobwebby. 

c  c.  Lemmas  convex  or  keeled  only  at  the  summit. 

d.   Uppermost  lemmas  shaped  like  the  lower,  fertile  or  sterile. 

e.  Nerves  of  lemma  prominent,  parallel. 

73.  Glyceria.    Spikelets  compressed-cylindrical  or  little  flattened  ;  lemmas  scarious  at  summit. 

e  e.  Nerves  of  lemma  not  prominent. 
/.  Lemmas  obtuse,  awnless. 

74.  Puccinellia.     Glume*  much  shorter  than  the  lowest  lemma;  callus  not  hairy;  nerves  not 

excurrent. 

72.  Scholochloa.     Glumes  nearly  as  long  as  lowest  lemma  ;  callus  hairy ;  one  or  more  nerves  of 

lemma  excurrent. 

//.  Lemmas  acute,  often  awned. 

75.  Festuca.    Lemmas  entire,  often  awned  from  the  apex. 

76.  Bromus.    Lemmas  2-toothed,  usually  awned  just  below  the  apex ;  grain  adherent  to  the 

palea,  pubescent  at  the  summit. 

65.  Melica.    Lemmas  awned  just  below  the  apex,  grain  free,  glabrous. 

d  d.   Uppermost  lemmas  broad  or  cucullate,  convolute,  forming  a  club-shaped  mass. 
65.   Melica.     Lemmas  subcoriaceous  with  a  scarious  margin,  obtuse. 

Tribe  X.  HORDE AE.  Spikelets  (1-several-flowered,  with  uppermost  floret  imperfect)  sessile  on 
opposite  sides  of  a  zigzag- jointed  channeled  rhachis,  forming  a  spike  ;  glumes  sometimes  abor- 
tive or  wanting,  often  placed  together  in  front  of  the  spikelet;  leaf-blades  bearing  at  base  a 
more  or  less  well-marked  pair  of  auriculate  appendages. 

*  Spikelets  solitary  at  each  joint  of  the  rhachis. 
•«-  Spikelets  1-flowered,  falling  attached  to  joints  of  the  disarticulating  rhachis. 

78.  Lepturus.     Spikelets  awnless;  low  branching  annuals. 

+-  +-  Spikelets  2-many-flowered. 

77.  Lolium.     Spikelets  placed  with  one  edge  to  the  rhachis. 

79.  Agropyron.    Spikelets  placed  with  the  side  to  the  rhachis. 

*  *  Spikelets  2  or  3,  rarely  solitary,  at  each  joint  of  the  rhachis,  placed  with  the  florets  dorso- 
ventral  to  the  rhachis. 
4-  Spikelets  not  all  alike. 

80.  Hordeum.    Spikelets  l(rarely  2-3)-flowered,  in  8's  at  each  joint,  the  lateral  pair  pediceled, 

usually  abortive  ;  glumes  awn-like. 

+-  +-  Spikelets  all  alike,  2-6-flowered. 

81.  Elymus.     Glumes  usually  equaling  the  florets  ;  spikes  mostly  dense. 

82.  Hystrix.     Glumes  reduced  to  short  bristles,  one  or  both  often  obsolete ;  spikes  very  loose. 

Tribe  XI.  BAMBtSEAE.  Tall  woody  reeds  ;  the  flat  blades  with  a  short  petiole  articulated  with 
the  sheath  ;  spikelets  few-many-flowered,  flattened,  in  panicles  or  racemes. 

83.  Arundinaria.     Lemmas  rounded  on  the  back,  many-nerved,  acuminate  or  bristle-pointed ; 

glumes  very  small. 


GKAMINEAE   (GRASS  FAMILY^ 


1.    TRIPSACUM   L.     GAMA  GRASS.     SESAME  GRASS 


Spikelets  unisexual, 
tinuous  rhachis  above  ; 


46.   T.  dactyloicles. 

Part  of  spike  xl%. 
2  Spikelet  embedded  x  1. 
9  Spikelet  freed  x  1. 
J"  Spikelet  x  1. 

ixillary  spikes  solitary 
Vug.  FIG.  46. 


the  staminate  spikelets  in  pairs  at  the  joints  of  the  con- 
the  pistillate  spikelets  solitary,  embedded  in  each  oblong 
joint  of  the  cartilaginous  thickened  articulate  rhachis 
below  in  the  same  inflorescence,  which  terminates  the 
culm  or  its  branches  ;  glumes  of  the  staminate  spikelet 
subcoriaceous,  the  first  dorsally  flattened,  the  second 
boat-shaped ;  the  first  lemma  often  empty,  membrana- 
ceous  with  a  hyaline  palea,  like  the  second  which 
incloses  a  staminate  flower ;  first  glume  of  pistillate 
spikelet  ovate,  at  length  cartilaginous  and  closing  the 
recess  in  the  rhachis,  second  boat-shaped,  coriaceous ; 
florets  2,  the  lemmas  and  paleas  hyaline,  the  lower 
sterile,  the  upper  pistillate.  — Tall  stout  perennials  from 
very  thick  creeping  rootstocks,  with  broad  flat  leaves, 
and  terminal  and  axillary  spikes  separating  spontane- 
ously into  joints  at  maturity.  (Name  from  rplpeiv,  to 
rub,  perhaps  in  allusion  to  the  polished  spike.) 

1.  T.  dactyloides  L.     Culms  1-2.5  m.  high  ;  leaves 
3  dm.  or  more    long,   1.5-3.5  cm.    wide;    spikes   2-3 
together  at  the  summit,  when  their  contiguous  sides 
are   more    or  less   flattened,   or   solitary    and    terete ; 

,  — Moist  soil,  Ct.  to  Kan.,  s.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.    July, 

2.  ROTTBOELLIA  L.  f. 

Spikelets  in  pairs  in  the  excavations  at  the  nodes  of  a  cylindrical  articulated 
axis  ;  one  sessile  and  perfect,  the  other  pediceled,  sterile,  with  its  pedicel  adnate 
to  the  rhachis  ;  glumes  of  the  perfect  spikelet  awnless,  the 
first  coriaceous  and  covering  the  excavation  in  the  rhachis, 
the  second  thinner,  boat-shaped ;  sterile  lemma  empty  or 
with  a  rudimentary  flower,  and,  like  the  lemma  and  palea, 
hyaline  ;  glumes  of  sterile  spikelet  membranaceous.  — Peren- 
nials with  flat  narrow  leaves,  and  single  cartilaginous  spikes 
which  disarticulate  at  maturity,  terminating  the  stem  and 
branches ;  chiefly  subtropical.  (Named  for  Prof.  C.  F.  Eott- 
boell,  an  excellent  Danish  botanist,  who  wrote 
much  upon  Gramineae,  Cyperaceae,  etc. ) 

1.  R.  rugbsa  Nutt.      Culms   tufted,    com-       4?-  E-  rugosa. 
pressed,    6-12   dm.   high  ;    sheaths    flattened ;    Base  of  inflorescence 
leaves  5-10  mm.   wide  ;  spikes  2-7  cm.  long, 

the  lateral  ones  on  short  clustered  branches  in 
the  axils,  often  partly  included  in  inflated 
sheaths;  first  glume  of  fertile  spikelet  trans- 
versely rugose.  (Manisuris  Ktze. )  —  Low  pine 
barrens,  Del.  and  southw.,  near  the  coast. 
Aug.,  Sept.  FIG.  47. 

2.  R.  cylindrica   (Michx.)    Torr.       Culms 
terete  from  a  short  root  stock  ;  leaves  2-3  mm. 

wide  ;  spikes  slender,  usually  curved,  5-15  cm.  long,  terminating 
the  culm,  on  elongated  axillary  peduncles;  sterile  spikelet  rudi 
mentary  :  first  glume  of  fertile  spikelet  obscurely  pitted  longi- 
tudinally.   (Manisuris  Ktze.)  —  Prairies,  Mo.  and  southw.    June-Aug.    FIG.  48. 

3.    ERlANTHUS   Michx.     WOOLLY  BEARD   GRASS 

Spikelets  in  pairs,  one  sessile,  the  other  pediceled,  along  the  articulate  and 
readily  disjointing  rhachis,  both  alike,  perfect ;  glumes  subequal,  firm-membra- 
naceous,  the  first  dorsally  flattened,  more  or  less  bicarinate,  the  second  keeled 
above  ;  sterile  lemma  empty,  hyaline,  awnless ;  fertile  lemma  with  an  awn  1-2  cm. 


Part  of  same  with  fer- 
tile and  pediceled 
sterile  spikelet  sep- 
arated x  2. 

Fertile  spikelet  x  2. 

Its  flower  removed 
x2. 

Lemma  x  2. 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY)  93 

long  ;  palea  minute,  nerveless.  —  Tall  and  stout  reed-like  perennials,  with  elon- 
gated flat  leaves,  racemes  crowded  in  a  panicle  and  clothed  with  long  silky  hairs, 
especially  in  a  tuft  around  the  base  of  each  spikelet  (whence  the  name,  from 
fpiov,  wool,  and  &v6os,  flower). 

*  Awn  terete,  straight. 
•^  Hairs  at  base  of  spikelets  copious,  as  long  as  the  glumes  or  longer  ;  panicle-axis 

and  upper  part  of  culm  densely  appressed-villous. 
•M-  Panicle  loose  and  open;  hairs  longer  than  the  glumes. 

1.  E.  saccharoides  Michx.     Culm  1-2  m.  high,  usually  with  a  dense  ring  of 
appressed  hairs  at  the  nodes  ;  leaves  1-2.5  cm.  wide,  villous  ;  panicle  tawny  or 
purple.  —  Moist    ground,    N.    J.    and    southw.,    rare. 

Sept.,  Oct.     FIG.  49. 

•W--W-  Panicle  dense  and  compact ;  hairs  about  as  long 
as  the  glumes. 

2.  E.  compactus  Nash.     Culm  1-3  m.  high,  villous 
at  the  nodes;  blades  6-12  mm.  wide,  usually  villous 
only  on  the  upper  surface    near  the  base  ;   panicle 
tawny.  —  Moist  ground,    N.  J.   and   southw.      Aug., 
Sept. 

H-  -»-  Hairs  at  base  of  spikelets  rather  sparse  or  want- 
ing, shorter  than  the  glumes;  culm  and  axis  of     49   E.  saccharoides  x  IV 
panicle  glabrous  or  sparsely  villous. 

3.  E.  brevibarbis  Michx.     Culm  1-2  m.  high,  sparingly  villous  at  the  nodes  ; 
sheaths  glabrous  ;  blades  6-10  mm.  wide,  scabrous  ;  panicle  purple,  narrow,  the 
branches  appressed,  sparingly  silky,  appearing  striate  from  the  stiff  straight 
awns.  —  Moist  ground,  Del.  and  southw.     Sept.,  Oct. 

*  *  Awn  flattened  and  twisted. 
•«-  Panicle  pale,  axis  very  villous;  basal  hairs  copious,  exceeding  the  glumes. 

4.  E.  divaricatus  (L.)  Hitchc.     Culm  1.5-3  m.  high,  nodes  and  upper  portion 
appressed-villous  ;  sheaths  glabrous  ;  leaves  1.5-2.5  cm.  wide  ;  panicle  loose,  silky. 
(E.  alopecuroides  Ell.)  —  Moist  ground,  N.  J.  to  Ga.,  w.  to  Ky.  and  s.  Mo.    Sept. 
•*-•«-  Pa nicle  dark,  axis  sparsely  villous;   basal  hairs  rather  sparse,   scarcely 

as  long  as  the  glumes. 

5.  E.  contdrtus  Baldw.     Culm  1-2  m.  high,  nodes  soon  glabrous ;  sheaths 
glabrous  ;  leaves  5-15  mm.  wide  ;  panicle  narrow,  less  silky  than  in  the  preceding. 
—  Low  meadows,  Va.  to  Ky.,  and  southw. 

4.   ANDROP6GON  [Royen]  L.     BEARD  GRASS 

Spikelets  in  pairs  (one  sessile  and  perfect,  the  other  pediceled,  sterile,  often 
rudimentary)  at  each  joint  of  the  articulate  rhachis  ;  glumes  of  fertile  spikelet 
subequal,  indurated,  the  first  dorsally  flattened,  with  a  strong  nerve  near  each 
margin,  the  midnerve  faint ;  second  glume  keeled  above  ;  first  lemma  empty, 
hyaline ;  fertile  lemma  membranaceous  or  hyaline,  awned ;  palea  hyaline, 
sometimes  obsolete. — Tall  tufted  perennials;  spikes  lateral  and  terminal,  the 
rhachis  and  usually  the  pedicels  long-villous  with  silky  hairs  (whence  the  name, 
composed  of  avyp,  man,  and  ir&ywv,  beard.) 

Racemes  solitary ;  joints  of  the  rhachis  clavate 1.  A.  scoparius. 

Racemes  in  fascicles  of  2-6 ;  joints  of  the  rhachis  not  clavate. 
Pedicellate   spikelet  reduced  to  the  pedicel  or  the  glumes  only  ;   racemes 
usually  subtended  by  a  foliaceous  spathe  (the  upper  sheath) ;    rhachis- 
joints  very  slender. 

Racemes  not  Jonger  than  the  spathe,  which  incloses  the  common  peduncle. 
Branches  of  inflorescence  in  a  dense  terminal  corymbiform  cluster         .      2.  A.  glomeratut. 
Branches  of  inflorescence  scattered  along  the  culms         ....      8.  A.  virginicus. 
Racemes,  or  some  of  them,  on  peduncles  exserted  beyond  the  spathes. 

Upper  sheaths  inflated  ;  racemes  delicate,  flexuous 4.  A.  Elliottii. 

Upper  sheaths  not  inflated  ;  racemes  stouter,  strict 5.  A.  ternarius 

Pedicellate  spikelet  staminate,  with  glumes  and  lemmas         .        .        .        .     6.  A. 


94 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY) 


§  1.  SCHIZACHYRIUM  (Nees)  Trin.     Racemes  solitary ;  joints  of  the  rhachis 

clavate. 

1.  A.  scoparius  Michx.  Culms  tufted,' 4-12  dm.  high; 
branches  single  or  in  pairs  from  the  upper  sheaths  ;  sheaths 
glabrous  or  hairy  ;  blades  often  hairy  above  near  the  base  ; 
racemes  slender,  2-6  cm.  long,  joints  and  sterile  pedicels 
hairy  on  the  margins  ;  sterile  spikelet  a  single  awn-pointed 
glume,  2-4  mm.  long  ;  fertile  spikelet  about  7  mm.  long ; 
awn  bent  and  twisted. — Dry  ground,  N.  B.  to  Sask.,  and 
southw.  July-Sept.  FIG.  60. 

Var.  littoralis  (Nash)  Hitchc.  Culms  in  large  tufts  ;  the 
innovations  and  lower  sheaths  strongly  compressed,  glaucous. 
50.  A.  scoparius.  (A.  littoralis  Nash.)  —Sand  dunes  along  the  coast,  N.  Y.  and 
Two  spikelets  x  iys.  SOUtllW. 

§  2.    CAMPYLOMf SCHUS  Fourn.     Racemes  in  fascicles  of  2-6  ;  joints  of  the 

rhachis  not  clavate. 

*  Pedicellate  spikelet  sterile,  consisting  of  1-2  glumes  or  reduced  to  a  pedicel. 
*-  Spathes  equaling  or  exceeding  the  racemes;  sheaths  keeled. 

2.  A.  glomeratus  (Walt.)  BSP.     Culms  stout,  0.5-1.5  m.high,  leafy;  sheaths 
usually  sparsely  hirsute ;  inflorescence  bushy-branched  at  the  summit  of  the  culm ; 
spathes  very  scabrous;   racemes  2;  the  slender  joints  of  the 

rhachis  and  the  sterile  pedicel  clothed  with  long  silky  hairs. 
(A  macrourus  Michx.;  A.  corymbosus  Nash.)  —  Sandy 
ground  near  the  coast,  Mass,  and  southw.  Sept.,  Oct. 

3.  A.  virginicus  L.     Culms  rather  slender,  5-12  dm.  high, 
sparingly  branched  above;  sheaths  smooth  or  somewhat  hir- 
sute on  the  margin  ;  blades  usually  hirsute  above  near  the 
base  ;  spathes  smooth ;  racemes  2  or  3,  slender ;   hairs  long 
and  silky. — Open  ground,    Mass,    to  111.,   Fla.,    and   Tex. 
FIG.  51. 

-t-  •«-  Racemes,  or  some  of  them,  on  peduncles  exserted  beyond 
the  spathes. 

4.  A.  Ellidttii  Chapm.     Culms  in  tufts,  flattened  at  base, 
5-10  dm.  high ;   lower  sheaths  and  leaves  appressed-hirsute 
or  becoming  nearly  glabrous,  upper  sheaths  aggregated  and 
much  enlarged;  racemes  usually  2,  very  slender,  flexuous, 
softly  and  loosely  silky;  spikelets  4  mm.  long. — Dry  sandy 
or  gravelly  soil,  Del.  to  Mo.,  and  southw.     Sept.,  Oct. 

5.  A.  ternarius  Michx.     Culms  some- 
what stouter  and  taller  than  in  the  pre- 
ceding ;  sheaths  usually  smooth,  the  upper    51    A  virHnicus 
sheaths  not  crowded  nor  enlarged  (or  the  Three  spikelets  x  2a/ 
upper  one  only  somewhat  enlarged)  ;  ra- 
cemes 2  or  3,  stouter,  more  strict,  densely  silky;  spikelets 
6  mm.  long.      (A.  argyraeus   Schultes.)  —  Dry  sandy  soil, 
Del.  to  Tenn.,  and  southw.    Aug. -Oct. 

*  *  Pedicellate  spikelet  staminate ;  racemes  2-6  on  a  long 
exserted  peduncle  ;  rhachis-joints  stout. 

6.  A.   furcatus  Muhl.      Culms    robust,   in    large   tufts, 
A.  furcatus  x  iV     1-1-5  m.  high,   branching  from   the   upper  nodes  ;   sheaths 

*'  glabrous  ;  blades  elongated,  4-8  mm.  wide,  scabrous  on  the 
margins  and  often  hirsute  on  the  upper  surface  near  the  base  ;  racemes  5-12  cm. 
long,  stout,  usually  purplish  ;  rhachis-joints  and  pedicels  hairy  on  the  sides  and 
at  the  summit ;  sessile  spikelets  8-9  mm.  long  ;  staminate  spikelet  slightly  longer, 
—  Dry  open  ground,  Me.  to  Sask. ,  and  southw.  FIG.  52. 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY)  95 

5.   SORGHASTRUM   Nash 

Spikelets  sessile  at  each  joint  of  the  slender  rhachis  of  the  peduncled  racemes, 
which  are  reduced  to  2  or  3  joints,  the  sterile  spikelets  reduced  (in  our  species) 
to  hairy  pedicels;  glumes  indurated  as  in  Andropogon;  sterile  lemma  thinly 
hyaline,  the  fertile  lemma  reduced  to  hyaline  appendages  to  the  strong  awn  ; 
palea  obsolete.  —  Perennial  grasses  with  tall  stout  culms,  the  racemes  arranged  in 
open  panicles.  (Named  from  its  resemblance  to  Sorghum.) 

\.  S.  nutans  (L.)  Nash.  (INDIAN  GRASS,  WOOD  GRASS.)  Culm  simple, 
1-2  m.  high  ;  leaves  6-10  mm.  wide,  scabrous,  glaucous  ;  sheaths 
smooth  ;  panicle  narrowly  oblong,  at  first  open,  contracted  after 
flowering,  1-3  dm.  long  ;  the  spikelets  lanceolate,  at  length 
drooping,  yellowish  or  reddish  brown  and  shining,  clothed, 
especially  toward  the  base,  with  fawn-colored  hairs ;  the 
twisted  awn  longer  than  the  spikelet.  {Andropogon  L. ;  Chryso- 
pogon  Benth.)  —  Dry  soil,  Me.  to  Man.,  and  south w.  FIG.  53. 

SORGHUM   HALEPENSE  (L.)  Pers.,   JOHNSON  GRASS,  a  more 
robust  plant,  is  found  as  an  escape  or  a  weed,  chiefly  along 
the  southern  border  of  our  range.     It  differs  from  Sorghastrum 
in  having  two  pediceled  spikelets  (of  the  group  of  three)  stami-    53   g  nutans  x  2 
nate  or  empty ;  and  in  having  a  more  spreading  panicle  and  a 
firmer  lemma.     This  is  thought  by  some  to  be  the  original  of  the  cultivated 
sorghums.     (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

6.   DIGITARIA    Scop.     FINGER  GRASS 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  lanceolate-elliptic,  sessile  or  short-pediceled,  solitary 
or  in  2's  or  3's,  in  two  rows  on  one  side  of  a  continuous  narrow  or  winged 
rhachis,  forming  simple  slender  racemes  which  are  aggregated  toward  the  summit 
of  the  culm  ;  glumes  1-3-nerved,  the  first  sometimes  obsolete  ;  sterile  lemma 
6-nerved  ;  fertile  lemma  leathery-indurated,  papillose-striate,  with  a  hyaline  mar- 
gin not  inrolled,  inclosing  a  palea  of  like  texture.  —  Annual,  mostly  weedy 
grasses,  with  branching  culms,  thin  leaves,  and  subdigitate  inflorescence. 
(Name  from  digitus,  a  finger.)  SYNTHERISMA  Walt. 

*  Rhachis  of  racemes  with  angles  wingless ;  first  glume  obsolete  ;  culms  erect. 

1.  D.  filif6rmis  (L.)  Koeler.    Usually  tufted,  branching  and  leafy  at  the  base  ; 
culms  slender  or  almost  filiform,  2-7  dm.  high;  lower  sheaths  hirsute;  blades 
0.5-2  dm.  long,  4  mm.  or  less  wide  (rarely  wider),  hirsute  or  glabrous  on  the 
lower,  scabrous  on  the  upper  surface  ;  racemes  1-5,  unequal,  3-10  cm.  (rarely 
15  cm.)  long,  very  slender;   spikelets  1.7  mm.  long,  mostly  in  3's,  appressed, 
the  second  and   third  on   slender  flexuous  pedicels  ;   glume  and  sterile  lemma 
densely  or  sparsely  villous  between  the   nerves  with  white  gland-tipped  hairs; 
the  glume  shorter  and  narrow,  exposing  the  dark  brown  acute  fertile  lemma. 
(Panicum  L.)  — Sterile  or  sandy  soil,  N.    H.  to  Mich.,   I.  T.,   and  southw.  - 
July-Sept. 

2.  D.  villbsa  (Walt.)  Ell.     Similar  to  the  preceding,  usually  taller,  less  slen- 
der and  more  densely  and  constantly  hirsute  on  the  sheaths  and  on  both  surfaces 
of  the  blades;  racemes  2-8,  more  distant  (sometimes  3  cm.  apart),  6-20  cm. 
long,  much  interrupted  toward  the  base;    spikelet-clusters   usually  rather  dis- 
tant; spikelets  2.25  mm.  long;  the  glume  and  sterile  lemma  densely  matted- 
villous  between  the  nerves  with  gland-tipped  hairs.  —  Sandy  soil,  Va.  to  Mo.,  and 
southw.     July-Oct. 

*  *  Rhachis  of  racemes  with  lateral  angles  winged;  culms  spreading. 
•«-  Pedicels  terete  ;  first  glume  obsolete. 

3.  D.  HUMirtsA  Pers.     Glabrous  ;    culms  1.5-4  dm.   high,  much  branched 
below,  ascending  or  nearly  prostrate  ;  leaves  2-10  cm.  long  (rarely  longer),  3-6 
mm.  wide  ;  racemes  2-6,  aggregated,  divergent,  often  curved,  3-10  cm.  long ; 


96  GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY) 

spikelets  solitary  or  in  2's,  2.2  mm.  long  ;  the  glume  and  sterile  lemma  equal^ 

densely  short-villous  between  the  nerves,  as  long  as  the  dark  brown  fertile  lemma. 

(Panicum  lineare  Krock  ;  P.  glabrum  Gaud.)  —  Cultivated  and 

Jk  waste  ground,  N.  S.  to  S.  Dak.,  and  southw.     Aug.-Oct.     (Nat. 

•|  from  Eu.)     FIG.  54. 

m/  4.    D.  ser6tina  Michx.     Extensively  creeping,  forming  dense 

\  mats  ;  the  crowded  sheaths  pilose  ;  blades  2-8  cm.  long,  4-7  mm. 

r  wide,  pilose  on   both  surfaces;    racemes  3-8,   at  the   apex  of 

8  Ikltx4        ascendinS  branches  (1-3  dm.   high),  3-10  cm.  long;   spikelets 

mostly   in  2's,    1.6  mm.   long,   sparsely   pubescent  between   the 

nerves;   the  glume  scarcely  %  as  long  as  the  pale  fertile  lemma.      (Panicum 

Trin.)  —  Low  sandy  ground  near  the  coast,  s.  Pa.,  Del.,  and  southw.     June- Aug. 

•i-  •*-  Pedicels  sharply  angled  ;  first  glume  present,  minute. 

5.    D.  SANGUINALIS  (L.)  Scop.     (CRAB  GRASS.)     Culms  erect   or  ascending 
from  a  decumbent  often  creeping  base,  3-12  dm.  long ; 
nodes  and  sheaths  more  or  less  papillose-hirsute  ;  blades 
lax,  5-12  cm.  long,  4-10  mm.  wide,  scabrous,  often  more 
or  less  pilose  ;    racemes  3-12,   subfasciculate,  5-18  cm. 
long  ;  spikelets  in  pairs,  3-3.5  mm.  long,  usually  appressed- 
pubescent  between  the  smooth  or  scabrous  nerves  ;  second 
glume  about  \  as  long  as  the  pale  or  grayish  fertile  lemma. 
(Panicum  L. ;  8yntherisma  fimbriata  Nash.)  —  Cultivated         55.  D.  sanguinalis. 
and  waste  grounds,  throughout  our  range,  and  southw.     Part  of  inflorescence  x  %. 
Aug.-Oct     Very  variable.     (Nat.  from  Eu.)     FIG.  65.       Spikelets  x  3. 

7.    LEPTOL6MA  Chase 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  fusiform,  solitary  on  long  capillary  3-angled  pedicels  • 
first  glume  obsolete  or  very  minute,  the  second  3-nerved,  nearly  as  long  as  the 
5-7-nerved  sterile  lemma  ;  fertile  lemma  cartilaginous-indurated,  papillose,  with 
a  delicate  hyaline  margin  not  inrolled,  inclosing  a  palea  of  like  texture  ;  grain 
free  within  the  lemma  and  palea.  —  Tufted  perennials,  with  flat  leaves  and  very 
diffuse  terminal  panicles,  which  break  away  at  maturity  and  become  tumble- 
weeds.  (Name  from  Xe?rr6s,  delicate,  and  Xw/ua,  border,  in  reference  to  the 
hyaline  margins  of  the  lemma.) 

1.  L.  cognatum  (Schultes)  Chase.  (FALL  WITCH  GRASS.)  Pale  green,  much 
branched  at  the  base,  erect  or  geniculate  below,  very  brittle,  3-7  dm.  high  ; 
lower  sheaths  pilose,  the  upper  usually  glabrous  ;  ligule  membranaceous,  1  mm. 
long  ;  blades  5-8  cm.  long,  4-6  mm.  wide,  rather  rigid,  usually  glabrous,  scabrous 
on  the  margins  ;  panicle  \-\  the  entire  height  of  the  plant,  short-exserted,  very 
diffuse,  as  broad  as  long  or  broader ;  the  capillary  scabrous  subflexuous 
branches  at  first  ascending,  soon  widely  spreading,  naked  below,  pilose  in  the 
axils ;  spikelets  on  scabrous  pedicels,  1-4  cm.  long,  acuminate,  2.7-3  mm.  long ; 
glume  and  sterile  lemma  with  a  stripe  of  appressed  silky  pubescence  between  the 
nerves  and  on  the  margins,  or  the  hairs  becoming  loose  and  spreading  especially 
on  the  margins,  very  variable  in  the  same  panicle  ;  fruit  acuminate,  chestnut, 
the  margins  of  the  lemma  white.  (Panicum  Schultes ;  P.  autumnale  Bosc.) 
—  Dry  soil  and  sand  hills,  N.  H.  to  Fla. ;  111.  to  Minn.,  southw.  and  south westw. 

8.    AMPHICARPON    Kunth 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  of  2  kinds,  one  in  a  terminal  panicle,  perfect  but  not 
fruitful,  the  other  subterranean,  cleistogamous,  on  slender  leafless  stems  at  the 
base  of  the  culm  ;  the  first  glume  of  the  aerial  spikelets  variable  in  size  or  obso- 
lete ;  the  second  and  the  sterile  lemma  subequal  ;  lemma  and  palea  indurated, 
margins  of  lemma  neither  hyaline  nor  inrolled ;  cleistogamous  spikelets  much 


GRAMINEAE   (GRASS   FAMILY)  97 

larger,  glumes  many-nerved ;  sterile  lemma  subrigid ; 
fertile  lemma  and  palea  much  indurated,  acuminate, 
margins  of  lemma  neither  hyaline  nor  inrolled.  —  Erect 
annuals  or  perennials  with  flat  leaves.  (Name  from 
i/A0ka/>7ros,  doubly  fruit-bearing.) 

1.  A.  Purshii  Kunth.  Annual ;  culms  erect,  branch- 
ing, 3-6  dm.  high  ;  sheaths  and  blades  coarsely  hispid ; 
terminal  panicle  contracted ;  spikelets  about  4  mm.  long  ;  56.  A.  Purshii. 

fertile  spikelets  solitary,  about  6  mm.  long,  at  the  ends    sterile  spikelet  closed  x  fc. 
of  the  slender  subterranean  branches.     (Milium  Amphi-    Same  wide  open  x  2. 
tarpon  Pursh ;    A.  Amphicarpon  Nash.) — Moist  sandy    Basal  fertile  spikelet, 
pine  barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla.    Sept.     FIG.  66.  partly  open  x  2. 

9.   PASPALUM    L. 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  plano-convex,  nearly  sessile,  solitary  or  in  pairs,  in  2 
rows  on  one  side  of  a  continuous  narrow  or  dilated  rhachis,  forming  simple  spike- 
like  racemes  ;  spikelets  placed  with  the  back  of  the  fertile  lemma  toward  the 
rhachis ;  first  glume  obsolete  (rarely  present)  ;  lemma  and  palea  chartaceous- 
indurated,  margins  of  the  lemma  inrolled.  — Perennials,  with  1-several  racemes 
digitate  or  racemose  at  the  summit  of  the  culm  and  branches.  (Ilao-TrdXos,  a 
Greek  name,  for  millet.) 

a.   Racemes  1-several,  1  terminal  and  often  1  or  more  lateral    &. 
&.   Rhachis  membranaceous,  2  mm.  or  more  broad. 

Spikelets  1.5  mm.  long,  elliptical,  pubescent  .        .        .  1.  P.  mucronatum. 

Spikelets  2  mm.  long,  oval,  glabrous 2.  P.  dissectum. 

b.  Rhachis  narrow,  not  membranaceous,  less  than  1  mm.  broad 

(except  in  P.  Boscianum)    e. 
c.  Axillary  peduncles  1  or  more  from  uppermost  sheath  ;  leaves 

ciliate  on  the  margin    d. 
d.  Spikelets  2  mm.  long    e. 

e.  Leaves  glabrous  on  both  surfaces 5.   P.  ciUaUfoUwm. 

6.  Leaves  pubescent  on  one  or  both  surfaces  /. 
/.  Spikelets  glabrous. 

Leaves  densely  long-pubescent. 

Culm  hirsute  below  raceme 6.   P.  pubescens. 

Culm  glabrous 1.   P.  MuJileribergil. 

Leaves  puberulent  and  sometimes  sparsely  villous  .      8.  P.  stramineum. 
f.  Spikelets  pubescent ;  leaves  short-pubescent. 

Culms  erect 9.   P.  Bu&Jdi. 

Culms  prostrate 10.   P.  psammophilum. 

d.  Spikelets  1.5  mm.  long. 

Spikelets  glabrous 8.   P.  longipedunculatum 

Spikelets  pubescent 4.  P.  setaceum. 

c.  Axillary  peduncles  none    g. 
g.   Spikelets  glabrous    h. 

h.   Spikelets  singly  disposed  so  as  to  appear  In  1-2  rows. 
Spikelets  2.5  mm.  long. 
Plants  glabrous  or  sparingly  pilose. 
Leaf-blades  of  culm  1-2  dm.  long ;  racemes  8-5 

cm.  long 11.  P.  laeve. 

Leaf-blades  of  culm  2-4  dm.  long;  racemes  8-10 

cm.  long 12.  P.  angustifolium 

Plants  with  pubescent  sheaths  and  blades  .        .        .13.   P.  plenipilum. 
Spikelets  8  mm.  long;  sheaths  papillose-hirsute    .        .    14.  P.  circular  e. 
Spikelets  4  mm.  long. 
Leaf-blades  less  than  1.5  dm.  long      .        .        .        .    16.  P.  difforme. 

Leaf-blades  2-4  dm.  long 15.   P.Jtoridanum. 

h.  Spikelets  in  pairs  so  as  to  appear  in  four  rows. 

Spikelets  stramineous  at  maturity .        .        •        .        .    17.  P.  laeviglume. 

Spikelets  dark  brown  at  maturity 18.  P.  Boscianum. 

g.   Spikelets  ciliate 19.  P.  dilutatum. 

a.   Racemes  a  pair  at  the  summit  of  the  culm     .        .        .        ,        .20.   P.  dititichum. 

*  Racemes  with  a  broad,  thin-membranaceous,  orfoliaceous  and  keeled,  rhachis, 
2  mm.  wide  or  more,  the  incurved  margins  partly  inclosing  the  small  2-rowed 
spikelets.  (Aquatic  or  nearly  so,  decumbent  or  floating.) 

1.   P.  mucronatum    Muhl.     Sheaths  papillose-hirsute  or  nearly  smooth,  in- 
flated ;  blades  lanceolate,  2.5-15  cm.  long,  6-14  mm.  wide,  scabrous;   racemes 
10-60,  finally  spreading  ;  rhachis  extending  beyond  the  spikelets,  which  are  ellip- 
GRAY'S  MANUAL  —  7 


98  GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY) 

tical,  about  1-5  mm.  long,  sparsely  pubescent  with  minutely  glandular  hairs, 
(P.  fluitans  Ell.)  —  In  water  or  mud,  Va.  to  Okla.,  and  south w. 

2.  P.  dissdctum  L.     Sheaths  glabrous  ;  blades  1-5  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide; 
racemes  3-7  ;  spikelets  oval,  glabrous,  2-2.3   mm.  long.     (P.  membranaceum 
Walt.  ;  P.  Walterianum  Schultes.)  —  Wet  places,  N.  J.  to  s.  111.,  and  southw. 

*  *  Racemes  with  a  narrow  wingless  rhachis  ;  sheaths  compressed. 
•»-  One  raceme  terminal,  often  l-several  lateral. 

•-*•  One  or  more  naked  raceme-bearing  branches  from  the  uppermost  sheath; 
culms  tufted,  often  reclining;  racemes  slender,  often  curved;  spikelets  in 
pairs,  1.5-2  mm.  long,  broadly  oval  or  obovate;  leaves  ciliate  on  the  margin. 

=  Spikelets  1.5  mm.  long. 

3.  P.  longipedunculatum  Le  Conte.     Culms  reclining,  3-5  dm.  long  ;  leaves 
mostly  near  the  base,  3-9  cm.  long,  4-6  mm.  wide,  midnerve  and  margins  ciliate  ; 
sheaths  pilose  at  the  throat ;  racemes  1  or  2,  3-6  cm.  long,  usually  curved,  on 
long  slender  peduncles  ;  spikelets  glabrous.  —  Sandy  soil,  Ky.  and  southw. 

4.  P.  setaceum  Michx.     Culms  slender,  erect  or  ascending,  4-6  dm.  high, 
smooth  ;  sheaths  hirsute,  especially  the  lower  ones  ;  blades  about  1-2  dm.  long, 
2-6  mm.  wide  (upper  reduced),  densely  pubescent ;    racemes  slender,  usually 
single,    long-peduncled,    5-10   cm.  long ;   spikelets  ovate,  finely  pubescent  and 
glandular-spotted.  — Dry  sandy  fields  and  pine  barrens,  N.  H.  to  Neb.,  Fla.,  and 
Tex.     Aug.-Oct. 

—  =  Spikelets  2  mm.  long. 

a.   Spikelets  glabrous. 

5.  P.  ciliatif61ium  Michx.      Erect,  4-8  dm.  high;  leaves  0.7-2.5  dm.  long, 
6-15  mm.   wide,  glabrous;    racemes  usually  single,  5-10  cm.  long;   spikelets 
about  2  mm.  long,  glabrous,  green.  —  Sandy  soil,  Md.  to  Fla.,  and  Miss. 

6.  P.  pubescens  Muhl.     Culms  slender,  erect,  4-8  dm.  high,  hirsute  below 
the  racemes;  sheaths  usually  glabrous;    blades  1-2  dm.  long,  3-6  mm.  wide, 
long-pubescent  on  both  surfaces;  racemes  usually  single;  spikelets  2  mm.  long, 
glabrous.  —  Fields  and  dry  woods,  N.  Y.  to  Del.,  Miss.,  and  Tex.     Aug.,  Sept. 

7.  P.    Muhlenb6rgii    Nash.       Culms  more  robust  than   in  the  preceding, 
spreading  or  reclining,  glabrous  ;  sheaths  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous  ;  blades 
hardly  2  dm.  long,  7-10  mm.  wide,  long-pubescent  on  both  surfaces ;  racemes 
usually  single  ;  spikelets  2  mm.  long,  glabrous.  —  Fields  and  sandy  soil,  N.  H.  to 
Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.    Aug.-Oct. 

8.  P.    stramineum   Nash.       Culms  spreading   or  prostrate,  2-8  dm.   long; 
sheaths  ciliate  on  the  margin,  otherwise  glabrous  or  the  lowest  pubescent ;  blades 
about  1  dm.  long,  crinkly  on  the  ciliate  margin,  finely  pubescent,  often  with  a 
few  scattered  long  hairs;  racemes  1-3  (mostly  2),  4-10  cm.   long ;    spikelets 
straw-colored,  2  mm.  long,  orbicular,  smooth.  —  Sandy  soil,  Neb.  to  Mo.  and 
southw.     July-Sept. 

a  a.   Spikelets  pubescent. 

9.  P.  Bushii  Nash.     Culms  erect,  8-10  dm.  high  ;  lower  sheaths  pubescent,  the 
upper  pilose  on  the  margin  only  ;  blades  5-20  cm.  long,  5-15  mm.  wide,  softly 
and  densely  pubescent  on  both   surfaces;    racemes  2  or  3,   10-12  cm.  long; 
spikelets  2-2.2  mm.  long,  oval,  densely  pubescent.  — Dry  soil,  Neb.  to  Mo.,  and 
Tex.     Aug. 

10.  P.    psamm6philum  Nash.      Culms  prostrate ;  similar  to  P.  stramineum 
but  sheaths,  both  surfaces  of  the  blades,  and  the  oval  spikelets  softly  and  densely 
pubescent;  leaves  averaging  a  little  longer.     (P.  pro  stratum  Nash.,  not  Scribn. 
&  Merr.)  —  Sandy  soil,  s.  N.  Y.  to  Del.     Aug.,  Sept. 

•w  «•+  No  lateral  peduncle  ;  culms  stout  and  often  tall. 
=  Spikelets  obtuse,  glabrous, 
a.    Spikelets  singly  disposed. 

11.  P.   laSve  Michx.      Culms  spreading  or  prostrate,  3-6  dm.  long;  plant 


GRAMINEAE   (GRASS   FAMILY)  99 

glabrous,  or  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaf-blades  (1-2  dm.  long)  with  a  few  hairs  ; 
racemes  2-3,  3-5  cm.  long  ;  spikelets  .about  2.5  mm.  long.  — Sandy  soil,  Md.  to 
Fla.  and  Tex.  FIG.  57.  Var.  AUSTRA.LE  Nash.  Leaves  hairy 
on  the  upper  surface,  sheaths  hirsute  on  the  margin.  —  Va.  to 
Fla.  and  Miss. 

12.  P.  angustifblium  Le  Conte.     Culms  erect  or  spreading, 
glabrous,  averaging  taller  than  the  preceding ;  sheaths  glabrous 
or  somewhat  pilose,  especially  on  the  margin  ;  blades  elongated 
(2-4  dm.),  often  sparingly  pilose  on  upper  surface;  racemes  3-5, 
longer  than  in  the  preceding,  6-10  cm.  long,  spreading.  —  Sandy 
soil,  Md.  to  Fla.,  Kan.,  and  Tex. 

13.  P.  plenipilum  Nash.     Resembles  P.  laeve ;  but  usually 
taller  (5-10  dm.),  erect  or  spreading;    and  pilose  on  sheaths 

and  blades;  racemes  2-4,  4-8  cm.  long.  (P.  praelongum  57.  p.iaevex%. 
Nash.)  —  Fields  and  open  ground,  N.  J.  to  Fla.,  Ala.,  and  Mo.  Spikelets  x2y2. 

14.  P.    circulare   Nash.      Culms    5-10   dm.    high ;    sheaths 

sparsely  papillose-hirsute  with  ascending  hairs;  blades  2-3  dm,  long,  5-8  mm. 
wide,  sparsely  hirsute  on  the  upper  surface,  usually  glabrous  on  the  lower ; 
racemes  2-4,  erect  or  ascending,  6-10  cm.  long  ;  spikelets  orbicular,  about  3  mm. 
long.  — Open  moist  ground,  N.  Y.  and  Mo.,  southw. 

15.  P.  floridanum  Michx.      Culms  robust,  1-2  m.  high,  from  a  stout  scaly 
rootstock,  glabrous  ;   sheaths  hirsute ;    blades  3-6  dm.  long,  6-10    mm.  wide, 
hirsute  on  both  surfaces;  racemes  usually  2-4,  stout,  erect  or  ascending,  7-12 
cm.  long;   spikelets  about  4  mm.  long. — Low  ground,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 
Var.  GLABRATUM  Engelm.       Glabrous  and  often  glaucous ;  racemes  often  4-7. 
(P.  arundinaceum  Poir.)  —  Del.  to  s.  Kan.,  and  southw. 

16.  P.  diff6rme  Le  Conte.     Similar  to  the  preceding,  less  robust,  glaucous ; 
culms  5-10  dm.  high,  leafy  at  the  base  ;  sheaths  often  papillose-hirsute  near  the 
summit;  blades  12-15  cm.  long,  6-10  mm. wide  (the  uppermost  much  reduced), 
glabrous  or  sparsely  hirsute ;  racemes  2-3  (rarely  4),  ascending,  3.5-8  cm.  long; 
spikelets  3-3.5  mm.  long.  — Low  sandy  ground,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

a  a.   Spikelets  in  pairs,   appearing  ^-seriate;  sterile  lemma  5-nerved',  culms 
usually  geniculate  and  rooting  at  the  lower  nodes. 

17.  P.  laeviglume  Scribn.     Culms  stout,   5-15  dm.  high,  nodes  pubescent; 
sheaths  usually  pilose  on  the  scarious  margin,  otherwise  glabrous ;  blades  1-3 
dm.  long,  1-1.5  cm.  wide,  glabrous  or  with  a  few  hairs  at  base  ;  racemes  4-8, 
3-10  cm.  long;  spikelets  3  mm.  long,  obovate,  stramineous. — Moist  fields  and 
wood-borders,  Md.  and  Ky.  to  N.  C.  and  Tex.     Sept.,  Oct. 

18.  P.    Boscianum  Fliigge.     Culms  stout,  5-12  dm.  high  ;  sheaths  lax,  gla- 
brous, or  the  lower  pubescent;   blades  1.5-4.5  dm.  long,  6-12  mm.  wide,  gla- 
brous or  hirsute  near  base  ;  racemes  numerous,  2-6  cm.  long,  with  a  winged 
rhachis  2  mm.  wide  ;  spikelets  2  mm.  long  ;  glume  and  sterile  lemma  brownish  ; 
fruit  dark  brown.  —  Low  woodlands,  and  along  ditches,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 
Aug.,  Sept. 

=  =  Spikelets  acute,  ciliate. 

19.  P.   dilatatum  Poir.     Culms  stout,  5-17  dm.  high,  growing  in  clumps ; 
glabrous  throughout  except  the  densely  crowded  spikelets;   leaves  elongated, 
4-10  mm.  wide;  racemes  2-10,  5-10  cm.  long,  somewhat  spreading;  spikelets 
3  mm.  long,  ovate  ;  glume  and  sterile  lemma  long-ciliate. — In  meadows,  waste 
ground,  and  along  ditches,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

-«- 1-  Racemes  a  pair  at  the  summit  of  the  culm. 

20.  P.  distichum  L.    Creeping  and  rooting  at  the  nodes,  with  ascending  culms, 
1-6  dm.  high  ;  leaves  short,  usually  crowded,  sometimes  sparsely  hairy  on  the 
margins;  racemes  3-5  cm.  long;    spikelets  singly  disposed,   2.5-3  mm.  long, 
ovate,  acute,  sparsely  pubescent ;  first  glume  occasionally  present.     (Digitaria 
paspalodcs  Michx.)  —  Ditches  and  muddy  or  sandy  shores,  Va.  to  Fla.,  and 
westw.     June-Oct. 


100  GRAMINEAE   (GRASS   FAMILY) 

10.    AXONOPUS  Beauv. 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  compressed  bi-convex,  sessile,  solitary  in  two  rows  on  one 
side  of  a  flattened  rhachis  (which  is  naked  in  ours),  placed  with  the  back  of  the 
fertile  lemma  turned  from  the  rhachis,  forming  simple  spikes  ;  first  glume  obso- 
lete ;  lemma  and  palea  indurated  but  less  so  than  usual  in  Paspalum,  margins 
of  the  lemma  inrolled.  —  Perennials  with  2-several  slender  spikes  digitate  or 
sub-digitate  at  the  summit  of  the  culm.  (Name  from  &%uv,  axis'  and  irotfs, 
foot.)  ANASTROPHUS  Schlecht. 

1.  A.  furcatus  (Flugge)  Hitchc.  Tufted,  soft,  3-10  dm.  high,  with  long 
creeping  leafy  stolons  ;  leaves  obtuse  ;  racemes  a  pair  at  the  summit  of  the  culm, 
7-10  cm.  long ;  spikelets  acute,  nearly  glabrous,  about  4  mm.  long.  (Paspalus 
Flugge  ;  P.  Elliottii  Wats.)  —Low  moist  ground,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

11.     PANICUM  L.    PANIC  GRASS 

Spikelets  1-flowered  or  rarely  with  a  staminate  flower  below  the  terminal 
perfect  one,  in  panicles,  rarely  in  racemes  ;  glumes  very  unequal,  the  first  often 
minute,  the  second  subequal  to  the  sterile  lemma  which  often  incloses  a  hyaline 
palea  and  rarely  a  staminate  flower  ;  fertile  lemma  and  palea  chartaceous-in- 
durated,  nerves  obsolete,  the  margins  of  the  lemma  inrolled  ;  grain  free  within 
the  rigid  firmly  closed  lemma  and  palea.  —  Annuals  or  perennials  of  various 
habit.  (An  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  Italian  millet,  Setaria  italica,  of  uncer- 
tain origin  and  meaning. ) 

a.   Annuals    b. 

b.   Spikelets  tuberculate 2.  P.  verrucosum. 

b.  Spikelets  smooth    c. 

c.   Plants  glabrous , 8.   P.  dicfiotomiftoritm. 

c.   Plants  more  or  less  hispid    d.  —  CAPILLARIA. 
d.  Panicle  erect,  spikelets  not  over  3.5  mm.  long    « 

6.   Panicle  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  entire  plant. 

Panicle  diffuse  ;  spikelets  2-2.5  rnm.  long      .        .        .        .    3.  P.  capillare. 
Panicle  narrow  ;  spikelets  8— 3.5  mm.  long     .        .        .        .5.    P.  flexile, 
e.   Panicle  not  over  one  third  the  length  of  the  entire  plant. 

Culms  stout;  blades  about  1  cm.  wide 4.   P.  Oatlingeri. 

Culms  delicate  ;  blades  not  over  6  mm.  wide  .        .        .        .    6.    P.  philad  elphicum 

d.   Panicle  drooping  ;  spikelets  5  mm.  long 1.   P.   miliaceum. 

a.  Perennials  /. 

/.   Spikelets  short-pediceled  along  one  side  of  a  rhachis  forming  spike- 
like  racemes 1.   P.  hemitomum. 

f.   Spikelets  in  panicles    g. 

g.   Basal  leaves  similar  to    culm-leaves,    not  forming  a  winter  ro- 
sette ;  culms  simple  or  sometimes  producing  panicles  from  the 
upper  nodes    h. 
h.  Spikelets  long-pediceled. — VIRGATA. 

Branches  of  panicle  spreading 11.   P.  virgatum. 

Branches  of  panicle  ascending. 

Spikelets  4.5  mm.  long ;  leaves  crowded  at  base  of  culm       .      9.   P.  amarum. 
Spikelets  6  mm.  long;  leaves  not  crowded  at  base  of  culm        10.   P.  amaroides. 
h.  Spikelets  short-pediceled  along  the  main  branches  of  the  pan- 
icle  i.  —  AGROSTOIDIA. 

i.   Rootstocks  present 16.  P.  anceps. 

i.  Eootstocks  absent ;  plants  compressed  at  the  leafy  base. 

Fruit  stipitate  ;  spikelets  conspicuously  secund      .        .        .14.  P.  sUpilatum-. 
Fruit  not  stipitate  ;  spikelets  not  conspicuously  secund. 
Spikelets  2  mm.  long,  crowded  ;  a  few  long  hairs  on  the 

pedicels 13.  P.  agrostoides. 

Spikelets  2.5-3  mm.  long  ;  no  hairs  on  the  pedicels. 

Panicles  few-flowered,  branches  spreading        .        .        .12.   P.  longifolium. 
Panicles  densely  flowered,  branches  erect         .        .        .15.  P.  condensum. 
g.   Basal    leaves    usually  distinctly  different  from  the  culm-leaves, 
.  forming  a  winter  rosette  ;  culms  simple  in  spring  but  usually 
much  branched  later  in  the  season  ;  secondary  panicles  smaller, 
less  exserted  than  the  primary  j.  —  DicndTOMA. 
j.   Spikelets  8  mm.  or  more  long    k. 

k.   Leaves  linear-elongated,  not  over  5  mm.  wide  ;  secondary  pan- 
icles at  the  base  only. 

Spikelets  pointed 17.  P.  depauperatum. 

Sp1kelets  blunt 18.   P.perlongum. 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY) 


101 


k.   Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  more  than  5  mm. 

wide,  or  if  narrower  not  conspicuously  elongated   I. 
I    Blades  more  than  1.5  cm.  wide  m. 

m.   Spikelets  3  mm.  long  ;  at  least  the  lower  sheaths  papillose-hispid  71.   P  clandestinum. 
m.   Spikelets  3.5-4  mm.  long. 

Nodes  bearded  ;  plants  often  pubescent. 
Blades  lanceolate,  thick,  glabrous  above,  densely  papillose- 
pubescent  beneath 65.   P.  Ravenelii. 

Blades  ovate-lanceolate,  thin  ;  pubescence  when  present 

soft 72.    P.  Boscii. 

Nodes  not  bearded  ;  plants  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

Panicle  spreading;  blades 2.5  cm.  or  more  wide       .        .     78.   P.  latifolium. 
Panicle  narrow  ;  blades  rarely  over  1.8  cm.  wide       .        .     66.  P.  xanthophysum. 
I.   Blades  not  over  1.5  cm.  wide    n. 
n.   Panicle  narrow  ;  blades  erect. 

Plants  glabrous  or  nearly  so 66.   P.  xanthophysum. 

Plants  papillose-hispid. 

Spikelets  not  over  3  mm.  long 67.  P.  Wilcoxianum. 

Spikelets  4  mm.  long  .        . 64.  P.  Leibergii. 

n.  Panicle  spreading,  about  as  wide  as  long   o. 
o.   Spikelets  3  mm.  long ;  blades  1.2-2  dm.  long. 

Blades  ciliate,  glaucous,  smooth 59.   P.  mutabile. 

Blades  not  ciliate,  green,  scabrous 70.  P.  aculeatum. 

o.  Spikelets  3.5-4  mm.  long ;  blades  not  over  1  dm.  long. 

Nodes  bearded  ;  ligule  3-4  mm.  long 65.   P.  Ravenelii. 

Nodes  not  bearded  ;  ligule  1-2  mm.  long. 
Spikelets    obovoid-turgid,  blunt ;    pubescence  spread- 
ing        63.   P.  Scribnerianum 

Spikelets    narrowly  obovoid,    subacute ;    pubescence 

ap  pressed 62.   P.  oligosanthes. 

j.   Spikelets  less  than  8  LJUI.  long  p, 
p.   Spikelets  glabrous    q. 
q.   Spikelets  not  over  1.5  mm.  long. 

Plants  pubescent 22.    P.  strigosum. 

Plants  glabrous,  except  bearded  nodes 81.   P.  microcarpon. 

q.   Spikelets  2-2.5  mm.  long   r. 
r.  Spikelets  2  mm.  long. 

Spikelets  obovoid-turgid;  culms  crisp-puberulent       .        .    60.  P.  lancearium. 
Spikelets  elliptical ;  culms  glabrous. 

Autumnal  state  erect,  branched  like  a  little  tree;  second 

glume  shorter  than  the  fruit  and  sterile  lemma    .        .    27.   P.  dichotomum. 
Autumnal    state    topheavy -reclining ;    fruit    covered  by 

second  glume  and  sterile  lemma 28.    P.  barbulatum. 

Autumnal    state  wide!/    trailing ;    second  glume    and 

sterile  lemma  shorter  than  the  fruit      .        .        .        .    80.  P.  lucidum. 
r.   Spikelets  2.5  mm.  long. 

Culms    2-4    dm.   high ;   second   glume  and  sterile  lemma 

equaling  fruit 26.   P.  Bicknettii. 

Culms  5-12    dm.  high;    second  glume    and   sterile  lemma 

forming  a  point  beyond  the  fruit 29.   P.  yadkinense- 

p.  Spikelets  pubescent   s. 

8.   Blades  elongated,  not  over  5  mm.  wide;   secondary  panicles 
from  the  base  only,  or  none. 

Sheaths  glabrous 20.   P.  Werneri. 

Sheaths  pilose. 
Spikelets     turgid,    blunt ;      panicle-branches     ascending ; 

culms  few  in  a  tuft 18.  P.  perlongum. 

Spikelets    subacute ;    panicle-branches    spreading ;    culms 

numerous  in  a  tuft 19.   P.  linearifolium. 

8.   Blades     usually     not     conspicuously    elongated ;      secondary 

panicles  not  at  the  base    t. 
t.  Spikelets  obovate-turgid,  blunt,  attenuate  at  base. 

Spikelets  2  mm.  long 25.   P.  aciculare. 

Spikelets  2.5  mm.  long. 

Spikelets  not  papillose  ;  culm  s  glabrous      .        .        .        .26.   P.  Bicknettii. 
Spikelets  rugose-papillose  ;  culms  pubescent,  at  least  belo 
Nodes  bearded  ;  panicle-branches  ascending  .        .        . 
Nodes  not  bearded  ;  panicle-branches  spreading    . 
t.  Spikelets  not  attenuate  at  base   u. 

u.   Sheaths  conspicuously  retrorse-pilose  ;  culms  simple,  form- 
ing soft  tufts 

u.   Sheaths  not  retrorsely  pilose    v. 
v.   Sheaths,  or  all  but  the  lowest,  glabrous  w. 
w.   Ligule  2-5  mm.  long. 

Spikelets  2.2  mm.  long 

Spikelets  1.5mm.  long. 

Panicle    not    more    than   half  as  wide   as    long; 
spikelets  elliptic 


24.  P.  con mnguineum 
28.  P.  anguttifolium. 


21.  P.  xalapense. 


47.   P.  tcoparioides. 


pikelets  ellipt  . 

Panicle  about  as  wide    as  long ;  spikelets  obovoid 


85.  P.  spretum. 

86.  P.  Lindheimeri. 


102 


GRAMINEAE   (GRASS   FAMILY) 


W.  Ligule  less  than  1  mm.  long   cc. 
X.   Blades  velvety  on  both  surfaces ;  nodes  bearded      . 
85.   Blades  not  velvety ;  nodes  not  bearded   y. 
y.   Culms  crisp-puberulent  ........ 

y.   Culms  glabrous    z. 

«.  Spikelets  1.5-1.8  mm.  long. 

Culm-blades  not  over  2  cm.  long  ;  spikelets  elliptical 
Culm-blades  6-20  cm.  long;  spikelets  spheroidal. 
Panicle  not  more  than  half  as  wide  as  long ;  blades 

strongly  nerved 

Panicle     nearly    as    wide    as    long ;    blades     not 

strongly  nerved 

«.  Spikelets  2.2-2.8  mm.  long. 

Blades  cordate,  1.2-2  cm.  wide 

Blades  not  cordate,  0.6-1.2  cm.  wide. 

Blades  erect ;  fruit  covered 

Blades  spreading  ;  fruit  exposed  at  summit 
'.  Sheaths  pubescent    a. 
a.   Sheaths  puberulent,  not  pilose. 

Spikelets  elliptical,  2.6  mm.  long 

Spikelets  obovoid-turgid,  2  mm.  long. 
Plants  erect  or  spreading ;    blades  glabrous  above   . 
Plants  prostrate  or  creeping  ;  blades  puberulent  on  both 

surfaces 

a.   Sheaths  spreading-  or  appressed-pilose  or  velvety  6. 
6.   Plants  grayish-velvety  throughout. 

Spikelets  2.6  mm.  long    ........ 

Spikelets  1.8  mm.  long 

Spikelets  1.3-1 .4  mm.  long,  very  turgid         . 
&.   Plants  not  velvety    c. 
G.  Spikelets  2.7-3  mm.  long. 

Blades  papillose-hirsute  on  both  surfaces 
Blades  glabrous  or  sparsely  silky  above       .... 
c.   Spikelets  less  than  2.5  mm.  long    d. 

d.   Spikelets  ovate,  pointed ;  blades  1.5-2.5  dm.  long ;  pani- 
cle 1.2-2.5  dm.  long 

d.   Spikelets  obovate  or  elliptical,  blunt ;  blades  and  panicle 


34.  P.  annulum. 

58.  P.  Ashei. 

54.  P.  ensifolium. 

56.  P.  polyanthes. 

55.  P.  sphaerocarpon. 

57.  P.  commutatum. 

82.  P.  boreale. 

33.  P.  mattamuxkeeiense 

58.  P.  Ashei. 

60.  P.  lancearium. 

61.  P.  patulum. 


68.   P.  sooparium. 

44.  P.  lanuginoHut 

45.  P.  auburn  e. 


67.   P.  Wilcoxianum. 
49.  P. 


).  P.  scabriusculum. 


shorter    e. 
6.   Pubescence  spreading  /. 
/.   Spikelets  2.2-2.4  mm.  long. 

Plants  very  villous  ;  autumnal  state  prostrate        .    48.   P.  villosissimum. 
Plants  papillose-hispid   on    sheaths  and    sparsely 

hispid  on  blades;  autumnal  state  erect      .        .    47.   P.  scoparioides. 
f.  Spikelets  1.3-1.9  mm.  long    g. 

y.   Blades  stiff,  glabrous  above  or  with  a  few  hairs       .    43.   P.  tennesseense. 
g.   Blades  pubescent  above,  or  if  glabrous  lax    h. 
h.    Upper  surface  of  blades  with  erect  hairs  3-5  mm.  long. 
Culms    branching    very  early ;    spikelets  1.8- 

1.9  mm.  long 46.   P.  praecocius. 

Culms   branching    after   maturity  of   primary 

panicle ;  spikelets  not  over  1.5  mm.  long. 

Axis  of  panicle  long-pilose       .        .        .        .    39.  P.  implicatum. 
Axis  of  panicle  nearly  glabrous      .        .        .40.  P.  meridional^. 
A.  Upper   surface   of  blades  with    short  or   some- 
what appressed  pubescence. 

Blades  stiif;  spikelets  obovate  .        .        .        .38.  P.huachucae. 
Blades  lax;  spikelets  elliptical  (88)  P.  huachucae,  v.  silvicola. 

6.  Pubescence  not  spreading    i. 

i.   Culms  crisp-puberulent  or  crisp-pubescent;    ligule 

nearly  obsolete. 
Spikelets  1.9  mm.  long ;  blades  5-6  cm.  long ; 

plants  blue-green 52.  P.  tsugetorum. 

Spikelets    1.7    mm.    long;    blades    3-5  cm.    long; 

plants  gray-green 53.   P.  columbianum. 

i.  Culms  with  short  or  long  appressed  pubescence  j. 
j.  Ligule  obsolete  or  nearly  so. 

Spikelets  2.5  mm.  long 50.   P.  Commonsianum. 

Spikelets  2-2.2  mm.  long 51.   P.  Addisonii, 

j.  Ligule  2-3  mm.  long. 

Pubescence  on  lower  sheaths  spreading       .        .    40.  P.  meridionals. 
Pubescence  on  lower  sheaths  appressed. 
Blades  glabrous  on  upper  surface;    spikelets 

1.2  mm.  long 87.   P.  leueothrias. 

Blades  pubescent  on  upper  surface ;  spikelets 

1.5-1.9  mm.  long. 
Spikelets  1.5  mm.  long ;    panicles  not  over 

8  cm.  long 41.   P.  oricola. 

Spikelets   1.9    mm.  long ;   panicles  3-5  cm. 

long 42.   P.  subvillosum. 


GRAMINEAE   (GRASS   FAMILY)  103 

§  1.  PASPALOf DEA  Nash.       Spikelets  acute,  glabrous,  subsessile  in  one-sided 
racemes,  these  racemose  on  an  elongated  axis. 

1.  P.  hemitomum   Schultes.      Culms  thick,    9-12   dm.    long,    rooting   and 
branching    at   the    lower    nodes  ;     sheaths    loose,    glabrous    or    hairy  on  the 
margins  ;  blades  1-2  dm.  long,  about  1  cm.  wide  ;   panicle  1-2  dm.  long,  very 
narrow,  the  remote  racemes  appressed,  spikelet-bearing  to  the  base  ;  spikelets 
2.8  mm.  long,  lanceolate  ;  fruit  less  indurated  and  rigid  than  in  true  Panicum  ; 
palea  not  inclosed  at  the  apex.      (P.  Curtisii  Chapm.;   P.  digitarioides  Car- 
penter.) —  Ponds,  Del.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

§  2.  EUPANICUM  Gren.  &  Godr.     Spikelets  disposed  in  more  or  less  spread- 
ing panicles ;  palea  included  at  the  summit. 

*  VEKRUc6sA.  —  Spikelets  tuberculate  ;  branching  annuals,  rooting  at  the  lower 

nodes. 

2.  P.  yerrucdsum  Muhl.     Glabrous  ;  culms  slender,  spreading  or  ascending, 
3-6  dm.  high ;  leaves  1-1.5  dm.  long,  4-6  mm.  wide,  shining ;  panicle  diffuse, 
few-flowered,  0.7-2.5  dm.  long    (reduced  panicles   often  pro- 
duced from  the  base),  branches  capillary,  spreading,  spikelet-  *d\ 
bearing  toward  the  ends ;  spikelets  1.5  mm.  long,  subacute  ;             «&| 
first  glume  about  one  fourth  as  long  as  the  faintly  nerved  ^wro 
warty  second  glume  and  sterile  lemma ;     fruit  apiculate.  — 

Moist  sandy  soil,   Mass,   to  Fla. ;    also  in  Ind.  at  the  s.  end  59.  p.  verrucosum. 
of  L.  Michigan.     FIG.  58.  Spikelet  x  9. 

*  *  CAPILL\RIA. — Branching  annuals,  hispid  as  a  whole  ;  panicles  diffuse  ;  spike- 

lets  glabrous,  strongly  nerved ;  first  glume  about  one  half  the  length  of  the 
second,  broad,  clasping  the  base  of  the  spikelet,  acute ;  second  glume  and 
sterile  lemma  slightly  or  greatly  exceeding  the  elliptical  smooth  and  shining 
fruit. 

3.  P.  capillare  L.     (OLD-WITCH  GRASS.)     Culms  stout,  sparingly  branched, 
ascending  ;  sheaths  and  usually  the  leaves  (5-15  mm.  wide)  copiously  papillose- 
hispid  ;  panicle  very  large  and  diffuse,  often  half  the  length  of 
the  entire  plant,   included    at    base   until   maturity ;    spikelets 
2-2.5  mm.   long;   second  glume   and  sterile  lemma  acuminate, 
exceeding  the  fruit.  —  Sandy  soil,  and  as  a  weed  in  fields,  N.  S. 
to  B.  C.,  and  southw.     Aug. -Oct.  — At  maturity  lower  panicle- 

59  P  ca  mare    brancnes  diverge  and  the  panicles  break  away  and  act  like  tumble 
siniu-fiPtR  v  4  *    weeds.    FIG.  59. 

4.  P.  GattingSri  Nash.  Culms  widely  spreading  or  decum- 
bent, sometimes  as  much  as  1  m.  long,  branching  at  all  the  nodes,  the  branches 
again  branching  ;  the  numerous  exserted  panicles  oval,  smaller  and  less  diffuse 
than  in  the  preceding  ;  spikelets  more  turgid;  leaves  less  hirsute.  (P.  capillare, 
var.  campestre  Gattinger.)  —  Moist  open  ground,  Me.  to  N.  C.,  111.,  and  Mo.  — 
Depauperate  plants  forming  very  small  prostrate  mats  occur  in  N.  E.  and  N.  Y. 

5.  P.  ftexile  (Gattinger)   Scribn.     Slender,  erect,  3-6  dm.  high,  with  a  few 
erect  branches  at  base  ;  leaves  1-2.5  dm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide,  rarely  wider,  some- 
times nearly  glabrous,  erect ;  panicles  usually  one  half  the  length  of  the  entire 
plant,  narrowly  oblong  with  ascending  branches;    spikelets  3-3.5   mm.  long, 
solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  branchlets  ;  the  long  acuminate  second  glume  and  sterile 
lemma  one  third  longer  than  the  fruit.  —  Moist  sandy  soil,  Pa.  and  Mich. ,  southw. 

6.  P.    philadelphicum  Bernh.     Slender,  erect  or  ascending,  usually  decum- 
bent at  base,  freely  branching,  zigzag,  1.5-4  dm.  high  ;  leaves  less  than  1  dm. 
long,  2-6  mm.   wide ;  panicle  about  one  third  the  entire  height  of  the  plant, 
rather  few-flowered,  spikelets  in  2-'s  or  sometimes  solitary,  at  the  ends  of   the 
divergent  flexuous    branchlets,   1.7-1.8   mm.   long;  second  glume  and  sterile 
lemma  acute,  barely  exceeding  the  fruit.      (P,  minus  Nash,  according  to  descrip- 
tion; P.  minimum  Scribn.  &  Merr.)  —  Dry  woods,  clearings,  and  sandy  shores, 
Me.  to  I.  T.,  and  southw. 


104  GRAMINEAE   (GRASS  FAMILY) 

7.  P.  MILIACEUM  L.  (EUROPEAN  MILLET.)  Culms  2-5  dm.  high,  erect  or 
decumbent;  sheaths  papillose-hispid;  leaves  1-2.5  dm.  long,  2.5  cm.  or  less 
wide  ;  panicle  dense,  drooping  at  maturity  ;  spikelets  ovoid,  5  mm.  long,  turgid. 

—  Waste  places,  Me.  to  Pa.,  westw.  to  Neb.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  *  DICHOTOMIFL&RA.  —  Branching  annual,  glabrous  throughout. 

8.    P.  dichotomiflbrum  Michx.   Culms  compressed,  thick,  suc- 
culent, spreading  or  ascending  from  a  decumbent  base,  3-18  dm. 
long  ;  leaves  2-4  dm.  long,  8-15  mm.  wide,  scabrous  above  ;  pan- 
icles 1.2-4  dm.  long,  diffuse ;   spikelets  short-pediceled,  mostly 
secund  toward  the  ends  of  the  branchlets,  3  mm.  long,  acute ; 
first  glume  obtuse,  second  and  sterile  lemma  pointed  beyond 
.     the  fruit.     (P.  proliferum  Am.  auth.  not  Lam.)  —  Low  waste 
florum       '"   grounds  and  cultivated  fields,  Me.  to  Neb.,  and  southw.    July- 
Spikelet  x  3.       Oct.  —  Slender,  depauperate,  erect  or  prostrate  specimens  occur 
in  sterile  ground.     FIG.  60. 

*  *  *  *  VIRGATA. —  Stout  simple  mostly  glabrous  perennials,  with  long-pediceled 
spikelets  and  stout  creeping  rootstocks. 

9.  P.  amarum  Ell.     Glaucous,  caespitose  in  large  bunches,  5-15 dm.  high; 
leaves  crowded  at  the   base,  involute,  the  uppermost  exceeding  the  contracted 
panicle,  which  is  4-8  dm.  long,  the  long  slender  branches  erect;  spikelets  4.5 
mm.  long;  first  glume  |-|  as  long  as  the  spikelet,  second  glume   and  sterile 
lemma  pointed  beyond  the  grayish  fruit.  —  Sandy  seashores,  Va.,  and"  southw. 
Aug. ,  Sept.  —  Foliage  bitter. 

10.  P.  amaroides  Scribn.  &  Merr.     Glaucous ;  culms  5-8  dm.  high,  scattered 
from  a  stout  creeping  rootstock  ;  leaves  1-3  dm.  long,  flat  or  somewhat  involute  ; 
panicle  1.5-4  dm.  long,  very  narrow,  the  short  branches  appressed  ;  spikelets  6 
mm.  long  ;  first  glume  f  as  long  as  the  spikelet  or  more.     (P.  amarum,  var. 
minor  Vasey  &  Scribn.)  —  Sandy  seashores,  Ct.,  and  southw.     Aug.,  Sept. 

11.  P.  virgatum  L.     (SWITCH  GRASS.)     Tufted,  from  strong  creeping  root- 
stocks,  0.9-2  m.  high,  sometimes  glaucous  ;  leaves  elongated,  flat ;  panicles  1.5- 
5  dm.  long,  nearly  as  wide,  the  branches  ascending  or  spreading, 

naked  at  the  base ;  spikelets  4-4.5  mm.  long  ;  the  second  glume 
and  sterile  lemma  spreading  and  pointed,  exceeding  the  fruit. — 
Low  open  ground  or  salt  marshes  along  the  coast,  also  on  prairies 
in  the  interior,  Me.  to  Man.,  and  southw.  —  Very  variable  ;  leaves 
sometimes  pilose  above  near  the  base ;  marsh  plants  often  very 
luxuriant,  with  panicles  6  dm.  or  more  long.  FIG.  61. 

Var.  obtusum  Wood.     More  slender,  1  m.  high  or  less;  leaves    61-  P.  virgatum. 
not  over  8  mm.  wide  ;  panicle  1.5  dm.  long  or  less,  rather  nar-      sPlkelets  x3. 
row;    spikelets  3  mm.  long;  the  second  glume  and  sterile   lemma   blunt  and 
scarcely  exceeding  the  fruit.     (P.  virgatum,  var.  breviramosum  Nash.) — Sand 
barrens,  N.  Y.,  N.  J.,  and  southw, 

*****  AcRosTofDiA.  — Erect  perennials;  spikelets  lanceolate,  pointed,  short- 
pediceled  along  the  elongated  main  branches  of  the  panicle  ;  fruit  narrowly 
elliptical,  exceeded  by  the  second  glume  and  sterile  lemma. 

•^Eootstocks  absent;  plants  tufted  from  a  short  caudex,  compressed  at  the  leafy 

base,  glabrous. 

12.  P.  longif  blium  Torr.     Culms  slender,  5-10  dm.  high  ;  leaves  flat  or  invo- 
lute toward  the  ends,  the  uppermost  often  equaling  the  panicle,  3-5  mm.  wide; 
panicle  purplish,  1-2.5  dm.  long,  rather  few-flowered;  branches  solitary  or  in 
2's,  remote,  very  slender,  finally  spreading,  naked  at  the  base  ;  spikelets  2.8-3 
mm.  long  ;  first  glume  \  as  long  as  the  second  which  exceeds  the  sterile  lemma. 

—  Moist  sandy  ground,  Ct.  to  D.  C.,  and  southw., .mostly  coastal.    July-Sept. 

13.  P.  agrostoides  Spreng.     Culms  4-10  dm.    high,    rather  stout;  sheaths 
loose  ;  blades  2-3.5  cm.  long,  flat.  0.6-1  cm.  wide;  panicle  often  purplish,  oblong- 
ovate,  1.5-3  dm.  long,  the  stiff  branches  ascending,  naked  at  the  base,  with 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY)  105 

divergent  densely  flowered  branchlets  mostly  from  the  lower  side;  spikelets  2  mm. 
long,  crowded;  a  few  long  hairs  on  the  short  pedicel ;  second  glume  and  sterile 
lemma  subequal. — Wet  meadows  and  shores,  Me.  to  Minn., 
and  southw.     Aug.,  Sept.     FIG.  62.  ~ 

14.  P.  stipitatum  Nash.     Similar  to  the  preceding  ;  leaves  /M 
and  panicles  commonly  dark  purple,  the  latter  narrower  and              ml 
closer  ;  lateral  panicles  short-peduncled  from  the  upper  nodes  ;  \jf 
spikelets  narrower,  more  pointed,  distinctly  secund  upon  the 

branchlets ;  second  glume  longer  than  the  sterile  lemma;  fruit    62-  p-  agrostoides. 
stipitate  ;  no  hairs  at  base  of  spikelets.  —  Moist  soil,  N.  J.  to        Spikeiet  x  5. 
Ky.,  and  southw. 

15.  P.  condSnsum  Nash.     Culms  stout,  0.8-1.3  m.  high,  sometimes  geniculate 
below;  leaves  2.5-5  dm.  long,  8-12  mm.  wide,  flat  or  folded  ;  panicle  1-3  dm. 
long,  narrowly  oblong,  the  densely  flowered  branches  erect  or  narrowly  ascending, 
the  lower  ones  naked    at  the   base ;    smaller  long-peduncled  panicles  often 
produced  from  the  upper  nodes;  spikelets  2.5  mm.  long,  rather  turgid  ;  second 
glume  and  sterile  lemma  subequal,  the  points  usually  spreading  at  maturity.  — 
Borders  of  streams  and  wet  places,  Pa.  (Porter)  ;  Alexandria  Co.,  Va. ;  S.  C. 
and  southw. 

-t-i-  Plants  from  stout  scaly  rootstocks,  not  conspicuously  compressed  at  base. 

16.  P.  anceps  Michx.     Erect  or  ascending,  6-12  dm.  high;  sheaths  subcom- 
pressed,  glabrous  or  sparsely  pilose ;  blades  1.5-5  dm.  long,  6-10  mm.  wide,  flat ; 
panicles  2-5  dm.  long,  very  loose  and  open,  the  slender  remote  branches  spread- 
ing ;  small  long-peduncled  panicles  produced  from  the  upper  nodes ;  spikelets 
more  or  less  secund,  3.5  mm.  long ;  the  acuminate  second  glume  and  sterile 
lemma  curved  at  the  apex,  about  %  longer  than  the  fruit  which  bears  a  minute 
tuft  of  hairs  at  the  apex.     (P.  rostratum  Muhl.) — Moist  sandy  soil,  R.  I.  to 
Kan.,  and  southw.     July-Sept. 

******  DICHOTOMA.  —  Perennials  producing  simple  culms  in  the  spring  which 
later  branch  more  or  less  profusely,  this  autumnal  state  often  strikingly 
different  in  habit  from  the  spring  state;  winter  rosettes  of  basal  leaves  per- 
sistent in  spring  and  usually  different  in  shape  from  culm-leaves  ;  primary 
panicles  produced  in  spring  or  early  summer  seldom  perfecting  seed,  the 
secondary  panicles  smaller,  often  much  reduced,  the  latest  included  in  the 
sheaths,  usually  cleistogamous  and  fruitful ;  the  secondary  leaves  usually 
much  reduced,  often  crowded  by  the  dwarfing  of  the  lateral  internodes. 

H-  1.  Depauperata.  —  Culms  tufted,  slender,  sparingly  branching  at  the  base, 
simple  above  ;  leaves  long-linear,  scabrous  above,  the  basal  ones  shorter  but 
not  forming  a  distinct  flat  rosette  in  the  autumn  ;  the  reduced  secondary 
panicles,  produced  from  short  branches  from  the  lowest  nodes,  more  or  less 
concealed  in  the  leaves  at  the  base;  ligule  a  ring  of  hairs  about  0.5  mm. 
long. 

17.  P.  depauperatum  Muhl.     Erect  or    ascending,  2-4  dm.   high ;  nodes 
ascending-pubescent ;    sheaths  except  the  lowest  shorter  than   the  internodes, 
glabrous  or  pilose  ;  blades  6-15  cm.  long,  2-5  mm.  wide,  often  involute  in  dry- 
ing ;  panicles  not  much  exceeding  the  leaves,  4-8  cm.  long,  few-flowered,  the 
rather  strict  remote  branches  ascending;  spikelets  3.2-3.8  mm.  long,  glabrous 
or  sparsely  pubescent,  strongly  nerved  ;  first  glume  -J-i-  the  length  of  the  spike- 
let,  subacute  ;  second  glume  and  sterile  lemma  acuminate,  extending  in  a  point 
beyond  the  fruit  which  is  2.3  mm.  long.  —  Sterile  woods,  Me.  to   Minn.,  and 
southw. 

18.  P.  per!6ngum  Nash.     Similar  to  the  preceding,  more  strict  in  habit, 
usually  papillose-pilose  ;  blades  averaging  longer  and  narrower  (sometimes  2.5 
dm.  long"),  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface;  panicles  smaller,  narrow,  the  branches 
nearly  erect;  spikelets  2.7-3  mm.  long,  oval,  blunt,  sparingly  pilose,  strongly 
nerved ;  first  glume  \-\  the  length  of   the  spikelet ;  second  glume  and  sterile 
lemma  equaling  the  fruit  at  maturity,  obtuse;  fruit  2.4  mm.  long ;  secondary 
panicles  usually  more  numerous  than  in  the  last,  sometimes  produced  from  the 
second  node.  —  Prairies  and  dry  soil,  Mich,  and  S.  Dak.  to  Tex. 


106  GRAMINEAE   (GRASS   FAMILY) 

19.  P.   Iinearif61ium  Scribn.     Densely  tufted,  2-4.5  dm.  high ;    culms  very 
slender,  erect,  spreading  or  almost  drooping  at  the  summit;  sheaths  usually 
equaling  or  exceeding  the  internodes,  sparsely  to  densely  papillose-pilose  ;  blades 
1-3.5  dm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  usually  exceeding  the  panicle  until  maturity, 
often  pubescent  below  ;  panicles  finally  long-exserted,  5-10  cm.  long,  rather  few- 
flowered,  the  remote  flexuous  branches  spreading  ;  spikelets  2.4-2.7  mm.   long, 
subacute,  sparsely  pilose  ;  first  glume  J-^  the  length  of  the  spikelet,  triangular- 
ovate  ;  second  glume  and  sterile  lemma  equaling  the  fruit  at  maturity;  fruit  2 
mm.  long.  —  Woods,  Me.  to  Md.,  w.  to  Mich,  and  Kan. 

20.  P.  Werndri  Scribn.     Similar  to  the  preceding ;  in  small  tufts,  glabrous 
except  for  a  few  long  hairs  at  the  nodes  and  base  of  blades;  culms  strict;  leaves 
firmer,  1.5  dm.  long  or  less,  3-6  mm.  wide ;  spikelets  2.2-2.3  mm.  long,  nearly 
or  quite  glabrous  ;    secondary  panicles  usually  wanting.  —  Sterile  woods  and 
knolls,  Me.  to  Ont.,  Pa.,  O.,  and  Mo.  —  In  the  field  resembles  P.  depauperatum. 

•i-  2.  Laxiflora. — Plants  in  soft  tufts,  light  green  ;  culms  slender,  simple  or 
rarely  branching  from  the  lower  nodes;  basal  leaves  short,  in  a  dense  soft 
tuft,  but  not  distinctly  different  from  culm-leaves  in  shape;  spikelets  obovate, 
turgid. 

21.  P.  xalap£nse  HBK.    Ascending  or  spreading,  1-4  dm.  high  ;  culms  lax, 
glabrous;  nodes  bearded;  sheaths  papillose-pilose  with  reflexed  hairs;  blades 
mostly  8-12  cm.  long,  7-11  mm.  wide,  sparingly  pilose  or  nearly  glabrous  except 
the  ciliate  margins;  panicle  finally  exserted,  6-10  cm.  long,  lax,  the  capillary 
flexuous  branches  spreading  or  drooping,  few-flowered;  spikelets  2  mm.  long ; 
first  glume  glabrous  ;  second  glume  and  sterile  lemma  villous,  the  glume  shorter 
than  the  fruit  which  is  1.5  mm.  long  and  minutely  umbonate.     (P.  laxiflorum 
Am.  auth.,  not  Lam.)  — Low  woods,  Md.  to  Mo.,  and  south  w. 

22.  P.  strigbsum  Muhl.     Erect  or  ascending,  2-4.5  dm.  high;  culms  pilose; 
sheaths  and  blades  long-pilose,  clustered  at  the  base,  4-8  cm.  long,  6-9  mm.  wide, 
upper  blades  reduced;    panicle  finally  long-exserted,  4-10  cm.  long,  the   axis 
pilose,  the  capillary  branches  ascending,  with  numerous  long-pediceled  glabrous 
spikelets  (1.3-1.5  mm.  long)  ;  second  glume  and  sterile  lemma  equal,  as  long  as 
the  fruit.  —  Sandy  woods,  se.  Va.  to  Tenn.,  and  south  w. 

•1-3.  Angustifolia.  —  Mostly  grayish-green,  caespitose;  primary  culms  with 
elongated  leaves  (tapering  to  each  end)  and  long-exserted  few-flowered 
primary  panicles ;  blades  conspicuously  striate-nerved ;  ligulea  ring  of  stiff 
hairs  less  than  1  mm.  long;  autumnal  state  repeatedly  bushy-branched 
above,  often  geniculate-decumbent ;  spikelets  obovoid,  turgid,  attenuate  at 
the  base,  pubescent  (rarely  glabrous)  ;  first  glume  \-nerved ;  second  glume 
and  sterile  lemma  equal,  7-9-nerved  ;  fruit  broadly  ellipsoidal. 

23.  P.  angustif  blium  Ell.     Culms  slender,  erect  or  spreading  at  the  top,  3-8 
dm.  high,  appressed-pubescent ;   nodes  not  bearded;  sheaths  shorter  than  the 
internodes,  papillose-pilose,  lower  commonly  purplish  ;  blades  ciliate  toward  the 
base,  8-15  cm.  long,  3-6  mm.  wide,  somewhat  spreading,  the  lower  shorter  and 
often  broader ;  panicle  4-9  cm.  long,  the  slender  flexuous  branches  widely  spread- 
ing,  sometimes  drooping,   bearing  a  few  long-pediceled    spikelets    about  2.5 
mm.  long ;  first  glume  obtuse,  glabrous,  ^  the  length  of  the  spikelet  or  less  ; 
second  glume  and  sterile  lemma  obtuse,  short-villous,  equaling  the  fruit,  which 
is  minutely  pubescent  at  the  obscurely  umbonate  apex.     Branching  state  lean- 
ing, not  prostrate  ;  leaves  reduced,  very  narrow,  flat,  or  involute  on  the  margins 
only.  — Low  sandy  woods,  Del.,  Va.,  and  southw. — Variable  in  the  amount  of 
pubescence. 

24.  P.  cpnsangulneum  Kunth.     In  the  simple  state  similar  to  the  preceding, 
but  spreading  or  ascending,  more  softly  and  densely  villous ;  nodes  bearded ; 
the  leaves  often  conspicuously  longitudinally  wrinkled ;  panicles  smaller,  the 
branches  narrowly  ascending;    spikelets  more  turgid,   more  densely  villous. 
Branching  state  decumbent ;  the  numerous  leaves  soft  and  flat,  rarely  over  5  cm. 
long.     (P.  villosum  Ell.)  — Low  sandy  woods,  se.  Va.,  and  southw. 

25.  P.  aciculare  Desv.     Ascending-pilose  ;  culms  at  first  ascending  or  spread- 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY)  107 

ing,  3-5  dm.  high,  very  slender ;  sheaths  usually  less  than  half  as  long  as  the 
internodes;  blades  mostly  spreading,  flat  or  involute  above,  4-8  cm.  long,  4  mm. 
wide  or  less,  the  lower  wider ;  panicle  3-5  cm.  long,  the  flexuous  branches 
spreading ;  spikelets  2  mm.  long  ;  first  glume  ^  the  length  of  the  spikelet, 
rounded  ;  second  glume  and  sterile  lemma  densely  pubescent,  equaling  the  fruit 
which  is  minutely  pubescent  at  the  apex.  In  the  branching  state  forming  dense 
prostrate  mats,  with  very  numerous  crowded  short  involute-setaceous  often 
falcate  leaves.  (P.  filirameum  Ashe;  P.  neuranthum  of  Britton's  Man.,  not 
Griseb.)  — Sandy  soil,  mostly  near  the  coast,  se.  Va.,  and  south w. 

26.  P.  Bicknlllii  Nash.     Culms  usually  stiff,  erect  or  ascending,  2-4  dm. 
high  (rarely  higher)  ;  nodes  and  lower  part  of  the  sheaths  and  margins  sparsely 
hairy  ;  blades  7-14  cm.  long,  3-8  mm.  wide  (rarely  wider),  ciliate  at  the  base, 
rather  rigid,  spreading,  flat,  the  uppermost  usually  the   longest  ;  panicles  5-8 
cm.  long,  the  stiff  slender  branches  bearing  a  few  long-pediceled  spikelets;  these 
2.5  mm  long  ;  first  glume  loose,  \  the  length  of  the  spikelet ;  second  glume  and 
sterile  lemma  sparsely  pilose  or  rarely  glabrous,  equaling  the  fruit  or  very  slightly 
exceeding  it.     Autumnal  state  ascending  or  erect,  rather  sparingly  branching 
from  the  upper  nodes  with  numerous  long  rather  stiff  leaves  overtopping   the 
reduced  panicles  of  long-pediceled  spikelets.      (P.    nemopanthum  Ashe ;   P. 
jBushii  Nash.)  —  Sterile   open  woods  and  hillsides,  Ct.    to   N.  C.,    and  Mo. 

t-  4.  Eudichdtoma.  —  Culms  solitary  or  in  small  tufts,  slender,  at  first  simple, 
with  lanceolate  leaves  and  open  terminal  panicles;  later  profusely  branch- 
ing, often  leaning  or  decumbent ;  basal  leaves  short,  forming  flat  rosettes 
in  the  autumn;  ligule  a  ring  of  hairs  less  than  0.5  mm.  long;  spikelets 
elliptical-oblong,  not  turgid;  second  glume  and  sterile  lemma  1 -nerved. 

*-+  Spikelets  glabrous. 

27.  P.  dich6tomum  L.    Glabrous,  often  purplish  ;  culms  3-5  dm.  high,  erect 
from  short  knotted  rootstocks ;  sheaths  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  inter- 
nodes,  rarely  ciliate  on  the  margins;  blades  spreading,  5-11 

cm.  long,  4-8  mm.  wide ;  panicle  4-9  cm.  long,  the  flexuous  /w\ 

branches  spreading,  spikelet-bearing  toward  the  ends ;  spike-  MM 

lets  2   mm.  long,   rather  faintly  nerved  ;  the  second  glume  w|r 

shorter  than  the  fruit,   exposing    its    summit  at   maturity.  ^if 

Branching  state  erect,  bushy-branched  at  the  top,  like  a  little 
tree  ;  the  leaves  crowded  and  spreading,  more  or  less  involute.     63.  P.  dichotomum. 
—  Woods,  Me.  to  Mich.,  Fla.,  and  Tex.  —  Spikelets  or  lower          Spikelet  x  5. 
sheaths  rarely  minutely  pubescent.     FIG.  63. 

28.  P.  barbulatum  Michx.      In  the  simple  state  resembling  large  speci- 
mens of  the  preceding,  in  larger  tufts  ;  culms  sometimes  8  dm.  high  ;  lower  nodes 
often  sparsely  bearded ;  sheaths  usually  with  a  puberulent  ring  at  the  summit : 
blades  6-10  cm.  long,  6-10  mm.  wide  ;  panicles  6-11  cm.  long,  as  wide  or  wider, 
the  lower  branches  drooping  at  maturity,  spikelet-bearing  at  the  ends  ;  spikelets 
2  mm.  long  ;  second  glume  and  sterile  lemma  equal,  covering  the  fruit  at  maturity. 
Autumnal  state  diffusely    branched,  forming   very  large  top-heavy  reclining 
bunches,  the  slender  branches  recurved.  —  Rocky  woods  and  hillsides,  Ct.  to 
Mich.,  Mo.,  and  south  w. 

29.  P.  yadkin§nse  Ashe.     Similar  to  P.  dichotomum ;  culms  taller  (some- 
times 1  m.  high)  and  stronger;  sheaths  usually  bearing  pale  glandular  spots; 
blades  9-13  cm.  long,  8-11  mm.  wide ;  the  basal  and  rameal  leaves  correspond- 
ingly larger  than  those  of  P.  dichotomum ;  panicle  about  10-12  cm.  long,  the 
slender  branches  rather  strict ;  spikelets  2.5  mm.  long,  acute;  second  glume  and 
sterile  lemma  equal,  exceeding  the  fruit,  forming  a  slight  beak  beyond  it.     Au- 
tumnal state  leaning,  not  profusely  branched.  —  Moist  woods  and  thickets,  Pa. 
and  D.  C.  to  Ga. ;  and  111. 

30.  P.  lucidum  Ashe.     At  first  resembling  P.  dichotomum,  but  bright  green, 
shining,  and    with  erect   leaves;   the  weak  culms  soon   becoming  decumbent, 
sometimes  rooting  at  the  nodes ;  sheaths  usually  ciliate  on  the  margin  ;  blades 
4-7  cm.  long,  spreading  in  the  decumbent  state  ;  panicle  fewer-flowered  ;  spikelets 
2  mm.  long;  nerves  more  prominent  than  in  P.  dichotomum;  second  glume  and 


108  GRAMIKEAE   (GRASS  FAMILY) 

sterile  lemma  both  shorter  than  the  fruit.  In  late  summer  the  delicate  culms  are 
almost  creeping  and  vine-like,  repeatedly  branching,  the  branches  elongated  and 
diverging  at  a  wide  angle,  not  fascicled;  the  waxy  Jlat  leaves  2-4  cm.  long. — 
Wet  'woods  and  sphagnum  swamps,  N.  J.,  D.  C.,  and  southw. 

31.  P.  microcarpon  Muhl.     Culms  at  first  erect,   in   large   clumps ;    nodes 
swollen,  densely  bearded  with  reflexed  hairs  ;  sheaths  less  than  half  as  long  as  the 
internodes,  ciliate  on  the  margin,  the  lower  sometimes  pilose  ;  blades  10-12  cm. 
long,  10-12  mm.  wide,  thin,  spreading   or  deflexed,  ciliate  at  base,  otherwise 
glabrous  ;  basal  leaves  shorter  and  broader  ;  panicles  long-exserted,  10-12  cm. 
long,  branches  ascending,  with  numerous  spikelets  1.6  mm.  long ;  second  glume 
slightly  longer  than  the  fruit.     Becoming  diffusely  branched,  reclining  or  pros- 
trate, with  densely  crowded  small  flat  leaves  and  numerous  very  small  panicles. 
(Muhl.  in  Ell.,  not  Muhl.  Gram.,  which  is  P.  polyanthes  Schultes ; P.  barbulatum 
Am.  auth.,  riot  Michx. ) — Wet  woods  and  swampy  places,  Mass,  to  111.,  s.  to 
Fla.  and  Tex.  —  Spikelets  rarely  sparsely  pubescent. 

•M.  -M.  Spikelets  pubescent. 

32.  P.  boreale  Nash.    Culms  3-5  dm.  high,  slender,  erect,  or  in  weak  forms 
geniculate  at  base  ;  nodes  sometimes  with  a  few  hairs  ;  sheaths  often  overlapping, 
ciliate  on  the  margin,  glabrous,  or  the  lower  sparsely  pubescent ;  blades  6-12 
cm.  long,  7-12  mm.  wide,  erect,  sparingly  ciliate  toward  the  rounded  base,  other- 
wise glabrous  (rarely  puberulent  beneath)  ;  panicle  5-10  cm.  long,  hardly  as 
wide,  loosely  flowered,  the  slender  branches  ascending  or  spreading  ;  spikelets 
2.2  mm.  long,  obtuse  ;  first  glume  }  as  long  as  the  subequal  second  glume  and 
sterile  lemma,  which  are  as  long  as  the  fruit.     Sparingly  branched  from  all  the 
nodes  in  late  summer;  leaves  and  panicles  not  greatly  reduced. — Moist  open 
ground  or  woods,  Nfd.  to  Ont.,  s.  to  N.  E.,  N.  Y.,  n.  Ind.,  and  Minn. 

33.  P.  mattamuskeetense  Ashe.     Often  purplish  ;  culms  0.4-1  m.  high,  erect 
or  geniculate  at  base,  glabrous ;   nodes  puberulent ;  sheaths  loose,  short,  upper 
glabrous  except  on  the  margin  and  sometimes  the  summit,  lower  usually  softly 
pilose  ;  blades  6-9  cm.  long,  6-12  mm.  wide  (upper  and  lower  smaller),  spread- 
ing, often  reflexed,    glabrous  ;  panicle   6-10  cm.   long,   the  flexuous  branches 
spreading,  spikelet-bearing  almost  to  the  base;  spikelets  2.3  mm.  long;  second 
glume   and  sterile   lemma    subequal,    both    shorter    than    the    subacute  fruit. 
Remaining  erect,  branching  from  the  middle  nodes  in  late  summer,  the  branches 
rather  appressed  ;  rameal  leaves  stiffly  ascending.     (P.   Clutei  Nash.)  —  Sandy 
borders  of  cranberry  bogs  and  swamps,  Mass.,  N.  J.,  and  southw. 

34.  P.  annulum  Ashe.    Purplish ;  culms  erect,  5-7  dm.  high,  in  small  clumps ; 
nodes  densely  bearded  ;  sheaths  glabrous  or  the  lower  softly  pubescent ;  blades 
6-12  cm.  long,  7-13  mm.  wide,  spreading,  velvety-pubescent  on  both  surfaces, 
margins  ciliate  toward  the  base  ;  panicles  5-9  dm.  long,  open  ;  spikelets  2  mm. 
long  ;  second  glume  slightly  shorter  than  the  fruit.     'Erect  and  sparingly  branched 
from  the  upper  nodes  in  late  summer,  soon  dying  to  the  ground.  —  Dry  woods, 
N.  J.,  Pa.,  and  D.  C.  to  Ga. ;  apparently  rare. 

•i-5.  Spreta.  —  Plants  mostly  glabrous  or  at  least  not  spreading-pilose  ;  blades 
firm;  ligule  dense,  2-5  mm.  long;  spikelets  densely  pubescent,  1.6  mm. 
long  or  less. 

35.  P.  sprdtum  Schultes.    Culms  erect  or  slightly  decumbent  at  base,  glabrous ; 
nodes  swollen,  usually  naked ;  sheaths  loose,  shorter  than  the  internodes,  usually 

ciliate  on  the  margin  above,  otherwise  glabrous,  or  the  lower 
sparsely  pubescent;   ligule  2-3  mm.  long ;  blades  7-10  cm.  long, 
4-8  mm.  wide,  ascending,  often  reflexed,  sparingly  long-ciliate 
at   base,  otherwise  glabrous  ;  panicle  8-12  cm.  long,  less  than 
half  as  wide,  rather  dense,  the  fascicled  branches  ascending  or 
64.  P.  spretum.    appressed,  short  spikelet-bearing  branches  at  the   base   of  the 
Spikelets  x  5.       fascicles  ;  spikelets  1.5-1.6  mm.  long,  elliptic,  obscurely  pointed  ; 
second  glume  and  sterile  lemma  equal,  slightly  exceeding  the  fruit. 
Somewhat  reclining  in  the  autumnal  state,  the  tufted  branches  shorter  than  the 
elongated  primary  internodes;  the  reduced  crow'ded  leaves  often  conduplicate, 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS  FAMILY)  109 

sometimes  minutely  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface.  (P.  nitidum  of  recent 
auth.,  not  Lam.  P.  Eatoni  Nash  ;  P. paucipilum  Nash.)  —  Moist,  usually  sandy 
soil,  Me.,  and  southw.  near  the  coast ;  and  in  Ind.  near  L.  Michigan.  FIG.  64. 

36.  P.  Lindheimeri  Nash.'   Culms  stiffly  ascending  of  spreading,  6-10  dm. 
long,  glabrous  or  pubescent  below ;  nodes  swollen ;   sheaths  less  than  half  as 
long  as  the  elongated  internodes,  ciliate  on  the  margin,  otherwise  glabrous,  or 
the  lowermost  pubescent;  ligule  4-5  mm.  long;  blades  5-8  cm.  long,  6-8  mm. 
wide,  ascending,  often  reflexed  when  old,  with  a  few  hairs  on  the  margins  at 
base,  glabrous  on  both  surfaces,  or  minutely  puberulent  below  ;  panicle  4-7  cm. 
long,  nearly  as  wide,  branches  ascending  or  spreading,  loosely  flowered;  spike- 
lets  1.5  mm.  long,  obovate,  obtuse  ;  second  glume  shorter  than  the  fruit.     Culms 
elongated  and  radiating-proslrate  in  the  autumn,  earlier  branches  long,  the  later 
ones  in  short  tufts,  all  appressed  ;  leaves  much  reduced,  involute-pointed  ;  the 
hairs  at  base  often  conspicuous.  —  Sandy  woods  and  open  ground,  Ct.  to  Fla., 
w.  to  111.  and  Cal. 

37.  P.  Ieuc6thrix  Nash.     Light  olive  green,  or  often  purplish  ;  culms  2.5-4.5 
dm.  high,  erect,  appressed-papillose,  the  hairs  on  the  sheaths  more  spreading; 
ligule  3  mm.  long ;  blades  ascending,  2.5-4.5  cm.  long,  3-7  mm.  wide,  papillose- 
ciliate  at  the  rounded  base,  velvety  beneath;  panicle  3-5  cm.  long,  2-4  cm.  wide, 
rather  densely  flowered,  axis  appressed-pubescent,  with  tufts  of  long  hairs  in 
the  axils  of  the  ascending  branches ;  spikelets  1.2  mm.  long,  obovate-elliptic, 
densely  papillose-pubescent ;  second  glume  and  sterile  lemma  equal,  barely  cov- 
ering the  obscurely  pointed  fruit.     Branching  state  erect  or  nearly  so,  branches 
mostly  from  the  lower  nodes,  not  in  fascicles;  leaves  and  panicles  not  greatly 
reduced.  — Low  sandy  ground,  mostly  pine  land,  s.  N.  J.,  and  southw. 

«-  6.  Lanuginosa.  —  Plants  pilose  at  least  on  culms  and  sheaths ;  ligule  2-5 
mm.  long  (rarely  less)  ;  spikelets  pubescent.  (P.  pubescens  Am.  authors, 
not  Lam.) 

38.  P.  huachiicae  Ashe.    Plants  typically  stiff,  with  copoius  spreading  papil- 
lose pubescence,  harsh  to  the  touch,  commonly  olivaceous,  often  purplish  ;  culms 
2-6  dm.  high,  erect  or  nearly  so  ;  nodes  bearded  with  spreading  hairs ;  blades 
firm,  erect  or  ascending,  4-8  cm.  long,  6-8  mm.  wide,  veins  inconspicuous,  upper 
surface  copiously  short-pilose  especially  toward  the  base,  lower  surface  densely 
pubescent;  ligule  3-4  mm.  long;  panicle  4-6  cm.  long,  nearly  as  wide,  rather 
densely  flowered,  the  axis  and  often  the  branches  pilose ;  the  flexuous  fascicled 
branches  ascending  or  spreading,  short  spikelet-bearing  branchlets  at  the  base 
of  the  fascicles  ;  spikelets  1.6-1.7  mm.  long,  obovate,  obtuse,  turgid;  first  glume 
j-£  as  long  as  the  spikelet ;  second  glume  and  sterile  lemma  papillose-pilose, 
subequal,  slightly  shorter  than  the  obscurely  apiculate  fruit.     Stiffly  ascending 
or  spreading  in  the  autumnal  state;  culms  and  sheaths  sometimes  papillose 
only,  the  branches  fascicled,  the  reduced  crowded  leaves  ascending.     (P.  un- 
ciphyllum  of  recent  Am.  auth.,  not  Trin.) — Prairies  and  open  ground,  Me.  to 
Minn.,  and  southwestw.  —  A  variable  species,  apparently  intergrading  with  the 
following  and  with  P.  implicatum. 

Var.  silvlcola  Hitchc.  &  Chase.  Taller  and  more  slender,  brighter  green,  less 
densely  pubescent ;  blades  thin,  lax,  and  spreading,  5-10  cm.  long,  6-10  mm. 
wide,  upper  surface  less  densely  pilose,  lower  surface  appressed-pubescent,  with 
a  satiny  luster;  panicle  5-8  (rarely  10)  cm.  long,  the  branches  more  spreading  ; 
spikelets  the  same  length  but  elliptical  and  less  turgid,  with  shorter  pubescence. 
More  or  less  decumbent  in  the  autumnal  state,  the  numerous  fascicled  branches 
shorter  than  the  primary  internodes,  at  least  late  in  the  season,  the  reduced 
spreading  leaves  sometimes  nearly  glabrous  above  except  for  a  few  long  hairs 
near  the  base.  (P.  lanuginosum  as  described  by  Scribner  &  Merrill,  not 
Ell.)  —  Woods  and  clearings,  range  of  the  typical  form,  but  more  common 
southw. 

39.  P.   implicatum    Scribn.      Erect,   2-5.5  dm.    high ;    slender   culrns  and 
sheaths  papillose-pilose  ;  ligule  4-5  mm.  long ;  blades  3-6  cm.  long,  3-6  mm.  wide, 
rather  firm,  erect  or  ascending  ;  upper  surface  pilose  with  erect  hairs  3-4  mm. 
long  ;  lower  surface  appressed-pubescent ;  panicle  3-5  cm.  long,  nearly  as  wide, 


110  GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY) 

the  axis  long-pilose,  the  very  flexuous  branches  often  tangled,  the  lower  usually 
drooping;  spikelets  1.5  mm.  long,  obovate,  obtuse,  papillose-pilose;  second 
glume  and  sterile  lemma  equal,  as  long  as  the  fruit.  In  late  summer  ascending 
or  spreading  with  fascicled  branches  from  the  lower  nodes,  the  crowded  reduced 
leaves  pilose  as  in  the  simple  state.  —  Wet  meadows,  bogs,  and  wooded  swamps, 
N.  B.  to  Minn.,  s.  to  D.  C. 

40.  P.    meridionale   Ashe.     Differs  from  the  preceding  as  follows  :  more 
slender,  not  over  4  dm.  high  ;  upper  internodes  and  sheaths  minutely  appressed- 
pubescent  only ;  panicles  not  over  4  cm.   long,  axis  nearly  glabrous  ;  branches 
ascending  or  spreading  ;  spikelets  1.3-1.4  mm.  long.     The  slender  culms  becom- 
ing geniculate-decumbent,  with  slender  fascicled  branches  at  all  the  nodes  ;  leaves 
not  greatly  reduced.     (P.  filiculme  Ashe,  not  Hack.)  — Sandy  or  sterile  woods 
or  clearings,  Ct.  to  Ind.,  N.  C.,  and  Ga. 

41.  P.  orfcola  Hitchc.  &  Chase.    Grayish  or  purplish,  densely  tufted,  spreading, 
early  branching  and  prostrate,  forming  dense  mats;  culms  1-3  dm.  long,  appressed- 
or  ascending-pilose,  the  hairs  on   the   nodes  spreading ;   sheaths  rather  loose, 
appressed-pilose ;  ligule  1-1.5  mm.  long ;  blades  2-5  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide, 
firm,  erect  or  ascending  ;  upper  surface  covered  with  hairs  3-5  mm.  long,  becom- 
ing sparse  on  the  later  leaves;  lower  surface  appressed-pubescent,  a  few  long 
hairs  intermixed ;  panicles  short-exserted,  1.8-3  cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  wide;  spike- 
lets  1.5  mm.  long,  rounded-obovoid,  very  turgid,  pubescent  with  short  spreading 
hairs  ;  first  glume  abruptly  pointed,  |— |  as  long  as  the  equal  second  glume  and 
sterile  lemma,  which  are  barely  as  long  as  the  fruit.    Leaves  and  panicles  not 
greatly  reduced  in  the  branching  state.  —  Sands  along  the  coast,  Mass,  to  Va.  — 
Most  readily  distinguished  by  prostrate  and  early  branching  habit,  and  small 
panicles  of  rounded  spikelets,  large  in  proportion  to  the  panicle. 

42.  P.  subvillbsum  Ashe.     Slender,  1-3.5  dm.  high,  leafy  at  the  base,  widely 
spreading ;  culms  and  sheaths  sparsely  ascending-pilose  ;  nodes  short-bearded,  a 
glabrous  ring  below;  ligule  1  mm.  long,  with  a  ring  of  hairs  3-4  mm.  long  above 
it;  blades  firm,  ascending,  4-6  cm.  long,  4-6  mm.  wide  ;  both  surfaces  pilose, 
the  hairs  on  the  upper  3-5  mm.  long  ;  panicle  long-exserted,  3-5  cm.  long,  rather 
narrow,  the  lower  branches  ascending  or  appressed,  rather  densely  flowered,  axis 
pubescent  or  pilose ;  spikelets  1.9  mm.  long',  obtuse,  turgid;  first  glume  about 
£  as  long  as  the  spikelet,  acuminate  ;    second  glume  and  sterile  lemma  sub- 
equal,  the  glume  slightly  shorter  than  the  fruit.     Widely  spreading  and  branched 
from  the  lower  nodes  in  autumn  ;  leaves  and  panicles  not  greatly  reduced  ;  leaves 
less  pilose  than  the  earlier  ones.     (P.   unciphyllum,  forma  pilosum  Scribn.  & 
Merr.,  not  P.  pilosum  Sw.)  — Dry  woods  and  sandy  ground,  Me.  to  Minn.  ;  and 
in  n.  Ind. 

43.  P.  tennesseSnse  Ashe.  Bright  green,  often  purplish  ;  culms  2.5-6  dm. high, 
slender,  stiffly  spreading  ;  internodes  and  sheaths  papillose-pilose  with  spreading 
hairs,  or  the  upper  sometimes  nearly  glabrous  ;  blades  firm,  ascending  or  suberect, 
6-9  cm.  long,  5-8  mm.  wide  (upper  much  smaller),  with  a  thin  white  carti- 
laginous margin,  often  sparsely  ciliate  at  base  ;  veins  conspicuous  ;  upper  surface 
glabrous  or  with  a  few  long  hairs  at  the  base,  appressed-pubescent  or  nearly 
glabrous  beneath;  ligule  dense,  4-5  mm.  long ;  panicle  purplish,  4-7  cm.  long, 
nearly  as  wide,  rather  densely  flowered,  the  lower  branches  ascending ;  spikelets 
1.6-1.7  mm.  long,  obtuse,  turgid;  first  glume  about  \  as  long  as  the  spikelet, 
glabrous  ;  second  glume  shorter  than  the  fruit  at  maturity.  Autumnal  state  widely 
spreading  or  decumbent  and  with  numerous  fascicled  branches  as  long  as  or  longer 
than  the  primary  internodes ;  leaves  much  reduced,  usually  ciliate  at  base.  — 
Open  rather  moist  ground  and  wood-borders,  Me.  to  Mich.,  s.  to  N.  C.  and  Tex. 

44.  P.  lanuginbsum  Ell.  Grayish  olive-green,  velvety-villous  all  over  ;  culms 
4-6  dm.  high,  slender,  spreading  ;  leaves  5-10  cm.  long  (uppermost  much  smaller), 
thickish  but  not  stiff,  margins  sometimes  papillose-ciliate,  long  soft  hairs  inter- 
mixed with  the  velvety  pubescence  on  the  upper  surface  ;  ligule  3-4  mm.  long  ; 
panicle  5-11  cm.  long,  about  as  wide,  loosely  flowered,  the  filiform  branches 
finally  wide -spreading  ;  spikelets  1.8  mm.  long,  obovate-elliptic,  obtuse,  villous 
with  soft  spreading  hairs  ;  first  glume  \  as  long  as  the  spikelet ;  second  glume  and 
sterile  lemma  equal,  slightly  shorter  than  the  subacute  fruit.  Decumbent  and 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY)  111 

repeatedly  branching  in  the  autumn,  branches  much  exceeding  the  internodes ; 
leaves  much  reduced,  usually  ciliate.  —  Moist  sandy  woods,  mostly  near  the 
coast,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  La.  —  Resembling  P.  scoparium  in  color  and  pubescence, 
but  smaller  and  much  more  slender. 

45.  P.  auburne  Ashe.     Similar  to  the  preceding  but  smaller  in  all  its  parts, 
early  becoming  diffusely  branched  and  decumbent ;  upper  surface  of  the  blades 
with  copious  long  silky  hairs  intermixed  with  the  velvety  pubescence  ;  primary 
panicle  short-exserted,  3-4  cm.  long,  about  as  wide,  axis  velvety  with  long  silky 
hairs  intermixed,  branches  spreading ;  spikelets  1.3-1.4  mm.  long,  obovate,  very 
turgid,  densely  papillose-pubescent ;   first  glume  |-£  as  long  as  the  spikelet, 
second  glume  and  sterile  lemma  equal,  covering  the  fruit.  —  Sandy  pine  and  oak 
woods  on  the  coastal  plain.  N.  J.  to  Fla. 

46.  P.  praecdcius  Hitchc.  &  Chase.     Culms  very  slender,  wiry,  early  branch- 
ing, 1.5-4  dm.  high,  soon  becoming  geniculate  and  somewhat  spreading,  copi- 
ously pilose  with  weak  spreading  hairs  3-4  mm.  long,  as  are  the  sheaths,  which 
are  much  shorter  than  the  long  internodes  ;  ligule  3-4  mm.  long  ;  blades  rather 
firm,  5-8  cm.  long,  4-6  mm.  wide,  those  of  the  branches  as  large  as  the  primary 
blades,  often  involute  toward  the  end,  long-pilose  on  both  sides;  the  hairs  on  the 
upper  surface  erect,  4-5  mm.  long  ;  primary  panicle  4-6  cm.  long,  nearly  as  wide, 
loosely  flowered,  axis  pilose,  branches  spreading  or  ascending ;  secondary  pani- 
cles numerous,  appearing  before  the  maturity  of  the  primary  one;    spikelets 
1.8-1.9  mm.  long,  obovate.  turgid,  long-pilose  with  weak  spreading  hairs  ;   first 
glume  %-\  as  long  as  the  spikelet ;  second  glume  and  sterile  lemma  subequal,  the 
glume  slightly  shorter  than  the  fruit.  —  Dry  prairies  and  clearings,  Mich,  and 
111.  to  Okla.  and  Tex.  —  Scarcely  has  a  simple  state,  branches  appearing  often 
before  the  primary  panicle  is  expanded. 

47.  P.   scoparioides  Ashe.      Culms  erect,  papillose-hispid,   a  glabrous  or 
papillose  ring  below  the  bearded  nodes ;  lower  sheaths  distant,  the  upper  some- 
times overlapping  on  the  shortened  internodes,  papillose-hispid  (rarely  nearly 
glabrous)  ;  ligule  2-3  mm.  long ;  blades  firm,  ascending  or  spreading,  7-10  cm. 
long,  6-7  mm.  wide,  papillose-pubescent  beneath,  sparsely  hispid  above;  panicle 
pale,  rather  densely  flowered,  sometimes  included  at  the  base,  4-7  cm.  long, 
about  §  as  wide  ;  branches  ascending  or  spreading  ;  spikelets  2.2-2.3  mm.  long, 
obovate.  obtuse,  papillose-pubescent,  strongly  nerved  ;  first  glume  about  \  as 
long  as  the  spikelet,  second  barely  as  long  as  the  fruit.     Autumnal  state  with 
short  branches  at  the  middle  and  upper  nodes,  the  reduced  blades  involute-pointed, 
much  exceeding  the  panicles.  —  Dry  gravelly  or  serpentine  soil,  Ct.  to  Del.  ; 
apparently  rare. 

48.  P.  villoslssimum  Nash.     Olive-green  ;  culms  2.5-4.5  dm.  high,  erect  or 
ascending,  slender,  villous  with  spreading  hairs  3  mm.  long,  as  are  the  sheaths  ; 
ligule  4-5  mm.  long;  blades  rather  firm,  especially  those  of  the  branches,  as- 
cending, 6-10  cm.  long,  5-10  mm.  wide,  often  subinvolute  toward  the  end,  pilose 
on  both  surfaces,  hairs  of  the  upper  surface  appressed,  long  and  less  copious; 
primary  panicles  often  equaled  by  the  uppermost  leaf,  4-8  cm.  long,  about  as 
wide,  loosely  flowered  ;  spikelets  2.2-2.5  mm.  long,  oblong-elliptic,  obtuse,  papil- 
lose-pubescent ;  first  glume  f-|  as  long  as  the  subequal  second  glume  and  sterile 
lemma  which  are  scarcely  as  long  as  the  subacute  fruit.     Culms  in  autumnal 
state  widely  spreading,   often  with   geniculate  nodes  and  arched  internodes  ; 
late  in  the  season  prostrate,  leaves  of  the  fascicled  branches  appressed,  the  clump 
having  a  flat  combed-out  appearance,  a  character  conspicuous  in  the  field  but 
less  so  in  the  herbarium  ;   blades  not  much  reduced.     (P.  atlanticum  Nash  ; 
P.  haemacarpon  Ashe  ;  P.  xanthospermum  Scribn.  &  Mohr. )  —  Sandy  or  sterile 
soil,  open  woods  and  hillsides,  Mass,  to  Minn.,  s.  to  Fla. ;  common. 

49.  P.  ovale  Ell.     Light  olive-green ;  culms  2-4  dm.  high,  erect  or  ascending, 
rather  stout,  villous  with  ascending  or  appressed  long  silky  hairs;  nodes  densely 
bearded  with  spreading  hairs;  sheaths  nearly  as  long  as  the  internodes,  the 
upper  sometimes  overlapping,  villous  like  the  culm,  or  upper  rarely  nearly  gla- 
brous ;  ligule  2  mm.  long  ;  blades  6-10  cm.  long,  5-9  mm.  wide,  firm,  ascending, 
rounded  "at  base,  more  or  less  appressed-pilose  toward  the  margins  and  base 
above,  appressed-pubescent  below;  panicle  usually  short-exserted,  6-8  cm.  long, 


112  GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY) 

3-6  cm.  wide,  rather  loosely  flowered,  branches  somewhat  contracted  after 
flowering ;  spikelets  2.7-2.9  mm.  long,  oblong-elliptic,  obtuse,  villous  with  silky 
hairs  ;  first  glume  3-nerved,  \-\  as  long  as  the  equal  second  glume  and  sterile 
emma  which  barely  cover  the  obtuse  fruit.  In  late  summer  the  stiff  ascending 
or  erect  culms  bear  numerous  short  crowded  branches  with  firm  sometimes  nearly 
glabrous  blades,  but  little  reduced.  (P.  ovale  Ell.  as  to  specimen  so  labeled  in 
Elliott  herbarium  and  of  description  in  part.  The  author  confused  a  puberulent 
narrow-leaved  P.  commutatum  with  this  species,  and  his  description  is  made  to 
cover  both.  Not  P.  ovale  of  Small's  Fl.)  —  Dry  sand,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  ;  and  about 
L.  Mich,  in  Mich,  and  Ind. 

-t-  7.  Columbiana.  —  Culms  rather  stiff,  appresstd-pubescent  at  least  below ; 
blades  firm,  thick,  ascending,  cartilaginous-margined,  appressed-puberulent 
on  lower  surface,  usually  glabrous  on  upper  surface;  sheaths  appressed- 
pubescent ;  ligule  less  than  1  mm.,  usually  about  0.5  mm.  long;  spikelets 
obovate,  turgid,  pubescent;  the  first  glume  |-|  as  long  as  spikelet.  Habitat, 
sandy  soil. 

50.  P.  Commonsianum  Ashe.     In  large  tufts  ;  culms  ascending  or  spreading, 
densely  appressed-pilose,  as  are  the  sheaths  ;  blades  flat,  6-10  cm.  long,  5-6  mm. 
wide  (the  upper  and  lower  smaller),  at  least  the  lower  appressed-pilose  beneath  ; 
panicle  4-8  cm.  long,  about   as   broad,  the  branches  spreading,  usually  with 
few  spikelets  (2.5-2.7  mm.  long)  ;  the  first  glume  rather  remote,  %  as  long  as  the 
spikelet,  narrow,  acute ;    second  glume  and  sterile  lemma  equaling  the  fruit. 
Branching  state  often  purple,  widely  and  stiffly  spreading,  fiat  on  the  sand,  with 
short-fascicled  branches  mostly  from  the  upper  nodes,  and  crowded  stiff  subin- 
volute  leaves.  —  Dunes  and  sandy  woods,  mostly  near  the  coast,  Ct.  ;  s.  N.  J. 
and  southw. 

51.  P.  Addisdnii   Nash.     Often  purplish ;   culms  stout,  rigid,  2-4  dm.  high, 
erect  or  ascending,  densely   long-appressed-pubescent,  the   pubescence   on  the 
sheaths  shorter  ;    blades  5-7  cm.   long,  4-6  mm.   wide,  glabrous  above  (or  a 
few  hairs  near  the  margin)  ;    panicle   3-5   cm.    long,   2-3   cm.    wide,   rather 
densely  flowered,  branches  ascending;    spikelets  2-2.2  mm.  long;  first  glume 
about  half  as  long  as  the  spikelet;    second  glume  and  sterile  lemma  barely 
equaling  the  fruit.     Ift  late  summer  ascending  or  spreading,  with  short  appressed 
branches  from  the  middle  and  upper  nodes,  the  reduced  blades  involute  toward  the 
summit.  —  Sand  barrens,  Ct.  to  N.  C. 

52.  P.  tsugetbrum  Nash.     Bluish  green,  sometimes  purplish  ;  culms  slender, 
2.5-5  cm.  high,  ascending  or  spreading,  often  geniculate  below,  crisp-appressed- 
pubescent,  as  are  the  sheaths  ;  blades  5-6  cm.  long  (rarely  longer),  4-7  mm.  wide, 
glabrous  above  or  with  a  few  long  hairs  near  the  base  and  margins;   panicle 
3-5  cm.   long,  about  as  wide,  rather  loosely  flowered,  branches  ascending  or 
spreading  ;  spikelets  1.9  mm.  long ;  first  glume  about  %  as  long  as  the  spikelet; 
second  glume  and  sterile  lemma  equaling  the  fruit.     More  or  less  spreading  in 
autumnal  state,   freely   branching    from   middle  nodes,   branches  ascending ; 
leaves  not  greatly  reduced,  scarcely  involute.  —  Sandy  woods,  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.; 
also  about  the  Great  Lakes.  — Some  forms  hardly  distinguishable  from  the  next. 

53.  P.  columbianum  Scribn.    Culms  rather  slender,  erect  or  ascending,  2-4  dm. 
high,  ascending-crisp-pubescent,  as  are  the  sheaths  ;  blades  5  cm.  long  or  less, 
4-5  mm.  wide,  mostly  glabrous  above;   panicles  finally  long-exserted,  3-5  crn. 
long,  somewhat  narrower,  branches  ascending  or  spreading;  spikelets  1.7  mm. 
long  ;  first  glume  \-\  as  long  as  the  spikelet;  second  glume  and  sterile  lemma 
equaling  the  fruit.      Widely  spreading  but  not  decumbent  in  the  autumnal  state, 
repeatedly  branching  from  the  middle  nodes,  the  branches  erect;  the  reduced 
leaves  involute-pointed,  glabrous  above.   (P.  psammophilum  Nash.)  — Dry  sandy 
soil,  N.  E.  to  Ala.,  mostly  near  the  coast. 

Var.  thinium  Hitchc.  &  Chase.  Like  small  specimens  of  the  species  in  the 
simple  state,  but  branching  earlier  and  more  profusely,  decumbent,  forming  dense 
mats;  the  small  leaves  (1-2  cm.  long~)  with  scattered  long  hairs  on  the  upper 
surface;  spikelets  1.3-1.4  mm.  long.  —  With  the  species,  dry  sands,  N.  J, 
and  Del. 


GUAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY)  113 

+-  8.   Ensifblia. — Delicate,^  densely  tufted,  mostly  glabrous;  spikelets  not  over 
1.5  mm.  long  ;  ligule  obsolete. 

54.  P.  ensif61ium  Baldw.      Culms  2-3.5  dm.  high,  glabrous,   ascending  or 
spreading,  from  dense  tufts  of  ascending  basal  leaves  ;  these  3-7  cm.  long,  4-5  mm. 
wide,  remaining  green  throughout  the  summer  ;  sheaths  glabrous,  much  shorter 
than  the  long  iriternodes  ;  culm-blades  0.7-2  cm.  long,  1-2  mm.  wide,  spreading, 
usually  puberulent  beneath;  panicle  1.5-3  cm.  long,  nearly  as  wide,  rather  few- 
flowered  ;   spikelets  1.5  mm.  long,  obovate-elliptic,  turgid  at  maturity,  densely 
puberulent;  second  glume  slightly  shorter  than  the  obtuse  fruit.     Branching 
from  the  upper  nodes  in  the  autumnal  state,  culms  usually  decumbent,  branches 
short,  not  very -numerous.     (P.  Brittoni  Nash.)  —  Borders  of  cranberry  bogs, 
s.  N.  J.,  and  low  pine  lands  south w. 

P.  TEXUE  Muhl.  (P.  unciphyllum  Trin.  ;  P.  albo-marginatum  Nash)  has  been 
collected  in  the  Great  Dismal  Swamp,  Va.  (Chase).  This  is  characterized  by 
the  larger  and  firmer  leaves  clustered  at  the  base  of  the  culms  and  having, 
especially  when  dry,  conspicuous  cartilaginous  white  margins. 

t-  9.  Sphaerocdrpa.  —  Rather  stout,  glabrous;  blades  firm,  cordate  at  base, 
scabrous  on  upper  surface,  margins  cartilaginous;  ligule  nearly  obsolete; 
spikelets  obovoid-sphericai,  puberulent  ;  second  glume  and  sterile  lemma 
1-nerved,  equaling  fruit  at  maturity.  Sparingly  branched  or  nearly  simple 
in  autumn. 

55.  P.  sphaerocdrpon  Ell.     Dull  green ;  culms  2-5.5  dm.  high,  usually  widely 
spreading,  nodes  appressed-pubescent ;  sheaths  nearly  as  long  as  the  internodes 
or  overlapping,  loose  toward  the  summit,  ciliate  on  the  margin  ; 

blades  6-10  cm.  long,  7-14  mm.  wide  (uppermost  smaller,,  thick,  >^PV 

ascending,  stiff-ciliate  toward  the  base,   nerves  inconspicuous;  jjjjj 

panicle  long-exserted,    5-10  cm.    long,   nearly  as  wide,  rather  «w 

loosely  flowered,  with  viscid  spots  on  the   axis  and  ascending 
branches  ;  spikelets  usually  purple,  1.6-1.8  mm.  long ;  fruit  china-   65.   P.  sphaero- 
white.      Sparingly  branching  from  the  lower  nodes  late  in  the      carpon.  Spike- 
season  ;  leaves  and  panicles  not  much  reduced.  —  Sandy  ground,       let  x  5. 
Mass,  to  Kan.,  and  southw.     FIG.  65. 

56.  P.  polydnthes  Schultes.     Light  green,  erect;  culms  3-9  dm.  high,  nodes 
glabrous;  sheaths  very  long,  usually  overlapping,  margin  finely  ciliate  ;  blades 
12-23  cm.  long,  1.5-2.5  cm.  wide    (uppermost  not   smaller),  strongly  nerved, 
ciliate  toward  the  base  ;  panicle  8-25  cm.  long,  not  more  than  half  as  wide, 
densely  flowered,  lower  branches  nearly  erect,  often  distant;  spikelets  green, 
1.5-1.6    mm.    long;     fruit    stramineous.      Culms    simple    or    very    sparingly 
branched  from   the  lower  or  middle  nodes  late  in   the  season.     (P.  micro- 
carpon  Muhl.  Gram.,  not  Ell.)  —  Damp  ground,  woods  and  openings,  N.  Y. 
to  I.  T.,  and  southw. 

•»-  10.  Commutata. —  Stout,  erect,  glabrous  or  puberulent  only  ;  leaves  cordate, 
over  1  cm.  wide  (sometimes  less  in  P.  Ashei}  ;  ligule  nearly  obsolete  ;  panicles 
open,  loosely  flowered ;  spikelets  oblong  or  elliptic,  not  turgid,  pubescent, 
2.6-3  mm.  long;  second  glume  and  sterile  lemma  strongly  1-nerved. 

57.  P.  commutatum  Schultes.    In  large  or  small  clumps ;  culms 4-7. 5  dm.  high, 
usually  stiff,  erect  and  glabrous,  nodes  puberulent ;  sheaths  glabrous  or  puberu- 
lent toward  the  summit,  a  pubescent  ring  at  the  junction  with  the  blade,  margin 
ciliate;  blades  rather  firm,  spreading  or  ascending,   5-12  cm.  long,  1.2-2  cm. 
wide  (rarely  longer  or  wider),  glabrous  on  both  surfaces  (rarely  puberulent), 
margins  ciliate  toward  the  base  ;  panicle  6-11  cm.  long,  as  wide  or  wider;  spike- 
lets  2.6-2.8  mm.  long,  oblong-elliptic,  obtuse  ;  second  glume  and  sterile  lemma 
equal,  barely  covering  the  minutely  umbonate  fruit.     In  autumnal  state  culms 
ascending  or  spreading,  with  somewhat  divaricate  simple  branches  from  the 
middle  nodes;  the  leaves  crowded  but  hardly  reduced.     (P.  subsimplex  Ashe.) 
—  Woods  and  copses,  Del.  to  Fla.,  w.  to  111.  and  Tex. 

58.  P.  Ashei  Pearson.     Usually  purplish,  in   loose  clumps  from  a  knotted 
crown  ;  culms  2.5-5  dm.  high,  erect,  stiff,  wiry,  densely  crisp-puberulent ;  sheaths 

GRAY'S  MANUAL  —  8 


114  GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY) 

less  densely  puberulent,  short-ciliate  on  the  margin ;  blades  often  approximate 
toward  the  summit,  5-8  cm.  long,  5-12  mm.  wide,  rigid,  spreading  or  ascending, 
ciliate  at  the  subcordate  base,  otherwise  glabrous  ;  panicle  5-10  cm.  long,  hardly 
as  wide ;  spikelets  2.6  mm.  long,  oblong-elliptic,  obtuse  ;  second  glume  and  sterile 
lemma  subequal,  obtuse  or  withering  to  a  point,  slightly  exposing  the  minutely 
umbonate  fruit.  In  autumnal  state  the  culms  bearing  widely  divergent  branches 
from  all  or  sometimes  from  only  the  upper  nodes  ;  the  crowded  leaves  rigid,  widely 
spreading;  plants  often  top-heavy  and  reclining  from  repeated  branching; 
leaves  little  reduced  except  those  of  late  autumn.  —  Dry,  especially  rocky, 
woods,  Mass,  to  Ga.,  w.  to  Mich,  and  Mo. 

59.  P.  mutabile  Scribn.  &  Smith.     Blue  green,  almost  glaucous,  erect,  rather 
slender,    5-8  dm.  high,  solitary  or  few  in  a  tuft;    culms  glabrous  or  crisp- 
puberulent  below  ;  sheaths  ciliate,  otherwise  glabrous ;   blades  8-12  cm.  long, 
1-1.6  cm.  wide,   horizontally  spreading,   conspicuously  ciliate,   especially  the 
wider  basal  ones,  otherwise  glabrous ;  panicles  8-10  cm.  long,  about  as  wide  ; 
spikelets  purple,  3  mm.  long,  elliptical ;  first  glume  i-i  as  long  as  the  spikelet, 
the  second   barely  as  long  as  the   fruit.    Internodes  much  elongated  in  the 
autumnal  state,   culms  somewhat  spreading,  early  branches  elongated,  later 
ones  short  and  somewhat  crowded.  —  Sandy  soil,  mostly  in  shade,   se.    Va. 
to  N.  C.  and  Miss. 

H-  11.  Lancearia.  —  Densely  tufted ;  olive-green;  culms  slender,  wiry,  puberu- 
lent;  blades  short,  flat,  flrm,  the  thin  cartilaginous  margins papillose-ciliate 
toward  the  base ;  ligule  obsolete  or  nearly  so ;  spikelets  pyriform,  turgid, 
stronglg  nerved. 

60.  P.  lancearium  Trin.     Culms  erect  or  geniculate  at  base,  often  reddish, 
1.5-4  dm.  high,  crisp-puberulent  as  are  the  short  sheaths  ;  blades  ascending  or 
spreading,  2.5-4.5  cm.  long,  3-5  mm.  wide,  usually  ciliate  for  |-£  their  length, 
puberulent  beneath,  glabrous  above  ;  panicles  short-exserted,  loosely  flowered, 
3-5  cm.  long,  f-£  as  wide,  the  few  very  flexuous  branches  spreading  or  droop- 
ing, spikelet-bearing  from  the  base  ;  spikelets  2  mm.  long,  1  mm.  wide  ;  first  glume 
about  |  as  long  as  the  glabrous  or  puberulent  subequal  second  glume  and  sterile 
lemma,  the  glume  scarcely  covering  the  fruit,  which  is  obscurely  pubescent  at 
the  apex.     Autumnal  state  decumbent,  ascending  at  the  ends,  with  short  fasci- 
cled branches  from  the  upper  nodes  ;  the  densely  crowded  leaves  reduced,  involute- 
pointed.     (P.  Nashianum  Scribn.) — Low  pine  lands  near  the  coast,  se.  Va.  to 


61.  P.  patulum  (Scribn.  &  Merr.)  Hitchc.     Culms  lax,  prostrate,  2-6  dm.  long ; 
sheaths  and  both  surfaces  of  the  blades  softly  pubescent ;  the  blades  thin,  spread- 
ing, 4.5-8  cm.  long,  5-8  mm.  wide,  often  ciliate  nearly  to  the  apex  ;  panicles 
4.5-7  cm.  long,  hardly  as  wide,  the  slender  branches  spreading,  spikelet-bearing 
from  near  the  base  ;  spikelets  2  mm.  long,  1.3  mm.  wide  ;  first  glume  about  \  as 
long  as  the  densely  papillose-pubescent  second  glume  and  sterile  lemma,  the 
glume  scarcely  covering  the  fruit,  which  is  obscurely  pubescent  at  the  apex. 
Autumnal  state  widely  spreading,  almost  vine-like,  the  numerous  branches  slen- 
der and  elongated ;  leaves  and  panicles  not  greatly  reduced.     (P.  Nashianum, 
var.  Scribn.  &  Merr.)  —  Moist  sandy  soil,  se.  Va.  to  Fla.,  near  the  coast. 

•»-  12.  Oligosdnthia.  —  Culms  stout,  erect ;  blades  firm,  rarely  over  1.5  cm.  wide, 
usually  narrower;  ligule  from  nearly  obsolete  to  3  mm.  long ;  spikelets  ob- 
ovate,  turgid,  usually  papillose-hispid,  3-4  mm.  long. 

62.  P.  oligosanthes  Schultes.     In  small  tufts  ;  culms  3-8  dm.  high,  often  pur- 
plish, appressed-pubescent  below  ;  sheaths  rather  loose,  ascending-papillose-pubes- 
cent ;  ligule  1-2  mm.  long,  with  long  hairs  intermixed  ;  blades  stiffly  spreading  or 
ascending,  6-10  cm.  long,  5-8  (rarely  10)  mm.  wide,  sharply  acuminate,  glabrous 
on  the  upper,  harshly  puberulent  on  the  lower  surface  ;  panicles  6-10  cm.  long, 
nearly  as  wide,  loosely  flowered,  branches   ascending ;    spikelets    3.5-4   mm. 
long,  narrowly  obovate,  subacute,  sparsely  pubescent;  first  glume  less  than  \ 
the  length  of  the  second  glume,  which  is  shorter  than  the  fruit.     In  the  autum- 
nal state  somewhat  spreading,  branching  sparingly  from  the  lower  nodes,  and 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY)  115 

profusely  from  the  upper,  the  short  branches  aggregated  at  the  summit;  the 
crowded  leaves  widely  spreading.  (P.  pauciflorum  Ell.,  not  R.  Br.)  —  Sandy 
soil,  Del.  to  D.  C.,  and  southw.  ;  and  in  n.  Ind.,  near  L.  Michigan. 

63.  P.  Scribnerianum  Nash.     Similar  to  the  preceding,  usually  in  larger 
clumps ;  culms  not  so  tall,  usually  less  pubescent ;  sheaths  papillose-hispid  or 
sometimes  nearly  glabrous ;    ligule  about  1  mm.   long ;   blades 

ascending  or  erect,  averaging  wider  (6-10  mm.,  rarely  wider), 
usually  ciliate  toward  the  subcordate  base  ;  panicle  short- exserted, 
4-7  rarely  9  cm.  long,  about  as  wide  ;  spikelets  3.2-3.3  mm.  long, 
very  turgid,  obtuse,  sparsely  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous ;  second 
glume  slightly  shorter  than  the  minutely  apiculate  fruit.  Branch- 
ing late,  mostly  from  the  lower  nodes,  forming  short  tufts. 
(P.  scoparium  Wats.  &  Coult.,  not  Lam.)  —  Sandy  soil  or  dry 
prairies,  Me.  to  Ont.,  and  westw.  to  the  Pacific,  s.  to  Va.  and  66-  p-  Scribneri- 
Tex.  FIG.  66.  anum-  8Pike' 

64.  P.    LeibSrgii    (Vasey)    Scribn.      Culms  3-8  dm.  high,  x4*' 
scabrous,  at  least  below  the  nodes  ;  sheaths  strongly  papillose-hispid,  with  spread- 
ing hairs;  ligule  very  minute  ;  blades  ascending,  8-15  cm.  long,  8-12  mm.  wide, 
papillose-hispid  on  both  surfaces,  often  sparsely  so  above  ;  panicle  8-15  cm.  long, 
less  than  \  as  wide,  the  branches  narrowly  ascending  ;  spikelets  4  mm.  long,  less 
turgid  than  in  the  last,  papillose-hispid  with  long  spreading  hairs  ;  first  glume 
over  £  as  long  as  the  spikelet,  acuminate,  second  equaling  the  fruit.     Sparingly 
branched  from  the  lower  nodes  in  late  summer,  the  branches  mostly  simple, 
erect;  blades  not  much  reduced. — Prairies,  O.  and  Mich,  to  S.  Dak.  and  Mo. 

65.  P.  Ravenelii  Scribn.  &  Merr.     Erect  or  ascending ;  culms  3-6  dm.  high, 
densely  papillose-pubescent  with  ascending  hairs;  nodes  short-bearded;  sheaths 
distant  below,  the  upper  overlapping,  pubescent  like  the  culm ;  ligule  3-4  mm. 
long;  blades  thick,  ascending,  8-15  cm.  long,  1-1.5   mm.  wide,  rarely  wider, 
ciliate  nearly  to  the  apex,  densely  pubescent  beneath,  glabrous  above ;  panicle 
short-exserted  or  included  at  base,  7-10  cm.  long,  about  as  wide,  branches  finally 
spreading ;  spikelets  4  mm.  long,  broadly  obovate,  very  turgid,  sparsely  pubes- 
cent ;  first  glume  about  £  as  long  as  the  spikelet,  second  glume  slightly  shorter 
than  the  fruit.     Autumnal  state  more  or  less  spreading,  bushy-branched  above  ; 
the  crowded  leaves  ascending.  — Sandy  or  gravelly  soil,  Md.  and  D.  C.,  southw. 

66.  P.  xanthophysum  Gray.    Yellowish  green  ;  culms  ascending,  in  small  tufts, 
2-6  dm.  high,  scabrous;  sheaths  loose,  at  least  the  lower  overlapping,  sparsely 
papillose-pilose,  bearded  at  the  summit ;  ligule  minute  ;  blades  erect  or  nearly  so, 
rather  thin,  strongly  nerved,  1-1.5  dm.  long,  1-1.8  cm.  wide,  narrowed  to  the 
rounded  ciliate  base,  otherwise  glabrous;  panicle  finally  long-exserted,  0.5-1.2 
dm.  long,  very  narrow,  few-flowered,  the  branches  erect ;  spikelets  4  mm.  long, 
broadly  obovate,  very  turgid,  pubescent,  rarely  glabrous ;  first  glume  nearly  \  as 
long  as  the  spikelet,  pointed,  second  scarcely  covering  the  fruit.     Branching  in 
midsummer  from  the  second  and  third  nodes,  branches  erect,  mostly  simple  ; 
the  large  erect  leaves  making  the  plant  appear  very  leafy  in  the  middle.  —  Dry 
soil,  Me.  to  Man. ,  and  Pa. 

67.  P.  Wilcoxianum  Vasey.     Culms  erect,  1-2  dm.  high,  copiously  papillose- 
pilose  as  are  the  usually  overlapping  sheaths  (rarely  nearly  glabrous)  ;  ligule 
about  1  mm.  long;  blades  erect,  5-6.5  cm.  long,  3-5  mm.  wide,  densely  long- 
pilose  on  both  surfaces;  panicle  finally  exserted,  2-4  cm.  long,  about  half  as 
wide,  rather  densely  flowered,  branches  ascending;  spikelets  2.7-3  mm.  long, 
oblong-obovate,  pubescent ;  first  glume  about  £  as  long  as  the  spikelet,  second 
hardly  covering  the  fruit.     Autumnal  state  branching  from  all  the  nodes,  form- 
ing bushy  tufts  with  rigid  erect  leaves  much  overtopping  the  reduced  panicles.  — 
Prairies,  la.  to  S.  Dak.  and  Kan. 

•»-  13.  Scoparia.  —  Culms  tall  and  stout,  finally  wide-spreading ;  blades  fiat, 
elongated,  not  over  1.5  cm.  wide;  ligule  short;  spikelets  abruptly  pointed, 
strongly  7-Q-nerved. 

68.  P.  scoparium  Lam.     Grayish  olive-green,  velvety-pubescent  all  over  except 
as  noted;  culms  8-13  dm.  high,  erect  or  ascending,  often  geniculate  at  base, 


116  GRAMINEAE    (GRASS    FAMILY) 

nodes  bearded  with  reflexed  hairs,  a  glabrous  viscid  ring  below ;  sheaths  about 
|  as  long  as  the  internodes,  the  velvety  pubescence  wanting  on  the  back  toward 
the  summit,  the  naked  surface  viscid  when  fresh ;  ligule  1  mm.  long ;  blades 
rather  thick,  spreading,  often  reflexed  in  age,  1.2-2  dm.  long,  1-1.5  cm.  wide, 
uppermost  reduced  ;  panicle  1-1.5  dm.  long,  nearly  as  wide,  many-flowered  ; 
axis,  branches  and  pedicels  with  viscid  blotches  ;  branches  spreading  or  ascend- 
ing, spikelet-bearing  to  the  base  ;  spikelets  2.6  mm.  long,  obovate,  turgid,  papil- 
lose-pubescent;  second  glume  shorter  than  the  apiculate  fruit.  Culms  leaning  or 
spreading  in  the  autumnal  state,  repeatedly  branching  from  the  middle  nodes, 
the  fascicles  of  branches  usually  fan-shaped  and  shorter  than  the  very  long 
internodes,  or  elongated  and  scorpioid ;  sheaths  swollen  above,  constricted 
at  the  throat.  —  Wet  ground,  N.  J.  to  I.  T.,  and  southw. 

69.  P.  scabriiisculum  Ell.     Culms  1-2  m.  high,  roughened  at  least  below  the 
nodes,  often  puberulent ;  sheaths  loose,  constricted  and  bearded  at  the  throat, 
densely  papillose-hispid  to  nearly  glabrous,  often  spotted ;  ligule  minute,  mem- 
branaceous,  usually  a  ring  of  hairs  above  it ;  blades  stiffly  ascending  or  spreading, 
often  reflexed,  1.5-2.5  dm.  long,  9-12   (rarely  15)  mm.  wide,  usually  harsh- 
pubescent  beneath  and  glabrous  above;  panicle  1.2-2.5  dm.  long,  about  f  as 
wide,  rather  densely  flowered,  the  lower  branches  ascending,  axis,  branches  and 
pedicels  prominently  viscid-spotted,  branches  spikelet-bearing  to  the  base  ;  spike- 
lets  2.4  mm.  long,  ovate,  acuminate,  minutely  puberulent;  first  glume  \-\  as 
long  as  the  spikelet,  second  glume  and  sterile  lemma  exceeding  the  fruit.    Autum- 
nal state  leaning  or  widely  spreading,  repeatedly  branching  from  the  middle 
nodes  ;  branches  erect,  later  ones  short ;   the   crowded   reduced   blades  often 
harsh-pubescent  on  both  surfaces.  — Swamps,  W.  Va.,  Va.,  and  southw. 

70.  P.  aculeatum  Hitchc.  &  Chase.     Resembles  the  preceding;  culms  slender, 
in  very  large  clumps,  scabrous,  harsh-pubescent  below;  sheaths  not  so  loose  as 
in  the  last,  papillose-hispid  with  stiff  sharp-pointed  hairs,  uppermost  usually 
glabrous ;   ligule   minute,  membranaceous,  ciliate  ;    blades  stiffly  ascending  or 
spreading,  1.2-2  dm.  long,  9-15  mm.  wide,  very  scabrous  on  the  upper  surface 
and  toward  the  apex  beneath ;  panicle  8-12  cm.  long,  about  as  wide,  few-flowered, 
axis  and  branches  not  viscid  or  with  a  few  spots  only,  lower  branches  spreading  ; 
spikelets  3  mm.  long,  elliptical,  minutely  pubescent ;  first  glume  \-\  as  long  as  the 
spikelet,  second  glume  and  sterile  lemma  slightly  exceeding  the  fruit.     Autum- 
nal state  somewhat  spreading,  branched  from  the  middle  nodes,  the  branches 
divaricate,    not  much  crowded.  —  Swampy   woods,    D.  C.   and  N.  C. ;   appar- 
ently rare. 

t-  14.  Latifblia.  Culms  erect,  stout;  blades  2  cm.  or  more  wide,  cordate-clasp- 
ing at  base,  strongly  nerved,  acuminate ;  ligule  minute;  panicle  open;  spike- 
lets  3-4  mm.  long,  pubescent,  strongly  nerved. 

71.  P.  clandestinum  L.    Usually  in  very  large  clumps,  5-12  dm.  high  ;  culms, 
nodes  and  sheaths  strongly  papillose-hispid,  or  the  upper  nearly  glabrous  ;  blades 

ascending,  1-2  dm.  long,  1.8-2.5  cm.  wide,  scabrous  toward 
the  ends  ;  panicle  exerted,  1-1.5  dm.  long,  about  as  wide, 
rather  densely  flowered,  the  fascicled  branches  ascending  ; 
spikelets  3  mm.  long,  elliptic,  second  glume  shorter  than  the 
subacute  fruit.  Autumnal  state  with  appressed  branches  with 
shortened  internodes,  the  overlapping  sheaths  usually  more 
strongly  papillose-hispid  than  the  earlier  ones,  the  later  branch- 
67  p  i  d  r  *e^s  veiT  short,  the  leaves  crowded  at  the  summit,  the  panicles 

Closed   and   open    entirely  inclosed  in  the  sheaths.     (P.  decoloratum  Nash.)  — 
spikelet  x  3  Moist  ground,  Me.  to  Minn. ,  and  southw.     FIG.  67. 

72.  P.  B6scii  Poir.  Culms  3-7  dm.  high,  minutely  pubes- 
cent or  glabrous,  at  least  the  lower  nodes  bearded  with  reflexed  hairs ;  sheaths 
puberulent,  a  dense  ring  of  pubescence  at  the  summit ;  blades  8-12  cm.  long, 
2.5-3  mm.  wide,  rarely  wider,  pubescent  beneath,  sparsely  so  (rarely  glabrous) 
above,  short-ciliate  on  the  margins  toward  the  base ;  panicle  6-10  cm.  long, 
usually  nearly  as  wide,  the  lower  branches  spreading  or  ascending ;  spikelets 
4-4.5  mm.  long,  obovate  ;  first  glume  |-i  as  long  as  the  spikelet,  second  glume 


GKAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY)  117 

and  sterile  lemma  scarcely  equaling  the  fruit  which  is  minutely  pubescent  at 
the  apiculate  tip.  More  or  less  spreading  in  the  autumnal  state,  branching  from 
the  middle  nodes,  the  upper  leaves  of  the  branches  crowded  and  spreading. 
(P.  latifolium  Am.  auth.,  not  L.)  —Woods,  Me.  to  Minn.,  and  southw. 

Var.  m611e  (Vasey)  Hitchc.  &  Chase.  Usually  not  so  tall,  downy-pubescent 
throughout.  (P.  latifolium,  var.  Vasey;  P.  pubifolium  Nash.)  —  Commoner 
southw. 

73.  P.  latifblium  L.  Like  P.  Boscii,  but  usually  taller ;  culms  and  sheaths 
(except  the  ciliate  margin  and  pubescent  ring  at  the  summit  of  the  sheaths) 
glabrous  or  rarely  pubescent  below,  nodes  glabrous,'  blades  commonly  1.5dm. 
long,  3  cm.  wide,  sometimes  wider,  ciliate  toward  the  very  broad  base,  otherwise 
glabrous,  rarely  minutely  pubescent ;  panicle  8-15  cm.  long,  the  long  few-flowered 
branches  ascending;  spikelets  3.5-3.8  mm.  long,  obovate-elliptic,  the  apiculate 
tip  of  the  fruit  usually  glabrous.  Autumnal  state  as  in  P.  Boscii.  (P.  macro- 
carpon  Le  Conte.)  —  Rocky  woods  and  sand  dunes,  Me.  to  Wise.,  and  southw. 


HIANS  (Ell.)  Nash,  a  lax  perennial  with  narrow  flat  leaves  and 
terminal  panicles  with  spreading  branches  naked  at  base,  and  crowded  spikelets, 
the  palea  of  the  sterile  lemma  subindurated,  enlarged  and  forcing  the  spikelet 
open,  has  been  collected  in  se.  Mo.  (Bush)  ;  common  in  the  South. 

12.    SACCI6LEPIS  Nash. 

Second  glume  gibbous  at  the  base,  11-nerved,  equal  to  the  3-5-nerved  sterile 
lemma  (which  incloses  a  large  palea  and  often  a  staminate  flower),  about  twice 
as  long  as  the  slightly  stipitate  fruit ;  lemma  thinner  at  the  apex,  the  palea  free 
at  the  tip  ;  spikelets  otherwise  as  in  Panicum.  Semi-aquatic  perennials  with  nar- 
row spike-like  panicles.  (Name  from  O-^KKOS,  bag,  and  \eiris,  scale,  alluding 
to  the  saccate  second  glume.) 

1.  S.  striata  (L.)  Nash.  Perennial,  stoloniferous  ;  culms  erect  from  a  creep- 
ing base,  3-9  dm.  high,  branching  ;  sheaths  hirsute,  at  least  on  the  margins ; 
blades  0.8-2  dm.  long,  about  1  cm.  wide,  flat,  glabrous  ;  panicle  10-15  cm.  long, 
contracted,  spike-like ;  spikelets  3.5  mm.  long,  lanceolate,  acute.  (Panicum  gib- 
bum  Ell.)  — Low  wet  ground,  Va.  to  I.  T.,  and  southw. 

13.   ECHIN6CHLOA  Beauv. 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  sometimes  a  staminate  flower  below  the  perfect  termi- 
nal one,  nearly  sessile  in  1-sided  racemes ;  glumes  unequal,  spiny-hispid,  mucro- 
nate  ;  sterile  lemma  similar  and  awned  from  the  apex  (sometimes  mucronate 
only),  inclosing  a  hyaline  palea;  fertile  lemma  and  palea  chartaceous,  acumi- 
nate ;  margins  of  the  glume  inrolled  except  at  the  summit,  where  the  palea  is 
not  included.  — Coarse  annuals  with  compressed  sheaths,  long  leaves  and  termi- 
nal panicles  of  stout  racemes.  (Name  from  extVos,  a  hedgehog,  and  xA(ia>  grass, 
in  allusion  to  the  bristling  awns.) 

1.  E.   CRUSGALLI    (L.)    Beauv.     (BARNYARD  GRASS.)     Culms  stout,  rather 
succulent,  branching  from  the  base,  ascending  or  erect,  3-18  dm.  high  ;  sheaths 
and  blades  glabrous;  panicle  dense,  1-3  dm.  long,  of  numerous 

erect  or  spreading  racemes,  very  variable,  deep  purple  to  pale 
green,  erect  or  drooping ;  spikelets  long-awned  or  nearly  awnless, 
densely  and  irregularly  crowded  in  tS  or  4  rows,  about  3  mm. 
long.  (Panicum  L.)  —  Moist,  chiefly  manured  soil  and  waste 
ground,  river  banks,  etc.,  common  throughout,  except  in  the 
extreme  North.  Aug. -Oct.  (Nat.  from  Eu.)  FIG.  68. 

E.  FRDMENTACEA  (Roxb.)  Link  (Panicum  Roxb.),  JAPANESE 
BARNYARD  MILLET,  or  BILLION-DOLLAR  GRASS,  is  an  occasional     68' 
escape  from  cultivation.     It  is  distinguished  from  short-awned 
forms  of  the  preceding  chiefly  by  the  more  compact  panicles  with  short  often 
incurved  branches. 

2.  E.    WaltSri  (Pursh)  Nash.     Resembling  the  preceding,  usually  taller,  at 
least  the  lower  sheaths  coarsely  papillose-hispid;   panicle  usually  long,  more 


118  GBAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY) 

drooping ;  spikelets  long-awned,  the  awn  sometimes  as  much  as  5  cm.  long.  — 
(Panicum  Pursh ;  P.  hispidum  Muhl.)  —  Marshes  and  ditches  chiefly  near  the 
coast,  N.  H.  to  Fla.  ;  and  in  w.  Ont.  and  n.  111.  Aug. -Oct. 

3.  E.  colbna  (L.)  Link.  (JUNGLE  RICE.)  Tufted,  erect  or  ascending,  spar- 
ingly branched,  3-6  dm.  high  ;  sheaths  and  blades  smooth  ;  panicle  of  5-10 
dense  racemes  (1-6  cm.  long)  rather  distant  and  racemose  along  the  axis  •  spike- 
lets  about  3  mm.  long  ;  glumes  and  sterile  lemma  pubescent,  mucronate-pointed 
but  not  awned.  (Panicum  L.}  —  Ditches  and  low  ground,  Va.  and  Kan.,  south  w. 
(Warm  regions  generally.) 

14.     SETARIA  Beauv.     BRISTLY  FOXTAIL  GRASS 

Spikelets  as  in  Panicum  but  surrounded  by  few  or  many  persistent  awn- 
like  branches  which  spring  from  the  rhachis  below  the  articulation  of  the 
spikelets. — Annual  introduced  weeds  in  cultivated  or  manured  grounds,  or 
native  perennials,  with  linear  or  lanceolate  flat  leaves  and  cylindrical  spike- 
like  panicles.  (Name  from  seta,  a  bristle.)  CHAETOCHLOA  Scribn. 

Perennial  by  creeping  rootstocks 1.   S.  imberbis. 

No  rootstocks. 

Bristles  5  or  more 2.   8.  glauca. 

Bristles  1-3. 

Downwardly  barbed         ....  3.   S.  verticillata. 

Upwardly  barbed. 
Lemmas  rupose ;  panicle  not  exceeding  1.5  dm.  in  length. 

Spikelets  2  mm.  long 4.  S.  viridis. 

Spikelets  3  mm.  long 5.   S.  italica. 

Lemmas  smooth  and  shining ;  panicle  2-6  dm.  long 6.  S.  magnet. 

1.  S.  imb£rbis  R.  &  S.  Culms  more  or  less  caespitose,  3-7  dm.  high,  slender, 
compressed,  erect  or  ascending,  often  geniculate  at  base  ;  sheaths  overlapping, 
compressed,  glabrous  ;  blades  1-3  dm.  long,  3-7  mm.  wide,  attenuate  toward 
the  apex  ;  panicle  2-5  cm.  long,  nearly  1  cm.  thick,  exclusive  of  bristles  ;  bristles 
8-12,  5-10  mm.  long,  pale  yellowish,  sometimes  purplish,  upwardly  scabrous  ; 
spikelets  2  mm.  long  ;  first  glume  about  %  as  long  as  the  spikelet,  second  J-|  as 
long,  acute,  5-7-nerved,  the  midnerve  excurrent ;  sterile  lemma  equaling  the 
elliptical-ovate  acute  striate  transversely  rugose  fertile  lemma. 
—  Moist  soil,  Ct.  to  Kan.,  and  south  w.  (Trop.  Am.) 

Var.  perSnnis  (Hall)  Hitchc.  Culms  scarcely  tufted,  very 
slender,  wiry,  6-12  dm.  high  ;  blades  long  and  narrow ;  pani- 
cles 2-7  cm.  long,  more  slender ;  spikelets  and  bristles  usually 
purplish.  (Chaetochloa  versicolor  Bicknell.) — Brackish 
marshes  along  the  coast,  Ct.  to  Fla.  ;  and  in  saline  soil,  Kan. 
and  I.  T.  June-Sept.  —  Intergrades  with  the  species. 

2.  S.  GLAUCA  (L.)  Beauv.  (FOXTAIL,  PIGEON  GRASS.) 
Annual ;  culms  branching  at  the  base,  compressed,  erect  or 
Spike'let'withC£sub-  ascending»  3~12  dm-  high  5  leaves  flat,  linear-lanceolate,  glau- 
tending  bristles.  cous  >  Panicle  2~1°  cm.  lon£»  about  1  cm.  thick  ;  bristles  3-8  mm. 
Same  open,  show-  l°ngi  upwardly  scabrous  ;  spikelets  3  mm.  long  ;  first  glume  |, 
ing  fertile  and  second  f  as  long  as  the  striate  undulate-rugose  fertile  lemma. 
neutral  flower  x  3.  — Cultivated  ground  and  waste  places,  common  throughout. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.)  FIG.  69. 

3.  S.  VERTICILLATA  (L.)  Beauv.     Annual,   tufted  ;    culms  3-6  dm.  high  ; 
leaves  linear-lanceolate,  scabrous ;  panicles  green,  5-10  cm.  long, 
somewhat  compound,  interrupted  at  base,  tapering  above  ;  bristles 

stout,  downwardly  barbed,  3-6  mm.  long;  spikelets  2-2.5  mm.  long ; 
first  glume  1  as  long  as  the  second  which  equals  the  sterile  lemma 
and  slightly  exceeds  the  abruptly  apiculate  obscurely  transverse- 
rugose  fertile  lemma.  —  Near  dwellings,  widely  distributed  in 
eastern  U.  S.  (Nat.  from  Eu.)  FIG.  70. 

4.  S.    VIRIBIS    (L.)    Beauv.      (GREEN    F.,    BOTTLE    GRASS.)     70.  S  verticil 
Annual,  tufted;   culms  2-9  cm.  high;   leaves  0.5-2.5  dm.  long,       iata'.  Spike 
4-10  mm.  wide,  scabrous  on  the  margins ;   panicles  rather  thick,       let  x  4. 


GRAMINEAE   (GRASS   FAMILY)  119 

rhachis  villous  ;    bristles  slender,  upwardly  barbed,  usually  7-12  mm.  long: 
spikelets  2  mm.  long  ;  second  glume  and  sterile  lemma  equal,  covering  the  obtuse 
striate   faintly  wrinkled  fertile  lemma.  —  Cultivated  grounds  and 
waste  places,  throughout.     (Nat.  from  Eu.)     FIG.  71.     Var.  BRE- 
VISETA  (Doll)  Hitchc.     Bristles  scarcely  longer  than  the  spikelets.  — 
Sterile  soil,  n.  Me.  and  adjacent  Que. 

5.  S.    ITALICA    (L.)  Beauv.    Annual ;  panicle  compound,  inter- 
rupted at  base,  thick,  nodding,  8-20  cm.  long,  but  in  escaped  speci- 
mens smaller,  yellowish  or  purplish  ;  bristles  2  or  3  in  a  cluster, 
longer  than  the  spikelets.  — Cultivated  under  the  name  of  MILLET, 
GERMAN  MILLET,  or  HUNGARIAN  GRASS,  and  rarely  spontaneous,  as 

is  also  Var.  GERMANICA  (Mill.)  Richter,  GOLDEN- WONDER  MILLET,  71    s 
which  is  more  slender  and  has  bristles  shorter  than  the  spikelets.   a S?'iT  7* 
(Introd.  from  Eu.)  Spikeletx4. 

6.  S.  magna  Griseb.     Probably  perennial;  culm  stout,  erect,  1-3  m.  high; 
sheaths  loose,  spreading,  compressed,  margins  densely  ciliate  near  the  summit ; 
blades  3-6  dm.  long,  1-3  cm.  wide,  attenuate,  scabrous ;  panicles  usually  inter- 
rupted  below,   2-5  cm.  thick,  tapering  to  both  ends ;  rhachis  densely  pilose ; 
bristles  8-11  mm.  long,  upwardly  scabrous;  spikelets  2  mm.  long;  first  glume 
broad,  about  i  as  long  as  the  second,  which  equals  the  sterile  lemma  and  with 
it  covers  the  acute  apiculate  smooth  and  shining  (not  striate  nor  rugose}  fertile 
lemma.  — Low  grounds  and  marshes,  Del.,  Va.,  and  southw.     (Trop.  Am.) 

15.   CENCHRUS  L.     SANDBUR.     BUR  GRASS 

Spikelets  1 -flowered,  acuminate,  2-6  together,  subtended  by  a  short-pediceled 
ovoid  or  globular  involucre  of  rigid  connate  spines  which  is  deciduous  with  them 
at  maturity;  glumes  shorter  than  the  lemmas;  sterile  lemma  with  a  hyaline 
palea,  fertile  lemma  and  palea  less  indurated  than  in  Panicum,  falcate-acuminate, 
the  lemma  not  inrolled  at  the  margins.  — Our  species  annual,  with  simple  racemes 
of  spiny  burs  terminating  the  culm  and  branches.  (An  ancient  Greek  name  of 
Set  aria  italica.) 

1.  C.  carolinianus  Walt.  Culms  flattened,  much  branched,  ascending  or 
spreading,  3-8  dm.  long ;  leaves  flat ;  racemes  of  8-20  involucres,  about  8  mm. 
thick,  the  6-8  pubescent  divisions  spine-pointed, 
spines  spreading  or  reflexed  ;  spikelets  2-3.  ( C. 
tribuloides  Am.  auth.,  not  L.)  — Sandy  soil,  on  river 
banks,  etc.,  s.  Me.  to  Fla.,  and  westw.  across  the 
continent.  Aug.  (Trop.  regions.)  FIG.  72. 

2.   C.  tribuloides  L.     Culms  more  robust,  often 
72.  C.  carolinianus x  iy2.         extensively   branching  or  trailing,  3-9  dm.  long; 
Closed  involucre,  at  left     Longi-    sheaths  loose,  usually  hirsute  along  the  margins, 
tudinal  section  of  same,  at  right,    ligule   conspicuously   ciliate  ;    blades  more  or  less 
Open  spikelet,  in  middle.  involute ;    racemes  usually  included  at  the  base  ; 

involucres  12-14  mm.  thick,  densely  long-pubescent ; 

the  stout  spines  spreading  or  ascending.     (C.  macrocephalus  Scribn.) — Sands 
along  the  coast,  N.  J.  and  southw. 

16.    ZIZANIA  [Gronov.]  L.     WATER  or  INDIAN  RICE 

Spikelets  unisexual,  1-flowered,  the  pistillate  linear,  awned,  articulated  and 
tardily  deciduous  on  club-shaped  pedicels  on  the  appressed  upper  branches, 
the  staminate  lanceolate,  early  deciduous,  on  the  expanded  lower  branches  of 
the  same  panicle ;  glumes  none  in  the  pistillate  spikelet ;  lemma  closely  clasp- 
ing the  palea  by  a  pair  of  strong  lateral  nerves,  a  long  hispid  awn  from  the  sum- 
mit ;  first  glume  of  staminate  spikelet  5-,  the  second  3-nerved  ;  stamens  6  ;  grain 
cylindrical,  1.5-2  cm.  long,  closely  enveloped  in  the  membranaceous  lemma  and 
3-nerved  palea.  —  A  tall  aquatic  grass  with  long  leaves  and  large  terminal  pani- 
cles. (Adapted  from  ftfrvtov,  the  ancient  name  of  some  wild  grain.) 


120 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS  FAMILY) 


1.   Z.  palustris  L.     (INDIAN  RICE,  WATER  OATS.)     Annual;  culms  2-3  m. 
high  ;  leaves  flat,  5-10  dm.  long,  1.5-4c  m.  wide.     (Z.  aquatica  of  auth.  not  L.)  — 
Swampy  borders  of  streams  and  in  shallow  water;  common, 
especially  northwestw.     July,  Aug.     (Asia.)     FIG.  73. 

2.  Z.  aquatica  L.  Culms  about  1  m.  high  ;  leaves  nar- 
rower (less  than  1  cm.  wide)  ;  pistillate  portion  of  panicle 
more  appressed.  —Me.  to  Minn.,  and  northw. 

17.    ZIZANI6PSIS  Doll  &  Asch. 

Spikelets  unisexual,  the  pistillate  above,  the  staminate  below 
on  each  branch  of  the   panicle,  much  alike  in  appearance, 
laterally  compressed ;  glumes  subequal,  membranaceous,  the 
first  glume  of  the  pistillate  spikelet  with  a  short  terminal  awn, 
the  lemma  acute,  palea  none  ;  glumes  and  lemma  of  staminate 
73.  Z.  aquatica  x  l.    spikelet  acute,  nerveless,  palea  none  ;  stamens  6  ;  grain  ovoid, 
cf  spikelet.  with  a  chartaceous  easily  separable  pericarp,  loosely  inclosed 

$  spikelet.  in  the  glumes.  —  A  tall  aquatic  grass  with  long  leaves   and 

Pistil  with  scales,     long  narrow  terminal  panicles.       (Name  from  Zizania  and 

tyis,  appearance,  from  likeness  to  the  preceding  genus.) 
1.    Z.  miliacea  (Michx.)  Doll  &  Asch.     Perennial  by  a  creeping  rootstock  ; 
culms  1-4  m.  high,  geniculate  at  the  lower  nodes;  leaves  flat,  3-10  dm.  long, 
1-3  cm.  wide.     (Zizania  Michx.)  — Swamps,  Va.,  O.,  and  south  w.     May. 


18.   LEERSIA  Sw.     CUT-GRASS.     WHITE  GRASS 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  flattened  laterally,  perfect,  but  those  in  the  open  panicles 
usually  sterile,  those  inclosed  in  the  sheaths  cleistogamous  and  fruitful ;  glumes 
none,  lemma  boat-shaped,  somewhat  indurated,  awnless, 
clasping  the  palea  by  a  pair  of  strong  marginal  nerves  ;  palea 
of  like  texture,  much  narrower,  1 -nerved ;  stamens  1-6. — 
Perennials  of  moist  ground,  with  rough  leaves  and  short 
racemes  of  imbricated  spikelets  arranged  in  open  panicles. 
(Named  after  Johann  Daniel  Leers,  a  German  botanist  of 
the  18th  century.)  HOMALOCENCHRUS  Mieg. 

*  Spikelets  narrowly  oblong,  rather  loosely  crowded. 

1.   L.  virginica  Willcl.     (WHITE  GRASS.)     Culms   weak, 
branched,  ascending,  with  clustered  scaly  rootstocks  ;  panicle 

simple,  the  slender  branches  stiffly  spread-       74.  L.  virginica. 
ing;    spikelets  2.5-3  mm.  long,  closely  ap-    A  bit  of  inflorescence 
pressed  ;  lemma  hispid  on  the  keel ;  stamens        *  3. 
2.  —  Wet  woods,  Me.  to  Ont.,  and  south  w.     Spikelet  x  5. 
Aug.     FIG.  74. 

2.  L.  oryzoides  (L.)  Sw.  (RICE  CUT-GRASS.)  Culms  rather 
stout,  branched,  ascending  from  a  decumbent  base  with  slender 
creeping  rootstocks;  leaves  very  rough;  panicle  diffusely 
branched,  lax  ;  spikelets  4-5  mm.  long  ;  lemma  hispid,  strongly 
bristly  ciliate  on  the  keel.  —  Swamps  or  stream  borders,  ditches, 
etc.,  Nfd.  to  Ont.,  and  south  w.  Aug.,  Sept.  (S.  A.,  Eurasia.) 
FIG.  75. 

*  *  Spikelets  broadly  oval,  imbricately  covering  each  other. 

Inflorescence  x  vi>.  ^.  *"  lenticularis  Michx.  (CATCH-FLY  GRASS.)  Culms 
A  bit  of  same  x  %!  nearly  simple,  erect  or  decumbent  at  base,  with  scaly  root- 
Open  spikelet  x  2.  stocks  ;  sheaths  and  blades  sometimes  nearly  smooth  ;  panicle 
nearly  simple  ;  spikelets  very  flat,  5  mm.  long,  strongly  bristly- 
ciliate.  — Low  grounds,  Va.  to  Minn.,  and  southw. 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS    FAMILY) 


121 


19.    PHALARIS  L.    CANARY  GRASS 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  laterally  flattened ;  glumes  equal,  boat-shaped,  much 
exceeding  the  florets  ;  sterile  lemmas  small  and  narrow,  appearing  like  hairy 
scales  attached  to  the  fertile  floret ;  fertile  lemma  indurated  and  shining  in  fruit, 
inclosing  a  faintly  2-nerved  palea. — Annuals  or  perennials,  with  flat  leaves  and 
dense  spike-like  panicles.  (The  ancient  Greek  name,  0a\a/>fc,  alluding  presuma- 
bly to  the  crest-like  inflorescence.) 

§  1.  EUPHALAB1S  Godron.     Panicle  very  dense,  spike-like;  glumes 
wing-keeled. 

1.  P.  CANARIENSIS   L.     (CANARY  GRASS.)     Annual,  3-8  dm.  high  ;   panicle 
oval,  2-3  cm.  long  ;  spikelets  broadly  obovate,  5-6  mm.  long,  imbricated  ;  glumes 
white  with  green  veins,  the  keel  entire  ;  fertile  lemma  brown.  — 

Waste  places  and  roadsides.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

P.  MINOR  Retz.  has  been  collected  at  St.  John,  N.  B.  (Fowler) 
and  on  ballast  at  Camden,  N.  J.  (Pollard).  The  spikes  are 
oblong  and  the  glumes  are  narrowed  at  the  pointed  apex,  the 
exposed  portion  of  the  keel  being  somewhat  toothed. 
§  2.  DfGR  APHIS  (Trin.)  Endl.  Panicle  branched,  the  clusters 
open  in  anthesis  ;  glumes  not  winged  on  the  back. 

2.  P.   arundinacea  L.      (REED  C.)      Perennial,  6-15  dm. 
high ;    leaves  flat,  6-10  mm.   wide  ;    panicle  6-15  dm.   long ; 

spikelets  lanceolate,  5  mm.  long,  pale  ;  sterile  lemmas  reduced    76.  P.  arundinacea 

to  minute  hairy  scales.  —  Wet  grounds;    common,  especially 

north w.     June,  July.      FIG.  76.      Var.   pfcTA  L.,  the  leaves 

striped  with  white,  is  the  familiar  RIBBON  GRASS  of  the  garden. 

(Eurasia.) 

20.    ANTHOXANTHUM  L.     SWEET  VERNAL  GRASS 

Spikelets  1-flowered ;  glumes  very  unequal ;  sterile  lemmas  2-lobed,  hairy, 
dorsally  awned,  longer  than  the  fertile  floret  and  falling  with  it ;  fertile  lemma 
truncate,  awnless,  inclosing  a  faintly  1-nerved  palea  and  per- 
fect flower ;  stamens  2.  —  Aromatic  plants  with  flat  leaves 
and  narrow  spike-like  panicles.  (Name  compounded  of 
&v9os,  flower,  and  J-avd6s,  yellow.) 

1.  A.  ODORATUM  L.     Perennial;    culms  slender,  erect, 
2-6  dm.  high;  leaves  rough  above;  panicles  3-8  cm.  long; 
spikelets  brownish  green,  8-10  mm.  long,  spreading  at  flower- 
ing time;  glumes  sparsely  pilose  ;  first  sterile  lemma  short- 
awned  below  the  apex,  second  bearing  a  strong  bent  scarcely 
exserted  awn  near  its  base.  —  Meadows,  pastures,  and  waste 
places,  throughout,  especially  eastw.     May-July.  —  Sweet- 
scented.     (Nat.  from  Eu.)     FIG.  77. 

2.  A.  PUELII  Lecoq  &  Lamotte.     Smaller,  annual;  pani- 
77.  A.  odoratum.       cles  I-4  cm-  lonS  5  spikelets  whitish  green,  5-7  mm.  long  ; 

Inflorescence  x  %.  ^e  glabrous  glumes  narrower  than  in  no.  1  ;  the  long-exserted 

Spikeiet;  same  2\vith  awn  blackish  at  base. — Dry  fields  and  waste  places,  N.  E. 

glumes     separated  to  Ont.  and  Pa.  ;  sometimes  cultivated  westw.  and  southw. 

x  iy2.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 


x2. 

Spikeiet ;  same 
with  glumes  sep- 
arated. 


21.   HIER6CHLOE   [Gmel.]   R.  Br.     HOLY  GRASS 

Spikelets  3-flowered,  the  terminal  flower  perfect,  the  others  staminate  or 
empty ;  glumes  subequal,  about  the  length  of  the  spikelet,  boat-shaped,  shining ; 
sterile  lemmas  nearly  as  long  as  the  glumes,  boat-shaped,  indurated  and  hairy, 
each  inclosing  a  2-nerved  hyaline  palea  and  a  flower  of  3  stamens  ;  fertile  lemma 
similar  but  smaller,  inclosing  a  1-nerved  palea  and  perfect  flower  with  2  stamens. 


122 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY) 


7S.    H.  odorata. 
Closed      spikelet ; 
same  opened  and 
with  glumes  sep- 
arated x  2. 


—  Fragrant  perennials,  with  flat  leaves  and  terminal  panicles.    (Name  from  Iep6s, 
sacred,  and  %^077>  grass  ;  these  sweet-scented  grasses  being  strewn  before  church- 
doors  on  saints'  days  in  the  North  of  Europe.)     SAVASTANA  Schrank. 

1.  H.  odorata  (L.)  Wahlenb.  (VANILLA  or  SENECA  GRASS.)  Culms  3-6  dm. 
high,  from  a  creeping  rootstock ;  leaves  short,  lanceolate,  scab- 
rous or  smoothish  ;  those  of  the  sterile  shoots  long  and  scabrous  ; 
panicle  pyramidal,  4-12  cm.  long,  usually  compact  but  some- 
times loose,  the  slender  branches  drooping  ;  spikelets  5  mm. 
long,  brownish  ;  staminate  lemmas  hispid-ciliate  on  the  margins 
and  below  the  apex  on  the  keel,  awnless ;  fertile  lemma  hairy 
at  the  apex.  (H.  borealis  R.  &  S.) — Moist  meadows,  chiefly 
north w.,  near  the  coast,  and  along  the  Great  Lakes.  May-July. 
(Eurasia.)  FIG.  78.  —  The  loose-panicled  form,  Savastana 
Nashii  Bicknell,  is  not  specifically  distinct. 

2.  H.  alpina  (Sw.)  R.  &  S.  Culms  1-4  dm.  high,  tufted  ; 
upper  sheaths  inflated ;  Hades  very  small,  the  lowest  and  those 
of  the  sterile  shoots  long  and  linear,  smooth;  panicle  con- 
tracted, 2-5  cm.  long ;  spikelets  7-8  mm.  long,  olivaceous  ; 
staminate  lemmas  ciliate  on  the  margins,  the  first  short-awned 
below  the  apex,  the  second  with  a  longer  (5-8  mm.)  bent  awn 

from  below  the  middle  ;  fertile  lemma  mucronate.  —  Alpine  regions,  N.  E.,  N.  Y., 

and  north  w.    July,  Aug.     (Eu.) 

22.    MILIUM  [Tourn.]  L.     MILLET  GRASS 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  rhachilla  articulated  below  the  floret ; 
glumes  equal ;  lemma  slightly  shorter,  shining,  indurated,  the 
margins  inrolled  over  a  similar  palea;  grain  inclosed  within  the 
lemma  and  palea,  free.  —  Our  species  perennial  with  flat  leaves 
and  open  panicles.  (The  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  millet  — 
which,  however,  belongs  to  a  different  genus  —  of  uncertain 
meaning. ) 

1.  M.  effusum  L.  Smooth  ;  culms  rather  slender,  simple, 
1-1.5  m.  high  ;  leaves  1-3  dm.  long,  8-15  mm.  wide  ;  panicle 
1-2  dm.  long,  the  slender  branches  in  remote  pairs  or  fascicles, 
widely  spreading  or  drooping,  spikelet-bearing  from  about  the 
middle;  spikelets  3-3.5  mm.  long;  glumes  minutely  scabrous. 

—  Cold  damp  woods  and  mountain  meadows,  N.  S.   to  111., 
and    north  w.  —  The  fruit  (mature  floret)   resembles  that  of 
Panicum.     June-Aug.     (Eu.)     FIG.  79. 


79.   M.  effusum. 
Part  of  panicle  X  %. 
Closed  and    open 
spikelets  x  3. 


23.   ORYZ6PSIS  Michx.     MOUNTAIN  RICE 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  in  narrow  few-flowered  panicles  ;  glumes  rather  broad, 
obtuse  or  abruptly  acute ;  floret  with  a  short  obtuse  callus ;  lemma  (not  over 
1  cm.  long)  convolute,  somewhat  indurated,  including  the  rather  large  palea  and 
perfect  flower,  terminating  in  a  deciduous  simple  slender  awn ;  grain  oblong- 
ellipsoid,  tightly  included  in  the  indurated  lemma.  — Tufted  perennials.  (Name 
composed  of  6pvfa,  rice,  and  dty'is,  appearance,  from  a  fancied  resemblance  to 
that  grain.) 

*  Spikelets,  excluding  awn,  3-4  mm.  long. 

1.  0.  piingens  (Torr.)  Hitchc.  Culms  densely  tufted,  2-5  dm.  high,  erect, 
slender,  simple  ;  sheaths  usually  crowded  at  the  base,  smooth  or  slightly  scabrous  ; 
blades  involute-filiform,  the  basal  ones  sometimes  as  long  as  the  culm,  usually 
half  its  length,  those  of  the  culm  short ;  panicle  3-6  cm.  long,  branches  erect  or 
ascending ;  glumes  subequal,  obscurely  5-nerved  ;  lemma  usually  as  long  as 
the  glumes,  appressed-pubescent  ;  awn  1-2  (rarely  5)  mm.  long,  sometimes 
wanting  ;  palea  as  long  as  the  lemma.  (0.  canadensis  Man.  ed.  6  ;  O.  juncea 
BSP.)  — Dry  rocky  or  sandy  soil,  Lab.  to  N.  Y.,  and  westw. 


GRAM1HEAE   (GRASS   FAMILY) 


123 


80.  O.  asperifolia 

xiy2. 

Spikelet  (below). 
Floret  (above). 


81.  O.  racemosa. 
Spikelet  x  1. 


*  *  Spikelets,  excluding  awn,  6-9  mm.  long. 

2.  0.  asperif61ia  Michx.  Culms  tufted,  2-7  dm.  high,  erect  or  geniculate  at 
the  lowest  node  ;  sheaths  usually  crowded  at  the  base ;  blades  erect,  scabrous 
especially  on  the  glaucous  lower  surface,  those  of  the  base 
often  exceeding  the  culm,  5-8  rnm.  wide,  flat  or  involute  on 
the  margins,  attenuate ;  culm-leaves  usually  less  than  1  cm. 
long;  panicle  contracted,  5-12  cm.  long,  the  branches  simple, 
erect;  spikelets,  excluding  awn,  6-8  mm.  long ;  glumes  subequal, 
short-ciliate  at  the  apiculate  summit ;  lemma  nearly  or  quite  as 
long  as  the  second  glume,  sparingly  pubescent ;  awn  5-10  mm. 
long ;  lodicules  f  the  length  of  the  palea.  — 
Wooded  hillsides,  along  waterways,  etc.,  Nfd. 
to  B.  C.,  s.  to  Pa.,  Minn.,  and  N.  Mex.  June. 
FIG.  80. 

3.  0.  racembsa  (Sm.)  Ricker.  Culms  tufted, 
erect,  3-12  dm.  high,  leafy  to  the  summit ;  leaves 
1-3.5  dm.  long,  4-15  mm.  wide,  flat,  narrowed 
toward  the  base,  taper-pointed,  scabrous  below, 
pubescent  above  ;  panicle  7-25  cm.  long,  branches 
nearly  simple,  usually  ascending  ;  spikelet,  excluding  awn,  7-9  mm. 
long  ;  glumes  equal,  acute  ;  lemma  somewhat  shorter,  pubescent, 
becoming  black  in  fruit;  awn  1.5-2.5  cm.  long;  lodicules  minute. 
(Milium  Sm. ;  O.  melanocarpa  Muhl.) — Rocky  woods,  Me.  to 
Ont.,  southw.  to  Del.  and  la.  June-Oct.  FIG.  81. 

24.    STIPA    L.     FEATHER  GRASS 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  in  terminal  panicles ;  glumes  narrow,  acute  or  bristle- 
tipped  ;  floret  with  a  bearded  usually  sharp-pointed  callus ;  lemma  convolute, 
indurated,  including  the  small  palea  and  perfect  flower,  terminating  in  a  simple 
strong  persistent  geniculate  twisted  awn  ;  grain  cylindrical,  tightly  included 
in  the  indurated  fruiting  lemma.  — Rather  large  tufted  perennials  with  involute 
leaves.  (Name  from  O-TI/TTT;,  tow,  in  allusion  to  the  flaxen  appearance  of  the 
feathery  awns  of  the  original  species.) 

*  Glumes  4-12  mm.  long. 
••-  Callus  blunt ;  awn  1  cm.  or  less  long. 

1.  S.  canadensis  Poir.     Culms  tufted,  3-6  dm.  high ;  leaves  4-12  cm.  long, 
narrow,  involute,  scabrous ;   panicle  loose,  5-12  cm.  long,  the   opposite   few- 
flowered  branches  ascending ;  glumes  subequal,  oblong,  subacute,  4  mm.  long, 
slightly  exceeding  the  pubescent  oblong  lemma ;    awn  6-10   mm.  long.     (& 
Hichardsoni  Man.  ed.  6,  not  Link  ;  S.  Macounii  Scribn. )  —  Woods  and  thickets, 
N.  B.,  Me.,  N.  H.,  N.  Y.,  n.  shore  of  L.  Superior,  Sask.,  and  northw. 

H-  -•-  Callus  acute;  awn  more  than  1.5  cm  long. 

2.  S.  viridula  Trin.      Culms  clustered,  5-10  dm.  high, 
sparingly  branched;  basal  sheaths  overlapping,    the   long 
usually  scabrous  involute  or  sub-involute  blades  elongated, 
upper  blades  shorter,   mostly  setaceous ;   panicle  narrow, 
erect,   1-2  dm.  long,  the   branches  mostly  in  pairs,  erect, 
rather  densely  flowered  from  near  the  base  ;  glumes  7-9  mm. 
long,    acuminate-setaceous,   exceeding   the   pale   appressed- 
pubescent  lemma  ;  awn  2-4  cm.  long  ;  callus  usually  rather 
short.  —  Prairies  and  meadows,  w.  Minn.,  the  Dakotas,  and 
southwestw.     July,  Aug.  —  Variable. 

3.  S.  avenacea  L.     (BLACK  OAT  GRASS.)     Culms  tufted, 
slender,  erect  or  ascending,  3-10  dm.  high,  leafy  at  the  base  ; 

sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes  ;  blades  1-1.5  mm.  wide,    82.  8.  avenacea  x 
usually  involute,  the  basal  ones  $-|  the  length  of  the  culms,      Flower  and  glum«s. 


124  GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY) 

those  of  the  culm  4-10  cm.  long;  panicle  loose,  1-2  dm.  long,  the  slender 
branches  in  pairs,  lax,  finally  spreading ;  glumes  often  purplish,  8-10  mm.  long, 
acute,  about  equaling  the  dark-brown  lemma,  which  is  smooth  below,  scabrous 
above  and  bears  a  fringe  of  short  hairs  at  the  summit;  awn  4-7. 5  cm.  long ; 
callus  acuminate,  covered  with  dense  brownish  hairs. —  Dry  woods,  Mass,  to  Fla., 
w.  to  Wis.  and  Tex.  May,  June.  FIG.  82. 

*  *  Glumes  2  cm.  long  or  more. 

4.  S.  comata  Trin.  &  Rupr.  Culms  erect,  simple,  2-12  dm.  high  ;  sheaths 
mostly  crowded  at  the  base,  the  upper  often  loose  and  inclosing  the  base  of  the 
panicle ;  basal  blades  usually  about  \  the  length  of  the  culm,  mostly  involute- 
filiform,  those  of  the  culm  0.5-1.5  dm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide, 
flat  or  involute  ;  panicle  loose,  1-4  dm.  long,  branches  distant, 
erect  or  somewhat  spreading,  naked  below ;  glumes  2-2.8  cm. 
long,  tapering  into  a  slender  fragile  awn,  much  exceeding  the 
sparsely  pubescent  lemma  ;  awn  10-24  cm.  long,  pubescent  to 
the  geniculation,  scabrous  and  curved  beyond ;  callus  acute.  — 
Dry  plains  and  hills,  la.,  and  westw.  June,  July. 

5.  S.  spartea  Trin.  (PORCUPINE  GRASS.)  Culm  rather 
stout,  simple,  0.5-1.2  m.  high  ;  sheaths  mostly  overlapping, 
blades  usually  involute,  basal  ones  f  the  length  of  the  culm, 
those  of  the  culm  1-3  dm.  long  ;  panicle  finally  exserted,  narrow, 
88.  S.  spartea  x  %.  ^_g  fan  long,  branches  erect,  naked  below  ;  glumes  2.8-3.5  cm. 
Floret  and  base  of  iong^  attenuate,  exceeding  the  brownish  lemma,  which  is  ap- 
lumes.  pressed-pubescent  below,  and  nearly  or  quite  glabrous  above ; 
awn  11-20  cm.  long,  rigid,  scabrous,  minutely  pubescent  below  ;  callus  acuminate, 
very  sharp-pointed,  densely  clothed  with  silky  appressed  hairs.  —  Plains  and 
prairies,  Mich,  to  Mo.,  and  westw.  FIG.  83. 

25.    ARISTIDA    L.    TRIPLE-A WNED  GRASS 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  in  usually  narrow  panicles  ;  glumes  unequal,  narrow, 
acute  or  acuminate  ;  a  hard  obconical  hairy  callus  below  the  floret  ;  lemma 
somewhat  indurated,  convolute,  including  the  thin  palea  and  perfect  flower,  ter- 
minating in  a  trifid  awn  ;  grain  elongated,  tightly  included  in  the  lemma. 
—  Tufted  annuals  or  perennials  with  narrow  leaves.  (Name  from  arista,  a 
beard  or  awn.) 

Annuals. 

Awns  separate  to  the  base. 
Lateral  awns  much  shorter  than  the  middle  one. 
Middle  awn  coiled  at  base. 

Glumes  7-8  mm  long 1.    A.  dichotoma. 

Glumes  12-14  mm.  long 2.    A.  basiramea. 

Glumes  15-20  mm.  long 3.    A.  ramosissima. 

Middle  awn  not  coiled  at  base,  horizontal 4.    A.  gracilis. 

Lateral  awns  not  much  shorter  than  the  middle  one. 

Glumes  7-9  mm.  long  ;  awns  1.4-2.2  cm.  long 5.     A.  intermedia. 

Glumes  20-30  mm.  long;  awns  3.5-7  cm.  long 6.    A.  oligantlia. 

Awns  united  below  in  a  long  twisted  neck 7.    A.  tuberculosa. 

Perennials. 

Awns  5-10  cm.  long 8.    A.  purpurea. 

Awns  not  over  3  cm.  long. 

Sheaths  glabrous 9.    A.purpurascens. 

Sheaths  woolly 10.    A.  lanosa. 

1.  A.  dich6toma  Michx.  (POVERTY  GRASS.)  Culms  tufted,  wiry,  much 
branched  at  the  base  and  usually  forking  at  every  node,  but  in  depauperate 
specimens  sometimes  nearly  simple,  1-6  dm.  high  ;  sheaths  loose;  blades  mostly 
involute  ;  panicles  few-flowered,  simple,  narrow,  the  lateral  ones  often  sessile 
and  partially  inclosed  in  the  sheaths  ;  glumes  subequal,  7-8  mm.  long,  cuspidate  ; 
lemmas  about  6  mm.  long,  excluding  the  awns  ;  lateral  awns  reduced  to  minute 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS    FAMILY) 


125 


84.  A.  dichotoma. 
Spikelet  x  2%. 


erect  teeth,  middle  awn  3-6  mm.  long,  horizontal,  coiled  at  the  base  in  maturity. 
—  Sterile  sandy  or  gravelly  soil,  Me.  to  Mo.  and  south w.     Aug.-Oct.     FIG.  84. 

Var.  Curtissii  Gray.     Differs  in  being  less  freely  branched  ;  panicles  looser; 
glumes  unequal,  the  second  10-12  mm.  long,  the  first  f-f  as 
long ;    lemma  7-10  mm.   long,  excluding  the  awns.  —  Va.    to 
Mo.,  and  south  w. 

2.  A.  basiramea  Engelin.     Resembling  A.  dichotoma,  freely 
branching  at  the  base ;  culms  sparingly  branched;  leaves  aver- 
aging longer  ;  panicles  looser,  the  terminal  often  partly  included 
in  the  upper  sheaths,  small  panicles  commonly  borne  in  the 
basal  sheaths;  glumes  acuminate,  unequal,  second  12-14  mm. 
long,  the  first  about  f  as  long ;  lemma  about  1  cm.  long,  exclud- 
ing the  awns ;  lateral  awns  2-7  mm.  long,  erect  or  spreading, 
middle    awn    1-2   cm.   long.  —  Dry  soil   and  prairies,   111.   to 
Minn,  and  Neb.     Aug.,  Sept. 

3.  A.  ramosissima  Engelm.     Culms  tufted,  wiry,  repeatedly  branching,  the 
branches  divergent ;  leaves  mostly  setaceous  ;  panicle  loose,  few-flowered  ;  glumes 
1.5-2.5  cm.  long,  awned  from  a  bifid  apex,  unequal,  the  second  equaling  the 

lemma  (excluding  the  awns);  lemma  2-2.3  cm.  long; 
lateral  awns  minute,  erect,  middle  awn  2-3  cm.  long, 
reflexed  by  a  loose  spiral  at  base.  —  Dry  prairies,  Ind. 
and  111.  to  Tenn.  and  Mo.  Aug.,  Sept. 

4.  A.  gracilis  Ell.  Culms  slender,  in  small  tufts  or 
solitary,  branched  at  the  base,  simple  or  sparingly 
branched  above,  1.5-5  cm.  high ;  sheaths  not  loose;  blades 
2  mm.  or  less  wide,  usually  involute  in  drying  ;  spikelets 
mostly  in  a  slender  raceme  (if  a  panicle,  the  branches 
rarely  bearing  more  than  2  spikelets),  rather  distant  below, 
often  crowded  above  ;  glumes  unequal,  the  second  equal- 
ing the  floret;  lemma  about  6  mm.  long,  usually  mottled; 
middle  awn  horizontal,  8-15  mm.  long,  lateral  awns  erect, 
2-6  mm.  long.  — Sandy  soil,  N.H.  to  Mo.,  and  southw. 
Sept.  FIG.  85. 
A.  intermedia  Scribn.  &  Ball.  Similar  to  the  preceding  but  much  larger  ; 


85.  A.  gracilis. 
Spikelet  x  2. 


6. 


culms  3-7  dm.  high,  more  freely  branching,  often  geniculate  at  base;  leaves 

5-15  cm.  long,  rigid,  involute  ;  panicle  2-4  dm. 

long,     slender,     branches    short,    appressed  ; 

glumes    attenuate-aristate,    subequal    or    the 

second  longer,  7-9  mm.  long,  scabrous,  slightly 

shorter  than,  the  floret ;  lemma  scabrous  above 

the    middle,    sometimes    mottled ;    awns    all 

spreading,   the  middle  one  18-22   mm.    long, 

lateral  ones  14-17  mm.   long,  all  variable.  — 

Dry  soil,  la.  and  Kan.  to  Miss,  and  Tex.     Aug.,  Sept. 

6.  A.  oligantha  Michx.     Culms  tufted,  wiry,  branched 

at  base  and  at  all  the  nodes,  3-6  dm.  high  ;  sheaths  loose  ; 
blades  long,  usually  involute  ;  panicle  or  raceme  few-flowered, 
the  axis  often  flexuous  and  spikelets  spreading  ;  glumes  unequal, 
long-awned  from  a  bifid  apex,  exceeding  the  floret,  the  second  strongly 
7-nerved  ;  lemma  17-20  mm.  long,  scabrous  above  ;  awns  nearly  equal, 
divergent,  3.5-7  cm.  long.  — Dry  sterile  soil,  N.  J.  to  Neb.,  and  southw. 
FIG.  86. 

7.  A.  tubercul&sa  Nutt.     Culms  branched  below,  1.5-5  dm.  high, 
tumid  at  the  joints;  leaves  long  and  involute;  panicles  rigid,  loose, 
the  branches  in   pairs,    one  short  and   about  2-flowered,   the   othei 
elongated  and  several-flowered  ;  glumes  2.5  cm.  long,  including 

their  slender-awned  tips;  lemma   12-15  mm.   long,   the   twisted   86.  A.  oligantha. 
base  of  the  awns  of  equal   length ;   awns  divergent,  subequal,       Spikelet  x  %. 
3.5-5  cm.  long.  —  Dry  sandy  soil  near  the  coast,  Mass,  to  Miss.  ;  and  about  the 
Great  Lakes.     Aug.-Oct.    (Mex.)     FIG.  87. 


126 


GBAMINEAE    (GRASS    FAMILY) 


8.    A.  purpurea  Nutt.     Culms  simple,  3  dm.   high  or  less,  densely  tufted, 
spreading ;  leaves  involute  and  filiform  ;  ligule  pilose  ;  panicle  loose,  of  rather 
few  slender-pediceled   spikelets;    glumes    1-nerved,    the   first 
about  half  the  length  of  the  second,  which  is  1.5-2  cm.  long, 
awns  5-10  cm.  long.  —  Dry  prairies,  Minn,  southw.  and  westw. 
9.   A.  purpurascens  Poir.     In  small  tufts,  glabrous,  3-6  dm. 
high  ;  culms  erect,  simple  or  sparingly  branched  ;  leaves  1-2  dm. 
long,  1-4  mm.  wide,  usually  involute  toward 
the    ends;  panicle  purplish,   very  slender, 
•J-i  the  entire  length  of  the  plant,  loosely 
or  rather  densely  flowered  ;   glumes  10-12 
mm.  long,  1-nerved,  scabrous,  the  first  slightly 
the   longer,   attenuate-aristate,    the   second 
aristate    from    a   bidentate    apex ;    lemma 
87.  A.  tuberculosa.   6-7  mm.  long ;  awns  divergent,  not  twisted, 
Spikelet  x  %.       1.5-3  cm.  long,  the  middle  somewhat  longer 
than   the  lateral. — Sandy  or  gravelly  soil, 
Mass,  to  Minn.,  and  southw.     ( W.  I.)  FIG.  88.  — Variable  ;  a 
very  delicate,  apparently  annual,  form  occurs  in  wet  sands 
and  'drying  sloughs  in  n.  Ind. 

10.  A.  lanbsa  Muhl.  Culms  stout,  erect,  simple,  6-12  dm. 
high  ;  sheaths  {at  least  the  lower)  woolly  ;  blades  flat,  3-6  dm. 
long,  3-6  mm.  wide ;  panicles  nearly  half  the  length  of  the 
entire  plant,  narrow,  rather  loosely  flowered,  nodding ;  glumes 
subequal,  1-1.4  cm.  long,  the  first  slightly  the  longer,  acumi- 
nate, the  second  mucronate  from  a  bidentate  apex ;  lemma 
spotted,  about  1  cm.  long ;  lateral  awns  10  mm.  long,  the 
divergent  middle  awn  1.5-2  cm.  long.  (A.  lanata  Poir.,  not  Forsk.)  — Dry  pine 
barrens,  mostly  near  the  coast,  Del.  to  Tex.  and  I.  T.  Sept.,  Oct. 

26.    MUHLENBERGIA   Schreb. 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  in  contracted  (rarely  open)  panicles ;  a  short  usually 
barbate  callus  below  the  floret ;  glumes  thin,  often  aristate  ;  lemma  narrow, 
membranaceous,  3-nerved,  awned  or  awnless,  inclosing  a  thin  subequal  palea  ; 
grain  closely  enveloped  by  the  lemma.  —  Our  species  perennial,  often  with  scaly 
rootstocks,  flat  or  involute  leaves  and  small  spikelets.  (Dedicated  to  the  Rev. 
Dr.  Henry  Muhlenberg,  a  distinguished  American  botanist,  1753-1815.) 

a.   Panicle  more  or  less  contracted,  not  diffuse ;  culms  branched  ;  leaves  flat  &. 
&.   Glumes  at  least  one -half  as  long  as  the  floret  c. 

c.   Glumes  broadly  ovate,  more  or  less  clasping,  one-half  to  two-thirds  as 
long  as  the  floret. 

Spikelets  1.5-2  mm.  long;  lemmas  awnless 1.   M.  sobolifera. 

Spikelets  3-4  mm.  long  ;  lemmas  awned        .        .        «...    2.  M.  tenuifiora. 
c.   Glumes  lanceolate,  acute  to  aristate-pointed. 
Glumes  not  longer  than  the  lemmas. 

Panicles  linear  or  filiform,  spikelets  not  crowded      .        .        .        .    3.  M.  sylvatica.. 
Panicles  oblong  or  cylindrical,  long-exserted,  spikelets  crowded, 

more  or  less  glomerate 4.    M.  foliosa. 

Panicles  ovoid  or  subpyramidal,  numerous,  short-exserted  or  par- 
tially included 5.  M.  mexicana. 


A.  purpurascens. 
Spikelet  x  1. 


Glumes  much  exceeding  the  awnless  lemmas 
b.  Glumes  not  more  than  one-fourth  as  long  as  the  florets 
a.   Panicle  diffuse  ;  culms  simple  ;  leaves  involute 


6.   M.  racemosa. 

.    7.   M.  Schreberi. 

8.   M.  capillaris. 


§  1.    EUMUHLENBERGIA  Dalla  Torre  &  Harms.    Panicles  contracted  or  glom- 

erate, on  branching  culms  usually  from  scaly  creeping  rootstocks;  leaves  flat. 
*  Glumes  at  least  \  as  long  as  the  floret,  scabrous  on  the  keel  ;  all  the  species  with 

clusters  of  scaly  rootstocks. 
•*-  Glumes  broadly  ovate,  ^-f  as  long  as  the  floret,  which  is  often  conspicuously 

hairy  at  base. 

\.  M.  sobolifera  (Muhl.  )  Trin.    Culms  erect  or  ascending,  sparingly  branched, 
4-8  dm.  high,  scabrous  below  the  glabrous  nodes,   leafy  toward  the  summit, 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY)  127 

lower  leaves  distant ;  blades  8-12  cm.  long,  4-6  mm.  wide,  spreading,  scabrous; 
panicles  very  slender,  usually  loose-flowered,  1-1.5  dm.  long  (lateral  panicles 
if  present  much  shorter);  spikelets  1.5-2  mm.  long;  the  acute  or  abruptly  cus- 
pidate glumes  f-f  as  long  as  the  scabrous  acute  lemma.  —  Rocky  woods,  N.  E. 
to  Minn.,  and  southw.  Sept.,  Oct. 

2.  M.  tenuiflbra  (Willd.)  BSP.     Similar  to  the  preceding;  culms  often  taller, 
retrorsely  puberulent,  at  least  below,  nodes  pubescent ;  panicle  1.5-3  dm.  long, 
loosely  flowered  ;  spikelets  3-4  mm.  long ;  the  glumes  abruptly  acuminate,  sca- 
brous, £-f-  as  long  as  the  floret,  the  first  very  broad,  clasping  ;  lemma  tapering 
into  a  slender  awn  5-10  mm.  long.     (M.    Willdenowii  Trin.) — Rocky  woods 
and  ravines,  Mass,  to  Ont.,  Minn.,  and  southw.     Aug.,  Sept. 

-»-  -»-  Glumes  lanceolate,  acute  or  aristate-pointed. 

•M-  Glumes  not  longer  than  the  lemma;  culms  more  or  less  compressed,  retrorsely 
strigose  below  the  glabrous  nodes  ;  leaves  scabrous,  ascending.  (These  three 
species  are  exceedingly  variable  ;  each  has  an  awned  and  an  awnless  form. 
The  length  of  the  glumes,  which  are  acuminate  to  aristate,  is  an  unstable 
character,  often  varying  to  the  extremes  in  the  same  panicle. ) 

3.  M.  sylvatica  Torr.    Culms  erect  or  ascending,  6-9  dm.  high,  freely  branch- 
ing, leafy  ;  leaves  5-18  cm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide  ;  panicles  usually  short-exserted, 
1-2  dm.  long,  linear  or  filiform;  spikelets  not  crowded,  on  rather  long  erect 
branches,  usually  green  or  stramineous,  2.5-3  mm.  long;  glumes  acuminate, 
sometimes  aristate,  shorter  than  the  scabrous  lemma,  which  is  mucronate  or 
tipped  with  a  slender  awn  as  much  as  6-12  mm.  long.  —  Moist  rocky  woods  and 
wooded  banks,  N.  B.  to  Ont.,  la.,  and  southw.     Aug.-Oct. 

4.  M.  folibsa  Trin.     Similar  to  the  preceding  in  size,  habit  and  foliage  ;  pan- 
icles long-exserted,  8-15  cm.  long,  oblong  or  cylindrical,  glomerate;  spikelets 
more  or  less  densely  crowded  on  the  rather  short  ascending  or  appressed  branches, 
usually  purple ;  glumes  mucronate  or  aristate,  nearly  or  quite  as  long  as  the 
awned    or    awnless    lemma.      (M.    ambigua  Torr.)  —  Swampy 

ground,  Me.  to  Ont.,  S.  Dak.,  and  southw.     Sept. 

5.  M.  mexicana  (L.)  Trin.  Similar  to  M.  foliosa,  often  branch- 
ing  at  the  base ;  the  culms  decumbent  and  rooting  at  the  lower 
nodes  ;  panicles  numerous,  5-10  cm.  long,  ovoid  or  subpyramidal, 
terminal  on  the  culm  and  its  many  rather  short  branches,  usually   "' 
partly  inclosed  within  the  upper  sheath;  glumes  acuminate  or 

aristate,  about  as  long  as  the  acute,  acuminate  or  awned  lemma  which  is 
sometimes  smooth.  ( M.  polystachya  Mackenzie  &  Bush.)  —  Sandy  and  gravelly 
stream-banks  and  waste  ground,  N.  B.  to  Ont.,  S.  Dak.,  and  southw.  Aug., 
Sept.  FIG.  89. 

*+  *+  Glumes  aristate,  much  exceeding  the  awnless  lemma. 

6.  M.  racembsa  (Michx.)  BSP.     Culms  erect,  3-9  dm.  high,  simple  or  spar- 
ingly branched  ;  blades  5-12  dm.  long,  scabrous  ;  panicles  5-10  cm.  long,  dense 

and  spike-like,  or  interrupted  at  base  ;  spikelets  4-6  mm.  long  ; 
/  /  the  aristate  glumes  subequal,  much  exceeding  the  acute  lemma. 

/./  (M.  glomerata  Trin.) — Moist  meadows  and  low  ground,  Nfd. 

Ul  to  N.  J.,  and  westw.    Aug.-Oct.     FIG.  90. 

B  *  *  Glumes  not  more  than  \  the  length  of  the  floret;  no  clusters 

of  scaly  rootstocks. 
90.  M.  racemosa. 

Spikeletxs.  7.   M.  SchrebSri  J.  F.  Gmel.     (DROP-SEED,  NIMBLE  WILL.) 

Culms  3-8  dm.  long,  erect  or  ascending  from  a  decumbent  base, 
often  rooting  at  the  lower  nodes,  diffusely  much  branched  ;  blades  3-8  cm.  long, 
2-4  mm.  wide;  panicles  5-15  cm.  long,  numerous,  slender,  the  erect  branches 
rather  densely  flowered  ;  spikelets  (excluding  the  awn)  2  mm.  long  ;  first  glume 
obsolete  or  nearly  so,  the  second  minute,  truncate  ;  lemma  tapering  into  a  slender 
awn  3-5  mm.  long.  (M.  diffusa  Schreb.)  —  Dry  woods,  hillsides  and  waste 
places,  Me.  to  Ont.,  Minn.,  and  southw.  Aug.,  Sept. 


128 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY) 


Var.  palustris  Scribn.  Similar  to  the  species  ;  culms  reclining  or  ascending, 
very  slender  or  almost  filiform ;  leaves  2-4  cm.  long,  2-3  mm.  wide  ;  panicles 
5-10  cm.  long,  very  slender,  more  loosely  flowered;  spikelets  (excluding  the 
awn)  2.5  mm.  long,  usually  purple;  glumes  acute,  unequal, 
the  first  about  $,  the  second  about  \  the  length  of  the  bidentate 
awned  lemma;  awn  flexuous,  4-6  mm.  long.  (M.  palustris 
Scribn.)  —  Swampy  ground,  D.  C.  and  111.  Sept.,  Oct. 

§2.  TRICH6CHLOA  (Beauv.)  Trin.  Panicle  very  loose  and 
open,  the  long  branches  and  pedicels  capillary  ;  leaves  narrow, 
often  convolute-bristle-form. 

8.    M.  capillaris  (Lam.)  Trin.     (HAIR  GRASS.)     Caespitose, 
erect,  with  simple  rigid  culms,  6-10  dm.  high ;  sheaths  overlap- 
ping; blades  1-3  dm.  long,  involute,  rigid;  panicle  about  ^  the 
entire  height  of  the  plant,  its  spreading  capillary  branches  loosely 
flowered;    spikelets  purple,  4  mm.  long  (excluding  the  awn)  ; 
glumes  subequal,  acute,  or  the  second  aristate-pointed,  about  £  as 
long  as  the  lemma  which  bears  a  delicate  awn  5-20  mm.  long.  — 
91.  M.  capillaris.    Dry  sandy  or  gravelly  soil,  Mass,  to  Fla.,  west  to  Mo.  and  Tex. 
SpikeletxS.       FIG.  91. 

27.   BRACHYELYTRUM  Beauv. 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  in  a  few-flowered  narrow  panicle ;  glumes  minute, 
unequal ;  floret  with  a  short  callus,  the  rhachilla  prolonged 
behind  the  palea  into  a  slender  naked  bristle  ;  lemma  firm, 
narrow,  5-nerved,  terminating  in  a  long  straight  awn  ;  palea 
firm,  nearly  as  long  as  the  lemma  ;  grain  oblong,  inclosed  in 
the  lemma  and  palea.  —  Perennials,  with  simple  culms  from 
short  knotty  rootstocks.  (Name  composed  of  ftpaxvs,  short, 
and  e\vTpoj>,  husk,  from  the  minute  glumes.) 

1.  B.  er6ctum  (Schreb.)  Beauv.  Culms  erect,  5-10  dm. 
high  ;  sheaths  sparsely  retrorse-hispid  ;  blades  8-15  cm.  long, 
1-1.8  mm.  wide,  lanceolate,  very  scabrous,  pilose  on  the 
nerves  beneath  ;  panicle  narrow,  1-2  dm.  long  ;  spikelets  1  cm. 
long  (excluding  the  awns),  on  capillary  pedicels  ;  first  glume 
often  obsolete,  second  sometimes  aristate ;  floret  scabrous. 
(B.  aristatum  Beauv.)  —  Rocky  woods,  Nfd.  to  Minn.,  and  92.  B.  erectum. 
south w.  July,  Aug.  FIG.  92.  Spikelets  x  1%. 


93.  II.  schoenoides. 
Inflorescence  x  %. 
Spikelets  x  3. 


28.   HELE6CHLOA  Host 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  flattened,  in  dense  oblong-ovoid  spike- 
like  panicles  ;  glumes  awnless,  shorter  than  the  1-nerved  lemma 
which  subtends  a  palea  of  nearly  equal  length.  —  Low  caespi- 
tose  branching  annuals,  the  numerous  spike-like  panicles 
partly '  included  in  the  inflated  sheaths.  (Name  from  2Xos, 
a  meadow,  and  x^a,  grass.) 

1.  H.  SCHOENOIDES  (L.)  Host.  Usually  almost  prostrate  ; 
leaves  rather  rigid,  tapering  to  a  sharp  point ;  spike  1.5-4  cm. 
long.  —  Waste  places,  N.  Y.  to  Del.  and  e.  Pa.  ;  also  Chicago, 
111.  (J5e66).  (Adv.  from  Eu.)  FIG.  93. 


29.    PHLEUM  L. 

Spikelets    1-flowered,   flattened,    in   dense    cylindrical    spike-like    panicles; 
glumes  equal,  ciliate  on  the  keels,  and  abruptly  awn-pointed,  longer  than  the 


GRAMINEAE   (GRASS   FAMILY) 


129 


broad  truncate  5-nerved  hyaline  lemma ;  palea  nearly  equal, 
narrow.  —  Erect  simple  perennials,  with  flat  leaves  and  terminal 
spike-like  panicles.  (From  0\<?ws,  a  Greek  name  for  a  kind 
of  reed.) 

1.  P.   PRATENSE  L.      (TIMOTHY,   HERD'S  GRASS.)      Culms 
4-10  dm.  high,  from  a  swollen  base ;  panicle  long-cylindrical ; 
awn  of  glumes  1  mm.  long  —  Meadows,  commonly  cultivated 
for  hay.     (Nat.  from  Eu.)     FIG.  94. 

2.  P.  alpinum  L.     Culms  2-6  dm.  high;  panicle  narrowly 
ellipsoid  or  short-cylindrical ;  awn  of  glumes  2  mm.  long.  — 
Alpine  regions  of  N.  E.  and  north  w. ;  also  Upper  Mich.    (Eurasia.) 


94.  P.  pratense. 

Floret  raised  from 

the  glumes  x  3. 


30.    ALOPECtTRUS  L.     FOXTAIL  GRASS 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  flattened,  falling  from  the  axis  entire,  in  slender  spike- 
like  panicles ;  glumes  equal,  awnless,  usually  connate  at  the  base,  ciliate  on 
the  keel,  the  broad  5-nerved  obtuse  lemma  nearly  equal  in  length,  with  a 
slender  erect  dorsal  awn  from  below  the  middle  ;  margins  connate  near  the 
base ;  palea  none.  —  Branching  perennials  with  flat  leaves  and  soft  dense 
spike-like  panicles.  (Name  from  dX^Tr^,  fox,  and  ovpd,  tail,  from  the  shape 
of  the  spike.) 

1.  A.  PRATENSIS  L.  (MEADOW  F.)  Erect,  glabrous;  culms  3-9  dm.  high, 
from  short  creeping  rootstocks ;  sheaths  loose,  the  upper  usually  inflated ; 

leaves  scabrous  ;  panicle  5-10  cm.  long ;  spikelets  5  mm.  long  ; 

the  lemma  equaling  the  acute  long-ciliate  glumes  ;  awn  usually 

exserted  about  5  mm.  —  Meadows  and  pastures,  eastw.     May. 

(Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  A.  geniculatus  L.     (FLOATING  F.)     Glabrous  or  nearly 
so  ;  culms  slender,  decumbent  and  branched  at  base,  then  erect 
or  ascending,  1.5-6  dm.  high;  leaves  slightly  scabrous;  pani- 
cles  slender,   2.5-7.5  cm.  long ;   spikelets  about  3  mm.  long ; 
lemma  shorter  than  the  obtuse  long-ciliate  glumes ;  awn  bent, 
the  exserted  portion  usually  twice  as  long  as  the  glumes.  — 
Moist  meadows,  banks  of  streams  and  ditches,  Nfd.  to  B.  C., 
and  throughout  U.  S.     June-Aug.     (Eurasia.)    FIG.  95. 

Var.  aristulatus  Torr.  Spikelets  slightly  smaller,  awn  very 
slender  and  scarcely  exserted.  —  In  water  and  wet  places, 
common.  June-Aug.  —  In  the  Western  States  these  two  forms 
95  A  eniciilatus  seem  inseParaDle  and  indigenous,  but  in  the  eastern  portion  of 
Inflorescence  x  V  our  ran&e  tne  former  appears  to  be  introduced  and  is  easily 
Bit  of  same  x  l  distinguished  by  its  longer  awns  and  usually  geniculate  or 
Spikelet  and  lemma  creeping  base.  The  variety  appears  to  be  the  same  as  A.fulvus 
x  3.  Sm.  of  Eurasia. 

3.  A.  AGRESTIS  L.     Glabrous ;  culms  erect  or  decumbent  at 
base,  3-6  dm.  high;  leaves  scabrous;  panicle  rather  slender,  3.5-10  cm.  long; 
spikelets  6-7  mm.  long  ;  glumes  very  short-ciliate  on  the  keels,  connate  for  \  their 
length,  slightly  shorter  than  the  lemma;  awn  twice  the  length  of  the  glumes  or 
more.  — Waste  places  and  ballast,  Mass.,  N.  J.,  Pa.;  and  on  Pacific  coast. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 


31.    SPOR6BOLUS    R.  Br.     DROP-SEED.     RUSH  GRASS 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  awnless,  in  narrow  and  spike-like,  or  loose  and  spreading, 
often  partly  included,  panicles;  lemma  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  usually 
unequal  glumes,  1-nerved  ;  palea  equaling  or  exceeding  the  lemma,  often  splitting 
between  the  strong  nerves  at  maturity  ;  grain  readily  falling  from  the  spikelet, 
pericarp  loosely  inclosing  the  seed,  often  thin  and  evanescent. — Annuals  or 
perennials  with  involute  or  flat  leaves.  (Name  from  <riropd,  seed,  and  pd\\eu>,  to 
cast  forth. ) 

GRAY'S  MANUAL  —  9 


130  GRAMINEAE    (GKASS   FAMILY) 

Panicles  contracted. 

Rootstocks  short  or  slender  or  none ;  culms  tufted  or  solitary. 
Panicle  not  more  than  one-third  the  entire  height  of  the  plant. 
Perennials. 

Spikelets  5  mm.  long  or  more  ;  panicle  dense. 
Floret  appressed-pubescent  below. 

Lemma  two-thirds  as  long  as  palea 1.  S.  clandeatinus. 

Lemma  and  palea  subequal 2.  S.  canovirens. 

Floret  glabrous 8.  S.  asper. 

Spikelets  not  over  4  mm.  long ;  panicle  interrupted. 

Culms  smooth ;  ligule  0.5  mm.  long 4.  S.  brevifolius. 

Culms  minutely  roughened  by  septae;  ligule  2  min.  long  .  5.  S.  fiichardsonis. 

Annuals. 

Spikelets  4  mm.  long  ;  lemma  pubescent 6.  S.  vaginifiorus. 

Spikelets  2.5-3  mm.  long;  lemma  glabrous 7.   S.  neglectus. 

Panicle  one-third  to  one-half  the  entire  height  of  the  plant   ...      8.  S.  indicus. 

Rootstocks  stout,  extensively  creeping 9.  S.  virginicus. 

Panicles  open  (often  contracted  in  no.  10). 
Glumes  very  unequal. 

Spikelets  2.5-3  mm.  long ;  glumes  ovate  or  lanceolate. 
Sheaths  bearded  at  the  throat ;  blades  flat  .        .        .        .        .        .    10.  S.  cryptandrus. 

Sheaths  not  bearded  ;  blades  involute          .        ,  \  i .        .        .        .    11.  8.  junceus. 

Spikelets  4-6  mm.  long ;  first  glume  awl-shaped    .,  ,     ....    12.  S.  heterolepis. 

Glumes  subequal. 

Plants  compressed  at  base ;  leaves  conduplicate 13.  8.  compressus. 

Plants  not  compressed ;  leaves  flat 14.  /S'.  uniflorus. 

1.  S.  clandestinus  (Spreng.)  Hitchc.  Tufted  culms  4-12  dm.  high;  lower 
leaves  long,  subrigid,  the  margins  and  involute-filiform  tips  scabrous;  panicle 
6-15  cm.  long,  often  partially  inclosed  in  the  upper  sheath  ;  spikelets 
6-8  mm.  long  ;  glumes  unequal,  acute,  the  first  |  the  length  of  the 
acute  lemma,  the  second  \  that  of  the  long-acuminate  pointed  palea ; 
lemma  and  palea  appressed-pubescent  toward  the  base,  the  lemma  f 
the  length  of  the  palea.  (S.  asper  Man.  ed.  6.)  —  Sandy  fields  and 
dry  hills,  Ct.  to  111.,  Mo.,  and  south w.  Sept.  FIG.  96. 

2.  S.  can6virens   Nash.     Similar  to  the  preceding  but  smaller ; 
the  shorter  leaves  hirsute  near  the  base;  panicle  smaller;  spikelets 
about  6  mm.  long  ;  lemma  and  palea  acute,  subequal.  —  Sandy  soil, 
Tenn.,  Mo.,  and  south  w. 

3.  S.  asper   (Michx.)    Kunth.      Culms   stout,  3.5-10  dm.  high  ; 
96.  S.  eland,    sheaths  overlapping ;  blades  neaily  as  long  as  the  culm,  the  upper 
SpikeletxS.    exceeding  the  panicle,  pilose  above  at  the  flat  base,  the  long  involute- 
filiform  tip  scabrous;   terminal  panicle  8-25  cm.   long,  partly  in- 
cluded in  the  inflated  upper  sheaths,  lateral  panicles  small,  usually  hidden  in 
the  sheaths,  or  none;  spikelets  5-6  mm.  long;  glumes  unequal,  obtuse  or  sub- 
acute,  the  first  about  \  as  long  as  the  floret ;  lemma  and  palea  glabrous,  the 
lemma   slightly   the   longer.      (S.    longifolius   Wood.) — Dry 

sandy  soil,  Me.  to  S.  Dak.,  and  southw.     FIG.  97. 

4.  S.   brevif61ius  (Nutt.)  Scribn.      Tufted  culms  3-6  dm. 
high,  very  slender  ;  leaves  in  volute- filiform  ;  ligule  0.5  mm.  long, 
erose-truncate  ;  panicle  very  slender,  loosely  flowered,,  5-10  cm. 
long  ;  spikelets  about  4  mm.  long  ;  glumes  acuminate,  subequal, 
f  as  long  as  the  short-cuspidate  lemma,  which  slightly  exceeds 
the  palea.     (S.  cuspidatus  Wood.)  — Dry  open  ground,  Wis. 
to  Mo. ,  and  westw. 

5.  S.  Richardsdnis  (Trin.)  Merr.     Similar  to  the  preceding, 

2-5  dm.  high  ;  culms  erect  or  ascending  from  a  slender  horizontal  rootstock, 
minutely  roughened  by  septae  ;  ligule  2  mm.  long,  acute  ;  panicle  1-6  (rarely  10) 
cm.  long;  spikelets  somewhat  crowded,  3  mm.  long;  glumes  acute,  less  than 
\  as  long  as  the  cuspidate  lemma  (the  cusp  about  1  mm.  long)  which  exceeds 
the  palea.  (8.  cuspidatus,  in  part,  and  S.  depauperatus  Man.  ed.  6;  JS.  brevi- 
folius  Nash,  as  to  description,  not  Scribn.) — Meadows  and  along  rivers,  N.  B. 
and  Me.  ;  Neb.,  and  in  the  far  West.  Aug. 

6.  S.  vaginiflbrus  (Torr.)    Wood.      Tufted   culms  2-6  dm.    high,   slender^ 
erect  to  widely  spreading  ;  leaves  about  2  mm.  wide,  involute  toward  the  end  \ 
panicles  numerous,  partially  included  in  the  inflated  sheaths,  or  the  terminal 


GKAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY) 


131 


8.  neglectus. 
8  pikelets  x  4. 


panicle  exserted,  2-4  cm.  long;  spikelets  4  mm.  long;  the  acuminate  glumes 
usually  subequal,  nearly  as  long  as  the  acuminate  scabrous  minutely  appressed- 
pubescent  lemma,  which  is  exceeded  by  the  sharp-pointed  palea.  —  Sterile  fields 
and  waste  places,  s.  Me.  to  S.  Dak.,  and  south  w.  Sept. 

7.  S.  neglSctus  Nash.     Similar  to  the  preceding,  usually  more  slender ;  the 
panicles  smaller,  more  completely  inclosed;  spikelets  2.5-3  mm.  long ;  glumes, 
lemma,   and  palea  ail  subequal,  acute,    thinner  in    texture,  glabrous,  white 
and  shining.  — Sterile  or  sandy  soil,  N.  B.  to  S.  Dak.,  s.  to  Va. 

and  Tex.     FIG.  98. 

8.  S.  fNDicus    (L.)  R.  Br.     (SMUT  GRASS.)     Tufted  culms 
3-10  dm.  high,  erect,  wiry  ;  leaves  10-30  cm.  in  length,  long- 
attenuate  ;  panicle  |~|  the  entire  height  of  the  plant ;  spikelets 
2  mm.   long,  shining,  crowded  on  the  slender  erect  branches; 
glumes  obtuse,  unequal,  the  second  |  as  long  as  the  acuminate 
lemma  which  is  slightly  longer  than  the  obtuse  palea.  —  Waste 
ground  and  fields,  Va.  to  Ark.,  and  south  w.     Aug.,  Sept. — 
Panicle  frequently  affected  with  a  black  fungus,  hence  the  com- 
mon name.     (Nat.  from  trop.  regions.) 

9.  S.  virginicus    (L.)    Kunth.     Glabrous;    culms   erect,    1.5-5  dm.   high; 
sheaths  overlapping ;  blades  firm,  involute,  conspicuously  distichous  on  the  nu- 
merous sterile  shoots ;  panicles  exserted,  3-6  cm.  long  ;  spikelets  3  mm.  long;  the 

glumes  unequal,  the  second  exceeding  the  glabrous  floret.  — 
Sandy  shores,  Va.  to  Fla.  Aug.,  Sept.  (Trop.  regions.) 

10.  S.  cryptdndrus  (Torr.)  Gray.  Tufted,  4-7  dm.  high; 
culms  rather  stout,  erect  or  somewhat  spreading  ;  sheaths  over- 
lapping, ciliate  on  the  margin  and  conspicuously  bearded  at  the 
throat;  blades  6-12  dm.  long,  3-5  mm.  wide,  flat,  scabrous; 
panicle  lead-colored,  usually  open,  12-20  cm.  long,  included  at 
base  in  the  upper  sheath,  or  sometimes  contracted  and  wholly 
included  ;  spikelets  2-2.5  mm.  long  ;  first  glume  about  |  as  long 
as  the  second ;  lemma  acute,  longer  than  the  palea.  —  Sandy 
soil,  especially  on  the  coast  and  about  the  Great  Lakes,  N.  E.  to 
Minn.,  s.  to  Pa.  and  Tex.  Aug.,  Sept.  (Mex.)  FIG.  99. 

11.  S.   jiinceus   (Michx.)   Kunth.     Tufted,  glabrous,  4-7  dm.   high;   culms 
wiry,  erect,  leafy  at  the  base,  naked  above ;  the  involute-setaceous  basal  leaves 
12-24  cm.  long,  spreading ;  panicle  purplish  or  chestnut,  the  short  verticillate 
branches  spreading  ;  spikelets  3  mm.  long  ;  first  glume  about  £the 

length  of  the  second,  which  is  as  long  as  the  glabrous  subacute  NV 

equal  lemma  and  palea.     (S.  gracilis  Merr.  ;  S.  ejuncidus  Nash.)  Ul| 

—  Dry  sandy  soil,  Va.  to  Fla.,  w.  to  Tex.     Aug.     FIG.  100.  T 

12.  S.  heter61epis  Gray.     Tufted,  6-9  dm.  high ;  culms  rather 
stout,  wiry,  erect ;   basal  leaves  about  *  as  long  as   the  culm, 
involute-setaceous  ;  panicles  long-exserted,  7-25  cm.  long,  branches 
ascending;   spikelets  4-6  mm.   long;   first  glume  about  £-1  the  length  of  the 
floret,  the  second  acuminate,  often  cuspidate  (varying  in  length  in  the  same 

panicle),  exceeding  the  glabrous  obtuse  or  subacute  equal 
lemma  and  palea;  grain  very  large,  pericarp  shining,  indu- 
rated, splitting  the  palea.  —  Dry  soil  and  prairies,  w.  Que.  to 
Man. ,  s.  to  Ct. ,  Pa. ,  Mo.  and  Tex.  Aug. ,  Sept.  —  Strong- 
scented.  FIG.  101. 

13.  S.  comprgssus  (Torr.)  Kunth.  Perennial  from  short 
scaly  rootstocks,  flattened  at  base ;  culms  3-6  dm.  high,  leafy 
to  the  top ;  the  sheaths  overlapping ;  leaves  conduplicate ; 
panicle  \-\  the  length  of  the  entire  plant,  loosely  flowered ; 
spikelets  2  mm.  long ;  the  acute  glumes  shorter  than  the  striate  scabrous  lemma 
which  equals  the  palea.  (S.  Torreyanus  Nash.)  —  Bogs  in  pine 
barrens,  L.  I.  and  N.  J.  Sept.  —  Spikelets  rarely  2-flowered.  A 

14.    S.  uniflbrus  (Muhl.)  Scribn.  &  Merr.     Rootstocks  very 
slender ;   culms  delicate,  tufted,   erect,  2-4  dm.    high  ;   leaves     102.  S.  uniflorus. 
1-2  mm.  wide;   panicle  \-\  the  length  of  the  culm,   loosely        Spikelet  x  3. 


99.  S.  cryptandrus. 
Open  spikelet  with 

glumes  detached 

X4. 


100.  8.  junceus. 
Spikelet  x  3. 


101.  8.  heterolepis. 
Spikelet  x  3. 


132 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY) 


.    1.  A.  alba. 
(1)  A.  alba,  v.  maritima. 


flowered,  branches  solitary,  much  divided  ;  spikelets  1.5  mm.  long ;  the  obtuse 
or  erose  glumes  about  |  as  long  as  the  equal  glabrous  obtuse  lemma  and  palea. 
(S.  serotinus  Gray.)  — Bogs  and  wet  sandy  soil,  Me.  to  N.  J.  and  Mich.  Aug., 
Sept.  FIG.  102. 

32.     AGR6STIS   L.     BENT  GRASS 

Spikelets  1-flowered  ;  glumes  subequal  and  acute,  longer  than  the  broad  ob- 
tuse lemma  which  is  awnless  or  dorsally  awned  ;  palea  hyaline,  shorter  than  the 
lemma,  or  obsolete  ;  grain  loosely  inclosed  in  the  lemma. — Annuals  or  peren- 
nials with  usually  flat  scabrous  leaves,  membranaceous  ligules  and  open  or  con- 
tracted panicles.  (Name  from  dyp6s,  afield,  the  place  of  growth.) 

Palea  at  least  one-half  as  long  as  the  lemma,  2-nerved. 

Culms  erect  or  decumbent  at  base 

Culms  prostrate,  rooting  at  the  nodes 

Palea  minute  and  nerveless  or  wanting. 

Awn  long  and  very  delicate 2.  A.  Elliottiana. 

Awn  short  or  none. 

Panicle  diffuse,  branches  long  and  capillary 3.  A.  hyemalis. 

Panicle  spreading  but  not  diffuse. 

Lemma  awnless 4.   A.  perennans. 

Lemma  awned. 

Spikelets  2  mm.  long 5.   A.  canina. 

Spikelets  3  mm.  long 6.  A,  borealis. 

1.  A.  alba  L.     (FIORIN  or  WHITE  B.,  RED  TOP.)    Rootstocks  creeping  or  sto- 
loniferous ;  culms  3-10  dm.  high,  often  decumbent  at  base  ;  leaves  flat,  stiff 
and  upright  to  lax  and  spreading,  the  ligule  4-5  mm.  long ;  panicle  5-30  cm. 

long,  contracted  after  flowering,  greenish,  purplish,  or  brown- 
ish, the  branches  slightly  rough  ;  lemma  nearly  equaling  the 
glumes,  3-nerved,  rarely  short-awned,  the  palea  J-f  as  long. — 
Meadows  and  fields ;  a  valuable  grass  naturalized  from  Eu. 
and  native  northw.  and  westw.  Var.  VULGARIS  (With.) 
Thurb.  (RED  TOP,  HERD'S  GRASS  of  Pa.,  etc.)  Culms  lower, 
more  slender,  with  narrow  leaves  ;  panicle  smaller  and  more 
divaricate,  not  contracted  after  flowering  ;  ligule  short  and 
truncate.  (A.  vulgaris  With.)—  Dry  knolls  and  hills.  (Nat. 
from  Eu.  and  cultivated,  also  perhaps  indigenous.)  FIG.  103. 
—  One  form  (A.  stolonifera  auth.,  not  L.)  is  cultivated  as  a 
lawn  grass  under  the  name  CREEPING  BENT.  A  teratological 
form  (due  to  the  presence  of  nematodes  in  the  abortive 
ovaries)  with  floral  parts  elongated  (A  sylvatica  L.),  occurs 
in  N.  E. 

Var.  aristata  Gray.  Culms  slender  and  strict,  with  small 
open  panicle  ;  lemma  awned  from  near  the  base.  (A.  stricta 
Willd.) — Open  ground,  Me.  to  Va.  —  In  habit  resembling 
A.  canina,  with  which  it  is  often  confused. 

Var.   maritima   (Lam.)  G.  F.  W.  Mey.      Culms  densely 

tufted,  prostrate,  rooting  at  the  nodes;    leaves  mostly  short  and  appressed ; 

panicle  contracted,  dense,  about  1  dm.  long.    (A.  coarctata  Ehrh.) — Brackish 

meadows  or  wet  sands  along  the  coast,  Me.  to  Del.     (Eu.) 

2.  A.  Elliottiana  Schultes.     Culms  delicate,  1-4  dm.  high  ;  leaves  very  slen- 
der ;  panicle  open,  weak,  and  drooping ;  glumes  nearly  equal,  roughish  on  the 
keel  and  margins,  the  lemma  shorter,  with  2  minute  bristles  at  the  truncate  apex; 
awn  5  mm.  long;  palea  minute. — In  dry  soil,  Mo.  to  Ky.,  Tenn.,  and  S.  C. 
May- July. 

3.  A.  hyemalis  (Walt.)  BSP.     (HAIR  GRASS.)     Culms  very  slender,  erect, 
3-6  dm.  high  ;  leaves  short  and  narrow,  the  tufted  basal  ones  soon  involute,  the 
upper  2-7   cm.  long,  less  than   2   mm.    wide;   panicle   purplish,  the  whorled 
scabrous  branches  spikelet-bearing  at  the  ends  ;  spikelets  1.5-2  mm.  long  ;  lemma 
awnless  or  rarely  short-awned  on  the  back,  shorter  than  the   rather  unequal 
very  acute  glumes;  palea  obsolete.     (A.  scabra  Willd.) — Dry  or  moist  open 
woodland,  sandy  low  land,  rocks,  etc.,  common.     June- Aug. — A  form   with 


103.   A.  alba,  v.  vulg. 
Panicle  x  %. 
Spikelet  x  3. 


GEAMINEAE   (GRASS   FAMILY)  133 

awned  lemmas  occurs  from  Me.  to  Tenn.,  and  especially  in  the  White  Mountains  ; 
at  higher  altitudes  this  and  also  the  awnless  form  tend  to  be  more  tufted,  with 
numerous  short  radical  leaves.  ( Trichodium  montanum  Torr. ;  A.  laxiflora, 
var.  montana  Tuckerm. ;  A.  scabra,  var.  montana  Man.  ed.  6.) 

4.  A.  perSnnans  (Walt.)  Tuckerm.     (THIN  GRASS.)     Culms  erect  or  some- 
what decumbent,  varying  from  weak  and  lax  to  stout  and  tall,  3-10  dm.  high; 
leaves  numerous,  1-2  dm.  long,  1-6  mm.  wide  ;  panicle  ovoid-subcylindric,  the 
slender  ascending  branches  dividing  and  spikelet-b  earing  from  about  the  middle, 
the  pedicels  often  divergent;  spikelets  2-3  mm.  long;  lemma 

shorter  than  the  acuminate  unequal  glumes.     (A.  intermedia  id 

Scribn.) — Low  open  ground  or  damp  shaded  places,  Me.  to  mj\ 

Minn.,  and  southw.     Sept.,  Oct. — Variable  in  habit;  in  deep  \& 

shade  the  culms  weak  and  decumbent,  the  panicles  more  open 
with  fewer  branches,  conspicuously  divaricate.     Flowers  later    104.  A.  perennans. 
than  any  other  species  of  Agrostis  in  the  eastern  states.     FIG.         Spikelet  x  3. 
104.     Var.  EL\TA   (Pursh)    Hitchc.      Differs  in  having  more 
slender  and  elongated  culms,  but  particularly  in  the  crowding  of  the  spikelets  at 
the  ends  of  the  branches,  giving  them  a  more  drooping  appearance.     (A.  elata 
Trin.  ;  A.  altissima  Tuckerm.  ;  Cornucopiae  altissima  Walt,  is  doubtful,  prob- 
ably A.  alba  L.)     Swamps  near  the  coast,  N.  J.  to  Miss. 

5.  A.  CANINA  L.     (BROWN  BENT  GRASS.)     Culms  2-6  dm.  high,  erect,  slen- 
der ;  basal  leaves  involute-setaceous,  those  of  the  culm  flat  and  broader  ;  panicle 
at  first  loose,  contracted  in  fruit;  spikelets  2  mm.  long ;  glumes  subequal,  acute; 

awn  inserted  about  the  middle,  longer  than  the  glumes,  bent. — 
Meadows,  sparingly  naturalized  eastw.  ;  cultivated  as  a  lawn 
grass  under  the  name  RHODE  ISLAND  BENT.  (Nat.  from  Eurasia.) 
6.  A.  borealis  Hartm.  Culms  tufted,  1-4  dm.  high  ;  leaves 
tufted  at  base,  few  on  the  culm  ;  panicle  open,  the  lower  branches 
ivhorled  and  spreading  ;  spikelets  2.5-3  mm.  long  ;  awn  exserted 
1-3  mm.  beyond  the  glumes,  rarely  short  or  obsolete.  (.,4.  rubra 

a  '.,  i't  vfti/'  auth.,  not  L.  ;  A.  canina,  var.  alpina  Oakes  ;  A.  novae-angliae 
Vasey.)— Lab.  to  Alaska  and  ints.  of  N.  E.  and  N.  Y.  ;  also 

Roan  Mt.,  N.  C.    (Eu.)  —  Dwarf  forms  of  high  altitudes  and  latitudes  approach 

dwarf  forms  of  A.  hyemalis.     Some  of  these  have  been  referred  to  A.  rupestris 

AIL,  which  seems  not  to  occur  in  N.  A.     FIG.  105. 

33.   POLYPdGON  Desf.     BEARD  GRASS 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  in  a  dense  spike-like  panicle  ;  glumes  subequal,  entire  or 
2-lobed,  bearing  a  straight  awn  from  the  apex  ;  lemma  much 
shorter  than  the  glumes,  broad,  emarginate  or  bifid  at  the 
Apex,  awned  ;  palea  smaller  than  the  lemma  ;  stamens  1-3.  — 
Annuals,  with  flat  leaves.  (Name  composed  of  TroXris,  much, 
and  Truytiv,  beard.} 

1.   P.  MONSPELIENSIS  (L.)  Desf.     Culms  2-6  dm.  high,  erect 
from  a  decumbent  base,  usually  tufted  ;  blades  linear,  scabrous ; 
panicle  3-10  cm.  long,  dense,  interrupted,  pale,  and  soft  silky,      106.  P.  monsp. 
often  partly  included  in  the  uppermost  sheath  ;  spikelets  2.5-3    inflorescence  x  y5 
mm.  long.  —  Waste  places,  Me.,  and  southw.,  mostly  near  the    Spikelet,  floret.and 
coast.    June-Sept.     (Nat.  from  Eu.)     FIG.  106.  glumes  x  2. 

34.   CALAMOViLFA  Hack. 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  awnless ;  callus  densely  bearded ;  glumes  rather  firm, 
unequal,  acute  ;  lemma  1 -nerved,  acute  ;  palea  as  long  as  the  lemma,  broad, 
deeply  furrowed  between  the  strong  nerves.  —  Rather  tall  rigid  perennials,  with 
horizontal  rootstocks  and  loosely  spreading  panicles.  (Name  from  xdXa/ioj,  a 
reed,  and  Vilfa,  a  name  applied  to  a  genus  of  grasses  by  Adanson.) 

1.  C.  brevlpilis  (Torr.)  Hack.  Culms  6-12  dm.  high,  tufted,  from  a  short 
horizontal  rootstock ;  the  basal  sheaths  indurated  and  keeled  ;  blades  long,  linear, 


134  GRAMINEAE    (GRASS  FAMILY) 

nearly  flat  or  involute  ;  panicle  purplish,  1-2  cm.  long,  pyramidal,  the  slendet 
branches  ascending  ;  pedicels  hairy  at  the  summit ;  spikelets  5  mm.  long ;  glumes 
shorter  than  the  floret,  mucronate  ;  callus-hairs  less  than  half 
the  length  of  the  scabrous  lemma  and  palea,  which  are  bristly- 
bearded  along  the  keels.  (Calamagrostis  Beck.) — Sandy 
swamps,  pine-barrens  of  N.  J.  and  N.  C.,  rare. 

2.  C.  Iongif61ia  (Hook.)  Hack.  Culms  solitary,  6-18  dm. 
high,  from  running  rootstocks,  stout ;  sheaths  usually  pubescent, 
at  least  on  the  margins  ;  leaves  elongated,  involute  above  and 
tapering  into  a  long  thread-like  point;  panicle  pale,  1.5-4.5 
dm-  long,  narrow,  the  slender  smooth  branches  erect  or  ascend- 
'  ,  ;  *!,  T*  ing  ;  spikelets  6-7  mm.  long;  glumes  acute,  the  second  equal  to 
h  H  i  "  or  exceeding  the  floret;  callus-hairs  more  than  half  the  length 

•  of  the  smooth  lemma  and  palea.  (Calamagrostis  Hook.)  — 
Sandy  shores,  Ont.  to  Rocky  Mts.,  south w.  to  111.  and  Kan.,  and  south westw. 
July-Sept.  FIG.  107. 

35.   CALAMAGR6STIS  Adans.     REED  BENT  GRASS 

Spikelets  1-flowered  ;  rhachilla  prolonged  behind  the  palea  into  a  hairy  bristle 
or  pedicel  ;  glumes  subequal,  usually  longer  than  the  floret ;  lemma  awned  on 
the  back,  usually  from  below  the  middle,  surrounded  at  base  with  copious  long 
hairs;  palea  shorter  than  the  lemma,  faintly  2-nerved. — Tall  often  reed-like 
perennials,  with  running  rootstocks,  simple  mostly  erect  culms  and  many- 
flowered  panicles.  (Name  compounded  of  /cdXa/xos,  a  reed,  and  &ypw<ms,  a 
grass.)  A  difficult  genus  in  which  the  awns  and  callus-hairs,  although  furnish- 
ing the  most  used  diagnostic  features,  are  exceedingly  variable. 

Awn  bent,  exserted  more  or  less. 

Sheaths  not  bearded  at  the  summit 1.    C.  Pickeringii. 

Sheaths  bearded  at  the  summit. 
Palea  about  as  long  as  the  lemma;  callus -hairs  one  fourth  to  one  third 

as  long 2.     C.  Porteri. 

Palea  and  callus-hairs  three  fourths  as  long  as  the  lemma       .        .        .        8.     C.  perplexa. 
Awn  straight,  included. 
Panicle  loose  and  open,  even  after  flowering. 

Spikelets  3-3.5  mm.  long 4.     C.  canadensis. 

Spikelets  5-6  mm.  long 5.     C.  Langsdorfar. 

Panicle  contracted,  strict,  the  short  branches  erect  or  appressed  after 

flowering. 

Rudiment  hairy  throughout. 
Panicle  dense,  more  or  less  spike-like  ;  leaves  involute. 

Leaves  smooth,  soft ;  rootstock  slender 6.     C.  neglecta, 

Leaves  roughish,  rigid  ;  rootstocks  stouter 7.     C.  hyperborea. 

Panicle  looser,  the  branches  spreading  at  flowering  time     .        .        .        8.     C.  inexpansa. 
Rudiment  with  copious  long  hairs  at  the  tip 9.     (7.  cinnoides. 

*  Awn  strongly  bent,  exserted  more  or  less ;  callus-hairs  usually  much  shorter 

than  the  lemma. 

1.  C.  Pickeringii  Gray.      Culms  solitary  or  few,  3-5  dm.  high,  somewhat 
rigid,  scabrous  below  the  panicle  ;  sheaths  smooth  ;  blades  flat,  4-10  cm.  long, 
4-5  mm.  wide,  erect ;  panicle  purplish,  7-12  cm.  long,  the  branches  erect  or 
ascending  ;  spikelets  4  mm.  long ;  glumes  acute,  exceeding  the  obtuse  scabrous 
lemma,   which  bears  a  short  stout   bent  (not  twisted)    awn  from   below  the 
middle  ;  callus-hairs  ^-\  the  length  of  the  lemma,  wanting  at  the  back.     (C. 
breviseta  Scribn.)  —  Mts.  of  N.  Y.  and  N.  E.  to  Nfd.,  and  northw.  ;  locally  at 
Andover,  Mass.  (J.  BoUnsori).     Aug.-Sept. 

Var.  lacustris  (Kearney)  Hitchc.  Culms  taller  (5-10  dm.  high);  rootstocks 
stouter ;  leaves  more  or  less  involute  ;  panicle  usually  longer  ;  callus-hairs  f-f  as 
long  as  the  lemma.  —  Mts.  of  N.  E.,  and  along  the  Great  Lakes  to  Minn. 

2.  C.  PortSri  Gray.     Culms  slender,  6-12  dm.  high;  blades  1.5-3  dm.  long, 
4-8  mm.  wide,  flat,  taper-pointed,  very  rough,  bearded  on  the  sides  at  the  base ; 
ligule  4-5  mm.  long ;  panicle  narrow,  8-16  cm.  long,  rather  loosely  flowered,  the 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY)  135 

short  branches  erect ;  spikelets  4-5  mm.  long ;  glumes  acute,  slightly  exceeding 
the  floret;  lemma  obscurely  dentate,  awn  twisted  below;  palea  about  as  long 
as  the  lemma,  callus-hairs  scanty,  ^-^  as  long.  — Dry  woods,  N.  Y.  and  Pa. 
Aug. 

3.  C.  perplSxa  Scribn.     Similar  to  the  preceding,  slightly  glaucous  ;  panicle 
oblong-lanceolate,  contracted,  1-1.5.  dm.  long,  the  slender  fascicled  branches 
erect  or  ascending,  densely  flowered ;  spikelets  3.5-4  mm.  long;  glumes  acumi- 
nate ;  awn  slightly  twisted  below  ;  palea  and  copious  callus-hairs  |  the  length 
of  the  lemma.     (C.  nemoralis  Kearney,  not  Philippi.)  —  Rocky  woods,  Me.  and 
w.  N.  Y.,  local. 

*  *  Awn  straight  or  nearly  so,  included;  callus-hairs  usually  not  much  shorter 

than  the  lemma. 

•»-  Panicle  loose  and  open,  even  after  flowering ;  the  mostly  purple-tinged  or 
lead-colored  strigose-scabrous  glumes  not  closing  in  fruit ;  copious  callus- 
hairs  about  equaling  the  lemma,  not  surpassed  by  those  of  the  rudiment; 
awn  delicate. 

4.  C.  canadSnsis  (Michx.)  Beauv.     (BLUE-JOINT  GRASS.)     Culms  6-15  dm. 
high,  clustered  ;  leaves  1.5-4  dm.  long,  flat,  involute  in  drying,  glaucous  ;  panicle 
1-3  dm.    long,   the   slender   fascicled   branches   ascending    or 

spreading;  spikelets  3-3.5  mm.  long;  glumes  equal,  acute, 
scarcely  exceeding  the  thin  erose-truncate  lemma  ;  awn  incon- 
spicuous ;  callus-hairs  copious,  about  as  long  as  the  floret.  — 
Wet  places,  e.  Que.  to  N.  J.,  and  westw.  June,  July.  FIG. 

108.  Var.  ACUMINATA  Va,sey.     Glumes  4-5  mm.  long,  attenu- 
ate, exceeding  the  acute  lemma  ;  awn  less  delicate  and  longer. —   ios  c.  canadensis. 
Lab.,  Nfd. ;    White  Mts.,  N.   H. ;   Roan  Mt.,   N.  C.  ;   and  in        SpikeletxS. 
Rocky  Mts. 

5.  C.  Langsd6rfii  (Link)  Trin.    Similar  to  the  preceding ;  panicles  usually 
smaller  ;  spikelets  5-6  mm.  long ;  glumes  acuminate,  somewhat  exceeding  the 
dentate  lemma ;  awn  as  long  as  the  floret,  less  delicate  than  in  C.  canadensis.  — 
Moist  meadows,   Lab.,   mts.  of  N.  E.,  L.  Superior,   and  northwestw.     Aug. 
(Greenl.,  Eurasia.) 

•»-  H-  Panicle  contracted,  strict,  its  short  branches  appressed  or  erect  after 
flowering ;  the  scabrous  glumes  mostly  closed;  lemma  less  delicate,  some- 
times as  firm  in  texture  as  the  glumes;  awn  stouter. 

6.  C.  neglScta  (Ehrh.)  Gaertner,  Meyer  &  Scherbius.     Itootstoclc  slender; 
culms  slender,  4-6.5  dm.  high  ;  leaves  soft,  1-3  cm.  long,  smooth  ;  panicle  nar- 
row, glomerate  and  lobed,  5-10  cm.  long;  spikelets  about  4  mm.  long  ;  glumes 
acute ;  callus-hairs  a  little  shorter  than  the  floret,  and  as  long  as  those  of  the 
rudiment;  awn  from  the  middle  of  the  thin  lemma  or  lower,  barely  exceed- 
ing it.      (C.  stricta  Man.  ed.  6,  not  Trin.)  —  Wet  shores  and  mountains,  n. 
N.  E.,  L.  Superior,  northw.  and  westw.     (Eurasia.) 

7.  C.  hyperbbrea  Lange.     Culms  and  rootstocks  stouter  than  in  the  preceding  ; 
culms  tufted,  4-10  dm.  high  ;  leaves  involute,  rigid,  roughish  ;  panicles  7-15  cm. 

long,  dense ;  spikelets  4-4.5  mm.  long  ;  glumes  acute,  exceeding 
the  floret ;  callus-hairs  f-f  as  long  as  the  lemma.  (C.  lappo- 
nica  Man.  ed.  6,  not  Hartm.)  —  Moist  meadows  and  calcareous 
cliffs,  Greenl.  to  Alaska,  s.  to  e.  Que.,  n.  Vt.,  "Pa.,"  Minn.  ; 
and  in  the  Rocky  Mts. 

8.   C.  inexpansa  Gray.     Culms  solitary  or    few,    slender, 

109.  c.  inexpansa.     7-12  dm.  high  ;  leaves  1.5-3  dm.  long,  3-5  mm.  wide,  scabrous 
Spikelet  with  de-    at>ove?  flat,  often  involute  in  drying  ;   panicles  pale,  1-2  dm. 
tached  glumes  x  2.     l°ngi  W*>  densely  flowered  than  others  of  this  group  ;  spikelets 

4  mm.  long  ;  glumes  rather  rigid,  sharp-pointed,  about  \  longer 
than  the  toothed  lemma  ;  awn  scarcely  exceeding  the  lemma ;  callus-hairs 
\-\  shorter  than  the  lemma.  (C.  confinis  Man.  ed.  6,  not  Nutt.)  — Swamps  and 
low  prairies,  N.  Y.  and  N.  J. ;  Minn,  to  Mo.  and  westw.  July.  FIG.  109. 


136 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS  FAMILY) 


9.  C.  cinnoides  (Muhl.)  Barton.  Glaucous;  culms  stout, 
1-1.8  m.  high,  solitary  or  few,  erect  or  leaning;  leaves  very 
scabrous,  sometimes  sparingly  hirsute,  1.5-3  dm.  long,  5-10  mm. 
wide  (those  of  the  innovations  shorter,  narrow)  ;  panicles  8-17 
cm. long,  tapering  to  summit,  usually  much  contracted;  spike- 
lets  6-7  mm.  long ;  glumes  keeled,  very  scabrous,  acuminate- 
aristate,  the  tips  usually  curved  outward,  exceeding  the  acuminate 
lemma  which  is  awned  above  the  middle  ;  callus-hairs  about 
\  the,  length  of  the  floret,  those  of  the  rudiment  copious,  con- 
no.  C.  cinnoides.  fined  to  the  tip,  almost  equaling  the  lemma.  (C.  Nuttal- 


Spikeiet  with  de-   liana  Steud.) — Moist  ground, 
tached  glumes  x  3.    HO. 


Me.  to  O.  and  southw.    FIG. 


36.  AMM6PHILA  Host 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  large,  awnless,  crowded  in  a'  long  spike-like  panicle  ; 
rhachilla  prolonged  behind  the  palea  into  a  hairy  bristle  ;  glumes  firm,  subequal, 
compressed-keeled,  acute  ;  lemma  of  like  texture,  surrounded 
at  base  with  short  hairs,  2-toothed  at  the  apex  and  mucronate 
between  the  teeth  ;  palea  nearly  as  long,  rather  firm,  the  two 
nerves  close  together.  —  A  coarse  perennial  with  creeping  root- 
stocks,  rigid  culms  and  involute  leaves.  (Name  from  &/JL/J.OS, 
sand,  and  <t>i\elv,  to  love.} 

1.  A.  arenaria  (L.)  Link.  (SEA  SAND-REED,  PSAMMA, 
MARRAM,  BEACH  GRASS.)  Culm  stout,  0.5-1  m.  high,  branch- 
ing at  the  base,  from  firm  running  rootstocks ;  leaves  long, 
soon  involute  ;  panicle  1-4  dm.  long ;  spikelets  compressed  ; 
glumes  and  lemma  scabrous.  (A.  arundinacea  Host. )  —  Sandy 
beaches,  along  the  coast,  N.  B.  to  N.  C.  ;  and  on  the  Great  Lakes,  inflorescence  x  y10. 
Aug.,  Sept.  (Eu.) — An  important  sand-binder.  FIG.  111.  Spikelets  x  l. 


111.   A.  arenaria. 


•      37.   APERA  Adans. 

Spikelets  1-flowered  ;  rhachilla  prolonged  behind  the  palea 
into  a  minute  naked  bristle  ;  glumes  thin  in  texture,  subequal, 
and  slightly  exceeding  the  lemma  which  bears  a  slender  awn 
from  just  below  the  apex  ;  palea  nearly  as  long  as  the  lemma, 
2-toothed.  —  Annuals  with  flat  leaves  and  diffuse  panicles. 
(Name  from  Atnjpos,  unmaimed  ;  application  obscure.) 

^  1.  A.  SPICA-VENTI  (L.)  Beauv.  Culms  slender,  3-7  dm. 
high,  tufted,  erect  or  geniculate  at  the  lower  nodes  ;  blades 
linear ;  panicle  1-3.5  dm.  long,  the  very  slender  branches 
verticillate,  spikelet-bearing  near  the  ends ;  spikelets  2  mm. 
112.  A.  spica-venti.  long,  shining  ;  lemma  scabrous,  awn  5-7  mm.  long.  —  Spar- 
Spikelet  with  de-  ingly  naturalized  eastw.  June,  July.  (Nat.  from  Eu.)  Fio. 
tached  glumes  x  3.  112. 


38.   CfNNA  L.     WOOD  REED  GRASS 

Spikelets  1-flowered  ;  rhachilla  articulated  below  the  glumes,  forming  a  short 
naked  stipe  below  the  floret,  and  prolonged  behind  the  palea  into  a  minute 
bristle  ;  glumes  narrow,  hispidulous  on  the  keel ;  lemma  3-5-nerved,  with  a  short 
awn  from  between  the  minute  teeth  of  the  bifid  apex  ;  palea  1-nerved,  or  2-nerved, 
the  nerves  close  together  ;  stamen  1.  — Tall  perennials  with  flat  leaves,  conspicu- 
ous hyaline  ligules,  and  many-flowered  nodding  panicles.  (From  iclvva,  a  name 
used  by  Dioscorides  for  a  kind  of  grass.) 

1.  C.  arundinacea  L.  Culms  0.5-1.5  m.  high,  erect,  solitary  or  few  together  , 
blades  2-3  dm.  long,  1  cm.  or  less  wide  (rarely  wider),  slightly  scabrous  •  panicle 


GKAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY) 


137 


113.  C.  aruudinacea. 
Spikelets  x  2%. 


1.5-3  dm.  long,  the  slender  branches  ascending,   somewhat  contracted  after 
flowering  ;  spikelets  5  mm.  long  ;  glumes  scabrous,  unequal,  the  second  as  long 
as  the  scabrous   lemma  which  bears  a  minute  awn  or  ig 
sometimes    awnless  ;    palea    l-nerved.  —  Moist    woods    and 
shaded  swamps  ;    N.  S.  to  Out.  and  south  w.      Aug.,  Sept. 
FIG.  113. 

2.  C.  latifblia   (Trev.)    Griseb.      Similar  to  the  preced- 
ing ;   blades   1.5-2.5   dm.  long,    1-1.5  cm.   wide,  rarely  nar- 
rower,   scabrous;    panicle    1.5-3.5  dm.    long,    the   flexuous 
capillary  branches  spreading  or  drooping;  spikelets  4  mm. 
long;    glumes  scabrous,  subequal,  and  about  equaling  the 
scabrous  short-awned    lemma  ;   palea  2-nerved,   the  nerves 

close  together.     (C.  pendula  Trin.)  —  Damp  woods,  Nfd.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to  N.  E., 
N.  Y.,  the  Great  Lake  region,  and  westw.;  also  on  mts.  of  N.  C.     (Eu.) 

39.  AiRA  L.     HAIR  GRASS 

Spikelets  2-flowered,  both  flowers  perfect  ;  glumes  thin,  somewhat  scarious, 
subequal,  acute,  awnless,  longer  than  the  approximate  florets  ;  lemmas  bidentate, 
awned  on  the  back  or  the  lower  awnless  ;  palea  a  little  shorter  than  the  lemma  ; 
grain  included  in  the  slightly  indurated  lemma  and  palea,  and  usually  adherent 
to  them.  —  Delicate  annuals.  (An  ancient  Greek  name  for  Darnel.) 

1.  A.  CARYOPHYLLEA  L.  Culms  solitary  or  few,  slender,  erect,  8-30  cm.  high  ; 
blades  short,  setaceous  ;  panicle  open,  the  silvery  shining  spikelets  clustered 
toward  the  ends  of  the  spreading  capillary  branches,  3  mm. 
long,  nearly  as  broad  ;  lemma  of  both  florets  with  a  geniculate 
awn  3-4  mm.  long  from  below  the  middle',  the  teeth  of  the  apex 
setaceous.  —  Waste  places,  Nan  tucket  to  O.,  and  south  w. 
June.  (Nat.  from  Eu.)  FIG.  114. 

2.  A.  CAPILLARIS  Host.  Similar  to  the  preceding  ;  panicle 
more  diffuse;  spikelets  scattered  at  the  ends  of  the  branches, 
2.5  mm.  long  ;  lemma  of  lower  floret  awnless  or  with  a  minute 
m  _^  ____  awn  just  below  the  apex,  the  teeth  of  which  are  short  ;  lemma 
of  upper  floret  bearing  a  geniculate  awn  3  mm.  long  from  below  the  middle,  teeth 
of  apex  setaceous.  —  On  the  coast,  Va.,  and  southw.  May,  June.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

3.  A.  PRAECOX  L.     Culms  tufted,  0.5-20  cm.  high,  slender,  erect  or  lower 
nodes  geniculate  ;  sheaths  slightly  inflated  ;  blades  setaceous  ;  panicle  narrow 
and  dense,  the  short  branches  erect,  1-3  cm.  long  ;  spikelets  yellowish,  shining, 
3.5-4  mm.  long  ;  lemmas  of  both  florets  bidentate  at  apex,  and  bearing  a  genicu- 
late awn  2-4  mm.  long  from  below  the  middle,  the  awn  of  lower  floret  shorter 
than  that  of  the  upper.  —  Sandy  fields,  N.  J.  and  Del.  to  Va.    May-July.     (Nat. 
from  Eu.) 

40.   H6LCUS  L. 

Spikelets  2-flowered,  articulated  below  the  glumes  ;  the  lower  floret  perfect, 
raised  on  a  curved  stipe,  awnless  ;  the  upper  floret  starninate  (rarely  perfect), 
its  lemma  bearing  a  dorsal  awn  from  below  the  apex  ;  glumes 
thin,  subequal,  compressed,  boat-shaped,  longer  than  the 
florets  ;  lemmas  somewhat  indurated,  boat-shaped  ;  paleas 
thin,  nearly  as  long  as  the  lemmas.  —  Perennials  with  flat 
leaves  and  densely  flowered  terminal  panicles.  (A  name  used 
by  Pliny  for  a  kind  of  grass,  from  6)uc6j,  attractive.} 

H.  LAN\TUS  L.  (VELVET  GRASS.)  Entire  plant  grayish, 
velvety-pubescent;  culms  erect,  3-6  dm.  high;  leaves  15  cm. 
long  or  less,  rarely  longer,  5-10  mm.  wide  ;  panicle  purplish, 
5-10  cm.  long,  narrow;  spikelets  4  mm.  long,  nearly  as  broad  ; 
glumes  villous,  hirsute  on  the  nerves,  the  second  broader  than 


Spikelet 
Flower  x  4%. 


115.    H.  lanatus. 
Spikelet  x  2%. 


U.UO     V7I1     ill*        IK     I    V  ^Q,     VUO    OC/V^VMIVA      Ul  UO/LIC1       I  I  Id  II         ,-.  ,  -•» 

the  first,  3-nerved  ;  lemmas  ciliate  at  the  apex  ;  awn  of  second 

floret  hooklike.  —  Moist  meadows,   N.  S.  to  111.,   and  southw.      June,  July* 

(Nat.  from  Eu.)     FIG.  115. 


138  GRAMINEAE   (GRASS   FAMILY) 

41.  SPHEN6PHOLIS  Scribn. 

Spikelets  2-3-flowered,  the  pedicels  jointed  just  below  the  glumes  ;  rhachilla 
prolonged  behind  the  upper  palea  in  a  slender  pedicel,  articulated  between  the 
florets,  the  glumes  and  lower  floret  with  joint  of  pedicel  tardily  falling  together  ; 
glumes  subequal,  exceeded  by  the  uppermost  floret,  the  first  narrow,  the  second 
much  broader,  usually  obovate,  becoming  subcoriaceous  in  fruit,  3-nerved  ; 
lemma  chartaceous,  nerves  obscure,  awnless  or  awned  below  the  summit,  awn 
Usually  straight  or  divergent ;  palea  hyaline,  narrowed  toward  the  base  ;  grain 
inclosed  within  the  rigid  lemma,  free.  —  Slender  perennials  with  usually  flat 
leaves  and  narrow  terminal  panicles.  (Name  from  a-^v,  a  wedge,  and  0o\i's,  a 
scale,  referring  to  the  broadly  obovate  or  wedge-shaped  second  glume.)  EATONIA 
Endlicher  and  later  authors,  not  Raf. 

Spikelets  awnless  or  with  the  second  floret  short-awned  ;  glumes  dissimilar,  the 

first  linear,  second  obovate,  becoming  chartaceous. 
Panicle  narrow,  densely  flowered  ;  second  glume  as  broad  as  long,  subcucullate 

in  fruit 1.  S.  oUusata. 

Panicle  lax,  branches  more  or  less  spreading,  at  least  in  flower. 
Glumes  subequal,  second  broadly  obovate,  obtuse ;  florets  obtuse,  the  second 

very  scabrous 2.  S.  nitida. 

Glumes  unequal,  first  shorter  than  the  narrowly  obovate  second  one ;  florets 

mostly  acute,  glabrous 3.  8.  pattens. 

Spikelets  awned  ;  glumes  similar. 

Lower  floret  usually  awnless 4.  S.palustris. 

Both  florets  awned ' (4)  S.  palustris,  v.flexuosa. 

1.  S.  obtusata  (Michx.)  Scribn.     Culms  slender  to  rather  stout,  3-10  dm. 
high  ;  sheaths  pubqscent  to  nearly  glabrous ;  leaves  4-15  cm.  long,  glabrous ;  panicle 

6-18  cm.    long,    often    glomerate;    spikelets  2.5-3   mm.   long; 

glumes  subequal,  the  second  subcucullate,  the  broad  chartaceous 

margins  smooth  and  shining ;  lemmas  similar  or  the  second  a 

little  scabrous.  —  Dry  soil,  Ct.  to  Fla.,  westw.  to  Mo.  and  Tex. 

June,  July.    FIG.  116.    Var.  PUBESCENS  (Scribn.  &  Merr.)  Scribn. 

Sheaths  and  sometimes  culms  and  leaves  pubescent.  —  Ct.  to 
116  S  obtusata  Mich-  and  southw-  Var-  LOBATA  (Trin.)  Scribn.  Sheaths  and 
Spik'elet  x  3.  '  leaves  scabrous,  not  pubescent ;  panicle  cylindrical,  sometimes 

interrupted  below  ;  spikelets  densely  crowded  on  the  short  appressed 
branches. — Dry  soil,  and  prairies,  Me.  to  Fla.,  westw.  throughout  the  U.  S.  ; 
the  commoner  form  in  the  North. 

2.  S.  nitida  (Spreng.)  Scribn.     Culms  slender,  3-6  dm.  high ;  sheaths  pubes- 
cent; leaves  3-6  cm.  long,  2-5  mm.  wide,  pubescent;  panicle  5-20  cm.  long, 
loosely  flowered,  widely  spreading  in  flower,  finally  erect ;  spikelets  3  mm.  long, 
cuneiform  ;  glumes  subequal,  the  broad  second  glume  rounded  or  abruptly  apic- 
ulate  ;  lemmas  oblong,  obtuse,  rarely  short-awned  just  below  the  apex,  second 
lemma  scabrous  especially  near  the  tip  and  keel.     (Eatonia  Dudleyi  Vasey.)  — 
Woods,  Vt.  to  Mich.,  and  southw.     May,  June.      Var.  GLABRA  (Nash)  Scribn. 
Sheaths  and  leaves  glabrous. — Va.,  and  southw. 

3.  S.  pallens  (Spreng.)  Scribn.     Culms  3-10  dm.   high,   usually  slender; 
sheaths  usually  glabrous,  sometimes  pubescent ;  leaves  5-20  cm.  long,  4.6  mm. 
wide,  scabrous  on  the  nerves,  sometimes  sparsely  pilose  above  ; 

panicles  lax,  nodding,  8-20  cm.  long ;  spikelets  3-4  mm.  long, 
oblong-lanceolate;  glumes  unequal,  scabrous  on  the  keels,  the 
first  linear,  ^-f  as  long  as  the  broadly  oblanceolate  usually  acute 
second  glume;  lemmas  lanceolate,  acute,  glabrous  except  on  the 
keel  near  the  apex,  the  second  projecting  beyond  the  second 
glume,  sometimes  awned  below  the  apex.  (Eatonia  pennsylvanica  a-v  • 
Gray.)  — Me.  to  N.  C.,  w.  to  Wise.,  Kan.,  and  Tex.  — In  the 
Mississippi  Valley  this  species  occurs  on  prairies,  and  has  a  denser  panicle  ;  in 
the  Atlantic  States,  especially  southward,  it  occurs  in  meadows  and  along 
ditches,  and  has  a  more  lax  panicle.  FIG.  117.  Var.  M\JOR  (Torr.)  Scribn. 
Panicles  narrowly  lanceolate  or  oblong,  rather  densely  flowered,  the  first  glume 
nearly  equaling  the  rather  narrow  second  one.  (Eatonia  intermedia  Rydb.)  — 
Nfd.  to  Wash.,  s.  to  111.,  Col.,  and  Ariz. 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY) 


139 


4.  S.  paliistris  (Michx.)  Scribn.  Culms  6-10  dm.  high;  sheaths  and  leaves 
glabrous,  or  lower  sheaths  sometimes  pubescent ;  leaves  8-12  cm.  long,  3-6  mm. 
wide,  scabrous  ;  panicles  10-20  cm.  long,  narrow  ;  spikelets 
6-7  mm.  long ;  glumes  similar,  lanceolate,  acute,  subequal ; 
lemmas  lanceolate,  the  first  acute  or  acuminate-pointed,  awn- 
less,  rarely  short-awned :  the  second  bearing  a  slender  divergent 
awn  below  the  acute  or  2-toothed  apex ;  awn  4-5  mm.  long. 
(  Trisetum  pennsylvanicum  Man.  ed.  6,  not  Avena  pennsylvanica 
L.  •  T.  palustre  Trin. )  —  Low  grounds,  Mass,  to  111.  and 
south w.  Var.  FLExu6sA  Scribn.  Culms  4-6  dm.  high;  panicles 
8-12  dm.  long,  open,  the  flexuous  branches  widely  spreading  at 
least  in  flower ;  spikelets  4-5  mm.  long,  the  first  floret  usually 
awned.  —  Vel.  (Commons),  Pa.  (Heller).  FIG.  118. 

42.    KOELERIA   Pers. 


118.  8.  pal.,  v.  flex. 
Spikelet  x  3. 


119.  K.  cristata  x  2y2. 
Spikelet.    Lower  part 

of    lemma     spread 

open. 


Spikelets  2-4-flowered  ;  rhachilla  prolonged  into  a  naked  pedicel  behind  the 
upper  palea  ;  glumes  unequal,  slightly  shorter  than  the  florets,  membranaceous, 
acute,  the  first  1-nerved,  the  second  3-nerved  ;  lemma  char- 
taceous-membranaceous,  the  margins  scarious,  faintly  3-5- 
nerved,  acute  or  mucronate  ;  palea  hyaline  ;  grain  loosely 
inclosed  within  the  subrigid  lemma,  free.  — Tufted  perennials 
with  narrow  leaves  and  densely  flowered  terminal  spike-like 
panicles.  (Named  for  Prof.  G-.  L.  Koeler,  an  early  writer 
on  grasses. ) 

1.  K.  cristata  (L.)  Pers.  Culms  erect,  3-6  dm.  high, 
leafy  at  the  base  ;  sheaths  retrorsely  pubescent,  at  least  the 
lower  ;  blades  flat  or  becoming  involute  ;  panicle  cylindrical, 
4-15  cm.  long,  often  interrupted  at  base,  pale  and  shining  ; 
spikelets  4-5  mm.  long  ;  the  glumes  and  lemmas  scabrous.  —  Dry  soil,  Ont.  and 
O.  to  B.  C.,  and  southw.  ;  introduced  in  N.  E.  (Eurasia.)  —  Very  variable. 
FIG.  119. 

43.   TRISETUM   Pers. 

Spikelets  2 (rarely  3-5) -flowered,  rhachilla  prolonged  behind  the  upper  palea 
as  a  hairy  bristle  or  pedicel ;  glumes  unequal,  the  second 
about  as  long  as  the  florets,  keeled  ;  lemma  membranaceous, 
keeled,  2-toothed  at  the  apex,  bearing  a  slender  dorsal  awn ; 
palea  narrow,  2-toothed  ;  grain  smooth,  inclosed  in  the  lemma 
and  palea  but  free  from  them.  —  Tufted  perennials  with  nar- 
row or  spike-like  or  loose  terminal  panicles.  (Name  from 
tres,  three,  and  seta,  a  bristle.) 

1.  T.  spicatum  (L.)  Richter.  Culms  slender,  erect,  1.5-6 
dm.  high  ;  sheaths  and  blades  more  or  less  puberulent,  blades 
2-1  Ocm.  long,  1-3  mm.  wide  ;  panicle  shining,  spike-like,  3-12 
cm.  long,  often  interrupted  below ;  spikelets  5-6  mm.  long  ; 
the  second  glume  broader  than  the  first,  3-nerved  ;  lemma 
minutely  scabrous,  the  awn  inserted  about  §  below  the  acumi- 
nate-toothed apex,  4-5  mm.  long,  divergent.  (  T.  subspicatum 
Beauv.  and  var.  molle  Gray.)  — Mts.  and  rocky  banks,  Lab. 
to  Alaska,  s.  to  Ct.,  N.  Y.,  the  Great  Lakes;  and  along  the 
mts.  to  N.  C.  (Eurasia.)  FIG.  120. 

2.  T.  melicoides  (Michx.)  Vasey.  Culm  3-8  dm.  high  ; 
sheaths  and  blades  roughish  ;  panicle  shining,  lax,  nodding, 
10-12  cm.  long  ;  spikelets  1  mm.  long ;  callus  hairy  ;  lemma 
minutely  scabrous,  bluntly  ^-toothed  at  the  apex,  awn  1-2 
mm.  long,  straight,  erect.  (Graphephorum  Pesv.) — Gulf 
of  St.  Lawrence  to  the  Great  Lakes,  s.  to  N.  B.,  Me., 
and  Vt.  Var.  MAjus  (Gray)  Hitchc.  Lower  sheaths 
pubescent ;  upper  surface  of  the  leaves  pilose ;  lemmas 


120.  T.  spicatum  x  3. 
Spikelet  and  floret. 


121.  T.  mel.,  v.  maj.  x  2. 
Spikelet  and  floret. 


140 


GKAMIKEAE   (GRASS   FAMILY) 


entire  at  the  acute  apex,  awnless.  (Dupontia  Cooleyi  Gray ;  Graphephorum 
melicoides,  var.  major  Gray.) — Gravelly  or  rocky  shores,  Me.,  Vt.,  Ont.,  aud 
Mich.  FIG.  121. 


44.   DESCHAMPSIA    Beauv. 

Spikelets  2  (rarely  3) -flowered  ;  rhachilla  hairy,  prolonged  behind  the  upper 
palea  as  a  hairy  bristle  ;  glumes  subequal,  thin  or  scarious ;  lemmas  thin,  4-nerved 
(the  midnerve  becoming  an  awn),  truncate,  2-4-toothed,  bear- 
ing a  slender  dorsal  awn  from  or  below  the  middle.  —  Tufted 
perennials  (our  species)  with  flat  or  involute  leaves  and  shining 
spikelets  in  loose  or  narrow  panicles.  (Named  for  Loiseleur- 
Deslongchamps,  a  French  botanist,  1774-1849.) 

*  Glumes  somewhat  shorter  than  the  florets. 

1.  D.  flexudsa  (L.)  Trin.     (COMMON  HAIR  GRASS.)     Culms 
erect,  3-8  dm.  high,  slender,  nearly  naked  above,  the  numerous 
involute-setaceous  basal  leaves  5-20  cm.  long ;  sheaths  scabrous  ° 
blades  setaceous;   panicle  5-12  cm.  long,  very  loose,  rather 
few-flowered,  the  smooth  capillary  flexuous  branches  spikelet- 
bearing  near  the  ends  ;  spikelets  4-5  mm.  long ;  glumes  acute  ; 
florets  approximate,  lemmas  scabrous,  4-toothed,  awn  inserted 
near  the  base,  5-7  mm.  long,  twisted ;  palea  nearly  as  long  as 
the  lemma,   scabrous. — Dry  places,  Nfd.,  Ont.,  Wise.,    and 
northw.,  s.  to  N.  C.  and  Tenn.    June,  July.     (Eu.)     FIG.  122. 

2.  D.  caespitosa  (L.)  Beauv.     Culms  erect,  6-12  dm.  high, 
slender ;  basal  leaves  flat  or  becoming  involute,  not  setaceous, 
5-15  cm.  long ;  sheaths  smooth ;  blades  flat,  scabrous  on  the 
upper  surface  ;  panicle  10-20  cm.  long,  the  scabrous  slender 
branches  spikelet-bearing  near  the  ends ;  spikelets  4  mm.  long ; 

glumes  acute  or  blunt;  florets  distant  (rhachilla  half  the  length  of  lower  sessile 
floret)  ;  lemmas  smooth,  erose-truncate  ;  awn  from  near  the  base,   but  little 
longer  than  its  lemma,  straight,   articulated  at  the  base  and 
deciduous ;   palea  nearly  equaling  the    lemma.  —  Moist   soil, 
mostly  along  streams,   Nfd.   to  Alaska,   s.   to  N.  J.  and  111. 
June,  July.     (Eu.)  —  Spikelets  rarely  3-flowered.    FIG.  123. 

*  *  Glumes  longer  than  the  florets. 

3.    D.    atropurptirea    (Wahlenb.)    Scheele.      Culms    erect, 
1.5-5  dm.  high,  slender,  leafy  ;  no  tufts  of  basal  leaves  ;  sheaths   123.  D.  caespitosa. 
smooth  ;    blades  flat,  5-10  cm.  long,   3-5  mm.    wide,    nearly      Spikelet  x  3y2. 
glabrous  ;  panicle  4-10  cm.  long,  rather  few-flowered  ;  the  few 
smooth  capillary  flexuous   branches  spreading,   sometimes  drooping,   spikelet- 
bearing  at  the  ends  ;  spikelets  5-6  mm.  long  ;  "glumes  acuminate;  florets  rather 
distant ;  lemmas  strigose   near  the  summit,  erose-truncate  and  short-ciliate  at 
apex  ;  awn  inserted  about  the  middle,  bent,  3-4  mm.  long  ;  palea  nearly  equaling 
the  lemma.  —  Alpine  summits  of  N.  E.  and  N.  Y.  to  Lab.  and  northwestw. 
July,  Aug.     (Eurasia.) 


122.   D.  flexuosa. 
Part  of  panicle  x  %. 
Spikelet   and   floret 


45.   AVENA  [Tourn.]  L.     OAT 

Spikelets  2-^-flowered  ;  rhachilla  bearded  below  the  florets  ;  glumes  subequal, 
membranaceous,  many-nerved,  longer  than  the  lemmas,  usually  exceeding  the 
uppermost  floret ;  lemmas  indurated  except  toward  the  summit,  5-9-nerved, 
bidentate  at  the  apex,  bearing  a  long  dorsal  twisted  awn  (the  awn  straight  or 
wanting  in  cultivated  forms);  grain  pubescent  at  least  at  the  summit,  often  ad- 
hering to  the  lemma  and  palea.  —  Annuals  or  perennials  with  terminal  panicles 
of  large  spikelets.  (The  classical  Latin  name.) 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY) 


141 


*  Spikelets  more  than  2  cm.  long  ;  annuals. 

1.  A.  rAxuA  L.     Culms  4-12  dm.  high,  in  small  tufts,  erect,  stout ;  blades 
long,  5-8  mm.  wide;  panicle  loose  and  open,  the  slender  branches  ascending; 
spikelets  pendulous,  2.2-2.5  cm.  long,  excluding  the  awns  ; 

glumes  smooth,  striate,  acuminate  ;  florets  approximate  ; 
lemmas  with  a  ring  of  hairs  at  base  and  more  or  less 
appressed-pubescent  with  long  stiff  brownish  hairs;  awn 
inserted  about  the  middle,  bent  and  twisted,  3  cm.  long 
or  more.  —  Fields  and  waste  places,  Ont.  and  O.  (rare) ; 
Wise.,  111.,  and  westw.  (Nat.  from  Eu.)  FIG.  124. 

2.  A.    STERILIS   L.     (ANIMATED  OATS.)      Larger  than 
the  preceding,  the  spikelets  3.5-4.5  cm.  long,  excluding 
the   awns ;   lemmas   usually   more   densely  hairy ;   awns 
5-7  cm.  long.  —  Occurs  sparingly  in  N.  J.  and  near  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

A.  SATIVA  L.,  the  cultivated  oat,  commonly  occurs  in 
waste  places  in  cities,  etc.     (Introd.  from  Eurasia.) 

*  *  Spikelets  less  than  1.5  cm.  long  ;  perennials. 

3.  A.  PDBESCENS  Huds.     Culms  6-9  cm.  high,  in  small  tufts,  erect,  slender  ; 
sheaths  and  blades,  at  least  the  lower,  retrorsely  pubescent ;  panicle  rather  nar- 
row, the  slender  flexuous  branches  erect;  spikelets  upright,  1.2-1.3  cm.  long, 
excluding  the  awns  ;  glumes  3-nervsd,  the  nerves  scabrous  ;  florets  approximate, 
rhachilla-joints  clothed  with  long  white  hairs  ;  lemmas  scabrous,  a  tuft  of  white 
hairs  at  the  base,  a  bent  and  twisted  awn  inserted  about  the  middle,  2-2.5  mm. 
long.  —  Fields,  Vt.,  N.  J.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


124.   A.  fatua. 
Spikelet  x  %. 


46.   ARRHENATHERUM  Beauv.     OAT  GRASS 

Spikelets  2-flowered,  the  florets  approximate,  the  lower  staminate,  its  lemma 
bearing  a  geniculate  and  twisted  awn  on  the  back  near  the  base  ;  the  upper  per- 
fect, its  lemma  short-awned  from  or  near  the  apex,  or  awnless  ;  rhachilla  hairy, 
prolonged  behind  the  upper  palea  into  a  bristle ;  glumes  unequal,  acute,  thin 
and  scarious ;  lemmas  of  firmer  texture,  5-7-nerved  ;  palea 
ciliate  on  the  nerves.  —  Tall  perennials  with  flat  leaves  and 
long  narrow  panicles.  (Name  from  &pptjv,  masculine,  and 
dd-rjp,  awn,  in  reference  to  the  awned  staminate  floret.) 

1.  A.  ELATIUS  (L.)  Beauv.    (TALL  O.)    Culms  1  m.  or  more 
high,  erect;  leaves  long,  linear,  0.5-1  cm.  wide,  scabrous  on 
both  surfaces  ;  panicle  pale  or  purplish  and  shining,  15-30  cm. 
long,  narrow,  the  short  branches  verticillate,  usually  spike- 
let-bearing  from  the  base  ;  spikelets  7-8  mm.  long ;  glumes 
P  d'etaled  x  2UmeS    mutely  scabrous,  the  second  about  equaling  the  florets  ; 
lemmas  scabrous,  the  awn  of  the  staminate  floret  about  twice 
the  length   of  its  lemma ;  paleas  as  long  as  their  lemmas.     (A.  avenaceum 
Beauv.) — Meadows  and  waste  places,.  Nfd.  to  Va.,  Ont.,  Minn.,  etc.;  often 
cultivated.     June,  July.     (Nat.  from  Eu.)     FIG.  126. 


1'25.   A.  elatius. 


47.   DANTHdNIA  DC.     WILD  OAT  GRASS 

Spikelets  several-flowered  ;  florets  not  closely  approximate,  uppermost  imper- 
fect or  rudimentary  ;  glumes  subequal,  much  longer  than  the  lemmas,  usually 
exceeding  the  uppermost  floret ;  lemma  convex,  2-toothed  or  bifid  at  the  apex, 
with  a  twisted  awn  between  the  teeth  ;  awn  flat,  formed  by  the  extension  of  the 
3  middle  nerves  of  the  lemma.  —  Tufted  erect  perennials  with  narrow  leaves  and 
small  terminal  panicles  or  racemes.  (Named  for  iZtienne  Danthoine,  a  botanist 
of  Marseilles.) 


142 


GRAMINEAE   (GRASS   FAMILY) 


Teeth  of  the  lemma  triangular,  not  aristate 1.    D.  spicata. 

Teeth  of  the  lemma  aristate. 

Florets  not  over  5  mm.  long 2.     D.  comprestsa. 

Florets  7-8  mm.  long. 

Spikelets  nearly  sessile,  in  small  crowded  panicle,  purple  .        .        .        .    3.     D.  intermedia. 
Spikelets  in  loose  panicle,  pale  green. 

Sheaths  and  blades  villous  ;  lemma  silky -hairy 4.     D.  sericea. 

Sheaths  and  blades  glabrous ;  lemma  pubescent  on  margins  and  base 

only 5.     D.  epilis. 

I.  D.  spicata  (L.)  Beauv.  Culms  2-7  dm.  high  terete ;  sheaths  and  involute 
blades  glabrous  or  sparsely  pilose,  the  numerous  basal  leaves  often  curled,  those 
of  the  culm  erect ;  panicle  few-flowered,  the  few  short  branches 
erect  or  ascending,  often  reduced  to  a  raceme  ;  spikelets 
10-12  mm.  long,  on  short  stiff  pedicels  ;  glumes  acuminate  : 
lemmas  4-5  mm.  long,  sparsely  clothed  with  stiff  hairs,  teeth 
triangular,  the  awn  longer  than  the  lemma.  —  Dry  and  sterile 
or  rocky  soil.  June- Aug.  FIG.  126. 

2.  D.  compre'ssa  Aust.     Usually  taller  than  the  preceding : 
culms  flattened,  often  decumbent  at  base  ;    leaves  elongated, 
2-3  mm.  wide,  flat  or  involute  on  the  margins  only ;  panicle 
more  open ;  teeth  of  the  lemma  aristate,  at  least 

2  mm.  long.  —  Dry   woods,   Me.   to  N.  Y.,  and       \ 
southw. 

3.  D.  intermddia  Vasey.    Culms  1-4  dm.  high, 
with   numerous   mostly   involute    basal    leaves; 
culm-leaves  5-15   cm.   long,   involute  ;    spikelets 
15   mm.  long,    rather  crowded  in  a  raceme  or 
simple  few-flowered  panicle  ;  glumes  broad,  acu- 
minate, purplish,  with  pale   scorious  margins; 
lemma  7-8  mm.  long,  glabrous  except  at  the  base 
and  margins  below  the  middle,  the  teeth  aristate  ; 
awn  7-8  mm.   long.  —  Mt.    Albert,    Gaspe"  Co. , 
Que.  ;   n.  Mich.   (Farwell),  and  westw.      July, 
Aug. 

4.  D.  sericea  Nutt.     Culms  5-9  dm.  high ;  sheaths  and  blades 
villous,  at  least  the  lower  ones  ;  basal  blades  elongated,  mostly 
involute,  those  of  culms  flat  or  involute ;  panicle  6-10  cm.  long, 
rarely  longer,  rather  loose,  the  branches  ascending  or  spreading  ; 
spikelets  about  1.5  mm.  long;  glumes  narrow,  acuminate,  pale; 
lemma  densely  clothed  with  long  silky  hairs,  the  aristate  teeth  more 
than  %  the  entire  length  of  the  lemma,  awn  12-15  mm.  long.  — 
Sandy  soil,  Mass,  to  Pa.,  and  southw.     FIG.  127. 

5.  D.  6pilis  Scribn.     Very  similar  to  the  preceding,  not  so  tall ;  sheaths  and 
blades  glabrous  ;  panicle  smaller  ;  lemma  glabrous,  except  at  the  base  and  on  the 
margins  below  the  middle.     (D.  glabra  Nash,  not  Philippi.)  —  Sandy  soil,  N.  J., 
and  southw.,  rare.     May.  — Possibly  only  a  variety  of  the  preceding. 

48.    SPARTlNA  Schreb.     CORD  or  MARSH  GRASS 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  flattened  laterally,  sessile  and  closely  imbricated  in  2 
rows  along  one  side  of  a  continuous  rhachis,  forming  unilateral  spikes  which  are 
scattered  along  a  common  axis  ;  glumes  unequal,  keeled,  acute  or  bristle- 
pointed,  the  second  usually  exceeding  the  obtuse  thinner  1-nerved  lemma  ; 
palea  equaling  or  exceeding  the  lemma.  —  Coarse  perennials  with  strong  creeping 
rootstocks,  rigid  simple  culms,  and  long  tough  leaves.  (Whence  the  name,  from 
ffiraprLvrj,  a  cord,  such  as  was  made  from  the  bark  of  the  Spartium  or  broom.) 

*  Culms  stout,  usually  over  1    m.  high;  leaves   1  cm.  or   more  wide,  flat  or 

nearly  so  when  fresh. 

1.  S.  Michauxiana  Hitchc.  (SLOUGH  GRASS.)  Culms  1-2  m.  high ; 
leaves  6-12  dm.  long,  15  mm.  wide  or  less,  tapering  to  a  very  slender  point. 


126.   D.  spicata. 
Panicle  x  %. 
Spikelet  and  floret 

x  1%. 
Lemma  x  2. 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY) 


143 


keeled,  flat,  but  quickly  involute  in  drying,  smooth  except  the  margins ;  spikes 
5-20,  scattered,  spreading,  0.5-10  cm.  long ;   rhachis  rough  on  the  margins  ; 
glumes  serrulate-hispid  on  the  keel,  the  first  acuminate  and 
equaling  the  floret,  the  second  tapering  into  an  awn  7  mm. 
long ;  lemma  7-9  mm.  long,  glabrous  except  the  serrulate- 
scabrous  midnerve    which    abruptly    terminates   below    the 
emarginate  or  2-toothed  apex.     (8.  cynosuroides  Am.  auth., 
not  Roth.) — Banks  of  rivers  and  lakes,  or  on  wet  prairies, 
N.  S.  to  Assina.,  s.  to  N.  J.  and  Okla.     Aug.-Oct.     FIG.  128. 
2.    S.  cynosuroides  (L.)  Roth.    (SALT  REED  GRASS.)   Culms 
stout,  1-3  in.  high,  often  2  cm.  in  diameter  near  the  base  ;  leaves 
1-2.5  cm.  wide,  flat  or  nearly  so,  roughish  underneath  as  well 
as  on  the  margins  ;  spikes  20-50,  forming  a 
dense  oblong  purplish  raceme  ;  glumes  barely 
mucronate,  the  first  J   the   length  of  the      P  detached  1 2 
lemma,  of  which  the  rough  hispid  midrib 
reaches  the  apex.    (S.  polystachya  Willd.)  —  Salt  and  brackish 
marshes,    Ct.,   and   southw.      Aug.-Oct.  —  Specimens    from 
Dismal  Swamp,  Va.,  have  only  10-15  spikes.    FIG.  129. 

3.    S.  glabra  Muhl.     (SALT  MARSH  GRASS.)     Culms  0.6- 
2.4  m.  high,  leafy  to  the  top ;  leaves  5-7  dm.  long,  1-1.5  cm. 
129  s  c  nos     id       widei   usually  flat,    sometimes   involute  ;    spikes    appressed, 
snikeiet  with  rinn  «   ^^  cm>   long'   the  rhachis  slightly  projecting  beyond  the 
detached  x 2          spikelets;  spikelets    10-14  mm.    long;    glumes  glabrous   or 
sparingly  scabrous  on  the  keel,  the  first  scarcely  f  the  length 
of  the  second ;  lemma  8-10  mm.  long.    (S.  stricta,  var. 
Gray.)  —  Salt  marshes,  Va.,  and  southw. — Odor  strong 
and  rancid.     Var.  piLdsA  Merr.  has  glumes  with  scabrous 
keels  and  lemmas  sparingly  pilose,  thus  approaching  the 
European  S.  stricta  Roth.  — Mass.,  and  southw.    FIG.  130. 
Var.  alternifl6ra  (Loisel.)  Merr.     Spikes  more  slender, 
7-12  cm.  long,  the  spikelets  somewhat  remote,  barely  over- 
lapping, the  rhachis  continued  into  a  more  conspicuous 
bract-like  appendage  ;  lemma  sparingly  pilose  ;  otherwise 
as  in  the  preceding  form,  into  which  it  passes.    (S.  stricta, 
var.  Gray.)  —  Lower  St.  Lawrence,  and  southw.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Culms  slender,   rarely  I  m.   high ;   leaves  not  over 
5  mm.  wide,  strongly  involute  when  fresh. 

4.  S.  patens  (Ait.)  Muhl.  Culms  slender,  wiry, 
3-8  dm.  high,  from  long  slender  rootstocks ;  sheaths 
overlapping;  blades  1-3.5  dm.  long,  involute,  spreading;  panicle  short-exserted 
or  included  at  base,  of  2  to  several  ascending  spikes  (2-5  cm.  long);  rhachis 
smooth ;  spikelets  10-12  mm.  long ;  first  glume  linear,  mucronate,  scarcely 
half  as  long  as  the  lanceolate  acuminate  second  glume, 
which  is  scabrous  on  the  nerves  ;  lemma  5-6  mm.  long,  thin, 
obtuse,  slightly  emarginate;  palea  slightly  longer. — Salt 
marshes  and  sandy  coasts,  Nfd.  and  e.  Que.  to  Va.  July, 
Aug. 

Var.  juncea  (Michx.)  Hitchc.  Differs  from  the  species  in 
its  greater  size,  culms  5-12  dm.  high,  longer  erect  or  ascend- 
ing leaves,  and  stouter  rootstocks  ;  panicles  exserted  ;  spikes 
nearly  erect;  spikelets  7-10  mm.  long.  (S.  juncea  Willd.)  — 
Salt  marshes  and  sandy  beaches  along  the  coast,  N.  H.  to 
Fla.  and  Tex.  June-Sept.  FIG.  131. 
Var.  caespit6sa  (A.  A.  Eaton)  Hitchc.  Differs  from  the  species  in  its  tufted 
habit,  no  creeping  rootstocks,  taller  culms,  and  awned  second  glume;  blades 
approximate  near  the  middle  of  the  stem,  glaucous  above,  as  much  as  6  dm. 
long,  with  long  involute  scabrous  points.  (S.  caespitosa  A.  A.  Eaton.)  — Border 
of  brackish  marshes,  N.  H.  and  Mass. 


130.  8.  glabra,  v.  pilosa. 
Part  of  inflorescence  x  %. 
Spikelet  x  iy2. 
Same  displayed  x  1%. 


181.  S.  pat.,  v.  junc. 

Spikelet  with  glumes 

detached  x  2. 


144 


GEAMINEAE  (GRASS   FAMILY} 


49.   BECKMANNIA  Host 

Spikelets  1-flowered  in  our  species,  broad,  laterally  compressed,  closely  irabri^ 
cated  in  2  rows  along  one  side  of  a  continuous  rhachis,  forming  short  unilateral 
spikes ;  rhachilla  articulated  below  the  glumes  ;  glumes  subequal,  inflated,  boat- 
shaped,  chartaceous,  margin  scarious  ;  lemma  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  palea  nearly  as  long ;  grain  free  within  the 
rigid  lemma  and  palea.  —  A  rather  tall  erect  perennial, 
with  flat  leaves  and  a  terminal  elongated  narrow  nearly 
simple  panicle.  (Named  for  Johann  Beckmann,  1739- 
1811,  professor  of  botany  at  Goettingen.) 

1.    B.  erucaef6nnis  (L.)  Host.     Light  green  ;  culms 
5-10  dm.  high  ;  sheaths  loose,  overlapping  ;  blades  1-2.5 
dm.  long,  5-8  mm.  wide,  scabrous  ;  panicle  1-2.5  dm. 
long,  the  spikes   appressed ;    spikelets  nearly   circular, 
B.  erucaeformis.         3  mm.  long  ;  the  glumes  transversely  wrinkled  ;  the  acu- 
Part  of  inflorescence  x  l/5.     minate  apex  of  the  lemma  protruding  beyond  the  glumes. 
Part  of  same  x  y2.  —  Wet  ground,  Minn.,  la.,  and  westw. ;  adv.  in  0.    FIG. 

.Spikelets  and  floret  x  2.          132. 


50.    CYNODON   Richard.     BERMUDA  or  SCUTCH  GRASS 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  laterally  compressed,  awnless,  singly  sessile  in  2  rows 
along  ono  3ide  of  a  slender  continuous  axis,  forming  unilateral  spikes  j  rhachilla 
prolonged  behind  the  palea  into  a  blunt  pedicel ;  glumes  un- 
equal, narrow,  acute,  keeled ;  lemma  broad,  boat-shaped, 
obtuse,  ciliate  on  the  keel  ;  palea  as  long  as  the  lemma,  the 
prominent  keels  close  together,  ciliolate;  grain  free  within  the 
lemma  and  palea.  — .  Low  diffusely  branched  and  extensively 
creeping  perennials,  with  flat  leaves  and  slender  spikes  digitate 
at  the  apex  of  the  upright  branches.  (Name  composed  of  KiW, 
a  dog,  and  65oi5s,  a  tooth.)  CAPRIOLA  Adans. 

1.    C.  DACTYLON    (L.)    Pers.      Glabrous;    culms  flattened, 
wiry  ;    ligule  a  conspicuous  ring  of  white  hairs  ;   spikes  4-5, 
2-5  cm.  long  ;  spikelets  imbricated,  2  mm.  long  ;  lemma  longer 
than  the  glumes.     (Capriola  Ktze.)  — Fields  and  waste  places,     133.  c.  Dactylon. 
Mass.,  and  southw.,  where  it  is  cultivated  for  pasturage.     (Nat.    inflorescence  xy4. 
from  Eu.)  —  Seldom  perfects  seed.     FIG.  133.  Spikeiet  x4. 


51.    SCHEDONNARDUS  Steud. 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  sessile  and  appressed,  alternate  and  distant  along  one 
side  of  a  slender  triangular  rhachis,  forming  very  slender  spikes  ;  glumes  narrow, 
unequal,  with  strong  rigid  keels,  pointed,  shorter  than  the 
lanceolate  acuminate  scabrous  lemma ;  palea  nearly  as  long 
as  the  lemma ;  grain  free  within  the  subrigid  lemma  and 
palea.  —  A  low  diffusely  branching  annual  with  short  narrow 
leaves  and  slender  paniculate  spikes.  (Name  from  0-%e56j>, 
near,  and  Nardus,  from  its  resemblance  to  that  genus.) 

1.  S.  paniculatus  (Nutt.)  Trel.  Culms  3-5  dm.  high,  erect 
or  decumbent  at  base,  leafy  below  ;  sheaths  and  blades  smooth  ; 
panicle  half  or  more  than  half  the  entire  height  of  the  plant, 
its  axis  usually  falcate,  the  spikes  solitary  and  remote,  mostly 
along  the  convex  side,  rigid  ;  spikelets  4  mm.  long.  (S.  t ex- 
anus  Steud.)  — Open  ground  and  salt  licks,  111.  to  Mont.,  Col.t 
and  Tex.  —  At  maturity  the  panicle  becomes  much  elongated  and  decumbent, 
the  axis  extending  in  a  large  loose  spiral.  FIG.  134. 


134.  8.  paniculatus. 
Part  of  spike  x  1%. 
Spikeiet  x  3. 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY)  145 

52.  GYMNOP6GON  Beauv. 

Spikelets  with  1  perfect  flower,  sometimes  1  or  2  neuter  or  staminate  subses- 
sile  florets  above  the  perfect  one,  remote  along  one  side  of  a  filiform  continuous 
rhachis,  forming  slender  unilateral  spikes;  rhachilla  prolonged  beyond  the  floret 
as  a  slender  often  awned  rudiment ;  glumes  narrow,  subequal,  rigid,  scabrous  on 
the  strong  keel,  equaling  or  exceeding  the  florets  ;  lemma  thin,  bearing  a  slender 
straight  awn  from  just  below  the  apex ;  palea  about  as  long 
as  the  lemma.  —  Perennials,  with  short  rather  broad  rigid 
leaves  and  numerous  slender  spikes,  at  first  erect,  at  length 
widely  divaricate  or  reflexed.  (Name  composed  of  yv/j.v6s, 
naked,  and  ir&yuv,  a  beard,  alluding  to  the  reduction  of  the 
abortive  flower  to  a  bare  awn. ) 

1.  G.  amblguus  (Michx.)  BSP.    Culms  tufted  from  a  short 
rootstock,  rigid,  erect  or  ascending,  2-5  dm.  high ;   sheaths 
overlapping,  blades  often  approximate,  thick,  rigid,  spreading, 
4-6  cm.  long,  1  cm.  or  more  wide  ;  spikes  solitary  or  in  2's 
along  a  striate  axis,  becoming  widely  divaricate  when  exserted 
from  the  sheath,  spikelet-b  earing  to  the  base;  awn  of  floret 
longer   than    the   glabrous   lemma;    rudiment    long-owned.      135 

(G.  racemosus  Beauv. )— Sterile  sandy  or  gravelly  ground,  Infl'ores'cence  x  v ' 
N.  J.  to  Mo.,  Fla.,  and  Tex.  Aug.,  Sept.  FIG.  135.  Spikelet  x2V2 

2.  G.  brevifblius  Trin.     Resembling  the  preceding ;  culms 

more  slender,  from  a  decumbent  base;  leaves  2-4  dm.  long,  4-9  mm.  wide, 
involute  in  drying  ;  spikes  usually  less  numerous,  more  distant,  naked  at  the 
base,  ^pikelet-bearing  from  about  the  middle  ;  awn  shorter  than  the  hairy  lemma  ; 
one  or  two  sterile  florets  sometimes  present,  rudiment  usually  awnless. — Sandy 
ground,  N.  J.,  and  southw. 

53.    CHL6RIS  Sw. 

Spikelets  with  1  perfect  floret,  sessile  in  2  rows  along  one  side  of  a  continuous 
rhachis,  forming  unilateral  spikes  ;  rhachilla  prolonged  behind  the  palea  and  bear- 
ing 1  or  more  rudimentary  awned  sterile  lemmas  ;  glumes  unequal,  narrow, 
acute,  keeled  ;  lemma  often  ciliate  on  the  back  or  margins, 
1-3-nerved,  the  mid-nerve  nearly  always  prolonged  into  a 
slender  awn  ;  palea  about  equaling  the  lemma ;  grain  free 
within  the  lemma  and  palea.  —  Usually  perennial  grasses  with 
flat  leaves  and  digitate  spikes.  (Named  for  Chloris,  the  god- 
dess of  flowers.) 

1.  C.  verticill^ta  Nutt.     Culms  1-4  dm.  high,  erect,  or  de- 
cumbent and  rooting  at  the  nodes  ;  sheaths  compressed  ;  leaves 
'    obtuse,   light  green;  spikes  several  in  1-3  whorls,   slender, 
5-10  cm.  long;  spikelets  3  mm.  long,  with  awns  about  5  mm. 
long;    sterile  lemma   one. — Prairies,  e.  Kan.   and  southwestw.    June. — At 
maturity  the  inflorescence  breaks  away  and  forms  a  tumbleweed.     FIG.  136. 

54.   BOUTELOtTA  Lag.     MESQUITK  GRASS 

Spikelets  1-2-flowered,  crowded  and  sessile  in  2  rows  along  one  side  of  a  con- 
tinuous flattened  rhachis,  which  usually  projects  beyond  the  spikelets  ;  rhachilla 
prolonged  beyond  the  perfect  floret  and  bearing  a  sterile  (rarely  staminate) 
floret,  a  second  or  third  rudiment  often  present ;  glumes  unequal,  keeled  ;  lemma 
broader,  3-5-nerved,  3-5-toothed  or  cleft,  3  of  the  divisions  usually  awn-pointed  ; 
palea  about  the  length  of  the  lemma,  bidentate,  the  2  keels  scabrous  ;  sterile 
floret  sometimes  reduced  to  the  awns,  rarely  obsolete.  —  Our  species  perennial, 
with  narrow  flat  or  convolute  leaves,  and  unilateral  spikes  nearly  sessile  along 
a  common  axis.  (Named  for  Claudio  Boutelou,  a  Spanish  writer  upon  flori- 
culture and  agriculture.) 

GRAY'S  MANUAL  — 10 


146 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY) 


137.  B.  oligostachya. 

Spikelet  with  glumes 

detached  x  3. 


§  1.  CHONDRC-SIUM   (Desv.)    Gray.     Spikes  1-4,  usually  curved,  of  25  or 
more  densely  crowded  pectinate  spikelets. 

1.  B.  oligostachya  (Nutt.)  Torr.  Culms  slender,  erect,  from  a  short  root- 
stock,  leafy  at  the  base,  1.5-5  dm.  high  ;  sheaths  and  blades  glabrous,  the  latter 
about  2  mm.  wide,  flat  or  becoming  convolute  ;  spikes  1-3, 
2-5  cm.  long ;  spikelets  5-6  mm.  long ;  glumes  narrow,  the 
first  about  £  as  long  as  the  second,  which  is  sparsely  papillose- 
pilose  on  the  keel;  fertile  lemma  pilose,  3-cleft,  the  divisions 
awned  ;  sterile  lemma  consisting  of  2  truncate  lobes  and  3 
divergent  equal  awns  with  a  tuft  of  long  hairs  at  base,  second 
rudiment  obtuse,  awnless. — Prairies,  Wis.  and  N.  Dak.  to 
Tex.  ;  casual  eastw.  (Mex.)  July-Sept.  FIG.  137. 

2.  B.  hirsuta  Lag.  Culms  tufted,  erect,  2-5  dm.  high, 
leafy  at  the  base  ;  sheaths  smooth ;  blades  about  3  mm.  wide, 
flat,  sparsely  papillose- hairy,  especially  on 
the  margins;  spikes  1-4,  1.5-5  cm.  long; 
the  rhachis  of  the  spike  produced  into  a 
prominent  point  beyond  the  uppermost  spikelets;  spikelets 
about  5  mm.  long  ;  first  glume  setaceous,  the  second  equaling 
the  floret,  conspicuously  tuberculate-hirsute  on  the  back ;  fer- 
tile lemma  pubescent,  3-cleft,  the  divisions  awn-pointed ; 
sterile  floret  of  2  obtuse  lobes  and  3  equal  awns  margined 
below,  no  tuft  of  hairs  at  the  base.  —  Sandy  plains,  Wis.  to 
Mo.,  and  south westw.  to  Mex.  July-Sept.  FIG.  138. 

§  2.   ATHEROP6GON  (Muhl.)  Gray.    Spikes  15  or  more,  oj  12  or  fewer  ascend- 
ing spikelets. 

3.  B.  curtipSndula  (Michx.)  Torr.  Culms  erect  from  short  running  root- 
stocks,  3-10  dm.  high  ;  sheaths  pubescent  toward  the  summit ;  blades  1-3  dm. 
long,  3-5  mm.  wide,  flat  or  involute  and  setaceous  toward 
the  end,  scabrous  above,  sometimes  pubescent  beneath  ;  spikes 
numerous,  8-16  mm.  long,  spreading  or  reflexed,  in  a  long 
mostly  1-sided  raceme,  the  rhachis  bifid  at  the  extended  apex ; 
spikelets  7-10  mm.  long ;  first  glume  less  than  \  the  length 
of  the  second  which  is  very  scabrous  on  the  thickened  keel, 
exceeding  the  floret ;  lemma  scabrous,  ending  in  3  short 
139.  B.  curtipendula.  slender  awns ;  teeth  of  palea  aristate  ;  sterile  lemma  with 
2  acute  lobes  and  3  straight  awns,  the  lateral  ones  much 
shorter  than  the  middle  awn.  {B.  racemosa  Lag.)  —  Dry 
hills  and  plains,  Ct.  to  Minn.,  s.  to  Tex.  and  Mex.  July- 
Sept.  —  The  sterile  lemma  variable,  rarely  reduced  to  a  single  awn.  FIG.  139. 


188.  B.  hirsuta. 

Spikelet  with  glumes 

detached  x  3. 


Part  of  inflorescence 


55.    CTENIUM  Panzer.     TOOTHACHE  GRASS 

Spikelets  with  1  perfect  flower  and  2-5  sterile  lemmas, 
crowded  and  sessile,  pectinate  in  1-sided  spikes  ;  glumes  very 
unequal,  first  minute,  second  nearly  as  long  as  the  spikelet, 
bearing  a  stout  horizontally  divergent  dorsal  awn  from  about 
the  middle;  first  and  second  lemmas  empty  or  sometimes 
with  a  hyaline  palea,  awned  below  the  apex,  awn  erect  or 
ascending  ;  third  lemma  similar,  containing  a  perfect  flower  ; 
fourth  awnless,  staminate  or  empty  ;  a  fifth  rudimentary 
lemma  often  present.  —  Rather  tall  perennials  with  solitary 
terminal  more  or  less  curved  spikes.  (Name  from  Krevlov, 
a  small  comb,  from  the  pectinate  appearance  of  the  spike.) 
CAMPULOSUS  Desv. 

1.  C.  aromaticum  (Walt.)  Hitchc.  Culms  1-1.5  m.  high, 
erect,  from  scaly  rootstocks,  old  sheaths  persistent  at  the 
blades  long,  flat  or  involute,  stiff;  spike  0.5-1.5  dm. 


140.   C.  aromaticum. 
Inflorescence  x  %. 
Spikelet  x  2. 
Same  with  glumes 
detached  x  2. 


GBAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY) 


147 


long ;  spikelets  5-7  mm.  long ;  first  glume  warty-tuberculate  on  the  nerves ; 
florets  stiffly  ciliate  on  the  margins.  (<7.  americanum  Spreng.)  —  Wet  pine 
barrens,  Va.,  and  southw.  —  Taste  very  pungent.  FIG.  140. 

56.  DACTYLOCTENIUM  Willd.     CROWFOOT  GRASS 

Spikelets  several-flowered,  the  uppermost  imperfect,  sessile  and  crowded  in 
2  rows  along  one  side  of  a  continuous  rhachis,  which  extends  beyond  the  spike- 
lets  in  a  naked  point ;  glumes  broad,  keeled  ;  lemmas  boat- 
shaped,  cuspidate ;  palea  equaling  the  lemma,  acute,  deeply 
folded  between  the  ciliate-winged  keels  ;  grain  reddish  brown, 
the  loose  pericarp  transversely  wrinkled.  — Annual,  with  more 
or  less  decumbent  and  creeping  base,  and  2-6  stout  unilateral 
spikes  digitate  at  the  apex  of  the  culm.  (Name  from  5ci/cTiAos, 
finger,  and  KTevtov,  a  little  comb,  alluding  to  the  digitate  and 
pectinate  spikes.; 

1.  D.  AEGYPTIUM  (L. )  Richter.  Usually  glabrous  ;  culms 
rooting  at  the  lower  nodes;  spikes  1.5-5  cm.  long;  glumes 
scabrous  on  the  keel,  the  second  cuspidate ;  the  awned  tip 
of  lower  lemma  inflexed,  that  of  the  others  straight  or 
curved.  (D.  aegyptiacum  Willd.  ;  Eleusine  aegyptia  Pers.) 
—  Yards  and  cultivated  fields,  N.  Y.,  111.,  and  southw.  (Nat. 
from  tropics  of  the  Old  World.)  FIG.  141. 


141.  D.  aegyptium. 
Inflorescence  x  %. 
Spikelet  x  2. 
Fruit  x  3.     Seed  x  4. 


142.  E.  indica. 
Part  of  inflorescence  x 
Spikelet  and  floret  x  2. 
Fruit  and  seed  x  4. 


57.   ELEUSINE  Gaertn.     GOOSE  GRASS.     YARD  GRASS 

Spikelets  several-flowered,  awnless,  florets  perfect  or  uppermost  staminate, 

sessile  and  closely  imbricated  in  2  rows  along  one  side  of  a  continuous  rhachis, 
which  does  not  extend  beyond  the  terminal  spikelet ; 
glumes  unequal,  shorter  than  the  floret,  scabrous  on  the 
keels ;  lemmas  broader,  with  a  thickened  5-ribbed  keel ; 
palea  shorter,  acute,  the  narrowly  winged  keels  distant ; 
grain  black,  the  loose  pericarp  marked  with  comb-like 
lines,  free  within  the  subrigid  lemma  and  palea.  —  Coarse 
tufted  annuals  with  stout  unilateral  spikes  digitate  or 
approximate  at  the  apex  of  the  culms.  (Name  from 
'EXevfflv,  the  town  where  Ceres,  the  goddess  of  harvests, 
was  worshiped.) 

1.   E.  fNDicA  Gaertn.     Glabrous ;  culms  flattened,  de- 
cumbent at  base  ;  sheaths  loose,  overlapping,  compressed  ; 

spikes  2-10,  2.5-8  cm.  long ;  spikelets  appressed,  3-5-flowered,  about  5  mm.  long. 

—  Yards  and  waste  ground,  Mass.,  n.  111.,  Kan.,  and  southw.    (Nat.  from  tropics 

of  the  Old  World.)    FIG.  142. 

58.   LEPT6CHLOA  Beauv. 

Spikelets  2-several-flowered,  the  uppermost  floret  usually 
imperfect  or  rudimentary,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  in  2  rows 
along  one  side  of  the  slender  continuous  rhachis ;  glumes  and 
lemmas  keeled,  the  latter  3-nerved,  acute,  awnless  or  short- 
awned,  exceeding  the  palea. —  Usually  tall  annuals  with  flat 
leaves  and  elongated  simple  panicles  composed  of  the  numer- 
ous very  slender  spikes  scattered  along  the  main  axis. 
(Name  composed  of  \e7rr6s,  slender,  and  x\6a,  grass,  from 
the  long  attenuated  spikes.) 

1.  L.  filif6rmis  (Lam.)  Beauv.  Culms  4-12  dm.  high ; 
sheaths  papillose-hairy ;  spikes  20-40,  5-10  cm.  long,  ascend- 
ing; spikelets  about  3  mm.  long;  glumes  more  or  less 
mucronate,  nearly  equaling  the  3-4  awnless  florets.  (L. 
mucronata  Kunth  ;  L.  attenuata  Steud.) — Fields,  Va.  to 
111.,  Mo.,  and  southw.  Aug.  FIG.  143. 


143.  L.  filiformis. 
Inflorescence  x  1/w. 
A  part  of  same  with 

2  spikelets  x  1%. 
Spikelet  and  floret  x  3, 


148 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS  FAMILY) 


2.  L.  fascicularis  (Lam.)  Gray.  Smooth;  leaves  longer  than  the  erect  or 
geniculate-decumbent  and  branching  culms,  the  upper  sheathing  the  base  of  the 
panicle;  spikes  8-12  cm.  long;  spikelets  slightly  pediceled,  l-\\-flowered,  {he 
florets  much  longer  than  the  lanceolate  glumes  ;  lemmas  hairy-margined  toward 
the  base,  with  '2  small  lateral  teeth  and  a  short  awn  in  the  cleft  of  the  apex. 
(Diplachne  Beauv. ;  D.  acuminata  and  procumbens  Nash.)  — Brackish  meadows, 
from  Mass,  southw.  along  the  coast;  and  from  111.  southw.  along  the  Miss.  R. 
Aug.,  Sept. 

59.    BtrCHLOE   Engelm.     BUFFALO  GRASS 

Spikelets  unisexual ;  plants  monoecious  or  dioecious  ;  staminate  spikelets  2-3- 
flowered,   sessile  in  2   rows   along  the  short  1-sided  spikes  ;  glumes  unequal, 
obtuse  ;  lemmas  larger,  3-nerved  ;  palea  a  little  shorter 
than  the  lemma  ;  pistillate  spikelets  1-flowered,  in  nearly 
capitate  1-sided  spikes  which  are  scarcely  exserted  from 
the  broad  sheaths  of  the  upper  leaves  ;  glumes  indurated, 
trifid  at  the   apex,   united  at  base   and  resembling  an 
involucre  ;  lemma  narrow,  hyaline,  inclosing  the  2-nerved 
palea  ;  grain  free  within  the  hardened  glumes.  —  A  creep- 
ing or  stoloniferous  perennial  with  narrow  flat  leaves, 
and  dissimilar  staminate  and  pistillate  spikelets  borne  on 
the  same  or  on  distinct  plants.     (Name  strongly  con- 
144.  B.  dactyloides.         tracted  from  /3otf/3aXos,  buffalo,  and  x^r/,  grass.} 
3  and  ?  inflorescence  x  %.        i.    3.   dactyloides    (Nutt.)    Engelm.      Culms  of  the 
rfSpikelet  and  floret  (above)   staminate  inflorescence  1-3  dm.  high;  the  spikes  long- 
xll/2-  exserted;   culms  of  pistillate   inflorescence   low,    much 

?  Spikelet,  section  of  same,  exceeded  by  the  leaves  .  sheaths  overlapping ;  blades 
1%1  2  mm.  wide  or  less  ;  staminate  spikes  2  or  3,  0-12  mm. 
long  ;  cluster  of  pistillate  spikelets  ovoid,  6  mm.  long.  (Bulbilis  Raf.)  —  Plains 
of  the  Sask.  to  Minn.,  Kan.,  and  Tex.  — One  of  the  most  valuable  grasses  of  the 
plains.  Seedlings  are  monoecious,  but  the  staminate  and  pistillate  branches 
propagate  their  own  kind.  FIG.  144. 


60.    PHRAGMITES   Trin.     REED 

Spikelets  loosely  3-7-flowered  ;  rhachilla  clothed  with  long  silky  hairs ;  glumes 
unequal,  lanceolate,  acute  ;  lemmas  narrow,  long-acuminate,  that  of  the  lowest 
floret  somewhat  longer,  equaling  the  uppermost  florets, 
empty  or  subtending  a  staminate  flower,  the  other  florets 
perfect ;  paleas  £-f  the  length  of  their  lemmas.  —  Tall  reed- 
like  perennials  with  stout  leafy  culms  and  large  terminal 
panicles.  (Name  from  ^/OCO'/^TTJS,  growing  in  hedges,  appar- 
ently from  its  hedge-like  growth  along  ditches.) 

1.  P.  communis  Trin.  Culms  erect,  stout,  1.5-4  m. 
high,  from  long  creeping  rootstocks ;  sheaths  overlapping ; 
blades  1.5-6  dm.  long,  1-5  cm.  wide,  flat,  glabrous;  panicle 
tawny,  1.5-4  dm.  long,  branches  ascending,  rather  densely 
flowered  ;  spikelets  12-15  mm.  long  ;  the  florets  exceeded  by 
the  hairs  of  the  rhachilla.  (P.  vulgaris  BSP.  ;  P.  Phrag- 
mites  Karst.) — In  wet  places,  edges  of  ponds,  ditches,  etc. 
—  Rarely  perfecting  seed,  spreading  freely  from  the  rootstocks,  the  leafy  stolons 
often  running  on  the  surface  of  the  ground  for  a  distance  of  5-10  m.  (Eurasia.) 
FIG.  145. 


145.    P.  communis. 

Spikelct,   $  and  $ 

floret  x  1%. 


ARUNDO  D&NAX  L.,  the  GIANT  REED,  is  cultivated  for  ornament  and  is  occa- 
sionally spontaneous  southward.  Resembling  Phragmites  but  taller,  spikelets 
3-4-flowered  ;  flowers  all  perfect ;  rhachilla  naked ;  lemmas  clothed  with  long 
silkv  hairs,  short-awned  from  the  bifid  apex. 


GRAMINEAE   (GRASS   FAMILY)  149 

61.   TRIDENS   11.  &  S. 

Spikelets  3-12-flowered  in  open  or  strict  panicles  ;  florets  perfect  or  the  upper- 
most staminate  ;  glumes  unequal,  keeled,  shorter  than  the  spikelet ;  lemma 
subcoriaceous,  convex  below,  bidentate,  3-nerved,  the  nerves  silky-villous  below 
and  at  least  the  middle  one  extending  in  a  mucronate  point 
between  the  teeth  ;  palea  broad,  the  nerves  nearly  marginal. 
—  Perennials  with  long  narrow  leaves  and  terminal  panicles. 
(Name  from  tres,  three,  and  dens,  tooth.)  TRIODIA  R.  Br. 

1.  T.  flavus  (L.)  Hitchc.    (TALL  RED  TOP.)    Culms  erect, 
1-2  m.  high,  viscid  in  the  axis  of  the  panicle  and  below  it ; 
sheaths  bearded  at  the  summit,  otherwise  glabrous  as  are  the 
long  flat  or  involute  tapering  blades;    the   showy  panicles 
2-4.5  dm.  long,  almost  as  wide,  loose  and  open,  the  slender 
branches  spreading,  naked  below;  spikelets  purple,  7-8  mm. 
long,  5-8-flowered,  on  long  pedicels;    glumes  shorter  than 
the  lowest  florets,  mucronate  ;  the  three  nerves  of  the  lemmas 

excurrent.     (Poa  flava  L.  ;   Triodia  seslerioides  Benth.  ;    T.  cuprea  Jacq.)  — 
Dry  or  sandy  fields,  Ct.  to  Mo.,  and  south w.     Aug.,   Sept.     FIG.  146. 

2.  T.  strictus  (Nutt.)  Nash.     Caespitose,  12-14  dm.  high  ;  culms  stout,  erect; 
leaves  long  and  rigid  ;  panicle  pale  or  purplish,  dense  and  spike-like,  1-3  dm.  long  ; 
spikelets  about  5  mm.  long,  5-8-flowered,  nearly  sessile ;  glumes  exceeding  the 
lower  florets,  mucronate  ;  only  the  midnerve  of  the  lemma  excurrent.     (  Triodia 
stricta  Benth.)  —  Moist  soil,  s.e.  Kan.,  and  south  w.     July-Sept. 

62.  TRlPLASIS  Beauv. 

Spikelets  3-6-flowered,  the  florets  remote,  the  lowest  stipitate,  perfect  or  the 
uppermost  staminate  ;  glumes  unequal,  keeled,  shorter  than  the  florets  ;  lemmas 
2-cleft,  the  3  nerves  strongly  ciliate,  the  midnerve  excurrent  as  a  short  awn 
between  the  lobes ;  palea  shorter,  broad,  the  nerves  nearly 
marginal  and  densely  long-cilia'te  from,  the  middle  to  the 
apex.  —  Perennials  with  small  nearly  simple  panicles.  (Name 
from  TpnrXdo-ios,  thrice  as  many.) 

1.    T.  purpurea  (Walt.)  Chapm.     (SAND  GRASS.)     Culms 
tufted,  widely  spreading  or  ascending,  wiry,  3-8  dm.  long, 
nodes  bearded  ;  sheaths  and  the  small  rigid  blades  scabrous  ; 
,    terminal  panicles  3-7  cm.  long,  the  few  stiff  branches  finally 
'  J"  '    divergent;  smaller  panicles  (partially  hidden  in  the  sheaths) 

produced  at  the  nodes  late  in  the  season;  spikelets  short- 
pediceled,  usually  rose-purple,  5-8  mm.  long ;  the  awn  of  the  lemma  scarcely 
exceeding  the  truncate  lobes.  (Tricuspis  Gray;  Triodia  Hack.) — In  sand, 
Me.  to  Va.,  along  the  coast,  and  southw.  ;  also  along  the  Great  Lakes  and 
south westw.  Aug.,  Sept.  —  Plant  acid  to  the  taste.  FIG.  147. 

63.   ERAGR6STIS  Beauv. 

Spikelets  strongly  compressed,  3-many-flowered  ;  the  uppermost  floret  sterile  ; 
rhachilla  articulated  but  sometimes  not  disjointing  until  after  the  fall  of  the 
glumes  and  lemmas  with  the  grain;  glumes  keeled,  much  shorter  than  the 
spikelets  ;  lemmas  3-nerved,  broad,  keeled  ;  paleas  shorter  than  their  lemmas, 
often  persistent  after  their  fall,  the  strong  nerves  ciliate.  Annuals  or  perennials 
with  loose  or  dense  terminal  panicles.  (Name  from  1jp,  spring,  and  typum,  a 
grass. ) 

Annuals. 

Culms  creeping;  plants  polygamous 1.    E.  hypnoidea. 

Culms  erect,  ascending  or  decumbent;  flowers  perfect. 
Spikelets  2-5-flowered,  2-3  mm.  long. 

Spikelets  on  long  capillary  pedicels  ;  culms  branched  only  at  the  base  .    2.    E.  capillaris. 
Spikelets  ou  pedicels  not  over  5  mui.  long ;  cultm  branched  at  the  nodes    8.    E.  Frankii. 


150 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY) 


148.  E.  capillaris. 
Spikelet  x  2. 


Spikelets  5-many-flowered,  5mm.  or  more  long. 

Spikelets  not  more  than  1.5  mm.  wide 4.  E.  pilosa. 

Spikelets  2-3  mm.  wide. 

Florets  densely  imbricated ;  rhachilla-joints  and  base  of  florets  hidden     5.  E.  megastachya, 
Florets  rather  loosely  imbricated  ;  rhachilla-joints  or  base  of  florets 

visible 6.   E.  minor. 

Perennials. 

Panicle  elongated,  the  branches  flexuous 7.  E.  trichodes. 

Panicle  diffuse,  the  branches  stiff  and  spreading. 

Pedicels  as  long  as  the  spikelets  or  longer 8.    E.  pectinacea. 

Pedicels  shorter  than  the  appressed  spikelets 9.   E.  refracla. 

1.  E.  hypnoides  (Lam.)  BSP.  Extensively  creeping ;  culms  slender,  2-5  dm. 
long,  with  short  erect  or  ascending  panicle-bearing  branches  5-12  cm.  high ; 
leaves  1-4  cm.  long  ;  panicles  nearly  simple,  of  rather  few  lanceolate-oblong 
spikelets  (or  in  the  more  fertile  plant  almost  capitate) ;  spikelets  10-35-flowered, 
5-15  mm.  long,  the  flowers  perfect  and  fertile,  staminate  or  pistillate;  glumes 
and  lemmas  acuminate.  (E.  reptans  Nees.)  —  Gravelly  or  sandy 
shores  and  ditches,  Vt.  to  Ont.,  westw.  and  southw.  Aug. 

2.  E.  capillaris  (L.)  Nees.  Slender,  erect,  1.5-6  dm.  high, 
branching  at  the  base,  simple  above  ;  sheaths  overlapping,  spar- 
ingly pilose  or  nearly  glabrous ;  blades  long  and  narrow ;  panicle 
more  than  half  the  entire  height  of  the  plant,  oblong-ovoid,  the 
capillary  branches  spreading,  the  lower  ascending;  spikelets 
2-3  mm.  long,  on  long  divergent  pedicels  ;  glumes  and  lemmas  acute,  the  latter 
faintly  3-nerved.  —  Sandy  dry  soil,  N.  E.  to  Mo.,  and  southw.  Aug.,  Sept. — 
Often  lemon-scented.  FIG.  148. 

3.  E.  Frankii  (Fisch,  Mey.  &  Lall.)  Steud.     Erect  from  a  decumbent  base,  or 
spreading,  diffusely  branched,  1.5-4  dm.  high ;  sheaths  glabrous ;  ligule  pilose  ; 
blades  5-12  cm.  long,  2-4   mm.  wide,  scabrous  above  ;   panicles  oblong,  less 
than  half  the  length  of  the  plant,  many-flowered,  the  short  branches  spreading ; 
spikelets  2-3  mm.  long,  on  more  or  less  appressed  pedicels, 

1-5  mm.  long  ;  glumes  and  lemmas  very  acute,  the  latter  faintly 
3-nerved.  — Low  or  sandy  ground,  Mass,  to  Kan.,  and  south- 
westw.  Aug. — The  taller  sparingly  branched  forms,  with 
rather  loose  panicles,  are  difficult  to  distinguish  from  glabrous 
specimens  of  the  preceding ;  the  relative  length  of  the  panicle 
is  the  best  distinction. 

4.  E.   pi!6sa   (L.)   Beauv.      Erect,  decumbent  at  base  or 
spreading,  1 .5-4. 5  dm.  high  ;  culms  slender,  diffusely  branching    8Pikelets  x  2- 
near  the  base  ;  sheaths  sparingly  pilose  at  the  summit ;  blades    Florf  and  lemma 
3-12  cm.  long,  2-3  mm.  wide  ;  panicle  diffuse,  0.8-2  dm.  long, 

lower  axils  usually  sparingly  bearded;  spikelets  5-18-flowered,  becoming  linear, 

4-9  mm.  long,  1-1.6  mm.  wide,  equaling  or  shorter  than  the  pedicels;  lemmas 
subacute,  the  lateral  nerves  faint  or  rather  strong.  —  Sandy 
or  gravelly  open  ground,  Me.  to  Minn.,  and  south  westw. 
July,  Aug.  (Mex.,  Eu.,  etc.)  FIG.  149.  —  Variable,  the 
commoner  form  in  the  north,  with  rather  appressed  spikelets 
(1.5  mm.  wide)  about  equaling  the  pedicels,  is  considered 
distinct  by  some  (E.  Purshii  Schrad.),  but  the  characters 
used  to  distinguish  it  are  very  inconstant. 

5.  E.  MEGASTACHYA  (Koeler)  Link.  Erect  or  ascending 
from  a  decumbent  base,  rather  flaccid,  freely  branching  ; 
culms  2-9  dm.  high  ;  leaves  5-15  cm.  long,  3-6  mm.  wide  ; 
panicles  greenish-lead-color,  5-15  cm.  long,  rather  densely 

150  E  megastachya    flowered  ;  spikelets  5-15  mm.  long,  3  mm.  wide,  10-40-flow- 

Spikelet  x  2.         ered'  the  florets  closely  imbricated ;  pedicels  and  keels  of  the 

acute  glumes  and  lemmas  sparingly  glandular  ;  lemmas  thin, 

scabrous,  the   lateral  nerves  prominent.      (E.  major  Host.) — Waste  places, 

common,  especially  southw.    June-Sept.  —  Strong-scented,  hence  called  STINK 

or  SNAKE  GRASS.     (Nat.  from  Eu.)     FIG.  150. 

6.   E.  MINOR  Host.     Similar  to  the  preceding,  smaller,  more  slender;  panicles 

less  densely  flowered  ;  spikelets  5-10  mm.  long,  2-2.5  mm.  wide,  8-20-flowered, 


149.   E.  pilosa. 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY)  151 

the  florets  less  densely  imbricated,  the  bases  or  rhachilla-joints 
visible;  lemmas  nearly  smooth.  (E.  Eragrostis  Karst.)  —  Waste 
ground,  not  common,  N.  E.  to  Va.,  and  southw.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 
FIG.  151. 

7.  E.  trichbdes  (Nutt.)  Nash.  Erect,  6-15  dm.  high;  sheaths 
overlapping,  smooth,  pilose  at  the  throat;  blades  1-7  dm.  long, 
2-6  mm.  wide,  rather  rigid,  involute-taper-pointed  ;  panicles  pale, 
oblong,  the  lower  axils  sparingly  pilose  ;  spikelets 
3-10-flowered,  $-10  mm.  long,  on  capillary  flexu-  151  E  minor 
ous  usually  'long  pedicels ;  glumes  and  lemmas  s  pikelet  x2* 
acute,  scabrous.  (E.  tenuis  Gray,  not  Steud.)  — 
Sandy  soil,  0.  to  111.,  Kan.,  and  southw.  Aug. -Oct.  FIG.  152. 
8.  E.  pectinacea  (Michx.)  Steud.  Erect  or  ascending,  3-8 
din.  high ;  culms  rigid,  from  short  stout  rootstocks  ;  sheaths  over- 
lapping, sparingly  pilose,  densely  bearded  at  the  throat ;  blades 
152.  E  trichodes  ^~&  ^mt  ^onSi  4-8  mm.  wide,  often  involute  in  drying ;  panicles 
s'pikeiet  x^2  purple,  included  at  base  or  exserted  after  the  upper  spikelets 
have  fallen,  branches  pilose  in  the  axils  ;  spikelets  5-10-flowered, 
3-8  mm.  long,  on  stiff  pedicels  ;  glumes  and  lemmas  acute,  minutely  scabrous.  — 
Sandy  dry  ground,  Me.  to  S.  Dak.,  and  southw.  July-Oct.  FIG.  153.  Var. 
SPECTABILIS  Gray.  Sheaths  glabrous  or  nearly  so ;  panicles 
rather  more  exserted  than  in  the  species ;  spikelets  8-15-jffoto- 
ered.  —  Range  of  the  species,  but  the  commoner  form  toward 
the  west. 

9.   E.  refracta  (Muhl.)  Scribn.    Erect;  culms  less  stout  than 
in  the  last,  3-9  dm.  high ;  sheaths  overlapping,  glabrous,  spar- 
ingly villous  at  the  throat;  blades  1-3  dm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide, 
nearly  smooth  ;  panicle  usually  included  at  the  base,  the  slender  153.  E.  pectinacea. 
remote  branches  sparsely  pilose  in  the  axils  and  bearing  few        Spikeiet  x  2. 
short-pediceled    appressed    spikelets   6-25-flowered,   6-12  mm. 
long ;  glumes  and  lemmas  acuminate.     (E.  campestris  Trin. ;  E.   pectinacea, 
var.  refracta  Chapm.  ;   Poa  refracta  Muhl. )  —  Sandy  open  ground,  Del.  and 
Md.  to  Fla.  and  Ala. 

64.   CATABR&SA  Beauv. 

Spikelets  usually  2-flowered ;  glumes  unequal,  shorter  than  the  lemmas,  erose 
at  the  broad  summit ;  lemmas  subcoriaceous,  erose-truncate,  strongly  3-nerved  ; 
palea  as  long  as  the  lemma,  the  strong  nerves  near  the  margin. — A  creeping 
perennial  aquatic  with  flat  leaves  and  open  panicles  of  small  spikelets.  (Name 
from  Kardfipuo-is,  an  eating,  referring  to  the  eroded  glumes.) 

1.  C.  aqudtica  (L.)  Beauv.  Smooth  throughout,  decumbent  and  rooting  at 
the  lower  nodes,  the  ascending  culms  1-6  dm.  high  ;  the  loose  sheaths  overlap- 
ping ;  blades  soft,  2-12  cm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide;  panicle  0.5-2  dm.  long,  the 
whorled  branches  spreading;  spikelets  3-4  mm.  long.  —  In  water  or  wet  places, 
coast  of  N.  B.,  Nfd.,  and  north w.  (Eurasia.) 

65.   MELICA  L.     MELIC  GRASS 

Spikelets  2-several-flowered ;  rhachilla  prolonged  beyond  the  fertile  florets, 
and  bearing  2  or  3  gradually  smaller  empty  lemmas,  convolute  together  or 
inclosing  one  another  at  the  apex  ;  glumes  large,  unequal,  membranaceous,  or 
papery,  scarious-margined,  3-6-nerved,  little  shorter  than  the  florets;  lemmas 
convex,  7-13-nerved,  firm,  with  scarious  margins,  awnless  or  awned  below  the 
bifid  apex ;  paleas  shorter  than  their  lemmas,  the  strong  nerves  nearly  marginal. 
'  — Perennials  with  simple  culms,  closed  sheaths,  usually  soft  flat  leaves  and 
rather  large  spikelets  in  usually  narrow  panicles.  (An  old  Italian  name  for 
Sorghum,  from  mel,  honey.) 


152 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY) 


154.  M.  mutica. 

Spikelet  displayed 

x2. 


§  1.   EUMEXICA  Scribn.     Glumes  broad  and  papery  ;  sterile  lemmas  broad  and 
truncate,  convolute  around  each  other  ;  lemmas  awnless. 

*  Glumes  subequal,  nearly  as  long  as  the  2-flowered  spikelets. 

1.  M.  mutica  Walt.     Culms  erect  from  knotted  rootstocks,  wiry,  6-9  dm.  high ; 
sheaths  usually  overlapping,  scabrous  ;  lower  blades  short,  the  upper  10-20  cm. 

long,  2-10  mm.  wide;  panicle  0.8-2.5  dm.  long,  simple,  with 
filiform  ascending  branches  or  reduced  to  a  raceme ;  spikelets 
7-10  mm.  long,  pendulous  on  short  pedicels,  florets  spreading, 
6-8  mm.  long;  lemmas  scabrous,  obtuse,  the  intermediate  nerves 
vanishing  above ;  empty  lemmas  cucullate  above,  exceeded  by 
the  fertile  ones. —  Dry  rocky  open  woods  and  thickets,  Fa.  to 
Fla.,  w.  to  Wis.,  la.,  and  Tex.  Apr.,  May.  FIG.  154.  —  From 
Va.  southw.  occasional  specimens  have  sparsely  pubescent 
sheaths  and  the  blades  somewhat  pubescent  on  the  lower  sur- 
face. (3/.  diffusa  Pursh ;  M.  mutica,  var.  diffusa  Gray)  ;  not 
varietally  distinct. 

*  *  Glumes  unequal,  shorter  than  the  3-5-flowered  spikelets. 

2.  M.  nitens   Nutt.     Culms  8-12  dm.  high,  erect  from  a  short  horizontal 
rootstock ;  sheaths  overlapping,  glabrous;  blades  1-2  dm.  long,  4-8  mm.  wide; 
panicle  1.5-2.5  dm.  long,  the  slender  spreading  branches  solitary  or  in  pairs, 
simple  or  sparingly  branched ;   spikelets  numerous,  10-12   mm.  long,  usually 
3-flowered, pendulous  on  short  pedicels;  lemmas  7-9  mm.  long,  scabrous,  acute; 
empty  lemmas  broad  at  the  summit,  exceeded  by  the  fertile  ones.     (M.  diffusa 
of  recent  authors,  not  Pursh.)  —  Rocky  woods,  Pa.  to  Neb.,  and  southw.     May, 
June. 

3.  M.  PortSri  Scribn.     Culms  erect,  slender,  5-7.5  dm.  high;  sheaths  over- 
lapping, scabrous;   blades  12-23  cm.  long,  2-6  mm.   wide,  scabrous;   panicle 
1.5-2.5  dm.   long;    the   narrow  spikelets   pendulous   and  racemose  along   the 
slender  ascending  branches,  4t-§-flowered,  10-13  mm.  long ;    lemmas  7-8  mm. 
long,  subacute,  scabrous  ;    empty  lemmas  like  the  fertile  ones  and  exceeding 
them.     (M.  parviftora  Scribn.) — Bluffs  and  stony  hillsides,  la.  to  Mo.,  and 
westw. 

§  2.  BROMELICA  Thurb.  Glumes  narrow,  scarious-margined ;  sterile  lem- 
mas similar  to  the  fertile  which  are  awned  below  the  bidentate  apex;  spike- 
lets  5-9-flowered. 

4.  M.    Smfthii   (Porter)  Vasey.     Culms 
erect,  slender,  7-12  dm.  high ;  sheaths  sca- 
brous ;    blades    10-20   cm.  long,   6-12  mm. 
wide,    lax,    scabrous ;     panicle    1.2-2.5   dm. 
long,  the  solitary  remote  spreading  branches 
spikelet-bearing  toward  the  ends ;  spikelets 
3-6-flowered,  18-20  mm.  long,  more  or  less 
tinged  with  purplish  chestnut ;  glumes  acute  ; 
lemmas  glabrous,   about  10  mm.   long,  ex- 
cluding the  awn,   which  is  \-%  as  long.     (Avena  Porter.) 
—  Moist  woodlands,  n.  Mich,  and  westw.     May-July.     FIG. 
155. 

5.  M.  striata  (Michx.)  Hitchc.     Similar  to  the  preceding, 
usually  not  so  tall  and  more  slender  ;  leaves  narrower ;  sheaths 
closed  to  the  summit,  the  ligule  sheathing  the  culm ;  panicle- 
branches  ascending  or  spreading  at  the  ends  ;  spikelets  2.2- 
2.5  cm.  long ;  glumes  broader,  conspicuously  colored  as  are 

156.  M.  striata  xi.  often  the  florets  which  are  short-bearded  at  the  base;  awn 

Spikelet  with  glumes  «s  long  as  the  lemma  or  longer.     (Avena  Michx.)  —  Rocky 

separated.  wooded  lands,   e.  Que.   to  Pa.,    Minn.,   and   westw.      FIG. 

Floret.  156, 


155.  M.  Smithii. 
Spikelet  displayed 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY) 


153 


157.  I),  diandraxl. 
Spikelet  and  fruit. 


66.    DIARRHENA  Beauv. 

Spikelets  3-5-flowered,  the  uppermost  florets  sterile  ;  glumes  unequal,  much 
shorter  than  the  florets ;  lemmas  broad,  coriaceous,  rigid,  smooth  and  shining, 
convex  below,  3-nerved,  acuminate  or  mucronate-pointed ; 
palea  firm,  2-keeled ;  stamens  2,  rarely  1 ;  grain  large,  usually 
exceeding  the  lemma  and  palea,  obliquely  ovoid,  obtusely 
beaked,  with  a  shining  coriaceous  pericarp. — Nearly  smooth 
perennials,  with  simple  culms  from  a  creeping  rootstock,  flat 
leaves  and  narrow  few-flowered  panicles.  (Name  composed 
of  5ls,  two,  and  dpprjv,  man,  from  the  two  stamens.) 

1.  D.    diandra    (Michx.)    Wood.      Culms  6-9  dm.    high; 
leaves  nearly  as  long  as  the  culm,  1-1.8  cm.  wide  ;  panicle 
very  simple,  1-2.5  dm.  long;  spikelets  short-pediceled,  10-16 

mm.   long.     (Festuca    Michx.;   Korycarpus  Ktze. ;   D.   americana  Beauv.)  — 
Shaded  river  banks  and  woods,  O.  to  S.  Dak.,  and  south w.   July,  Aug.    FIG.  157. 

67.   UNlOLA  L.     SPIKE  GRASS 

Spikelets  compressed,  3-many-flowered,  the  lower  1-4  lemmas  empty  ;  glumes 
compressed-keeled,  acute  or  acuminate  ;  lemmas  firm-coriaceous,  compressed- 
keeled,  faintly  many-nerved  ;  palea  rigid,  the  keels  broadly  winged, 
nearly  marginal;  stamens  1  or  3. — Erect  perennials,  with  simple 
culms,  flat  or  involute  leaves  and  terminal  panicles.  (Ancient  name 
of  some  plant,  a  diminutive  of  unio,  unity.) 

*  Panicle  contracted,  wand-like;  spikelets  few-flowered 

1.  U.  laxa  (L.)  BSP.  Culms  slender,  6-12  dm.  high,  in  clumps 
with  knotted  rootstocks ;  leaves  long  and  narrow;  panicles  1.5-4.5 
dm.  long,  the  slender  branches  erect;  spikelets  short-pediceled, 
3-6-flowered,  5-7  mm.  long;  lemmas  3-4  mm.  long,  acuminate, 
spreading  at  maturity;  palea  arched.  (U.  gracilis  Michx.)  — 
Sandy  soil,  L.  I.  to  Fla.,  w.  to  Ky.  and  Tex.  Aug.,  Sept.  FIG.  158. 

*  *  Panicle  expanded,  nodding  ;  the  spikelets  many -flowered. 

2.  U.  latif&lia  Michx.     Culms  6-15  dm.  high  ;  sheaths  shorter  than  the  inter- 
nodes,  ligule  1  mm.  long,  lacerate;  blades  spreading,  1Q-22  cm.  long,  0.5-2  cm. 
wide,    often   ciliate   at   the   base,    margins   scabrous;   panicle 

1-2.5  dm.  long,  the  filiform  branches  bearing  a  few  pendulous 
broadly  oval  spikelets;  these  1.5-3  cm.  long,  6-12-flowered; 
lemmas  9-12  mm.  long,  hispidulous  on  the  winged  keel; 
stamen  1.  —  Shaded  slopes  and  low  thickets,  Pa.  to  Kan.,  and 
south  w.  Aug.,  Sept.  FIG.  159. 

3.  U.  paniculata  L.     (SEA  OATS.)     Culms  stout,  9-15  dm. 
high,  with  numerous  long  rigid  leaves  involute  in  drying; 
ligule  a  ring  of  hairs  about  1  mm.  long ;  panicles  2-3  dm. 
long,  the  slender  branches  bearing  many  short-pediceled  oblong- 
oval  stramineous  spikelets  ;  these  1-2  cm.  long,  8-16-flowered ; 
lemmas  8-10  mm.  long,  scabrous  on  the  keel;  stamens  3. — 
Sand  hills  and  drifting  sands  coast,  Va.  to  Tex.     Sept.,  Oct. 
(Mex.,  S.  A.) 

68.   DISTICHLIS  Raf.     SPIKE  GRASS.     ALKALI  GRASS 

Spikelets  dioecious,  8-16-flowered,  compressed  ;  glumes 
unequal,  firm,  keeled,  acute ;  lemmas  coriaceous,  rigid, 
faintly  many-nerved.  —  Rigid  erect  perennials  with  exten- 
sively creeping  rootstocks,  involute  leaves  and  small  crowded 
panicles  of  large  smooth  spikelets.  (Name  from  Slanxos, 
two-ranked.) 

1.   D.  spicata  (L.)  Greene.      Pale  or  glaucous;   culms 


158.  IT.  laxa. 
Spikelet  x3. 


159.  U.  latifolia. 
Spikelet  xl. 
Floret  and  lemma 
X2. 


H50.    I),  spicata  x  1. 
?  Spikelet  and  floret, 
rf  Floret. 


154  GBAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY) 

1.5-6  dm.  high;  sheaths  overlapping;  blades  often  conspicuously  distichous, 
rigidly  ascending ;  the  narrow  panicle  2-6  cm.  long  (rarely  longer)  ;  spikelets 
8-18  mm.  long,  the  florets  closely  imbricated.  (D.  maritima  Raf.) — Salt 
marshes  along  the  coast,  N.  S.  to  Tex.;  also  in  alkaline  soil  in  the  interior. 
(Mex.)  FIG.  160. 

69.    BRIZA   L.     QUAKING  GRASS 

Spikelets  few-several-flowered,  broad,  often  heart-shaped ;  florets  crowded, 
almost  horizontal,  the  uppermost  usually  imperfect ;  glumes  subequal,  firm-mem- 
branaceous,  with  broad  scarious  margins ;  lemmas  5-many-nerved  (nerves 
often  obscure),  firm,  subchartaceous  with  a  scarious  margin,  boat-shaped  or  ven- 
tricose,  heart-shaped  at  base ;  palea  much  smaller  than  its  lemma.  — Annuals  or 
perennials  with  flat  leaves  and  showy  terminal  panicles. 

the  Greek  name  of  a  kind  of  grain.) 
1.    B.  MEDIA  L.     Perennial,  erect,  4-7  dm.  high;  sheaths 
longer  than  the  narrow  blades;  panicle  erect,  the  stiff  capil- 
lary  branches   spreading ;    spikelets    nodding,    5-9-flowered, 
6  mm.   long,  nearly  as  broad,  brown  and  shining  ;    lemmas 
boat-shaped.  — Fields  and  waste  places,  Ont.  and  N.  E.     June. 
.  (Adv.  from  Eu.)     FIG.  161. 

Spikelet  and  floret.          2     g      M^QR    L        Annual  .    culms    !_4    dm>    high:    often 

branching  at  the  base ;  leaves  4-12  cm.  long,  4-8  mm.  wide ;  panicle  erect,  its 
slender  branches  finally  spreading,  bearing  fascicled  branchlets  ;  spikelets  hardly 
nodding,  3-6-flowered,  pale  or  plum-color,  broadly  heart-shaped,  3  mm.  long, 
slightly  broader  ;  lemmas  strongly  ventricose  below.  —  Waste  places,  N.  J.,  Va., 
and  south w.  June.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

70.   DACTYLIS   L.    ORCHARD  GRASS 

Spikelets  2-5-flowered,  compressed,  nearly  sessile  in  dense  fascicles,  these 
arranged  in  a  panicle ;  glumes  unequal,  hispid-ciliate  on  the  keel,  acute  or 
mucronate  ;  lemmas  5-nerved,  ciliate-keeled,  short  awn-pointed  ;  paleas  a  little 
shorter  than  their  lemmas.  —  Perennial  with  flat  leaves  and 
glomerate  panicles.  (Dactylos,  a  name  used  by  Pliny  for  a 
grass  with  digitate  spikes,  from  Sd/cruXos,  a  finger.} 

1.  D.  GLOMERATA  L.  Coarse,  tufted,  glaucous,  scabrous  ; 
culms  erect,  9-12  dm.  high;  leaves  broadly  linear;  panicle 
8-15  cm.  long,  the  few  stiff  branches  naked  below,  contracted 
after  flowering ;  spikelets  crowded  in  dense  one-sided  clus- 
ters at  the  ends  of  the  branches.  —  Fields  and  waste  places.  162.  D.  glomerate  x  2. 
June.  (Nat.  from  Eu.)  FiG.  162.  Spikelet  displayed. 


CYNostiRus  CRISTA.TUS  L.  (DOG'S-TAIL  GRASS),  a  slender  erect  perennial 
4-7  dm.  high,  with  narrow  leaves  and  erect  dense  spike-like  panicles,  the  spike- 
lets  unisexual,  arranged  in  clusters,  the  terminal  ones  fertile,  the  lower  larger 
and  sterile,  with  very  narrow  lemmas,  strongly  scabrous  on  the  keel,  occurs 
sparingly  in  fields  and  by  waysides,  Nfd.  to  Ont.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

71.    PdA  L.     MEADOW  GRASS.     SPEAR  GRASS 

Spikelets  2-6-flowered,  the  uppermost  floret  imperfect  or  rudimentary ; 
glumes  1-3-nerved,  keeled ;  lemmas  herbaceous  or  membranaceous,  mostly 
scarious-tipped,  acute  or  obtuse,  keeled,  awnless,  5-nerved  (the  intermediate 
pair  of  nerves  sometimes  very  obscure),  the  dorsal  or  marginal  nerves  usually 
soft-hairy,  often  with  a  tuft  of  long  cobwebby  hairs  at  the  base  ;  palea  2-toothed. 
—  Annuals  or  perennials,  with  simple  culms,  narrow  usually  flat  leaves  ending 
in  a  cucullate  point,  and  terminal  panicles.  (II6a,  an  ancient  Greek  name  foi 
grass  or  fodder. ) 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY) 


155 


Annuals. 

Florets  not  webby  at  the  base  ;  lemmas  distinctly  5-nerved 
Florets  webby  at  the  base ;  intermediate  pair  of  nerves  obscure      . 
Perennials. 
Culms  from  extensively  creeping  rootstocks,  not  tufted. 

Culms  flattened  ;  spikelets  not  over  6  mm.  long 

Culms  terete  ;  spikelets  8  mm.  or  more  long 

Culms  tufted. 

Creeping  rootstocks  present. 

Panicle  crowded  ;  culms  much  exceeding  the  leaves  .    *  .        * 
Panicle  diffuse  ;  culms  scarcely  exceeding  the  basal  leaves 
No  creeping  rootstocks,  but  culms  sometimes  decumbent  at  base. 

Lemma  glabrous 

Lemma  pubescent  at  least  on  the  keel. 

Culms  upright  from  a  stout  crown  or  caudex  ;  leaves  short  and  flat 
Culms  from  a  more  slender  base  forming  loose  tufts,  often  decum- 
bent. 

Culms  rarely  over  3  dm.  high,  with  lax  leaves,  the  decumbent 
bases  of  the  culms  forming  loose  tufts  ;  lemma  pubescent 
but  very  sparsely  webbed  ;  alpine  or  northern  plants  . 
Culms  taller,  or  if  low,  stiff  and  with  scarcely  decumbent  bases. 
Lemma  not  webbed  at  base. 

Panicle  narrow  ;  lemma  glabrous  between  the  nerves  below 
Panicle  spreading :  lemma  pubescent  between  the  nerves 

below 

Lemma  webbed  at  base. 
Marginal  nerves  glabrous. 

Lemma  prominently  nerved  ;  sheaths  scabrous. 
Lemma  obscurely  nerved  ;  sheaths  smooth 
Marginal  nerves  pubescent. 

Intermediate  nerves  of  lemma  obscure  ;  florets  acute. 
Panicle  erect,  0.4-1  dm.  long  (rarely  longer),  branches 

ascending 

Panicle  drooping,  1-3  dm.  long,  branches  spreading 
Intermediate  nerves  of  lemma  prominent ;  florets  obtuse 

or  acutish. 
Branches  of  panicle  spikelet-bearing  from  the  middle ; 

spikelets  3-4  rnm.  long 

Branches  of  panicle  elongated,  spikelet-bearing  only  at 
the  ends  ;  spikelets  5-6  mm.  long      .... 


1.  P.  annua. 

2.  P.  Chapmaniana. 


3.  P.  compressa. 

4.  P.  eminens. 


10.  P.  pratensis. 

17.  P.  brachyphylla. 

18.  P.  debilis. 
5.  P.  alpina. 


6.  P.  laasa. 

7.  P.  glauca. 

16.  P.  autumnalis. 


11.   P.  trivialia. 
14.  P.  alsodes. 


8.  P.  nemoralia. 

9.  P.  triflora. 


12.  P. 
15.  P. 


*  Annuals,  rarely  over  2.5  dm.  high,  tufted. 

1.  P.  ANNUA  L.     (Low  SPEAR  GRASS.)     Culms  flattened,  decumbent  at  base, 
sometimes  rooting  at  the  lower  nodes  ;  sheaths  loose  ;  leaves  very  soft ;  panicle 
pyramidal,  3-8  cm.  long,  rarely  longer;  spikelets  crowded,  3-6-flowered,  about 
4mm.  long ;  lemma  distinctly  b-nerved,  the  nerves  hairy  below.  —  Cultivated  and 
waste  grounds,  everywhere.    Apr.-Oct.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  P.  Chapmaniana  Scribn.     Similar  to  the  preceding  but  more  strict  in 
habit ;  culms  terete,  erect ;  sheaths  close,  mostly  at  the  base ;  panicle  more 
oblong;  florets  webbed  at  the  base,   the  intermediate  nerves  of  lemmas  very 
obscure,  the  middle  and  marginal  nerves  sometimes  hairy  below.  —  Dry  soil, 
Va.  to  s.  111.,  and  south w.    Apr.,  May. 

*  *  Perennials. 
H-  Culms  from  extensively  creeping  rootstocks,  not  tufted. 

3.  P.    COMPRESSA    L.      (CANADA   BLUE  GRASS.     WIRE 

GRASS.)  Bluish-green,  2-6  dm.  high;  culms  geniculate- 
ascending,  wiry,  flattened ;  panicles  2-8  cm.  long,  narrow, 
the  usually  short  branches  in  pairs,  spikelet-bearing  to  the 
base  ;  spikelets  crowded,  subsessile,  3-6(rarely  9)-flowered, 
4-6  mm.  long ;  lemmas  obscurely  nerved,  more  or  less  bronzed 
at  the  summit.  —  Dry  mostly  sterile  soil,  Nfd.  to  S.  C.,  and 
westw. ;  also  cultivated  as  a  pasture  grass.  May-Sept.  (Nat. 
from  Eu.)  FIG.  163. 

4.  P.  Iminens  J.  S.  Presl.     Glaucous,  glabrous,  3-9  dm. 
high ;  culms  stout,  erect,  terete  ;  sheaths  overlapping,  clus- 
tered on  the  sterile  shoots  ;  blades  thick,  3-8  mm.  wide  ;    panicie  x  i/4. 
panicle  heavy,  8-16  cm.  long,  contracted  ;  spikelets  3-5-flow-    spikelet  and  floret  x  2. 
ered,   8-12  mm.  long;    lemmas  4-5  mm.  long,   distinctly   Lemma  x  8. 


P.  compressa. 


156  GRAMINEAE   (GRASS    FAMILY) 

nerved.     (P.  glumaris  Trin.)  —  Gravelly  seashores,  Lower  St.  Lawrence  R.,  and 
northw.;  also  Alaska.     (E.  Asia.) 

•«-  -t-  Culms  tufted. 
++  Alpine  or  high  northern  plants  ;  culms  4  dm.  high  or  less. 

5.  P.   alpina  L.     Culms  erect  from  a  stout  crown  or  caudex,  rather  stout, 
0.5-4  dm.  high;  upper  blades  much  shorter  than  their  sheaths,  3-6  mm.  wide; 
panicle  pyramidal,  3-7  cm.  long,  the  filiform  branches  spreading,  mostly  naked 
at  the  base  ;  spikelets  rather  crowded,  broadly  ovate,  3-6-flowered,  5-6  mm.  long  ; 
lemmas  4  mm.  long,   villous  on  the  midrib  and  margins.  —  Brooksides,  open 
mountain  slopes,  etc.,  N.  S.,  Isle  Royale,  northern  shore  of  L.  Superior,  and 
northw.     June-Aug.     (Eurasia.) 

6.  P.  laxa  Haenke.     Moss-green,  forming  loose  tufts;  culms  slender,  2-4  dm. 
high;  blades  about  2  mm.  wide;  panicle  2.5-7  cm.  long,  simple,  often  one-sided 
and  nodding,  loosely  flowered,  the  filiform  branches  erect  or  ascending,  spike- 
let-bearing  at  the  ends  ;  spikelets  2-4-flowered,  about  5  mm.  long ;  lemma  3-3.5 
mm.  long,  pilose  on  the  midrib  and  margins  toward  the  base.  —  Alpine  regions, 
N.  E.,  n.  N.  Y.,  and  high  northw.     (Eu.) 

•M.  *+  Not  strictly  alpine ;  culms  taller  or  if  low  not  decumbent  at  base. 
=  Panicle  narrow  ;  lemma  not  webbed  at  the  base. 

7.  P.   glaiica  Vahl.     Glaucous;  culms  strict,  rather  rigid,  1.5-6  dm.  high; 
sheaths  crowded  at  the  base  ;  blades  3-5  cm.  long,  about  2  mm.  wide;  ligule  not 
over  1   mm.  long ;  panicle  3-7  cm.  long,  rather  compact,  the  short  scabrous 
branches  erect;  spikelets  often  purplish,  2-5-flowered,  5-6  mm.  long;  glumes 
acute  or  acuminate  ;  lemmas  3-3.5  mm.  long,  villous  on  the  keel  and  marginal 
nerves  below;  intermediate  nerves  obscure.     (P.  caesia  Sm.) — Rocky  shores 
and  mts.,  e.  Que.  and  n.  N.  E.  to  n.  Minn.,  northw.  and  westw.     (Eurasia.) 

=  =  Panicle  open,  branches  naked  toward  the  base  ;  lemma  webbed  at  the  base 

except  in  no.  16. 

a.   Spikelets  numerous,  more  or  less  crowded. 
b.  Marginal  and  midnerve  silky-pubescent. 

8.  P.  nemoralis  L.     Grass-green,  3-7  dm.  high,  rarely  higher ;  culms  slen- 

der, less  rigid  than  in  the  preceding,  leafy  throughout ;  leaves 
lax,  3-8  cm.  long,  2  mm.  wide  ;  panicle  4-10  cm.  long,  open  and 
spreading ;  spikelets  2-5-flowered,  3-5  mm.  long ;  glumes  sharply 
acuminate  ;  lemmas  2-3  mm.  long,  intermediate  nerves  obscure, 
a  few  webby  hairs  at  base.  —  Meadows  and  open  woods,  Nfd. 
to  Pa. ,  w.  to  Minn.,  northw.  and  westw.  June-Sept.  (Eurasia.) 
-IRA  T>  ™  «,.an0  FIG.  164. —  Alpine  forms  may  be  low  and  erect,  1-2  dm.  high, 

104.  A«  DeuiOiaiis.  ,,  *•  ,   -  ,  .-i      i  •  a  «i 

Spikelet  x  3         Wlth  sma11  narrow  panicle,  while  luxuriant  forms  of  lower  alti- 
tude may  be  creeping  at  base. 

9.  P.  triflbra  Gilib.    (FOWL  MEADOW  GRASS.)    Culms &-\5 dm.  high ;  sheaths 
rather  loose  ;  ligule  3-5  mm.  long  ;  blades  8-15  cm.  long,  2-4  mm. 

wide,  soft;  panicle  often  purplish,   1-3  dm.  long,  pyramidal  or 

oblong,  the  filiform  spreading  branches  in  remote  fascicles  o/3-lO, 

naked  at  the  base  ;    spikelets    2-4-flowered,  about  4  mm.   long, 

hardly  crowded;   lemmas   2.5-3  mm.   long,    intermediate  nerves 

obscure,  webby  hairs  copious.     (P.  flava  Am.  auth.,  not  L. ;  P. 

serotina   Ehrh.)  —  Wet  meadows,  Pa.  to  la.,  and  northw;  also    ics.  p.  triflora. 

cultivated.    July,  Aug.     (Eurasia,  n.  Afr.)     FIG.  165.  Spikelet  x  3." 

10.  P.  prat6nsis  L.    (JUNE  GRASS,  SPEAR  GRASS,  KENTUCKY 

*  BLUE    GRASS.)    Culms  3-12  dm.  high,  sending  out  numerous 

mfr  running  rootstocks  from  the  base  ;  sheaths  compressed,  overlap- 

Hgt  ping  below,  ligule  1.5  mm.  long ;  blades  1-6  mm.  wide,  those 

WJT  of  the  culm  5-15  cm.  long,  the  basal  ones  much  longer ;  panicle 

»  pyramidal,  the  slender  branches  in  rather  remote  fascicles  of  3-5, 

166.  P.  pratensis.  ascending,  naked  at  base ;  spikelets  crowded,  3-5-flowered,  4-5 

Spikelet  x  3.  mm.   long;   lemmas  3  mm.    long,   copiously  webbed  at  base: 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY)  157 

intermediate  nerves  strong,  glabrous.  —  Fields  and  meadows  throughout  the  U.  S. 
and  B.  C.,  naturalized  in  the  East,  indigenous  in 'the  North  and  West.  May- 
July.  (Eurasia.)  FIG.  16(3. 

b  b.  Marginal  nerves  glabrous. 

11.  P.  TRIVIALIS  L.     (ROUGH-STALKED  MEADOW  GRASS.)    Culms  erect  from 
a  somewhat  decumbent  base,  3-9  dm.  high,  scabrous  below  the  panicle  ;  sheaths 
and  blades  retrorsely  scabrous,  ligule  4-6  mm.  long;  panicle  6-15  cm.  long, 
resembling  that  of  P.  pratensis  ;  spikelets   2-3-flowered,  about  3   mm.  long; 
lemma  strongly  nerved,  silky -pubescent  on  the  keel  only.  — Moist  meadows  and 
roadsides,  e.  Que.  to  S.  C.  and  La.,  rarely  inland.    May-Aug.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

a  a.    Spikelets  fewer,  scattered  on  slender  pedicels ;  plants  soft  and  smooth, 

flowering  early. 

b.   Spikelets  2-4  mm.  long  ;  lemmas  broad,  obtuse. 

12.  P.   sylvSstris   Gray.      Culms  subcompressed,  3-12   dm.   high ;    sheaths 
shorter  than  the  internodes  ;  ligule  1  mm.  long  or  less ;  blades  2-6  mm.  wide, 
those  of  the  culm  3-15  cm.  long,  the  basal  ones  much  longer;  panicle  1-2  dm. 
long,    oblong-pyramidal,    the  short  flexuous   filiform   branches   spreading   or 
reflexed ;  spikelets  2-4-flowered,  2.5-4  mm.  long;    first  glume  1-,  the  second 
3-nerved  ;  lemmas  about  2.5  mm.  long,  often  pubescent  below,  midnerve  pubes- 
cent to  the  summit.  — Rich  woods  and  thickets,  N.  Y.to  Wis.,  Neb.,  and  southw. 
Apr. -July. 

13.  P.  dSbilis  Torr.     Culms  terete,  weak,  3-10  dm.  high  ;  sheaths  compressed, 
much  shorter  than  the  internodes;   ligule  1-2  mm.    long;  blades  2.5-11  cm. 
long,  2  mm.  wide  or  less  (rarely  wider)  ;  panicle  nodding,  4-12  cm.  long,  the  few 
long  capillary  branches  ascending  or  spreading  at  the  ends,  few-flowered;  spike- 
lets  2-4-flowered,  3-4  mm.  long;  lemmas  glabrous,  except  the  webbed  base. — 
Rocky  woodlands,  e.  Que.  to  Ont.,  southw.  to  Pa.  and  la.    May,  June. 

b  b.    Spikelets  5-6  mm.  long ;  lemmas  lanceolate,  acute. 

14.  P.  alsodes  Gray.     Culms  2-6  dm.  high  ;  sheaths  thin,  the  uppermost  elon- 
gated, often  sheathing  the  base  of  the  panicle;  blades  1.2-3  dm.  long,  2-5  mm. 
wide;  panicle  1-2  dm.  long,  the  filiform  branches  in  3's  or  4's, 

finally  spreading,  or  the  lowest  whorl  ascending  ;  spikelets  2-3- 
flowered,  about  5  mm.  long ;  lemmas  faintly  nerved,  villous  on 
the  keel  below.  —  Wooded  hillsides  and  thickets,  e.  Que.  to  Minn., 
and  southw.  May,  June.  FIG.  167. 

15.  P.  W61fii  Scribn.     Culms  slender,  4-9  dm.  high  ;  leaves 

mostly  clustered  at  the  base,  2  mm.  ivide  or  less,  those  of  the  culms  167  P  aiso(je8< 
5-10  cm.  long,  the  basal  ones  much  longer  ;  panicle  8-15  cm.  long  ;      gpikeiet  x3 
the  spikelets  somewhat,  clustered  toward  the  ends  of  the  ascending 
capillary  branches,  2-4-flowered,  5-6  mm.  long ;  lemmas  strongly  nerved,  the 
marginal  nerves  and  midnerve  villous.  —  Minn,  and  111.  to  Tenn.,  rare. 

bbb.    Spikelets  6-8  mm.  long;  lemmas  oblong,  conspicuously  scarious  at  the 
obtuse  apex;  panicle  diffuse,  few-flowered. 

16.  P.  autumnalis  Muhl.      Culms  slender,  3-9  dm.  high  ;    leaves  5-12  cm. 
long,  2-3  mm.  wide  ;   panicle  8-20  cm.  long,   about  as  broad,  the   capillary 
flexuous  spreading  branches  with  a  few  spikelets  near  the  ends ;  spikelets  4-6- 
flowered,  about  6  mm.  long  ;  lemmas  pubescent  below  between  the  strong  nerves, 
not  webbed  at  base.     (P.  flexuosa  Muhl.) — Woods,  N.  J.  and  Pa.  to  Mo.,  and 
southw.    Mar. -May. 

17.  P.  brachyphylla  Schultes.     Culms  3-5  dm.  high  from  running  rootstocks, 
2-3-leaved  ;  the  upper  leaves  1-5  cm.  long,  the  basal  ones  about  equaling  the  culm, 
abruptly  cuspidate-tipped;  panicle  7-12  cm.  long,  the  branches  mostly  in  pairs, 
spreading,  spikelet-bearing  at  the  ends  ;  spikelets  3-4-flowered  ;  lemma  webbed 
at  base,  keel  and  marginal  nerves  sparingly  pubescent,   intermediate  nerves 
prominent,  naked.     (P.  brevifolia  Muhl.)  —Rocky  or  hilly  woodlands,  Pa.,  Va., 
and  sparingly  westw.  to  Ky.  and  111.     Apr. ,  May. 


158 


GRAMINEAE   (GRASS   FAMILY) 


72..  SCOL6CHLOA  Link. 

Spikelets  3-4-flowered  ;  callus  hairy  ;  glumes  acute  ;  lem- 
mas firm,  convex  below,  the  nerves  unequal,  one  or  more 
excurrent  as  slender  teeth  ;  palea  as  long  as  its  lemma  or 
longer,  2-toothed  ;  ovary  hairy  at  the  summit.  — Tall  peren- 
nials with  flat  leaves  and  ample  spreading  panicles.  (Name 
probably  from  <r/c<2Xo?,  a  prickle,  and  %X6a,  grass.") 

1.  S.  festucacea(Willd.)Link.  (SPRANGLE-TOP.)  Culms 
stout,  erect,  from  thick  soft  rootstocks,  1-2  m.  high  ;  leaves 
2-3  dm.  long ;  panicles  1.5-3.5  dm.  long,  the  fascicled 
branches  spreading  ;  spikelets  6-12  mm.  long  ;  glumes  nearly 
as  long  as  the  florets,  3-5-nerved.  —  Marshes  and  shallow 
water,  la.,  Minn.,  and  northwestw.  June,  July.  FIG.  168. 

73.   GLYCERIA  R.  Br.     MANNA  GRASS 

Spikelets  few-many-flowered,  subterete  or  slightly  compressed,  in  narrow 
or  spreading  panicles  ;  glumes  unequal,  shorter  than  the  florets  ;  lemmas  convex, 
firm,  with  a  scarious  margin  or  apex,  and  5-9  strong  parallel  nerves;  paleas 
equaling  or  a  little  longer  than  their  lemmas,  the  strong  nerves  nearly  marginal.  — 
Usually  tall  aquatic  perennials,  with  simple  culms,  often  partially  closed  sheaths, 
flat  leaves  and  terminal  panicles.  (Name  from  y\vi<ep6s,  sweet,  in  allusion  to 
the  taste  of  the  grain.)  PANICULARIA  Fabricius. 


168.   S.  festucacea. 
Panicle  x  y^. 
Spikelet  and  floret  x  1. 


1.  G.  Torreyana. 

2.  G.  obtusa. 


3.  G.  canadensis. 

4.  G.  laxa. 


5.  G.  nervata. 

6.  G.  grandis. 
1.   G.pallida. 


8.  G.fluitans. 

9.  G.  septentrionalis. 


10.  G.  borealis. 

11.  G.  ac 


Spikelets  2-7  mm.  long,  ovate  or  oblong. 
Panicle  contracted,  narrow. 

Panicle  linear,  1.5-8  dm.  long 

Panicle  oblong,  dense,  7—12  cm.  long 

Panicle  open,  lax. 
Spikelets  3-4  mm.  wide  ;  lemmas  obscurely  nerved. 

Spikelets  ovate,  5-10-flowered 

Spikelets  oblong,  3-5-flowered 

Spikelets  not  over  2.5  mm.  wide ;  lemmas  strongly  nerved. 

Second  glume  1  mm.  long 

Second  glume  2-2.5  mm.  long. 
Panicles  ample,  many-flowered,  2  dm.  or  more  long 
Panicles  narrow,  few-flowered,  rarely  1.5  dm.  long 
Spikelets  1-4  cm.  long,  compressed-cylindric. 
Lemma  obtuse  ;  palea  about  the  same  length. 

Lemma  6  mm.  long 

Lemma  3-4.5  mm.  long. 

Spikelets  1.5-2  cm.  long,  subsessile  or  nearly  so         .... 
Spikelets  1-1.5  cm.  long,  on  slender  pedicels  one  third  to  two  thirds 

as  long 

Lemma  acute,  much  exceeded  by  the  palea 

1.  G.  Torreyana  (Spreng.)  Hitchc.     Culms  solitary  or  few,  erect  from  a 
running  rootstock,  6-9  dm.  high ;  the  smooth  sheaths  closed  nearly  to  the  sum- 
mit; blades  3  dm.  or  more  long,  3-6  mm.  wide,  scabrous;  panicle  linear,  1.5-3 
dm.  long,  nodding  at  the  summit;  spikelets  appressed,  3-4-flowered,  about  4  mm. 
long.     (G.  elongata  Trin.)  —  Wet  woods,  Que.  to  Minn,  and  Pa.,  and  in  the 
mts.  to  N.  C.     July,  Aug. 

2.  G.  obtusa  (Muhl.)  Trin.    Culms  stout,  erect,  3-12  dm.  high  ;  sheaths  closed 
about  half  their  length,  the  lower  overlapping;  blades  2-5  dm.  long,  4-8  mm. 
wide,  smooth  below,   rough  above  ;  panicle  finally   exserted, 

oblong,  dense,  6-18  cm.  long ;  spikelets  3-7-flowered,  5-6  mm. 
long;  the  scarious  apex  of  the  lemma  often  revolute. —  Bogs 
and  swampy  places,  N.  B.  to  Pa.,  and  southw.  near  the  coast. 
July,  Aug. 

3.  G.    canadensis    (Michx.)    Trin.      RATTLESNAKE   GRASS. 
Culms  solitary  or  few,  stout,  erect,  6-10  dm.  high ;  sheaths  over- 
lapping below,  compressed;  blades  1.5-3.5  dm.  long,  4-8  mm. 

wide,  scabrous  ;  panicle  1.5-3  dm.  long,  nearly  as  wide,  very  169.  G.  canadensis, 
loose  and  open,  the  capillary  remote  branches  drooping,  naked       Spikelet  x  3. 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY) 


159 


170   G  nervata 
gpikelet  and  floretx4 
Base  of  lemma  x  6 


below;  spikelets  5-10-flowered.  ovate,  tumid,  Briza-like,  5-7  mm.  long  ;  lemmas 
obtuse  or  abruptly  acute.  —  Bogs  and  wet  places,  Nfd.  to  Ont.  and  Minn.,  s.  to 
N.  J.  and  e.  Kan.  July.  FIG.  169. 

4.  G.  laxa    Scribn.     Similar  to  tall  forms  of  the  preceding,  1-1.5  m.  high  ; 
blades  sometimes  6  dm.  or  more  long  ;  panicle  diffuse,  3-4  dm.  long,  nearly  as 
wide  ;  spikelets  3-5-floivered,  4-5  mm.  long,  3  mm.  wide,  oblong;  florets  firm  but 
not  tumid;  lemmas  abruptly  acuminate;  palea  nearly  as 

long.  —  Swampy  places,  Me.  to  N.  J.     July-Sept. 

5.  G.   nervata   (Willd.)  Trin.     FOWL  MEADOW  GRASS. 
Often  in  large  clumps  ;  culms  erect,  3-10  dm.  high  ;  sheaths 
scabrous,  closed  almost  to  the  summit,  the  lower  overlap- 
ping ;  blades  1.5-3  dm.  long,  4-10  mm.  wide,  scabrous  above  ; 
panicle   expanded,  nodding,    1-2  dm.   long,    the   capillary 
branches  drooping,   naked  below  ;  spikelets  purplish,  3-7- 
flowered,  3-4  mm.  long;  glumes  minute,  the  second  about 
1  mm.   long,  twice  as  long  as  the  first.  —  Moist  meadows 
and  wet  places,  common,  Nfd.  to  Fla.,  and  westw.     June. 

(Eu.)  FIG.  170.  —  A  low  strict  form  (var.  STRATA  Scribn.)  occurs  from  Nfd. 
to  s.  Me.,  and  also  in  western  mts. 

6.  G.  grdndis  Wats.    (REED  MEADOW  GRASS.)    Culms  clustered,  stout,  erect, 
1-1.5  m.  high  ;  sheaths  loose,  the  lower  rough,  overlapping  ;  blades  1.8-3  dm.  long, 
6-15  mm.  wide,  smooth  or  slightly  scabrous  ;  panicle  2-4  dm.  long,  very  com- 
pound, loose  and  open,  nodding  at  the  summit  ;  spikelets  numerous,  with  purple 
florets  and  whitish  glumes,  4-7  -flowered,  5-6  mm.  long  ;  the  palea  nearly  as  long 
as  the  7-nerved  lemma.    (Panicularia  americana  MacM.)  —  Banks  of  streams, 
wet  meadows,  ditches,  etc.,  e.  Que.  to  Alaska,  s.  to  Pa.,  and  westw.     July. 

7.  G.  pallida  (Torr.)  Trin.     Culms  slender,  3-10  dm.  high,  ascending  from  a 
creeping  base  ;  leaves  5-15  cm.  long,  2-8  mm.  wide  ;  panicles  lax,  few-flowered, 
7-15  cm.  long,  the  few  slender  branches  ascending  or  spreading  at  the  ends, 
naked  at  the  base;  spikelets  pale  green,  loosely  4-9-flowered,  6-7  mm.  long; 
glumes  obtuse  ;  lemmas  7-nerved,   scabrous,   dentate  or  erose  at  the  obtuse 
apex.  —  Shallow  water,  N.  S.  to  Va.,  w.  to  Ont.,  Ind.,  and  Ky.    May,  June. 

Var.  Fernaldii  Hitchc.  Culms  very  slender,  usually  geniculate  and  spread- 
ing, 2-4  dm.  high  ;  leaves  4-8  cm.  long,  2-3  mm.  wide  ;  panicles  5-7  cm.  long, 
the  fascicled  branches  lax,  flexuous  ;  spikelets  3-5-flowered,  4-5  mm.  long; 
glumes  and  lemmas  obtuse,  usually  erose  at  the  summit.  —  Wet  places,  e.  Que. 
to  Me.  and  Minn.  July,  Aug. 

8.  G.  fluitans  (L.)  R.  Br.     Culms  somewhat  flattened,  erect  from  a  creeping 
base,  6-10  dm.  high  ;  sheaths  overlapping,  closed  nearly  to  the  summit,  smooth  ; 

blades  6-12  cm.  long,  4-8  mm.  wide;  panicle  finally  exserted, 
2.6-4  dm.  long,  very  slender,  the  few  remote  branches  appressed 
or  finally  horizontal,  a  spikelet  subsessile  in  each  axil  ;  spikelets 
7-12-flowered,  2-2.5  cm.  long,  nearly  sessile  ;  glumes  acute,  scari- 
ous  and  shining;  lemmas  7-nerved,  scabrous,  with  a  shining 
scarious  margin  and  summit,  narrowed  above  but  obtuse,  erose  ; 
the  tip  of  the  palea  exceeding  the  lemma.  (Panicularia  brachy- 
phylla  Nash.)  —  Shallow  water,  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  ;  near  N.  Y. 
City.  June-Aug.  (Eurasia.) 

9.   G.   septentrionalis    Hitchc.      Culms  erect,  1-1.5  m.  high, 
thick  and  soft;  sheaths  overlapping,  loose,  smooth,   the  upper 
ill.  G.  septen-    closed  nearly  to  the  summit,   ligule  5-6  mm.  long,   decurrent  ; 
trionalis.         blades  1.2-2.5  dm.  long,  6-8  mm.  wide,  nearly  smooth,  rather 
Spikelet  x  1%.    obtuse  ;  panicle  2-2.5  dm.  long,  the  subflexuous  branches  ascend- 
ing, a  spikelet  subsessile  in  each  axil  ;  spikelets  8-12-flowered, 
1.5-2  cm.   long,  subsessile  or  on  short  pedicels;   glumes  obtuse,  scarious  and 
shining  ;  lemmas  4-4.5  mm.  long,  faintly  7-nerved,  hispidulous,  ivith  a  shining 
scarious   summit,    erose-obtuse,   slightly    exceeded   by   the   tip  of    the   palea. 
(G.  fluitans  Am.  auth.,  not  R.  Br.)  —  In  shallow  water,    N.  E.   to  Va.,   and 
westw.  —  Intermediate  between  G.  fluitans  and  the  following,  but  usually  stouter 
and  broader  leaved  than  either.    FIG.  171. 


160  GEAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY) 

10.  G.  borealis  (Nash)  Batchelder.     Similar  to  Gf.fluitans;  the  leaves  com- 
monly conduplicate  ;  panicles  i.5-5  dm.  long,  often  nearly  simple,  the  slender 
branches  erect  or  spreading  toward  the  ends,  a  pediceled  spikelet  in  each  axil ; 
spikelets  usually  more  numerous,  7-13-flowered,  1-1.5  cm.    long,  on  slender 
pedicels  %-%  as  long  ;  glumes  subacute  ;  lemmas  3.5-4  mm.  long,  thinner,  strongly 
7 -nerved,  minutely  scabrous  or  glabrous,  only  the  nerves  hispidulous,  obtuse  and 
erose  at  the  shining  scarious  summit,  slightly  exceeding  their  paleas. — In  wet 
places  or  shallow  water,  Nfd.  to  la.,  and  northwestw.    June-Aug. 

11.  G.  acutiflora  Torr.     Culms  flattened,  weak  and  slender,  3-9  dm.  high ; 
sheaths  overlapping,  the  uppermost  inclosing  the  base  of  the  panicle ;   blades 
0.8-1.5  dm.  long,  scabrous  above;  panicle  simple,  1.5-3.5  dm.  long,  the  stiff 
branches  appressed  or  finally  spreading  ;  spikelets  subsessile,  5-12-flowered,  2-4 
cm.  long ;  lemmas  6-8  mm.  long,  acute,  scabrous,  exceeded  by  the  long-acumi- 
nate bicuspidate  paleas.  —  Wet  soil  and  in  shallow  water,  Me.  to  Del.,  w.  to  O. 
May,  June. 

74.  PUCCINELLIA  Parl. 

Spikelets  as  in  Glyceria  but  lemmas  firmer,  the  nerves  obscure,  often  sub- 
acute  and  minutely  pubescent  at  base.  —  Tufted  perennials,  mostly  glaucous 
saline  species.      (Named  for  Prof.  Benedetto  Puccinelli,   an 
Italian  botanist.). 

1.    P.  marltima  (Huds.)  Parl.     (Goose  GRASS,  SEA  SPEAR 
GRASS.)     Culms  erect,  3-5  dm.  high,  from  slender  rootstocks  ; 
leaves  flat  or  involute,  acute  or  pungent ;  panicles  8-12  cm. 
long;    lower  branches  solitary  or  in  pairs,  appressed  or  ex- 
panded ;  spikelets  4-IQ-flowered,  6-12  mm.  long\  lemmas  obtuse 
or  truncate,  3-4  mm.  long.  —  Salt  marshes  and  beaches  along 
the  coast,  Mass.,  and  north  w.     July,  Aug.  —  Somewhat  variable 
172.  P.maritima.      in   the   form   of    the    panicle    and  si?e    of    the   florets.       (Eu.) 
Panicle  x  Vio-          FlG    172 

Spikelet  x  2.  2    p  angustata  (R.  Br.)  Rand  &  Redfield.     Culms  erect  or 

ascending,  1.5-4  dm.  high,  from  very  slender  rootstocks;  leaves 
very  narrow  and  involute  ;  ligule  long  ;  panicles  3-8  cm.  long,  narrow,  the  soli- 
tary branches  appressed  or  finally  ascending  ;  spikelets  2-4-floicered,  3-6  mm. 
long  ;  lemmas  obtuse  or  subacute,  3  mm.  or  less  long.  (P.  maritima,  var.  (?) 
minor  Wats.)  —  Salt  marshes  and  sandy  coasts,  Ct.,  and  north  w.  June,  July. 

3.  P.  distans  (L.)  Parl.     No  rootstocks  ;  culms  rather  stout,  3-6  dm.  high, 
geniculate  below  ;  leaves  mostly  flat,  short;  ligule  short;  panicles  5-18  cm.  long, 
the  branches  in  4's  or  5's,  soon  spreading  and  finally  defiexed, 

usually  naked  below ;  spikelets  3-Q-flowered,  3-6  mm.  long, 
crowded ;  first  glume  less  than  half  as  long  as  lowest  floret ; 
lemmas  truncate-obtuse,  about  2  mm.  long.  —  Salt  marshes  along 
the  coast  and  on  ballast,  Del.  to  N.  B.  June-Aug.  —  Apparently 
much  rarer  than  the  last,  and  perhaps  not  native.  (Eurasia, 
n.  Afr.)  FIG.  173.  ITS.  P.  distans. 

4.  P.  airoides  (Nutt.)  Wats.  &  Coult.     Similar  in   habit  to      spikeietxs 
the  preceding  ;    blades  5-10  cm.  long,  often  involute  ;    panicle- 
branches  ascending  or  erect  or  the  lowest  finally  spreading  or  reflexed ;  spikelets 
2-7-flowered,  not  crowded;  glumes  acute  or  subacute,  the  first  more  than  half 
as  long  as  the  lowest  floret.  —  In  saline  soil   from   the  Dakotas  southw.  and 
westw. ;  occasionally  eastw.  in  Minn,  and  Mich.  ;  adv.  in  s.  Me.  (Parlin). 

5.  P.  BORRERI  (Bab.)  Hitchc.    Panicle  compact,  the  branches  mostly  spike- 
let-bearing  from  base  and  not  deflexed.  —  On  ballast  and  waste  places  along 
the  coast,  from  Del.  to  N.  S.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

75.   FESTtrCA  L.    FESCUE  GRASS 

Spikelets  2-many-flowered ;  glumes  unequal,  narrow,  acute,  the  first  1-,  the 
second  3-nerved  ;  lemma  firm  in  texture,  at  least  below,  usually  narrow,  convex 
or  subcarinate,  5-nerved,  acute  (obtuse  in  2  species)  or  tapering  into  a  straight 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS    FAMILY)  161 

awn  ;  palea  usually  about  equaling  the  lemma.  —  Perennials  or  annuals  with 
terminal  panicles.  (An  ancient  Latin  name  of  some  kind  of  grass,  of  uncertain 
meaning.) 

§  1.  Annuals  ;  stamen  usually  one.  —  VTTLPIA  (C.  0.  Gruel.)  Reichenb. 
Awn  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  lemma ;  spikelets  1-5-flowered. 

First  glume  one  third  to  one  half  as  long  as  the  second      .        .        .  1.   F.  mywros. 

First  glume  two  thirds  to  three  fourths  as  long  as  the  second   .        .  2.  F.  sdurea. 

Awn  not  longer  than  the  lemma,  spikelets  5-13-flowered      .        .        .        .      8.  F.  octqflora. 
§  2.    Perennials  ;  stamens  3.  —  EUFESTUCA  Griseb. 
Leaves  involute  ;  lemma  awl-shaped,  awned  or  pointed. 

Innovations  extravaginal ;  spikelets  more  or  less  glaucous        .        .        .      4.  F.  rubra. 
Innovations  intravaginal ;  spikelets  green. 

Awns  longer  than  the  membranaceous  lemmas 5.  F.  occidentalis. 

Awns  shorter  than  the  coriaceous  lemmas 6.  F.  omna. 

Leaves  flat. 

Lemma  indurated,  not  at  all  keeled,  awnless  or  tapering  into  a  short  awn. 
Lemma  5-7  mm.  long;  panicle  narrow,  with  short  erect  branches         .      7.  F.  elatior. 
Lemma  4-4.5  mm.  long;    panicle  with  long  spreading  or  ascending 

branches. 
Lemma  subacute  ;  spikelets  loosely  scattered  .  „      8.  F.  nutans. 

Lemma  obtuse  ;  spikelets  somewhat  aggregated 9.  F.  ShorUi. 

Lemma  membranaceous,  indurated  onlv  near  the  base,  keeled  above,  awned 

from  a  cleft  apex      .        .       .       .  ^ 10.  F.  gigantea. 

1.  F.  MYUROS  L.    Culms  erect  or  geniculate  at  base,  solitary  or  in  small  tufts, 
2-6  dm.  high;  sheaths  smooth,  overlapping;  blades  smooth,  linear,  involute  or 
rarely  flat;   panicle  7-20  cm.  long,  narrow,  the  branches  appressed,  the  tips 
somewhat  nodding ;  spikelets  4-5-flowered,  8-11  mm.  long  ;  glumes  very  unequal, 
the  first  1-1.5  mm.,  the  second  4-6  mm.  long ;  lemma  linear-lanceolate,  scabrous 
above,  attenuate  into  a  scabrous  awn  about  twice  its  length.  —  Dry  fields  and 
waste  places,  N.  E.  to  O.,  and  south w.     June,  July.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  F.  sciurea  Nutt.     Similar  to  the  preceding,  usually  lower;  panicle  erect; 
spikelets  4-5  mm.  long ;  first  glume  2  mm.,  second  3.5  mm.  long;  lemma  sparsely 
short  pubescent.  — Sandy  ground,  s.e.  Va.,  and  southw.     May,  June. 

3.  F.  octoflbra  Walt.    Culms  slender,  erect,  often  tufted,  0.5-4  dm.  high  ; 
sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes ;  blades  narrowly  linear,  involute  or  rarely 
flat,  soft,  erect  or  ascending ;  panicle  narrow,  erect,  3-12  cm.  long,  usually  re- 
duced to  a  more  or  less  secund  raceme  ;  spikelets  6-12  mm.  long  ;  glumes  subu- 
late-lanceolate ;  lemma  lanceolate,  attenuate  into  a  scabrous  straight  awn  1-7 
mm.  long.     (F.  tenella  Willd.)  — Dry  sterile  soil,  w.  Que.  to  B.  C.,  and  through- 
out the  U.  S.,  especially  southw.    FIG.  174. 

4.  F.  rubra  L.     Culms  solitary  or  few,  erect  from  creeping  rootstocks,  4-9  dm. 
high  ;  sheaths  and  blades  smooth  ;  panicle  5-20  cm.  long,  usually  contracted, 
the  branches  erect;   spikelets  4-6(rarely  10)-flowered,  mostly  7-8  mm.  long, 
often  glaucous-purplish ;  glumes  smooth  ;  lemma  5-7  mm.  long,  smooth  or  sca- 
brous toward  the  apex,  terminating  in  a  scabrous  awn  usually 

about  half  as  long.  — Brackish  meadows  or  low  sandy  soil,  mostly 
near  the  coast,  Lab.  to  Va.  (Eu.)  Var.  pROLfrERA  Piper.  Floral 
organs  abnormally  elongated.  —  Mts.  of  N.  E.  and  Que.  Var. 
MEGASTACHYS  Gaudin.  Spikelets  10-12  mm.  long.  —  Que.,  N.  J. 
(Eu.)  Var.  MULTIFI^RA  (Hoffm.)  Asch.  &  Graebn.  Blades  flat ; 
spikelets  green.  —  Me.  (Eu.)  Var.  8UBviLL6sA  Mert.  &  Koch. 
Spikelets  pubescent  with  short  hairs. — Local,  e.  Que.  to  N.  H. 
(Briggs)  and  Vt.  (Jones').  (Eu.) 

5.  F.  occidentalis   Hook.      Culms  densely  tufted,   no  root- 
stocks,  erect,  slender,  glabrous  and  shining,  5-8  dm.  high  ;  basal 
leaves  numerous,  filiform-involute,  soft ;  panicle  loose,  subsecund, 

flexuous,  8-20  cm.  long  ;  spikelets  loosely  3-5-flowered,  6-10  mm.    1T4  F  octoflora 
long;  glumes  unequal,  variable  even  on  the  same  plant,  mostly      spikelet  x8 
acute  or  acuminate  ;  lemma  5-6.5  mm.  long,  awn  about  as  long. 
—  Open  woods,  Keweenaw  Co.,  Mich.  (Fancell)  ;  and  in  the  Northwest. 

6.  F.  ovina  L.     (SHEEP'S  FESCUE.)     Densely  tufted  ;  culms  erect,  1.5-6  dm. 
high  ;  leaves  pale  green,  capillary,  strongly  involute,  firm,  the  basal  ones  5-12 
cm.  long,  those  of  the  culm  often  very  short ;  panicle  contracted  after  blooming. 

GRAY'S  MANUAL  — 11 


162 


GRAMINEAE  (GRASS   FAMILY) 


176.  F.  elatior  x  1%. 
Spikelet,  floret,  and 

base      of     lemma 

(opened). 


5-10  cm.  long,  branches  ascending;  spikelets  5-7.5  mm.  long, 
3-6 (rarely  9)-flowered,  usually  pale  ;  florets  rather  close  ;  lemma 
smooth  or  slightly  scabrous,  3-8.5  mm.  long,  attenuate  into  an 
awn  1  mm.  long  or  more.  —  Occurs  native  in  nearly  typical  form 
about  the  Great  Lakes  and  in  the  White  Mts.  ;  also  introduced 
from  Eu.  FIG.  175.  —  The  native  form  tends  to  have  a  strict  narrow 
panicle,  differing  in  this  respect  from  the  typical  European  plant. 
Var.  HispfDULA  Hack.  Lemmas  hirsute.  —  Sparingly  introduced, 
N.  Y.  and  Pa.  (Eu.).  Var.  CAPILL\TA  (Lam.)  Hack.  Lemma 
awnless ;  leaves  very  slender. — Me.  to  N.  J.,  Mich.,  and  north w. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.)  Var.  BREVIFC^LIA  (R.  Br.)  Hack.  Culms  5-10 
cm.  high;  sheaths  closed;  blades  soft. — Calcareous  cliffs,  Nfd., 
175.  F.  ovina.  e.  Que.,  Vt.,  and  northw.  Var.  DURIUSCULA  (L.)  Koch.  Leaf- 
Spikeletx5.  blades  thick,  flattened,  0.7-1  mm.  wide. — Sparingly  introduced, 
Wis.  and  la.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

7.  F.  ELATIOR  L.     (TALLER  or  MEADOW  FESCUE.)     Loosely  tufted,   often 
with  short  creeping  rootstocks ;   culms  erect,  5-12  dm.  high,  smooth  ;   blades 
1-6  dm.  long,  4-8  mm.  wide,  scabrous  above  ;  panicle  erect, 

1-2  dm.  long,  contracted  after  blooming,  branches  spikelet- 
bearing  nearly  to  the  base;  spikelets  9-11  mm.  long  ;  glumes 
lanceolate  ;  lemma  oblong-lanceolate,  scabrous  at  the  summit, 
the  scarious  apex  acute,  rarely  short-awned.  (F.  pratensis 
Huds.)  —  Meadows  and  waste  places,  throughout  the  U.  S. 
and  s.  Can.  June-Aug.  (Nat.  from  Eu.)  FIG.  176. 

8.  F.  nutans  Spreng.     Culms  solitary  or  few,  erect,  4-12 
dm.  high  ;   sheaths  glabrous  or  pubescent ;   blades  1-3  dm. 
long,  4-7  mm.  wide,  scabrous,  sometimes  puberulent  above  ; 
panicle  very  loose,    1-2  dm.  long,  usually  subsecund,   and 
more  or  less  nodding,    branches  spikelet-bearing   near  the 
ends,  at  first  erect,  finally  spreading ;  spikelets  3-5-flowered, 

5-7  mm.  long ;  glumes  firm,  the  first  3  mm.,  the  second  4  mm.  long ;  lemma 
smooth,  oblong-ovate,  subacute,  the  narrow  margin  hyaline.  — 
Moist  woods  and  copses,  N.  S.  to  Minn.,  and  southw.  June, 
July.  FIG.  177. 

9.  F.  Sh6rtii  Kunth.     Similar  to  the  preceding  ;  panicle  more 
compact,   the   branches  spikelet-bearing  from  about  the  middle; 
the  glumes  slightly  longer  ;  the  lemma  broader,  more  obtuse.  — 
Wet  prairies,  111.,  la.,  Kan.,  and  southw. 

10.  F.    GIGANTEA  (L.)  Vill.      Culms  6-12  dm.  high  ;    blades 
1.2-4  dm.   long,   5-15  mm.  wide,  paler  and  roughened  on  the 
upper  surface,  margins  very  scabrous  ;  panicle  1-4  dm.  long,  at 
length  spreading,  somewhat  drooping ;  spikelets  10-13  mm.  long, 

5-9-flowered;  glumes  hyaline-margined;  lemma  sparsely  scabrous,  bidentate 
at  the  scarious  apex,  bearing  an  awn  more  than  twice  as  long.  —  Waste  places, 
near  the  coast,  Me.  to  N.  Y.,  rare.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

76.    BR6MUS   L.     BROME  GRASS 

Spikelets  few-many-flowered;  glumes  unequal,  acute,  1-5-nerved ;  lemmas 
longer  than  the  glumes,  convex  or  sometimes  keeled,  5-9-nerved,  usually 
2-toothed  at  the  apex,  awnless  or  awned  from  between  the  teeth  or  just  below  ; 
palea  a  little  shorter  than  the  lemma,  2-keeled  ;  grain  furrowed,  adnate  to  the 
palea.  —  Annuals,  biennials,  or  perennials  with  flat  leaves  and  terminal  panicles 
of  rather  large  spikelets.  (An  ancient  name  for  the  oat,  from  /3pw/x,a,  food.} 

Annuals  or  biennials. 

Lemma  broadly  elliptical ;  awn  wanting  or  not  over  1  cm.  long. 
Awn,  if  present,  straight. 

Sheaths  glabrous 1.  B.  secalinus. 

Sheaths  pubescent. 

Awn  about  as  long  as  the  narrow  lemmas. 
Panicle  rather  dense,  erect 2.  B.  Jiordeaceus. 


177.  F.  nutans. 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS  FAMILY)  163 

Panicle  open. 

Lemma  less  than  7  mm.  long. 
Panicle  2-3  dm.  long    .......       .        .      6.  B.  arvensis. 


Panicle  less  than  1  dm.  long        .......      8.  B.  racemosus. 

Lemma  9-10  mm.  long  ;  panicle  drooping    .....      4.  B.  commutatus. 

Awn  short  or  none  ;  lemmas  very  broad  ......      6.  B.  brieae/ormis. 

Awn  bent  or  twisted     .......       •       .       .       .      7.  B.  japonicus. 

Lemma  narrow  f  hwn  over  1  cm.  long. 
Panicle  open,  drooping. 
Awn  about  1.5  cm.  long    .....        .        ,        .        «        .      8.  B.  tectorwm. 

Awn  2-3  crn.  long     ...........      9.  B.  sterilis. 

Panicle  compact,  ovoid,  erect       .......       .        .    10.   B,  rubens. 

Perennials. 

Panicles  large,  open  and  drooping. 
Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes. 

Lemma  smooth  on  the  back,  ciliate-pubescent  along  the  margins          .    11.  B.  ciliatus. 
Lemma  evenly  pubescent  all  over    ........    12.   B.purgans. 

Sheaths  longer  than  the  internodes,  much  overlapping. 

Sheaths  sparsely  pubescent  except  a  conspicuous  ring  at  summit         .    13.  B.  altissimus. 
Sheaths  densely  pubescent       .........    14.  B.  incanus. 

Panicles  small,  narrow,  erect  or  nearly  so. 
First  glume  3-nerved    ...........    15.  B.  Kalmii. 

First  glume  1-nerved    ...........    16.  B.  erectus. 

§  1.   EUBROMUS   Godron.    Annuals  or  biennials  ;  glumes  rather  broad  ;  lem- 
mas broadly  elliptical.     Species  all  introduced. 

1.  B.  SECALinus  L.  (CHEAT  or  CHESS.)  Culms  4-9  dm.  high;  sheaths  smooth 
and  strongly  nerved;  blades  sparingly  pilose  above;  panicle  open,  Us  branches 
somewhat  drooping  ;  spikelets  5-15-flowered,  glabrous  ;  glumes 
5-7  mm.  long;  lemma  8-11  mm.  long,  becoming  at  maturity 
convex,  thick  and  inrolled  at  the  margins,  awns  short  and 
rather  weak.  —  Fields  and  waste  places,  common.  —  The  florets 
are  somewhat  distant,  so  that,  in  side  view,  openings  are  visible 
along  the  rhachilla  at  the  base  of  the  florets.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2'.  B.'HORDEXCEUS  L.  (SOFT  CHESS.)  Culms  1-6  dm.  high  ; 
whole  plant  more  or  less  pubescent  ;  panicle  erect  and  con-  F?  .  .j, 
traded;  spikelets  6-10-flowered  ;  lemma  9-10  mm.  long,  softly 
pilose,  awn  about  1  cm.  long.  (B.  mollis  L.)  —Fields  and  waste  places,  infre- 
quent, N.  S.  to  Va.  Var.  LEPTOSTACHYS  (Pers.)  Beck.  Spikelets  glabrous  or 
merely  scabrous.  —  Del.  to  D.  C.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.  B.  RACEM6sus  L.     Culms  3-6  dm.  high  ;  sheaths  pubescent;  panicle  short 
(not  over  7  cm.  long),  upright;  spikelets  5-8-flowered,  glabrous;  glumes  6-8 
mm.  long  ;  lemma  7  mm.  long,  with  an  awn  about  6  mm.  long.  —  Waste  places, 
Que.  to  Del.,  rare.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

4.  B.  COMMUTATUS  Schrad.    Differs  from  the  preceding  in  having  an  open 
drooping  panicle  as  much  as  1.5  dm.  long,  and  usually  longer  awns.  —  Waste 
places  throughout,  especially  in  the  East.  —  Florets  more  closely  imbricated  than 
in  B.  secalinus,  so  that  in  side  view  no  openings  are  seen  at  base  of  florets; 
lemmas  thinner  and  not  inrolled  at  the  margins.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

5.  B.  ARVENSIS  L.     Culms  3-9  dm.   high,  erect  or  geniculate  at  the  base  ; 
sheaths  pubescent;  panicle  large,  open,  with  long  drooping  branches;  glumes 
4.5-6  mm.  long;   lemma  7-8  mm.  long,  smooth  or  minutely  scabrous;   awn 
about  as  long,  straight  or  slightly  bent.  —  O.  (Stair)  and  Mo.  (Bush).     (Adv. 
from  Eu.) 

6.  B.  BRIZAEFORMIS  Fisch.  &  Mey.     Culms  1-4  dm.  high  ;  panicle  open  and 
drooping  ;  spikelets  broadly  ovate,  the  larger  as  much  as  2  cm.  long  and  1.3  cm. 
wide,  awnless.  —  Mass,  to  Del.,  Mich.,  and  Ind.  (C.  P.  Smith)  ;  rare.     (Adv. 
from  Eu.  ) 

7.  B.  JAPONICUS  Thunb.    Culms  1.6-6  dm.  high  ;  panicle  open  and  drooping, 
one-sided  ;  spikelets  linear,  2.5  cm.  long,  6-12-flowered  ;  lemmas   glabrous,  9 
mm.  long,  with  a  bent  or  twisted  awn  about  12  mm.  long.     (B.  patulus  Mertens 
&  Koch.)—  Near  Boston,  Mass.  (Swan);  Lafayette,  Ind.    (Dorner).     (Adv. 
from  Eu.  ) 


164  GRAMINEAE    (GRASS    FAMILY) 

§  2.    STENOBR6MUS   Griseb.     Annuals  or   biennials,    with   narrow  glumes 
and  lemmas  and  long  awns.     Introduced. 

8.    B.  TECT6RUM  L.     Culms  slender,  tufted,  3-6  dm.  high  ;  sheaths  and  blades 
pubescent ;  panicle  broad,  rather  dense,  secund,  drooping,  6-15  cm.  long  ;  spike- 
lets  13-20  mm.  long,  nodding  ;  lemma  pubescent ;  awn  13-15  mm. 
long.  —  Waste  places,  Me.  to  111.,  and  south w.     (Nat.  from  Eu. ) 
FIG.  179. 

9.    B.  STERILIS  L.     Similar  to  the  preceding,  sometimes  less 
pubescent;  culms  usually  taller  and  geniculate  at  base  ;  panicle 
1-2  dm.  long,  broad,  lax,  drooping,  the  slender  branches  usually 
bearing  but  one  spikelet;  spikelets  2.5-3.5  cm.  long,  drooping; 
lemma  scabrous  or  scabrous-puberulent ;  awn  2-3  cm.  long.  — 
Waste  places  and  river  banks,    Mass,   to  D.  C.,  O.,  and  111.; 
1T9.  B.  tectorum.    also  on  Pacific  coast.     June.     (Nat.  from.  Eu.) 
Spikelet  x  l.  10.    B.    RUBENS  L.      Panicle  erect,  compact,  ovoid,  usually 

purplish,  4-7 'cm.  long  ;  awns  about  2  cm.  long.  —  Waste  ground, 
N.  Billerica,  Mass.  (Swan) ;  introduced  on  Pacific  coast.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

§  3.   ZERNA  (Panzer)  Ledeb.     Short-lived  erect  perennials,  with  weak  drooping 
panicles  and  more  or  less  pubescent  florets.     Nearly  all  native. 

11.  B.  ciliatus  L.     Culms  rather  slender,  7-12  dm.  high  ;  sheaths  retrorsely 
pubescent  or  nearly  smooth  ;   blades  2.5-3.5  dm.  long,  1  cm.  wide,  typically 
sparse  pilose  on  both  surfaces,  but  sometimes  almost  smooth  ;  panicle  broad, 
lax  and  drooping,  about  1.5-2.5  dm.  long,  branches  spikelet-bearing 

near  the  ends;  spikelets  5-Q-flowered,  1.5-2.2  cm.  long;  glumes 
narrow,  smooth;  lemmas  10-12  mm.  long,  smooth  on  the  back, 
ciliate-pubescent  along  the  margins,  distinctly  3-nerved  or  faintly 
5-7-nerved,  obtuse  and  slightly  bifid  at  the  apex ;  awn  straight, 
3-5  mm.  long.  —  Moist  woods  and  banks,  Nfd.  to  N.  Y.,  w.  to 
Man.  and  Minn.  July,  Aug.  FIG.  180. 

12.  B.  purgans  L.     Culms  rather  stout,  7-14  dm.  high  ;  sheaths,   m  B-scllia 
at  least  the  lower,  usually  sparsely  retro rse-pilose ;  blades  1.5-3  dm.         .  x  '*' 
long,  5-15  mm.  wide,  pubescent  on  the  nerves  above  or  smooth ;     8Plkelet  ai 
panicle  large,  lax,  nodding  ;  spikelets  mostly  7-ll-floicered,  2-2.5 

cm.  long ;  glumes  sparsely  pubescent;  lemmas  10-12  mm.  long,  acute  or  sub- 
acute,  densely  pubescent  all  over,  distinctly  5-nerved,  or  another  pair  of  nerves 
showing  at  maturity,  emarginate  ;  awn  straight,  4-6  mm.  long.  (B.  ciliatus,  var. 
Gray.)  — Moist  rocky  woodlands,  w.  N.  E.  to  Fla.,  w.  to  Wyo.  and  Tex. 

13.  B.  altissimus  Pursh.     Differs  from  the  preceding  in  having  overlapping 
sheaths,  furnished  at  the  summit   with  a  pubescent  ring,  otherwise  sparsely 
pubescent,  and  in  having  broader  and  distinctly  7-nerved  lemmas,  the  pubes- 
cence more  silky  and  increasing  in  density  toward  the  base.     (B. 
purgans,  var.  latiglumis  Shear.)  —  Wooded  hills,  Ct.  to  Pa.,  w.  to 
Mont,  and  Mo. 

14.  B.    incanus    (Shear)    Hitchc.      Similar  to   the  preceding, 
sheaths  densely  and  softly  short-pilose;  spikelets  much  as  in  B. 
purgans,  but  flowering  later  than  that  species,  with  which  it  is  as- 
sociated.    (B.  purgans,  var.  Shear.)  —  Wooded  hills,  Pa.  to  Va., 
S.  Dak.,  and  Tex. 

15.  B.  Kalmii  Gray.     (WILD  CHESS.)     Culm  slender,  0.5-1  m. 
181   B  "Kalmii    hign  '  sneatns  and  blades  conspicuously  or  sparingly  villous  ;  pani- 

„  '.,  '        1   '   cle  7-10  cm.  long  ;  spikelets  drooping  on  capillary  peduncles,  closely 

7-12-flowered,  1.5-2.5  cm.  long,  densely  silky  all  over;  first  glume 

distinctly  3-nerved,  the  second  5-nerved ;  lemma  8-10  mm.  long,  7-nerved,  obtuse  ; 

awn  straight,  2-3  mm.  long. — Dry  ground,  w.  N.  E.  to  Pa.,  Mo.,  Minn.,  and 

northw.    June,  July.     FIG.   181. 

16.  B.  ERECT  us  Huds.  Culms  erect,  6-9  dm.  high,  glabrous ;  sheaths  nearly 
glabrous;  blades  narrowly  linear,  sparingly  pilose;  panicle  1-2  dm.  long,  with 
few  ascending  branches  ;  spikelets  narrow ;  first  glume  l-nerved,  second  3-nerved ; 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY) 


165 


lemma  10-12  mm.  long,  acuminate,  5-nerved,  evenly  scabrous-pubescent  on  back  ; 
awn  5-6  mm.  long.  —  Fields,  Me.  to  Ont.,  local.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

77.    LdLIUM  L.     DARNEL 

Spikelets  several-flowered,  solitary  in  alternate  notches  of  the  continuous 
rhachis,  one  edge  of  each  spikelet  placed  against  the  rhachis,  the  glume  on  that 
edge  wanting  ;  second  glume  rigid,  5-7-nerved,  exceeding 
the  lowest  floret ;  rhachilla  flattened ;  lemmas  convex, 
6-7-nerved,  nerves  converging  above,  awned  or  awnless  ; 
grain  adherent  to  the  palea.  —  Annuals  or  perennials  with 
simple  erect  culms,  flat  leaves  and  terminal  spikes.  (Ancient 
Latin  name.) 

1.  L.  PERENNE  L.  (COMMON  D.,  PERENNIAL  RAY  or 
RYE  GRASS.)  Short-lived  perennial;  culms  3-6  dm.  high, 
glabrous ;  the  axis  of  inflorescence  glabrous  except  the 
angles ;  leaves  usually  not  over  4  mm.  wide,  folded  in  the 
bud  ;  glume  shorter  than  the  8-lQ-flowered  spikelet;  lemma 
about  5-6  mm.  long,  awnless.  —  Fields  and 
roadsides,  chiefly  eastw.  June.  — This  and 
the  following  are  cultivated  as  meadow 
grasses.  (Nat.  from  Eu.)  FIG.  182. 

2.  L.    MULTIFL6RUM  Lam.     (ITALIAN 
RYE  GRASS.)     Differs  from  the  preceding 
in  having  the  upper  portion  of  the  culm 

and  the  convex  side  of  the  axis  of  inflorescence  roughened  ; 
leaves  convolute  in  the  bud  ;  spikelets  W-2Q-flowered  ;  lemmas 
7-8  mm.  long,  usually  at  least  the  upper  awned.  {L.  italicum 
R.  Br.) — Fields  and  roadsides.  June.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

3.  L.  TEMULENTUM  L.     (BEARDED  D.)     Annual;   culms 
taller ;  glume  fully  equaling  the  5-7 '-flowered  spikelets ;  awn 
longer  or  shorter  than  the  lemma. — Grain  fields  and  waste 

places,  rare.     (Adv.  from  Eu.)     FIG.  183. 

L.  FEsxucXcEUM  Link,  a  glabrous  perennial  with  approximate  spikelets,  or  the 
lower  remote,  the  glume  shorter  than  the  awnless  florets,  occurs  occasionally  on 
ballast  and  waste  grounds  in  N.  J.  and  Wilmington,  Del.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


182.  L.  perenne. 
Two  spikelets  x  iy2. 


183.  L.  temulentum. 
Spikelets  x  ft- 
Floret  x  iy4. 


78.  LEPTtRUS  R.  Br. 

Spikelets  1-2-flowered,  awnless,  solitary,  alternate  in  ex- 
cavations of  the  articulate  rhachis  ;  glumes  equal,  placed  edge 
to  edge  in  front  of  the  florets,  except  in  the  terminal  spikelet, 
coriaceous,  rigid,  5-nerved,  acute  ;  lemma  much  smaller  than 
the  glumes,  hyaline,  keeled.  —  Our  species  a  low  branching 
annual,  with  slender  cylindrical  straight  or  curved  terminal 
spikes  which  disarticulate  at  maturity,  the  joints  falling  with 
the  appressed  spikelets  attached.  (Name  from  \eirr6s,  nar- 
row, and  ovpd,  tail,  or  spike.} 

1.  L.  FILIFORM  is  (Roth)  Trin.  Tufted,  1-2  dm.  high, 
decumbent  at  base,  glabrous  ;  leaves  short  and  narrow ;  spikes 
3-10  dm.  long,  included  at  the  base  in  the  sheath,  joints  and 
spikelets  5  mm.  long.  —  Borders  of  brackish  marshes,  Md. 
and  Va. ;  and  on  ballast  north w.  (Adv.  from  Eu.)  FIG.  184. 

79.   AGROPtRON  Gaertn. 


184.  L.  flliformis  x  8. 

Part  of  inflorescence 

and  spikelet. 


Spikelets  3-m any-flowered,  solitary  (rarely  in  pairs)  in  alternate  notches  of 
the  continuous  (rarely  articulate)  rhachis,  the  side  of  the  spikelet  placed  against 
the  rhachis  ;  glumes  equal,  opposite  or  placed  edge  to  edge  on  the  outer  side 


166 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY) 


of  the  spikelet,  usually  subcoriaceous  and  rigid,  several-nerved,  usually  shorter 
than  the  florets,  acute  or  awned  ;  lemmas  convex  or  slightly  keeled  above,  5-7- 
nerved,  acute  or  awned  from  the  apex  ;  palea  shorter  than  its  lemma,  bristly- 
ciliate  on  the  keels  ;  grain  pubescent  at  the  summit,  usually  adherent  to  the 
palea.  —  Perennials  with  simple  culms  and  terminal  spikes.  (Name  from  ayp6s, 
afield,  and  nvphs,  wheat.} 


Culms  solitary  or  few,  erect  from  creeping  rootstocks. 

Lemmas  densely  pubescent    ......        .        .        .        .    4.  A.  dasystachyum. 

Lemmas  glabrous  or  scabrous. 
Leaves  flat,  thin,  with  fine  scarcely  prominent  nerves    .        .        .        .    8.  A.  repens. 

Leaves  becoming  involute,  thick,  with  prominent  thick  nerves. 
Glumes  faintly  nerved,  long-acuminate          ......    1.   A.  Smithii. 

Glumes  strongly  nerved,  abruptly  narrowed  to  a  rather  blunt  point  2.   A.  pungens. 
Culms  tufted  ;  no  creeping  rootstocks. 
Awn  not  longer  than  the  lemma. 
Glumes  thin,  widened  above  the  middle   .......    5.  A.  biflorum. 

Glumes  firm,  narrowed  from  below  the  middle        .        ,        .        .        .    6.  A.  tenerum. 
Awn  about  twice  the  length  of  the  lemma. 

Spike  nodding,  symmetrical       .........    7.  A.  caninum. 

Spike  erect,  one-sided         ..........    8.   A.  Richardsonii. 

1.  A.  Smithii  Rydb.  (BLUE-JOINT.)  Glaucous  ;  culms  rigid,  3-15  dm. 
high  ;  leaves  rigid,  bluish  green,  scabrous,  becoming  involute,  1-2  dm.  long, 
4-6  mm.  wide,  basal  leaves  longer;  spikes  0.8-1.5  dm.  long; 
spikelets  7-13-flowered,  1.2-2  cm.  long,  usually  somewhat  dis- 
tant, glabrous  or  nearly  so,  acute,  compressed,  divergent,  some- 
times in  pairs  ;  glumes  acuminate,  ^  or  f  as  long  as  spikelet, 
nerves  usually  faint  ;  lemmas  mucronate  or  awn-pointed,  hard, 
faintly  nerved.  (A.  occidental  Scribn.  ;  A.  spicatum  Scribn.  & 
J.  G.  Sm.,  as  to  description,  not  Festuca  spicata  Pursh.)  — 
Prairies,  Mich,  to  Kan.,  and  westw.  July.  —  Rootstock  and 
lower  portion  of  culms  gray  or  tawny,  not  bright  yellow-green 
as  in  A.  repens.  FIG.  185. 

2.  A.  PUNGENS  (Pers.)  R.  &  S.    Glaucous;  culms  slender, 
rigid,  6-9  dm.  high  ;  leaves  18-24  cm.  long,  narrowed  into  a 
rigid  involute  point;  spikes  1-1.2  dm.  long,  flattened  parallel 
to  the  rhachis  ;  the  broad  compressed  spikelets  along  each  side 
of  the  rhachis,  overlapping,  usually  alternately  diverging  to  the 
right  and  left,  thus  appearing  ^-ranked,  7-11-flowered,  1.5-2 
cm.   long  ;    glumes  abruptly   narrowed  to   a 

blunt  point,  8-9  mm.  long  ;  lemmas  about  1  cm. 
long,  acute,  mucronate  or  very  short-awned. 
(A.  tetrastachys  Scribn.  &  J.  G.  Sm.)  —  Sandy 
seacoast  of  Me.  July.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

3.  A.  REPENS  (L.)  Beauv.  (  COUCH,  QUITCH, 
or  QUICK  GRASS.)     Bright  green  or  glaucous, 
3-12  dm.  high  ;  sheaths  glabrous  or  the  lower 
sparsely  pilose  ;  blades  flat  or  inrolled,  sca- 

brous or  sparsely  pilose  above  ;  spikes  0.5-1.5  dm.  long,  slender 

or  stout;   spikelets  about  ^-flowered,  1-1.5  cm.  long;  glumes 

8-10  mm.  long,  acuminate  or  awn-pointed,  strongly  nerved  ; 

lemmas  about  1  cm.  long,  glabrous  or  more  or  less  scabrous, 

strongly  nerved,  pointed  or  terminating  in  an  awn  as  much  as  5  mm.  long.  — 

Fields,  roadsides  and  waste  places,  common.  —  The  internodes  of  the  long  creep- 

ing rootstock  and  the  lower  portion  of  the  culm  are  colored  bright  greenish 

yellow  ;  scales  of  the  rootstock  distant  and  often   conspicuous.      (Nat.  from 

Eu.)     FIG.  186. 

4.  A.  dasystachyum  (Hook.)  Scribn.     Resembling  the  last,  glaucous  ;  leaves 
narrow  and  often  involute  ;  the  5-9-flowered  usually  subterete  spikelets  densely 
downy-hairy  all  over  except  the  strongly  nerved  glumes  ;  lemmas  thinner  with 
scarious  margins,  mostly  long-acuminate.  —  Sandy  shores  of  Lakes  Huron  and 
Michigan,  and  northw.     Aug. 

5.  A.  bifl6rum  (Brignoli)  R.  &  S.    Culms  usually  decumbent  at  base,  3-6  dm. 


185.  A.  Smithii. 
Spikelet  x  3. 


186.  A.  repens. 
Spikelets  x  %. 
Floret 


GEAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY) 


167 


1ST.  A.  biflorum. 
Spikelet  x3. 


188.  A.  tenerum 
Spikelet  x  3. 


high ;  leaves  often  lax,  2-5  mm.  wide ;  spike  dense,  5-10  cm. 
long,  usually  tinged  with  purple  ;  glumes  conspicuously  6-7- 
nerved,  the  margins  thin  and  widened  above  the  middle,  rather 
abruptly  narrowed  into  a  short  awn  ;  lemma  8-10  mm.  long, 
glabrous  or  nearly  so,  terminating  in  an  awn  shorter  than  itself. 
(A.  violaceum  Lange.) — Alpine  regions  of  the 
White  Mts.,  L.  Superior,  northw.  and  westw. 
June-Sept.  (Eu.)  FIG.  187. 

6.  A.  t6nerum  Vasey.  Culms  erect,  5-10  dm. 
high,  rigid  ;  leaves  subrigid,  narrow,  flat  or  invo- 
lute in  drying ;  spike  usually  almost  cylindrical, 
green  or  straw-color,  1-1.5  dm.  long;  glumes 
firm,  nearly  as  long  as  the  spikelet,  the  scarious 
margin  narrow,  tapering  more  gradually  into  the 
awned  point  ;  lemma  short-awned.  —  Nfd.  to  Pa. 
and  Minn.,  and  common  in  the  far  West.  July,  Aug. — The 
typical  form  has  slender  spikes  with  rather  distant  spikelets, 
which  are  nearly  inclosed  in  the  glumes;  this  is  common  westw. 
and  extends  into  Minn.  ;  also  introduced  on  the 
coast  of  Mass.  (Eaton.}  FIG.  188.  Passing  into 
a  form  with  stouter  and  denser  spikes  and  broader 
less  rigid  leaves  which  extends  eastw.  to  Nfd.  and 
N.  E. ;  this  is  A.  novae-angliae  Scribn.  and  essen- 
tially A.  pseudorepens  Scribn.  &  J.  G.  Sm. 

7.  A.  caninum  (L.)  Beauv.    (AWNED  WHEAT  GRASS.)    Culms 
erect,  3-10  dm.  high ;  leaves  flat,  rather  lax,  8-20  cm.  long,  2-6 
mm.  wide,  scabrous  ;  spike  more  or  less  nodding,  at  least  in  fruit, 
rather  dense,  7-15  cm.  long  ;  spikelets  1.2-1.5  cm.  long  exclud- 
ing the  awns ;  glumes  pointed  or  awned ;   lemmas  3-5-nerved  ; 
awns  straight  or  somewhat  spreading,  fully  twice  the  length  of 
the  lemma.  —  Sparingly  naturalized  in  cultivated  grounds  and 
meadows ;   indigenous  along  our  northern  borders,  and  westw. 
July-Sept.     (Eu.)     FIG.  189. 

8.  A.  Richardsbnii  Schrad.     Similar  to  the  preceding ;  culms 
usually  taller  and  stouter ;  spike  larger,  as  much  as  2  dm.  long, 
erect,  1-sided;  spikelets  2  cm.  long,  excluding  the  awns,  which 

are  often  as  much  as  3-4  cm.  long.  — Prairies  and  shores,  e.  Que. ;  Minn.,  la., 
and  north  westw.    June-Sept. 

80.   H6RDEUM   [Tourn.]  L.     BARLEY 

Spikelets  1  (rarely  2) -flowered,  3  together  in  our  species  at  each  joint  of  the 
flattened  articulate  rhachis,  the  middle  one  sessile,  perfect,  the 
lateral  pair  usually  pediceled,  often  reduced  to  awns  and 
together  with  the  glumes  of  the  perfect  spikelet  simulating 
a  bristly  involucre  at  each  joint  of  the  rhachis ;  rhachilla 
prolonged  behind  the  palea  as  an  awn,  sometimes  with  a 
rudimentary  floret ;  glumes  equal,  rigid,  narrow-lanceolate, 
subulate  or  setaceous,  placed  at  the  sides  of  the  dorsally  com- 
pressed floret  which  is  turned  with  the  back  of  the  palea 
against  the  rhachis  of  the  spike  ;  lemma  obscurely  5-nerved, 
tapering  into  an  awn  ;  palea  slightly  shorter,  the  2  strong 
nerves  near  the  margin ;  grain  hairy  at  the  summit,  usually 
adherent  to  the  palea  at  maturity.  —  Caespitose  annuals  or 
perennials  with  terminal  spikes  which  disarticulate  at  matu- 
rity, the  joints  falling  with  the  spikelets  attached.  (The 
190.  H.jubatum.  ancient  Latin  name.) 

Three  spikelets  x  l.          1.   H.  jubatum  L.     (SQUIRREL-TAIL  GRASS).     Biennials, 

Middle,  fertile  spike-     3-7  dm.  high,  erect  or  geniculate  at  base  ;  leaves  5  mm.  wide 

let  x  iya.  or  less,  scabrous ;  spike  nodding,  5-12  cm.  long,  about  as 


A.  caninum. 
Spikelet 


168 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY) 


191.   H.  pusillum. 
Three  spikelets  x  3. 


wide ;  lateral  pair  of  spikelets  each  reduced  to  1-3  spreading  awns ;  glumes  cf 
perfect  spikelets  awn-like,  3-6  cm.  long,  spreading ;  lemma  6-8  mm.  long,  with 
an  awn  as  long  as  the  glumes ;  all  the  awns  very  slender, 
scabrous.  —  Coast,  Lab.  to  N.  J.  ;  prairies  and  waste  ground, 
Ont.  to  111.,  Kan.,  and  westw.  June-Aug.  —  Often  a  trouble-^ 
some  weed.  (Eurasia.)  FIG.  190. 

2.  H.  pusillum  Nutt.     Annual,  1-4  dm.  high  ;  leaves  6  cm. 
or  less  long,    erect,   scabrous  ;   spikes  erect,  2-7  cm.  long, 
1-1.5  cm.  wide;  lateral  pair  of   spikelets 

abortive ;  first  glume  of  each,  and  both 
glumes  of  fertile  spikelet,  dilated  above  the 
base,  attenuate  into  a  slender  awn  8-15  mm. 
long,  equaling  the  awned  lemma. —  Plains, 
especially  in  saline  soil,  O.  to  Mo.,  and 
westw.  ;  sparingly  introduced,  D.  C.,  Va., 
and  southw.  along  the  coast.  May,  June. 
FIG.  191. 

3.  H.  nodbsum  L.     Similar  to  the  pre- 
ceding, usually  taller ;  spike  2-8  cm.  long, 
about  1.5  cm.  wide  ;  all  the  glumes  awn- 
like,  1-1. 5  mm.  long.  — Thin  dry  soils,  Ind., 

Minn.,  and  north w.,  s.  to  Tenn.  and  Tex.     (Eurasia.)     FIG. 
192 

4.  H.  PammSli  Scribn.  &  Ball.  Perennial,  erect  or  geni-  Three  spikeleta  x  3 
culate  at  base,  6-10  dm.  high  ;  leaves  1.2-2  dm.  long,  5-8  mm. 
wide,  long-acuminate,  scabrous  ;  spikes  nodding,  8-17  cm.  long,  2-3  cm.  wide  ; 
the  lateral  pair  of  spikelets  nearly  sessile,  perfect ;  the  middle  spikelet  2-flowered 
or  often  with  the  rudiment  of  a  third  floret;  glumes  2.3-3.5  cm.  long,  subulate- 
attenuate  into  slender  awns.  —  Prairies,  111.,  la.,  S.  Dak.,  and  Wyo.  June- 
Aug. —  Intermediate  between  Hordeum  and  Elymus ;  closely  related  to  culti- 
vated barley. 

81.    ELYMUS   L.     WILD  RYE,  LYME  GRASS 

Spikelets  2-6-flowered  (uppermost  florets  imperfect),  in  pairs  (sometimes  soli- 
tary below,  rarely  in  3's  or  4's),  sessile  at  the  alternate  notches  of  the  continuous 
rhachis;  rhachilla  articulated  above  the  glumes  and  between  the  florets  ;  glumes 
equal,  rigid,  narrow,  1-3-nerved,  acute  or  awn-pointed,  placed  edge  to  edge  in 
front  or  toward  the  sides  of  the  florets  (which  are  dorso-ventral  to  the  rhachis  of 
the  spike)  simulating  an  involucre  at  each  joint  of  the  rhachis  ;  lemmas  convex, 
obscurely  5-nerved,  obtuse,  acute  or  awned  from  the  apex ;  paleas  a  little 
shorter  than  their  lemmas ;  grain  hairy  at  the  summit,  adherent  to  the  lemma 
and  palea.  —  Erect  tufted  perennials  with  flat  leaves  and  closely  flowered 
terminal  spikes.  (Name  from  t\fcivy  to  roll  up,  an  ancient  one  for  some 
grain.) 


Glumes  as  long  as  the  florets  or  nearly  so. 
Lemmas  awned. 
Spikelets  spreading. 
Glumes  awl-shaped        .......... 

Glumes  narrowly  lanceolate. 
Glumes  indurated  below  ;  spike  erect. 

Awn  long  and  spreading 

Awn  short  and  erect 

Glumes  not  indurated  below  ;  spike  noddiL  7. 
Spike  large  and  densely  flowered  throughout 
Spike  more    slender  and   less   densely   flowered,  interrupted 
below. 

Lemma  hirsute 

Lemma  minutely  scabrous 

Spikelets  appressed  to  rhachis. 

Spikelets  in  pairs 

Spikelets  mostly  solitary 

Lemmas  awnless 

Glumes  reduced  to  short  awns 


6.  E.  striatus. 


2.    E.  australis. 
1.   E.  virginicus. 


4.   E.  robuatus. 


8.    E.  canadensis. 
5.   E.   brachystachys 

8.  E.  glaucus. 
1.    E.  Macounii, 

9.  E.  arenarius. 
10.    E.  diversiglumis. 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS  FAMILY) 


169 


*  Glumes  as  long  as  the  lemmas  or  nearly  so. 
•i-  Glumes  and  lemmas  rigid,  all  or  only  the  latter  awned. 
•«-*•  Glumes  bowed  out,  the  base  yellow  and  indurated  for  1-2  mm. 
1.  E.  virginicus  L.  Green  or  glaucous  ;  culms  stout,  6-10 
dm.  high;  sheaths  smooth  or  hairy;  blades  1.5-3  dm.  long, 
4-8  mm.  wide,  scabrous  ;  spike  4-14  cm.  long,  12  mm.  thick, 
rigidly  upright,  often  included  at  the  base  in  the  upper  sheath  ; 
spikelets  2-3-flowered ;  the  lemmas  smooth,  bearing  a  scabrous 
awn  4-18  mm.  long,  exceeding  the  lanceolate  strongly-nerved 
awn-pointed  glabrous  glumes.  —  River  banks,  moist  wood- 
lands, etc.,  N.  S.  to  Fla.,  and  westw.  July-Sept.  —  In  the 
Linnean  specimen  the  spike  is  exserted  and  the  awn  is  about 
the  length  of  the  lemma.  FIG.  193.  Var.  HiRsuxiGLtiMis 
(Scribn.)  Hitchc.  Glumes  and  lemmas  hirsute,  glumes  some- 
what narrower  ;  spike  usually  more  slender.  —  Me.  to  Va. 
and  Neb.  Var.  suBMtmcus  Hook.  Lemma  and  glumes 
awnless  or  short  awn-pointed,  scabrous.  —  O.  to  Minn.,  Kan., 
and  westw. 


193.   E.  virginicus. 
Two  spikelets  x  1. 
Spikelet  with  glumes 

detached  x  2. 
Floret  x  2. 


•»-*•  -M.  Glumes  straight,  not  or  but  little  indurated  at  base. 
=  Culms  stout ;  spikes  1-2  cm.  thick. 

2.  E.  australis  Scribn.  &  Ball.  Intermediate  between  E.  virginicus  and  the 
next,  green;  culms  0.7-1.5  m.  high,  rather  slender;  leaves  2-4  dm.  long, 
narrowed  toward  the  base;  spike  exserted,  erect,  8-14  cm.  long,  1.5-2  cm.  thick; 
glumes  and  lemmas  hirsute ;  awns  spreading,  often 
2  cm.  long.  —  Woods  and  prairies,  Ct.  to  Mo.,  and 
southw.  —  Glumes  slightly  indurated  at  base. 

3.  E.  canadSnsis  L.     Green  or  glaucous ;  culms 
6-15  dm.  high  ;  leaves  often  1-2  cm.  broad  ;  spike 
1-2  dm.  long,  exserted,  soon  nodding,  loose  or  inter- 
rupted below;   glumes   and   lemmas  hirsute,  with 
long  spreading  awns.  —  Sandy  soil,  N.  S.  to  Man., 
and  southw.    FIG.  194.    Var.  GLADCiF6Lius  (Muhl. ) 
Gray  is  the  very  glaucous  form  but  corresponds 
more  nearly  with  the  Linnean  type. 

4.  E.  robustus  Scribn.  &  J.  G.  Sm.     Differs  from 
the  preceding  in  having  a  more  robust  and  densely 
flowered  spike  ;  spikelets  closely  imbricated,  not  in- 
terrupted at  base  ;  the  long  awns  divaricately  spread- 
ing. —  Low  prairies,  111.,  and  westw. 

5.  E.  brachystachys  Scribn.  &  Ball.     Resembles  small  specimens  of  E.  cana- 
densis  ;  culms  3-9  dm.  high ;  leaves  1-2  dm.  long,  6-10  mm.  wide,  often  some- 
what involute,  scabrous  ;  spike  rather  dense,  or  loose  below,  somewhat  nodding, 
8-15  cm.  long;  glumes  and  florets  scabrous  only,  not  hirsute;  awns  divergent. 
—  Moist  open  or  shaded  grounds,  Md.  to  Mich.,  S.  Dak.,  and  Mex. 

=  —  Culms  slender. 
a.    Spikelets  spreading. 

6.  E.   striatus  Willd.      More  or  less  pubescent; 
culms  5-10  dm.  high ;  leaves  15-20  cm.  long,  pubescent 
on  the  upper  surface  ;    spike  7-10  cm.  long,  about 
2.5  cm.    thick,    dense,    usually    nodding;    spikelets 
l-2(rarely  3)-flowered  ;  glumes  awl-shaped,  hispid  or 
hirsute,  2  or  3  times  the  length  of  the  hirsute  floret 
which  is  only  6  mm.  long,  excluding  the  capillary  awn 
(2-3  cm.  in  length.}  —  Rocky  woods  and  banks,  Me. 
to  S.  Dak.,  s.  to  N.  J.  and  Ark.    July,  Aug.    FIG.  195. 
Var.  ARKANS\NI:S  (Scribn.  &  Ball)  Hitchc.     Glumes 


194.  E.  canadensis  x  %. 
Two  spikelets. 
Spikelet  with  glumes  detached. 


195.  E.  striatus  x  %. 
Two  spikelets. 
Spikelet  with  glumes  detached. 


and  lemmas  glabrous  or  minutely  scabrous.  —  Md.,  la.,  and  southw. 


170 


GRAMINEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY) 


196.   E.  arenarius  x  %. 
Two  spikelets. 
Spikelet  with  glumes  detached. 


a  a.   Spikelets  appressed  to  the  rhachis. 
7.  E.  Macounii  Vasey.     Culms  3-8  dm.  high ;  sheaths  glabrous  or  the  lower 

sparsely  pilose ;  blades  8-16  cm.  long,  4  mm.  wide  or  less,  erect,  often  involute 

in  drying,  scabrous,  the  lower  usually  pilose  on 
the  upper  surface  ;  spikes  narrow,  6-10  cm.  long  ; 
spikelets  1-3-flowered,  the  lower  solitary  and  often 
apparently  with  3  glumes,  the  missing  spikelet 
being  reduced  to  a  single  glume;  glumes  linear- 
lanceolate,  3-nerved,  scabrous,  tapering  into  an 
awn ;  lemmas  8-10  mm.  long,  scabrous  above, 
with  a  slender  awn  6-10  mm.  long.  —  Prairies, 
Minn.,  la.,  and  westw. 

8.  E.  glaiicus  Buckley.  Glabrous  ;  culms  5-1 0 
dm.  high  ;  leaves  1.5-2  dm.  long,  4-8  mm.  wide, 
rather  thin,  flat,  scabrous ;  spikes  slender,  the 
internodes  8-10  mm.  long  ;  spikelets  3-6-flowered  • 
glumes  linear-lanceolate,  3-5-nerved,  smooth  or 
scabrous  on  the  nerves,  short-awned,  shorter 
than  the  nearly  smooth  lemma  which  bears  an 

awn  twice  its  own  length.  —  Moist  soil,  Ont.  to  Mich.,  and  westw.    July,  Aug. 

H-  H-  Glumes  and  lemmas  not  rigid,  awnless  ;  plants  reed-like. 

9.  E.  arenarius  L.     Culms  stout,  6-12  dm.  high,  from  extensively  creeping 
rootstocks;  leaves  firm,  setaceous-involute  toward  the  ends,   the   basal   ones 
crowded,  2-3  cm.  long,  the  upper  shorter ;  spike  stiff,  dense,  8-25  cm.  long, 
1.5-2  cm.   thick;  spikelets  in  pairs  or  solitary,  3-7-flowered,  2.5-3  cm.  long, 
often   glaucous  ;   glumes   and  lemmas  acuminate  or  mucronate,  short-villous. 
(E.  mollis  Trin.)  —  Maritime  sands,  Lab.    to  Me. ;  and  shores  of  the   Great 
Lakes.     (Eurasia.)     FIG.  196. 

*  *  Glumes  reduced  to  short  awns. 

10.  E.  diversiglumis  Scribn.  &  Ball.    Culms  stout,  9-12  dm.  high ;  leaves  lax, 
1.5-2.5  dm.    long,   6-12   mm.   wide,    scabrous,  setaceous-pointed;  spike  loose 
below,    1-1.5    dm.    long ;     spikelets    2-flowered ; 

glumes  subulate,  scabrous,  varying  from  a  mere  ,          I 

point  to  1.5  cm.  long  in  the  same  spike;  florets 

8-10  mm.   long,    hirsute,   especially   toward   the 

summit,  with  a  divergent  awn  2-3  cm.   long.  — 

Thickets  and  open  woods,  Wis.,  Minn.,  and  westw. 

—  Approaches  Hystrix. 


SITANION  LONGirdLiuM  J.  G.  Sin.,  a  western 
tufted  perennial  3-5  dm.  high,  with  crowded  basal 
sheaths,  long  spreading  upper  leaves,  partially 
included  loose  long-awned  disarticulating  spikes 
about  1  dm.  long,  the  glumes  divided  to  the  base 
into  2  long  divergent  awns  (6-8  cm.  long),  occurs 
in  central  Kan.  and  westw.  and  is  reported  from 
central  Minn.  FIG.  197. 


197.   8.  longifolium  x  %. 
Two  spikelets. 
Spikelet  with  glumes  detached. 


82.    HYSTRIX  Moench.    BOTTLE-BRUSH  GRASS 

Spikelets  2-4-flowered,  on  very  short  pedicels,  1-3  together  at  each  joint  of 
the  flattened  continuous  rhachis,  facing  it  as  in  Elymus,  widely  divergent  at 
maturity ;  glumes  reduced  to  short  or  minute  awns,  the  first  usually  obsolete, 
both  often  wanting  in  the  upper  spikelets  ;  lemmas  convex,  rigid,  tapering  into 
a  long  awn  ;  palea  strongly  2-keeled  ;  grain  pubescent  at  the  summit,  free  within 
the  lemma  and  palea.  —  Perennials  with  simple  culms,  flat  leaves  and  loosely 
flowered  spikes.  (Name  from  vvrpii;,  a,  hedgehog,  alluding  to  the  bristly  spikes.) 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY) 


171 


1.  H.  pAtula  Moench.  Culms  6-12  dm.  high  ;  leaves  spreading,  1-2  dm.  long, 
8- -15  mm.  wide,  tapering  to  both  ends,  scabrous ;  spike  short-exserted  or  par- 
tially included,  6-12  cm.  long;  spikelets  usually  distant,  at  first 
erect,  soon  widely  diverging,  1-1.5  cm.  long  excluding  the  awns; 
lemmas  pubescent  at  least  at  the  summit  or  nearly  glabrous  ;  awns 
1.5-4  cm.  long.  (Asprella  Willd.  ;  H.  Hystrix  Millsp. )— Moist 
woods,  N.  B.  to  Minn. ,  and  southw.  June- Aug.  FIG.  198. 

83.   ARUNDINARIA  Michx.     CANE 

Spikelets    2-many-flowered,    perfect  or  the  upper  imperfect, 
laterally  compressed,   in  racemes  or  panicles;    glumes   unequal, 
shorter  than  the  lemmas,  the  first  sometimes  obsolete ;    lemmas 
firm,  keeled,  many-nerved,  acute  or  mucronate  ;  paleas  nearly  as        .      pa 
long  as  their  lemmas,  2-keeled  and  several-nerved ;  lodicules  3  ;     ™     |et  Jvr 
styles  2  or  3 ;   grain  free  within  the  lemma  and  palea.  —  Arbo- 
rescent or  shrubby  grasses  with  terminal  and  lateral  panicles  of  large  spikelets. 
(Name  from  arundo,  a  reed.) 

1.  A  macrospSrma  Michx.  (LARGE  C.)  Culms  arborescent,  3-10  m. 
high  and  1-7  cm.  thick  at  base,  rigid,  simple  the  first  year,  branching  the 
second,  afterwards  fruiting  at  indefinite  periods ;  leaves 
lanceolate,  2-5  cm.  long,  1.5-3  cm.  wide,  smoothish  or  pubes- 
cent, the  sheath  ciliate  on  the  margin,  fimbriate  at  the  sum- 
mit ;  panicle  lateral,  composed  of  few  simple  unequal  racemes ; 
spikelets  3-5  cm.  long,  5-15-flowered,  purplish  or  pale,  erect. 
—  River  banks,  s.  Va.,  Ky.,  and  southw.,  forming  cane 
brakes.  Apr.  FIG.  199. 

2.  A.  t6cta  (Walt.)  Muhl.  (SWITCH  C.,  SMALL  C.) 
Lower  and  more  slender,  1-4  m.  high,  branching  above  ; 
leaves  8-20  cm.  long,  0.8-3  cm.  wide,  more  tapering  at  base  ; 
panicles  of  few  aggregated  spikelets  on  long  slender  branches 
with  rather  loose  sheaths,  the  blades  very  minute  ;  spikelets 
2.5-4  cm.  long,  5-10-flowered.  (A.  macrosperma,  var.  suffru- 
ticosa  Munro.)  —  Swamps,  moist  soil,  or  in  water,  Md.,  s.  Ind.,  111.,  Mo.,  and 
southw.  —  Sometimes  blooming  several  years  in  succession. 


199.  A.  macrosperma. 
Spikelet  x  %. 
Floret  x  %. 


CYPERACEAE     (SEDGE  FAMILY) 

Grass-like  or  rush-like  herbs,  with  fibrous  roots,  mostly  solid  stems  (culms), 
closed  sheaths,  and  spiked  chiefly  3-androus  flowers,  one  in  the  axil  of  each  of 
the  glume-like  imbricated  bracts  (scales,  glumes),  destitute  of  any  perianth,  or 
with  hypogynous  bristles  or  scales  in  its  place  ;  the  l-celled  ovary  with  a  single 
erect  anatropous  ovule,  in  fruit  forming  an  achene.  Style  2-cleft  with  the  fruit 
flattened  or  lenticular,  or  3-cleft  and  fruit  3-angular.  Embryo  minute  at  the 
base  of  the  somewhat  floury  albumen.  Stem-leaves  when  present  3-ranked.  —  A 
large,  widely  diffused  family. 

N".  B.  —  In  this  family,  unless  otherwise  noted,  the  figures  representing  the 
inflorescence  or  a  portion  of  it  are  on  a  scale  of  f ,  while  those  representing  the 
achene  or  perigynium  are  on  a  scale  of  2|.  In  a  few  cases  a  bit  of  the  surface 
of  the  achene  is  shown  on  a  scale  of  10. 

I.  Flowers  all  perfect,  rarely  some  of  them  with  stamens  or  pistil  abortive ; 
spikes  all  of  one  sort. 

Tribe  I.   SCfRPEAE.    Spikelets  mostly  many-flowered,  with  only  1  (rarely  more)  of  the  lower 
scales  empty. 

*  Scales  of  the  spikelet  strictly  2-ranked,  conduplicate  and  keeled. 


172  CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY) 

•*-  Flowers  destitute  of  bristles  and  of  beak  to  the  achene  ;  inflorescence  terminal. 

1.  Cyperus.    Spikelets  few-many-ttowered,  usually  elongated  or  slender. 

2.  Kyllinga.     Spikelets  1-flowered  (but  of  3  or  4  scales),  glomerate  in  a  sessile  head. 

+.  4_  Flower  furnished  with  bristles  ;  achene  beaked  ;  inflorescence  axillary. 

3.  Dulichium.     Spikelets  6-10-flowered,  slender,  clustered  on  an  axillary  peduncle. 

*  *  Scales  of  the  several-many-flowered  spikelet  imbricated  all  round  (subdistichous  in  no.  5). 
••-  Achene  crowned  with  the  bulbous  persistent  base  of  the  style ;  flowers  without  inner  scales 
(bractlets). 

•H-  Hypogynous  bristles  (perianth)  generally  present ;  culm  naked. 

4.  Eleocharis.     Spikelet  solitary,  terminating  the  naked  culm.     Stamens  2-3. 

•H-  -H-  Bristles  always  none  ;  culm  leafy. 

5.  Dichromena.     Spikelets  crowded  into  a  leafy-involucrate  head,  laterally  flattened,  the  scales 

more  or  less  conduplicate  and  keeled.     Many  of  the  flowers  imperfect  or  abortive. 

6.  Psilocarya.     Spikelets  in  broad  open  cymes.    Style  almost  wholly  persistent. 

7.  StenophyllUS.    Spikelets  in  an  involucrate  umbel.    Style-base  persistent. 

+~  +-  Achene  not  crowned  by  the  bulbous  base  of  the  style. 

•H-  Flowers  without  inner  scales. 
«=  Style-base  bulbous,  deciduous  ;  perianth  none. 

8.  Fimbristylis.    Spikelets  in  an  involucrate   umbel.    Culm   leafy  at  base.     Style  wholly 

deciduous. 

=  =  Style-base  not  thickened  ;  perianth-bristles  usually  present. 

9.  Scirpus.     Spikelets  solitary  or  clustered,  or  in  a  compound  umbel;  the  stem  often  leafy  at 

base  and  inflorescence  involucrate.    Bristles  1-8,  or  none.    Stamens  2  or  3. 

10.  Eriophorum.     As  Scirpus,  but  the  silky  elongate  bristles  very  numerous.    Stamens  1-3. 

•H-  -H-  Flower  with  one  or  more  inner  scales. 

11.  Fuirena.     Scales  of  the  spikelet  awned  below  the  apex.     Flower  surrounded  by  3  stalked 

petal-like  scales  alternating  with  3  bristles. 

12.  Hemicarpha.  Flower  with  a  single  very  minute  hyaline  scale  next  the  axis  of  the  spikelet. 

Bristles  none. 

13.  Lipocarpha.     Flower  inclosed  by  2  inner  scales,  one  next  the  axis,  the  other  in  front  of  th« 

achene.     Bristles  none. 

Tribe  II.   RYNCHOSP&REAE.     Spikelets  mostly  1-2-flowered,  with  2-many  of  the  lower  scales 
empty. 

14.  Rynchospora.    Spikelets  terete  or  flattish ;  scales  convex,  either  loosely  enwrapping  or  regu- 

larly imbricated.    Achene  crowned  with  a  persistent  tubercle  or  beak,  and  commonly  sur- 
rounded by  bristles. 

15.  Cladium.    Spikelets  terete,  few-flowered,  the  scales,  etc.,  as  in  the  preceding.    Achene  desti- 

tute of  tubercle.    No  bristles. 

II.   Flowers  unisexual. 

Tribe  III.   SCLERlEAE.     Flowers  monoecious  ;  the  staminate  and  pistillate  in  the  same  or  in  differ- 
ent clustered  spikes.    Achene  naked,  bony  or  crustaceous,  supported  on  a  hardened  disk. 

16.  Scleria.     Spikes  few-flowered;  lower  scales  empty.    No  bristles  or  inner  scales. 

Tribe  IV.   CARlCEAE.     Flowers  monoecious  in  the  same  (androgynous)  or  in  separate  spikes,  or 
sometimes  dioecious.    Achene  inclosed  in  a  sac  (perigynium)  or  spathe. 

17.  Kobresia.     Achene  in  the  axil  of  a  spathe-like  glume. 

18.  Carex.     Achene  completely  surrounded  by  the  perigynium,  the  style  protruding  through  a 

small  aperture  at  the  top. 

1.    CYPERUS    [Tourn.]   L.     GALINGALE 

Spikelets  many-few-flowered,  mostly  flat,  variously  arranged,  mostly  in 
clusters  or  heads,  which  are  commonly  disposed  in  a  simple  or  compound  ter- 
minal umbel.  Scales  2-ranked  (their  decurrent  base  often  forming  margins  01 


CYPERACEAE  (SEDGE  FAMILY) 


173 


wings  to  the  hollow  of  the  joint  of  the  axis  next  below),  deciduous  when  old. 
Stamens  1-3.  Style2-3-cleft,  deciduous.  Achene  lenticular  or  triangular,  naked 
at  the  apex.  —  Culms  mostly  triangular,  simple,  leafy  at  base,  and  with  one  or 
more  leaves  at  the  summit,  forming  an  involucre  to  the  umbel  or  head. 
Peduncles  or  rays  unequal,  sheathed  at  base.  All  flowering  in  late  summer  or 
autumn.  (Kvireipos,  the  ancient  name.) 


§  1.  Scales  deciduous,  readily  falling  away  from  the  somewhat  persistent 

rhachilla  of  the  flattened  spikelet  a. 
a.   Style  2-cleft ;  achene  lenticular,  laterally  compressed  (the  edge  turned 

to  the  rhachilla) ;  rhachilla  narrow,  not  winged  ;  annuals  ft. 
ft.  Achenes  much  shorter  than  the  subtending  scales  c. 
c.   Achenes  orbicular,  with  narrowly  oblong  superficial  cells  . 
c.   Achenes  obovate  or  narrower,  the  superficial  cells  broad  d. 
d.   Achenes  oblong-obovate  e. 

e.   Spikelets  lance-oblong  ;   scales  marked  with  dark  brown  or 

purple,  or  merely  greenish. 

Stamens  2  ;  style-branches  conspicuously  exserted    . 
Stamens  3 ;  style-branches  scarcely  exserted 
«.  Spikelets  lance-linear;  scales  oblong,  yellow  or  yellowish- 
brown  throughout ;  stamens  2 

d.   Achenes  linear-oblong  or  clavate ;  scales  ovate  or  oblong. 

Spikelets  brownish,  1.5-2  mm.  broad 

Spikelets  greenish,  about  1  mm.  broad 

ft.   Achenes  nearly  as  long  as  the  subtending  scales     .... 
a.   Style  3-cleft ;  achene  trigonous  /. 
/.   Annuals  g. 

g.   Scales  tapering  to  recurved  slender  tips 

g.  Scales  without  recurved  tips  h. 

h.  Scales  2.5-3.5  mm.  long 

h.  Scales  2  mm.  or  less  long  i. 

i.  Spikelets  in  globose  heads ;  rhachilla  wingless  or  only  ob- 
scurely winged. 

Spikelets  green  or  whitish-brown,  oblong ;  scales  acute    . 
Spikelets  reddish-brown  or  purplish,  linear ;  scales  blunt 

or  barely  mucronate 

i.  Spikelets  in  cylindric  or  elongate  heads ;  rhachilla  bearing 

freely  deciduous  scale-like  wings 

/.   Perennials,  the  bases  hardened  and  corm-like  or  stoloniferous  j. 
j.   Scales  strongly  several-ribbed  ;  achenes  2-3  mm.  long. 
Spikelets  in  oblong  or  narrowly  obovoid  heads 

Spikelets  in  globose  or  subglobose  heads 

j.  Scales  faintly  few-nerved  or  nerveless  ;  achenes  less  than  2  mm. 

long  k. 
k.   Culms  naked  or  nearly  so,  the  lower  sheath  nearly  or  quite 

bladcless 

k.   Culms  leafy  below  I. 

I.   Plant  not  stoloniferous;  rhachilla  wingless;  stamen  1  . 

I.  Plant  loosely  stoloniferous ;  scales  decurrent  on  the  rhachilla 

as  wings;  stamens  3  m. 
m.  Achenes  "short-obovoid;    scales  with  free  or    spreading 

mucronate  tips 

m.   Achenes  linear-  to  oblong-cylindric ;    scales  appressed, 

blunt  or  barely  mucronate    n. 
n.  Scales  chestnut-color. 

Involucre  shorter  than  the  rays  of  the  umbel,  or  1 

bract  slightly  longer 

Involucral  bracts  numerous  and  much  overtopping 

the  umbel 

n.   Scales  straw-color  or  pale  brown 

§  2.   Rhachillas  of  the  spikelets  soon  breaking  away  from  the  main  rhachis  ; 

the  scales  falling  only  in  extreme  age  o. 
o.   Annuals. 

Flowers  remote,  the  successive  scales  not  reaching  the  bases  of 
the  ones  above  on  the  same  side         ...... 

Flowers  approximate,  the  successive  scales  overlapping  the  bases 

of  those  above 

o.   Perennials,  with  hard  corm-like  bases  p. 

p.   Spikelets  very  strongly  flattened 

p.  Spikelets  terete,  subterete,  or  only  slightly  flattened  g. 
q.   Spikelets  reflexed,  in  thick  cylindric  or  obovoid  heads  r. 
r.  Culms  smooth  and  glabrous. 

Spikelets  loosely  spicate ;  achenes  2.5-3  mm.  long 
Spikelets  densely   spicate  and  overlapping;  achenes  less 

than  2.5  mm.  long. 

Spikelets  3-fi-tlowered,  Hnear-cylindric,  not  rigid 
Spikelets  1-2  flowered,  subuUe,  rigid        .... 


1.  O.  flavesevns. 


2.   C.  diandrm. 
8.   C-  rivularis. 


4.  C.  Nutlallii. 

5.  C.  microdonlus. 

6.  C.  Oatesii. 

7.  C.flavicomus 


8.  C.  Aristatus. 

9.  C,  compretisus. 


11.   C.  acuminatus. 

18.  C./U8GU8. 

19.  C.  erythrorhizos. 


10.   C.  Schweiniteii. 
84.    C.fiUculmia. 


14.  C.  haspan. 

12.  C.  pseudovegetw. 

15.  C.  dentatus. 

16.  C.  rotundus. 

17.  C.Hallii. 

18.  C.  esculentus. 


21.  C.  Engelma/nni. 
20.   G.ferax. 

22.  C.8trigo#u8. 


J.    C.  rtfraclua. 


24.  C.  lancaetriensit. 

25.  C.  hystricinus. 


174 


CYPERACEAE  (SEDGE  FAMILY) 


r.  Culms  scabrous,  at  least  above. 

Heads  cylindric  or  subcylindric 

Heads  obovoid,  conspicuously  contracted  at  base 
q.  Spikelets  spreading,  or  only  the  basal  refracted  in  age,  in  glo- 
bose or  densely  short-cylindric  heads  «. 
9.  Scales  appressed,  each  distinctly  overlapping  the  next  above ; 

spikelets  1-4-flowered  t. 
t.  Heads  mostly  on  distinct  rays ;  achenes  linear-oblong,  0.5 

mm.  broad  u. 
u.  Spikelets  very  densely  crowded  and  overlapping. 

Heads  globose  or  broadly  obovoid 

Heads  cylindric 

u.  Spikelets  slightly  crowded,  the  tips  mostly  divergent 
&  Heads  all  sessile  in  a  glomerule  ;  achenes  ellipsoid  or  ovoid, 

1  mm.  broad 

8.  Scales  not  appressed  ;  spikelets  5  (rarely  4)-15-flowered  v. 
•0.  Achenes  narrowly  obovoid  or  oblong,  about  half  as  broad  as 

long. 

Spikelets  in  dense  heads ;  each  successive  scale  reaching 

the  middle  of  the  one  above  on  the  same  side      .        . 

Spikelets  in  loose  heads ;  each  successive  scale  reaching 

only  the  bases  of  the  ones  above  on  the  same  side 
v.  Achenes  trigonous-ovoid,  two  thirds  as  broad  as  long  . 


26. 

2T.   C.  r, 


ciformis 
'  'actus. 


28.  C.  ovularis. 

29.  C,  cylindricus. 

30.  C.  ecMnatus. 


81.   C.  flavus. 


34.   C.filiculmis. 

32.  C.  Grayii. 

33.  C.  HougMonii. 


200.   C.  flavescens. 


201.   C.  diandrus. 


1.  C.  Save" see ns  L.    Culms  0.5-4  dm.  high  ;  involucre 
3-leaved,    very   unequal ;    spikelets    0.5-1.5  cm.    long, 
1.5-2.5  mm.  broad,  becoming 

linear,  obtuse,  clustered  on  the 
2-4  very  short  rays  ;  scales  ob- 
tuse, straw-yellow  •  stamens  3  ; 
achene  shining,  orbicular,  its 
superficial  cells  oblong.  — Low 
grounds,  N.  Y.  to  Mich.,  111., 
and  south w.  (Eurasia,  Afr., 
Trop.  Am.)  FIG.  200. 

2.  C.  diandrus  Torr.     Simi- 
lar ;     spikelets     lance-oblong, 

0.5-1  cm.  long,  2-3  mm.  broad,  rather  loosely  flowered, 
scattered  or  clustered  on  the  2-5  very  short  or  unequal 
rays  ;  scales  rather  obtuse,  with  a  narrow  purple-brown 

margin  or  merely  brown-flecked,  thin  and  membranous  •  achene 
dull,  oblong-obovate,  the  superficial  cells  more  or  less  quadrate  ; 
otherwise  much  like  the  last.  —  Low  grounds,  N.  B.  to  Ont., 
,;  Neb.,  and  southw.     FIG.  201. 

3.   C.  rivularis  Kunth.    Similar ;  the 
densely  flowered  spikelets   mostly   1-2 
cm.  long  ;  scales  firmer,  subcoriaceous, 
slightly  lucid,  with  broad  brown  mar- 
gins, or  brown  all  over,  or  rarely  pale ; 
style-branches    slightly   or   not   at   all 
202    c  rivularis    cxserted.     (C.  diandrus,  var.  castaneus 
Torr.)  — Low  ground,  with  the  last  or 
by  itself.     FIG.  202.  203.  c.  Nuttallii. 

4.  C.  Nuttallii  Eddy.  Culms  0.5-3  dm.  high  ;  spikelets  lance-linear,  acute 
and  very  flat,  1-3  cm.  long,  2-3  mm.  broad,  crowded  on 
the  few  usually  very  short  (or  some  of  them  obvious)  simple 
rays  ;  scales  oblong,  yellowish-brown,  rather  loose ;  stamens 
2  ;  achene  oblong  to  oblong-obovate  (0.6-0.8  mm.  broad), 
bluntly  pointed,  minutely  bullate  and  more  or  less  reticu- 
lated, dull.  —  Mostly  in  brackish  marshes,  along  the  coast, 
from  Me.  to  Fla.  FIG.  203. 

5.    C.  microd6ntus  Torr.     Culms  slender,  1-7  dm.  high  ; 
leaves  and  somewhat  spreading  elongated  bracts  of  involucre 
1-4  mm.  wide  ;  spikelets  few  to  many  on  the  4-8  rays,  linear, 
acute,  0.8-3  cm.  long,  1.5-2  mm.  thick,  the  rhachis  often 
204.  c.  inicrodontus.     branched ;  scales  thin,  ovate  or  oblong,  acute,  closely  imbri- 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY) 


175 


205.   C.  Gatesii. 


cated,  pale  brown  ;  stamens  2  ;  achene  linear-oblong 

orclavate  (0.3-0. 5 mm.  broad),  short-pointed,  grayish 

and  minutely  pitted.     (C.  polystachyus,  var.  lepto- 

stachyus  Boeckl.)  —  Shores,   mostly  near  the  coast, 

N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     FIG.  204. 

6.    C.  GatSsii  Torr.    Similar ;  very  slender  ;  leaves 

and  very  long  ascending  involucral  bracts  1-2.5  mm. 
broad;  spikelets  0.4-1.5  cm. 
long;  the  oblong  scales  green- 
ish; achenes  slightly  smaller. — 
Low  grounds,  Va.  to  Fla.,  Ark., 
and  Tex.  FIG.  205. 

7.  C.   flavicpmus  Michx.     Culm  stout,  3-9  dm.  high; 
leaves  of  the  involucre  3-5,  very  long;   spikelets  linear, 
0.7-2  cm.  long,  spiked  and  crowded  on  the  whole  length 
of  the  branches  of  the  several-rayed  umbel,  spreading ; 
scales  oval,  very  obtuse,  yellowish  and  brownish,  with  a 
broad  scarious  whitish  margin  ;  stamens  3 ;  achene  obovate, 
mucronate,   blackish.  —  Low  grounds,  Va.  to  Fla.    FIG. 

206.   C.  flavicomus.         ^6. 

8.  C.  aristatus  Rottb.     Dwarf  (2-20  cm.  high)  ;  invo- 
lucre 2-3-leaved ;  spikelets  brown,  oblong  becoming  linear,  7-20-flowered,  3-10 
mm.  long,  in  1-5  ovoid  or  subglobose  heads  (sessile  and  clustered, 

or  short-peduncled)  ;  scales  nerved,  tapering  to  a  long  recurved 
point  ;  stamen  1 ;  achene  oblong-obovate,  obtuse.  ( C.  inflexus 
Muhl.)  —  Sandy  wet  shores,  local,  N.  B.  to 
B.  C.,  and  southw.  —  Dry  plant  with  odor 
of  Slippery  Elm.  FIG.  207. 

9.    C.  compre'ssus  L.    Culms  0.5-3. 5  dm. 
high,  with  a  simple  sessile  or  a  few  umbel- 
late clusters  of  oblong  to  linear  spikelets 
(15-30-flowered  and  0.7-2.5    cm.    long), 
208.  C.  compressus        witn  crowded  strongly  keeled  and  very  acute 
greenish  many-nerved  scales;  stamens  3  ; 
achene  obovoid,  sharply  trigonous.  —  Sterile  fields  along  the  coast,  Pa.  to  Fla. 
and  Tex.     FIG.  208. 

10.  C.  Schweinitzii  Torr.  Perennial,  propagating  by  hard  clustered  corms  ; 
culm  rough  on  the  angles  (2-8  dm.  high)  ;  umbel  3-10-rayed,  rays  very  unequal, 
erect ;  spikelets  loosely  or  somewhat  re- 
motely 6-16-Jlowered,  with  convex  many- 
nerved  greenish-brown  acute  or  acumi- 
nate scales  (3.5-4.5  mm.  long) ;  joints 
of  the  rhachilla  narrowly  winged.  —  Dry 
sandy  shores  and  ridges,  w.  N.  Y.  and 
e.  Ont.  to  Man.  and  Kan.  FIG.  209. 

11.  C.    acuminatus  Torr.  &   Hook. 
Slender  (0.5-3.5  dm.  high)  ;   involucre 
2-3-leaved ;    spikelets   ovate,    becoming 
oblong,  16-30-flowered,  pale,  in  globular 
heads ;  scales  obscurely  8-nerved,  short- 
tipped  ;  stamen  1 ;  achene  oblong,  pointed 
at  both  ends,   much  exceeded  by  the 
scale. — Low  ground,  111.  to  Dak.,  and 
southw.     FIG.  210. 

12.  C.   pseudovegetus  Steud,     Tall 
perennial  (0.3-1  m.  high);  culm  obtusely 

triangular ;  leaves  and  involucre  very  long,  keeled  ;  umbel 
compound,  many-rayed  ;   spikelets  ovate  (3-6   mm.  long), 
in  numerous  small  greenish  heads;  achenes  pale,  linear, 
211.  c.  pseudovegetus.    on    a    slender   stipe ;    scales    narrow,    acutish,   obscurely 


. 


C.  Sclnveinitzii. 


176 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY) 


212.  C.  fuscus. 


3-nerved.     (C.  calcaratus  Nees.)  —  Wet  places,  Del.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  ;  north  w. 
in  the  flat  country  to  Mo.  and  Kan.     FIG.  211. 

13.   C.  FUSCUS  L.    Low  (1-3  dm.  high)  ;  spikelets  linear,  3-8  mm.  long,  the 

thin  brown  scales  (greenish 

only  on  the  keel)  very  faintly 

nerved  ;  stamens  2  ;  achenes 

equaling  the  scales.  —  Locally 

on    ballast,  Mass,    to    N.  J. 

(Adv.  from  Eu.)     FIG.  212. 
14.   C.  hdspan  L.     Culms 

sharply     angled     (2-8    dm. 

high)  ;    leaves   linear,   often 

reduced      to      membranous 

sheaths  ;  umbel  spreading,  the  filiform  rays  mostly  longer 
than  the  2-leaved  involucre  ;  spikelets  narrowly  linear  ; 
scales  light  reddish-brown,  oblong,  mucronate,  3-nerved  ;          213    c  h 
wings  of  rhachilla  persistently  attached  ;   achenes  round- 
obovoid.  —  Ponds  and  ditches,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     FIG.  213. 

15.  C.  dentatus  Torr.     Perennial  by  slender  rootstocks 
and  tuber-bearing  stolons;  culms  slender  (1-6  dm.  high)  ; 
leaves  rigid  and  keeled  ;   umbel   erect,  shorter  than  the  3-4- 
leaved  involucre  ;    spikelets  5-13-flowered  ;    scales  reddish- 
brown,  with  green  keel,  ovate,  acute,  7  -nerved, 

the  mucronate  tips  prominent.  —  Sandy  shores, 
Me.  to  N.  Y.,  and  southw.  —  Spikelets  often 
abortive  and  changed  into  leafy  tufts.  FIG. 
214. 

Var.  cten6stachys  Fernald.     Spikelets  15- 

40-flowered  ;  scale-tips  less  prominent.  —  Mass. 
,  -vr  T  T?  01  c 

?  «     n        +  '    *       T        /AT       o  A      TD 

16.  C.  rotundus  L.     (NUT  GRASS.)     Peren- 

nial by  tuber-bearing  stolons;  culm  slender  (1-6  dm.  high),  longer  than  the 
leaves  ;  umbel  simple  or  slightly  compound,  about 
equaling  the  involucre  ;  the  few 
rays  each  bearing  4-9  dark  chest- 
nut-purple 12-40-flowered  acute 
spikelets  (0.8-2.5  cm.  long)  ;  scales 
ovate,  closely  appressed,  nerveless 
except  on  the  keel  ;  achenes  linear- 
oblong.  —  Sandy  fields,  Va.  to 
Fla.  and  Tex.  ;  also  adv.  near 
Phila.  and  N.  Y.  City.  (Trop.  and 
subtrop.  regions.)  FIG.  216. 

17.    C.  HalliiBritton.    Similar; 
culm  stout,  4-9  dm.  high,  scarcely 
exceeding  the  broad   (0.5-1  cm.) 
leaves  ;    umbel    compound,    the 
numerous  rays  much  exceeded  by       2n-  c-  escuientus. 
the  involucral  bracts;  spikelets  chestnut-purple,  1-1.5  cm.  long;   the  acutish 
scales  distinctly  nerved.  —  Kan.  to  Tex. 

18.  C.  escu!6ntus  L.  Similar  ;  culms  (3-9  dm.  high)  equaling  the  leaves  ; 
umbel  often  compound,  4-7  -rayed,  much  shorter  than  the  long  involucre  ;  spike- 
lets  numerous,  light  chestnut  or  straw-color,  acutish,  0.5-1.5 
cm.  long;  scales  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  narrowly  various- 
margined,  nerved,  the  acutish  tips  rather  loose  ;  achene 
oblong-obovoid.  —  Low  grounds,  along  rivers,  etc.  ;  spreading 
extensively  by  its  small  nut-like  tubers  and  sometimes 
becoming  a  pest  in  cultivated  grounds.  (Eurasia.)  FIG.  217. 
Var.  LEPTOSTA.CHYUS  Boeckl.,  with  spikelets  1.8-3.5  cm.  long,  is  less  frequent. 
FIG.  218. 


214.   C.  dentatus. 


, 
.  aentaius, 

v.  ctenostachys. 


216.  C.  rotundus. 


218.   C.  escuientus, 
v.  leptostachyus. 


CYPERACEAE  (SEDGE  FAMILY) 


177 


219.   C.  erythrorhizos. 


'220.   C.  ferax. 


19.  C.  erythrorhizos  Muhl.  Annual ;  culm  obtusely 
triangular  (1-8  dm.  high)  ;  umbel  many-rayed  ;  invo- 
lucre 4-5-leaved,  very  long;  involucels  bristle-form; 
spikelets  very  numerous,  crowded  in  oblong  or  cylindrical 
nearly  sessile  heads,  spreading  horizontally,  linear,  flat- 
tish  (3-10  mm.  Jong},  bright  chestnut-colored;  scales 
lanceolate,  mucronulate.  (  C.  Haiti 
Britton,  in  part,  not  Torr.)  —  Allu- 
vial banks,  Mass,  to  Ont.,  Minn., 
and  southw.  FIG.  219.  —  Dwarf 
tufted  plants  are  sometimes  sepa- 
rated as  Var.  ptiMiLus  Engelm. 

20.    C.  fdrax  Rich.    Culm  stout, 
mostly  low  (0.3-8  dm.  high)  ;  rays 

of  the  simple  or  compound  umbel  mostly  all  short  and 
crowded ;  spikelets  IQ-VQ-flowered,  yellowish-brown  or  drab 
at  maturity  (0.5-1.8  cm.  long),  the  short  joints  of  its  axis 
winged  with  very  broad  scaly  margins  which  embrace  the 
ovoid-triangular  achene ;  the  firm  scales  ovate,  obtusish, 
overlapping.  (C.  speciosus  Vahl.) — Low  grounds  and 
sandy  banks,  Mass,  to  Fla.,  w.  to  Ont.,  Minn.,  and  Tex.  ;  Cal.  (Trop.  re- 
gions.) FIG.  220. 

21 .  C.  Engelmanni  Steud.  Similar ;  but  the  spikelets  more  slender  and  terete, 
somewhat  remotely  5-lo-flowered,  the  zigzag  joints  of  the  axis  slender  and  nar- 
rowly winged,  and  the  oblong  or  oval  broadly  scarious 
scales  proportionally  shorter,  so  as  to  expose  a  part  of  the 
axis  of  each  joint;  achene  oblong-linear,  very  small. — 
Low  grounds,  Mass,  to  Wise., 
and  southw.  FIG.  221. 

22.  C.  strig6sus  L.  Peren- 
nial, with  hard  corm-like 
tubers  ;  culm  0.1-1  in.  high  ; 
leaves  flat,  soft ;  most  of  the 
rays  of  the  simple  or  com- 
pound umbel  elongated,  their 
sheaths  2-bristled  ;  spikelets 
several-flowered,  0.7-1.8  cm. 

long,  spreading,  in  loose  heads ;  scales  oblong- 
lanceolate,  appressed,  several-nerved,  much  longer 
than  the  linear-oblong  achene.  —  Damp  or  fertile 
soil,  Me.  to  Ont.,  Minn.,  southw.  and  westw.  FIG. 
222.  —  Very  variable  ;  dwarf  plants  with  the  rays  scarcely  developed  are  Var. 
CAPIT\TUS  Boeckl. 

Var.  robiistior  Kunth.  Spikelets  2-3  cm.  long.  —  Local, 
Mass,  to  Fla.  and  Mo. 

Var.  comp6situs  Britton.  Umbel  compound;  spikelets  0.5- 
1.3  cm.  long,  in  dense  cylindric  heads.  —  Local,  Mass,  to  Fla., 
La.,  and  la. 

23.  C.   refractus  Engelm.      Culm  smooth,  3-9  dm.  high  ; 
leaves  soft  and  flat,  4-8  mm.  broad,  slightly  scabrous  ;  rays 
usually  more  or  less  elongated,  smooth  ;  spikelets  very  slender, 
acuminate,  subterete,  in  rather  loose  heads,  divaricate  or  more 
or  less  reflexed,  2^6-Jloicered,  1-3  cm.  long;  scales  appressed, 
several-nerved,  the  lower  empty  and  often  persistent  after  the 
fall  of  the  rest ;  joints  of  the  rhachilla  winged,  inclosing  the 
linear  achene.  —  Dry  woods  and  banks,  N.  J.  to  Ga.  and  Mo. 
FIG.  223. 

24.  C.    Iancastri6nsis   Porter.     Culm   stoutish,   triangular, 
smooth,  3-8  dm.  high;  leaves  rather  broad  (0.5-1  cm.)  ;  umbel 

of  6-9  mostly  elongated  rays  :    sp*kelets  very  numerous  in   228.  c.  refractus. 

GRAY'S  MANUAL  — 12 


221.  C.  Eugeluianni. 


222.  C.  strigosus. 


178 


CYPERACEAE  (SEDGE  FAMILY) 


224.  C.  lancastriensis. 


225.   C.  hystriciims. 


short-cylindric  or  obovoid  close  heads,  soon  reflexed,  0.8- 
1.5  cm.  long,  of  3-6  narrow  scales,  the  upper  and  lower 
empty,  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  linear-oblong 
achene.  —  Rich  soil,  N.  J.  and  Pa.  to  Ga.  FIG.  224. 

25.  C.  hystricinus 
Fernald.  Slender ;  the 
smooth  rigid  culm  2-5 
dm.  high,  much  exceed- 
ing the  stiff  narrow  (2-5 
mm.  broad)  smooth 
leaves;  umbel  of  3-10 
simple  smooth  rays, 
mostly  shorter  than  the 
involucre  ;  spikelets  1-2- 
flowered,  subulate,  rigid, 
3-7  mm.  long,  densely 
crowded  in  cylindric  or  narrowly  obovoid  heads  (1-2.5  cm.  long),  strongly 
reflexed,  golden-brown  at  maturity;  scales  closely  appressed,  the  fertile  strongly 
nerved,  the  terminal  involute-subulate;  achene  linear,  2-2.5  mm.  long. — L)ry 
sand,  N.  J.  to  Ga.  FIG.  225. 

26.  C.  dipsacif6rmis  Fernald.  Culm  scabrous,  at  least  above,  2.5-8  dm. 
high  ;  leaves  shorter  than  the  culm,  scabrous-hispid  above,  4-9  mm.  wide  ;  umbel 
4-12-rayed,  some  of  the  smooth  rays  equaling  the  involucre  ; 
spikelets  1-3-flowered,  subulate,  rigid,  6-11  mm.  long,  crowded 
in  cylindric,  or  subcylindric  heads  (1.5-4  cm.  long),  strongly 
deflexed,  yellow-brown  at  maturity  ;  fertile 
scales  with  green  midribs  ;  achene  3  mm. 
long.  —  Sandy  barrens  and  dry  woods,  N.  J. 
to  Ky.  and  Ga.  FIG.  226. 

27.  C.   retrofractus    (L.)   Torr.      Culm 
(0.3-1  in.  high)  minutely  downy  and  rough 
on  the  obtusish  angles  /  leaves  hairy,  short 
and  stiff,  0.4-1  cm.  wide,  the  margins  becom- 
ing revolute  ;  umbel  with  4-12  upright  usu- 
ally scabrous  rays  mostly  longer  than  the 

involucre;  spikelets  slender-awl-shaped,  very  numerous  in 
turbinate-obovoid  greenish  or  drab  heads  (1-2.5  cm.  long), 
soon  strongly  reflexed,  1-2-flowered  in  the 
middle  (5-8  mm.  long)  ;  scales  usually  4 
or  5,  the  two  lowest  ovate  and  empty,  the 
fertile  lanceolate  and  pointed,  the  upper- 
most involute-awl-shaped ;  achene  linear, 
2.5-3  mm.  long.  —  Sandy  or  rocky  soil, 
N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  ;  northw.  in  the  low 
country  to  Mo.  FIG.  227. 

28.  C.    ovularis  (Michx.)    Torr.      Culm    229.  C.  cyhndncus. 

smooth,  sharply  triangular  (2.5-7  dm.  high)  ;  um- 
bel 1-6-rayed  ;  spikelets  (50-100)  in  a  globular 
head,  3-flowered,  oblong,  blunt  (3-5  mm.  long) ; 
scales  ovate,  obtuse,  a  little  longer  than  the  linear- 
oblong  achene.  —  Sandy  dry  soil,  s.  N.  Y.  to  111., 
Kan.,  and  south w.  ;  rarely  on  ballast,  Mass.  FIG. 
228.  Var.  ROBUSTUS  Boeckl.  is  a  form  with  large 
heads,  the  spikelets  3-4-flowered  (7-10  mm.  long). 
—  111.  to  Ark.,  and  southw. 

29.    C.   cylindricus  (Ell.)  Britton.     Similar  to 
the  last,  but  the  heads  short-cylindrical;  spikeleU 
usually  2-flowered.     (C.  To rr'eyi  Britton.) — L.  I. 
to  Fla.,  w.  to  Tex.     FIG.  229. 
280.  C.echinatus.  30.  C.  echinMus  (Ell.)  Wood.     Culm  smooth 


226.  C.  dipsaciforinis. 


227.  C.  retrofractus. 


228.  C.  ovularis. 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY) 


179 


C.  tiavus. 


(1.5-6  dm.  high),  much  exceeding  the  smooth  (or  scabrous- 
margined)  flat  (2-5  mm.  wide)  leaves  ;  umbel  with  numer- 
ous ascending  rays,  the  longest  half  as  long  as  the  involucre  ; 
heads  globose,  1-1.5  cm.  in  diameter;  spikelets  20-40, 
greenish,  rather  loosely  spreading,  lance-cylindric,  slightly 
compressed,  of  5-8  membranous  veiny  ovate-lanceolate  scales 
(the  2  lowest  and  the  subulate 
terminal  one  empty)  ;  achene  ob- 
long, 1.5-2  mm.  long.  —  Rich 
sandy  soil,  Va.  and  Mo.,  southw.  FIG.  230. 

31.  C.    riAvus    (Vahl)    Boeckl.      Culms    sharply 
angled,  smooth  and  wiry  (2-5  dm.  high),  much  exceed- 
ing the  smooth  flat  leaves;  heads  3-6,  cylindric  (1-1.7 
cm.  long),  sessile  in  a  glomerule;  involucral  bracts 
divergent  or  reflexed ;   spikelets  crowded,  2.5-5  mm. 
long,  dull,  pale  brown  ;  scales  thin  and  veiny,  the  lowest 
often  persistent. — Waste  ground,  about  Philadelphia. 
(Adv.  from  the  Tropics.)     FIG.  231. 

32.  C.  Grayii  Torr.    Culm  thread-form,  wiry  (0.5-3  232.  C.  Grayii. 
din.   high)  ;   leaves  almost  bristle-shaped,  channeled ; 

umbel  simple,  4-10-rayed  ;  spikelets  in  a  loose  head,  spread- 
ing ;  joints  of  the  axis  winged;  scales  rather  obtuse,  green- 
ish-chestnut-color, barely  exceeding  the  oblong  or  narrowly 
obovoid  achene. — Barren  sands, 
Mass,  to  N.  J.,  near  the  coast. 
FIG.  232. 

33.  C.Hought6niiTorr.  Culms 
obtusely  angled  (2-7  dm.  high), 
much  exceeding  the  smooth  nar- 
row leaves ;  umbel  subsessile  or 
with  a  few  elongate  upright  rays, 
mostly  shorter  than  the  invo- 
233.  C.  floughtonii.  lucre ;  spikelets  linear-oblong,  in 
loose  heads,  spreading-ascendmg ; 
scales  roundish,  strongly  nerved,  mucronate,  yellow- 
brown,  barely  exceeding  the  broad-obovoid  achene.  — 
Sandy  soil,  w.  N.  E.  to  Man.  and  Ore.,  locally  s.  to 
Va.,  Kan.,  and  Ariz.  FIG.  233. 

34.   C.  filiculmis  Vahl.     Culm  slender,  wiry,  often 

reclined  (1.5-6  dm.  high)  ;  leaves  linear  or  filiform ;  spikelets 
numerous  and  clustered  in  one  sessile  dense  head,  or  in  1-7 
additional  looser  heads  on  spreading  rays  of  an  irregular 
umbel,  those  of  the  principal  glonierules  8-12-flowered  (1-1.6 
cm.  long)  ;  joints  of  the  axis  naked  or  winged  ;  scales  blunt, 
or  the  upper  mucronate,  thin,  yellowish-green  ;  achene  2  mm, 
long.  ( C.  Bushii  Britton. )  —  Dry  sterile  soil,  Mass,  to  la., 
and  southw.  ;  rare  northw.  FIG.  234. 

Var.    macilSntus    Fernald.      Usually  low ;    spikelets  4-8- 
flowered   (3-8  mm.    long)  ;    scales    firm,    greenish ;    achenea 
235.  c«fii.,v.iuacil.  shorter.  —  Me.  to  Ont.,  s.  to  Va.,  O.,  and  111.     FIG.  235. 

2.   KYLLiNGA  Rottb. 

Spikelets  of  3  or  4  two-ranked  scales,  1-1  ^-flowered ;  the 
2  lower  scales  minute  and  empty  ;  style  2-cleft  and  achene 
lenticular ;  spikes  densely  aggregated  in  solitary  or  triple  sessile 
heads.  —  Culms  leafy  at  base;  involucre  3-leaved.  (Named 
after  Peder  Kylling,  a  Danish  botanist  of  the  17th  century.) 

1.  K.  pumila  Michx.  Annual;  culms  0.6-3  dm.  high  ;  head 
globular  or  3-lobed,  whitish-green,  4-8  mm.  broad ;  spikelets 


234.  C.  filiculmis. 


180 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY) 


strictly  1 -flowered  ;  upper  scales  ovate,  pointed,  rough  on  the  keel ;  stamens  and 
styles  2  ;  leaves  linear.  — Low  grounds,  Md.  to  O.,  111.,  and  southw.  Aug. -Oct. 
FIG.  236. 

3.  DULICHIUM  Pers. 

Spikelets  linear,  flattened,  sessile-  in  2  ranks  on  peduncles 
emerging  from  the  sheaths  of  the  leaves  ;  scales  lanceolate, 
decurrent,  forming  flat  wing-like  margins  on  the  joint  below. 
Perianth  of  6-9  downwardly  barbed  bristles.  Stamens  3. 
Style  2-cleft  above.  Achene  flattened,  linear-oblong,  beaked 
with  the  long  persistent  style.  —  A  perennial  herb,  with  a 
terete  simple  hollow  culm  (2-10  dm.  high),  jointed  and 
leafy  to  the  summit ;  leaves  short  and  flat,  linear,  3-ranked. 
(Name  of  uncertain  origin.) 

1.  D.  arundinaceum  (L.)  Britton.  (D.  spathaceum 
Pers.)  —  Wet  swamps  and  borders  of  ponds,  Nfd.  to  Wash., 
and  southw.  July-Get.  FIG.  237. 


D.  aruiidiuaceurn. 


4.    ELE6CHARIS    K.  Br.     SPIKE  RUSH 

Spikelet  few-many-flowered.  Scales  imbricated  in  many  (rarely  in  2  or 
3)  ranks.  Perianth  of  3-12  (commonly  6)  bristles,  usually  rough  or  barbed 
downward,  rarely  obsolete.  Style  2-3-cleft,  its  bulbous  base  persistent  as  a 
tubercle  jointed  upon  the  apex  of  the  lenticular  or  triangular  achene.  — Leafless 
(rarely  with  basal  capillary  leaves),  chiefly  perennial,  with  tufted  culms  sheathed 
at  the  base,  from  matted  or  creeping  rootstocks ;  flowering  in  summer.  (Name 
from  2Xos,  a  marsh,  and  %d/3is,  grace;  being  marsh  plants. ) 


a.   Spikelet  hardly  if  at  all  thicker  than  the  spongy-cellular  culm  ;  scales 

firmly  persistent. 

Spikelet  cylindric,  many-flowered  ;  scales  coriaceous,  faintly  nerved 
or  nerveless. 

Culm  terete 1.   E.  interstincta. 

Culm  sharply  4-angled 2.   E.  quadrangulata. 

Spikelet  linear-  or  lance-awl-shaped,  few-flowered ;  scales  herba- 
ceous, distinctly  nerved 8.  E.  Hobbinsii. 

a.   Spikelet  much  thicker  than  the  culm  (or,  if  slender,  with  deciduous 

scales)   b. 

b.   Achenes  lenticular  or  biconvex  ;  styles  mostly  2-cleft  c. 
G.    Upper  sheaths  loose,  with  white  scarious  tips. 

Scales  white,  with  green  midribs 4.   E.  ochreata. 

Scales  purple-brown,  with  green  midribs 5.   E.  olivacea. 

c.   Upper  sheaths  close  and  firm,  green,  not  scarious,  the  tips  often  • 

dark-margined  d. 

d.   Plants  tufted,  mostly  annual,  without  conspicuous  rootstocks  e. 
6.  Mature  achenes  black  ;  tubercle  saucer-shaped  ;  upper  sheath 

oblique  at  tip,  the  elongate  tooth  narrow-deltoid. 

Spikelet  1.5-2  mm.  thick  ;  achene  0.5  mm.  long  .        .  6.   E.  atropurpurea. 

Spikelet  2.5-3  mm.  thick  ;  achene  1  mm.  long. 
Scales  whitish-brown,  with  greenish  rib ;    achenes  jet 
black 


Scales  purple-brown  ;  achenes  purple-black 


7.   E.  capitata. 
(7)  E.  capitata,  v.  dispar. 


e.  Mature  achenes  whitish  to  pale  brown  ;   tubercle  conic  or 
deltoid ;    upper  sheath   with  nearly  truncate  tip,   the 
short  tooth  broad-deltoid  /. 
/.  Tubercle  less  than  two-thirds  as  broad  as  the  achene. 

Tubercle  depressed  turban-shape,  broader  than  high  ; 

bristles  wanting  or  rudimentary         .        .        .  8.   E,  diandra. 

Tubercle    deltoid-conic,    higher    than    broad ;     bristles 

much  exceeding  the  achene 9.    E.  ovata. 

f.  Tubercle  nearly  or  quite  as  broad  as  the  achene. 

Tubercle  depressed-conic,  concaved  toward  the  tip,  one- 
third  as  high  as  the  achene  ;  bristles  much  exceeding 

the  achene 10.   E.  obtusa. 

Tubercle  flat-deltoid,  with  straight  sides,  one-fourth  as 
high  as  the  achene  ;  bristles  scarcely  or  not  at  all  ex- 
ceeding the  achene. 

Bristles  about  equaling  the  achene          .        .        .11.    E.  Engelmanni. 
Bristles  rudimentary  or  wanting     .        .        (11)  E.  Engelmanni,  v.  detonsa. 
d.   Plants  not  tufted,  perennial  from  elongate  rootstooks        ,        .     12.   E.  paluxtris. 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY) 


181 


b.    Achenes  triangular  or  turgid  ;  style  3-cleft  g. 
g.   Achenes  regularly  reticulate  or  cross-lined. 

Spikelets  flattened,  3-9-flowered ;  the  thin  scales  2-3-ranked     . 
Spikelets  terete  ;  the  scales  many-ranked. 

Upper   sheaths   loose,   with  white    scarious   tips ;    achenes 

finely  cross-lined  between  the  strong  ribs  .... 

Upper  sheaths  close  and  firm,  not  scarious ;  achenes  distinctly 

reticulate. 

Tubercle  conic-subulate,  much  smaller  than  the  achene 
Tubercle  cap-shaped,  as  large  as  the  achene 
g.   Achenes  smooth  or  papillose,  not  regularly  reticulate  h. 
h.   Tubercle  depressed,  as  broad  as  high  or  broader. 

*.   Achenes  white 

*.   Achenes  yellow,  brown,  or  black  j. 
j.  Achenes  smooth. 

Tubercle  flattened  and  closely  covering  the  top  of  the 

black  achene 

Tubercle  short-conic,  constricted  below,  narrower  than 

the  olive-brown  achene 

g.   Achenes  papillose-roughened. 

Achene  with  prominent  keel-like  angles  . 

Achene  with  the  angles  not  keeled. 
Tips  of  the   upper   sheaths  dark -girdled ;    achenes 
golden-yellow  or    orange-brown    (in   age   drab), 
conspicuously  papillose-roughened,  plump,  with 
rounded  angles. 

Culms  filiform,  4-angled 

Culms  flattened 

Tips  of  the  upper  sheaths  whitish  ;  achenes  whitish- 
yellow,  minutely  roughened,  with  distinct  angles 
h.  Tubercle  long-conic,  higher  than  broad. 

Tubercle  clearly  distinct  from  the  achene. 
Tubercle  conic-subulate,  much  narrower  than  the  plump 
achene. 

Bristles  exceeding  the  achene 

Bristles  wanting (24)  E. 

Tubercle  conic-deltoid,  nearly  as  broad  as  the  compressed 

achene     

Tubercle  seemingly  confluent  with  the  achene 


13.  E.  acicularis. 

14.  E. 


15.  E.  tortilis. 

16.  E.  tuberculosa. 


17.   E.  Torreyana. 


18.  E.  melanocarpa. 

19.  E.  albida. 

20.  E.  tricostata. 


21.  E.  tenuis. 

22.  E.  acuminata. 


23.  E.  niUda. 


24.   E.  intermedia, 
intermedia,  v.  ffabereri. 


25.  E.  Macounii. 

26.  E.  rostellata. 


1.  E.  interstincta  (Vahl.)  R.  &  S.  Culms  large  and  stout 
(0.5-1  m.  high),  knotted  as  if  jointed  by  many  cross-partitions; 
basal  sheaths  often  leaf-bearing ;  spikelets  2-4  cm.  long  ;  scales 
in  several  ranks,  pale,  with  scarious  mar- 
gins ;  achene  with  transversely  linear-rec- 
tangular reticulation  and  a  conical-beaked 
tubercle  ;  bristles  6,  rigid,  or  wanting.  (E. 
equisetoides  Torr.)  —  Shallow  water,  Mass, 
to  Fla.,  w.  to  Mich,  and  Tex.  (W.  I., 
S.  A.)  FIG.  238. 

2    E.  quadrangulata  (Michx  )  R.  &  S.  interstincta. 

Similar ;    culm    continuous    and   sharply 
^-angled  ;  spikelet  2-6  cm.  long  ;    achene  finely  reticulated, 
with   a  conical   flattened    distinct   tubercle.       (E.    mutata 
Britton,  not  R.  &  S.)  — Shallow  water,  Ct.  to  Mich.,  and 
south  w.,  rare.     FIG.  239. 

239   E.  quadrangulata.        3-    E.  Robbinsii  Oakes.     Flower-bearing 
culms  exactly  triangular,  rather  slender, 
erect  (2-7  dm.  high),  also  producing  tufts  of  capillary  abortive 
steins  or  fine  leaves,  which  float  in  the  water  ;  sheath  obliquely 
truncate  ;  spikelet  1-2.5  mm.  long ;  scales  only 
3-9,    few-ranked,    convolute-clasping    the   long 
flattened  joints  of  the  axis,  lanceolate,  with  thin 
scarious  margins;  achene   oblong-obovate,  tri-    240.  E. Eobbinsii. 
angular,    minutely  reticulated,  about  half  the 
length  of  the  bristles,  tipped  with  a  flattened  awl-shaped  tubercle. 
241.  E.  ochreata.    —Shallow  water,  N.  B.  to  Fla.,  w.  to  Mich,  and  Ind.     FIG.  240. 
Spikelet  x 2%.          4.   E.  ochreata  (Nees)  Steud.     Similar  in  habit  to  the  next; 
Achene  x  10.       the  capillary  culms  3-30  cm.  high  ;  spikelets  2-6  mm.  long  ;  scales 


182 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY) 


242.   E.  olivacea. 
S pikelet  x  2%. 
Achene  X  10. 


243.  E.  atropurpurea. 
Spikelet  x  2%. 
Achene  x  10. 


very  pale  and  thin,  1.5-2.5  mm.  long ;  achene  often  equaling  the  bristles,  tipped 
by  a  short  slender  conical  tubercle.  —  Wet  places,  Va.  to  Fla.  (W.  I.,  S.  A.) 
FIG.  241. 

5.  E.  olivacea  Torr.     Culms  flatfish,  grooved,  diffusely  tufted 
on  usually  slender  matted   rootstocks,  2-15  cm.  high  ;   spikelet 
oblong-ovoid,    acutish,    *Q-3Q-Jlowered,    3-7    mm.   long ;   scales 
ovate,  obtuse,  rather  loosely  imbricated,  2-3  mm.  long,  with  a 
slightly  scarious  margin  ;  achene  obovoid,  dull,  green  to  blackish, 
1  mm.  long,   shorter  than   the  6-8  bristles  ; 

tubercle  capping  £  °f  the  summit  of  the 
achene,  saucer-shaped,  tipped  by  a  long  conic- 
subulate  beak.  —  Wet  shores,  Me.  to  Out., 
s.  to  N.  C.,  Pa.,  O.,  and  Mich.  FIG.  242. 

6.  E.  atropurpurea  (Retz.)  Kunth.    Dwarf 
tufted  annual ;  culms  capillary,  arcuate,  3-7 
cm.    long;    spikelet    oblong-ovoid,    2-4   mm. 

long ;  scales  ovate,  thin-membranaceous,  blunt,  dark  brown, 

with   pale   midrib   and  margin ;    achene   lenticular-obovoid, 

lustrous,  black,  with  a  minute  saucer-shaped  tubercle  ;  bristles  white,  shorter 

than  the  achene. —Wet  sand,  "la."  to  Col.,  and  southw.     (Eurasia,  W.I.) 

FIG.  243. 

7.  E.  capitata  (L.)   K.  Br.     Culms  terete,  0.3-3  dm.  high; 
spikelets  ovoid  to  cylindric  (3-5  mm.  long),  obtuse,  15-40-flowered  ; 
scales  thickish,  round-ovate,  obtuse,  pale  brown,  with  green  keel 
and  paler  margins ;   stamens  2  ;   achene  obovoid,   black,   about 
equaling  the  6-8  bristles,  tipped  with  a  flattened  or 
saucer-shaped  tubercle.  —  In  sand  or  gravel  near 

sloughs,  Md.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.      (W.  I.,    S.    A.) 
FIG.  244. 

Var.  dispar  (E.  J.  Hill)  Fernald.  Scales  purple- 
brown  ;  achenes  purple-black.  (E.  dispar  E.  J. 
Hill.)  — Wet  sand,  Lake  Co.,  Ind. 

8.  E.  diandra  C.  Wright.     Erect  or  depressed  ; 
culms  0.1-5  dm.  long ;  spikelet  ovoid,  obtuse  or  acutish,  2-7  mm. 
long,  2-3.5  mm.  thick;  scales  barely  appressed,  ovate  to  ovate- 
oblong,  blunt,  dull,  pale  brown,  with  prominent  green  midrib  ; 
achene  obovoid  or  inverted-pyriform,  1  mm.  long.  —  Sandy  shores 
of  the  Androscoggin,  Merrimac  and  Connecticut  Rivers,  and  of 

Oneida  L.  (N.  Y.)  —  Differing  constantly  from  the  next  in  its  depressed  tubercle 
and  paler  scales,  as  well  as  in  the  absence  of  bristles.  FIG.  245. 

9.  E.  ovata   (Roth)  R.  &  S.     Erect  or  depressed  ;  culms 
0.3-5  dm.    long ;     spikelet  globose-ovoid    to    ovoid-cylindric, 
obtuse,    densely   flowered,    2-7  mm.   long,    2-4    mm.    thick ; 
scales  oblong  to  narrowly  ovate,  obtuse,  purple-brown,  with 
pale   midrib   and   white  scarious  margin  ;    achene  obovoid  or 
inverted-pyriform,  about  1  mm.  long. —  Wet  places,  N.  B.  to 
Ct.  arid  Mich. ;  Ore.     (Eurasia.)     FIG.  246. 

10.  E.  obtusa  (Willd.)  Schultes.     Simi- 
lar ;  culms  0.5-7  dm.  high  ;  spikelet  globose- 
ovoid  to   ovoid-oblong,   obtuse,   2-13  mm. 
long,  2-5  mm.  thick  ;  scales  ovate-oblong  to 
suborbicular,   with   rounded    tips,   densely 

crowded  in  many  ranks,  dull  brown;  style  3(rarely  2)-cleft ; 
achene  turbinate-obovoid  with  narrow  base,  pale  brownish, 
shining,  shorter  than  the  6-8  bristles,  slightly  broader  than 
the  short-deltoid  acute  and  flattened  tubercle.  {E.  ovata 
Man.  ed.  6.)  —  Muddy  places,  N.  S.  to  Ont.,  and  southw.; 
B.  C.  and  Wash.  FIG.  247.  —  Like  all  the  annual  species, 
very  variable  in  size  and  habit. 

11.    E.   Engelmanni   Steud.     Similar;   culms   1.5-3  dm. 


244.   E.  capitata. 
Spikelet  x  2%. 
Achene  x  10. 


245.  E.  diandra. 
Spikelet  x  2%. 
Achene  X  10. 


E.  ovata. 
Spikelet  x  2%. 
Achene  x  10. 


247.  E.  obtusa. 
Spikelet  x  2%. 
Achene  x  10. 


CYPEKACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY) 


183 


249.  E.  palustris. 
Spikclet  x  2. 
Achene  x  10. 


248.  E.  Engelmanni 
Spikelet  x  2%. 
Achene  x  10. 


high ;  spikelet  cylindric,  5-20  mm.  long,  2-4  mm.  thick,  acutish  ;  scales  close- 
appressed,  brown;  achenes  with  broad  much  flattened  tubercle;  bristles  about 
equaling  the  achene. — Local,  Mass,  to  Mo.  FIG.  248.  Var. 
DKTONSA  Gray.  Bristles  wanting  or  rudimentary.  —  More 
frequent,  Mass,  to  Neb.,  s.  to  Pa.,  Ind.,  and  Ariz. 

12.  E.  palustris  (L.)  B.  &  S.     Culms  nearly  terete,  striate, 

0.1-1.5  in.  high;  spikelet  slender,  sub- 
cylindric,  pointed,  many-flowered;  scales 
ovate-oblong,  loosely  imbricated,  reddish- 
brown  with  a  broad  and  translucent 
whitish  margin  and  a  greenish  keel,  the 
upper  acutish,  the  lowest  rounded  and 
often  enlarged ;  achene  obovoid,  some- 
what shining,  crowned  with  a  short  ovate 
or  ovate-triangular  flattened  tubercle, 
shorter  than  the  usually  4  bristles. — 
Very  common  and  variable,  either  in 
water,  where  it  is  rather  stout  and  tall,  or  in  wet  grassy 
grounds,  where  it  is  slender  and  lower.  (Eurasia.)  FIG. 
249.  Var.  GLAUCESCENS  (Willd.)  Gray.  Culms  slender  or 
filiform  ;  tubercle  narrower,  acute,  beak-like,  sometimes  half  as  long  as  the 
achene.  —  With  the  type.  Var.  CALVA  (Torr.)  Gray.  Bristles  none  ;  tubercle 
short,  but  narrower  than  in  the  type.  — Local.  Var.  VIGENS 
Bailey.  Culms  very  stout,  rigid  ;  achene  more  broadly  obovoid. 
—  Lake  margins,  northw. 

13.  E.  acicularis  (L.)  B.  &  S.     Culms  finely  capillary,  3-10 
cm.  high  (becoming  much  elongate  when  submersed),  more  or 

less  ^-angular;  spikelet  2-6  mm.  long;  scales 
ovate-oblong,  rather  obtuse  (greenish  with  purple 
sides)  ;  achenes  obovate-oblong,  only  the  lowest 
maturing,  with  3-ribbed  angles  and  2-3  times  as 
many  smaller  intermediate  ribs,  also  transversely 
striate,  longer  than  the  3-4  very  fugacious  bristles 
cal-tri angular.  —  Muddy  shores,  across  the  continent. 
Eurasia.)  FIG.  250. 

14.  E.  W61fii  Gray.  Culms  slender  (2-3  dm.  high),  from  very 
small  creeping  rhizomes,  2-edged;  spikelet  slender-ovoid,  acute, 
0.5-1  cm.  long  ;  scales  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  scarious,  pale  purple  ; 
achene  pyriform,  shining,  with  9  nearly  equidistant  obtuse  ribs 
having  transverse  wrinkles  between  them ;  tubercle  depressed,  truncate,  more 
or  less  apiculate  ;  bristles  none.  —  Wet  prairies,  111.,  Minn.,  and  la.  FIG.  251, 

15.  E.  t6rtilis  (Link)  Schultes.  Culms  tufted  from  fibrous 
roots,  sharply  triangular,  capillary,  twisting  when  dry  ;  spike- 
let  turgid-ovoid,  3-6  mm.  long,  few-flowered;  scales  firm- 
membranaceous,  persistent,  ovate ;  bristles  stout,  barbed, 
as  long  as  the  striate  and  pitted-reticu- 
late  achene  and  its  conic-beaked  tuber- 
cle. —  N.  J.  to  Fla.  FIG.  252. 

16.  E.  tuberculbsa  (Michx.)  B.  &  S. 
Similar;  culms  flattish,  striate  ;  spike- 
let   5-13   mm.    long,    many-flowered ; 
tubercle    flattish  -  cap  -  shaped.  —  Wet 
sandy  soil,  from  Mass,  along  the  coast 
to  Fla.     FIG.  253. 

17.  E.   Torreyana  Boeckl.      Tufted  culms  capillary, 
1-6  dm.  high  ;  spikelet  small  (2-5  mm.  long"),  sometimes 

Mferous,  the  one  or  more  short  new  culms  from  the 


250.  E.  acicularis. 
Spikelet  x  2. 
Achene  x  10. 

tubercle  coni- 
(W.  I., 


251.  E.  Wolfli. 
Spikelet  x  2. 
Achene  x  10. 


252.  E.  tortilis. 
Spikelet  x  2. 
Achene  x  10. 


253.   E.  tuberculosa. 
Spikelet  x  2. 
Achene  X  10. 


prolife 

axil  of  its  lowest  scale,  which  persists  as  an  herbaceous 
bract ;  scales  thin,  ovate,  acutish,  whitish-green  and 
brown  ;  achene  tiny,  white,  with  sharp  angles  and  a  short 


184 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY) 


254.  E.  Torreyana. 
Spikelet  X  2. 
Achene  x  10. 


255.  E.  melanocarpa. 
Spikelet  X  2. 
Achene  X  10. 


conical  tubercle,  which  is  hardly  equaled  by  the  8-6  slender 
bristles.  — Wet  pine-barrens,  etc.,  Ct.  to  Fla.     FIG.  254. 

18.  E.  melanocarpa  Torr.  Tufted,  from  a  short  thick  caudex ; 
culms  flattened,  grooved,  wiry,  erect  (2.5-7  dm.  high),  the  close 
basal  sheaths  with  truncate  mucronate  tips; 
spikelet  cylindrical-ovoid,  thick,  obtuse, 
densely  many-flowered  (7-15  mm.  long) ; 
scales  closely  many-ranked,  roundish-ovate,  very  obtuse, 
brownish,  with  broad  scarious  margins;  achene  glossy,  obo- 
void-top-shaped,  obtusely  triangular,  the  broad  summit  entirely 
covered  by  the  flat  depressed  tubercle,  which  is  raised  in  the 
center  into  a  short  abrupt  triangular  point;  bristles  often 
obsolete;  achene  soon  blackish.  —  Wet  sand,  Mass,  to  Fla. ; 
also  n.  Ind.,  where  the  culms  are  sometimes  proliferous  at 
tip  (Hill).  (Bermuda.)  FIG.  255. 

19.    E.    albida  Torr.      Tufted,   from  a  slender  creeping 
base;  culms  slender,  wiry,  striate,  1-4  dm.  high,  the  basal 

sheaths  with  very  oblique  tips;  spikelet  cylindric-ovoid,  blunt,  4-9 
mm.  long  ;  scales  obtuse,  whitish  to  light  brown,  with  narrow  scari- 
ous margin;  achenes  smooth,  not  glossy,  trigonous- 
pyrifonn,  1  mm.  long,  contracted  below  the  conic- 
deltoid  pale  tubercle,  and  usually  exceeded  by  the 
reddish  bristles.  —  Damp  chiefly  brackish  soil,  Md. 
to  Fla.,  etc.  (Mex.,  W.  I.)  FIG.  256. 

20.    E.   tricostata  Torr.     Rootstock  stout   and 
tough  ;  culms  flattish  (2-6  dm.  high)  ;  spikelet  soon 
F    iwd      cylindrical,  densely  many-flowered  (6-18  mm.  long) ; 
'a      a>    scales  ovate,  very  obtuse,  rusty  brown,  with  broad 
A  h      xlO     scarious margins  ;  achene obovoid,  with  3 prominent  25 

angles,   minutely  rough-wrinkled,  crowned  with  a 
short-conical  acute  tubercle ;  bristles  none.  —  N.  Y.  to  Fla.  FIG.  257. 

21.  .  E.  tenuis  (Willd.)  Schultes.  Culms  almost  capillary,  erect  from  running 
rootstocks,  ^-angular  (0.5-7  dm.  high),  the  sides  concave  ;  spike- 
let  ellipsoidal,  acutish,  2Q-3Q-flowered  (3-10  mm.  long)  ;  scales 
ovate,  obtuse,  chestnut-purple,  with  a  broad 
scarious  margin  and  green  keel,  the  outer  2  or 
3  mm.  long;  achene  plump,  obovoid,  roughish- 
wrinkled,  1-1.3  mm.  long,  crowned  with  a  small 
depressed  tubercle,  persistent  after  the  fall  of 
the  scales ;  bristles  J  as  long  as  the  achene  or 
none.  —  Nfd.  to  Man^,  and  southw.  June-Aug. 
FIG.  258. 

22.  E.  acuminata  (Muhl.)  Nees.  Similar; 
rootstock  generally  stouter  and  stiffer ;  culms 
flat,  striate,  tufted,  usually  coarser ;  scales 
lance-ovate,  the  uppermost  acute.  (E.  compressa 
Sulliv.)  —  Wet  places,  oftenest  in  calcareous  soil,  N.  Y.  and 
Ont.,  southw.  FIG.  259.  —  Perhaps  a  variety  of  the  last. 

23.  E.  nitida  Fernald.     Perennial,  from  slender  rootstock ; 

culms  capillary,  4-angled,  striate,  2-8  cm.  high ;  spikelet  ovoid, 
acutish,  2.5-4.5  mm.  long,  1.5-2.5  mm.  thick,  8-20-flowered  ;  scales 
elliptic-oblong,  with  rounded  tips,  purplish-brown,  with  greenish 
ribs  and  very  narrow  scarious  margins,  the  lowermost  1-1.2  mm. 
long;  achenes  whitish-straw-color,  narrowly  obovoid,  sharply 
trigonous,  very  minutely  (under  a  lens)  roughened,  0.7-1  mm. 
long,  the  very  narrow  crown-like  tubercle  with  a  short  point  in 
the  middle.  —  Springy  spots,  valley  of  the  Ottawa  R.,  Can.  (J. 
Macoun).  Early  June.  FIG.  260. 

24.  E.    intermedia    (Muhl.)     Schultes.       Culms   capillary,   striate-grooved, 
densely  tufted  from  fibrous  roots,  diffusely  spreading  or  reclining  (0.2-4  dm, 


7.  E.  tricostata. 
Spikelet  x  2. 
Achene  x  10. 


258.   E.  leiiuis. 
Spikelet  x  2. 
Achene  x  10. 
Cross-section  of 
culm  X  5. 


E.  acuminata. 
Spikelet  x  2. 
Achene  x  10. 
Cross-section  of 

culm  x  5. 


260.  E.  nitida. 
Spikelet  x  2. 
Achene  x  10. 


CYPERACEAE  (SEDGE  FAMILY) 


185 


long);  sheaths  with  oblique  tips;  spikelet  cylindric-ovoid,  acu- 
tish,  loosely  5-20 -flowered  (2-7  mm.  long);  scales  oblong,  obtuse, 
green-keeled,  the  sides  purplish-brown  ;  achene 
obovoid  with  a  narrowed  base,  beaked  with 
a  slender  conical-awl-shaped  tubercle,  which 
nearly  equals  the  6  bristles.  —  Wet  places, 
Gaspe"  Co.,  Que.,  to  w.  Ont.,  s.  to  n.  Me., 
w.  Ct.,  N.  J.,  Pa.,  0.,  and  la.  FIG.  261. 
Var.  HABER^RI  Fernald.  Bristles  absent  or 
rudimentary.  —  Shores  of  Oneida  L.,  N.  Y. 
(J.  V.  Haberer). 

25.  E.  Macounii  Fernald.  Annual ;  culms 
weak,  2  or  2.5  dm.  long ;  spikelet  lance-ellip- 
soid, 1  cm.  long,  densely  flowered ;  scales 
ovate-lanceolate,  acutish  or  blunt,  dark  brown  ; 
achene  much  compressed,  trigonous-obovoid,  twice  as  long 
as  the  broad  deltoid-conical  tubercle.  —  Border  of  marsh, 
North  Wakefield,  Que.  (J.  M.  Macoun).  FIG.  262. 

26.  E.  rostellata  Torr.  Perennial,  from  short  thick 
caudpx  ;  culms  flattened  and  striate-grooved,  wiry,  erect  (3-12 
dm.  long),  the  sterile  ones  reclining,  rooting  and  proliferous 
from  the  apex,  the  sheath  transversely  truncate  ;  spikelet 
spindle-shaped,  12-20-flowered,  6-15  mm.  long  ;  scales  ovate, 
obtuse  (light  brown);  achene  obovoid-triangular,  narrowed 
into  the  confluent  pyramidal  tubercle,  which  is  overtopped 
by  the  4-6  bristles.  — Salt  marshes,  N.  H.  to  Fla.,  and  locally 
in  alkaline  situations  inland.  (Mex.,  Cuba.)  FIG.  263. 


262.  E.  Macounii 
Spikelet  x  2. 
Achene  X  10. 


261.  E.  intermedia. 
Spikelet  x  2. 
Achene  x  10. 


E.  rostellata. 


Spikelet  x  2. 
Achene  x  10. 


5.   DICHR6MENA    Michx. 

Spikelets  few-flowered,   all  but  3  or  4  of  the  flowers  usually  imperfect  or 

abortive.  Scales  imbricated  somewhat  in  2.  ranks,  more  or  less  conduplicate  or 
boat-shaped,  keeled,  white  or  whitish.  Stamens  3.  Style 
2-cleft.  Perianth,  bristles,  etc.,  none.  Achene  lenticular, 
wrinkled  transversely,  crowned  with  the  persistent  and  broad 
tubercled  base  of  the  style.  —  Culms  leafy,  from  creeping 
perennial  rootstocks  ;  the  leaves  of  the  involucre  mostly  white 
at  the  base  (whence  the  name,  from  8£s, 
double,  and  xp^^t  color}. 

1.  D.  colorata  (L.)  Hitchc.  Culm 
triangular  (0.25-1  m.  high)  ;  leaves  nar- 
row; those  of  the  involucre  4-7,  linear ; 
achene  truncate,  not  margined.  (Z>.  leuco- 
cephala  Michx.)  —  Damp  pine-barrens, 

N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. ;  very  rare  north  w.  July-Sept.   (Mex., 

W.  I.)     FIG.  264. 

2.   D.    latifblia  Baldw.      Culm   stouter,   nearly  terete; 

leaves  broadly  linear ;  those  of  the  involucre  linear-lance-. 

olate,  8  or  9,  tapering  from  base  to  apex ;  achene  round- 

obovoid,   faintly   wrinkled,   the  tubercle  decurrent  on  its 

edges. —  Low  pine-barrens,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     FIG.  265. 


264.   D.  colorata. 


265.   I),  latifolia. 


6.    PSILOCARYA    Torr.     BALD  RUSH 

Spikelets  ovoid,  terete,  the  numerous  scales  all  alike  and  regularly  imbri- 
cated, each  with  a  perfect  flower.  Stamens  mostly  2.  Style  2-cleft,  its  base 
enlarging  and  hardening  to  form  the  beak  of  the  lenticular  or  tumid  more  01 
less  wrinkled  achene.  — Annuals,  with  leafy  culms,  the  spikelets  in  terminal  and 
axillary  cymes.  (Name  from  ^i\6s.,  naked,  and  Kdpvov,  nut.} 


186 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE    FAMILY) 


268.  S.  capillaris. 


1.  P.  scirpoides  Torr.  Annual  (0.2-3  dm.  high),  leafy; 
leaves  flat  ;  spikelets  20-30-flowered  ;  scales  oblong-ovate,  acute, 
chestnut-colored  ;  achene  finely  roughened,  somewhat  margined, 
beaked  with  a  long  sword-shaped  almost  wholly  persistent  style. 
—  Wet  sandy  shores  and  swamps,  Mass,  and  R.  I.;  n.  Ind. 
y  v  Aug.-Oct.  FIG.  266. 

\|  2.    P.  nitens  (Vahl)  Wood.     Similar  ;  often  be- 

^  1  coming  5-7  dm.  high  ;  faces  of  the  achene  with  ^ 

266.  P.  scirnoides.    strong  transverse  ribs;  tubercle  depressed,  broader 

than  high.  —  Wet  sandy  shores  and  bogs,  L.  I.  and  267.  P.  nitens. 
Del.,  southw.;  n.  Ind.     Aug.-Oct.     FIG.  267. 

7.  STENOPHYLLUS  Raf. 

Spikelets  as  in  Fimbristylis,  the  comparatively  large  scales  in  few  ranks. 
Stamens  2  or  3.  Style  2-3-cleft,  filiform,  glabrous,  its  base  swollen  and  forming 
a  persistent  colored  tubercle.  Otherwise  as  in  Fimbristylis;  standing  in  the 
same  relation  to  that  genus  as  Eleocharis  to  Scirpus.  —  Leaves  primarily  basal, 
narrowly  linear  or  filiform,  the  sheaths  hairy  or  ciliate.  (Name 
from  ffrevds,  narrow,  and  <pt\\ov,  leaf.) 

1.  S.  capillaris  (L.)  Britton.  Low  annual,  densely  tufted 
(0.3-3  dm.  high)  ;  culms  and  leaves  nearly  capillary,  the  latter 
short,  minutely  ciliate  ;  umbels  compound  or  panicled,  loose  or 
compact  (in  dwarf  plant  often  much  reduced)  ;  spikelets  ovoid- 
oblong,  brown  to  blackish  ;  stamens  2  ;  achene  acutely  triangular, 
minutely  wrinkled,  very  blunt.  (Fimbristylis  Gray.)  —  Sandy  fields,  Me.  to  Fla>. 
w.  to  the  Pacific.  July-Oct.  (Trop.  Am.)  FIG.  268. 

8.  FIMBRISTYLIS    Vahl. 

Spikelets  several-many-flowered,  terete  ;  scales  all  floriferous,  regularly  imbri- 
cated in  several  ranks.     Stamens  1-3.     Style  2-3-cleft,  often  with  a  dilated  or 
tumid  base,  which  is  deciduous  from  the  apex  of  the  naked  lenticular  or  trian- 
gular achene.     Otherwise  as  in  Scirpus.     Spikelets  in  our 
species  umbelled,  and  the  involucre  2-3-leaved.    (Name  com- 
pounded  of  fimbria,  a  fringe,  and  stylus,  style,   which  is 
fringed  with  hairs  in  the  genuine  species.) 

*  Style  2-cleft  ;  achene  lenticular. 
•*-  Spikelets  mostly  on  elongate  rays  ;  style  ciliate. 

1.  F.  spadicea  (L.)  Vahl.  Perennial,  rigid;  the  thickened 
base  covered  with  firm  dark  sheaths  ;  culms  wiry,  0.3-1  m. 
high,  nearly  naked  ;  leaves  pale  and  firm, 
involute  ;  umbel  3-10-rayed,  the  rays  very 
unequal,  some  simple,  others  forking  ; 
spikelets  ovoid  to  short-cylindric,  0.7-1.7 
cm.  long,  the  firm  somewhat  lustrous  dark 
scales  all  glabrous  ;  stamens  2  or  3  ; 
achene  broadly  obovate,  lustrous,  minutely 
striate  and  reticulated.  —  Sand-dunes  and 
brackish  shores,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 
Aug.-Oct.  (Trop.  Am.)  FIG.  269. 

2.  F.  castanea  (Michx.)  Vahl.  Similar;  more  slender 
(1.5-7  dm.  high)  and  freely  stoloniferous  ;  the  basal  sheaths 
softer  and  thinner;  the  culms  and  the  thread-form  or  con- 
volute-channeled leaves  smooth  and  somewhat  rigid  ;  spikelets 
ovoid-ellipsoid  0.5-1  cm.  long,  becoming  cylindrical,  chestnut-color;  the  scales 
softer  and  thinner,  at  least  the  lower  puberulent.  (F.  spadicea,  var.  Gray.)  — 
Salt  marshes  and  sand,  along  the  coast  from  N.  Y.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  ;  extending 
northw.  in  the  interior  to  Ont.,  Mich.,  111.,  and  Neb.  July-Oct.  FIG.  270. 


269.   F.  spadicea. 


270.   F.  castanea. 


CYPERACEAE   (SEDGE   FAMILY) 


187 


271.    F.laxa. 


Var.    pubSrula   (Michx.)    Britton.      Leaves   and   scapes 

pubescent.  —  Ga.  and  Fla.  to  Tex. ;  also  n.  in  the  flat  country 

to  Ind.,  111.,  and  Mo. 

3.    F.  laxa  Vahl.     Culms  slender  (0.5-7  dm.  high)  from 

an  annual  root,  weak,  grooved  and  flattish ;  leaves  linear, 

flat,  ciliate-denticulate,  glaucous,  sometimes  hairy;  spike- 
lets  ovoid,  acute  (0.4-1  cm.  long)  ;  stamen  1 ; 
achene  conspicuously  6-8-ribbed  on  each  side, 
and  with  finer  cross-lines.  —  Low  ground,  near 
the  coast,  Pa.  to  Fla  and^Tex. ;  n.  in  the  flat 
country  to  111.  and  Mo.  July-Get.  (Trop. 
Am.)  FIG.  271. 

•«-  •<-  Spikelets  glomerulate  /  style  glabrous. 

4.    F.   Vahlii  (Lam.)  Link.    Dwarf  tufted  annual  (0.3-2  dm. 

high);  the  culms,  leaves  and  very  elongated  upright  bracts  fili- 
272    F  Vahlii      form ;  glomerule  0. 3-1   cm.    in   diameter ;    spikelets  3-8,    sub- 

cylindric,  greenish  or  pale  brown,  the  narrow  scales  acuminate  ; 
achene  minute,    transversely  reticulate.  —  Damp  sands, 
etc.,  N.  C.  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  and  Mo.;  introd.  near  Phila. 
July-Oct.     FIG.  272. 

*  *  Style  B-cleft ;  achene  triangular. 

5.  F.  autumnalis  (L.)  R.  &  S.  Annual  (1-4  dm. 
high),  in  tufts;  culms  flat,  slender,  diffuse  or  erect; 
leaves  flat,  acute  ;  umbel  compound  or  decompound,  the 
very  numerous  slender-cylindric  to  fusiform  brown  spike- 
lets  4-10  mm.  long  ;  the  mucronate-acuminate  ovate- 
lanceolate  scales  appressed ;  stamens  1-3;  achenes  very 
minute,  0.5  mm.  long,  smooth  or 
minutely  roughened.  —  Low  grounds, 
Pa.,  111.,  and  Mo.,  southw.  July- 
Sept.  (Trop.  Am.)  FIG.  273. 

6.   F.    Frdnkii    Steud.       Similar, 

0.1-2  dm.  high ;  the  umbel  simple  or  slightly  compound 
(or  the  spikelets  solitary  in  dwarf  plants);  spikelets  ellip- 
soid or  narrowly  ovoid,  castaneous,  the  slender  tips  of  the 
scales  slightly  spreading;  achenes  0.75  mm.  long.  {F. 
autumnalis  Man.  ed.  6,  in  part.)  —  Sandy  shores,  Me.  to 
274.  F.  Frankii.  Ont.,  and  southw.  Aug.-Oct.  FIG.  274. 


273.  F.  autumnalis. 


9.    SCfRPUS  [Tourn.]  L.    BULRUSH  OK  CLUB  RUSH 

Spikelets  few-many-flowered,  solitary  or  in  a  terminal  cluster  when  it  is  sub- 
tended by  a  1-several-leaved  involucre  (this  when  simple  often  appearing  like  a 
continuation  of  the  culm);  the  scales  in  several  ranks,  or  rarely  inclining  to  be 
2-ranked.  Flowers  to  all  the  scales,  or  to  all  but  one  or  two  of  the  lowest,  all 
perfect.  Perianth  of  1-6  (or  8)  bristles,  or  sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  2  or 
3.  Style  2-3-cleft,  simple,  wholly  deciduous,  or  sometimes  leaving  a  tip  or 
point  to  the  lenticular  or  triangular  achene. — Culms  sheathed  at  base.  (The 
Latin  name  of  the  bulrush.) 

a.   Involucre  none,  or  merely  the  modified  outer  caducous  scale  of  the  soli, 
tary  terminal  small  ('2.5-7  mm.  long)  spikelet ;  achene  trigonous, 
smooth  6. 
6.   Perianth-bristles  terete  and  setulose. 

Scales  of  the  flattened  spikelet  membranous  and  awnless ;  bristles 

retrorsely  barbed  ;  achenes  beaked. 

Achene  1  mm.  long,  constricted  below  the  beak     .        .        .  1.  S.  nanus. 

Achene  2-2.5  mm.  long,  the  pale  beak  continuous  with  the  body      2.  S.  paucifloru*. 
Scales  of  the  terete  spikelet  with  firm  green  midribs,  that  of  the 
outermost  prolonged  into  a  blunt  awn  ;  bristles  setulose  with 
spreading  or  ascending  fine  hairs  ;  achenes  beakleas. 


188 


CYPEKACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY) 


S.  Clintonii. 
S.  planifolius. 


5.  £  caespitosus. 

6.  £  hudsonianus. 

7.  8.  subterminalis. 

8.  £  rufus. 

9.  £  Hallii. 
10.   £  debilis. 


Only  the  outermost  scale  awned 

All  the  scales  awned 

6.   Perianth-bristles  ligulate  and  barbless  ;  scales  chartaceous,  the  midrib 

of  at  least  the  outer  prolonged  into  a  rigid  awn. 
Culms  terete  and  smooth  at  tip ;  achene  2  mm.  long,  slightly  ex- 
ceeded by  the  perianth 

Culms  trigonous  and  scabrous  above;  achene  about  1  mm.  long  ; 

the  perianth  becoming  2-3  cm.  long 

.   Involucre  foliaceous  or  appearing  to  be  a  continuation  of  the  culm   c. 
c.    Involucral  bract  1  (occasionally  with  a  secondary  small  involucel),  ap- 
pearing to  be  a  continuation  of  the  culm  d. 

d.   Spikelet  solitary  ;  culms  flaccid    .  

d.   Spikelets  normally  more  than  1  ;  culms  firm   e. 

e.   Spikelets  crowded  into  a  subterminal  short  spike    .... 
6.   Spikelets  distinct,  paniculate  or  glomerulate  f. 
f.   Spikelets  sessile  or  in  glomerules   g. 

y.   Annuals  with  tufted  roots  ;  culms  terete  or  obtusely  angled. 

Achenes  transversely  wrinkled 

Achenes  smooth  or  merely  pitted. 
Achenes  unequally  biconvex  or  lenticular. 

Bristles  surpassing  the  achene 

Bristles  wanting (10)  £  debilis,  v.  Williamsii. 

Achenes  plano-convex,  one  face  distinctly  flattened. 

Bristles  wanting 11.   £  Smithii. 

Bristles  present (11)  £  Srnithii,  v.  netosus. 

g.  Perennials  with  running  rootstocks;  culms  sharply  trigonous  h. 
h.   Involucral  leaf  erect. 

Involucral  leaf  4-15  cm.  long  ;  spikelets  pointed. 
Scales  reddish-brown,  ciliate,  awn-tipped  ;  achene  plano- 
convex, broadly  obovoid,  short-mucronate      .        .12.   £  americanus. 
Scales    yellowish-brown,    entire,    mucronate;    achene 

trigonous,  oblong-obovoid,  long-mucronate    .        .    13.   £  Torreyi. 
Involucral  leaf  1-3  cm.  long;  spikelets  obtuse  .        .        .    14.   S.  Olneyi. 

h.   Involucral  leaf  strongly  divergent 15.   £  mucronatus. 

f.   Spikelets  more  or  less  loosely  umbellulate  or  paniculate  i. 
i.   Culms  triangular,  from  a  short  rootstock ;  basal  sheath  bear- 
ing a  long  triangular  leaf ;  involucral  leaf  keeled,  much 

overtopping  the  loose  umbel 

i.   Culms  and  short  involucral  leaf  terete,  the  latter  shorter  than 
the  1-sided  compound  umbel-like  panicle  of  tawny  spike- 
lets  ;  basal  sheaths  mostly  bladeless  j. 
j.  Achenes  lenticular  ;  bristles  4-6,  subequal,  about  as  long  as 

the  achenes. 

Achenes  2  mm.  long,  nearly  equaling  the  scales 
Achenes  2.5-3  mm.  long,  much  exceeded  by  the  scales     . 
j.  Achenes  trigonous ;  bristles  very  unequal,  mostly  shorter 

than  the  achenes 

c.    Involucral  bracts  2  or  more,  leaf-like  ;  culms  leafy  k. 
k.  Spikelets  large,  1-5  cm.  long,  0.5-1  cm.  thick;  midrib  of  the  scales 
extended  beyond  the  somewhat  lacerate  or  2-cleft  apex  as  an 
awn  ;  culms  sharply  trigonous  ;  rootstocks  cord-like,  with  fre- 
quent tuber-like  thickenings. 

Achenes  sharply  and  equally  trigonous 

Achenes  lenticular,  plano-convex  or  obscurely  trigonous. 
Scales  of  the  spikelets  rufescent,  bearing  numerous  elongate 

red  markings 21.   £  robustus. 

Scales  whitish  to  castaneous,  not  rufescent. 

Scales  whitish-brown 22.   £  campestris. 

Scales  drab  to  castaneous. 

Spikelets  all  or  mostly  in  a  dense  glomerule  .        (22)  £  campestris,  v.  paludosus. 
Spikelets  1-several  on  mostly  elongate  rays. 

Spikelets  long-cylindrio,  2-5  cm.  long          (22)   £  campestris,  v.  no'cae-angliae. 
Spikelets  ovoid,  1-2  cm.  long      ....  (22)  8.  campestris,  v.  Fernaldi. 
Jc.   Spikelets  small,  2-15  mm.  long,  1-3  mm.  thick,  very  numerous,  in 

decompound  umbelliform  panicles   I. 
I.   Bristles  retrorsely  barbed  ;  spikelets  in  glomerules  ;  culms  mostly 

solitary  ;  the  short  caudex  bearing  thick  scaly  stolons  m. 
m.   Lower  sheaths  (at  least)  red-tinged  ;   bristles  'barbed  nearly  to 

base  n. 
n.   Achenes  lenticular ;  style-branches  2  ;  bristles  4. 

Primary  and  secondary  rays   of  the  inflorescence  mostly 

elongate,  the  ultimate  glomerules  mostly  peduncled      .     23.   £  rubrotinctus. 
Primary  and  secondary  rays  abbreviated,  most  of  the  ulti- 
mate glomerules  crowded  in  irregular  masses  (23)  £  rubrotinctus,  v.confertus. 
n.   Achenes  trigonous  ;  style  branches  3  ;  bristles  3  or  6. 

Spikelets  narrowly  ovoid,  3-5  rnm.  long         .        .        .        .24.    £  sylvaticus. 
Spikelets  cylindric,  6-14  mm.  long         .        .        .     (24)    £  sylvaticiis,  v.  £issellii 
m.   Sheaths  uniformly  greenish,  not  red  ;  bristles  barbed  only  above 
the  middle  o. 


16.  S.  etuberculatus. 


17.  S.  validuts. 

18.  S.  occidentalis. 


19.   8.  heterochaetus. 


20.  S.ftumatilis. 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY)  189 

o.   Bristles  shorter  than  or  about  equaling  the  achene  p. 
p.   Lower  leaves    and    sheaths    nodulose-reticulate  ;    bristles 

nearly  or  quite  equaling  the  achene. 
Scales  of  the  spikelet  dark  brown,  orbicular-ovate,  ab- 
ruptly mucronate,  1.5-2  min.  long,  one-third  longer 
than  the  achenes. 

Some  of  the  rays  of  the  inflorescence  elongate  and  defi- 
nite      25.  8.  atrovirens. 

All  the  rays  abbreviated  and  hidden  in  the  dense  inflo- 
rescence       (25)  S.  atrovirens,  v.  pycnocephalus. 

Scales  of  the  spikelet  light  brown,  elliptic-ovate,  narrowed 
to  a  long  setulose  awn,  about  twice  as  long  as  the 

achenes 26.   S.  pallidus. 

p.   Lower  leaves  and   sheaths  smooth  and  hardly  nodulose ; 

bristles  shorter  than  the  achene  or  often  wanting  .        .    27.   S.  georgianus. 
o.   Bristles  twice  as  long  as  the  achene. 

Spikelets  ovoid,  2.5-3.5  mm.  long 28.   S.  polyphyllus. 

Spikelets  cylindric,  5-8  mm.  long  .        .        (28)   S.  polyphyllus,  v.  macrostachys. 
I.   Bristles  smooth  or  with  few  scattered  or  ascending  hairs  (not 
regularly  retrorse-barbed),  bent  or  curled  ;  non-stoloniferous 
plants  in  tufts  or  stools  q. 
q.  Bristles  at  maturity  scarcely  exceeding  the  scales. 

Bristles  firm,  appressed,  shorter  than  or  about  equaling  the 

achene 29.   S.  divaricatus. 

Bristles  weak,  loosely  ascending,  about  twice  as  long  as  the 

achene. 
Scales  with  the  strong  green  midrib  prolonged  into  a  sharp 

point 30.   8.  lineatus. 

Scales  blunt,  the  midrib  inconspicuous SI.  S.  Peckii. 

q.   Bristles  at  maturity  much  exceeding  the  scales  r. 
r.   Spikelets  all  in  glomerules  of  3  to  15. 
Involucels  reddish-brown. 

Spikelets  ovoid,  3-6  mm.  long 82.   S.  cyperinus. 

Spikelets  cylindric,  7-10  mm.  long     .        .         (32)   S.  cyperinus,  v,  Andrewsii. 
Involucels  dull  brown  or  drab,  with  blackish  bases. 

Rays  elongate,  the  glomerules  mostly  distinct  .         (32)  S.  cyperinus,  v.  pelius. 
Bays  abbreviated,  the  glomerules  crowded  in  dense  irreg- 
ular masses (32)  A  cyperinus,  v.  condensatus. 

r.  Lateral  Spikelets  of  each  group  mostly  pediceled  (pedicels 
short  and  obscure  only  in  a  variety  with  congested  pan- 
icles)  s. 
s.  Involucels  brown  or  reddish. 

Involucels  bright  red-brown  or  terra-cotta         .        .        .    88.  S.  Eriophorum. 
Involucels  dull  brown,  not  reddish. 

Spikelets  3-6  mm.  long,  pale  brown  to  straw-color        .    34.   S.  pedicellatus. 
Spikelets  7-10  mm.  long,  drab          .        .        .    (34)   8.  pedicellatus,  v.  pullus. 
«.   Involucels  black. 

Rays  mostly  elongate,  the  raylets  usually  definite     .        .    85.  S.  atrocinctus. 
Rays  and  raylets  abbreviated,  the  spikelets  crowded  in 

irregular  masses (35)  S.  atrocinctus,  v.  brachypodus. 

1.  S.  minus  Spreng.  Culms  densely  tufted,  bristle-like,  flattened  and  grooved 
(1-7  cm.  high) ;  spikelet  ovoid,  3-8-flowered  ;  scales  ovate,  the 
upper  rather  acute  ;  bristles  mostly  longer  than  the  ovoid  achene, 
sometimes  wanting.  (Eleocharis  pygmaea  Ton.) — Brackish 
marshes  of  the  Atlantic  coast ;  locally  inland  in  N.  Y.,  Mich.,  and 
Minn.  July-Sept.  (Eu.,  n.  Afr.,  Mex.,  Cuba.)  FIG.  275. 

2.  S.  pauciflbrus  Lightf.  Culms  striate-angled,  very  slender 
(0.5-4  dm.  high),  scarcely  tufted,  on  slender  running  root- 
stocks,  with  a  short  truncate  sheath  at  base  ;  scales  chestnut- 
brown,  pointless,  all  flower-bearing,  the  two  lower  larger ; 
bristles  3-6,  about  as  long  as  the  achene.  (Eleocharis  Link.) 
276.  S.pauciflorus.  —Wet  calcareous  soil,  Que  to  B.  C  s  to  n  N.  E.,  N.  Y., 
Pa.,  111.,  etc.  June-Sept.  (Eurasia.)  FIG.  27(5. 

3.  S.  Clint6nii  Gray.     Culms  acutely  triangular,  almost  bristle-like  ;  sheaths 
at  the  base  bearing  a  very  slender  almost  bristle-shaped  leaf  shorter  (usually 
very  much  shorter)'  than  the  culm ;  outer  scale  mostly  shorter 

than  the  pale-chestnut  ovoid  spikelet;  achene  1.5-2  mm.  long,          S»   ifl 
compressed,  broadly  obovoid,  equaled  or  exceeded  by  the  bristles.  \    ^ 

—  Dry  banks,  N.  B.  and  Me.  to  w.  N.  Y.  and  Mich.;  "  N.  C."    2n  g  clintonil 
May,  June.     FIG.  277. 

4.  g.  plamfblius  Muhl.     Culms  triangular,  leafy  At  base  ;  leaves  linear,  flat, 


190 


CYPEKACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY) 


\A  /1k  as  t°n9  as  tne  culm,  and  like  it  rough-edged  ;  outer  scale 

Y  vP  usually  overtopping  the  ovoid   or  subcylindric   straw-colored 

or  brownish  spikelet ;    bristles   mostly  about  as  long  as  the 

,7a  ,,     ,    .f  r        achene. — Dry  open  woods,  Mass,   and  Vt.  to  Del.,  Pa.,  and 

Mo.     May,  June.     FIG.  278. 

5.  S.  caespitbsus  L.  Culms  terete,  wiry,  1-5  dm.  high,  densely  sheathed 
at  base,  in  compact  turfy  tufts ;  the  upper  sheath  bearing  a  very  short  awl- 
shaped  leaf ;  spikelet  ovoid,  rust-color ;  outer  rigid-pointed 
scale  scarcely  surpassing  the  spikelet ;  bristles  smooth,  longer 
than  the  abruptly  short-pointed  achene.  —  Mts.,  cold  shores 
and  swamps,  Lab.  to  Alaska,  s.  to  N.  S.,  n.  N.  E.,  N.  Y.,  111., 

Minn     etc.;  and  on  the  summits  of  the  s.     7     g<  caespitosu8. 
Alleghemes.     (Eurasia.)     FIG.  279. 

6.  S.  hudsonianus  (Michx.)  Fernald.  Culms  slender, 
many  in  a  row  from  a  running  rootstock  (1.5-4  dm.  high), 
scabrous,  naked ;  sheaths  at  the  base  awl-tipped ;  scales 
brownish,  oblong-lanceolate ;  bristles  white,  crisped,  many 
times  exceeding  the  narrowly  obovoid  apiculate  achene. 
(Eriophorum  alpinum  L.,  not  8.  alpinus  Schleich.) — Cold 
bogs  and  wet  shores.  Nfd.  to  Hudson  Bay  and  B.  C.,  s. 
280.  S.  hudsonianus.  to  Ct->  N-  Y->  Mich..'and  Minn.  May-Aug.  (Eu.)  FIG. 

7.  S.  subterminalis  Torr.  Aquatic,  rarely  emersed ; 
rootstock  slender;  culms  (0.3-1  m.  long,  thickish-filiform) 
partly  and  the  shorter  filiform  leaves  wholly  submersed, 
cellular ;  the  filiform  green  bract  1-5  cm.  long,  surpassing 
the  subcylindric  to  ovoid  spikelet  (6-13  mm.  long)  ;  scales 
green  or  straw-color,  somewhat  pointed ;  bristles  bearded 
downward,  rather  shorter  than  the  abruptly  pointed  achene. 
—  Slow  streams  and  ponds,  Nfd.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  281.  S.  subterminalis. 
Mich.,  n.  Ind.,  etc.  FIG.  281. 

8.  S.  rufus  (Huds.)  Schrad.  Freely  stoloniferous ;  culms 
smooth,  subterete,  compressed,  1-6  cm.  high,  taller  than  the  sub- 
terete  channeled  callous-tipped  firm  mostly  basal  leaves  ;  spike 
distichous,  1-2  cm.  long,  consisting  of  closely  crowded  2-5-flowered 
spikelets ;  involucre  1-5  cm.  long,  sometimes  wanting ;  scales 
castaneous,  conduplicate,  pointed ;  bristles  0,  or  3-6,  upwardly 
barbellate,  much  shorter  than  the  plano-convex  ellipsoid  long-beaked 
282.  S.  rufus.  achene  (4.5-5.5  mm.  long) .  —  Brackish  marshes,  e.  N.  B. 
and  Que.  July,  Aug.  (Eurasia.)  FIG.  282. 

9.  S.  Hallii  Gray.     Culms  slender,  terete,  1-4  dm.  high  ;  upper 
sheath  rarely  distinctly  leaf -bearing ;  spikelets  1-7  in  a  sessile  or 
sometimes  geminately  proliferous  cluster,  ovoid  becoming  cylindri- 
cal, acute,  greenish  (0.5-1. 5  cm.  long);  scales  ovate,  strongly  keeled, 
cuspidate-acuminate ;    stamens    2    or    3 ;    style    2-cleft  ;    bristles 
none;  achene  obovate-orbicular,  mucronate,  plano-convex,  strongly 
wrinkled  transversely.     (S.  supinus,  var.  Gray.) — Wet  shores,  111. 

to  Fla.   and  Tex.;  also  Winter  Pond,   Winchester,  Mass.     Aug.,   2g3  Q 
Sept.     FIG.  283. 

10.  S.   d6bilis  Pursh.     Culms  obtusely  triangular,  with  somewhat  hollowed 

sides,  1-6  dm.  high,  yellowish-green,  shining ;  spikelets  1-12, 
capitate,  ovoid,  obtuse  (0.5-1  cm.  long);  involucral  leaf  often 
horizontal  at  maturity ;  scales  roundish,  with  tawny  margins  ; 
.stamens  3  ;  style  2-3-cleft ;  bristles  6,  stout,  downwardly  barbed, 
equaling  or  two  surpassing  the  broadly  obovoid  turgid  abruptly 
mucronate-pointed  achene. — Sandy  or  muddy  shores,  Me.  to 
Minn.,  and  southw.  Aug.,  Sept.  FIG.  284.  Var.  WiLLiAiwsii 
Fernald.  Bristles  wanting.  — Massapoag  L.,  Sharon,  Mass. 

11.    S.  Smithii  Gray.     Culms  terete,  slender,  0.5-4  dm.  high, 
284.  S.  debilis.    often  leaf-bearing  from  the  upper  sheath,  dull  green  as  are  the 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY) 


191 


1-5  ovoid  acutish  spikelets  (0.5-1  cm.  long);  involucral  leaf  always 
erect  ;  scales  oblong-oval  ;  style  2-cleft  ;  bristles  1  or  2  minute 
rudiments  or  none  ;  achene  cuneate-obovate.  —  Wet  shores,  local, 
Me.  to  Pa.,  111.,  Mich.,  and  Out.  July-Sept.  FIG.  285.  Var. 
SETOSUS  Fern  aid.  Perianth  of  4  or  5  slender  retrorsely  barbed 
bristles,  mostly  exceeding  the  achenes.  —  Me.  ; 
Mass.  ;  and  111. 

12.  S.  americanus  Pers.  Eunning  rootstocks 
long  and  stout  ;  culms  sharply  3-angled  through- 
out (0.2-1  m.  high)  with  concave  sides  ;  leaves 
1-3,  elongated  (1-3  dm.  long),  keeled  and  chan- 
neled  ;  involucral  leaf  pointed  ;  spikelets  1-6,  capitate,  ovoid, 
mostly  0.5-1  cm.  long  ;  scales  ovate,  sparingly  ciliate,  2-cleft 
at  the  apex  ;  anthers  tipped  with  an  awl-shaped  minutely  fringed 
appendage;  style  2-cleft  (rarely  3-cleft);  bristles  2-6,  shorter 
than  the  smooth  achene.  (8.  pungens  Vahl.)  —  Borders  of 
286.  S.  americanus.  salt  and  fresh  ponds  and  streams,  temperate  N.  A.  Aug.- 

Oct.     (Eu.,  S.  A.)     FIG.  286. 

13.  S.  Torr&yi  Olney.  Eootstocks  slender  and  weak;  culm  %-angled,  with 
concave  sides,  rather  slender  (0.4-1.5  m.  high),  leafy  at  base;  leaves  2  or  3,  more 
than  half  the  length  of  the  culm,  triangular-channeled,  slender  ; 
involucral  leaf  blunt;  spikelets  1-4,  oblong  or  spindle-shaped, 
acute,  distinct,  1-1.6  cm.  long  ;  scales  ovate,  smooth,  barely  mu- 
cronate  ;  style  3-cleft  ;  bristles  longer  than  the  unequally  triangular 
very  smooth  long-pointed  achene.  —  Borders  of  ponds,  brackish 
and  fresh,  Me.  to  Pa.,  la.,  and  Man.  Aug.,  Sept. 
FIG.  287. 

14.  S.  Olndyi  Gray.  Culm  ^-wing-angled,  with 
deeply  excavated  sides,  stout  (0.5-2  m.  high),  the 
upper  sheath  bearing  a  triangular  leaf  or  none; 
spikelets  6-12,  closely  capitate,  ovoid,  obtuse,  over- 
topped by  the  short  involucral  leaf  ;  scales  orbicular, 
smooth,  the  inconspicuous  mucronate  point  shorter 
than  the  scarious  apex  ;  anthers  with  a  very  short  and  blunt 
minutely  bearded  tip  ;  style  2-cleft  ;  bristles  6,  scarcely  equaling 
the  narrowly  obovate  plano-convex  and  mucronate  achene.  —  Salt 
,  marshes,  N.  H.  to  Fla.;  also  in  Mich.,  and  on  the  Pacific  coast. 
^'  July-Sept.  (W.  I.)  FIG.  288. 

15.  S.  MUCRONXTUS  L.     Resembling  the  last,  3-9  dm.  high  ;  involucral  leaf 
divergent;  spikelets  numerous  in  a  dense  cluster,  oblong-ovoid;  scales  ovate, 
mucronate,  firm,  scarcely  at  all  scarious;   style  3-cleft; 

achene  unequally  trigonous,  broadly  obovate.  —  In  a 
single  locality  in  Delaware  Co.,  Pa.;  probably  introd. 
from  s.  Eu. 

16.  S.  etuberculatus  (Steud.)  Ktze.    Culm  (1-2  m.  high) 
%-angled,  usually  sharply  so  above,  obtusely  below,  the 
sheath  at  base  extended  into  a  long  slender  triangular  and 
channeled  leaf;  involucral  leaf  similar  (1-2.5  dm.  long), 
continuing  the  culm  ;  spikelets  cylindric  (1-2  cm.  long), 
single  or  sometimes  proliferously  2  or  3  together,  nodding 
on  the  apex  of  the  5-9  long  filiform  and  flattened  peduncles 
or  rays  of  the  dichotomous  umbel-like  corymb,  or  the 
central    one    nearly   sessile  ;    scales    loosely    imbricated, 
oblong-ovate,  acute,  pale,  thin  and  scarious,  with  a  green- 
ish nerved  back;  bristles  6,  firm,  furnished  above  with 
spreading  hairs  rather  than  barbs,  equaling  the  slender 
abrupt   beak   of   the  obovoid-triangular   shining   achene 
(4mm.  long).    (S.  Canbyi  Gray  ;  S.  cylirulricus  Britton.) 
—  Swamps  and  ponds,   Md.  to  Fla.,   etc.      June-Aug. 

FlG.  289.  289.  8.  etuberculatus. 


s  Torreyi 


192 


CYPEEACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY) 


290.   S.  validus. 


291.   S.  occidentalis. 


17.  S.    vdlidus    Valil.    (GREAT    B.)      Rootstock    stout,   scaly,    horizontal ; 
culm  0.5-2.5   m.    high,   0.8-2.5   cm.  thick  at  base,    soft,   light  green;    basal 

sheaths  soft,  with  soon  lacerate  hyaline  margin,'  decom- 
pound panicle  lax,  the  rays  1-6  cm.  long,  slender  and 
flexuous  •  bractlets  brownish,  pubescent  at  tip,  fimbriate- 
ciliate,  with  strongly  excurrent  midrib ;  spikelets  solitary  or 
in  glomerules  of  2-5,  rufescent,  ovoid,  acutish,  5-10  mm. 
long ;  scales  suborbicular,  a  little  pubes- 
cent on  the  back,  ciliate,  mucronate;  style 
2-cleft  ;  achene  fuscous  or  dull  black 
when  ripe,  broad-obovoid,  plano-convex, 
mucronate,  1.3-1 . 5  mm.  broad.  ( 8.  lacus- 
tris,  mostly  of  Am.  auth.,  not  L.)  —  Mar- 
gins of  ponds  and  quiet  streams.  July, 
Aug.  FIG.  290. 

18.  S.  occidentalis  (Wats.)  Chase.     Similar;  the  culms 
harder,  olive-green;  basal  sheaths  firmer,  the  margins  becom- 
ing fibrillose  ;  panicle  compound,  the  rays  0.5-5  cm.  long, 
stiff;  bractlets  red-spotted,   viscid  at  tip,   lacerate-Jimbriate, 
abruptly  mucronate ;  spikelets  mostly  in  glomerules  of  2-7, 
rarely  solitary,  drab  to  reddish-brown,  subcylindric,  1-2  cm. 
long ;  scales  oblong-ovate,  aristate,  red-dotted,  viscid  above ; 

achene  biconvex,  1.7-1.9  mm.  broad.  —  Lake-borders,  Nfd.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to  Mass., 
N.  Y.,  Great  Lakes,  Mo.,  etc.     Aug.,  Sept.     FIG.  291. 

19.  S.  heterochadtus  Chase.     Similar  ;  the  culms  slender,  rarely  1  cm.  thick 
at  base,  pale  green  ;  panicle  compound,  the  suberect  very  slender  rays  1-9  cm. 

long ;  bractlets  pale,  aristate-acuminate,  glabrous ;  spike- 
lets  solitary,  ellipsoid,  8-14  mm.  long,  pale  brown ;  scales 
ovate-oblong,  exceeding  the  achenes,  emarginate,  short- 
aristate,  slightly  red-dotted,  glabrous,  with  erose-fimbriate 
margins  ;  style  3-cleft ;  bristles 
fragile,  2-4 ;  achene  greenish 
or  yellowish,  2.5-8  mm.  long, 
1.7-2  mm.  broad.  —  Marshes 
and  sheltered  shores,  e.  Mass, 
and  Vt.  to  111.,  Neb.,  and  Ore. 
July,  Aug.  FIG.  292. 

20.  S.  fluviatilis  (Torr.) 
Gray.  (RIVER  B.)  Culm  very 
stout,  1-1.5  m.  high  ;  leaves 

flat,  broadly  linear  (0.7-2  cm.  wide),  tapering  gradu- 
ally to  a  point,  the  upper  and  those  of  the  very  long 
involucre  very  much  exceeding  the  compound  umbel ; 
rays  5-12,  elongated,  recurved-spreading,  each  bearing 
1-5  ovoid  to  cylindrical  acute  pale-brown  spikelets 
(1.5-4  cm.  long)  ;  scales  slightly  lacerate,  the  awns 
much  exceeding  the  cleft  tip  ; 
achene  obovoid,  sharply  and 
exactly  triangular,  conspicu- 
ously pointed,  opaque,  about 
equaling  the  6  rigid  bristles. 

— Borders  of  lakes  and  large  streams,  e.  Mass,  and 
Vt.  to  D.  C.,  w.  to  Minn.,  Kau.,  etc.  July-Sept. 
FIG.  293. 

21.  S.  robustus  Pursh.  Leaves  flat,  green,  4-10  mm. 
broad,  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  stout  culm  (0.7- 
1.2  m.  high),  those  of  the  involucre  3  or  4,  very  unequal, 
the  longest  2.5-4  dm.  long;  spikelets  1-15,' rufescent, 
ovoid  to  cylindric,  1.5-3  era.  long,  6-12  mm.  thick, 
some  sessile,  the  others  borne  on  short  (2-6  cm.  long) 


292.   S.  heterochaetus. 


293.   S.  fluviatilis. 


294.   S.  robustus. 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE  FAMILY) 


193 


295.  S.  camp.,  v.  palud. 


rays  ;  scales  all  pubescent,  the  awns  soon  recurved  and  many  times  exceeding 
the  cleft  tip  ;  achene  broadly  to  narrowly  obovoid,  compressed,  flat  on  one  side, 
convex  or  obtuse-angled  on  the  other,  short-pointed,  shining  ;  the  bristles  unequal 
and  deciduous  or  obsolete.  (S.  maritimus,  in  part,  Am.  authors.)  —  Brackish 
or  salt  marshes,  Mass.  toFla.  and  Tex.  July-Sept.  FIG.  294. 

22.  S.  campSstris  Britton.     Culms  0.3-1  m.  high,  usually  exceeding  the  stiff 
pale  leaves  (8-9  mm.  broad);  involucral  leaves  2  (or  3),  the  longer  1-2  dm.  long ; 
spikelets  whitish-brown,  ovoid  to  cylindric,  1-2  cm.  long,  6-10  mm.  thick,  2- 
1 1  in  a  dense  glomerule,  occasionally  a  few  in  a  secondary  glomerule  ;  scales 
puberulent,  or  the  outermost  glabrous  except  at  tip, 

the  slightly  curved  awn  twice  or  thrice  exceeding  the 
cleft  tip.  (S.  maritimus,  in  part,  of  authors.)  — 
Prairies,  etc.,  Man.  and  Minn.,  westw.  and  southw. 
Var.  pALUD6sus  (A.  Nelson)  Fernald.  Similar,  but 
with  the  scales  drab  to  castaneous.  (S.  paludosus 
A.  Nelson.)  — Alkaline  situations  inland,  and  in  salt 
marshes,  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  to  N.  J.  July-Sept. 
FIG.  295.  Var.  N6vAE-lNGLiAE  (Britton)  Fernald. 
Usually  taller  (1-2  m.  high);  the  involucral  leaves 
3  to  5,  the  longest  2-3.5  dm.  long;  the  looser  inflo- 
rescence with  3  to  9  curved  rays  (2-10  cm.  long)  ; 
spikelets  dark  brown,  cylindric,  2-5  cm.  long.  (S. 
novae-angliae  Britton.)  —  Mass,  to  s.  N.  Y. ;  also  w.  N.  Y.  Passing  to  Var. 
FERNALDI  (Bicknell)  Bartlett.  Spikelets  short-ovoid,  1-2  cm.  long,  on  mostly 
elongate  rays.  (S.  Fernaldi  Bicknell.) — Me.  to  Mass. 

23.  S.    rubrotinctus    Fernald.      Culm  rather  stout,   4-9  dm.   high;    leaves 

broadly  linear,  the  upper  equaling  or  slightly  exceed- 
ing the  inflorescence,  the  sheaths  mostly  red-tinged  at 
base,  the  blades  smooth,  4-13  mm.  broad  ;  involucral 
leaves  mostly  3,  the  longest  equaling  or  exceeding  the 
inflorescence ;  rays  numerous,  the  3-5  longest  ones 
0.5-1.5  dm.  long,  stiff,  ascending,  subequal,  the  many 
shorter  ascending  and  divergent ;  spikelets  4-9  mm. 
long,  ovoid  to  cylindric,  in  glomerules  of  from  3  to 
many  ;  scales  ovate,  blunt,  or  the  terminal  mucronate, 
finely  suffused  with  green  and  black;  stamens  2.  (8. 
sylvaticus,  var.  digynus  Man.  ed.  6,  not  Boeckl.)  — 
Damp  open  soil,  Nfd.  to  Assina.,  s.  to  Ct.,  N.  Y., 
Great  Lakes,  etc.  Fr.  July,  early  Aug.  FIG.  296. 

Var.  CONFERTUS  Fernald.     Glomerules  compacted  into  dense  clusters  1.5-4  cm. 

across. — Nfd.  to  Me.,  local. 

24.  S.  sylvaticus  L.    Similar ;  tall  and  coarse,  0.5-2  m.  high  ;  upper  sheaths 
mostly  green,  leaf-blades  with  scabrous  margins, 

1-2  cm.  broad  ;  rays  very  numerous,  mostly  ascend- 
ing but  flexuous,  the  1-4  longest  0.5-4  dm.  long; 
spikelets  3-5  mm.  long,  ovoid,  in  glomerules  of 
from  2-8 ;  stamens  3.  —  By  brooks  and  in  wet 
swamps,  s.  Me.  to  Fla.,  and  Mich.  Fr.  Aug. 
(Eurasia.)  FIG.  297. 

Var.  Biss611ii  Fernald.  Spikelets  cylindric,  6-14 
mm.  long,  mostly  5-20  in  a  glomerule. — Local, 
Ct.  and  N.  Y. — An  anomalous  plant,  combining 
characteristics  of  8.  sylvaticus  and  S.  rubrotinctus  ; 
fruiting  earlier  than  the  former,  later  than  the 
Matter. 

25.  S.  atr6virens  Muhl.    Rather  stout,  0.8-1. 5  m. 
high  ;   leaves  pale  green,  with  scabrous  margins, 
7-15  mm.  wide,  at  least  the  lower  nodulose-reticu- 
late, the  ribs  0.25-0.3  mm.  apart ;    spikelets  dull 
greenish-brown   or   rufescent,    narrowly   ovoid   to  297.  S.  sylvaticus. 

GRAY'S  MANUAL — 13 


296.  S.  rubrotinctus. 


194 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILYJ) 


298.   8.  atrovirens. 


cylindric,  3.5-8  (rarely  10)  mm.  long,  in  glomerules  of  10-30  ;  scales  1.5-2  mm. 
long;   bristles  sparsely  and  strongly  barbed,  nearly  straight,  as  long  as  the 

conspicuously  pointed  and  obovoid-oblong  trigonous  achene. 

—  Meadows  and  bogs,  Me.  to  Sask.,  s.  to  Ga.  and  Mo.     Fr. 

late  July,  Aug.     FIG.  298.     Var.  PYCNOCEPHALTJS  Fernald. 

Rays  abbreviated  ;  glomerules  crowded  in  a  dense  irregular 

head.  —Flats  of  the  Mohawk  R.,  N.  Y.,  local  (Haberer). 

26.  S.  pallidus  (Britton)  Fernald.     Similar  ;  leaves  very 
pale;    spikelets  pale  brown,  very  numerous   in  irregular 
glomerules  ;  scales  2-3  mm.  long,  with  the  conspicuous  pale 
midribs  prolonged  into  long  setulose  awns.     (S.  atrovirens, 
var.  Britton. )  —  Man.  to  Kan.  and  the  Rocky 

Mts.     Fr.  July.     FIG.  299. 

27.  S.  georgianus  Harper.     Slender,  3-12 

dm.  high,  bright  green  ;  leaves  smooth,  rarely  299.  s.  pallidus. 

nodulose  below,  numerous,  crowded  at  base, 
0.5-1  cm.  broad,  the  ribs  0.15-0.2  mm.  apart ;  spikelets  2-4  mm.  long,  numerous 
in  the  glomerules;  the  greenish-brown  or  rufescent  scales  mucronate,  1-1.5  mm. 

long,  slightly  exceeding  the   ellipsoid  achenes.  —  Que.   to 

Mich.,  Ga.,  and  Ark.     Fr.  July.  —  Occasionally  proliferous. 

28.  S.    polyphyllus    Vahl.     Culm  usually   very   leafy; 
spikelets  yellow-brown  or  reddish,  ovoid,  2.5-3  mm.  long, 
clustered  3-8  together  in  small  heads  on  the  short  ultimate 
divisions  of  the  open  decompound  umbel ;  scales  rounded, 
mucronate,   1-1.5  mm.  long,  about  equaling  the  broadly 
obovoid    short-tipped    achene ;    bristles   6,    usually    twice 
bent,  about  twice  the  length  of  the  achene.  —  Swamps  and 
borders  of  ponds,  w.  N.  E.  to  Ga.,  w.  to  Minn,  and  Ark. 
July-Sept.  —  Often  proliferous.     FIG.   300.     Var.  MACROS- 

9nf>   *4  rwiivnViviine      TACHYS   xSoecKi.      opiKeiets   cyimdnc, 

dOO.   8.  polyphyllus.       ;Local    Q^    an(J  NY 

29.  S.  divaricatus  Ell.'  Slender,  weak,  0.5-1.5  m.  high; 
leaves  very  numerous,  deep  green,  soft  and  smooth,  4-10  mm. 
wide  ;  inflorescence  loose,  often  proliferous,  with  elongated 
widely  divergent  flexuous  rays;  spikelets  mostly  pediceled, 
very  slender,  cylindric,  at  first  3  or  4  mm.  long,  the  axis 
elongating  to  1  cm.,  1-2  mm.  thick  ;  scales  whitish  or  pale 
brown,  blunt,  incurved,  with  broad  green  midrib ;  achene 
firm,  sharply  trigonous,  ovoid,  apicu- 
late.  —  Swamps,  etc.,  Va.  to  Mo.,  and 
southw.  June- Aug.  FIG.  301. 

30.   S.  lineatus  Michx.     Culms  re- 
motely leafy,  0.5-1.5  m.  high  ;  leaves 
linear,   flat,   pale    green,    stiff,   rather 
broad  (0.5-1  cm.  wide),  rough  on  the 
margins  ;  involucre  and  involucels  pale 
brown  at  base ;   umbels  terminal  and 
sometimes   axillary,   loose,   0.5-2  dm. 
high,  subsecund,  the  terminal  with  a 
1-3-leaved  involucre  much  shorter  than  the  long  slender 
ascending,  nodding-tipped  rays;  spikelets  oblong,  becom- 
ing cylindrical  (0.5-1  cm.  long),  on  thread-like  drooping 
pedicels;  scales  pale  brown,  ovate,  green-keeled,  pointed,  the  tips  ascending,  not 
oppressed;  achene  firm,  brown,  sharp-pointed.     (Eriophorum  B.  &  H.)— Low 
grounds,  Vt.  to  Ga.,  and  westw.     June-Aug.     FIG.  302. 

31.  S.  PSckii  Britton.  Culms  slender,  0.8-1.7  m.  high  ;  leaves  pale  green, 
5-9  mm.  broad,  the  margins  scabrous;  involucre  and  involucels  blackish  at 
base;  inflorescence  0.5-2  dm.  high,  the  2-5  longest  stiff  rays  ascending,  the 
others  shorter,  ascending  or  divergent,  the  tips  scarcely  drooping;  spikelets 
oblong-cylindric,  5-9  mm.  long,  mostly  sessile  or  subsessile  in  glomerules  of 


S.  divaricatus. 


302.   S.  lineatus. 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE    FAMILY) 


195 


S.  Peckii. 


S  cyperinus. 


2-7  ;  scales  oblong-ovate,  acutish  or  obtuse,  blackish- 
ferruginous  above  the  pale  base  ;  achene  soft,  whitish, 
oblong.  —  Meadows  and  bogs,  N.  H.,  Vt.,  and  n.  N.  Y. 
July,  Aug.  FIG.  303. 

32.  S.  cyperinus  (L.)  Kunth.  (WOOL  GRASS.)     Culm 
nearly  terete  (1-1.6  in.    high)  ;    leaves  narrowly   linear, 

long,  rigid,  those  of  the  involucre 

3-5,    longer    than   the  loose  umbel 

(1.5-3  dm.    long),    the  tips  of   the 

rays  at  length  drooping  ;  involucels 

reddish-brown ;  spikelets  exceedingly 

numerous,  ovoid,   clustered,  woolly 

at  maturity  (3-6  mm.  long)  ;  the  rust-colored  bristles  much 

longer  than  the  pointless  reddish-brown  scales;    achene 

short-pointed.      (Eriophorum  L.)  —  Wet    meadows    and 

swamps,  N.  E.  to  Va.,  Tenn.,  and  Ark.    Aug.,  Sept.    FIG. 

304.    Var.  ANDRE wsuFernald.    Involucels  reddish-brown  ; 

spikelets  cylindric,  7-10  mm.  long.  —  Local,  Ct. 

Var.  pdlius  Fernald.  Involucels  blackish  at  base; 
bristles  drab  or  smoke-color.  —  The  common  form  northw. ; 
Nfd.  to  Ont.,  s.  to  Ct.,  N.  Y.,  and  Mich.  —  Perhaps  dis- 
tinct. Var.  CONDENSA.TUS  Fernald.  Similar,  but  with 
rays  all  or  nearly  all  abbreviated,  the  glomerules  in  dense 
irregular  masses.  — Local,  range  of  last.  Aug.-Oct. 

33.  S.  Eri6phorum  Michx.     Coarse  and  tall  (1-2  m.)  ;  the  culm  2.5-6  mm. 
thick  below  the  ample  (1.5-3  dm.  high)  inflorescence;  leaves  pale  green,  firm, 
6-11  mm.  broad;  rays  very  elongate,  mostly  ascending,  drooping  at  tip;  the 
involucels  deep  red-brown  or  terra- cotta ;   spikelets  ovoid,  3-6  mm.  long,  the 
lateral  pediceled  ;  scales  red-brown  ;  wool  slightly  paler.  —  Mostly  near  the  coast, 
Ct.  to  Fla.,  La.,  and  Ark.     July-Sept. 

34.  S.   pedicellatus  Fernald.      Similar;  the  culm  rather  stout  (2-4  mm. 
thick  below  the  inflorescence)  ;  leaves  pale  green,  firm,  3-10 

mm.  broad;  inflorescence  ample,  1-2.5 dm. high,  the  numerous 

ascending  subequal  rays  very  slender,  with   nodding  tips  ; 

involucels  brown  to  dull  straw-color  ;  spikelets  3-6  mm.  long  ; 

scales  pale  brown  ;  wool  whitish-brown.  —  Alluvial  thickets 

and  swamps,  e.  Que.  to  Ct.,  N.  Y.,  and  Wis.,  mostly  in  the 

interior.     July,  Aug.     FIG.  305.  —  Ordinarily  very  distinct, 

occasionally  approaching  the  preceding  or  the  following  as  in 

Var.  PULLUS  Fernald.    Spikelets  dull  brown  or  drab,  7-10  mm. 

long.  —  Local,  and  perhaps  as  nearly  related  to  the  next  (including  8.  atrocinc- 

tus,  var.  grandis  Fernald). 

35.  S.  atrocinctus  Fernald.     Slender  (0.5-1.2  m.  high);  the  culm  1-2  mm. 
in  diameter  below  the  inflorescence  ;  leaves  bright  green,  rather  soft,  2-5  mm. 
broad;  inflorescence  0.5-1.8  dm.  high,  the  slender  rays  very  unequal ;  involucels 
and  base  of  involucre  black;  spikelets  2.5-6  mm.  long,  mostly  pediceled;  scales 
greenish-black;  wool  drab  or  olive-brown.  —  Meadows  and  swamps,  abundant 
northw.  ;  Nfd.  to  Hudson  Bay  and  Sask.,  s.  to  Ct.,  Pa.,  Mich.,  and  la.     June, 
July  (Aug.   in   colder  regions).     Var.    BRACH^PODUS    Fernald.      Spikelets  on 
shortened  pedicels,  in  irregular  dense  clusters;  rays  usually  much  reduced. 
—  Frequently  occupying  large  areas,  especially  northw.  and  at  higher  altitudes 
than  the  typical  form. 


305.  8.  pedicellatus 


10.   ERI6PHORUM  L.    COTTON  GRASS 

Bristles  naked,  very  numerous,  silky  and  becoming  greatly  elongated.  Other- 
wise as  in  Scirpus.  —  Spikelets  single  or  clustered  or  umbellate,  when  involu- 
crate  with  leaf-like  bracts,  upon  a  leafy  or  naked  stem  ;  scales  membranaceous, 
1-6-nerved,  some  of  the  lowest  usually  empty.  Style  very  slender  and  elongated, 


196  CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY) 

3-cleft.     Achene  acutely  triangular.     (Name  composed  of  eptoj/,  wool  or  cotton., 
and  0op6j,  bearing.) 

§  1.  Spikelet  solitary  ;  involucre  none  ;  the  lowest  scale  of  the  spike- 
let  enlarged  and  thickened ;  stem-leaves  reduced  to  mostly 
bladeless  sheaths  a. 

a.  Stoloniferous,  culms  solitary  ;  empty  scales  at  base  of  spikelet 
few  (7  or  less)  ;  flowering  spikelet  cylindric,  in  fruit  becom- 
ing obovoid. 

Bristles  reddish  or  cinnamon-color 1.  E.  Chamissonis. 

Bristles  white (1)   E.  Ohamissonis,  v.  albidum. 

a.  Nonstoloniferous,  culms  tufted ;  empty  scales  10-15 ;  flowering 
spikelet  obovoid  or  globose,  in  fruit  becoming  depressed- 
globose. 

Densely  tufted,   the  culms  very  many;    upper  sheaths  dis- 
tinctly inflated  ;  culm  trigonous  and  scabrous  at  tip         .     2.   E.  callitrix. 
Loosely  tufted,  culms  very  few  ;    upper  sheath  close  ;  culm 

terete,  glabrous  at  tip 3.   E.  opacum. 

%  2.   Spikelets  2-several ;  involucre  of  1-several  leafy  bracts  &. 

6.   Leaves   very   slender,  1-1.5  mm.   broad,  triangular-channeled 

throughout ;  involucre  a  single  erect  short  bract. 

Upper  cauline  leaf  with  the  sheath  longer  than  the  blade        .     4.    E.  gracile. 
Tipper  cauline  leaf  with  the  sheath  shorter  than  the  blade       .     5.   E.  t&nellum. 
6.  Leaves  broader,  flat  at    least  below  the    middle ;    involucral 

bracts  2  or  more  c. 
c.   Scales  of  spikelet  with  only  1  prominent  rib  ;  stamens  3. 

Midrib  of  scale  prominent  only  below  the  membranous  tip  ; 
upper  leaf-sheaths  dark-girdled  at  summit. 

Leaves  1.5-4  mm.  broad 6.    E.  angustifolium. 

Leaves  5-8  mm.  broad (6)  E.  angustifolium,  \.  majus. 

Midrib  prominent  to  the  tip  of  the  scale  ;  leaf-sheaths  not 
dark-girdled. 

Spikelets  mostly  peduncled I.E.  viridi-carinatum. 

Spikelets  sessile  in  a  glomerule  .        .        .        (7)  E.  viridi-carinatwm,  v.  Felloioxii. 
c.  Scales  of  the  spikelet  with  several  prominent  ribs  ;  stamen  1. 

Bristles  copper-color  or  brown 8.   E.  virginicum. 

Bristles  white  except  at  base (8)  E.  virginicum,  v.  album. 

1.  E.  Chamissbnis  C.  A.  Mey.      Culms  soft,  subterete,  1-8  dm.  high  ;  basal 
leaves  slender,  channeled,  the  upper  scarcely  inflated  sheaths  mostly  bladeless  ; 
flowering  spikelet  1.5-2  cm.  long ;   its'  scales  brownish   lead-color  with   broad 
whitish  margins,  bluntish ;   bristles  reddish.     (E.  russeolum  Fries.) — Locally 
in  bogs,  Lab.   to  N.  S.   and  N.  B.  ;   Ont.  ;  Rocky   Mts.,    etc.     Fr.  July,  Aug. 
(Eurasia.)    Var.  ALBIDUM  (F.  Nylander)  Fernald.     Bristles  white.  —  Que.  and 
N.  B.  ;  Alaska,  etc.     (Eurasia.) 

2.  E.  callitrix  Cham.    (HARE'S  TAIL.)     Culms  stiff  and  wiry,  densely  tufted, 
1.5-7   dm.    high;    basal   leaves  filiform-trigonous,    scabrous;    upper   bladeless 
sheaths  inflated;  flowering  spikelet  obovoid  or  globose,  0.8-1.5  cm.  long ;  scales 
lead-color  with  pale  margins,  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  long-acuminate  ;  fruit- 
ing spikelet  2.5-5  cm.    broad ;    bristles   bright  white.      (E.  vaginatum   Am. 
authors,   not  L.).  —  Bogs  and   mountain  slopes,   Lab.    to   Alaska,  s.  to   Pa., 
Mich.,  Wis.,  and  Man.    Fr.  May-July.     (Asia.) 

3.  E.  opacum    (Bjornstr.)    Fernald.     Similar;   culms  terete,    glabrous,  fili- 
form, forming  loose  small  tufts  ;  leaves  glabrous  ;  upper  sheaths  close  ;  flowering 
spikelet  rarely  1  cm.  long ;  scales  lead-color,  lance-attenuate  ;  fruiting  spikelet 
2-3.5  cm.  broad  ;  bristles  sordid  white.  — Locally  on  bogs,  South  Ashburnham, 
Mass.  (Forbes);  Ont.  to  Sask.  and  the  Rocky  Mts.     Fr.  June,  July.     (Eurasia.) 

4.  E.    gracile  Roth.      Weak  and  slender,  glabrous,  the  subterete  culm  2-6 
dm.  high,  with   no  young  basal   leaves  developed  at  flowering  season;  upper 
cauline  leaf-blade  smooth,  round-tipped,  1-4  cm.  long ;  involucre  dark  at  base  ; 
spikelets  2-5,  mostly  on  short  slender  pubescent  peduncles  (0.5-3  cm.  long), 
in  anthesis  7-10  mm.  long,  in  fruit  1.5-2  cm.  long  ;  scales  lead-color  or  blackish; 
achenes  1.5-2  mm.  long;  bristles  white.  —  Cold  bogs  and  swamps,  Gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence  to   B.C.,   s.  to  Ct.,   Pa.,   Mich.,    Neb.,    and    Cal.     Fr.  May-July. 
(Eurasia.) 

5.  E.   tenSllum  Nutt.     Culms  stiff,  obtusely  trigonous,  scabrous  above,  3-9 
dm.  high,  with  long  slender  green  pointed  basal  leaves ;  upper  cauline  leaf-blade 
scabrous,  pointed,  3-18  cm.    long;    involucre  brown  or  straw-color  at  base; 
spikelets  3-6,  on  scabrous  peduncles,  in  fruit  2-2.8  cm.  long;  scales  greenish 


CYPERACEAE  (SEDGE  FAMILY)  197 

straw-color  to  reddish-brown;  achenes  2.5-3  mm.  long;  bristles  whitish 
(E.  gracile,  var.  paucinervium  Engelm. ;  E.  paucinervium  A.  A.  Eaton. )  — 
Swainps  and  bogs,  Nfd.  to  Ont.,  s.  to  N.  J.  and  111.  Fr.  July,  Aug. 

6.  E.  angustif61ium  Roth.     Culms  2-6  dm.  high,  slender,  obtusely  angled  ; 
basal  leaves  broad,  conduplicate  above  the  middle  ;  cauline  leaves  few,  stiff,  flat 
at  base,  1.5-15  cm.  long,  1.5-4  mm.  broad,  scabrous  on  the  margins;  spikelets 
2-10,  mostly  on  stout   glabrous  or   glabrate  peduncles  (0.5-7   cm.   long),   in 
anthesis  ovoid,  1-2  cm.  long,  in  fruit  2. 5-4. 5  cm.  long;   scales  lead-color  to 
castaneous,  4-10  mm.  long,  the  nerveless  tip  membranous;  anthers  2.5-5  mm. 
long;  achenes  2.7-3.5  mm.  long;  bristles  bright  white.     {E.  polystachion  L., 
in  part.) — Cold  bogs,  Arctic  Am.,  s.  to  Nfd.,  N.  S.,  N.  B.,  Me.,  L.  Superior, 
etc.      Fr.   June,   July.      (Eurasia.)      Var.    M\JUS    Scbultz.      Stout    and    tal] 
(3-9  dm.)  ;  the  leaves  4-8  mm.  broad,  — South  to  Me.,  Ont.,  111.,  Wise.,  la.,  etc. 
(Eurasia.) 

7.  E.  viridi-carinatum  (Engelm.)    Fernald.     Culms  2-9  dm.  high;  leaves 
flat  except  at  tip,  2-6  mm.  wide  ;  spikelets  3-30,  on  slender  simple  or  forked 
minutely  hairy  peduncles,  in  anthesis  slender-ovoid,  6-10   mm.  long,  in  fruit 
1.5-3  cm.  long  ;  scales  greenish-drab  to  lead-color,  the  prominent  often  scabrous 
midrib  extending  to  the  tip ;  anthers  1-1.25  mm.  long ;  bristles  whitish  or  pale 
buff.     {E.  polystachion  of  most  Am.  authors.)  — Bogs  and  wet  meadows,  Nfd. 
to  Sask.  and  B.  C.,  s.  to  Ct.,  N.  Y.,  O.,  Mich.,  Wis.,  and  said  to  extend  to  Ga. 
Fr.  May-Aug.     Var.  FELIAWSII  Fernald.     Spikelets  all  sessile.  —  Local,  Me. 
and  Mass. 

8.  E.  virginicum  L.     Culms  wiry,  terete  below,  trigonous  above,  smooth, 
4-12  dm.  high  ;  leaves  flat,  stiff,  elongate-linear,  with  close  sheaths,  the  upper- 
most 1-2.5  dm.  long,  1.5-4  mm.  wide;  involucral  bracts  somewhat  divergent; 
spikelets  mostly  crowded  in  a  dense  glomerule,  in  anthesis  6-10  mm.  long,  in 
fruit  1-2  cm.  long  ;  scales  with  strongly  striate-ribbed  greenish  or  straw-colored 
body  and  thin  nerveless  red-brown  margin  ;  bristles  tawny  or  copper-color.  — 
Bogs  and  meadows,  Nfd.  to  Ont.  and  Minn.,  s.  to  Ga.     Fr.  July-Sept.     Var. 
ALBUM  Gray.    Bristles  whitish.  —  Ct.  and  N.  Y. 

11.   FUIRENA  Rottb.    UMBRELLA  GRASS 

Spikelets  many-flowered,  terete,  clustered  or  solitary, 
axillary  and  terminal.  Scales  imbricated  in  many  ranks, 
awned  below  the  apex,  all  floriferous.  Perianth  of  3  ovate 
or  heart-shaped  petaloid  scales,  mostly  on  claws,  and  usu- 
ally with  as  many  alternating  small  bristles.  Stamens  3. 
Style  3-cleft.  Achene  triangular,  pointed  with  the  per- 
sistent base  of  the  style.  —  Culms  from  a  usually  perennial 
root,  obtusely  triangular.  (Named  for  G.  Fuiren,  a  Danish 
botanist.) 

1.  F.  squarrbsa  Michx.    Annual,  0.5-3 dm.  high;  stems 
glabrous  ;  leaf -sheaths  more  or  less  hispid  ;  spikelets  2-8 ; 
perianth-scales  narrowly  to  broadly  oblong  or  ovate,  long- 
stipitate  and  attenuate  to  a  long  retrorsely  barbed  awn; 
barbed  bristles  usually  exceeding  the  yellow-brown  achene, 
which  is  equaled  by  the  persistent  style.     (Var.  pumila 

Torr.)  —  Sandy  shores  and  swamps,  Mass,  to  Fla.;  Mich.        306.  F.  squarrosa. 
and  Ind.     Aug. -Oct.    FIG.  306. 

2.  F.  hispida  Ell.      Perennial;  stem  (2.5-8  dm.  high)  leafy;  leaves  and 
sheaths  densely  hairy;  spikelets  ellipsoid  (0.5-1.2  cm.  long),  bristly  with  the 

spreading  awns  of  the  scales  ;  perianth-scales  rhombic  or  deltoid- 
ovate,  with  a  short  thick  smooth  terminal  awn  or  point,  the  inter- 
posed mostly  barbed  bristles  shorter  than  the  yellow  achene,  which 
is  twice  as   long  as  the   persistent  style.     (F.  squarrosa,  var. 
807.  F.  hispida.   Chaprn.)  —  Sandy  wet  places,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.,  n.  in  the 
Fruit  x  2%.     low  country  to  Ky.  and  I.  T.    July-Oct.     FIG.  307. 


198 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE  FAMILY) 


f3.   F.  simplex  Vahl.     Perennial,  1-8  dm.  high  ;   leaf-sheaths 
hairy;  perianth-scales  ovate-oblong,  the  retrorsely  barbed  awns 
arising  from   below  the  tip,  bristles  equaling  or  exceeding  the 
308.  F.  simplex,    white   achene.  —  Sandy   or  saline  soil,    Mo.   and  Kan.  to  Mex. 
Fruit  x  2%.       Aug. -Oct.    FIG.  308. 


309.   H.  micrantha. 

Plant  x  %.     Spikelet  x  2%. 

Achene  x  10. 


12.   HEMICARPHA  Nees  &  Arn. 

Spikelet,  flowers,  etc.,  as  in  Scirpus,  except  that 
there  is  a  minute  translucent  scale  (readily  overlooked) 
between  the  flower  and  the  axis  of  the  spikelet.  Sta- 
men only  1.  Style  2-cleft.  Bristles  or  other  perianth 
none.  (Name  -from  TJ^L-,  half,  and  KdpQos,  straw  or 

chaff,  in  allusion  to  the  single  inner 

scalelet.) 

1.   H.  micrantha  (Vahl)  Britton. 

Dwarf  or  minute  annual  (0.2-15  dm. 

high);    involucre  1-leaved,  as  if  a 

continuation  of  the  bristle-like  culm, 

and  usually   with  another  minute 

leaf;  spikelets,  1-3,  short-cylindric  or  ovoid  (2-4  mm.  long)  ; 

scales  oblong  or  narrowly  obovate,  brown,  tipped  with  a  short 

recurved  point ;  achenes  cylindric,  brown,  slightly  reticulated, 

with  many   close  rows  of  crowded  low   papillae.      (H.  sub- 

squarrosa  Nees. )  —  Sandy  borders  of  ponds 

310.  H.Drummondi.    an?  riv6rS'  N'  H'  tO  Fla->.  W"  to  the  Paci^C  5 

Xet^2o%<        w^°rft4^Sir.P  Aug-Oct  "(Mex^ 
fc>.  A.)     .b  IG.  ooy. 

2.  H.  Drumm6ndi  Nees.     Similar ;  scales  broadly  obovate 
or  rhombic,  the  broad  green  midrib  barely  projecting  as  a  blunt 
appressed  tip  ;  achenes  narrowly  obovoid,  ashy,  scarcely  reticu- 
lated, the  papillae  fewer  and  somewhat  remote.  —  Damp  sand, 
etc.,  w.  Ont.,  Ind.,  and  111.  to  Ark.,  Kan.,  arid  Tex.     July- 
Oct.     FIG.  310. 

3.  H.  occidentalis  Gray.    Spikelets  globose,  the  wide-spread- 
ing lanceolate  or  narrowly  ovate  scales  tapering  to  slender  re- 
curved awns  (as  long  as  the  blades')  ;  achenes  as  in  the  latter. 
—  Damp  sand,  w.  Ont. ;  Wash,  to  Cal.    July-Oct.    FIG.  311. 


311.  H.  occidentalis. 
Spikelets  x  2%. 
Achene  x  10. 


13.   LIPOCARPHA  R.  Br. 

Spikelets  terete,  many-flowered,  in  a  terminal  close  cluster 
involucrate  by  leafy  bracts.  Scales  spatulate,  regularly  im- 
bricated in  many  ranks,  awnless,  deciduous,  a  few  of  the 
lowest  empty.  Inner  scales  (bracelets)  2  to  each  flower,  thin, 
one  between  the  scale  of  the  spikelet  and  the  flower,  one 
between  the  latter  and  the  axis  of  the  spikelet.  Stamens  1 
or  2.  Style  2-3-cleft.  Achene  flattish  or  triangular,  naked 
at  the  tip.  —  Culms  leafy  at  base.  (Name  formed  of  A/TTOS, 
fat,  and  KdpQos,  chaff,  from  the  thickness  of  the  inner  scales 
of  some  species.) 

1.  L.  maculata  (Michx.)  Torr.  Annual;  culm  (0.5-2.5 
dm.  high)  much  longer  than  the  linear  concave  leaves ; 
spikelets  (3-7  mm.  long)  green  and  dark-spotted ;  inner 
scales  delicate  ;  stamen  1 ;  achene  oblong  with  a  contracted 

base.  —  Springy  or  miry  places,  Va.  to  Fla. ;  near  Philadelphia,  probably  adv, 

July-Oct.     FIG.  312. 


312.   L.  maculata. 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY)  199 

14.    RYNCH6SPORA  Vahl.     BEAK  RUSH 

Spikelets  panicled  or  variously  clustered,  ovate,  globular,  or  spindle-shaped, 
terete,  or  sometimes  flattish  ;  but  the  scales  open  or  barely  concave  (not  boat- 
shaped  nor  keeled)  ;  the  lower  commonly  loosely  imbricated  and  empty,  the 
uppermost  often  subtending  imperfect  flowers.  Perianth  of  bristles.  Stamens 
mostly  3.  Achene  lenticular,  globular,  or  flat,  crowned  with  a  conspicuous 
tubercle  or  beak  consisting  of  the  persistent  indurated  base  or  even  of  the  greater 
part  of  the  style.  —  Chiefly  perennials,  with  more  or  less 
triangular  and  leafy  culms ;  the  spikelets  in  terminal  and 
axillary  clusters  ;  flowering  in  summer.  (Name  composed 
of  ptyxos,  a  snout,  and  cnropd,  a  seed,  from  the  beaked 
achene.) 

§  1.  Spikelets  lanceolate,  acuminate,  in  fruit  flatfish, 
cymose-panicled,  of  only  one  perfect  and  1-4  staminate 
flowers ;  scales  few  ;  bristles  rigid,  minutely  scabrous 
upward;  style  simple  or  barely  2-toothed,  filiform 

and  gradually  thickened  downward,  in 

fruit  persistent  as  an  exserted  slender 

awl-shaped  upwardly  roughened  beak, 

several  times  longer  than  the  smooth 

flat  obovate  achene  ;  coarse  perennials  ; 

spikelets  in  flower  1-1.5,  in  fruit  (in- 
cluding the  projecting  beak)  2-3  cm. 

long. 

1.  R.    corniculata    (Lam.)    Gray. 

(HORNED  RUSH.)  Culm  0.5-2  m.  high;  313'  R"  c™lata- 
leaves  0.6-2  cm.  wide  ;  cymes  decompound,  diffuse ;  bristles 
awl-shaped,  stout,  unequal,  shorter  than  the  achene.  —  Wet 
places  on  the  coastal  plain,  Del.  and  Pa.  to  Fla.  and  Tex., 
locally  northw.  in  the  Miss.  Basin  to  Mo.,  Ind.,  and  0. 
June-Sept.  FIG.  313. 

2.  R.  macrostachya  Torr.    Erect  and  rather  stiff  ;  the 
glomerules  mostly  of  10-50  spikelets,  strongly  ascending, 
sessile  or  on  few  short  rays;  bristles  capillary,   twice  the 
length  of  the  achene.  —  Borders  of  ponds,  Mass,  to  Fla.  and 
Tex.,  locally  northw.  in  the  Miss.  Basin  to  Kan.  and  Ind. 

814.  R.macrostachya.    Aug.-Oct.      FIG.  314 

\  ar.  mundata  (Oakes)  Fernald.  Cyme  loosely  decom- 
pound, the  numerous  rays  wide-spreading  or  flexuous  ;  the  spikelets  solitary 
or  2-6  in  loose  glomerules.  (Var.  patula  Chapm.)  —  Mass,  to  Fla. 

§  2.  Spikelets  terete  or  biconvex,  few-many-flowered ;  style  conspicuously  2- 
cleft,  its  base  only  forming  the  tubercle  of  the  mostly  lenticular  achene ; 
bristles  usually  present,  merely  rough  or  barbed-denticulate  (rarely  plu- 
mose). 

*  Achene  transversely  wrinkled;  bristles  mostly  6,  upwardly  denticulate. 

3.  R.  cymbsa  Ell.  Culm  slender  0.3-1  m.  high,  triangular; 
leaves  linear  (1-4  mm.  wide)',  cymes  corymbose,  the  brown  spike- 
lets  crowded  and  clustered  ;  achene  round-obovoid,  faintly  wrinkled, 
twice  the  length  of  the  bristles,  four  times  the 
length  of  the  depressed-conical  narrow  tubercle.  — 
Low  grounds,  N.  J.,  Pa.,  111.,  and  south w.  June- 
316  R com  Aug'  (W.  L,  S.  A.)  FIG.  315. 

nressa  4-    R    comprSssa  Carey.      Similar;    culm  rather 

stout ;  leaves  pale  and  firm,  3-7  mm.  wide ;  achene 

strongly  wrinkled,  the  tubercle  with  broad  depressed  thin-edged 

base.  —  Ga.  and  Fla.  to  La.,  northw.  in  the  low  country  to  Mo. 

July.      FlG.  316.  815.  K.  cyrnosa. 


200 


CYPEKACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY) 


5.  R.  Torreyana  Gray.  Culm  nearly  terete,  slender;  leaves 
involute-filiform;  cymes  panicled,  somewhat  loose,  the  ascend- 
ing brown  spikelets  mostly  pediceled;  achene 
compressed,  oblong-obovoid,  longer  than  the 
bristles,  thrice  the  length  of  the  broad  com- 
pressed-conical tubercle.  —  Swamps  and  bogs, 
East  Washington,  N.  H.  (C.  F.  Parker}  ; 
pine-barrens  of  N.  J.  to  Ga.  July-Oct.  FIG. 
317. 

&  \!M  /  6>  R"    inexP^nsa    (Michx.)    Vahl.       Culm 

jl  \VW  /  triangular,   slender  ;    leaves   narrowly    linear, 

if    Vl/  2-3  mm.    wide,   becoming   involute  ;    spikelets 

spindle-shaped,   mostly  pediceled,    in  drooping 
panicles;    achene    oblong,    half   the   length  of 
the  slender   bristles,    twice  the   length  of  the 
-rreyana.   trianguiar.sublliate    tubercle.  —  Low    grounds, 
Va.  to  Ga.     July-Sept.    FIG.  318. 


*  *  Achene  smooth  and  even. 


318.  E.  inexpansa. 


319.  K.  fusca. 


H-  Bristles  6,  long  and  conspicuous,  upwardly  denticulate. 

7.  R.  fusca  (L.  )  Ait.  f.  Loosely  stoloniferous  ;  culm  2-6 
dm.  high  ;  leaves  bristle-form,  channeled;  spikelets  ovoid- 
fusiform,  few,  clustered  in  1-4  loose  heads  (chestnut-color) 
overtopped  by  the  slender  bracts  ;  achene  obo- 
void,  about  %  the  length  of  the  bristles,  nearly 
equaling  the  triangular-sword-shaped  acute 
tubercle,  which  is  rough-serrulate  on  the  mar- 
gins. —  Boggy  places,  Nfd.  to  Ont.,  s.  to  Del. 
and  Mich.  July-Sept.  (Eu.)  FIG.  319. 
8.  R.  gracilSnta  Gray.  Culms  very  slender,  3-8  dm.  high  ; 
leaves  narrowly  linear;  spikelets  ovoid,  in  2-4  small  clusters, 

the  lateral  long-peduncled  ;  achene  ovoid,  rather  shorter  than 
the  bristles,  about  the  length  of  the  flat-awl-shaped  tubercle.  — 
Low  grounds,  s.  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  to  Fla.  Aug.,  Sept.  (W.  I, 
S.  A.)  FIG.  320. 

9.    R.    oligantha    Gray.      Culm   and    leaves    filiform,    1.5-4 
dm.   high;    spikelets  very  few   (1-4),  ovoid-fusiform;    bristles 
plumose  below  the   middle;   achene  obovoid-oblong,  bearing  a 
conical    tubercle    |-    its    length.  —  Del.    to    Fla.       July,    Aug. 
321.  E.  oligantha.    FlG.  321. 

•»-  -i-  Bristles  none,  or  1-3  and  minute  ;  spikelets  pale,  1-flowered. 

10.  R.  pallida  M.   A.  Curtis.     Culm  (3-8  dm.  high)  acutely 
triangular  ;  leaves  and  spikelets  as  in  the  next  species,  but  only 
a   terminal   dense   cluster,    which   is    less    white   or  turns  pale 
reddish-tawny  ;  achene  obovoid-lenticular,  tipped  with  a  minute 
depressed  and  apiculate  tubercle  ;  the  delicate  bristles  4-5  times 
shorter  or  obsolete.  —  Bogs    in    pine-barrens,    N.  J.    and  N.  C. 

Aug.,  Sept.     (W.  L,  S.  A.)     FIG.  322.  322.  E.  pallida. 

+-  •*-  H-  Bristles  long,  denticulate  downward,  or  both  ways  in  no.  15. 

•*•+  Spikelets  white  or  whitish,  becoming  tawny  with  age,  perfecting  only  a  single 
flower  ;  stamens  usually  2;  bristles  9-12,  or  even  20. 

11.  R.    alba  (L.)  Vahl.     Culm  slender  (1.5-6  dm.  high),  triangular  above; 
leaves  narrowly'  linear  or  almost  bristle-form  ;   spikelets  lanceolate,   densely 
crowded  in  a  head-like  terminal  corymb  (0.5-1.5  cm.  broad)  and  usually  one  or 
two  lateral  ones  ;  achene  oblong-obovate  with  a  narrowed  base,  scarcely  longer 
than  the  flattened-awl-shaped  tubercle,  shorter  than  the  bristles.  —  Bogs,  Nfd. 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY) 


201 


to  Alaska,  s.  to  Fla.,  Ky.,  the  Great  Lake  region,  and  n.  Cal. 
July-Sept.  (Eurasia,  Porto  Rico.)  FIG.  323.  Var.  MACRA  Clarke. 
Coarser,  4-8  dm.  high ;  terminal  corymb  often  2-4  cm.  broad.  — 
The  common  southern  form,  extending  n.  to  central  N.  Y.  and  Mass. 

•w-  H-f  Spikelets  chestnut-colored,  f  ew-several-flowered  ; 
stamens  3  ;  bristles  usually  6. 

12.  R.  capillacea  Torr.  Culm  1-4.5  dm.  high, 
slender ;  leaves  bristle-form ;  spikelets  3-6  in  a  ter- 
minal cluster,  and  commonly  1  or  2  on  approximate 
or  remote  axilliary  peduncles,  oblong-lanceolate  (pale  323.  R.  alba, 
chestnut-color);  achene  oblong-ovoid,  stipitate,  very 
obscurely  wrinkled,  about  half  the  length  of  the  (6,  rarely  12) 
stout  bristles,  and  twice  the  length  of  the  lanceolate-beaked 
.,,  tubercle.  —  Marly  bogs  and  wet  limestone  rocks,  e.  Que.  to 
p  "  w.  Out.,  s.  very  locally  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  O.,  Mich.,  and  Mo.  July- 
Sept.  FIG.  324.  Var.  LEVISETA  E.  J.  Hill.  Bristles  perfectly 
smooth.  —  Local,  Me.,  Ont.,  Mich.,  and  Ind. 

13.  R.    KnieskSrnii    Carey.      Culm    1-6    dm.    high,    slender; 
leaves  narrowly   linear,   short ;    spikelets  numerous,   crowded  in 
4-6  distant  clusters,  oblong-ovoid,  2-3  mm.  long ;  achene  obovoid, 
narrowed  at  base,   equaling  the  bristles,  twice  the  length  of  the 
triangular  flattened   tubercle.  —  Pine-barrens   of   N.  J.    (on  bog 
iron  ore  exclusively)  to  Va.  ;  rare.     July-Sept.     FIG.  325. 

14.  R.  glomerata  (L.)   Vahl.      Culms  0.1-1  in.  high;  leaves 

linear,  flat;  spikelets  numerous  in  distant  clusters  or  heads  (0.5-1.5  cm.  broad) 
often  in  pairs  from  the  same  sheath,  ovoid-oblong;  achene 
obovoid,  margined,  narrowed  at  base,  as  long  as  the  lance- 
awl-shaped  flattened  tubercle,  which  equals  the  always  down- 
wardly barbed  bristles.  —  Low  grounds,  N.  B.  to  Ont.,  and 
southw.  July-Sept.  FIG.  326.  Var.  DisctTiENS  Clarke. 
Bristles  barbed  only  at  the  tip  or  quite  smooth. 
joA  \w//  /  —  N.  J.,  and  southw. 

W  *W  Var.  paniculata  (Gray)  Chapm.     Coarse 

and  tall  (1-2  m.);  the  very  elongate  inflores- 
cence bearing  numerous  loose  clusters  of 
heads.  —  Md.  and  Ind.,  southw. 

15.   R.   axillaris   (Lam.)   Britton.     Culm 
stout  (0.4-1.2    m.    high);     leaves    narrowly 
linear,  flat,  keeled;  spikelets  very  numerous,  crowded  in  2  or  3 
or  more  dense  globular  heads  (1.5-2.5  cm.  thick},  which  are  dis- 
tant (and  often  in  pairs),  oblong-lanceolate,  dark  brown  ;  achene 
orbicular-obovoid,  margined,  narrowed  at  base,  2-2. 5  mm.  long,    §27.  R.  axillaris. 
about  as  long  as  the  awl-shaped  beak  ;   bristles  twice  longer, 
stout,  barbed  downward  and  sometimes  also  upward.     (R.  cephalantha  Gray.) 
—  Sandy  swamps,  L.  I.  and  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  La.    Aug.-Oct.     FIG.  327. 

Var.  microcSphala  Britton.      More  slender,  and  usually  lower ;  glomerules 
0.7-1.5  cm.  thick  ;  achenes  smaller.  —  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  La. 


325.  R.  Knies- 
kernii. 


326.   R.  glomerata. 


15.   CLADIUM  P.  Br.     TWIG  RUSH 

Spikelets  ovoid  or  oblong,  of  several  loosely  imbricated  scales ;  the  lower 
empty,  one  or  two  above  bearing  a  staminate  or  imperfect  flower  ;  the  terminal 
flower  perfect  and  fertile.  Perianth  none.  Stamens  2.  Style  2-3-cleft,  decidu- 
ous. Achene  ovoid  or  globular,  somewhat  corky  at  the  summit,  or  pointed, 
without  any  tubercle,  in  which  it  differs  from  Rynchospora.  (Diminutive 
of  /cXdSos,  a  branch,  from  the  repeatedly  branched  cyme  of  the  original 
species.) 

1.  C.   mariscoides    (Muhl.)   Torr.      Perennial;    culm   obscurely  triangular 


202 


CYPERACEAE  (SEDGE  FAMILY) 


(0.4-1  m.  high);  leaves  narrow  (1-3  mm.  wide},  channeled 
scarcely  rough-margined;  panicle  0.5-3  dm.  long,  2-5  cm. 
broad,  of  2-4  umbelliform  cymes,  the  rays  rigidly  ascend- 
ing ;  spikelets  clustered  in  heads  3-10 
together  on  few  peduncles  ;  achene  miter- 
shaped,  the  truncate  base  slightly  flaring. 
—  Bogs  and  wet  sandy  shores,  either 
fresh  or  brackish,  N.  S.  to  Out.,  s.  to 
Fla.,  Ky.,  Ind.,  and  la.  Aug.-Oct.  FIG. 
328. 

2.   C.     jamaicense     Crantz.        (SAW 
GRASS.)      Tall    (1-3    m.)    and    coarse ; 


329.  C.  jamaicense. 


328.   C.  mariscoides.      ^, 

the  margins  and  midrib  beneath  harshly 

serrate;  panicle  3-9  dm.  long,  the  numerous  rays  bearing 
abundant  fascicled  small  chestnut-colored  spikelets ;  achene 
obovoid,  the  truncate  base  not  flaring.  (C.  e/fwswra  Torr.) 
—  Shallow  water,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  (W.  I.)  FIG.  329. 

16.  SCLERIA  Bergius.    NUT  RUSH 

Flowers  monoecious ;  the  fertile  spikelets  1-flowered,  usually  intermixed  with 
clusters  of  few-flowered  staminate  spikelets.  Scales  loosely  imbricated,  the 
lower  empty.  Stamens  1-3.  Style  3-cleft.  Achene  globular,  stony,  bony,  or 
enamel-like  in  texture.  —  Perennials,  with  triangular  leafy 
culms,  mostly  from  creeping  rootstocks  ;  flowering  in  summer ; 
all  in  low  ground  or  swamps.  Inflorescence,  in  our  species, 
of  terminal  and  axillary  clusters,  the  lower  clusters  usually 
peduncled.  (Name  a-KXypla,  hardness,  from  the  indurated 

*  Achene  smooth. 

1.  S.  triglomerata  Michx.  Culm  (0.5-1  m.  high)  and 
broadly  linear  (3.5-9  mm.  wide)  leaves  roughish  ;  fascicles  of 
spikelets  few,  the  lowest  peduncled,  the  upper  somewhat  in 
threes;  achene  ovoid-globose  or  depressed,  2-3  mm.  long,  on 
an  obscure  crustaceous  disk.  —  Low,  usually 
sandy  soil,  e.  Mass,  and  Vt.  (according  to  John 
Torrey)  to  Ont.,  la.,  and  south  w.  June-Aug. 
FIG.  330.  Var.  GRACILIS  Brittoii.  Culms 
slender  (3-6  dm.  long)  ;  leaves  narrower ; 
fascicles  few-flowered,  the  lower  (2-3-flowered') 
380.  S.  triglomerata.  on  verV  long  filiform  peduncles;  achene  nar- 
rower, 1-1.5  mm.  long,  acutish.  (Var.  minor 
Britton-)— N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  331  g  oll  antha 

2.  S.  oligantha  Michx.     Culms  slender,  the  angles  somewhat 

winged  ;  leaves  linear  (3-5  mm.  wide),  smooth  except  the  scabrous 
apex ;  lateral  fascicles  1  or  2,  usually  on  long  exserted  peduncles  ; 
achene  ovoid,  on  a  tuberculate  disk.  —  Woods,  D.  C.  to  Fla.  and 
Tex.  May-July.  FIG.  331. 

*  *  Achene  papillose,  granulose  or  warty. 

3.   S.   pauciflbra  Muhl.      Smoothish   or  slightly  hairy;    culm 
slender  (2-6  dm.  high)  ;   leaves  narrowly  linear,  1-3  mm.  broad  ; 
fascicles  few-flowered,  the  lateral   pedunculate,  sessile,  or  want- 
ing;  bracts  ciliate  ;    achene  globose,  1.5-2  mm.  in  diameter;  the 
disk  a  narrow  ring  bearing  3  pairs  of  distinct  minute  tubercles. 
—  Barrens  and  dryish  meadows,  N.  J.  to  O.,  s.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 
June-Aug.     (W.  I.)     FIG.  332. 
882.  8.  pauci-         Var.  caroliniana  (Willd.)  Wood.    Very  slender;  leaves,  culms 
flora.          and  scales  very  pubescent.  — Local,  Mass.,  0.,  Ind.,  and  southw. 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE  FAMILY) 


203 


Var.  kansana  Fernald.  Very  slender  and  pubescent ;  each 
pair  of  tubercles  bearing  a  smaller  intermediate  one. —  Sandy  soil, 
Cherokee  Co.,  Kan.  FIG.  333. 

4.  S.    ciliata    Michx.       Usually    coarser, 
0.5-1  m.  high,  glabrous,  or  slightly  pubescent 
below  ;  leaves  firm,  1-2.5  mm.  wide,  becoming 

revolute  ;  fascicles  1  or  2,  usually  solitary,  0.7-2.5  cm.  long  ; 
bracts  ciliate  ;  scales  smooth ;  achene  2-3  mm.  in  diameter, 
the  disk  bearing  3  broad  shallow  entire  or  barely  notched 
tubercles.  —  Pine-barrens,  etc.,  Va.  and 
Mo.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  July,  Aug. 
(W.  I.)  FIG.  334. 

5.  S.  Ellidttii  Chapm.     Coarser  and 
lower,  3-5  dm.  high  ;  the  culms  and  flat 

334.  S.  ciliata.         leaves    (2.5-6    mm.    wide}    pubescent ; 
,  fascicles  2  or  3,  usually  subapproximate, 

forming  an  interrupted  head  1.5-3.5  cm.  long;  bracts 
coarsely  ciliate ;  scales  ciliate  on  the  back ;  achene  with 
3  low  broad  tubercles,  each  2-lobed.  —  Pine-barrens  and 
dry  ground,  Va.  and  Mo.,  south  w.  May- 
July.  (W.  I.)  FIG.  335. 

*  *  *  Achene  reticulated  or  wrinkled. 
6.    S.  reticularis  Michx.    Culms  slender,         885.  8.  Elliottii. 
erect,  smooth  (1.5-7  dm.  high);  leaves  linear  (1.5-4  mm.  wide), 
smooth ;   lateral  fascicles  1-3,  loose,  remote,  nearly  erect,    on 
short  often  included  peduncles ;  bracts   glabrous  ; 
achene  globose,   regularly  reticulated   and  pitted, 
the  pits  often  vertically  arranged,  not  hairy,  resting 
upon    a    double    greenish    conspicuously    3-lobed 
disk,  the  inner  appressed  to  and  deciduous  with  the   wi   ^  IOM^ 
achene.  —  Damp   sand  and  pine-barrens,  local,   e.    v  pubescens'. 
Mass,  to  Fla. ;  n.  Ind.     Aug.,  Sept.     FIG.  336. 
-a.,  a  Var.  pubSscens    Britton.      Culms  weak,   diffuse,  0.3-1  m. 

'  high,  slightly  scabrous  or  smooth  ;  leaves  linear  (2-7  mm.  wide), 
smooth  ;  lateral  fascicles  loose,  on  more  or  less  elongated  and  drooping  filiform 
peduncles ;  achene  irregularly  pitted-reticulated  or  pitted-rugose  with  the  ridges 
often  somewhat  spirally  arranged  and  more  or  less  hairy.  (S.  Tor- 
reyana  Walp. ;  #.  trichopoda  C.Wright.)  — Pine-barrens,  etc.,  Ct. 
and  Ind.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  (W.  I.)  FIG.  337. 

7.  S.  verticillata  Muhl.  Smooth  ;  culms  simple,  slender  (1-9 
dm.  high);  leaves  narrowly  linear;  fascicles  4-6,  few-flowered,  ses- 
sile in  an  interrupted  spike ;  achene  globose,  somewhat  triangular 
at  base,  rough-wrinkled  with  short  elevated  ridges;  disk  obsolete.  — 
Pine-barrens,  damp  sand,  and  wet  rocks,  Mass,  to  Ont.,  Minn.,  and 
south  w.  July-Sept.  (W.  I.)  FIG.  338. 

17.   KOBR^SIA  Willd. 

Spikelets  unisexual  and  one-flowered,  or  with  two  flowers  (one 
.  "  ,.  pistillate,  one  staminate)  in  short  spikes  aggregated  in  elongate 
ciliata  heads  or  panicles  ;  the  pistillate  flower  consisting  of  a  spathiform 
glume  (homologous  with  the  perigynium  of  Carex}  wrapping  about 
the  base  of  the  achene  and  subtended  by  the  scale  of  the  spikelet.  — Perennial 
herbs  of  northern  regions,  resembling  the  first  group  (  Vigneae}  of  Carex,  but 
with  the  perigynium  replaced  by  the  open  glume  which  has  its  margins  connate 
at  base.  (Named  for  von  Kobres,  a  nobleman  of  Augsburg  and  patron  oi 
botany  in  Willdenow's  time.) 

1.    K.  elachycarpa  Fernald.    Densely  tufted  ;  the  wiry  compressed  culms  2-6.6 


204  CYPERACEAE   (SEDGE   FAMILY) 

dm.  high,  scabrous  above  ;  leaves  1-2  mm.  wide,  flat,  about  half 
as  long  as  the  culms;  heads  slender,  1-2.5  cm.  long,  of  2-7  remote 
appressed-ascending  spikes;  spikes  either  staminate  (clavate), 
androgynous,  or  pistillate  (ovoid) ;  bracts  ovate,  concave  ;  glumes 
ovate,  subspathiform,  emarginate  at  tip,  more  or  less  marked  with 
green  and  brown  ;  style  with  2  elongate  branches,  the  slender 
base  becoming  chartaceous  and  subpersistent,  finally  separating 

K  elach  -   from  tlie  truncate  subterete  nerveless  pale  achene  (1.2-1.5  mm. 

car  y"  long);  stamens  2,  the  anthers  much  exceeding  the  filaments. — 
Wet  banks  of  Aroostook  R.,  Me.;  local.  June,  July.  FIG.  339. 

18.  CAREX   [Ruppius]  L.     SEDGE 

Flowers  unisexual,  destitute  of  floral  envelopes,  disposed  in  spikes ;  the 
staminate  consisting  of  three  stamens,  in  the  axil  of  a  bract,  or  scale  ;  the  pistil- 
late comprising  a  single  pistil  with  a  bifid  or  trifid  style,  forming  in  fruit  a  hard 
achene,  which  is  inclosed  in  a  sac  (perigynium)  borne  in  the  axil  of  a  bract,  or 
scale.  Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  borne  in  different  parts  of  the  spike 
(spike  androgynous"),  or  in  separate  spikes  on  the  same  culm,  or  rarely  the 
plant  dioecious.  —  Perennial  grass-like  herbs  with  mostly  triangular  culms, 
3-ranked  leaves,  and  spikes  in  the  axils  of  leafy  or  scale-like  bracts,  often  aggre- 
gated into  heads.  An  exceedingly  critical  genus,  the  study  of  which  should  be 
attempted  only  with  complete  and  fully  mature  specimens.1  (The  classical 
Latin  name,  of  obscure  signification  ;  derived  by  some  from  Kelpeiv,  to  cut,  on 
account  of  the  sharp  leaves  —  as  indicated  in  the  English  name  Shear-grass. ) 

§  1.  Spikes  mostly  uniform  and  sessile,  bearing  the  staminate  flowers  at  base  or 
apex  or  sometimes  scattered  amongst  the  pistillate ;  stigmas  2  and  achenes 
lenticular.  —  Vf GNEAE  [Beauv.]  Koch.  (For  §  2,  see  p.  209.) 

A.  Staminate  flowers  scattered  or  at  the  base  of  the  spikes  (only  in 
exceptional  individuals  and  in  the  often  dioecious  (7.  gynoerates 
and  C.  exilits  the  entire  spike  staminate)   £. 
£.   PERIGYNIA  WITH  THIN  OK  WINGED  MARGINS   C. 

C.   Perigynia  ascending,  the  tips  only  sometimes  wide-spreading  or 
recurved,  not  spongy  at  base,  the  margins  winged  at  least 
toward  the  beak  D. 
D.   Bracts  wanting  or  setaceous,  if  broad  at  most  twice  as  long  as 

the  inflorescence   E. 
E.  Strongly  stoloniferous ;    culms  rising  from  an  elongated 

rootstock ;  perigynia  firm,  5-6  mm.  long        .        .  4.  C.  siccata. 

E.   Not  strongly  stoloniferous  ;  culms  solitary  or  in  stools  F. 
F.   Perigynia  less  than  2  mm.  broad   G. 
O.   Perigynia  5  mm.  or  more  long  If. 
H.    Perigynia    7-10    mm.  long ;    spikes    long-cylindric, 

pointed,  1.5-2.5  cm.  long 1.  O.  muskingumensis. 

H.   Perigynia  shorter  (or,  when  exceptionally  7  mm.  long, 

in  shorter  spikes)   /. 
/.   Perigynia  half  as  broad  as  long,  plump,  nerveless 

or  obscurely  short-nerved  on  inner  face     .        .     22.  C.  aenea. 
I.   Perigynia  one  third  as  broad  as  long  J. 
J.   Perigynia  thin,  scale-like,  scarcely  distended  over 
the  achenes,  distinctly  nerved  on  the  inner 
face  and  prominently  exceeding  the  subtend- 
ing scales. 
Leaves  at  most  3  mm.  wide  ;  spikes  3-9,  glossy 

brown  or  straw-colored,  pointed. 
Inflorescence   oblong-ovoid  or  subcylindric, 

with  ascending  approximate  spikes  .        .      2.  C.  scoparia. 
Inflorescence  moniliform         .        .      (2)  C.  scoparia,  v.  moniliformis. 
Inflorescence    subglobose    or    broad-ovoid, 

spikes  crowded  and  divergent  .        .     (2)  C.  scoparia,  v.  condensa. 
Leaves  more  than  3  mm.  wide;  spikes  8-14, 

green  or  dull  brown,  blunt  .        .        .  3.  O.  tribuloides. 

1  The  perigynial  characters  are  here  based  on  study  of  mature  plants.  In  gen- 
eral the  perigynia  at  the  tip  of  the  spike  are  less  characteristic  than  those  nearer 
the  middle ;  and,  if  possible,  the  latter  alone  should  be  osed  in  critical  comparisons. 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY) 


205 


7.  C.  pratensis. 


8.  O.  tribuloides. 
C.  tribuloides,  v.  turbata. 
C.  tribuloides,  v.  reducta. 


J,   Perigynia   firm,    obviously   distended   over    the    achenes, 
nerveless  or  obscurely  nerved  on  the  inner  face,  equaled 

by  the  subtending  scales 

G.   Perigynia  less  than  5  rnra.  long   K. 
K.   Perigynia  thin,  scale-like,  scarcely  distended  over  the  achenes  ; 

leaves  3-8  mm.  broad. 
Perigynia  with  appressed  tips. 
Inflorescence  cylindric  ;  spikes  approximate 
Inflorescence  moniliform  ;  spikes  scattered    .        .        .   (3) 
Perigynia  with  spreading  tips ;   inflorescence  flexuous      (3) 
K.   Perigynia  firm,  obviously  distended  over  the  achenes  L. 

L.   Perigynia  elongate-lanceolate  or  subulate,  less  than  one  third 

as  broad  as  long,  at  most  1.4  mm.  broad. 
Tips  of  the  perigynia  conspicuously  exceeding  the  lance- 
subulate  dull  scales. 
Culms  1-4  drn.   high  ;   leaves  1-2.5  mm.   wide ;   spikes 

3-7  mm.  long 5.  C.  Crawfordii. 

Culms  taller  ;  leaves  broader;  spikes  8-11  mm.  long     (5)  C.  Crawfordii,  v.  vigens. 
Tips  of  the  perigynia  equaled  by  the  ovate  bluntish  glossy 

dark  scales 6.  C.  oronensis. 

L.   Perigynia  broader,  nearly  or  quite  half  as  broad  as  long  M. 
M.  Tips  of  perigynia  distinctly  exceeding  the  subtending  scales  N. 
N,   Leaves  2.5  mm.  or  more  wide    0. 

O.  Spikes  compactly  flowered,  the  mature  perigynia  with 

recurved  or  spreading  tips  concealing  the  scales 
0.  Spikes  with  ascending  or  slightly  spreading  perigynia ; 

scales  apparent  P. 

P.  Mature  perigynia  greenish  or  pale  straw-colored,  in 

loose  spikes ;  inflorescence  more  than  2.2  cm.  long 

(if  shorter,  with  dark  chestnut  scales). 

Spikes  approximate  in  ovoid  or  short-cylindric  heads. 

Scales  pale,  not   strongly  contrasting  with  the 

perigynia 

Scales  dark  chestnut,  strongly  contrasting  with 

the  perigynia (10)  C.  mirabilis,  v.  tincta. 

Spikes  scattered  in  a  moniliform  inflorescence   (10)  C.  mirabilis,  v.  perlonga. 
P.   Mature  perigynia  brown,  in  dense  spikes ;  heads  at 

most  2.2  cm.  long ;  scales  pale  brown         .        .     18.  C.  Bebbii. 
N.  Leaves  narrower. 

Inflorescence  stiff,  with  crowded  closely  flowered  spikes    18.  C.  Bebbii. 
Inflorescence  flexuous  and  moniliform,  or  at  least  with 
the  loosely  flowered  spikes  scattered 


8.  C.cristata. 


10.  C.  mirabilis. 


M.  Tips  of  perigynia  equaled  by  the  subtending  scales   Q. 
Q.  Inflorescence    stiff  and 


11.  C.  straminea. 


20.  C.  leporina. 

21.  C.  xerantica. 


7.  C.  pratensis. 
22.  C.  aenea. 


erect,   or  at   least  with    spikes 
approximate. 

Spikes  brown  or  ferruginous 

Spikes  brownish-white 

Q.  Inflorescence  flexuous,  or  at  least  with  the  lower  spikes 

remote. 
Perigynia  nerveless  or  minutely  short-nerved  on  the 

inner  face. 
Mature  perigynia  straw-colored  or  pale  brown,  one 

third  as  broad  as  long 

Mature  perigynia  olive-green  or  bronze,  half  as  broad 

as  long 

Perigynia  with  strong  ribs  the  length  of  the  inner  face ; 

spikes  silvery-green 19.  O.  foenea. 

F.   Perigynia  2  mm.  or  more  broad  R. 

R.   Tips  of  the  perigynia  distinctly  exceeding  the  subtending  scales  S. 
S.   Perigynia  thin  and  scale-like,  barely  distended  over  the  achenes, 
one  fourth  to  one  third  as  broad  as  long. 

Perigynia  7-10  mm.  long 1.  C.  muskingumensis. 

Perigynia  shorter 2.  C.  sooparia. 

8.  Perigynia  firmer,  obviously  distended  over  the  achenes,  nearly 

or  quite  half  as  broad  as  long    T. 
T.   Perigynia  lance-ovate,  about  half  as  broad  as  long    U. 

U.   Leaves  2.5  mm.  or  more  broad 

U.  Leaves  narrower. 

Perigynia  distinctly  about  10-nerved  on  the  inner  faces, 

4-6  mm.  long. 

Spikes  8-12  mm.  long;  perigynia  4.8  6  mm.  long 
Spikes  5-8  mm.  long ;  perigynia  4-5  mm.  long       (12)  C.  hormathodes,  v.  invisa. 
Perigynia  8-5-nerved  on  the  inner  faces,  mostly  less  than 

4  mm   long. 

Perigynia  with  ascending  inconspicuous  tips         .        .    11.  C.  straminea. 
Perigynia  with  divergent  conspicuous  tips      .        (11)  C.  straminea,  v.  echinodet, 
T.   Perigynia  with  broad-ovate  to  orbicular  bodies    V. 
V.    Inflorescence  moniliform  and  flexuous,  with  mostly  clavate- 
based  spikes. 


10.  C.mirabiUs. 


12.  C.  hormathodes. 


206 


CYPERACEAE   (SEDGE   FAMILY) 


Spikes  brownish-white,   of  closely  appressed  ob- 
scurely beaked  firm  perigynia    .        .        .        .     14.  O.  silicea. 
Spikes  ferruginous;   the  abrupt  slender  beaks  of 
the  perigynia  with  loosely  ascending  or  spread- 
ing tips (12)  C.  hormathodes,  v.  Richii. 

V.  Inflorescence  stiff  (or,   if  flexuous,  with  brown  or 

ferruginous  spikes)    W. 
W.   Perigynia  5.6-7.7   mm.  long,  very  thin,   scale-like, 

almost  transparent ;  scales  blunt        .        .        .13.  C.  BickneUii. 
W.   Perigynia  less  than  5.6  mm.  long,  firm  and  opaque 
(when  exceptionally  longer  in  C.  alata,  with 
aristate  scales)  X. 
X.  Scales    long-acuminate    or    aristate ;    perigynia 

4-5.5  mm.  long ;  achenes  oblong. 
Spikes  green  or  finally  dull  brown  ;  scales  lance- 
subulate  ;  perigynia  obovate,  2.8-3.7  mm. 
broad,  abruptly  narrowed  at  base        .         .     15.  C.  alata. 
Spikes  becoming  dark   brown  or  ferruginous ; 

perigynia  2.8-'2.S  mm.  broad. 
Spikes  closely    approximate ;    scales    ovate- 
lanceolate  ;     perigynia    ovate,     tapering 
gradually  to  the  beak        .        .        .        .     16.  C.  (suberecta. 
Spikes  scattered  in  a  flexuous  inflorescence  ; 
scales  lanceolate ;     perigynia    orbicular, 

abruptly  slender-beaked    .        .         (12)  C.  hormathodes,  v.  Richii. 
X.   Scales  blunt  or  at  most  acutish. 

Spikes  gray-green  or  finally  dull  brown,  with 
strongly    appressed-ascending    very    firm 

perigynia  3.5-4  (very  rarely  4.5)  mm.  long      9.   C.  albolutescens. 
Spikes     straw-colored     or    ferruginous,     with 

spreading-ascending  perigynia  4-5.5  mm.  long. 
Inflorescence  of  5-10  mostly  distinct  spikes  .     17.  C.festucacea. 
Inflorescence  of  3-6  approximate  spikes    (17)  C.  festucacea,  v.  brevior. 
R.  Tips  of  the  perigynia  equaled  by  the  subtending  scales    Y. 
Y.   Inflorescence  stiff  and  erect,  or  at  least  with  approximate 

spikes   Z. 
Z.  Spikes  whitish  or  gray-green. 

Perigynia  lance-ovate,  4-4.8  mm.  long,  nerveless  on 

the  inner  face,  golden-yellow  at  base     . 
Perigynia  broad-ovate  to  suborbicular. 
Perigynia  strongly  ribbed  the  length  of  the  inner 

face,  2  mm.  broad 

Perigynia  nerveless  or  faintly  nerved  on  the  inner 

face,  broader 

Z.  Spikes  bronze  or  ferruginous. 

Perigynia  distinctly  concave  on  the  usually  nerved 

inner  face  ;  achene  1  mm.  broad    .... 

Perigynia  flat  or  convex  on   the  usually  nerveless 

inner  face,  very  plump  ;  achene  2  mm.  broad 
Y.   Inflorescence  flexuous,  at  least  the  lower  spikes  remote   a. 
a.   Perigynia  nerveless  or  only  faintly  short-nerved  on  the 

inner  face. 
Perigynia   ovate-lanceolate,   one  third   as   broad  as 

long;  achene  1  mm.  broad 

Perigynia  ovate,  half  as  broad  as  long  ;  achene  1.5mm. 

broad        

a.   Perigynia  distinctly  nerved  on  the  inner  face. 

Perigynia  2.S-4.4  mm.  long,  at  most  2.4  mm.  broad, 

7-13-ribbed  on  the  inner  face,  abruptly  beaked. 
Inflorescence  of  4-9  spikes  6-10  mm.  long ;   peri- 
gynia 2.8-4  mm.  long 

Inflorescence    of   6—15    spikes   10-17   mm.    long; 

perigynia  3.5-4.4  mm.  long         .        .        .       (15 

Perigynia  4-5.3  mm.   long,  2.5—3  mm.    broad,   3-;>- 

nerved  on  the  inner  face,  obscurely  broad-beaked    14*  C.  silicea. 
D.   Bracts  leaf-like,    much    prolonged,   the    lowest  1-2  din.    long; 

spikes  crowded  ;  perigynia  subulate 

C.   Perigynia  horizontally  spreading  or  reflexed  when  mature,  spongy 

at  base,  with  thin  but  scarcely  winged  margins   b. 
b.   Spikes   solitary   and    terminal,   pistillate   or   staminate,  or  with 

flowers  variously  scattered. 

Stoloniferous;  the  filiform  culms  at  most  3  dm.  high,  from  fili- 
form rootstocks 

Not  Stoloniferous  ;  the  wiry  culms  2—7  dm.  high,  in  caespitose 

stools 

6.   Spikes  2-several  c. 

c.   Perigynia  broadest  at  base  ;  beak  rough  or  serrulate   d. 


21.  O.  ocerantica. 


19.  C.foenea. 
9.  C.  albolulescens. 


20.  C.  leporina. 
23. 


7.  C.  pratensis. 
22.  O.  aenea. 


19.  C.foenea. 
)  O.  foenea,  v.  perplexa 


24.  C.  sychnocepJiala. 


25.  C.  gynocrates* 

26.  O. 


d.   Perigynia  at  most  half  as  broad  as  long,  finally  yellowish,  with 
slender  beak  nearly  equaling  the  body  ;  scales  p 


scales  pointed 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY")  207 

«.   Perigynia  ovate,  8-4  mm.  long. 
Spikes  at  most  12-flowered. 
Inflorescence  1—3  cm.  long,  the  2—6  spikes  subap- 

proximate 27.  C.  ttettulata. 

Inflorescence  2-6  cm.  long,  the  2-4  spikes  very  re- 
mote, the  terminal  with  a  clavate  base  0.5-1 

cm.  long (27)  O.  stellulata,  v.  ormantha. 

Spikes  with  more  flowers. 

Leaves  1-2.5  mrn.  broad;  spikes  scattered,  12—20- 
flowered  ;  perigynia  less  than  half  as  broad  as 

long (27)  O.  stellulata,  v.  excelsior. 

Leaves  2-4  mm.  broad  ;  spikes  mostly  approximate, 
15-40-flowered ;    perigynia    half   as    broad    as 

long (27)  C.  stellulata,  v.  cephalantha. 

6.   Perigynia  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  2.5-3  mm.  long  ; 

inflorescence  of  2-6  approximate  spikes  .          (27)  O.  slellulata,  v.  angustata. 
d.   Perigynia  more  than  half  as  broad  as  long  (narrower  only 
in  var.  of  no.  29),  firm,  brownish  or  dark  green; 
beak  one  fourth  to  one  half  as  long  as  the  body. 
Scales  sharp-pointed ;  leaves  2.5-4.5  mm.  broad ;  inflo- 
rescence 1.5-3.5  cm.  long ;  spikes  15-50-flowered ; 

coarse  plant 28.  C.  sterilis. 

Scales  blunt;  leaves  narrower;   inflorescence  1-2  cm. 

long ;  spikes  5-15-flowered  ;  slender  plants. 
Leaves  1-2  mm.  broad ;  perigynia  faintly  nerved  or 

nerveless  on  the  inner  face. 

Perigynia  deltoid-ovate,  spreading    .        .        .        .    29.  C.  scirpoides. 
Perigynia  lance-subulate,  ascending  .        .       (29)  C.  scirpoides,  v.  Josselynii. 
Leaves  narrower ;  perigynia  strongly  nerved     (29)  C.  scirpoides,  v.  capillacea. 
C.   Perigynia  broadest  near  the  middle,  less  than  2  mm.  broad, 
very  thin  and  conspicuously  nerved,  with  short  smooth 

beak  ;  spikes  remote 80.  G.  seorsa. 

B.   PERIGYNIA  NOT  THIN-WINGED,  ASCENDING  FROM  THE  FIRST,  PLANO- 
CONVEX /. 
/.   Perigynia  4  mm.  or  more  long,  long-beaked. 

Spikes  lance-cylindric,  in  a  loose  linear-cylindric  inflorescence  ; 
perigynia  1-1.3  mm.  broad,  strongly  nerved;  scales  ob- 
long; leaves  1-2.5  mm.  broad 84.  C.  bromoides. 

Spikes  ovoid  or  ovoid-cylindric ;  perigynia  1.6-1.9  mm.  broad, 
faintly  nerved  or  nerveless  ;  scales  ovate ;  leaves  2-5  mm. 

broad 85.  C.  Deweyana. 

f.   Perigynia  less  than  4mm.  long  g. 

g.   Perigynia  with  serrulate  beaks  or  margins  h. 
A.   Inflorescence  elongate,  from  slender  to  thickish-cylindric  i.        * 
*.   Perigynia  ovate,  broadest  at  base  ;   spikes  mostly  or  all 

approximate  in  a  thick  cylindric  inflorescence     .        .    81.  C.  arcta. 
i.   Perigynia  broadest  near  the  middle. 

Plant  glaucous;  leaves  2-4  mm.  broad;  spikes  with 
many     appressed-ascendiug     glaucous     obscurely 
beaked  perigynia. 
Spikes  6-10  mm.  long,  approximate  or  the  lowest 

rarely  1.5  cm.  apart;  perigynia  2.8-3  mm.  long    .    82.  C.  canescens. 
Spikes  4-7  mm.  long,   subapproximate  or  remote; 

perigynia  about  2  mm.  long    .        .        .     (82)  C.  canescens,  v.  subloliacea. 
Spikes  6-12  mm.  long,  remote,  the  lowest  2-4  cm. 

apart (32)  C.  canescens,  v.  disjuncta. 

Plant  green,  not  glaucous  ;  leaves  1—2.5  mm.  broad  ; 
spikes  with  few  loosely  spreading  dark  green  or 
brown  distinctly  beaked  perigynia    .        .        .        .    88.   (7.  bnmnescens. 
h.   Inflorescence  subglobose,  of  2-4  closely  approximate  sub- 
globose    loosely  flowered    silvery    spikes;      perigynia 
oblong,  beakless,  nerved,  3-8.4  mm.  long       .       .        .86.  C.  tenv^flora. 
g.   Perigynia  smooth  throughout  j. 

}.   Spikes  whitish,  silvery  green  or  pale  brown. 

Inflorescence  elongate,  at  least  the  lower  spikes  scattered. 
Uppermost    spikes   divaricate-pedunculate,  lowermost 
subtended  by  a  leaf-like  bract ;  perigynia  usually 
more  than  3  mm.  long. 

Leaves  flat,  1-2  mm.  broad 87.  O.  trisperma. 

Leaves  setaceous.  0.8-0.5  mm.  broad  .        .      (87)  C.  trisperma,  v.  Sillingini, 
Spikes  continuous  in  a  linear-cylindric  loose  inflores- 
cence, bractless  or  only  short-bracted ;  perigynia 

2-8  mm.  long 82.  C.  canesctns. 

Inflorescence  subglobose,  of  2-4  closely  approximate  sub- 
globose  loosely  flowered  spikes ;  perigynia  beakless, 

3  mm.  or  more  long 86.  C.  tenuiflora. 

j.  Spikes  ferruginous  or  dark  brown  ;  terminal  spikes  with 
conspicuous  clavate  base ;  perigynia  abruptly  beaked  ; 
culms  smooth  (or  harsh  only  at  tips). 


208  CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY) 

Spikes  distinct;  the  lowest  4-5  mm.  thick;  the  ter- 
minal 1-1.8  cm.  long;  perigynia  pale,  about  equaled 
by  the  yellowish-brown  blunt  scales  .  .  .  .  38.  (7.  norvegica. 
Spikes  approximate;  the  lowest  less  than  4  mm.  thick; 
plant  weak,  lax  ;  leaves  involute,  0.5-1.5  mm.  broad  ; 
perigynia  pale  brown  or  drab. 

Perigynia  fusiform 39.   C.  glareosa. 

Perigynia  ovoid (39)   C.  glareosa,  v.  amphigena 

A .  Staminate  flowers  borne  at  the  top  of  the  spikes  k. 

k.   Perigynia  ellipsoid-ovoid,  scarcely  compressed,  nearly  terete          .    40.   C.  tenella. 
k.  Perigynia  compressed   I. 

I.   Spikes  2  or  more  in  a  simple  or  compound  spicate  or  paniculate 

inflorescence   m. 

m.   Rootstocks  short  and  thick;  culm  sin  terminal  tufts  or  stools  n. 
n.   Spikes  green  or  nearly  so  when  mature  (becoming  brown 

only  when  over-ripe)   o. 
o.   Broadest  leaves  1-4.5  mm.  wide  p. 
p.   Perigynia  very  spongy  below  the  middle,  the  nerve-like 

margins  inflexed  q. 
q.   Perigynia  with  minutely  serrulate  margins ;    scales 

blunt ;   spikes  mostly  remote. 
Perigynia  quickly  becoming  squarrose. 

Culms  erect;  spikes  6-15-flowered         .        .        .41.  C.  rosea. 
Culms  loosely  spreading  ;  spikes  2-6-flowered          (41)  C.  rosea,  v.  radiata. 

Perigynia  ascending  in  fruit (41)  C.  rosea,  v.  minor. 

q.   Perigynia  with  smooth  margins  ;   scales  acuminate  ; 
spikes  mostly  approximate. 

Perigynia  ovoid  ' 42.   C.  retraftexa. 

Perigynia  lance-subulate      .        .        .        .          (42)  C.  retraftexa,  v.  texensis. 
p.   Perigynia  of  essentially  uniform  (membranous)  texture 
throughout,  not   conspicuously  spongy  below   the 
middle ;  margins  slightly  if  at  all  inflexed  /•. 

r.   Perigynia  4-6  mm.  long 43.  C.  muricata. 

r.   Perigynia  less  than  4  mm.  long  «. 

8.  Leaves  and  culms  stiff  and  wiry;  heads  2 (rarely 
1.5)-4  cm.  long. 

Perigynia  distinctly  nerved 44.  a  MuJileribergii. 

Perigynia  nerveless          ....      (44)  C.  Muhlenbergii,  v.  enervis. 
8.  Leaves  and  culms  soft;  heads  0.7-1.5  (rarely  1.8) 

cm.  long. 
Perigynia     elliptic-ovate,     broadest    below     the 

middle,  narrowest  at  base       .        .        .        .    45.  C.  cephalophora. 
Perigynia  cordate-deltoid,  broadest  at  the  cor- 

•        date  or  subcordate  base          .        .        .        .    46.  C.  Leavenworthii. 
o.   Leaves  5-10  (the  narrowest  rarely  4.5)  mm.  wide  t. 

t.    Perigynia  uniformly  firm   throughout,   the   outer  face 

nerveless  or  very  faintly  nerved   u. 
u.   Perigynia  wing-margined  to  the  base ;  spikes  mostly 

distinct  in  a  moniliform  inflorescence     .        .        .47.  C.  sparganoides. 
u.   Perigynia   wing-margined    only   above    the    middle ; 

spikes  approximate  in  a  cylindric  or  ovoid  head. 
Perigynia    broad-ovate     to     suborbicular,     nearly 

equaled  by  the  long-pointed  scales. 

Culms  2-5  dm.  high  ;  leaves  subbasal     .        .        .50.  C.  gravida. 
Culms  6-12  dm.  high  ;  leaves  remote       .        .  (50)  C.  gravida,  v.  laxifolia. 
Perigynia  lance-ovate,   twice  as  long  as  the  thin 

white  scale 48.  C.  cephaloidea. 

t.   Perigynia    spongy  below    the  middle,  the   outer  face 

prominently  ribbed 55.  C.  conjuncta. 

n.   Spikes  yellowish  or  tawny  when  mature  v. 

V.   Perigynia  firm  and   uniform  in  texture,  not  spongy  nor 
conspicuously  inflated  below,  the  beak  shorter  than 
or  barely  equaling  the  body  w. 
w.   Perigynia  straw-color,  thin,  distinctly  flattened  on  the 

inner  face  x. 

as.  Membranous  band  of  the  leaf-sheath  not  cross-puck- 
ered ;  scales  acuminate,  rarely  awned  y. 
y.   Leaves  2^3  mm.   wide  ;   culms   firm,  without  thin 

wing-margins 43.  C.  muricata. 

y.  Leaves  4-S  mm.  wide  ;  culms  soft,  with  almost  wing- 
like  angles. 
Beak  nearly  as  long  as  the  narrow-ovate  body 

of  the  perigynium 49.  C.  alopecoidea. 

Beak  one  third  as  long  as  the  broad-ovate  or  sub- 
orbicular  body  of  the  perigynium. 

Culms  2-5  dm.  high  ;  leaves  subbasal         .        .    50.  C.  gravida. 
Culms  6-12  dm.  high  ;  leaves  remote  (50)   C.   gravida,  v.  laxifolia. 

as.  Membranous  or  chartaceous  band  of  the  leaf-sheath 
cross-puckered,  at  least  in  age  ;  scales  awn-tipped. 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY)  .  209 

Leaves  equaling  or  exceeding  the  culms    .        .        .51.  C.  vulpinoidea. 
Leaves  distinctly  shorter  than  the  culms. 

Perigynia  lanceolate  or  lance-ovate          .        .        .    52.   C.  setacea. 
Perigynia  broad-ovate  to  suborbicular    .        .      (52)   C.  setacea,  v.  aniblgua. 
to.  Perigynia  drab  to  dark  brown  or  purplish,  plump,  some- 
what biconvex. 

Perigynia  obovoid,  narrow-margined,  abruptly  short- 
beaked      58.  (7.  decomposita. 

Perigynia    ovoid,    with    rounded    margins,    tapering 

gradually  to  a  beak. 

Inflorescence  dark  brown,  stiff,  dense,  spiciform     .    54.    C.  diandra. 
Inflorescence    light    brown,   flexuous,  loose,  sub- 
paniculate     (54)  C.  diandra,  v.  ramosa. 

v.   Perigynia  prominently  enlarged  and  spcngy  at  base,  con- 
spicuously nerved,  the  slender  beak  much  longer  than 
the  body. 
Perigynia  4-5  mm.  long,  tapering  gradually  from  base 

to  tip 56.  C.  stipata. 

Perigynia  6-9  mm.  long,  abruptly  enlarged  below  into 

a  disk-like  base 57.  C.  crus-corvi. 

m.   Eootstock  slender  and  elongate  ;  culms  mostly  scattered,  or  if 

tufted  bearing  slender  stolons  at  base  z. 
z.   Perigynia  thin-margined ;  heads  elongate,  2-8  cm.  long,  of 

numerous  distinct  spikes. 

Perigynia  wing-margined  ;  inner  side  of  leaf-sheath  carti- 
laginous to  chartaceous,  nerveless        .        .        .        .    58.  C.  ar  en  aria. 
Perigynia  not  wing-margined  ;  leaf-sheath  green  and  uni- 
formly ribbed,  except  at  the  orifice       .        .        .        .     59.  C.  Sartwellii. 
e.   Perigynia  plump,   not  thin-margined  ;  heads  ovoid  to  glo- 
bose, 0.5-1.5  cm.  long,  of  few  congested  spikes. 

Perigynia  flat  on  the  inner  face,  faintly  nerved  .        .    60.  C.  stenophylla. 

Perigynia  plano-convex,  strongly  nerved          '  .        .        .     61.  C.  chordorrhiza. 
1.   Spike  solitary,  terminal,  globular  or  short-ovoid  .        .        .        .     62.  C.  capitata. 

§  2.  Some  of  the  spikes  strictly  pistillate  ;  stigmas  3  and  achenes  trigonous  ;  or, 
if  stigmas  2  and  achenes  lenticular,  some  of  the  spikes  peduncled.  EUCAREX 
Griseb.  A. 

A.  Achenes  lenticular  or  plano-convex;  stigmas  2  (very  rarely  and 
exceptionally  3) ;  perigynia  beakless  or  very  short-beaked,  with 
entire  or  merely  emarginate  orifice  B. 
B.   Perigynia  dull   C. 

C.  Scales  aristate  or  subulate-tipped,  much  exceeding  the  perigynia ; 

pistillate  spikes  all  peduncled  D. 
D.   Scales  appressed-ascending  ;  basal  sheaths  rarely  fibrillose. 

Awns  longer  than  the  blades  of  the  scales  ;  spikes  on  wide- 
spreading  or  drooping  capillary  peduncles ;  old  leaves 

revolute 68.  C.  maritima. 

Awns  shorter  than  the  blades  of  the  scales  ;  spikes  strongly 

ascending ;  old  leaves  involute         .        .        .        .        64.  C.  salina,  v.  cuspidata. 

D.  Scales  spreading ;  basal  leafless  sheaths  fibrillose. 

Leaf-sheaths  glabrous. 

Perigynia  inflated,  wrinkled  in  drying.  / 

Spikes  flexuous  or  drooping,  the  pistillate  3.5-10  cm. 

long .        .    65.  C.  crinita. 

Spikes  suberect  or  spreading,  1-3.5  cm.  long  .        .  (65)  C.  crinita,  v.  minor. 

Perigynia  tight,  not  inflated (65)  C.  crinita  v.  Porteri. 

Leaf-sheaths  scabrous-hispid. 

Pistillate  spikes  2.5-10  cm.  long,  drooping         .        .    (65)  C.  crinita,  v.  gynandra. 
Pistillate  spikes  suberect  or  spreading,  1-8.5  cm.  long    (65)  C.  crinita,  v.  simulant. 
C.  Scales  obtuse  or  acute,  not  aristate  ;  if  subulate-tipped  with  the 
upper  spikes  mostly  sessile   E. 

E.  Perigynia  compressed,  lenticular  or  plano-convex  F. 

F.   Culms  solitary  or  few  ;  lower  sheaths  slightly  if  at  all  fibril- 
lose   G. 

G.   Perigynia  nerveless   H. 
H.   Perigynia  plane,  not  twisted  at  tip  /. 
/.  Culms  leafy  and  tall,  somewhat  caespitose ;  leaves 
scabrous  on  the  veins  and  margins ;  basal  off- 
shoots chiefly  erect  J. 

J.  Green,  scarcely  glaucous ;  pistillate  spikes  atten- 
uate at  tip  64.  C.  saUna,  v.  outpidata. 

J,   Strongly    glaucous ;      pistillate     spikes    full     and 

rounded  at  tip. 

Scales  conspicuous,  dark,  nearly  or  quite  equal- 
ing the  perigynia. 
Scales  blunt  or  acntish. 

Pistillate  spikes  3-4.5  mm.  thick      .        .        .     66.  C.  aquatili*. 

GRAY'S  MANUAL — 14 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY) 


Pistillate  spikes  5-8  mm.  thick 
Scales  cuspidate    . 


(66)  C.  aguatilis,  v.  elatior. 
(66)  C.  aqiiatilis,  v.  cuspidata. 
(66)  C.  aguatilis,  v.  virescens. 


Scales  hidden  by  the  perigynia 
/.   Culms  low  ;  leaves  mostly  basal,  smooth  ;  basal  off- 

shoots chiefly  repent        ......      67.  C.  rigida. 

H.   Perigynia  elongate,  with  an  empty  twisted  tip       .        .      68.  C.  torta. 
G.  Perigynia  nerved. 

Caespitose,   not   stoloniferous  ;  green  central  portion 

of  the  scale  about  as  broad  as  the  darker  margins  .      69.  C.  lenticularis. 
Stoloniferous  ;  green  midrib  of  the  purple  or  blackish 

scale  very  slender       .......      70.  C.  Goodenowii. 

f.  Culms  numerous  in  stools  ;  lower  sheaths  fibrillose. 

Perigynia  elliptic,  tapering  about  equally  to  base  and  apex. 
Pistillate  spikes  dense,  mostly  full  at 


71.  C.  stricta. 


(71)  C.  stricta,  v.  decora. 


72.  C.  aurea. 

73.  C.  bicolor. 


base  ;  scales  blunt, 

slightly  if  at  all  exceeding  the  perigynia. 
Pistillate  spikes  2-7  cm.  long        ..... 

Pistillate  spikes  0.5-1.5  cm.  long  ....    (71)  C.  stricta,  v.  curtissima. 

Pistillate  spikes  rather  loose,  long-attenuate  at  base  ; 

scales  acutish      .......      (71)  C.  stricta,  v.  anguxtata. 

Perigynia  obovate  or  orbicular,  shorter  than  the  attenuate 

scales 
E.   Perigynia  plump,  subterete. 

Mature  perigynia  fleshy,  pyriform  or  subglobose,  orange  or 
brownish,  glabrous   ........ 

Mature    perigynia    not    fleshy,  ellipsoid,  slender-stipitate, 
white,  pulverulent     ........ 

B.   Perigynia  lustrous. 
Perigynia  nerved. 

Leaves  flat  ;  bracts  ascending     .......    180.  C.  Grahami. 

Leaves  soon  involute  ;  bracts  divergent    .....    181.  C.  rotundata. 

Perigynia  nerveless. 

Leaves  flat  ;   pistillate  spikes  subglobose  or  short-cylindric, 

5-8  mm.  thick        .........    179.  C.  saxatilis. 

Leaves  involute  or  filiform  ;  pistillate  spikes  slender,  3-7  mm. 

thick       ..........   (179)  C.  saxaWis,  v.  miliaris. 

&..  Achenes  trigonous;  stigmas  3  (very  rarely  and  exceptionally  2)  K. 

K.     SPIKES  SOLITARY,  TERMINAL     L. 

L.   Spikes  naked  or  without  large  leafy  bracts    M. 
M.   Leaves  tongue-shaped,  2-4  cm.  broad       .....      77.  (7.  Fraseri. 

M.   Leaves  grass-like,  narrow  N. 
N.   Spikes  monoecious,  green  or  straw-color  ;  perigynia  gla- 

brous  O. 
O.   Spikes  staminate  at  tip,  few-flowered  ;  perigynia  with  entire 

tips. 
Perigynia    appressed-ascending,    in    a   linear-cylindric 

spike,  beakless. 

Perigynia  2.5-3.5  mm.  long;  achenes  lustrous,  not 
puncticulate,  obtusely  trigonous    .... 

Perigynia  4-5  mm.  long  ;  achenes  puncticulate,  barely 
lustrous,  sharply  trigonous    ..... 

Perigynia  soon  refracted,  slender-beaked 
O.  Spikes  staminate  at  base,  many-flowered  ;  perigynia  with 

long  bidentate  beaks. 
Scales  of  pistillate  flowers  subulate-tipped 
Scales  blunt        ......... 

N.  Spikes  dioecious,  purplish-brown  ;  perigynia  pubescent. 

Culms  shorter  than  the  leaves  ;  scales  short-aristate,  ex- 
ceeding the  perigynia    ....... 

Culms  exceeding  the  leaves  ;  scales  blunt,  shorter  than 

the  perigynia  .........      92.  C.  scirpoidea. 

L.  Spikes  subtended  by  long  leafy  bracts. 
Perigynia  somewhat  2-edged. 
Scales  all  bracteate,  overtopping  the  perigynia      . 
Only  the  lowest  scales  overtopping  the  perigynia 
Perigynia  globose,  with  slender  cylindric  beak 
K.   SPIKES  2  OR  MORE   P. 
P.  Perigynia  not  rigidly  bidentate,  the  orifice  entire  or  emar- 

ginale,  the  teeth  if  present  soft  and  thin   Q. 
Q.  Terminal  spike  bearing  some  pistillate  flowers   R. 
R.   Terminal  spike  pistillate  throughout,  brown  or  purplish,  the 

lower  spike  much  smaller  ;  perigynia  hairy    . 
R.   Terminal  spike  with  both  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  S. 
S.    Terminal  spike  pistillate  only  at  base  ;  the  capillary  pedun- 

cles often  basal  ;  perigynia  sharply  angled  . 
S.   Terminal  spike  pistillate  at  summit,  or,  if  pistillate  at  base, 

the  spikes  mostly  near  the  tip  of  the  culm    T. 
T.    Perigynia  ascending    U. 

U*  Scales  brown  to  purplish-black  ;  spikes  globose,  ovoid 
or  thick-cylindric    V. 


75.  C.  leptalea. 

76.  C.  ffarperi. 
74.  C.  pauciflora. 


161.  C.  squarrosa. 

162.  C.  typhinoides. 


.    116.  C.picta. 


89.  C.  Backii. 

90.  C.  Willdenowii. 

91.  C.  Jamesii. 


92-  C.  scirpoidea. 


118.  C.  pedunculate. 


CYPERACEAE  (SEDGE  FAMILY) 


211 


V.  Scales  shorter  than  or  about  equaling  the  perigynia. 
Scales  rough-awned  ;  coarse  southern  plant   . 
Scales  blunt ;  slender  northern  plants. 


.    148.  C.  verrucota. 


Spikes  sessile,  closely  approximate  ii 
Spikes  mostly  peduncled,  spreading  i 
les  much  exceeding  the  perigynia. 


in  an  irregular  head 
treading  or  drooping  . 
V.  Scales  much  exceeding  the  per" 

Spikes  sessile,  erect 

Spikes  peduncled,  spreading  or  drooping 
U.   Scales  white  or  greenish,  or  if  very  brownish  the  spikes 

linear-cylindric    W. 

W.   Spikes  mostly  sessile  or  subsessile  and  erect  X. 
X.  Spikes  mostly  remote ;  leaves  glabrous,  short  and  broad 

(4-10  mm.  broad) 

X.   Spikes  approximate  or  overlapping ;  leaves  long  and 
'   ide    " 


78.  C.  Halleri. 

79.  C.  atrata,  v.  ovata. 

80.  C.  polygama. 
111.  C.  paupercula. 


135.  C.  ffranularis. 


slender  (1^4  mm.  broad),  at  least  the  sheaths  hairy. 
Perigynia  smooth,  or  when  young  slightly  hairy. 
Leaves  smooth  .......          (81)  C.  triceps,  v.  Smithii. 

Leaves  hairy       ........    81.  C.  triceps,  v.  hirsuta. 

Perigynia  very  hairy. 

Terminal  spike  (including  the  staminate  base)  1.8-4 

cm.  long,  one  tenth  to  one  seventh  as  thick     . 

Terminal  spike  9-18  mm.  long,  one  fifth  to  one 

third  as  thick       ......      (82)  C,  virescens,  v.  Swanii. 

W.   Spikes  mostly  peduncled,  spreading  or  drooping  Y, 
Y.   Perigynia  2  mm.  or  more  thick. 

Scales   blunt  or  cuspidate,  much   shorter  than  the 
perigynia         ........ 

Scales  long-awned,  usually  equaling  the  perigynia     . 
F.   Perigynia  less  than  2  mm.  thick   Z. 

Z.   Bracts  with  distinct  long  sheaths  ;  perigynia  bluntly 

angled  a. 
a.  Perigynia  rounded  or  narrowed  but  not  definitely 

stipitate  at  base  &. 

&.   Perigynia  less  than  4  mm.  long,  beakless. 
Sheaths  glabrous  ;  perigynia  obtuse  .        . 
Sheaths  pubescent  ;  perigynia  acutish 
6.  Perigynia  4  mm.  or  more  long. 

Leaves  hairy  ;  perigynia  beakless 
Leaves  smooth  ;  perigynia  beaked. 
Scales  white  or  whitish  ;  perigynia  with  long 
conic-cylindric  beaks         .... 

Scales  with  dark-brown  margins  ;  perigynia 
with  short-conic  beaks      .... 

a.  Perigynia  with  slender  stipitate  bases 
Z.   Bracts  sheathless  ;  perigynia  sharply  angled 
T.  Perigynia  wide-spreading  or  reflexed. 

Perigynia  orbicular  to  broadly  elliptic,  compressed,  nerve- 

less, with  tiny  short  point  ;  bracts  erect 
Perigynia  terete,  beaked,  strong-ribbed  ;  bracts  divergent. 
Beak  about  as  long  as  body  of  perigynium. 
Beak  much  shorter  than  body  of  perigynium    . 
Q.  Terminal  spike  staminate  throughout  c. 

c.   Lowest  foliaceous  bracts  of  the  inflorescence  sheathless,  or  with 
short  colored  sheaths  or  colored  auricles,  sometimes  wanting 
or  reduced  to  mere  colored  sheaths  d. 
d.  Perigynia  pubescent  (if   rarely  glabrous,    the    spikes  mostly 

crowded  at  the  base  of  the  densely  tufted  leaves)   e. 
6.   Spikes  subtended    by  colored    tubular    sheaths  which    are 

without  green  blades. 

Pistillate  spikes  cylindric,  1—2  cm.  long  ;  scales  exceeding 
the  perigynia     ......... 

Pistillate  spikes  subglobose,  4-7  mm.  long;  scales  much 
shorter  than  the  perigynia        ...... 

6.  Spikes  bractless  or  the  lowermost  with  green  foliaceous  bracts  /. 
/.  Leaves  and  culms  soft-pubescent  ......    101.  C.  pubescent. 

f.  Leaves  and  culms  glabrous  g. 

g.   Leaves  mostly  basal,  the  culms   naked   or  with  short 

reduced  leaves  h. 

h.  Scales  rough-cuspidate  ;  perigynia  yellowish-brown 
h.   Scales  smooth  ;  perigynia  green  or  whitish  *. 

i.  Plant  strongly  stoloniferous,  the  elongate  often  leaf- 

less stolons  scaly-bracted  and  creeping. 
Beak  one  fourth  to  one  fifth  as  long  as  the  body  of 
the  perigynium 


C.  virescens. 


83.  C.  formosa. 

84.  C.  Dcwisii. 


85.  C.  gracillima. 

86.  C.  aestivalis. 

87.  C.oxylepis. 


146.  C.  debilis,  vars. 

147.  C,  renusta,  v.  minor. 
145.  C.  arctata. 

115.  C.prasina. 


88.  C.  Shortiana. 

188.  C.flava. 

189.  C.  Oederi. 


120.  C.  Richardsoni. 
119.  C.  concinna. 


102.  C.  caryophyllea. 


Beak  about  as  long  as  the  body 


i.   Plant  caespitose  or  slightly  stoloniferous,  the  basal 

leafy  shoots  strongly  assurgent  j. 
j.  Some  (or  all)  of  the  culms  short  and  more  or  less 
hidden  by  the  bases  of  the  leaves  k. 


100.  C,  pennsylvanica. 
(100)  C.  pennaytoanica.,  v.  lucorum 


212  CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE  FAMILY) 

k.  Kemnants  of  the  old  leaves  persisting  as  stiff  tufted 
shreds ;  scales  acuminate,  sharp-pointed,  nearly 
or  quite  equaling  the  perigynia. 
Perigynia  1.7-2.4  mm.  thick. 
Beak  nearly  or  quite  as  long  as  the  body  of  the 
perigynium. 

Perigynia  puberulent 93.  O.  umbellata. 

Perigynia  glabrous (93)  C.  umbellata,  v.  toma 

Beak  one  third  as  long  as  the  body        .    (93)  C.  umbellata,  v.  bremrostris. 

Perigynia  1.8-1.6  mm.  thick 94.  G.  nigro-marginata. 

fc.   Remnants  of  old  leaves  soft,  slightly  if  at  all  shredded  ; 
scales  blunt  or  acute,   much  shorter  than    the 

perigynia 95.  C.  deflexa. 

j.  Culms  elongate,  none  of  them  hidden  at  the  base  of  the 

plant  I. 
I.  Perigynia  much  exceeding  the  scales ;  spikes  closely 

approximate 96.  C.  albicans. 

I.  Perigynia  nearly  or  quite  equaled  by  the  scales  m. 
m.  Mature  leaves  3-5  mm.  wide  (if  exceptionally  nar- 
rower, the  spikes  remote) 97.  C.  communis. 

m.  Mature  leaves    1-2.5  mm.  wide  (if  exceptionally 

broader,  the  spikes  approximate). 
Staminate  and  pistillate  spikes  all  sessile. 
Scales  of  pistillate  spikes  whitish  or  greenish  .      98.  C.  varia. 

Scales  purplish (98)   C.  varia,  v.  colorata. 

Staminate  and  the  lowermost    pistillate  spikes 

short-peduncled 99.  C.  novae-angliae. 

g.  Culms  leafy,  the  leaves  elongate  n. 
n.  Pistillate  spikes  sessile  or  subsessile  ;  basal  sheaths  fibrillose. 

Staminate  spike  overtopping  the  pistillate  ....     154.  C.  vestita. 
Staminate  spike  shorter  than  the  pistillate  .        .        .   (154)  C.  vestiia,  v.  Kennedyi. 
n.   Pistillate  spikes  (or  at  least  the  lower)  distinctly  peduncled ; 

sheaths  not  fibrillose. 

Leaves  soft,  ribbon-like,  dark  green,  the  lower  bract  ex- 
ceeding the  culm  ;  perigynia  long-beaked  .        .        .    150.  C.  scabrata. 
Leaves  firm,  short,  glaucous  ;  the  bracts  short ;  perigynia 

barely  beaked 103.  C.  glauca. 

#.   Perigynia  glabrous  o. 
o.  Leaves  setaceous,  basal ;  culms  setaceous,  naked  ;  bracts  reduced 

to  pale  tubular  sheaths 117.  O.  eburnea. 

o.  Leaves  flat  or  plicate  p. 

p.  Leaves  lanceolate,  1.5-3  cm.  broad,  firm  and  evergreen ;  culms 
slender,   bearing    numerous  tubular  colored  sheaths  and 

remote  slender  spikes 121.  0.  plantaginea. 

p.   Leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  less  than  1.5  cm.  broad  q. 
q.   Perigynia  beakless  or  with  minute  entire  beaks  n 

r.  Pistillate  spikes  mostly  on  capillary  peduncles,  wide-spread- 
ing or  drooping  s. 

a.  Scales  brownish  or  purplish,  nearly  equaling  or  exceed- 
ing the  compressed  short- tipped  perigynia  t. 
t.  Spikes  globose  to  oblong-cylindric,  rarely  2  cm.  long; 

scales  exceeding  the  perigynia  u. 

u.   Scales  long-attenuate  with  subulate  tips,  much  ex- 
ceeding the  perigynia. 
Scales  dark  brown  or  purplish  throughout. 

Pistillate  spikes  4-8  mm.  long        ....    111.  C.  paupercula. 
Pistillate  spikes  1-1.6  cm.  long      .        .       (Ill)  C.  paupercula,  v.  irrigua. 
Scales  green  with  pale-brown  or  yellowish  margins 

(111)  C.  paupercula,  v.  pall 'ens 

u.   Scales  obtuse  or  acute,  barely  exceeding  the  perigynia. 
Leaves  involute,  0.5-1  mm.  wide,  glaucous  ;  scales 

brown.          .        .        .        .        ,        .        .        .    112.  C.  limosa. 
Leaves  flat,    1-3  mm.   wide,    dark  green ;    scales 

purple-black 113.  C.  rariftora. 

t.   Spikes    linear-cylindric,   2-5  cm.    long;    scales  barely 

equaling  the  perigynia 114.  G.  litloralis. 

s.   Scales  whitish,  much  shorter  than  the  sharply  trigonous 

attenuate  perigynia 115.  G.  prasina. 

r.    Pistillate  spikes  sessile  or  short-peduncled,  erect  v. 
v.   Plant  glaucous,  loosely  stoloniferous ;  Staminate  spikes 

long-stalked,  their  scales  mostly  purple-brown. 
Leaves  2.5-5  mm.    wide,  revolute  in   drying,   harsh; 

culms  harsh  ;  perigynia  brown 103.  C.  glauca. 

Leaves  1-3  mm.  wide,  becoming  plicate  or  involute, 
smooth ;  culms  smooth ;  perigynia  pale  green  or 

whitish 104.  O.  limda. 

v.  Plant  green,  densely  tufted ;  Staminate  spikes  sessile  or 
«ttort-stalked,  their  scales  pale  brown  or  straw 
Aolor. 


CYPERACEAE   (SEDGE   FAMILY) 


213 


Spikes  all  sessile  and  approximate ;  perigynia  obovoid, 
prominently  ribbed,  retuse,  with  a  distinct  short 
entire  beak 

Lowest  spike  peduncled ;  perigynia  narrowly  obovoid, 
faintly  nerved  or  nerveless,  narrowed  to  the  beakless 


tip 
dist 


q.  Perigynia  distinctly  beaked   w. 
w.  Spikes   sessile,   or  the  lowermost  short-pediceled,  erect  or 
oblique ;    the  bracts  very  long  and  much  exceeding  the 
inflorescence,  rarely  5  mm.  broad. 

Leaves  involute 

Leaves  flat. 


109.  G.  abbreviate. 


110  (7.  pallescens. 


137.  C.  extensa. 


Beak  about  equaling  body  of  perigynium   .... 
Beak  much  shorter  than  body  of  perigynium     . 
w.  Spikes  mostly  long-pediceled,  spreading  or  drooping,  if  ses- 
sile and  erect  the  bracts  more  than  5  mm.  wide  «. 
x.  Leaves    broad  (usually  5  mm.   or   more);   scales  strong- 
ribbed  ;    spikes  dense,  the  perigynia  firm,  dull,  wide- 


138. 

139.  C.  Oederi. 


Leaves  soft,  ribbon -like,  dark  green  ;  lower  bract  5-10 

mm.  wide,  much  exceeding  the  inflorescence 
y.  Leaves  firm,  glaucous  ;  lower  bract  1-4  mm.  wide,  about 

equaling  the  inflorescence. 

Perigynia  spreading-ascending,  glaucous,  faintly-nerved 

or  nerveless,  gradually  tapering  to  the  short  beak  . 

Perigynia  squarrose,  deep  green  or  brownish,  strongly 

many-ribbed,  abruptly  beaked 

05.   Leaves  narrow  (usually  less  than  5  mm.  wide) ;  scales  thin, 
nerveless  or  slightly  nerved ;  spikes  loosely  flowered, 
the  thin  lustrous  perigynia  strongly  ascending  0. 
e.   Perigynia    abruptly   contracted    to  an   awl-shaped  beak 

as  long  as  the  body 

8.  Perigynia  gradually  contracted  to  the  beak. 

Leaves  pubescent;  pistillate  spikes  5-S  mm.  thick 

J1S1 


150.  C.tcabrata. 


148.  C.  verrucosa. 

149.  C.  macrokolea. 


141.  C.  longirostris. 

148.  C.  castanea. 
144.  C.  capillaris. 


Leaves  glabrous  ;  pistillate  spikes  2-4  mm.  thick  . 
9.   Lowest  foliaceous  bract  of  the  inflorescence  with  a  prominent  closed 

green  sheath  a. 

a.   Perigynia  nerveless  or  with  few  nerves  most  prominent  toward 
the  base,  not  uniformly  and  conspicuously  nerved  from  base 
to  orifice  (excepting  the  marginal  nerves)  6. 
b.   Plant  caespitose,  scarcely  stoloniferous,  the  rootstock  short  and 

thick  ;  perigynia  with  long-attenuate  beaks  c. 
c.   Perigynia  abruptly  contracted  to  a  slender  beak  as  long  as  the 

Perigynia  hairy,  remote 140.  C.  assiniboinensis. 

Perigynia  smooth,  approximate 141.  C.  longirostris. 

c.   Perigynia  gradually  contracted  to  the  beak  d. 
d.   Pistillate  spikes  oblong-cylindric,  densely  flowered. 
Spikes  5-10  mm.  thick. 

Leaves  glabrous  ;  scales  white 142.  <?.  cherofceensis. 

Leaves  pubescent ;  scales  brown 148.  C.  castanea. 

Spikes  2-4  mm.  thick. 

Plant  0.5-1.5  dm.  high ;  spikes  approximate  . 
Plant  taller ;  spikes  remote       .... 
d.   Pistillate  spikes  linear-cylindric  e. 

e.    Basal  sheaths  reddish-purple  or  castaneous  /. 
/.    Basal  leaves  6-10  rnm.  broad,  scabrous  at  base 

gynia  stipitate,  ovoid-trigonous 
f.   Basal  leaves  3-7  mm.   broad,  smooth  at  base 

gynia  fusiform,  obscurely  trigonous 
Perigynia  glabrous. 


.    144.  C.  capillari*. 
(144)  C.  capillaris,  v.  elonyata. 


peri- 
.. 
peri- 


145. C.  arctata. 


Pejrigynia  mostly  overlapping, 
i.  long,   1 
white  scales 


Perigynia  6-9  mm.  long,   twice  as  long  as  the 


146.  C.  deMlis. 


Perigynia  4.5-6.5  mm.  long;  the  scales   straw- 
color  or  greenish-brown. 
Perigynia  twice  as  long  as  the  scales  ;  leaves  2—4 

mm.  wide (146)  C.  dfbilis,  v.  Rudgei. 

Perigynia  one  third  longer  than  the  scales ;  leaves 

4-6  mm.  wide (146)  <?.  deMlis,  v.  strictwr. 

Perigynia  alternate  and  mostly  remote,  not  over- 
lapping          (146)  C.  deMlis,  v.  inlerjecta. 

Perigynia  hairy (146)  C.  deMlis,  v.  pubera. 

e.   Basal  sheaths  dull  pale  brown      ....     (127)  C.  laxi/lora,  v.  leptonervia. 
'.    Plant  loosely   stoloniferous,   the  elongate  rootstock    slender; 
perigynia  beakless  or  with  short  or  abrupt  beak  g. 

ff.   Perigynia  hairy 102.  C.  caryophyllea. 

g    Perigynia  not  hairy  h. 
h.   Perigynia  beakless  or  with  a  very  short  oblique  tip  4. 


214 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY) 


h. 


i.   Perigynia  granulose-roughened  ;  spikes  very  remote,  ses- 
sile or  short-stalked,  in  nearly  all  the  leaf-axils    .        .    136.  C.  Orawei. 
i.   Perigynia    not  granulose  ;    spikes  (except  in  rare  cases 
long-stalked  basal  ones)  borne  only  toward  the  sum- 
mit of  the  culm  j. 
J.   Leaves  white-glaucous,   quickly  becoming  plicate    or 

involute 104.  C.  Mvida. 

J.   Leaves  green,  slightly  if  at  all  glaucous,  flat,  in  age  be- 
coming revolute. 

Culms  obtusely  angled,  smooth  throughout        .        .    105.  C,  panicea. 
Culms  acutely  angled,  scabrous  at  summit. 
Spikes  slender-cylindric,  3.6  mm.  thick. 
Spikes  mostly  close-flowered,  the  perigynia  over- 
lapping       106.  C.  tetanica. 

Spikes  loosely  flowered,  most  of  the  perigynia 

remote (106)  C.  tetanica,  v.  Woodii. 

Spikes  oblong-cylindric,  6-10  mm.  thick  .        .      (106)  C.  tetanica,  v.  Meadii. 


Perigynia  with  a  straightish  slender  beak. 
Culm  stiff,  harsh  above  ;  spikes  stiffly  erect,  densely  many- 


flowered .        .        .        .        .        .        '.        ...     107.  C.  polymorpha. 

Culm  flexuous,  smooth  throughout ;  spikes  spreading  or 

drooping,  loosely  few-flowered 108.  C.  vaginata. 

i.    Perigynia  with  numerous  uniform  nerves  from  base  to  orifice  (ex- 
treme specimens  of  nos.  106, 107, 108  might  be  sought  here)  Je. 
Je.   Tall  and  slender,  with  linear -cylindric  spikes        .... 
Je.    Low,  or  if  tall  with  thick-cylindric  to  globose  spikes  I. 

1.   Perigynia  sharply  angled,  with  plane  faces  (forms  of  0.  laxi- 
flora might  be  sought  here)   vn. 
m.   Perigynia  5-7  mm.  long ;  staminate  spikes  dark  brown  or 

purplish 

m.   Perigynia  2-4  mm.  long;   staminate  spike  straw-color  or 

pale  brown  n. 
n.   Basal  leaves  1-3  cm.  broad ;  pistillate  spikes  sessile  and 

erect       

n.   Basal  leaves  narrower,  or,  if  rarely  1  cm.  broad,  the  spikes 

flexuous  on  capillary  peduncles. 
Scales  acuminate  or  aristate ;  lowest  bract  slightly  if  at 

all  overtopping  the  inflorescence. 

Basal  leaves  6-12  mm.  broad. 

Perigynia  2.8-3.2  mm.  long 

Perigynia  3.3-4  mm.  long  . 

Basal  leaves  2-5  mm.  broad  . 

Scales  blunt ;  lowest  bract  greatly  overtopping  the  in- 
florescence   

Perigynia  obtusely  angled,  or  plump  and  scarcely  if  at  all  angled 


147.  C,  venusta,  v.  minor. 


122.  C.  Careyana. 


123.  C.  platyphylla. 


.    124.  C.  laxiculmis. 

(124)  C.  laxiculmis,  v.  copulato. 

125.  C.  digitalis. 


126.  C.  ptychocarpa. 


O.  Perigynia  strongly  ascending,  beakless  or"  with  broadly 
conic  oblique  tips  ;  spikes  mostly  scattered ;  bracts 
strongly  ascending  p. 

p.  Perigynia  fusiform  to  fusiform-obovoid,  tapering  sub- 
equally  to  the  conic  tip  and  the  long  gradually  con- 
tracted base,  obtusely  trigonous  q. 

q.   Perigynia  bearing  distinct  elevated  ribs  ;  scales  smooth  r. 
T.   Perigynia  with  several  ribs  on  each  face  s. 

8.   Staminate    spike    prominent,    usually    projecting 
above  the  pistillate ;    culms  slightly  if  at  all 
ancipital  t. 
t.   Pistillate  spikes  distinct,  not  closely  crowded. 

Perigynia  plump-obovoid,  the  short  beak  ab- 
ruptly bent  to  one  side. 

Pistillate  spikes  mostly  1.5-3  cm.  long  .        .    127.  C.  laxiflora. 
Pistillate    spikes    mostly    0.5-1.3    cm.    long 

(127)  C.  laxiflora,  v.  gracillima. 
Perigynia  ellipsoid-fusiform,  the  elongate  beak 

slightly  oblique. 

Perigynia   appressed-ascending  in   an   alter- 
nate-flowered spike  .        .        .      (127)  C.  laxiflora,  v.  patulifolia. 
Perigynia  oblique  or  divergent,  mostly  over- 
lapping in  the  densish  spike. 

Basal  leaves  7-12  mm.  broad        .       (127)  C.  laxiflora,  v.  Michauxii. 
Basal  leaves  3-6  mm.  wide  .        .          (127)  C.  Laxiflora,  v.  styloflexa. 
t.   Uppermost  pistillate  spikes  approximate  at  the 

base  of  the  staminate       ....  (127)   C.  laxiflora,  v.  varians. 
8 .   Staminate  spike  small  and  nearly  or  quite  hidden 

among  the  pistillate  ;  culms  ancipital. 
Basal  leaves  elongate,  linear-lanceolate,  5-14  mm.  • 

broad (127)  C.  laxiflora,  v.  blanda. 

Basal  leaves  lanceolate,  1.5-4  cm.  broad        .  (127)   O.  laxiflora,  v.  latifolia. 
r.   Perigynia  nerveless  or  with  1-3  nerves  on  each  face 

(127)  C.  laxiflora,  v.  leptonervia 


CYPERACEAE   (SEDGE  FAMILY) 


215 


q.   Perigynia    closely    impressed-nerved ;    scales    rough- 
awned. 

Sheaths  pubescent 

Sheaths  glabrous    

».   Perigynia  oblong-ovoid  to  obovoid  or  globose,  rounded  to 

the  sessile  or  abruptly  short-stipitate  base  u. 
u.   Closely  caespitose,  not  stoloniferous  v. 

v.   Culms  1-6  cm.  high,  more  than  twice  exceeded  by  the 

leaves  and  bracts 

v.  Culms  taller ;  bracts  proportionately  shorter  tv. 
w.   Uppermost  bract  slightly  if  at  all  overtopping  the 


128.  C.  Hitchcock,iana. 

129.  C.  oligocarpa. 


180.  C.  katahdinentis. 


overtopi 

staminate  spike ;   perigynia  impressed-nerved    181.  C.  conoidea. 
w.   Uppermost  bract  much  overtopping  the  staminate 
spike  (if  rarely   shorter,   the    perigynia  with 
prominent  ribs)  x. 
X.   Perigynia  impressed-nerved  y. 
y.   Style  jointed  below  the  middle. 

Leaves  thin  and  soft,  slightly  if  at  all  glaucous. 
Spikes  borne  principally  in  the  upper  axils. 
Perigynia  oblong. 
Perigynia    turgid,    beakless,    scarcely 

angled 132.  G.  grteea. 

Perigynia  scarcely  turgid,  trigonous, 

narrowed  to  a  beak         .        .        (182)  C.  grisea,  v.  rigida. 
Perigynia  subglobose       .        .        .         (132)  C.  grisea,  v.  globosa. 
Spikes  borne  from  the  lowest  as  well  as  the 

upper  axils     ....        (132)  (7.  grisea,  v.  angustifolia. 
Leaves  thick  and  firm,  very  glaucous     .        .     133.  C.  glaucodea. 
y.   Style  jointless  ;  perigynia  golden-brown    .        .    134. .  C.  Jlaccosperma. 
05.   Perigynia  with  elevated  ribs  and  short  point  or 

beak. 

Perigynia  plump-ovoid  to  globose       .        .        .     135.  C.  granularis. 
Perigynia  oblong         ....      (185)  C.  granularis,  v.  Ifaleana. 
u.   Culms  solitary,  from  slender  stoloniferous  base     .        .    186.  C.  Crawei. 
O.   Perigynia  wide-spreading    or    squarrose,   slender-beaked ; 
spikes  mostly  toward  the  summit  of  the  culm  ;  bracts 
divergent  z. 

z.   Leaves  involute  ;  perigynia  spreading-ascending 
z.   Leaves  flat ;  perigynia  squarrose  aa. 
aa.   Beak  about  as  long  as  the  body  of  the  perigynium,  often 

bent,  at  least  in  maturity. 

Staminate  spike  sessile  or  very  short-stalked,  some- 
times pistillate  at  tip ;   pistillate  spikes  mostly 
contiguous. 
Fruiting  spikes  9-12  mm.  thick,  short-cylindric  or 

globose  ;  beaks  spreading  in  all  directions 
Fruiting    spikes  6.5-8  mm.   thick,  mostly    short- 
cylindric  perigynia  mostly  wide-spreading  and 

straightish (138)  C.  flava,  v.  recUrostra. 

Staminate  spike  usually  peduncled  ;  pistillate  mostly 

remote,  the  curved  perigynia  usually  retrorse 
aa.  Beak  distinctly  shorter  than  body  of  the  perigynium, 
straight  or  slightly  bent,  ascending  or  horizontally 
spreading. 

Staminate  spike  usually  peduncled  ;   pistillate  scat- 
tered         

Staminate  spike  usually  sessile,  often  more  or  less 

pistillate  ;  pistillate  spikes  mostly  approximate   (189)  (7.  Oederi,  v.  pumila. 
P.  Beak,  or  tip  of  perigynium  sharply  bidentate,  the  teeth  acerose  bb. 
bb.    Perigynia  firm  and  tough,  closely  investing  the  achene  cc. 
cc.   Teeth  less  than  1  mm.  long,  erect  dd. 
dd.   Perigynia  pubescent. 

Leaves  involute-filiform  151.  C.  filiformi*. 

Leaves  broad  and  flat. 

Scales  mostly  equaling  the  densely  hairy  perigynia   .        .    152.  C.  lanuginosa. 
Scales  mostly  shorter  than  the  sparsely  hairy  perigynia    153.  C.  Houghtonii. 
dd.   Perigynia  glabrous. 

Perigynia  broadly  ovoid 155.  C.  striata,  v.  brevit. 

Perigynia  narrowly  ovoid. 

Perigynia  more  than  5  mm.  long,  becoming  lustrous. 
Perigynia  less  than.5  mm.  long,  dull  and  minutely  papillose 
cc.  Teeth  more  than  1  mm.  long,  divergent  or  recurved  ee. 

ee.   Scales  of  staminate  spike  hairy 

66.   Scales  of  staminate  spike  glabrous. 
Perigynia  hairy. 

Perigynia  ovoid,  in  slender  cylindric  spikes 
Perigynia    lance-subulate,    in     short-cylindric    or     ovoid 

spikes (158)  C.  trichooarpa,  v.  turbinata. 

Perigynia  glabrous. 


187.  C.  extenta. 


188.  C.-flava. 


(138)  C.  flava,  v.  elatidr. 


139.  C.  Oederi. 


159.  C.  riparia. 

160.  C.  acutiformis. 

157.  C.hirta. 


158.  C.  trichocarpa. 


216 


CYPERACEAE   (SEDGE  FAMILY) 


Perigynia  obscurely  ribbed (158)  C.  trichocarpa,  v.  Deweyi 

Perigynia  prominently  ribbed. 

Sheaths  hairy                (158)  C.  trichocarpa,  \.  aristata. 

Sheaths  glabrous (158)  (7.  trichocarpa,  v.  imberbis. 


bb.   Perigynia  thin  and  papery,  usually  more  or  less  inflated 
ff.   Staminate  spike  solitary  or  non 


none  or  the  terminal  only  partly 

staminate  (rarely  a  very  short  secondary  spike  at  the  base 
of  the  other)  gg. 
gg.  Leaves  involute-filiform  ;  perigynia  broadly  conic-ovoid,  5-6 

mm.  long      ..........    156.  C.  oligosperma. 

gg.   Leaves  flat  M. 

Kh.  Perigynia  obconic  or  broadly  obovoid,  truncate  or  abruptly 
rounded  above  to  long  subulate  beaks  ;  terminal  spike 
often  mostly  pistillate. 
Perigynia  longer  than  the  scales. 
Pistillate  scales  subulate-tipped  or  awned 
Pistillate  scales  blunt          ....... 

Perigynia  shorter  than  the  rough-awned  scales    . 
hh.  Perigynia  from  subulate  to  ovoid  or  globose,  if  abruptly 

beaked  the  terminal  spike  staminate  ii. 
ii.   Pistillate  spikes  oblong-cylindric  or  narrower  jj. 
jj.   Perigynia  scarcely  inflated,  rigid,  lance-subulate,  slender- 
stipitate,  with  prominent  rigid  crowded  ribs,  soon 
retrorse. 
Teeth  of  the  perigynia  nearly  parallel    .... 

Teeth  of  the  perigynia  strongly  divergent     . 
jj.   Perigynia  inflated,  if  stipitate  large  and  bladder-like  kk. 
kk.  Mature  perigynia  less  than  12  mm.  long  II. 

II.   Pistillate  scales  mostly  with  thin  serrulate  awns  ; 

perigynia  not  falcate  mm. 
mm.  Staminate     scales     with     rough     awns  ;    plants 

caespitose. 

Perigynia    slightly    inflated,    narrowly    conic  ; 
achenes  obovoid     ....'.. 

Perigynia    with    bladdery-inflated     subglobose 
bodies  and  abrupt  beaks  ;   achenes  narrowly 
ellipsoid-ovoid. 

Pistillate  spikes  1.5-2  cm.  thick  ;  perigynia  7-10 
mm.  long     ....... 

Pistillate  spikes  1-1.3  cm.  thick  ;  perigynia  5-7 

mm.  long     ......        (167)  C.  lurida,  v.  gracilis. 

mm.  Staminate  scales  smooth,  scarcely  if  at  all  awned  ; 

plant  loosely  stoloniferous         ....    168.  C.  Schweinitzii. 

II.   Pistillate    scales  '  smooth,    or     only     the     lowest 

serrulate  nn. 
nn.   Plant    caespitose,    forming    tussocks  ;    perigynia 

somewhat  falcate. 
Spikes  mostly  clustered  and  sessile  at  the  tip  of 

the  culms  ;  perigynia  retrorse. 
Perigynia  8-10  mm.  long  ....     169.  C.  retrorsa. 

Perigynia  5-6  mm.  long    .        .        .     (169)     C.  retrorsa,  v.  Robinsonii. 
Spikes  scattered,  mostly  long-peduncled. 

Perigynia  wide-spreading  or  retrorse        .       (169)  C.  retrorsa,  v.  Hartii. 
Perigynia  ascending          .        .        .          (169)  C.  retrorsa,  v.  Macounii. 
nn.   Plant  not  caespitose,  the  culms  solitary  from  slen- 

der rootstocks  ;  perigynia  not  falcate       .        .    170.  C.  ffalei. 


161.  <7.  squarrosa. 

162.  C.  typhinoides. 

163.  C.  Frankii. 


164.  C.  Pseudo-Cyperus. 

165.  C.  comosa. 


166.  C.  hystericina. 


167.  C.  lurida. 


kk.   Mature  perigynia  more  than  12  mm.  long. 

Achene  rhomboid-ovoid,   the     angles    prominently 
nipple-tipped          ....... 

Achene  narrowly  ellipsoid-ovoid,  the  angles  scarcely 

nipple-tipped. 
Pistillate   spikes 


172.  C.  lupuliformis. 


mostly  crowded,  sessile  or  sub- 
sessile          ........ 

Pistillate  spikes  mostly  peduncled,  the  lowermost 

remote        ......    (173)  C.  lupulina,  v.  pedunculata. 

ii.   Pistillate  spikes  globose  or  subglobose  oo. 
oo.  Staminate  scales  prolonged  into  rough  thin  awns 
oo.  Staminate  scales  smooth  pp. 
pp.  Teeth  of  the  beak  erect  or  ascending  qq. 
qq.   Mature  perigynia  green. 

Perigynia  elongate-rhomboid,  cuneate  at  base. 
Perigynia  glabrous        ..... 

Perigynia  hispidulous  . 
Perigynia  ovoid  to  narrowly  conic,  rounded  at 

base. 

Perigynia  ovoid-conic,  half  as  broad  as  long       .    175.  C.  intumescens. 
Perigynia  lance-conic,  one  fourth  to  one  third 

as  broad  as  long     .        .        .          (175)  C.  intumescens,  v.  Fernaldii. 
qq.   Mature  perigynia  straw-colored. 


173.  C.  lupulina. 


167.  C.  lurida. 


174.  C.  Grayi. 
(174)  C.  Grayi,  v.  hispidula. 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY) 


217 


Leaves  0.5-1.5  cm.  broad 176.  C.folliculata. 

Leaves  1.5-8.5  mm.  broad 177.  C.  Michauxiana. 

pp.   Teeth  of  the  beak  strongly  refracted     ....    178.  C.  subulata. 
ff.   Staminate  spikes  2  or  more  rr. 

rr.   Achene  distinctly  broader  than  long,  its  faces  strongly  con- 
caved       171.  C.  gigantea. 

rr.   Achene  longer  than  broad,  the  faces  flat  or  slightly  convex  ««. 
**.  Culm    thick  and    spongy  at   base,  generally  smooth  and 

bluntly  angled  above  ;  leaves  prominently  nodulose. 
Perigynia  flask-shaped,  rather  abruptly  contracted  to  the 

beak,  3-6  mm.  long. 

Stout;  spikes  cylindric,  2-10  cm.  long     ....    188.  C.rostrata. 
Slender ;   spikes  globose  or  short-cylindric,  1-2.5  cm. 

long (183)  C.  rostrata,  v.  ambigens. 

Perigynia    tapering    gradually    to  the   beak,    0.5-1    cm. 

long (188)  C.  rostrata,  v.  utriculata. 

88.   Culm  scarcely  spongy  at  base,  sharp-angled  above,   often 

harsh  ;  leaves  slightly  if  at  all  nodulose  tt. 
tt.   Beak  of  the  perigynia    usually   slightly   roughened    or 

serrulate. 

Pistillate  spikes  cylindric,  2.5-5  cm.  long.  l-1.5cra.  thick    184.  C.  bullata. 
Pistillate  spikes  globose  to  thick-cylindric,  1-4  cm.  long, 

1.5-2  cm.  thick (184)  C.  bullata,  v.  Greenii. 

tt.   Beak  of  perigynia  smooth  uu. 

uu.   Mature  perigynia  5-6.5  mm.  thick 185.  C.  Tuckermani. 

uu.   Mature  perigynia  not  more  than  4  mm.  thick  w. 
wo.   Perigynia  ascending,  straight;  leaves  firm,  2-7  mm. 

wide. 

Perigynia  bladdery  inflated. 
Perigynia  ovoid-conic,  tapering  gradually  to  the 

beak 182.  G.  vesicaria. 

Perigynia  rounded-ovoid,  rather  abruptly  tapering 

to  the  beak. 
Perigynia  6  mm.  long. 

Spikes  cylindric,  2-7  cm.  long  .        .        .     (182)  C.  vesicaria,  v.  monile. 
Spikes  globose  to  short-cylindric,  1-2.5  cm. 

long (182)  C.  vesicaria,  v.  distenta. 

Perigynia  4-5  mm.  long       ....     (182)  C.  vesicaria,  v.  jejuna. 
Perigynia  barely  inflated,  conic-subulate      .   (182)  C.  vesicaria,  v.  Raeana 


•W.   Perigynia  retrorse  or  wide-spreading,  slightly  falcate ; 
leaves  soft  and  ribbon-like,  0.5-1  cm.  wide    . 


C.  retrorsa. 


1.  C.  muskingum6nsis  Schwein.  Culms  1  m.  or  less 
high,  very  leafy  ;  leaves  subcordate  at  their  junction  with 
the  loose  green  sheaths,  those  of  the 
sterile  shoots  crowded  and  almost  dis- 
tichous ;  inflorescence  oblong,  of  5-12 
appressed-ascending  pointed  spikes ; 
perigynia  very  thin  and  scale-like, 
barely  distended  over  the  achenes. — 
Meadows,  swamps,  and  wet  woods, 
O.  to  Man.  and  Mo.  July,  Aug.  FIG. 
340. 

2.   C.    scop^ria    Schkuhr.      Culms 
0.2-1   m.    high,    mostly    slender    and 
341    C  scoparia        erect ;  leaves  narrow  (at  most  3  mm. 
wide},  shorter  than  the  culm  ;    inflo- 
rescence of  3-9  straw-colored  or  brownish  mostly  shining 
and  ascending  approximate  ovoid  pointed  spikes  (0.5-1.5 
cm.  long)  ;  perigynia  ^(rarely  4)-6.5  mm. 

S^W^lSH™  &.  °E5  ~0. -**,*-. 
Ore.,  and  southw.  May-Aug.  FIG.  341.  Var.  MONILIFORMIS 
Tuckerm.  Spikes  scattered,  the  lowest  remote.  —  Less  common. 
Var.  COND£NSA  Fernald.  Spikes  spreading,  crowded  in  a  globose 
or  subglobose  head.  —  N.  B.  to  Ont.  and  Ct.  FIG.  342. 

3.   C.  tribuloides    Wahlenb.     Culms   loose,    0.3-1    m.   high, 
sharply  trigonous  ;  leaves  soft  and  loose,  3-8  mm.  broad,  numer- 
342.  c.  scoparia,    ous,  the  upper  often  nearly  or  quite  overtopping  the  culm,  those 
v.  condensa.       of  the  sterile  shoots  crowded  and  somewhat  distichous;    inflo- 


218 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY) 


843.  C.  tribuloides. 


344.  C.  trib.,  v.  reducta. 


rescence  compact,  the  8-14  obovoid  ascending  somewhat  crowded 

gray-green  or  dull-brown  spikes  7-12 

mm.  long  ;  perigynia  3.7-5  mm.   long, 

their  tips  appressed.  —  Swales  and  rich 

open     woods,     N.  B.     to     Sask.,    and 

southw.     June-Sept.     FIG.  343.     Var. 

TURBA.TA    Bailey.       Spikes    remote.  — 

Less  common. 

Var.  reducta  Bailey.    Inflorescence 

usually    flexuous,   at  least    the  lowest 

spikes  scattered  ;  perigynia  with  loosely 

recurved  tips.    (Var.  moniliformis  Brit- 
ton,  in  part. )  —  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence 

to  Ont.,  s.  to  Ct.,  N.  Y.,  and  la.    FIG. 

344. 

4.  C.  siccata  Dewey.   Culms  slender, 

1-6  dm.  high;  leaves  stiff,  1-3  mm. 
wide ;  inflorescence  of  3-7  approximate  or  scattered  glossy  brown  spikes,  the 
staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  variously  mixed  or  in  distinct  spikes;  perigynia 
obviously  distended  over  the  achene,  2  mm.  broad,  usually 
with  distinct  serrulate  wings.  —  Dry  or  sandy  soil,  Me.  to 
B.  C.  and  Alaska,  s.  to  Mass.,  Ct.,  N.  Y., 
O.,  Mich.,  and  westw.  May-July.  FIG. 
345. 

5.  C.  Crawf6rdii  Fernald.  Slender, 
the  culms  forming  close  stools;  leaves 
narrow  (1-2.5  mm.  wide),  often  equaling 
or  exceeding  the  culms  ;  inflorescence  dull 
brown,  subcylindric  or  ovoid,  often  sub- 
tended by  an  elongate  filiform  bract ; 
spikes  3-12,  subcylindric  or  narrowly 
ovoid,  ascending,  3-7  mm.  long,  approximate ;  the  linear- 
lanceolate  perigynia  plump  at  base,  about  1  mm.  wide.  (C.  346  c  crawfordii 

scoparia,    var.    minor    Boott.) — Open    soil, 

rarely  in  woods,  Nfd.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to  n.  Ct.,  and  Mich.     June- 
Sept.     FIG.  346.     Var.  VIGENS  Fernald.     Stouter  throughout ; 

culms  3-6  dm.  high;  leaves  2.5-3  mm.  broad; 

spikes    mostly    greener    and    longer,    densely 

crowded. — Less  common.     FIG.  347. 

6.  C.    oron§nsis   Fernald.       Culms  few   in 
loose  stools,    tall    and   erect,  0.5-1   m.    high, 

347    C  Crawfordii     sharply  angled  and  harsh  above  ;  leaves  smooth, 
'  v.  vigens.      '    2. 5-4  mm.  broad,  much  shorter  than  the  culms  ; 
inflorescence  thick-cylindric,  erect;  spikes  3-9, 

ascending,  dark  brown,  rhomboid-ovoid,  pointed,  0.5-1  cm.  long  ; 
scales  dark,  with  pale  scarious  margins ;  peri- 
gynia appressed,  about  4  mm.  long,  1.3  mm.    348  c.  Oronensi8< 
broad,    very    narrowly    winged    above.  —  Dry 
fields,  thickets,   open  woods,  and  gravelly  banks,  Orono  and 
Bangor,  Me.     June-July.     FIG.  348. 

7.  C.    pratSnsis   Drejer.     Culms  smooth  and  slender,   3-6 
dm.  high,    overtopping  the  smooth   flat    (2-3.5   mm.    broad) 
leaves  ;  inflorescence  slender,  flexuous,  moniliform  ;  spikes  3-7, 
silvery-brown,  mostly  remote,  pointed,  few-flowered,  7-1.7  mm. 
long,  mostly  long-clavate  at  base;  perigynia  ovate-lanceolate, 
4.5-^6.5  mm.  long,  1.5-2  mm.  broad.  — Open  woods,  clearings, 
and  prairies,  Lab.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to  N.  S.,  n.  Me.,  L.  Superior,  etc. 
June- Aug.     (Greenl.)    FIG.  349. 

8.    C.   cristata  Schwein.      Culms  1  m.   or  less  high,  harsh 
849.  C.  pratenais.      above  ;   leaves  soft  and  flat,  3-7  mm.    broad,  often  equaling 


345.  C.  siccata. 


CYPERACEAE   (SEDGE   FAMILY) 


219 


350.   C.  cristate. 


C.  albolutescens. 


the  culms,  sheaths  loose  ;  inflorescence  usually  dense,  cylin- 
dric  to  ellipsoid;  spikes  6-15,  globose,  closely  flowered, 
greenish  or  dull  brown,  0.5-1  cm.  long ;  perigynia  3-4  mm. 

long,  their  tips  rosulate-spread- 

ing.  (  C.  tribuloides,  var.  Bailey ; 

C.cristatella  Britton.)  —Swales 

and  wet  woods,  e.  Mass,  and  Vt. 

to  Pa.,   Mo.,  Sask.,  and  B.  C. 

June-Aug.    FIG.  350. 

9.   C.  albolutescens  Schwein. 

Culms  stout  and  stiff,  2-8  dm. 

high  ;  leaves  erect,  long-pointed, 

pale  green,  2-5  mm.  wide,  shorter 

than   the  culms ;    inflorescence 

stiff,  linear-cylindric  to  subglobose,  with  or  without 

elongated  bracts  ;  spikes  3-30  (sometimes  compound), 
conic-ovoid  to  subglobose,  0.6-1  cm.  long ;  perigynia  2-3  mm.  broad,  rhombic- 
ovate   to   suborbicular,   pale,   with   short 
deltoid  firm  greenish  tips.     (  C.  straminea, 
vars.  foenea  Torr.  and  cumulata  Bailey.) 

—  Damp  or  even  dry  soil,  chiefly  on  the 
coastal  plain,    N.  B.    to  Fla.  and  Mex., 
rarely   inland ;    also  L.    Huron  to    Man. 
July-Sept.     FIG.  351. 

10.  C.   mirabilis  Dewey.     Culms  0.3- 
1.5  m.  high,  very  loose  and  smooth  ;  leaves 

soft  and  thin,  2.5-6  mm.  wide,  the  sheaths      352    c  mirabilis 
rather  loose ;  spikes  4-12,  greenish,  sub- 
globose  or  ovoid,  5-9  mm.  long,  mostly  approximate;  peri- 
gynia lance-ovate,  3-4  mm.  long,  with  divergent  tips.     (C. 
straminea,  var.  Tuckerm.)  —  Dry  banks,  open  woods,  and  rich 
copses,  Me.  to  Man.,  N.  C.  and  Mo.     June, 
July.     FIG.  352.    Var.  PERLONGA  Fernald. 
Spikes  remote.  — Less  common.    FIG.  353. 
Var.  tincta  Fernald.    Spikes  3-7,  ovoid, 
approximate,  brown-tinged ;  scales  brown 
with  a  pale  margin.  —  N.  B.  and  n.  N.  E. 

—  Plant  comparatively  small. 

11.  C.   straminea  Willd.     Culms  very 

high,  smooth  except  at  summit ;    leaves      854   c  straminea. 
0.5-2  mm.  wide;  spikes  3-8,  yellow-brown,  or  rarely  green 
ovoid  or  subglobose,  4-8  mm.  long,  usually  forming  a  moniliform  or  linear- 
cylindric  flexuous  inflorescence  ;  perigynia 
rarely  4  mm.  long,  lance-ovate,  the  inner 
faces  3-5-nerved  or  nerveless,  the  ascend- 
ing   tips    inconspicuous.       (C.     tenera 
Dewey.)  —  Meadows,  dry  banks,  or  open 
woods,  N.  B.    to  B.  C.,   Ky.,   and  Ark. 
June-Aug.     FIG.  354. 

Var.  echinbdes  Fernald.  Tips  of  the 
slightly  longer  perigynia  divergent  and 
conspicuous.  —  Vt.  (Brainerd);  Ont.  and 
Mich,  to  la.  FIG.  355. 

12.  C.  hormathbdes  Fernald.  Culms 
355.  C.  str.,  v.  echin.  slender  and  flexuous,  sharply  angled, 
smooth  except  at  summit,  3-9  dm.  high  ;  leaves  shorter  than 
or  rarely  exceeding  the  culms,  very  ascending,  1-2.5  mm. 
wide  ;  inflorescence  slender,  moniliform  (or  on  late  culms 
congested),  of  3-9  broadly  ovoid  brownish  spikes  (8-12  mm. 
long) ,  with  or  without  subtending  elongated  bracts ;  perigynia  356.  C.  hormathodes. 


858.  C.  mir.,  v.  perl. 
slender,  3-7  dm. 


220 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY) 


elongate-ovate,  ascending  or  rarely  spreading,  distinctly  about  10- 
nerved  on  each  face;  scales  lance-attentuate  or  aristate.  ((7. 
straminea,  var.  aperta  Boott ;  C.  tenera  Britton,  not  Dewey.)  — 
Fresh  or  brackish  marshes,  commonest  near  the 
coast,  e.  Que.  to  Del.  and  la. ;  B.  C.  June-Aug. 
FIG.  356.  —  Lower  small-spiked  (5-8  mm.  long) 
plants  have  been  separated  as  var.  INVISA  (W. 
Boott)  Fernald.  FIG.  357. 

Var.  Richii  Fernald.  Perigynia  4-5  mm.  long, 
with  suborbicular  bodies  abruptly  contracted  to  con- 
spicuous loosely  ascending  or  spreading  tips.  (C. 
tenera,  var.  Fernald.)  — Mass,  to  D.  C.  FIG.  358. 

13.  C.  Bicknellii  Britton.  Culms  comparatively 
stout,  4-9  dm.  high,  smooth  except  at  summit ;  leaves 
ascending,  rather  short  and  firm,  2-4.5  mm.  broad  ; 
inflorescence  of  3-7  silvery-brown  or  greenish  ovoid,  obovoid  or  subglobose 
approximate  or  slightly  remote  spikes  (8-14  mm.  long)  ;  perigynia  ascending, 
with  broadly  ovate  or  suborbi- 
cular bodies,  the  tips  becoming 
conspicuous,  broadly  wing-mar- 
gined, when  mature  becoming 
almost  translucent  and  about  10- 
nerved  on  each  face.  ((7.  stra- 
minea, var.  Crawei  Boott.)  —  Dry  __ 
or  rocky  soil,  Me.  to  Man.,  N.  J.,  oT^JllP'  ifll 

O.,   and  Ark.  —  May-July.     FIG. 
359. 

14.  C.    silicea   Olney.      Culms 
slender,  stiff,  3-8  dm.  high  ;  leaves 
erectish,   usually    glaucous,   2-4.5 
mm.  wide,  often  becoming  involute; 

inflorescence  of  3-12  usually  remote  conic-ovoid  and  clavate- 
based  whitish  spikes  (1-1.5  cm.  long)  ;  perigynia  firm 
and  opaque,  4-5  mm.  long,  2.2-3  mm.  broad,  short-beaked, 
broad-winged,  the  body  distinctly  3-5-nerved  on  the  inner, 
6-12-nerved  on  the  outer  face.  (C.  foenea,  var.  subu- 
lonum  Gray.)  —  Sands  and  rocks 
near  the  sea,  Gulf  of  St.  Law- 
rence to  N.  J.  June-Aug.  FIG. 
360. 

15.  C.  alata  Torr.    Culms  rather 
stout,   smooth   except  at    summit, 

0.5-1   m.    high;    leaves    mostly    short     and     harsh, 

2.5-4.5  mm.  wide,  the  sheath  green  and  strongly  nerved 

nearly  or  quite  to  the  narrow  subchartaceous  auricle  ; 

head  oblong  or  ovoid,   of  3-8  compact  approximate 

conic-ovoid  or  subcylindric  spikes  (8-15  mm.  long)  / 

perigynia  appressed-ascending,  firm  and  opaque,  broad- 
winged,  very  faintly  nerved  or  nerveless,  much  broader 
than  the  usually  rough-awned  scales. 
(O.  straminea,  var.  Bailey.)  —  Marshes 
and  wet  woods,  N.  H.  to  Mich,  and  Fla. ;  mostly  coastal. 
July.  FIG.  361. 

16.  C.  suberScta  (Olney)  Britton.  Similar ;  slender  ;  the 
3-5  irregularly  clustered  spikes  finally  tawny  or  ferruginous ; 
perigynia  ovate,  4-5  mm.  long,  2.3-2.8  mm.  broad ;  scales 
lance-ovate,  mostly  awnless.  (C.  tenera,  var.  Olney;  C.  alata, 
var.  ferruginea  Fernald.)  —  Ont.  and  O.  to  Mich.,  111.,  and  la. 
FIG.  362. 
C.  suberecta.  17.  C.  festucacea  Schkuhr.  Culms  stiff,  0.5-1  m.  high ; 


359.  C.  Bicknellii. 


C.   silicea. 


C.  alata. 


June, 


CYPEKACEAE    (SEDGE    FAMILY) 


221 


863.  C.  festucacea. 


865.  C.  Bebbii. 


leaves  stiff,  erect,  shorter  than  the  culms,  2-4  mm.  wide,  the 
sheath  with  a  thin  barely  nerved  or  nerveless  pale  band 
extending  down  from  the  membranous  auricle  ;  inflorescence 
cylindric,  rarely  ovoid,  of  5-10  distinct  or  rarely  approxi- 
mate subglobose  or  broadly  ovoid-conic  yellow-brown  or  green- 
brown  ascending  spikes  (7-12  mm.  long) ;  perigynia  broad- 
ovate  to  suborbicular,  strongly  7-15-nerved  on  the  outer, 
nerveless  or  faintly  nerved  on  the  inner  face ;  achenes  sub- 
orbicular.  (C.  straminea,  var.  Tuckerm.)  —  Dry  or  rocky 
soil,  Me.  to  Man.  and  Pa.  June-Aug.  FIG.  363. 

Var.  brdvior  (Dewey)  Fernald.  Lower, 
rarely  more  than  0.6  m.  high,  and  more 
slender;  spikes  3-6,  approximate  or  subap- 
proximate.  (GY.  straminea,  var.  Dewey.)  — 
Commoner,  reaching  B.  C.,  Ark.,  etc.  May- 
July.  FIG.  364. 

18.  C.  B6bbii  Olney.    Culms  rather  slen- 
der,  2-6   dm.    high,   smooth  except  at  tip ; 
leaves  mostly  shorter,  ascending  but  not  stiff, 
1.7-4.5  mm.  wide  ;  inflorescence  short,  com- 
pact,  ovoid  to   ellipsoid,    brown,    1-2   cm.  long,  of  3-12  globose  or  ellipsoid 

ascending  spikes  (5-8  mm.  long);  perigynia  narrowly  ovate, 
3-3.5  mm.  long,  1.5-2  mm.  broad,  mostly  dull  brown,  and 
loosely  ascending,  faintly  few-nerved  or  nerveless;  scales  oblong, 
bluntly  acuminate.  ( C.  tribuloides,  var.  Bailey.) 
—  Low  grounds,  Nld.  to  w.  Mass.,  N.  Y.,  111., 
Col.,  B.  C.,  and  north  w.  June-Aug.  FIG.  365. 

19.  C.   foSnea  Willd.      Culms  slender  and 
lax,  smooth  except  at  tip,  3-9  dm.  high  ;   leaves 

soft  and  loose,  pale  green  or  glaucous,  mostly  shorter,  2-4  mm. 
broad  ;  inflorescence  linear-cylindric  or  moniliform,  erect  or 
flexuous,  of  4-9  globose  or  ovoid  clavate-based  appressed- 
ascending  whitish-green  or  silvery-brown  spikes  (6-10  mm. 

long) ;  perigynia    ovate,    3-4 
mm.  long,  1.8-2.2  mm.  broad, 
appressed-ascending,  finally  a 
little  spreading.  —  Dry  woods 
and  banks,  Me.  to  B.  C.   and 
Md.     July.     FIG.  366.     Var.      866'  °' foenea- 
PERPLEXA  Bailey.     Coarser,  and  often  taller ; 
inflorescence  heavier,  mostly  nodding,  the  6-15 
spikes  larger   (1-1.7  cm.  long),  the  terminal 
ones  often  crowded  ;  perigynia 
3.5-4.4     mm.     long.  —  Com- 
moner, Nfd.  to  Man.  and  Va.    June-Aug.     FIG.  367. 

20.  C.  LEPORINA  L.  Culms  stiff  and  ascending,  2-8  dm. 
high ;  leaves  mostly  short  and  firm,  1.5-4  mm. 
broad  ;  inflorescence  from  subglobose  to  cylindric, 
of  3-6  obovoid  or  ellipsoid  approximate  or  sub- 
approximate  brown  or  ferruginous  ascending 
spikes  (0.8-1.4  cm.  long);  perigynia  3.8-4.5  mm. 
long,  1.8-2.3  mm.  broad,  ascending.  — Dry  hill- 
sides, rocky  banks,  etc.,  local,  Nfd.  to  Mass,  and 
N.  Y. ;  and  occasional  on  ballast  south  w.  June- 
Aug.  (Nat.  from  Eu.)  FIG.  368. 

21.   C.  xerantica  Bailey.     Culms  stiff,   sca- 
brous above,  3-6  dm.  high;  leaves  short,  mostly  near  the  base, 
2-3  mm.   broad;  inflorescence  linear-cylindric,  of  3-6  distinct 
ascending  ellipsoidal  brownish-white  spikes  (8-13  mm.   long)  ; 
869.  C.  xerantica.  perigynia  appressed,  4-4.8  mm.  long,  2-2.3  mm.  broad,  the  inner 


867.  C.  foenea,  v.  perplexa. 


C.  leporlna. 


222 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE  FAMILY) 


370.  C.  aenea. 


face  nerveless  or  only  slightly  nerved  at  the  golden-yellow  base.  —  Open  prairies. 
Man.  to  Kan.,  and  westw.     July.     FIG.  369. 

22.    C.  adnea  Fernald.     Culms  smooth  and  wiry,  but 

more  or  less  flexuous  at  tip,   0.25-1.2  m.   high;  leaves 

much  shorter,   rather    soft  and  flat,   2-4   mm.   broad  ; 

inflorescence   loosely   cylindric    or   moniliform,  of   3-12 

obovoid   mostly   clavate-based  brownish  or  ferruginous 

spikes    (0.8-2.5    cm.    long,    in    luxuriant    plants   oiten 

peduncled  or  compound)  ;  peri- 

gynia    loosely   ascending,    dark 

green  or   brown   when    mature, 

4-5  mm.  long,  1.9-2.7  rnm.  broad  ; 

achene  1.3-1  .7  mm.  broad.  —  Open 

woods,  dry  banks,  or  rarely  in  low 

ground,  Lab.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to  Ct., 

Mich.,  etc.    May-July.    FIG.  370. 
23.   C.   adusta  Boott.     Culms  stiffly  erect,  smooth, 
2-8  dm.  high  ;  leaves  usually  shorter,  2-5  mm.  broad  ; 
inflorescence  erect,  dense  and  stiff,  ovoid  or  cylindric, 
often  subtended  by  a   stiff  promi- 
nent bract,  of  3-15  simple  or  com- 
pound full  and   rounded  brownish 

spikes  (6-12  mm.  long)  ;  perigynia  4-5  mm.  long,  2-3  mm. 
broad;  achene  1.8-2.1  mm.  broad.  —  Dry  woods,  gravelly 
banks,  etc.,  Nfd.  to  Mt.  Desert  I.,  Me.,  w.  to  Minn,  and  far 
north  w.  June-Sept.  FIG.  371. 

24.  C.  sychnociphala  Carey.  Culms  smooth,  2-6  dm. 
high  ;  leaves  soft,  ascending,  2-4  mm.  wide  ;  bracts  very 
unequal  ;  spikes  4-10,  subcylindric,  8-15 
mm.  long,  forming  a  dense  ovoid  or  ellipsoid 
head  ;  perigynia  lance-subulate,  5mm.  long, 
barely  1  mm.  wide,  firm,  slightly  nerved 

or  nerveless.  —  Meadows,  ditches,  and  wet 
372.  C.  sychnocephala.  ' 


371.   C.  adusta. 


and  B.  C.     July,  Aug.     FIG.  372. 

25.  C.  gyn6crates  Wormsk.  Culms  0.6-3  dm.  high,  mostly 
exceeding  the  setaceous  leaves;  spikes  0.5-2  cm.  long,  some  3T3  c  ffy^ocrates 
staminate  and  linear,  with  oblong  mostly  blunt-tipped  scales, 
others  staminate  above,  with  one  or  more  pistillate  flowers  below,  others  thick- 
cylindric  and  strictly  pistillate,  with  6-12  rather  plump  subterete  but  thin-edged 
strongly  nerved  conic-beaked  perigynia.  (  C.  Eedowskiana 
Bailey,  not  C.  A.  Mey.)  —  Swamps  and  bogs,  Lab.  to 
Alaska,  s.  to  N.  B.,  Me.,  N.  Y.,  w.  Pa.,  Mich.,  and  Col. 
June-Aug.  (Eurasia.)  FIG.  373. 

26.  C.  exilis  Dewey.  Culms  rigid,  usually  much  exceed- 
ing the  filiform  stiff  leaves;  spikes  mostly  solitary,  1-3  cm. 
long,  staminate,  pistillate,  or  with  the  flowers  variously  situ- 

\j      Tjjjjji  ated  ;  perigynia  ovate-lanceolate,  with  serrulate  thin  mar- 

I  gins,  strongly  convex  on  the  outer, 

374   c.  exilis.          flatfish  and  few-nerved  or  nerveless 
on  the  inner  face.  —  Bogs  and  mead- 
ows near  the  coast,  locally  from  Lab.  to  N.  J.  ;   rarely 
inland  to  Vt.,  Ont.,  N.  Y.,  Mich.,  and  Minn.     May-  Aug. 
FIG.  374. 

27.  C.  stellulata  Good.  Caespitose  ;  the  culms  rather 
wiry,  1-4  dm.  high  ;  leaves  shorter  than  or  equaling  the 
culms,  1-2.5  mm.  wide  ;  inflorescence  linear-cylindric, 
1-3  cm.  long,  of  2-6  subapproximate  or  slightly  remote 
subglobose  or  subcylindric  3-12-flowered  spikes;  perigynia  finally  yellowish, 
narrowly  ovate,  early  ascending,  later  wide-spreading,  faintly  nerved  or  nerveless 


375.   C.  stellulata. 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY) 


223 


v  ormantha 


on  the  inner  face,  .3-4  mm.  long,  |  or  \  exceeding  the  ovate  pointed 
brownish  scale.  (  C.  echinata,  var.  microstachys  Boeckl.  ;  C.  sterilis 
Am.  auth.,  not  Willd.)  —  Open  low  ground,  Lab.  to  Alaska,  s.  to 
Md.,  0.,  Mich.,  etc.  June-Aug.  (Eurasia.)  FIG.  375. 
Var.  ormantha  Fernald.  Inflorescence  2-6  cm. 
long,  of  2-4  very  remote  3-9-flowered  spikes,  the  ter- 
minal one  with  a  clavate  base  0.5-1  cm.  long  ;  peri- 
gynia  as  in  the  typical  form,  mostly  twice  as  long 
as  the  scales.  —  Less  common.  FIG.  376. 

Var.  excSlsior  (Bailey)  Fernald.  Tall  and  slen- 
der, 0.3-1  m.  high  ;  inflorescence  3-5.5  cm.  long, 
spikes  3-9,  distinct,  only  the  lowermost  remote, 
12-20-flowered,  at  first  ellipsoid,  with  the  perigynia 
ascending,  later  subglobose,  with  strongly  reflexed  375 
perigynia  ^  longer  than  the  scales.  —  Nfd.  to  Mich. 
and  N.  C.  FIG.  377. 

Var.  cephalantha  (Bailey)  Fernald.  The  coarsest  form, 
3-7  dm.  high  ;  inflorescence  cylindric  or  slightly  moniliform, 
3-7.5  cm.  long,  the  4-8  short-cylindric  spikes  15-4Q-flowered  ; 
perigynia  ovate.  (C.  echinata,  var.  Bailey.)  —  Nfd.  to  Mich., 
B.  C.,  and  N.  C.  FIG.  378. 

Var.  angustata  Carey.      Extremely  slender  or  almost  seta- 
ceous, 1-2  dm.  high  (in  shade  often  higher)  ;  leaves  0.5-1.5  mm. 
wide;  inflorescence  0.7  5-2.5  cm.  long,  the  few  3-15- 
A       flowered  spikes  approximate;   the   divaricate  peri- 
A      gynia  lanceolate   or  lance-ovate,   2.5-3   mm.  long, 
O      twice  exceeding  the  scales.    (  G.  echinata,  var.  Bailey  ; 
C.  sterilis,  var.   Bailey.)—  N.   S.  to  Ct.,  w.  Que., 
111.,  and  Wise.     FIG.  379. 

28.  C.  st6rilis  Willd.  Coarse,  I  m.  or  less  tall  ; 
leaves  flat,  shorter  than  or  equaling  the  culms  ;  in- 
florescence 0/3-6  subglobose  or  thick-cylindric  densely 
flowered  olive-green  crowded  or  distinct  spikes  ;  the  thick  strongly 
many-nerved  perigynia  broad-ovate,  3-3.5  mm.  long,  2-3  mm. 
broad,  squarrose  or  with  recurved  tips.  (C.  echi- 
nata, var.  conferta  and  C.  atlantica  Bailey.)  — 
Coastal  bogs  and  pine-barrens,  Nfd.  to  Fla.  ,  rarely 
inland  to  n.  Me.,  Adirondack  Mts.,  N.  Y.,  and 
Mt.  Sorrow,  Pa.  June,  July.  FIG.  380. 

29.    C.  scirpoides  Schkuhr.    Slender,  1.5-5  dm. 
high;  the  leaves  1-2.5  mm.  wide;  the  2-5  spikes 
all  fertile,  all  sterile,  or  variously  mixed,  usually  subglobose, 
4-5  mm.  in  diameter,  the  terminal  long-clavate  at  base;  peri- 
gynia flrm,  plump,  olive-green  or  -brown,  more  or  less  nerved 
or  essentially  nerveless,  broadly  deltoid-ovate,  obscurely  short- 
beaked  and  with  slightly  thickened  margin,  2.3-3.2  mm.  long, 
1.5-2  mm.  broad,  finally  wide-spreading  or  recurved, 
much  exceeding  the  oblong  or  ovate  blunt  scales. 
(  C.  interior  Bailey.)  —  Damp  or  wet  soil,  e.  Que. 
to  Hudson  Bay,  B.  C.,  Fla.,  and  Ariz.     May-Aug. 
FIG.  381. 

Var.  capillacea  (Bailey)  Fernald.  Stiff,  culms 
almost  bristle-like;  leaves  about  0.5  mm.  broad, 
often  involute  ;  perigynia  strongly  nerved.  (C.  in- 
terior, var.  Bailey.  )  —  N.  H.  to  N.  Y.  ,  N.  J.  ,  and  Pa.  881.  c.  scirpoides. 

Var.  Josselynii  Fernald.    Perigynia  lance-subu- 
late, barely  1  mm.  broad,  mostly  ascending.  —  By  St.  John  R.,  Me. 
30.  C.  se6rsa  E.  C.  Howe.     Culms  soft,  in  loose  stools,  3.5-6.5 
dm.  high  ;  leaves  shorter,  soft,  pale,  2-4  mm.  broad  ;  inflorescence 
C.  seorsa.    2.5-7  cm.  long,  of  2-6  mostly  remote  subglobose  or  ellipsoid  6-20- 


379.  C.  stall., 
v.  angustata. 


378.  C.  stell., 
T.  cephalantha. 


380.  C.  sterilis. 


224 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE    FAMILY) 


C.  arcta. 


384.  C.  canescens. 


flowered  green  spikes  (3.5-7  mm.  long),  the  terminal  usually  with  a  long-clavate 
base,  the  lower  often  subtended  by  a  setifonn  bract ;  perigynia  elliptic-ovate, 
with  a  narrow  substipitate  base,  wide-spreading  or  recurved,  much  exceeding 
the  acutish  scales.  —  Wet  woods  and  swamps,  e.  Mass,  to  centr. 
N.  Y.  and  Del.  May,  June.  FIG.  382. 

31.  C.  Arcta  Boott.  Pale  green  or  somewhat  glaucous ;  culms 
very  soft,  in  loose  stools,  1.5-0  dm.  high,  often  overtopped  by  the 
soft  flat  leaves  (2.5-4  mm.  broad)  ;  inflorescence  of 
5-13  ovoid  or  subcylindric  spikelets  (6-11  mm. 
long) ;  perigynia  cordate-ovate,  with  a  rather  definite 
beak,  strongly  nerved  on  the  outer,  faintly  on  the 
inner  face,  2-3  mm.  long,  1.2-1.5  mm.  broad,  some- 
what exceeding  the  acute  often  brown-tinged  scales. 
( G.  canescens,  var.  polystachya  Boott.)  —  Wet  woods,  alluvial 
thickets,  etc.,  Me.  and  Que.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to  Mass.,  N.  Y.,  Mich., 
and  Minn.  June-Aug.  FIG.  383. 

32.  C.  canSscens  L.  Culms  soft,  in  loose  stools,  1.5-6  dm. 
high  ;  leaves  soft  and  flat,  shorter  than  or  exceeding  the  culms  ; 
inflorescence  2.5-5  cm.  long,  of  4-7  short-cylindric 
to  narrowly  obovoid  appressed-ascending  approxi- 
mate or  slightly  remote  spikes ;  perigynia  ovoid- 
oblong,  usually  serrulate  toward  the  short-pointed  tip,  1.3-1.7  mm. 
broad,  more  or  less  nerved  on  both  faces,  somewhat  exceeding 
the  ovate  pointed  scale.  —  Wet  places,  Lab.  to  B.  C., 
locally  s.  toCt.,  and  Mich.  May-Aug.  (Eurasia.) 
FIG.  384. 

Var.  subloliacea  Laestad.  Smaller ;  the  spikes 
385  C  can  s  short-oblong  or  subglobose ;  perigynia  smaller,  barely 
v  subloliacea '  2  mm-  Ion9i  smooth  throughout.  —  Similar  range. 

f  (Eu.)     FIG.  385. 

Var.  disjuncta  Fernald.     Tall  and  lax,  3-8  dm.   high  ;  inflo- 
rescence elongated,  flexuous,  0.5-1.5  dm.  long;  spikes  5-8,  ellip- 
soid to  cylindric,  all  but  the  terminal  remote ; 
perigynia  as  in  the  species.  —  Nfd.  to  Wise.,  0., 
and  Pa.,  common.     FIG.  386. 

33.  C.  brunnescens  Poir.  Very  slender  and 
lax  ;  culms  1.5-7  dm.  high  ;  leaves  soft,  flat ; 
inflorescence  1-6  cm.  long,  of  3-6  more  or  less 
remote  or  approximate  subglobose  or  ellipsoid 
spikes  (3-7  mm.  long};  perigynia  2-2.7  mm. 
long,  1-1.5  mm.  broad,  serrulate  at  the  base 
of  the  distinct  beak,  loosely  spreading  when 
mature.  (C.  canescens,  vars.  alpicola  Wah- 
lenb.  and  vulgaris  Bailey.)  —  Open  woods  and  386.  C.  canesc., 
dry  rocky  banks,  Nfd.  to  B.C.,  s.  to  N.  C.,  Mich.,  Wise.,  etc.  v.  disjuncta. 
Jurie-Aug.  (Eu.)  FIG.  387. 

34.  C.  bromoides  Schkuhr.    Very  slender  and 
lax,  green,  scarcely  glaucous  ;  the  culms  3-8  dm. 
long,   mostly   exceeding  the   soft  flat  leaves ; 
inflorescence    loosely    subcylindric,   2-5.5  cm. 
long,  of  2-6  approximate  or  slightly  scattered 
spikes  (0.5-2.  cm.  long} ;  beak  of  the  perigynium 
^-f  as  long  as  the  strongly  nerved  body,  slightly 
exceeding  the  oblong  pointed  scale.  —  Rich  low 
woods  and  swamps,  N.  S.  to  Ont.,  and  south w. 
May- July.     FIG.  388. 

35.  C.  Deweyana  Schwein.    Very  lax,  glau- 
cous; the  culms  2-12  dm.  long,  much  exceeding 
the  soft  flat  leaves  ;  inflorescence  flexuous,  2-6 

888.  C.  broinoides.    cm.  long ;  the  2-7  spikes,  3-12rflowered  (5-12 


887.  C.  brunnescens. 


C.  Deweyana. 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY)  225 

mm.  long},  the  upper  subapproximate  or  scattered,   the   lowest  very  remote, 
usually  subtended  by  an  elongate  slender  bract ;  beak  about  \  as  long  as  the 
body  of  the  perigynium,  somewhat  exceeding  the  ovate  acumi- 
nate or  short-cuspidate  pale  scale.  —  Rich  open  woods  and  banks, 
Que.  to  B.  0.,  s.  to  Pa.,  Mich.,  Wise.,  N.  Mex.,  etc.     May-Aug. 
FIG.  889. 

36.  C.  tenuiflbra  Wahlenb.  Lax,  the  culms  2-6  dm.  long, 
mostly  exceeding  the  very  narrow  (0.7-2  mm.  broad)  pale  green 
leaves;  spikes  3-10-flowered  ;  peri- 
gynia  1.6-1.7  mm.  broad,  with  the 
bluntish  tips  smooth  or  rarely  with  890.  C.  tenuiflora. 
1  or  2  teeth,  about  equaled  by  the 
ovate  or  ovate-oblong  white  scale. — Bogs  and  wet 
mossy  woods,  local,  Hudson  Bay  to  Man.,  s.  to  N.  B., 
Me.,  Mass.,  N.  Y.,  Mich.,  Wise.,  and  Minn.  June, 
July.  (Eu.)— Apparently  hybridizes  with  G.  tri- 
sperma  in  n.  Me.  FIG.  390. 

37.  C.  trispSrma  Dewey.  Culms  almost  filiform, 
2-7  dm.  long,  usually  much  overtopping  the  soft 
narrow  (1-2  mm.  wide}  leaves;  the  2  or  3  spikes 
2-5-flowered  ;  the  finely  many-nerved  beaked  peri- 
gynia  3.3-3.8  mm.  long,  1.6-1.8  mm. 
391.  C.  trisperma.  broad,  slightly  exceeding  the  ovate-  A 

oblong    pale    obtuse   to    mucronate- 

acumiuate  scales.  —  Mossy  woods  and  bogs,  Nfd.  to  Sask.,  s.  to 
Md.,  the  Great  Lakes,  and  Neb.  June- Aug.  FIG.  391. 

Var.  Billingsii  Knight.  Leaves  nearly  setaceous,  0.3-0.5  mm. 
wide;  the  1  or  2  spikes  1-  or  2-flowered  ;  perigynium  2.5-3.3 
mm.  long.  — Boggy  spots,  local,  N.  S.  and  Me.  to  N.  J. 

38.  C.   norvSgica  Willd.     Glaucous  and  freely  stoloniferous  ; 
culms  smooth  and  soft,  1-4.5  dm.  high,  mostly  overtopping  the 
soft  flat  rather  narrow  (1-2.5  mm.  broad)  leaves  ;  inflorescence 
1.5-5.5   cm.    long,  of  2-6   ovoid  or  thick-cylindric   spikes,  the 
lower  5-12  mm.  long;    perigynia   faintly   nerved,   2.5-3.3  mm.  _„   ,, 
long,  1.6-2  mm.  broad,  conic-rostrate,  usually  abruptly  contracted 

to  a  substipitate  base.  —  Damp,  usually  brackish  soil,  locally  on  the  coast  from 
Me.  northw.     June-Aug.     (Eu.)     FIG.  392. 

x  C.   HELVOLA  Blytt  is  a  hybrid  of  this  with  no.  32,  occurring  in  N.  B.  and 
n.  Eu. 

39.  C.   glarebsa  Wahlenb.     Culms  acutely  angled,  mostly  curved,  scabrous  at 
tip,  1-3  dm.  high,  once  and  a  half  or  twice  exceeding  the  flaccid  narrow  blue-green 
leaves;   inflorescence  narrowly  ellipsoid  or  obovoid,  0.7-2  cm. 

long,  with  2-4  appressed-ascending  obovoid  spikes,  the  lower  4-9 
mm.  long,  the  terminal  larger,  6-11  mm.  long ;  perigynia  fusi- 
form, with  narrow  smooth  beak,  striate-nerved,  2.5-3  mm.  long, 
barely  1  mm.  broad,  exceeding  the  ferruginous  or  purplish  white- 
edged  ovate  acutish  or  obtuse  scales.  —  Shores  of  the  lower  St. 
Lawrence,  Que.,  and  northw.,  local.  June-Aug.  (Eu.) 

Var.  amphfgena  Fernald.      Perigynia  broadly 
ellipsoid,    ovoid    or    obovoid,    1.3-1.9  mm.  long,    893.  C.  giareosa, 
abruptly    beaked. —Commoner,    Arctic    coast    to      v.  amphigena. 
Que.  and  N.  B.     (Eurasia.)     FIG.  393. 

40.  C.  tenSlla  Schkuhr.  Exceedingly  slender,  1-6  dm.  high,  in 
loose  tufts;  leaves  flat,  soft,  and  weak,  mostly  shorter  than  the 
culm ;  spikes  1-%-Jlowered,  or  the  terminal  4-6-flowered,  scattered 
on  the  upper  part  of  the  culm,  the  bracVs  obsolete  or  the  lowest 
C  tenella  Present  and  very  short ;  perigynium  very  plump,  finely  nerved,  the 
minute  beak  entire,  longer  than  the  white  scale,  usually  at  length 
splitting  and  exposing  the  dark  achene.  —  Cold  swamps  and  wet  woods,  Nfd.  to 
B.  C.,  s.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  Mich.,  Col.,  etc.  May-Aug.  (Eu.)  FIG.  394. 

GRAY'S  MANUAL  — 16 


226 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY) 


395.  C.  rosea. 


.  C.  retroflexa. 


41.  C.  rbsea  Schkuhr.  Always  slender  and  weak,  erect,  2-7  dm.  high, 
culms  exceeding  the  narrow  (1.5-3  mm.  broad)  leaves  ;  spikes  3-8,  6-15-flowered, 
the  uppermost  aggregated,  the  others  0.5-2.  5  cm.  apart,  the  lowest 
usually  with  a  setaceous  bract  ;  perigynium  lance-ovoid,  plano- 
convex, shining,  nerveless,  rough  on  the  edges  above,  with  a  flat 
bidentate  beak,  perfectly  squarrose,  very  green,  2.5-4  mm.  long, 
about  twice  longer  than  the  translucent  white  scale.  —  Open  dry 
woods,  N.  S.  to  Man.,  and  south  w.  May-July.  FIG.  395. 

Var.    radiata  Dewey.      Much   more   slender,   the  loose  culms 
sometimes  almost  capillary  ;  spikes  2-5,  scattered, 
2-4-flowered  ;  perigynium  mostly  narrower.  —  Rich 
woods,  e.  Que.  to  Ont.,  and  south  w.  ;  commonest 
in  the  Alleghenies. 

Var.  minor  Boott.  Erect,  very  slender  ;  spikes 
3-10-flowered  ;  perigynia  ascending.  —  Local,  s. 
Me.  to  Mich. 

42.  C.  retrofl&xa  Muhl.  Similar  ;  stiff,  1-6  dm. 
high  ;  spikes  3-8,  mostly  aggregated,  the  lower  1  or  2  slightly 
separated  and  commonly  subtended  by  a  conspicuous  bract,  often 
brownish;  perigynium  ovoid,  smooth  throughout,  very  promi- 

nently corky  and  swollen  at  the  base,  at  maturity  widely  spread- 
ing ;  scales  brownish  and  sharp,  at  length  deciduous.  (  C.  rosea, 
var.  Torr.)  —  Dry  open  woods,  Mass,  to  Ont.  and  Tex.  May, 
June.  FIG.  396. 

Var.  texSnsis  (Torr.)  Fern  aid.  Spikes  3-5;  perigynium  lance- 
ovoid  or  lance-subulate.  (C.  rosea,  var.  Torr.  •  C.  texensis 
Bailey.)  —  Ky.  to  Mo.,  and  southw. 

43.    C.  MURICA.TA  L.    Culm  1.5-8  dm.  high,  rough,  longer  than 
the  narrow  leaves  ;  spikes  5-10,  variously  disposed,  but  usually 
some  of  them  scattered,  frequently  all  aggre- 
'I  gated,  rarely  tawny;  perigynium  heavy,  ovate, 

897.  C.  muricata.    4-6  mm.  long,  shining,  nerveless,  the  long  beak 
minutely  rough,  spreading,  a  little  longer  than 
the  sharp  green  or  brownish  scale.  —  Dry  fields,  local,  s.  Me. 
to  Va.  and  O.     (Nat.  from  Eu.)     FIG.  397. 

44.    C.  MuhlenbSrgii  Schkuhr.     Plant  very  stiff  through- 
out, pale,  growing  in  small  tufts,  2.5-8  dm.  high  ;  culms  much 
prolonged  beyond  the  few  narrow  (2.5-.4  mm.  broad)  and  at 
length  plicate  or  involute  leaves'  head  1.5-4  cm.  long,  the   398.  c.  Muhlenbergii. 
individual  spikes  clearly  defined  ;  spikes  globular,  3-10  ;  peri- 

gynium nearly  circular,  very  strongly  nerved  on  both  faces, 
broader  than  the  rough-cusped  scale  and  about  as  long.  — 
Open  sterile  soils  ;  s.  Me.  to  Ont.  ,  and  southw.  June,  July. 
FIG.  398.  Var.  ENERVIS  Boott.  Perigynium  nearly  or  entirely 
nerveless.  (Var.  xalapensis  Britton.)  —  Mass,  to  Neb.,  and 
southw. 

45.  C.  cepha!6phora  Muhl.  Strict  but  soft, 
2-7  dm.  high  ;  leaves  2-4.5  mm.  wide  ;  head 
small,  0.7-1.8  mm.  long,  globular  or  very  short- 
cylindric,  never  interrupted,  the  lower  1  or  2  spikes  usually  bearing 
a  very  setaceous  short  bract  ;  perigynium  elliptic-ovate,  about 
2  mm.  long,  slightly  longer  than  the  acute  or  rough-cusped 
scale.  —  Dry  woods  and  knolls,  Me.  to  Ont.,  and  southw.  May- 
July.  FIG.  399. 

46.  C.  Leavenw6rthii  Dewey.     In  habit  resembling  the  last, 

usually  more  lax,  1-5  dm.  high  ;  leaves  1-3  mm.  wide  ;  head  0.7-1.5  cm.  long  ; 
perigynia  cordate-deltoid,  exceeding  the  acutish  rarely  cuspidate  scale.  (C. 
cephalophora,  var.  angustifolia  Boott.)  —  Damp  woods  and  banks,  Ont.  to  Ky  , 
Fla.,  and  Tex.  May,  June.  FIG.  400. 

47.  C.  sparganioides    Muhl.      Culm    4-10    dm.    high;    leaves  very  broad 


399.  C.  cephalophora. 


400.  c.  Leaven- 
worthii. 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE  FAMILY) 


227 


(5-9  mm.)  and  flat,  their  sheaths  conspicuously  clothing  the 
base  of  the  culm ;  spikes  6-12,  the  2  or  3  upper  ones  con- 
tiguous, the  remainder  entirely  separate,  very  green,  short- 
cylindric,  the  lowest  often  compound,  all  truncate  at  top 
perigyniuin  ovate,  3-4  mm.  long,  rough  on  the  short  beak, 
often  obscurely  nerved  on  the  outer  face,  considerably  longer 
than  the  whitish  sharp-pointed  scale.  —  Rich  woods,  N.  H.  to 
Ont.,  Mo.,  and  Va.  June,  July.  FIG.  401. 

48.  C.  cephaloidea  Dewey.  Lax,  very  green,  3-9  dm. 
high  ;  leaves  broad  (5-8  mm.)  and  thin, 
shorter  than  the  long  soft  culm  ;  head  1.8-3.8 
cm.  long,  rather  dense  ;  perigynium  narrowty 
ovate,  3.5-4.5  mm.  long,  pale  green,  nerve- 
less, with  long  rough  beak,  spreading. — 
Rich  woods  and  thickets,  local,  N.  B.  to 
Pa.,  Wise.,  and  Ont.  May-July.  FIG.  402. 

49.  C.  alopecoidea  Tuckerm.     Stout  but 
rather  soft,  4-9  dm.  high  ;  culm  rather  sharp, 

402.  C.  cephaloidea.    th}9k  a"d  soft  in  texture;  leaves  4-8  mm.    401.  C.  sparganioides. 

wide,  about  the  length  of  the  culm,  very 

green  ;  head  2-6  cm.  long,  straw-color  or  tawny,  occasionally  a  little  compound, 
the  spikes  many  and  compactly  or  somewhat  loosely  disposed  or  the  lowest 
often  separate  and  all  mostly  short-cylindric  ;  perigynium  3-4 
mm.  long,  1.5-2  mm.  broad,  tapering  into  a  rough  beak,  very 
prominently  stipitate,  with  a  few  brown  nerves  on  the  outer 
face,  ascending,  about  equaling  or  a  little  exceeding  the  scale  ; 
achene  obovate,  1  mm.  broad,  style  not  thickened  at  base.  — 

Open  swales  and  low  thickets,  Me.  to  Ont. 

and  111. ;  local.     June,  July.     FIG.  403. 

50.  C.  gravida  Bailey.      Low,  the  culm 
thin  and  sharply  angled,  2-5  dm.  high ;  leaves 
rather  firm,  shorter  than  the  culm  ;  head  2-4 

cm.  long,  greenish  to  pale  brown,  short-cylindric,  the  lowest 
spikes  rarely  distinct ;  spikes  globular  ;  perigynium  3-4.5  mm. 
long,  2-3  mm.  broad,  sessile,  plump  and  somewhat  polished  at 
maturity,  prominently  spreading ;  achene  sub- 
orbicular,  1.5-2  mm.   broad,  style  bulbous- 
thickened  at  base.  — Ind.  and  Wise,  to  Neb., 
and    southw.      FIG.    404.     Var.    LAXIF6HA 
404.  C.  gravida.      Bailey.     Much  larger,  6-12  dm.  high  ;  leaves 
broader  and  lax ;    head  large    and    dense, 
ovoid  or  thick-cylindric,  scarcely  interrupted.  —  Ky.  to  S.  Dak. 
and  Mo. 

61.  C.  vulpinoidea  Michx.  Mostly  rather 
stiff,  0.3-1  m.  high ;  culm  very  rough,  at  least 
above;  leaves  2-5  mm.  broad,  mostly  flat  and 
longer  than  the  culm;  head  2-15  cm.  long, 
usually  much  interrupted  or  dense  or  somewhat 
compound,  varying  from  dull  brown  to  almost 
green  at  maturity,  commonly  provided  with 
many  very  setaceous  short  bracts ;  spikes  very 
numerous,  ascending  and  densely  flowered  ;  peri-  4Q5  c  vuipinoidea 
gynium  ovate  or  lance-ovate,  mostly  ascending, 
1.7-3  cm.  long  ;  scales  mostly  long-awned.  —  Low  places,  variable. 
June-Aug.  FIG.  405. 

52.    C.    setacea    Dewey.      Resembling  the  last ;    culms  stiff, 
0.4-1  m.  high,  much  exceeding  the  rather  broad  (2-7  mm.)  stiffish 
leaves;  head  usually  simple,  3.5-9  cm.  long,  of  approximate  or 
remote   spikes ;    perigynia    lanceolate    to    lance-ovate,    tapering 
406.  c.  setacea.    gradually  to  the  serrulate  beak,  usually  dull  brown  or  drab  in 


C.  alopecoidea. 


228 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY) 


408.  C.  decomposite. 


409.  C;  diandra. 


maturity  ;  scales  short-awned.  —  Vt.  to  Ont.  and  Ky. ;  June- Aug. 
FIG.  406. 

Var.    ambigua    (Barratt)  Fernald.     Perigynia  broad-ovate  to 
orbicular,  abruptly  short-beaked,  often  golden-brown.     (C.  vul- 
pinoidea,  var.  ambigua  Barratt ;  C.  xan.thocarpa 
Bicknell.)  —  Dry  soil,  s.  Me.  to  la.,  and  southw. 
FIG.  407. 

53.  C.  decomp6sita  Muhl.  Stout,  exceed- 
ingly deep  green,  0.5-1  in.  high,  in  stools  ;  culm 
very  obtusely  angled,  almost  terete  below  ;  leaves 
firm,  channeled  below,  5-8  mm.  wide,  longer 
than  the  culm;  panicle  1-1.5  dm.  long,  the 
lower  branches  ascending  and  1.5-3.5  cm.  long  ; 
perigynium  very  small,  few-nerved,  hard  and 
at  maturity  shining,  the  abrupt  short  beak  entire 
or  very  nearly  so  ;  scale  acute,  about  the  length  of  the  peri- 
gynium.—  Swamps,  N.  Y.  to  Mich.,  and  southw.;  local. 
July,  Aug.  FIG.  408. 

54.  C.  didndra  Schrank.  Slender  but 
mostly  erect,  3-8  dm.  high,  in  loose  stools  ; 
culm  rather  obtuse,  rough  at  the  top,  mostly 
longer  than  the  narrow  (1-3  mm.  broad) 
plicate  leaves;  head  1.5-5  cm.  long,  0.5-1 
cm.  thick  ;  perigynium  very  small,  truncate 
below,  bearing  a  few  inconspicuous  short  nerves  on  the  outer 
side,  stipitate,  firm  and  at  maturity  blackish  and  shining,  the 
short  beak  lighter  colored  ;  scale  the  length  of 
the  perigynium.  (C.  teretiuscula  Good.)  — 
Bogs  and  wet  meadows,  e.  Que.  to  the  Yukon, 
s.  to  Ct.,  Pa.,  Mich.,  Neb.,  etc.  May-July.  (Eu.)  FIG.  409. 

Var.  ramftsa  (Boott)  Fernald.  Tall  (0.5-1.2  m.)  ;  head  3-8  cm. 
long,  the  upper  portion  often  nodding,  the  usually  pale  spikes 
scattered  and  the  lowest  often  slightly  compound  ; 
perigynia  brown.  {C.  teretiuscula,  var.  prairea 
Britton.)  — Bogs,  e.  Que.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to  Ct.,  Pa., 
O.,  111.,  Minn.,  and  Utah.  FIG.  410. 

55.  C.   conjuncta    Boott.      Strict  but  rather 
weak,    0.5-1    m.  high ;    culm  soft   and   sharply 
triangular    or    nearly    wing-angled,    becoming 
ribbon-like  when  pressed  ;  leaves  soft,  5-10  mm. 
broad ;  head  3.5-7.5  cm.  long,  interrupted,  pale 
green,    infrequently    bearing    a    few    setaceous 
bracts ;    perigynium    lance-ovate,    light-colored, 

thickened  below,  the  beak  lightly  notched  and  roughish,  almost 
equaling  or  a  little  exceeding  the  cuspidate  scale. 
—  Swales  and  glades,  Pa.  to  Ky.,  111.,  la.,  and 
Minn.;  local.     June.     FIG.  411. 

56.  C.    stipata  Muhl.     Stout,  0.2-1  m.  high, 
in  clumps;   culm  rather  soft,  very  sharp;   leaves  flat  and  soft, 
4-15  mm.  wide  ;  head  2-10  cm.  long,  often  somewhat  compound 
at  base,  interrupted,  the  lowest  spikes  0.7-2  cm.    long;   peri- 
gynium lanceolate,  brown-nerved,  the  beak   toothed  and  rough- 
ish, about  twice  the  length  of  the  body,  and  much  longer  than 
the  scale.  —  Swales,  common  and  variable.      May-Aug.      FIG. 
412. 

57.   C.   crus-c6rvi  Shuttlw.     Stout,  glaucous,   0.5-1   m.  high  ; 
culm  rough,  at  least  above  ;  leaves  flat  and  very  wide  (6-12  mm.) ;     412  c  stipata> 
head  much  branched  and  compound,  6.5-23  cm.  long ;  perigynium 
long-lanceolate,   the  short  base  very  thick    and  disk-like,    the    roughish   and 
very  slender  beak  thrice  the  length  of  the  body  or  more,  3-4  times  the  length 


410.   C.  diandra, 
v.  ramosa. 

whitish   and 


411.  C.  conjuncta. 


CYPERACEAE  (SEDGE  FAMILY) 


229 


413.    C.  crus-corvi. 


414.   C.  arenaria. 


of  the  inconspicuous  scale.  —  Swamps  and  bottoms, 
Ind.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  and  southw. ;  rare  north  w.  June, 
July.  FIG.  413. 

58.  C.  ARKxXniA  L.  Extensively  creeping,  0.7-5  dm. 
high  ;  leaves  very  narrow  and  very  long-pointed,  shorter 
than  the  culm;  head  dense  or  some- 
times interrupted,  ovoid  or  cylindric  ; 
spikes  few  to  many,  those  at  the  apex 
of  the  head  usually  staminate,  the 
intermediate  ones  staminate  at  the 
summit,  the  lowest  entirely  pistillate 
and  subtended  by  a  bract  1-3  cm. 

long ;  perigynium  very  strongly  nerved  on  both  faces,  wing- 
margined  above,  sharply  long-toothed,  about  the  length  of 
the  brown  subulate-acuminate  scale.  —  Sea-beaches  near  Nor- 
folk, Va.  (Nat.  from  Eu.)  FIG.  414. 

59.  C.  Sartw611ii  Dewey.  Culms  stiff  and  strict,  0.3-1.2 
m.  high,  from  an  elongate  dark  rootstock ;  leaves  (2-5  mm. 
wide)  produced  into  a  long  slender  point,  mostly  shorter  than 
the  culm  ;  staminate  flowers  variously  disposed,  frequently  whole 
spikes  being  sterile  ;  head  2.5-7  cm.  long  and  rather  narrow, 
the  individual  spikes  usually  clearly  defined,  or  occasionally  the 
head  interrupted  below,  tawny-brown ;  perigynium  3-5  mm. 
long,  elliptic  or  lance-elliptic,  nerved  on  both  sides,  very  gradu- 
ally contracted  into  a  short  beak ;  scale  blunt,  smooth,  hyaline- 
edged,  about  the  length  of  the  perigynium.  — Bogs,  centr.  N.  Y. 
to  B.  C.,  s.  to  O.,  111.,  la.,  S.  Dak.,  etc.  June, 
July.  FIG.  415. 

60.   C.  stenophylla  Wahlenb.     Stiff,  tufted, 
0.5-2.5  dm.   high;    leaves  pale,    involute  and 
shorter    than    the  culm;    perigynium    ovate, 
416.  C.  stenophylla.    gradually  contracted   into  a  short  and  entire   415  c  Sartwellii> 

rough-edged  beak,  tightly  inclosing  the  achene, 

at  maturity  longer  than  the  hyaline  acutish  scale.  —  Dry  grounds,  n.   la.  to 
the  Rocky  Mts.,  and  north  w.    June,  July.     (Eurasia.)     FIG.  416. 

61.  C.  chordorrhiza  L.f.  Very  extensively  stoloniferous; 
culms  mostly  lateral  and  solitary,  1-4.5  dm.  long;  leaves 
involute,  shorter  than  the  culm  ;  perigynium  compressed-ovoid 
to  sub-globose,  short-pointed  and  entire, 
about  the  length  of  the  acute  scale.  — 
Cold  bogs  and  soft  lake-borders,  Que.  to 
B.  C.,  s.  to  Me.,  Vt.,  Pa.,  111.,  la.,  etc.; 

infrequent.  May-July.  (Eurasia.)  FIG. 

417<  41T.  C.  chordorrhiza. 

62.  C.  capitata  L.     Rigid,  0.7-5  dm.  high  ;  leaves  fili- 
form, shorter  than  the  culm  ;   head  uniformly  staminate 
above,  brown,  very  small,  0.5-1  cm.  long ; 
perigynium  broadly  ovate,  very  thin,  whitish, 
prominently  beaked,  nerveless  or  nearly  so, 

erect  and  appressed,  longer  than  the  very 

thin  and   obtuse  scale.  —  Alpine  region  of 

Mt.  Washington,  N.  H.     June- Aug.     (Eu.)    413  c  capitata 

FIG.  418. 

63.  C.  maritima  O.  F.  Mueller.     Mostly  stout ;  culm 
sharp,  smooth  or  rough  above,  2-7  dm.  high,  usually  over- 
topped by  the  leafy  tufts  and  the   broad   bracts ;    leaves 
smooth  and  flat,  strongly  ribbed,  3.5-10  mm.  broad  ;  pis- 
tillate spikes  2-6,  scattered,  2-8  cm.  long,  0.8-2  cm.  thick, 
often  staminate  at  tip  ;    staminate   spikes  2-4,  unequal, 
the  terminal  2-6  cm.  long ;  perigynium  nearly  orbicular, 


419.  C.  maritima. 


230  CYPERACEAE  (SEDGE  FAMILY) 

pale,  few-nerved  or  nerveless,  the  beak  very  short  and  entire,  or  nearly  so  ;  scale 
whitish  or  brown,  produced  into  a  pale  rough  awn  3-8  times  as  long  as  the  peri- 
gynium. —  Brackish  or  saline  shores,  Lab.  to  Mass.  June-Aug.  (Eu.)  FIG.  419. 

64.  C.  salina  Wahlenb.,   var.    cuspidata   Wahlenb.     Kather  stout,   3-9  dm. 
high ;  culm  rather  sharp,  smooth  ;  leaves  narrow  (2-5  mm.  wide)  but  flat ;  pistillate 
spikes  2-4,  somewhat  approximate,  erect,  2-7  cm.  long  and  rather  thick,  the 
lower  subtended  by  leaf-like  bracts  ;  staminate  spikes  1-3  ;  perigynium  elliptic, 
somewhat  granular,  marked  with  2  or  3  nerves,  or  nerveless,  the  minute  beak 
entire  ;  scale  brown-margined,  mostly  produced  into  a  lighter  and  rough  awn 
much  exceeding  the  perigynium. — Salt   marshes,   Lab.    to  Mass. — Apparently 
hybridizes  with  C.  stricta.     July,  Aug.     (Eu.) 

65.  C.  crinita  Lam.   Robust  and  mostly  stout,  0.3-1.6  m.  high ;  culm  sharp  and 
rough  or  sometimes  smooth  ;  leaves  4-10  mm.  broad,  flat,  more  or  less  rough 
on  the  nerves  and  margins,  the  lower  short  and  at  the  base  of  the  culm  re- 
duced to  smooth  flbrillose  sheaths  ;  pistillate  spikes  3-6,  somewhat  scattered,  all 
variously  peduncled,  mostly  secund,  3.5-10  cm.  long,  narrowly  and  evenly  cylin- 
dric,  often  staminate  at  tip  ;  staminate  spikes  usually  2,  rarely  pistillate  at  tip  ; 
perigynia  suborbicular  to  ovate,  2-3  mm.   long,    thin   and  inflated,  becoming 
wrinkled  in   drying,  nerveless,  puncticulate  or  granular,  with  a  minute  entire 
beak ;  scales  greenish-brown  and  rough-awned,  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  peri- 
gynia.—  Swales  and  damp  thickets,  generally  common. —  Hybridizes  with  (7.  torta 
and  C.  scabrata.    June-Aug. 

Var.  minor  Boott.  Much  smaller  in  all  parts  ;  4-6  dm.  high  ;  leaves  4-5  mm. 
wide;  spikes  1-3.5  cm.  long,  ascending;  perigynia  2  mm.  long;  scales  less 
prominent. — Me.  to  N.  Y.,  scarce. 

Var.  Portdri  (Olney)  Fernald.  Like  small  C.  crinita,  but  spikes  very  slen- 
der ;  perigynia  compact,  not  inflated,  oblong-lanceolate,  distinctly  beaked  ;  scales 
lance-attenuate.  (C.  gynandra,  var.  Porteri  Britton.)  —  Moosehead  Lake,  Me. 
(Porter}. 

Var.  gynandra  (Schwein.)  Schwein.  &  Torr.  Harsher;  leaves  broad  (4-12 
mm.),  the  sheaths  hispidulous ;  culms  tall;  staminate  spikes  1  or  2,  generally 
pistillate  above  ;  pistillate  spikes  soft,  loosely  flowered,  drooping,  2.5-10  cm. 
long;  perigynia  ascending,  elliptic  or  ovate-lanceolate,  3-4  mm.  long,  subin- 
flated.  (C.  gynandra  Schwein.)  —  Nfd.  to  Wise.,  and  in  the  mts.  to  Ga. 

Var.  simuians  Fernald.  Harsh  as  invar,  gynandra;  low ;  leaves  4-6  mm.  broad ; 
spikes  suberect,  the  terminal  androgynous,  1-3.5  cm.  long,  scarcely  drooping; 
perigynia  3  mm.  long.  — Nfd.  to  Vt.  and  Mass.,  chiefly  in  the  mts. 

66.  C.  aquatilis  Wahlenb.     Glaucous,  3-9  dm.  high  ;  culm  very  obtuse  and 
smooth;  leaves  exceedingly  long,  4-7  mm.    broad,  the  bracts  broad  and  pro- 
longed far  beyond  the  culm;  pistillate  spikes  3-5,  1.5-5.5  cm.  long,  very  com- 
pact or  the  lowest  sometimes  attenuate  below,  erect ;  perigynia  round-ovate  or 
broadly  elliptic,  nerveless,  greenish,  imbricated  ;  scales  dark,  shorter  than  or 
equaling  the  perigynia. — Swamps  and  lake  margins,  Que.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to  the 
Potomac  R.,  w.  N.  Y.,  Ind.,  etc.     June-Aug.    (Eurasia.) 

Var.  elatior  Bab.  Robust,  0.9-1.5  in.  high  ;  leaves  5-8  mm.  broad;  pistillate 
spikes  stout  and  heavy,  3.5-8  cm.  long.  —  Me.  to  Man.,  s.  to  N.  Y.,  O.,  and  Mich. 

Var.  cuspidata  Laestad.  Spikes  slender,  3-4  mm.  thick  ;  scales  cuspidate, 
exceeding  the  perigynia. — Local,  Que.  to  N.  J. 

Var.  virSscens  Anders.  Scales  pale  and  short,  hidden  by  the  crowded  peri- 
gynia.—  Local,  Vt.  to  Ont.  and  Mich. 

67.  C.  rlgida  Good.     Somewhat  stoloniferous,  low  (0.5-4.5  dm. high);  leaves 
shorter  than  the  mostly  smooth  culms,  rather  crowded  at  base,  smooth,  dark 
green,  firm,  broad  (3-7  mm.),  becoming  revolute  in  drying ;  pistillate  spikes 
1-5,  subglobose  to  short-cylindric,  dense,  0.5-2.5  cm.  long,  4-6  mm.  thick,  the 
lowest  bractless  or  leafy-bracted  ;  staminate  spike  1  (rarely  2),  sometimes  pistil- 
late at  base  ;  perigynia  elliptic,  greenish  or  purplish  ;  scales  elliptic,  brown  to 
purple-black.  —  Arctic  regions,  south  to  mts.  of  Que.,  Rocky  Mts.,  etc.     July, 
Aug.     (Eurasia.)  —  Passing  to  the  formal  Var.  BIGELOWII  (Torr.)  Tuckerm., 
with  pistillate  spikes  elongate  (1.5-4  cm.  long,  2.5-5   mm.  thick),  the  lower 
attenuate  at  base.  —  Extending  s.  to  mts.  of  n.  N.  E.  and  N.  Y.     (Eu.) 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE    FAMILY) 


231 


68.  C.  t6rta  Boott.  Slender  but  erect,  2-0  dm.  high,  in  clumps,  with  exceed- 
ingly tough  and  cord-like  roots;  culm  rather  sharp,  smooth  or  rough ish  above; 
leaves  flat  and  rather  soft,  those  of  the  culm  very  short  (2-5  mm. 
wide);  pistillate  spikes '2-6  (rarely  compound),  mostly  somewhat 
approximate  or  the  lower  remote,  the  upper  sessile  and  ascending, 
but  the  others  often  spreading  or  drooping,  long  and  slender  (1.5-9 
cm.  long,  3-6  mm.  thick)  ;  staminate  spike  1  (rarely  2)-peduncled, 
1.5-4  cm.  long,  occasionally  with  some  pistillate  flowers  ;  peri- 
gynium  lance-ovate,  green,  the  slim  upper  half  empty  and  more  or 
less  tortuous,  the  beak  entire  or  erose  ;  scale 
purple-margined  and  very  obtuse,  shorter  than 
the  perigynium.  —  By  streams,  rarely  in  swamps, 
e.  Que.  to  Minn. ,  s.  to  N.  C.  and  Mo.  May-July. 
FIG.  420. 

69.  C.   lenticularis   Michx.     Rather   slender 
but  erect,  pale  throughout,  1-6  dm.  high ;  culm 
sharp,  usually  slightly  rough  above  ;  leaves  very 
narrow  (1-3  mm.  wide),  numerous,  much  sur- 
passing the  culm  ;  spikes  3-8,  more  or  less  aggre- 
gated or  the  lowest  remote,  the  terminal  andro- 
gynous or  staminate,  mostly  sessile,  erect,  1-4.5 
cm.   long,    2.5-4   mm.    thick  ;    perigynia  ovate, 
minutely  granular,  brown-nerved,  the  tip  empty 
and  entire ;  scales  obtuse,  about  \  the  length  of 
the  perigynia.  —  Gravelly  or  sandy  shores,  Lab. 

to  the   Mackenzie,  s.    to   Mass.,  N.   Y.,   Mich.,     420  c  torta 
Minn.,  etc.    June-Sept.     FIG.  421. 

70.  C.   Goodenbwii  J.  Gay.     Loose  or  slightly  caespitose, 
0.5-9  dm.  high  ;  culm  sharp,  smooth  or  rather  rough  above  ; 
leaves  narrow  (1-3  mm.  wide)  and  stiff,  shorter  than  the  culm, 
glaucous-blue,  the  margins  involute  in  drying ;  pistillate  spikes 
1-4,  all  sessile  or  rarely  the  lowest  very  short-stalked,  short 

421.  C.  lenticularis.  and  erect  (0.8-4.5  cm.  long,  4-6  mm.  thick),  very  densely 
flowered  or  sometimes  becoming  loose  below,  the  lowest  usually 
subtended  by  a  bract  2-10  cm.  long ;  perigynia  appressed,  oval  or  round-ovate, 
mostly  fine-striate  toward  the  base,  the  beak  entire  or  very  nearly  so,  bright 
green  becoming  tawny ;  scale  ovate  and  very  obtuse,  conspicuously  narrower  and 
shorter  than  the  perigynia.  (  C.  vulgaris  Fries. )  —  Across  the  continent  north w. , 
extending  s.  in  swales  and  open  places,  chiefly  along  the  seaboard,  to  Mass,  and 
e.  Pa.  May-Sept.  (Eurasia.) 

71.  C.  strlcta  Lam.  Tall  and  slender  but  erect,  0.5-1.3  m.  high,  generally 
in  dense  clumps  when  old,  or  rarely  in  small  tufts  ;  culm  sharp,  rough  above  • 
leaves  long  and  narrow  (2-4  mm.  wide),  rough  on  the  edges,  the  lowest  sheaths 
usually  becoming  prominently  fibrillose  ;  1  or  2  lowest  bracts  leafy  and  equaling 
the  culm  ;  pistillate  spikes  2-6,  scattered,  the  lowest  often  more  or  less  pedun- 
cled  and  clavate  and  the  others  sessile,  erect  or  ascending,  oblong  or  cylindric, 
2-7  cm.  long,  3-6  mm.  thick,  compactly  flowered  above  but  often  attenuate  at 
base,  the  upper  often  staminate  at  top,  all  greenish-purple  or  pallid  ;  perigynia 
becoming  tawny,  mostly  lightly  few-nerved  and  somewhat  granular,  the  beak 
very  short  and  commonly  entire  ;  scale  brown,  with  a  pale  middle,  nearly  or 
quite  equaling  the  perigynia.  —  Swales,  throughout;  abundant  and  variable. 
May-Aug.  —  Hybridizes  with  C.  filiformis  and  C.  salina,  var.  cuspidata. 

Var.  curtissima  Peck.  Scales  of  the  very  short  (0.5-1.6  cm.  long}  pistillate 
spikes  much  shorter  than  the  perigynia.  —  N.  B.  to  Ct.  and  N.  Y.,  rare. 

Var.  angustata  (Boott)  Bailey.  Spikes  longer  and  narrower  (3-11  cm.  long 
2-4  mm.  thick},  more  approximate  and  mostly  attenuate  at  base,  usually  with 
long  staminate  tips  ;  scales  narrower,  mostly  longer  than  the  perigynia.  (In 
eluding  var.  xerocarpa  Britton.)  —  Same  range  as  the  type,  but  less  common. 

Var.  decbra  Bailey.  Usually  smaller ;  basal  sheaths  less  fibrillose  ;  spikes 
1-4  cm.  long,  4-7  mm.  thick,  sessile  or  very  nearly  so,  rarely  attenuate  at  base, 


232 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY) 


422.  C.  aurea. 


slightly  if  at  all  staminate  at  tip  ;  scales  very  sharp  and  spreading,  longer  than 
the  perigynia.     (C.  Haydeni  Dewey.)  — Me.  to  Ky.,  Ont.,  and  la. 

72.  C.  aiirea  Nutt.  Low  and  slender,  0.5-5  dm.  high;  leaves  pale  green, 
narrow  (1-3  mm.  wide);  2  or  3  of  the  bracts  exceeding  the  culm  ;  spikes  3-5, 
all  but  the  lowest  usually  approximate,  peduncled  or  the  upper  one 
or  two  sessile,  erect,  loosely  few-flowered  or  sometimes  becoming 
2  cm.  long,  at  maturity  yellow  or  brown,  the  terminal  one  fre- 
quently pistillate  above  ;  perigynium  fleshy  at  maturity,  plump, 
nerved,  about  2  mm.  long,  rounded  or  slightly  depressed  at  tip, 
longer  than  the  blunt  white  or  pale-brown  scale.  — 
Wet  meadows  and  springy  banks,  Nfd.  to  B.  C., 
s.  to  n.  Ct.,  centr.  N.  Y.,  n.w.  Pa.,  Ind.,  Wise.,  etc., 
mostly  in  calcareous  regions.  June-July.  FIG.  422. 
73.  C.  bicolor  All.  Similar ;  spikes  mostly 
crowded,  only  the  lowermost  subtended  by  an 
elongated  bract,  the  others  short-bracted  or  bract- 
less,  the  terminal  mostly  pistillate  ;  mature  peri- 
gynia dry  and  firm,  white,  pulverulent,  tapering  to  . 
the  short  tip ;  scales  dark  brown  or  purplish.  —  Wet  ledges  and 
gravelly  shores,  Lab.  to  n.  Me. ;  n.  shore  L.  Superior.  June-Aug.  (Greenl., 
Eu.)  FIG.  423. 

74.  C.   pauciflbra  Lightf.     Very  slender  but  erect,  stiff, 
1         0.5-6  dm.  high  ;  leaves  very  narrow,  usually  much  shorter 

V  J  /      I  than  the  culm  ;  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  2-5  ;   peri- 

\My  /k.  \  gynia  straw-color,  subulate,  several  times  longer 
11  M^N  i  tnan  tne  inconspicuous  scales,  at  maturity 
I  rl\  I  deflexed  and  easily  detached.  —  Cold  bogs,  Nfd. 
a  to  Alaska,  locally  s.  to  Ct.,  Pa.,  Mich.,  Minn., 
etc.  June,  July.  (Eu.)  FIG.  424. 

75.  C.  leptalea  Wahlenb.     Capillary,  erect 

or  slightly  diffuse,  0.5-5  dm.  high  ;  leaves  mostly  425.  C.  leptalea. 
shorter  than  the  culm  ;  spike  0.4-1.6  cm.  long, 
staminate  portion  small,  the  subalternate  thin  green  nervose  oblong  or  narrowly 
ellipsoid  blunt  perigynia  about  twice  longer  than  the  brownish  mostly  obtuse 
caducous  scales.  (C.  polytrichoides  Muhl.) — Bogs  and  wet 
meadows,  Nfd.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to  Pa.,  the  Great  Lakes.  Mo.,  Col., 
and  Ore.;  and  in  the  mts.  to  N.  C.  June-Aug.  FIG.  425. 

76.   C.  Harpdri  Fernald.    Similar,  2.5-7  dm. 
high  ;   the   more   crowded  spike  with  strongly 
overlapping  linear-oblong  perigynia  and  whitish 
acuminate  scales. — Bogs  and  swampy  woods, 
Pa.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     May-July.    FIG.  426. 
426.  C.  Harperi.        77.    C.  Frasdri  Andrews.     Caespitose  ;  culm 
2-5  dm.  high,  naked  or  the  lower  portion  in- 
cluded in  loosely  sheathing  leaves,  smooth  and  stiff ;  leaves 
broad,  destitute  of  midrib,  closely  many-ribbed,  very  thick  and 
persistent,  pale,  1.5-6  dm.  long;  spike  solitary,  the  pistillate 
portion  globular,  the  longer  staminate  tip  oblong  •  perigynia 
straw-colored,  papery,  ovoid,  faintly  nerved, 
much  longer  than  the  whitish  scales.  —  Rich 
mountain  woods,  Va.,  W.  Va.,  and  south  w.  ; 
local.     May-July.     FIG.  427. 

78.  C.  Halleri  Gunn.  Small  and  slender,  1-6  dm.  high  ;  culm 
thin  and  obtuse,  smooth  or  roughish,  naked  above ;  leaves  narrow 
and  flat,  shorter  than  the  culm  ;  spikes  2-4,  aggregated,  4-8  mm. 
long,  sessile  or  rarely  the  lowest  short-stalked  ;  perigynia  orbicu- 
lar to  elliptic,  nerveless  or  nearly  so,  the  short  beak  slightly 
notched,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate  purple-brown  obtuse  scales. 
(C.  alpina  Sw.)  — Cold  wet  rocks,  e.  Que.,  L.  Superior  region, 
C.  Halleri.  Rocky  Mts.,  and  far  north  w.  July,  Aug.  (Eu.)  FIG.  428. 


424.  C.  pauciflora. 


427.  C.  Erased  x  %. 

Inflorescence  and 

leaf-tip. 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY) 


233 


C.  atrata,  v.  ovata. 


430.   C.  polygaraa. 


79.  C.  atrata  L.,  var.  ovata  (Rudge)  Boott.  Very  slender  but  erect,  2-9 
din.  high  ;  culm  rather  sharp,  roughish  above  ;  leaves  narrow  but  flat,  shorter 
than  the  culm  ;  spikes  3-6,  all  but  the  terminal  one  on 
slender  stalks,  drooping  when  mature,  1-2.5  cm.  long,  ellip- 
soid or  short  cylindric,  reddish-brown  to  purplish-black; 
perigynia  broadly  ovate,  thin  and  puncticulate,  very  short- 
beaked,  the  orifice  slightly  notched  ;  scales  blunt,  thin- 
margined,  about  as  long  as  the  perigynia. 
(C.  atratiformis  Britton.)  — By  streams 
and  in  cold  ravines,  Nfd.  to  Athabasca, 
locally  s.  to  the  mts.  of  n.  N.  E.  June- 
Aug.  FIG.  429. 

80.  C.  polygama  Schkuhr.  Rather 
slender  but  stiff,  2-9  dm.  high  ;  culm 
sharp,  roughish  above  ;  leaves  very  nar- 
row, rough,  mostly  shorter  than  the 
culm  :  spikes  2-7,  the  terminal  rarely  all 
staminate,  sessile  and  approximate  or  the  lowest  very  short- 
stalked,  from  globular  to  narrowly  cylindric,  0.7-5  cm.  long, 
dark  brown  or  variegated;  perigynia  elliptic  and  beakless, 
whitish  and  granular,  nearly  nerveless,  the  orifice  entire ; 
staminate  scales  very  long-lanceolate,  the  pistillate  lance-ovate  and  very  sharp, 
conspicuously  longer  than  the  perigynia.  ((?.  fusca  Man.  ed.  6,  not  All.  ; 
C.  Buxbaumii  Wahlenb.) —  Bogs  and  wet  shores,  e.  Que.  to  Alaska, 
s.  to  Pa.,  Great  Lake  region,  Mo.,  Utah,  and  Cal.;  and  in  the  mts. 
to  N.  C.  May-July.  (Eu.)  FIG.  430. 

81.  C.  triceps  Michx.,  var.  hirsuta  (Willd.)  Bailey.  Slender; 
leaves  narrow,  hairy;  spikes  2-4  (usually  3),  all  contiguous  or 
occasionally  the  lowest  somewhat  removed,  sessile,  thick-cylindric 
to  globular,  green  or  brown  (4-7  mm.  thick);  perigynia  broad- 
ovoid,  flattish,  very  obtuse,  often  sparsely  hirsute 
when  young  but  smooth  at  maturity ;  staminate 
scales  very  sharp ;  pistillate  scales  acute  or  short- 
awned,  about  the  length  of  or  shorter  than  the 
perigynia.  (  C.  triceps  Britton  in  part,  not  Michx.) 

—  Copses  and  dryish  meadows,  N.  E.  to  Ont.,  and 
south  w.,  rare  northeastw.     May-July.     FIG.  431. 

—  Hybridizes  with  G.  gracillima. 

Var.  Smithii  Porter.  Tall,  slender,  olive-green,  the  leaves 
very  long,  very  nearly  smooth;  spikes  small,  globular  to  cylin- 
dric,  the  lowest  often  somewhat  remote,  all  more  inclined  to  be 
peduncled  ;  perigynia  globular  and  turgid,  brown,  squarrose, 
exceeding  the  brownish  scales.  (C.  caroliniana  Schwein.)  — 
Fields  and  woodlands,  Gulf  States,  locally  n.  to 
N.  Y.,  111.,  and  Mo.  May,  June. 

82.  C.  virSscens  Muhl.  Slender,  erect  or 
spreading,  0.4-1  m.  high  ;  leaves  very  narrow, 
more  or  less  hairy  ;  spikes  2-4,  sessile  or  slightly 
stalked,  compact,  linear-cylindric,  2-4  mm.  thick  ; 
perigynia  ellipsoid-ovoid,  compressed,  costate, 
usually  longer  than  the  thin  whitish  acute  scales.  (Var.  costata 
Dewey  ;  C.  costellata  Britton.) — Dry  banks  and  copses,  s.  Me. 
to  s.  Out.,  and  south  w.  June,  July.  (W.  I.)  FIG.  432.  — Hy- 
bridizes with  C.  arctata  and  C.  debilis,  var.  Rudgei. 

Var.  Swanii  Fernald.  Lower,  1.6-8  dm.  high,  the  2-5  thick-cylindric  to 
subglobose  spikes  3-5  mm.  thick;  the  perigynia  less  strongly  ribbed.  (C.  vires- 
cens  Man.  ed.  6,  not  Muhl.)  —  Similar  range.  FIG.  433. 

83.  C.  formbsa  Dewey.  Slender,  erect,  3-9  dm.  high ;  leaves  flat,  often 
pubescent,  3-7  mm.  broad,  those  of  the  culm  short ;  spikes  3-5,  scattered,  ellip- 
soid or  cylindrical,  1-3  cm.  long,  compact,  all  flexuose  or  drooping  ;  perigynia 


481.  C.  triceps, 
v.  hirsuta. 


432.  C.  virescens. 


234 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY) 


4o4.   <J.  formosa. 


435.   C.  Davisii. 


greenish,  inflated,  ovoid,  puncticulate,  obscurely  nerved, 
short-beaked  with  a  slightly  notched  orifice,  all  but  the 
lowest  one  or  two  twice  longer  than  the  blunt  or  cuspidate 
whitish  scales.  —  Woods  and  copses,  w. 
N.  E.  to  Ont.  and  Mich. ;  local.  May, 
June.  FIG.  434. 

84.  C.  Davisii  Schwein.  &  Torr. 
Similar;  spikes,  3-7,  heavier,  1.5-4.5  cm. 
long ;  perigynia  more  inflated,  strongly 
nerved  and  prominently  toothed,  equaled 
by  the  conspicuously  awned  and  spread- 
ing scales.  —  Meadows  and  wet  woods, 

w.  Mass,  to  s.  Minn.,  and  southw. ;  rare  eastw.  and  northw. 

May,  June.    FIG.  435. 

85.  C.  gracillima  Schwein.      Tall  and  slender,  sometimes 
diffuse,  0.3-1  m.  high  ;  leaves  broad  and  flat  (the  radical  5-9 
mm.  wide},  very  dark  and  bright  green  ;  spikes  3-6,  scattered, 

the  terminal  rarely  stami- 
nate,  densely  flowered  ex- 
cept at  base,  peduncled  and  drooping,  or 
sometimes  ascending, 
green,  2-6  cm.  long,  2-3 
mm.  thick  ; perigynia  ovoid, 

436.  C.  gracillima.  thin   and    slightly  swollen, 

nerved,  obtuse,  orifice  en- 
tire, twice  longer  than  the  very  obtuse  whitish  scale. —  Wood- 
lands and  meadows,  generally  common.  May-July.  FIG.  436. 
—  Var.  HtiMiLis  Bailey  is  apparently  a  starved  form.  Hybridizes 
with  C.  triceps,  var.  hirsuta,  C.  pubescens,  and  C.  aestivalis. 

86.  C.  aestivalis  M.  A.   Curtis.      Slender  but  erect,  2.5-6 
dm.  high;    leaves  very  narrow,  1.5-3  mm.  wide,   flat,  shorter 
than  the  culm,  the  sheaths   pubescent;    spikes  3-5,    erect  or 
spreading,  1.5-4.5   cm.  long  and  very  loosely  flowered,  short- 
stalked  ;    perigynia  ovoid,    scarcely   pointed    and    the    orifice 

entire,  few-nerved,  about  twice  longer  than  the 
obtuse  or  mucronate  scale.  —  Rocky  woods, 
mostly  on  upland  slopes,  N.  H.  to  Ga.,  rare. 
June-Aug.  FIG.  437. 

87.  C.    oxylepis    Torr.  &   Hook.      Similar; 
2-8  dm.  high  ;  leaves  3-7  mm.   wide ;  perigynia 
4-5    mm.    long,    ellipsoid,    acute,    prominently 
few-nerved,  glandular-dotted,  slightly  exceed- 
ing the   long-acuminate  white  scales.  —  Rich 
woods,  S.  C.  to  Mo.,  and  southw.     April,  May. 
FIG.  438. 

88.  C.  Shortiana   Dewey.      Tall,  3-9  dm. 
high,  in  small  clumps ;  leaves  0.4-1  cm.  broad, 
flat,  rough  on  the  nerves  ;   spikes  3-6,  some- 
what approximate  near  the  top  of  the  culm, 
the  lowest  2  or  3  short-peduncled,  erect,  1-3.5 

438.  C.  oxylepis.  cm.  long,  4-6  mm.  thick,  evenly  cylindrical, 
exceedingly  densely  flowered;  perigynia  sca- 
brous, sharp-edged,  the  orifice  entire,  squarrose;  scales  thin 
and  blunt,  about  the  length  of  the  perigynia.  —  Meadows 
and  low  woods,  Pa.  to  Out.,  la.,  and  southw.  May,  June. 
FIG.  439. 

89.  C.  Backii  Boott.  Forming  dense  mats  ;  leaves  dark 
green,  3-5  mm.  broad,  stiff,  very  abundant  and  overtopping 
the  very  unequal  culms  ;  spikes  solitary,  terminating  short 
and  long  slender  culms  (0.1-3  dm.  long);  staminate  flowers 


7.   C.  aestivalis 


439.  C.  Shortiaim 


CYPERACEAE   (SEDGE  FAMILY) 


235 


about  3  ;  pistillate  2-5 ;  perigynia  gradually  beaked ;  scales 
very  broad  and  leaf-like,  entirely  enveloping  the  spike.  (C. 
durifolia  Bailey.)  —  Dry  rocky  or  sandy  wooded  slopes,  e.  Que. 
to  Assina.  and  B.  C.,  locally  s.  to  Mass.,  N.  Y. ,  the  Great  Lake 
region,  Neb.,  and  westw.  May-July.  FIG.  440. 

90.  C.  Willdenbwii  Schkuhr.  Similar, 
softer  and  paler;  leaves  1.5-4  mm.  wide; 
spike  compact ;  pistillate  flowers  3-9,  stami- 
nate 6-12  ;  perigynia  with  a  rougher  beak ; 
scales  chaffy,  nerved,  as  broad  as  and  some- 
what longer  than  the  perigynia,  or  the 


442.  C.  Jamesii. 


lowest  rarely  overtopping  the  spike.  —  Rocky 
woods,  Mass,  to  Mich.,  and  southw.,  local. 
May-July.  FIG.  441. 

91.  C.  Jamdsii  Schwein.    Similar;  leaves 
440    C  Backii          l~?  mm'   wide'  much  surpassing  the  culm  ;    441.  C.  Willdenowil. 

spike  very  small ;   staminate  flowers  8-20  ; 

pistillate  1-3  and  loosely  disposed  ;  perigynia  produced  into  a  very  long  and 
roughened  nearly  entire  beak ;  scales  narrow,  the  lowest  often  elongate,  the 
t  upper  often  shorter  than  the  perigynia.  —  Woods,  N.  Y.  and  Ont. 

1  to  Mo.,  and  southw.;  frequent.  May,  June.     FIG.  442. 

\\  92.    C.  scirpoidea  Michx.       Strict,  the  pistillate  plant  mostly 

JL  stiff,   1-7  dm.   high ;    staminate   plant  smaller ; 

t    a        leaves  flat,  shorter  than  the  culm;  spike  1.5-4 
\^r          cm'  ^on&'  densely  cylindrical,  very  rarely  with  a 
*    *    -       rudimentary  second  spike  at  its  base  ;  perigynia 
ovoid,  short-pointed,  very  hairy,  exceeding  the 
ciliate   purple  scales.  —  Arctic    regions,    s.  by 
cold  streams  and  in   alpine   districts  to   Cape 
Breton,  N.  S.,  n.  N.  E.,  n.   N.  Y.,  L.  Huron, 
Rocky  Mts.,  etc.     June-Aug.  (Eurasia.)    FIG. 
443. 

93.  C.  umbellata  Schkuhr.     Low  and  con-    443.  c.  scirpoidea, 
spicuously    caespitose,    forming    dense    mats ; 
leaves  rather   stiff,   0.5-4.5  dm.    long,    1-4.5  mm. 
wide  ;  culms  mostly  short  and  croioded  at  the  base  jf 

of  the   leaves,  or  some  elongate  (rarely  2  dm.),          f\ 
bearing  either  staminate  or  pistillate  spikes,  or  both  ;          IJr . 
pistillate  spikes  0.5-1  cm.  long,  mostly  sessile  ;  peri- 
gynia  plump,    stipitate,    puberulent,    3.2-4.7  mm.    445.  C.  umb., 
long,  the  slender  beak  nearly  equaling  the  ellipsoid-      v.  tonsa. 
ovoid  to  subglobose  body,   and  about  equaled  by 
the  acuminate  green  or  purple-tinged  scales.    (C.  deflexa,  var. 
media  Bailey   and  var.  Farwellii  Britton.)  —  Dry 
sandy  or  rocky  soil,  P.  E.  I.  to  centr.  Me.,  w.  to 
Sask.  and  B.  C.,  s.  to  N.  J.,  D.  C.,  and  I.  T.    Apr.- 
July.      FIG.   444.    Var.  TONSA  Fernald.     Similar; 
perigynia  glabrous  or  merely  puberulent  on    the 
angles  of  the  long  beak. — Local.     FIG.  445.  446.  C.  umb., 

Var.  brevir6stris  Boott.     Perigynia  smaller,  the        v-  brev- 
broad  beak  about  1  as  long  as  the  hairy  body.  —  Que.  to  Sask. 
and  B.  C.,  s.  to  n!  N.  E.,  N.  Mex.  and  Cal.     FIG. 
446. 

94.  C.  nigro-marginata  Schwein.  Leaves  mostly  stiffer,  often 
2-4  dm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide ;  some  of  the  culms  prolonged  ; 
perigynia  smooth  or  nearly  so,  fusiform,  3-4  mm,  long ;  scales 
ordinarily  purple-margined,  giving  the  spikes  a  very  dark  or 
variegated  appearance,  equaling  or  exceeding  the  perigynia. — 
Dry  sandy  or  rocky  soil,  on  the  coastal  plain,  extending  locally  447.  C. 
n.  to  Ct.  Apr. -June.  FIG.  447.  marginata. 


236  CYPERACEAE  (SEDGE  FAMILY) 

95.  C.   deflSxa  Hornem.     Diffuse   and   low,   tufted;    leaves   soft,   1-3  mm 
wide;   culms  0.2-4  dm.    high,    setaceous,   more   or  less  curved  or  spreading, 

little  exceeding  or  shorter  than  the  leaves  ;  staminate  spike  small, 
sometimes  invisible  in  the  head ;  pistillate  spikes  2-3,  2-8- 
flowered,  green,  or  green  and  brown,  all  aggregated  into  a  head, 
or  the  lowest  one  slighty  remote,  short-peduncled  and  subtended 
by  a  leafy  bract ;  radical  spikes  usually  present ;  perigynia  very 
aeflexa.  gmaj^  an(j  much  contracted  below,  sparsely  hairy  or  nearly 

smooth,    the    beak    flat  and  very  short,   longer    than  the  scales.     (Including 

var.    Deanei  Bailey.) — Open  woods,    clearings,    and   mountain    slopes,   Nfd. 

to  Alaska,  s.  to  Mass.,  Pa.,  Mich.,  Minn.,  Wash.,  etc.     May-Aug.     (Greenl.) 

FIG.  448. 

96.  C.  albicans  Willd.     Slightly  caespitose  ;  culms  straightish,  1-5.5  dm.  tall, 
much  exceeding  the  soft  narrow  (1.5-3  mm.  wide)  pale  leaves;  pistillate  spikes 
globose  or  short-ovoid,  1-3,  all  approximate,  or  the  lowest  slightly 

remote,  naked  or  subtended  by  a  narrow  bract ;  staminate  spike 
sessile,  often  hidden  in  the  head;  perigynia  ellipsoid,  pubescent, 
with  a  short  cylindric  beak,  mostly  -exceeding  the  broad  scales. 
—  Open  woods  or  cool  rocky  banks,  chiefly  in  calcareous  regions, 
e.  Que.  to  the  Yukon,  s.  to  Mass.,  Pa.,  Mich.,  and  Minn.  May- 
July.  FIG.  449. 

97.  C.  communis  Bailey.  Forming  small  tufts,  never  sto- 
loniferous  ;  culms  1-6  dm.  high,  much  exceeding  the  leaves; 
leaves  flat,  becoming  2-5.5  mm.  wide;  inflorescence  1-8  cm. 
long ;  the  1-5  pistillate  spikes  mostly  distinct,  often  remote,  rarely 
1  cm.  long,  the  lowest  often  leafy-bracted ;  staminate  spike  from 
green  to  chestnut,  sessile  or  stalked,  3.5-20  mm.  long  ;  perigynia 
hairy,  2.5-4  mm.  long,  the  body  subglobose  to  broadly  ellipsoid, 
the  base  elongate  and  spongy,  the  beak  broad  ;  scales  ovate, 
acuminate,  greenish-brown  to  reddish,  about  equaling  the  peri- 
gynia. (Including  var.  Wheeleri  Bailey  ;  C.  pedicellata  Britton  ; 
C.  pilulifera  Fernald,  not  L.) — Dry  open  woods,  etc.,  e.  Que. 

to  B.  C.',  s.  to  Pa.,  O.,  Wise.,  and  la. ;  and  along  the  mts.  to 
450.  C.  communis.     _,          _ ,  '      T   ,  '         '    _ 

Ga.     May-July.     FIG.  450. 

98.  C.  varia  Muhl.  Densely  tufted;  leaves  soft  and  very  nar- 
row ;  the  capillary  culms  variable  in  length,  lax,  often  twice  longer 
than  the  leaves,  1-5  dm.  long ;  pistillate  spikes  closely  aggregated, 
or  rarely  somewhat  loosely  disposed  but  never  scattered,  all  strictly 
sessile,  green ;  radical  spikes  none  ;  lower  bract  usually  present ; 
perigynia  about  the  length  of  the  sharp  scale.  —  Banks  and  dry 
woods,  Me.  to  Ont.,  and  south w.  Apr.-July.  FIG.  451.  In 
var.  COLORXTA  Bailey  the  scales  are  purple.  451.  C.  varia. 

99.  C.  nbvae-dngliae  Schwein.     Very  slender  and 

soft,  loosely  caespitose,  1-4  dm.  high;  culms  little  longer  than  the 
very  narrow  pale-green  leaves ;  staminate  spike  exceedingly  narrow 
(0.5-1  cm.  long,  0.5-1  mm.  thick},  mostly  minutely  peduncled;  pistil- 
late spikes  2,  or  rarely  3,  the  upper  one  near  the  base  of 
the  staminate  spike,  the  lower  very  short-peduncled 
and  remote  and  subtended  by  a  leafy  bract  which 
nearly  or  quite  equals  the  culm,  rather  loosely  3-10- 
flowered ;  perigynia  very  narrow,  small,  very  thin, 
slightly  hairy,  the  beak  sharp  and  prominent.  —  Open 
woods,  Que.  and  N.  S.  to  Mass,  and  N.  Y.  ;  com- 
mon northw.,  rare  southw.  June,  July.  FIG. 
452.  C.  novae-  ^ 

100.  C.  pennsylvdnica  Lam.     Strongly  stolonife-  453   c 
rous,  the  small  tufts  with  reddish  bases  and  usually  with  persist-      ByiVanica 
ent  brush-like  tufts  of  fibers  ;  leaves  1.5-3.5  mm.  broad,  shorter  than, 

equaling  or  often  exceeding  the  slender  culms  (0.5-4  dm.  high);  pistillate  spikes 
1-4,  globose  or  ovoid,  approximate  or  remote,  the  lowest  often  leafy-bracted  : 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY) 


237 


staminate  spike  clavate,  1-2  cm.  long,  sessile  or  short-stalked,  usually  reddish, 
rarely  paler  ;  perigynia  puberulent,  globose  to  obovoid,  the  short  beak  ^  to  ^  as 
long  as  the  body;  the  scales  usually  red-tinged.  —  Dry  or  sandy 
soil,  s.  Me.  to  Alb.,  and  southw.     May,  June.     FIG.  453. 

Var.  Iuc6rum  (Willd.)  Fernald.  Perigynia  puberulent  to  gla- 
brate,  the  conspicuous  slender  beak  about  as  long  as  the  body.  — 
Richer,  usually  damper  soil,  Me.  to  Mich.,  and  the  nits,  of  N.  C. 
May-July.  FIG.  454.  ^"lucorum" 

101.  C.  pubSscens  Muhl.  Lax,  2-8  dm.  high,  pubescent  through- 
out; leaves  flat  (0.5-1  cm.  wide)  and  soft,  shorter  than  the 
culm  ;  spikes  2-4,  the  upper  approximate,  the  lower  1  or  2 
short-peduncled,  short-cylindric,  0.7-2.3  cm.  long,  loosely  flow- 
ered, erect ;  perigynia  very  hairy,  sharply  ^-angled,  conspicu- 
ously beaked  and  minutely  toothed,  straight,  about  the  length 
of  the  truncate  and  rough-cuspidate  thin  scales. — Copses  and 
moist  meadows,  N.  E.  to  Ky.,  and  westw.,  local.  May,  June. 
FIG.  455. 

102.    C.   CARYOPHYLLI5A   Lat.      Slightly  stoloniferous,  stiff; 
the  culm  sometimes  curved,  0.3-3  dm.  high  ;  leaves  flat,  shorter 
than   the    culm ;    staminate    spike  prominently 
clavate,  mostly  sessile ;  pistillate  spikes  2-3,  all 
"    contiguous,    sessile    or  the    lowest    very   short- 
peduncled  and  subtended  by  a  bract  scarcely  as  long  as  itself, 
all  ellipsoid  or  short-cylindric,  the  lowest  0.7-1.6  cm.  long;  peri- 
gynia trigonous-obovoid,  the  very  short  beak 
entire  or  erose,  thinly  hispid-hirsute.    (C.  prae- 
cox  Jacq.)  — Fields,  Me.  to  D.  C.,  local.     May, 
June.     (Nat.  from  Eu.)     FIG   466.  456.  C.  caryoph. 

103.  C.   GLAUCA   Scop.     Very  stoloniferous 

and  glaucous;  the  culms  stiff,  1-6  dm.  high;  leaves  shorter, 
firm,  with  revolute  scabrous  margins,  3-6 
mm.  broad  ;  staminate  spikes  2  (rarely  1), 
clavate,  the  terminal  2-5.5  cm.  long,  pe- 
duncled ;  pistillate  1-3,  cylindric,  1.5-3.5 
cm.  long,  4-6  mm.  thick,  remote,  mostly 
peduncled,  erect ;  the  subglobose  or  ellip- 
soid puncticulate  perigynia  slightly  ex- 
ceeding the  oblong  blunt  or  mucronate 
purplish  scales.  — Dry  open  soil,  local, 
N.  S.,  Que.,  and  Ont.  June,  July.  (Nat. 
from  Eu.)  FIG.  457. 

104.  C.  livida  (Wahlenb.)  Willd.    Very 
glaucous  and  stoloniferous;  culms  1.5-6 
dm.  high  ;  leaves  narrow,  often  becoming 
involute;    pistillate  spikes   1   or  2,  sub- 
approximate  or  remote,  sessile  or  nearly  so, 
erect,  or  rarely  basal  and  long-stalked,  narrow, 
0.7-2.5  cm.    long,   3-6  mm.  thick;  perigynia 

457  C  glauca.  ovoid-oblong,  nerved,  granular,  beakless,  the 
point  straight  or  nearly  so,  orifice  entire  ;  scale 
obtuse,  brown-  or  purple-margined,  mostly  a  little  shorter  than 
the  perigynia.  —  Bogs,  chiefly  in  calcareous  regions,  Lab.  and 
Nfd.  to  Alaska,  locally  s.  to  Ct.,  N.  J.,  Mich.,  Minn.,  etc.  May- 
July.  (Eu.)  FIG.  458. 

105.  C.  panicea  L.  Strict,  often  stiff,  glaucous-blue,  1.6-6 
dm.  high  ;  culm  smooth;  bracts  broad  and  short,  1-6  cm.  high  ; 
pistillate  spikes  1-3,  scattered,  colored,  mostly  peduncled,  erect, 
rather  compact  or  loose  below,  1-3  cm.  long,  5-7  mm.  thick  ; 
perigynia  ovoid,  yellow  or  purple,  somewhat  turgid,  scarcely 
nerved,  the  point  usually  curved,  mostly  longer  than  the  purple-  459.  C.  panicea. 


458.  C.  livida. 


238 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY) 


461.  C.  tet., 
v.  Meadii. 


margined  scale.  —  Bogs  and  meadows,  near  the  coast,  N.  S.  to 
Ct.,  local.     May-July.     (Perhaps  introd.  from  Eu.)     FIG.  459. 

106.  C.  tetdnica  Schkuhr.  Slender,  rarely  glaucous,  some- 
what stolonif erous ;  culms  scabrous,  at  least  above,  J-6  dm. 
high;  leaves  1.5-4.5  mm.  wide;  spikes  all  peduncled,  the  upper 
one  very  shortly  so,  pale,  all  more  or  less  attenuate 
below,  0.7-4  cm.  long,  the  lower  borne  in  the  axils 
of  bracts  0.5-2  dm.  long  ;  perigynia  not  turgid,  green- 
ish, somewhat  nerved,  the  beak  strongly  bent ;  scale 
obtuse  or  abruptly  mucronate,  all  except  the  lowest 
mostly  shorter  than  the  perigynia.  —  Meadows  and 
bogs,  w.  N.  E.  to  Man.,  and  south w.  May-July.  FIG. 
460.  Var.  WOODII  (Dewey)  Bailey.  Very  slender ; 
leaves  narrow,  very  long  and  lax  ;  spikes  mostly  alter- 
nate-flowered throughout ;  scales  often  sharper.  — 
Mass,  to  Ont.,  Mich.,  and  D.  C.,  local. 

Var.    Meadii    (Dewey)    Bailey.      Stiffer  ;    leaves 

460  r  t  t    *       mostly  broader  (2. 5-5  mm.  broad)  and  stricter  ;  spikes 
l*    thick  and  densely   flowered,  not  attenuate  at  base, 

the  upper  one  often  sessile  ;  perigynia  larger.     (Var.  Canbyi  Porter  ;   C.  Meadii 

Dewey.)  — Pa.  to  Man.,  and  south  w.     FIG.  461. 

107.  C.    polym6rpha  Muhl.      Stout,   3-6  dm.   high,  from 
stout  cord-like  rootstocks ;  leaves  rather  broad  (3.5-5  mm.), 
short ;  spikes  1-2,  short-stalked,  erect,  compact 

or  rarely  loose,  usually  staminate  at  the  apex, 
1.5-4  cm.  long,  5-9  mm.  thick ;  perigynia  long- 
ovoid,  obscurely  nerved  ;  the  very  long  and 
nearly  straight  beak  oblique  or  lipped  at  the 
orifice;  scales  reddish-brown,  obtuse,  shorter 
than  the  perigynia.  —  Open  woods  and  meadows, 
s.  Me.  to  N.  C.,  local.  June-Aug.  FIG.  462. 

108.  C.  vaginata  Tausch.      Very  slender  and 
more  or  less  diffuse,    strongly    stoloniferous, 
2-8  dm.  high  ;  leaves  narrow  (1.5-5  mm.  broad) 
and  soft,  shorter  than  the  culm ;    spikes  1-3, 
scattered,  all  peduncled  and  more  or  less  spread- 
ing,   loosely    3-20-flowered ;    perigynia    small, 
nearly  nerveless,   thin,   the   beak  straightish ; 
scales  loose,  acute,  shorter  than  the  perigynia. 

(<7.  saltuensis  Bailey  ;   C.  altocaulis  Britton.)  — Bogs  and  mossy 

woods,  Lab.  to  the  Yukon,  s.  to  N.  B.,  n.  N.  E.,  N.  Y.,  Mich., 

Minn.,  Alb.,  and  B.  C.    June-Aug.     FIG.  463. 

109.    C.   abbreviata  Prescott.      Stiff,   1.5-5  dm.  high;   culm 

and  leaves  thinly  pubescent ;  spikes  globose  to  thick-cylindric, 
0.5-1.5  cm.  long;  perigynia  equaling  or  exceeding  the  mostly 
cuspidate  scales.  (C.  Torreyi  Tuckerm.) — Wooded  slopes, 
Minn,  to  Sask.  and  Col.;  supposed  to  have  been  collected  in 
N.Y.  by  Torrey,  and  in  Pa.  by  Schweinitz. 
June,  July.  FIG.  464. 

110.  C.  pallSscens  L.  Slender,  erect,  1-6 
dm.  high ;  leaves  narrow,  flat,  the  lower  slightly 
pubescent,  particularly  on  the  sheaths  •  spikes 
2-4,  0.5-2  dm.  long,  densely  flowered,  all  but 
the  upper  one  very  shortly  peduncled,  erect 

464  c  abbreviata    or  spreading ;  perigynia  about  the  length  of 
the  cuspidate  scales.  —  Glades  and  meadows, 

Nfd.  to  Pa.,  Wise.,  and  Ont.     May- Aug.     (Eu.)    FIG.  465. 
111.   C.  paupercula  Michx.     Slender  but  erect,  tufted,  1-2.5 

dm.  high,  glabrous;  leaves  flat  and  lax,   somewhat  shorter 

than  the  culm ;  lowest  bract  as  wide  as  the  leaves  or  nearly    465,  C.  pallescens. 


C.  polymorpha. 


463.  C.  vaginata. 


CYPEBACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY) 


239 


C.  paup.,  v. 
irrigua. 


so  and  exceeding  the  culm ;  spikes  2-3,  approximate,  all  slen- 
derly stalked,  spreading  or  drooping,  4-8  mm.  long  ;  perigynia 
orbicular  or  broad-ovate,  nerved  in  the  middle,  £-f  the  length 
of  the  castaneous  scales.  —  Alpine  bogs,  e.  Que.  Aug. 

Var.  irrigua  (Wahlenb.)  Fernald.  Taller,  1-8  dm.  high; 
culm  glabrous;  spikes  cylindric,  1-1.6  cm.  long ;  scales  cas- 
taneous. (C.  magellanica  Man.  ed.  6,  not  Lam.)  —  Bogs, 
Arctic  regions,  s.  to  Mass.,  Pa.,  Ont.,  and  Utah.  June-Aug. 
(Eu.)  FIG.  466. 

Var.  pallens  Fernald.  Tall,  the  culms  usually 
scabrous ;  spikes  cylindric,  1-1.8  cm.  long ;  scales 
green  with  pale  brown  or  yellowish  margins.  — 
Bogs  and  mossy  woods,  e.  Que.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to  Ct., 
N.  Y.,  Mich.,  and  Minn.  June,  July. 

112.  C.  limbsa  L.  Slender  but  rather  stiff, 
1.5-6  dm.  high,  very  stoloniferous ;  culm  sharp, 
rough  above;  spikes  1-2,  nodding  on  short  stalks  or  the  upper  one 
erect,  subcylindric,  1-2.5  cm.  long,  springing  from  the  axil  of  a 
very  narrow  bract  which  is  nearly  always  shorter  than  the  culm ; 
perigynia  very  short-pointed,  about  the  length  of 
the  broad  brown  or  purplish  scales.  —  Bogs,  e.  Que. 
467  c  limosa  to  Sask-  and  B-  c-'  s-  to  Pa->  Great  Lake  region, 

"  Col.,  and  Cal.  May-Aug.  (Eu.)  FIG.  467. 
113.  C.  rarifl6ra  Smith.  Very  small  but  stiff,  0.7-3.5  dm. 
high,  slightly  stoloniferous;  culm  obtuse  and  very  smooth;  spikes 
1-3,  only  3-10-flowered,  drooping, 
borne  in  the  axil  of  a  minute  awl-like 
and  purple-auricled  bract;  perigynia 
ovate,  nearly  pointless,  obscurely 
nerved,  mostly  a  little  shorter  than  468>  c-  rariflora- 
the  purple-black  enveloping  scales.  —  Cold  bogs  and 
granitic  slopes,  Arctic  regions ;  very  locally  s.  to 
Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  ;  Table-topped  Mt.,  Gaspe*  Co., 
Que. ;  and  Mt.  Katahdin,  Me.  (Goodale).  (Eu.) 
FIG.  468. 

114.  C.  littoralis  Schwein.  Somewhat  slender 
but  erect,  4-9  dm.  high,  stoloniferous  ;  leaves  3-6  mm. 
broad,  stiff,  flat,  glaucous,  shorter  than  the  sharp 
and  nearly  smooth  often  solitary  culms  ;  staminate 
spikes  1-3,  dark  purple,  5.5  cm.  long  or  less,  the 
scales  obtuse  ;  pistillate  spikes  1-4, 
somewhat  approximate,  on  thread- 
like peduncles,  narrowly  cylindric 
(2-5  cm.  long,  5-7  mm.  thick),  usu- 
ally staminate  at  top ;  perigynia 
lance-oval,  faintly  nerved,  the  minute 
beak  entire,  mostly  longer  than  the 
obtuse  purple  scale;  bracts  promi- 
nently purple-auricled.  —  Wet  woods 
'  and  bogs,  oftenest  near  the  coast, 
Ct.,  and  south w.,  local.  May,  June.  FIG.  469. 

115.  C.  prasina  Wahlenb.     Slender,  somewhat  flexuous,  3-7 
dm.  high;  culm  rather  sharp,  smooth  ;  leaves  2.5-5  mm.  wide, 
soft  and  flat,  rough  ;  spikes  2-4,  linear-cylindric,  peduncled  and 
spreading  or  drooping,  somewhat  approximate,  green,  1.6-6  cm. 

long,  loosely  flowered  ;  perigynia  pale,  thin,  nearly  nerveless,  produced  into  a 
short  but  slender  entire  or  minutely  toothed  beak ;  scale  very  thin  and  acute, 
nearly  colorless. — Wet  woods  and  glades,  w.  Me.  to  Ont.,  Mich.,  D.  C.,  and 
Del.  ;  and  along  the  mts.  to  Ga.  May-July.  FIG.  470. 

116.  C.  picta  Steud.     Rather  weak,  1.5-3  dm.  high;  leaves  flat  and  firm, 


469.  C.  littoralis. 


470.  C.  prasina. 


240 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY) 


persisting  through  the  winter,  at  least  twice  longer  than  the  culm  ;  a  sheathing 

purple  scale  at  the  base  of  the  spike;  staminate  spike  2.5-0  cm.  long,  clavate  in 
anthesis,  the  purple  scales  ending  in  a  very  short  and  blunt  whitish 
tip;  pistillate  spike  narrower  and  mostly  longer,  the  scales  more 
abruptly  contracted  into  a  colored  cusp  and  at  length  deciduous ; 
perigynia  much  contracted  below  into  a  stipe-like  base,  very  strongly 
nerved,  pointless,  hairy  above,  covered  by  the  scales.  —  In  a  wooded 
ravine  near  Bloomington,  Ind.  (Dudley);  also  Ala.  and  La.  FIG.  471. 

117.  C.  eburnea  Boott.  Tufted  from  a  rigid  pale 
brown  stoloniferous  base;  culms  capillary,  wiry, 
1-4  dm.  high  ;  leaves  involute-filiform,  shorter  than 
the  culm ;  staminate  spike  very  small  (4-8  mm.  long), 
sessile  or  very  short-peduncled,  overtopped  by  the  two 
upper  pistillate  spikes;  pistillate  spikes  2-4,  approxi- 
mate or  the  lowest  remote,  all  stalked,  erect,  2-6- 
flowered ;  perigynia  very  small  (1.5-2  mm.  long), 

471  C  picta  almost  nerveless,  smooth  and  becoming  black  and  472.  c.  eburnea. 
shining  at  full  maturity  ;  scales  white  and  thin,  obtuse, 

shorter  than  the  perigynia.  (  C.  setifolia  Britton. )  —  Limestone  ledges  or  shingle, 
rarely  in  sand,  e.  Que.  to  the  Mackenzie,  s.  locally  to  Va., 
Ky.,  Mo.,  and  Neb.  May-Aug.  FIG.  472. 

118.  C.  pedunculata  Muhl.     Low  and  diffuse,  0.5-3  dm. 
high,  forming  mats ;  leaves  abundant,   very  green,  flat  and 
firm,   2-5   mm.  wide,   mostly   longer  than  the  weak  culms; 
staminate  spike  small,  usually  slightly  pistillate  at  base ;  pistil- 
late spikes  2-4  on  each  culm,  scattered  and  long-peduncled 
from  green  sheaths,  erect  or  spreading,  many  other  spikes 
nearly  or  quite  radical  and  very  long-stalked,  all  3-8-flowered ; 
perigynia  smooth  or  very  slightly  pubescent  above,  the  short 
and   nearly  entire  beak  somewhat  oblique  ;   scales  green  to 
purple,  truncate  and  cuspidate,  mostly  a  little  longer  than  the 
perigynia.  —  Rich  woods  and  banks,  e.  Que.  to 

Sask.,  s.  to  Va.,  0.,  Mich.,  and  Minn.     Apr.- 
June.     FIG.  473. 

119.  C.    concinna  R.   Br.      Loosely  caespi- 
tose  ;  culms  slender,  curving,  0.5-2  dm.  high  ; 
leaves  dark  green,    mostly  shorter,   1-3  mm. 

473.  C.  pedunculate.    wide  5  staminate  spike  4-7  mm.  long,  sessile  or 

short-peduncled  ;    pistillate  2  or  3,  the  upper  4 

sessile  and  approximate,  3-lQ-flowered  ;  perigynia  narrowly  trigonous-ovoid, 
hairy,  blunt,  2.5-3  mm.  long,  much  exceeding  the  dark  pale- 
margined  roundish  scales.  —  Mossy  knolls  and  cold  wooded 
banks,  e.  Que.  to  the  Mackenzie,  s.  to  n.  N.  B.,  Ont. ,  and 
Mont.  June,  July.  FIG.  474. 

120.  C.  Richardsbni  R.   Br.      Rather  stiff,  1-3  dm.  high; 
stoloniferous;    sheaths   short,  purple  or  brown;   leaves  2-4 
mm.  wide  ;  staminate  spike  stout  and  mostly  short-peduncled, 
1.5-2.5  cm.  long;  pistillate  spikes  1-3.  the  very  short  stalks 
included,  erect,  compact ;  perigynia  obovoid,  firm,  hairy,  the 
very  short  beak  entire  or  erose  ;  scales  brown,  with  a  conspicu- 
ous white-hyaline  margin,  obtuse  or  pointless. — Dry  ground, 
Ont.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to  w.  N.  Y.,  111.,  la.,  S.  Dak.,  etc.     May, 
June.     FIG.  475. 

121.  C.  plantaginea  Lam.     Slender  but  erect,  2.5-5.5  dm. 
high ;    leaves  very  firm,  appearing  after  the  flowers  and  per- 
sisting over  winter,   shorter  than  the  culm  ;  staminate  spike 
purple  and  clavate,  stalked,  1.3-2.5  cm.  long;  pistillate  spikes 
3-4,  scattered,  loosely  few-flowered,  1-2.5  cm.  long,  erect,  the 
peduncles  mostly  included  in  the  leafless  sheaths ;  perigynia 

475.  C  Richardsoni.    3-4.5  mm.  long,  sharply  3-angled,  prominently  beaked,  slightly 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE  FAMILY) 


241 


longer  than  the  sharp  scales.  —  Rich  woods,  N.  B.  to  Man., 
s.  to  N.  C.,  Ind.,  and  111.     Apr  .-June.     FIG.  476. 

122.  C.  Careyana  Torr.  Tall  and  slender,  mostly 
erect,  3-8  dm.  high ;  leaves  bright  green,  firm,  1-1.5  cm. 
wide,  shorter  than  the  long  culm  ;  bracts  leafy  ;  staminate 
spike  heavy  and  stalked,  1.3-2.3  cm. 
long;  pistillate-  spikes  2-3  (mostly  2), 
erect,  the  upper  usually  near  the  ter- 
minal spike,  and  nearly  sessile,  the  other 
remote  and  long-peduncled,  loosely  2-8- 
flowered  ;  perigynia  vgry  sharply  angled, 
the  beak  oblique,  finely  many-nerved, 
twice  longer  than  the  sharp  scales. — 
Rich  woods,  N.  Y.  and  Ont.  to  Mich,  and 
D.  C.,  local.  May,  June.  FIG.  477. 

123.  C.  platyphylla  Carey.  Low, 
spreading,  glaucous,  1-4  dm.  high  ;  leaves 
mostly  shorter  than  the  culms ;  bracts 
with  thin  and  sharp-pointed  leaf-like  tips  ; 
staminate  spike  stalked  ;  pistillate  spikes 
2-3,  scattered,  all  more  or  less  pe- 
duncled,  alternately  2-10-flowered  ;  peri- 
gynia  strongly  many-striate,  about  the 
length  of  the  acute  or  cuspidate  scales. 
-Rich  shady  woods  and  banks,  s.  Me. 
477.  C.  Careyana.  to  Ont.,  S.  to  Va.  and  111.  May,  June. 

FIG.  478. 

124.  C.  laxiculmis  Schwein.  Caespitose ;  culms  slender  and  lax,  1.5-5.5  dm. 
long ;  leaves  usually  very  glaucous,  mostly  shorter  than  the  culms,  broad  (6-12 
mm.) ;  staminate  spike  usually  peduncled,  1-2  cm.  long ; 
pistillate  3-5,  very  remote,  on  capillary  flexuous  peduncles, 
0.7-1.6  cm.  long,  3.5-5  mm.  thick;  the  spreading-ascending 

sharply  trigonous-ovoid  peri- 
gynia  2.8-3.2  mm.  long, 
equaling  or  exceeding  the 
scales.  —  Glades  and  rich 
woods,  s.  Me.  to  Va.,  and 
Mo.  May-July.  FIG.  479. 
In  the  interior  passing  to 
var.  copuiATA  (Bailey)  Fer- 
nald.  Glaucous  or  some- 
times deep  green  ;  spikes  1-2 
cm.  long ;  perigynia  3.3-4 
mm.  long.  (C.  digitalis, 
var.,  Bailey.)  — Vt.  to  Del., 
O.,  Mich.,  and  Ont. 

126.  C.  digitalis  Willd. 
Very  slender,  bright  green, 
tufted,  1.5-5  dm.  high  ;  leaves 

479.  C.  laxiculmis.     480.  C.  digitalis,    narrow  ;      staminate     spike 

short-stalked ;  pistillate  spikes 
2-4,  on  filiform  stalks,  ascending  or  slightly  spreading,  linear,  1-3  cm.  long, 
alternately  flowered ;  perigynia  2.5-3  mm.  long,  longer  than  the  acute  whitish 
scales.  —  Dryish  woods  and  glades,  Me.  to  Ont.,  Mich.,  and  southw.  May-July. 
FIG.  480. 

126.  C.  ptychocarpa  'Steud.  Low,  glaucous;  culms 0.3-1. 8 dm.  high;  leaves 
flat  and  rather  broad  (4-8  mm.),  much  exceeding  the  culms;  bracts  leafy  and 
much  prolonged;  staminate  spike  very  small  and  sessile,  mostly  overtopped  by 
the  upper  pistillate  spike;  pistillate  spikes  2-3,  sessile  or  short-stalked  or  rarely 
the  lowest  long-peduncled,  erect,  0.7-1.5  cm.  long;  perigynia  tawny,  narrowly 

GRAY'S  MANUAL  — 16 


478.  A.  platyphylla. 


242 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE  FAMILY) 


trigonous-ovoid,  twice  longer  than  the  very  thin  obtuse  scales. 

—  Low  woods,   Mass,  to  Fla.  and  La.,  local.     June,  July. 
FIG.  481. 

127.  C.  laxiflbra  Lam.  Slender  but  mostly  erect,  2-5.7 
dm.  high  ;  basal  leaves  2.5-7  mm.  wide,  rather  soft  ;  stami- 
nate  spike  peduncled  or  at  least  conspicuous  ; 
pistillate  spikes  2-4,  scattered,  peduncled  or 
the  upper  one  sessile, 
loosely  flowered,  cylin- 
dric,  1.5-3  cm.  long, 
erect  or  the  lower  loosely 
spreading  ;  perigynia 
obovoid,  conspicuously 
nerved,  the  short  entire 
beak  much  bent  or  re- 
curved; scales  thin  and 
white,blunt  or  cuspidate, 
mostly  shorter  than  the 
perigynia.  —  Rich  woods 
and  meadows,  e.  Que. 
to  w.  Ont.,  and  southw. 
May-July.  FIG.  482. 

—  Exceedingly  variable,          ,<  483    c  lax 

C   Dtvchocarna      PaSsinS  bv  T^7  tyansi~         482.  C.  laxiflora.  v.  gracillima. 

481.  C.  ptychocarpa.      tiong  to  the  followlng. 

Var.  graclllima  Boott.     Similar;  but  with  short  (0.5-1.3  cm.  long}  oblong 
closer-flowered  spikes  —  Vt.  to  Ont.,  and  southw.    FIG.  483. 

Var.  patulifblia  (Dewey)  Carey.  Leaves 
0.6-2  cm.  broad  ;  staminate  spike  prominent, 
mostly  stalked  ;  pistillate  spikes  long  (2-4.5 
cm.)  and  alternately  flowered,  scattered  and 
peduncled  ;  perigynia  2.  5-4  mm.  long,  ellipsoid, 
attenuate  at  both  ends,  mostly  less  prominently 
nerved,  and  the  beak  not  strongly  recurved. 
—  Me.  to  Va.,  O.,  Mich.,  and  Ont.  FIG.  484. 

Var.  Michauxii  Bailey.  Tall  and  compara- 
tively stout,  4-6  dm.  high  ;  leaves  0.7-1.2  cm. 
broad  ;  staminate  spike  large  and  stalked  ;  pis- 
tillate spikes  scattered,  all  but  the  upper  one 
prominently  peduncled,  1.2-3  cm. 
long  ;  perigynia  very  large,  4-5  j 

mm.  long,  divaricate.   (Var.  divari-  j 

cata   Bailey.  )  —  Pa.    to  Ala.    and 
Tex.    FIG.  485. 

Var.  styloftexa  (Buckley)  Boott. 
Very  weak  and  slender,  3-9  dm. 
high  ;  leaves  8-6  mm.  wide  ;  stam- 
inate spike  usually  peduncled  ; 
pistillate  2-3,  scattered,  few-flow- 
ered, 0.5-2  cm.  long,  lowest  droop- 
ing ;  perigynia  oblong-fusiform, 

(O. 


484.  C.  lax.,  v.  pat. 


4-5  mm.  long,  very  long-pointed;  scales  often  brown-tinged. 
styloflexa  Buckley.)  —  Ct.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     FIG.  486. 

Var.   varians  Bailey.      Culms  often  ancipital,  2.5-5  dm.  high;   486  "c  ]ax 
leaves  0.3-1.2  cm.   broad  ;   pistillate  spikes   1-3  cm.   long,   linear-       ^  8tj 
cylindric  to  narrow-oblong,  the  two  upper  more  or  less  contiguous 
to  the  staminate  spike  and  sessile  or  nearly  so  ;  bracts  leafy  and  prolonged.  — 
Me.  to  Ont.,  la.,  and  southw. 

Var.  blanda  (Dewey)  Boott.     Leaves  0.5-1.4  cm.  broad  ;  culms  soft,  ancipi- 
tal, 1.5-6  dm.  high  ;  pistillate  spikes  oblong,  0.5-2  cm.  long,  the  upper  sessile 


CYPERACEAE  (SEDGE  FAMILY) 


243 


487.  C.  lax., 
v.  blanda, 


and  aggregated  about  the  inconspicuous  staminate 
spike,  the  lowest  usually  long-exserted.  (Var.  stri- 
atula  Carey.)  —  Vt.  and  e.  Mass,  to  Ont.,  and  southw. 
FIG.  487. 

Var.  Iatif61ia  Boott.  Rather  low,  2-6  dm.  high  ; 
culms  winged;  leaves  1.5-4  cm.  broad;  staminate 
spike  sessile  or  very  nearly  so,  hidden  by  the  pistil- 
late; pistillate  spikes  cylindric  and  loose,  1.5-3  cm. 
long,  the  upper  one  or  two  contiguous ;  bracts  very 
broad.  (  C.  albursina  Sheldon. )  —  Deep  rich  woods, 
w.  Que.  and  Vt.  to  Ont.,  and  southw.  FIG.  488. 

Var.  leptonervia  Fer- 
nald.    Slender,  1.5-7  din. 
high ;    leaves   0.5-1  cm. 
broad ;    pistillate    spikes 
linear-cylindric,     loosely 
flowered,  1-2.5  cm.  long, 
the  2  or  3  upper  crowded 
at  the  base  of  the  staminate,  the  lower 
remote ;    perigynia    oblong-fusiform, 
faintly  nerved  or  nerveless.  —  Nfd.  to 
Ont.,  s.  to  n.  N.  E.,  N.  Y.,  and  Mich. ;    488.  C.  lax., 
and  in  the  mts.  to  N.  C.    FIG.  489.  v.  latifolia. 

128.  C.  Hitchcockiana  Dewey. 
Erect,  3-7  dm.  high;  leaves  3-7  mm.  broad;  spikes 
2-4,  all  more  or  less  peduncled,  very  loosely  few- 
flowered,  erect,  1-2.5  cm.  long,  the  bracts  elongate 
and  leafy  ;  perigynia  triangular-ovoid,  many-striate, 
4-5  mm.  long,  the  strong  beak  prominently  oblique, 
shorter  than  the  scales.  —  Rich  woods,  Vt.  to  Ont., 
s.  to  Ky.  and  Mo.  May-July.  FIG.  490. 

129.   C.    oligocarpa   Schkuhr.     Diffuse,   1-5  dm.   high ;    leaves 
2-4.5  mm.  wide ;  bracts  elongate,  spreading ;  staminate  spike  sessile  or  stalked  ; 
pistillate  spikes  2-4,  scattered,  stalked  or  the  uppermost  sessile,  loosely  2-8- 
flowered,   erect,  0.5-1.5  cm.  long ;   perigynia  3.5-4  mm.  long, 
hard,  finely  impressed-nerved,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  con- 
f\   /CL\       spicuous  mostly   oblique  beak,  the  orifice  entire ;   scales  very 
I     1   /Kl%l      loosely  spreading,  longer  than  the  perigynia.  — Dry  woods  and 
I         wfll        copses,  Vt.  to  Ont.,  la.,  and  southw.     May-July.     FIG.  491. 

130.  C.  katahdin6nsis  Fernald.     Densely 
caespitose ;  leaves  1-2.5  dm.  long,  3-4  mm. 
broad,  with  the  similar  bracts  much  (2-6 
times)  overtopping  the  low  (1-6  cm.  high} 
rough-angled  culms  ;  pistillate  spikes  3  or  4, 
approximate,   or  the  lowest  remote,  short- 
pediceled,   8-14    mm.  long,    5-lQ-Jlowered ; 
staminate   spike   5-8  mm.   long,    generally 
hidden  among  the  pistillate  ;  perigynia  ellip- 
soid, 3-4  mm.  long,  many-nerved,  beakless, 
mostly  exceeding  the  whitish  green-awned 
scales.  —  Gravelly    shore    of    a    pond,    Mt. 
Katahdin,  Me.  ;  rocky  bank,  Lake  St.  John, 

491.  C.  oligocarpa.    Que.  (Brainerd).     July,  Aug.     FIG.  492.         492  c  katahdinensis. 

131.  C.  conoidea  Schkuhr.     Slender  but 

strict,  1.5-7  dm.  high  ;  staminate  spike  long -peduncled  or  rarely  nearly  sessile; 
pistillate  spikes  2-3,  scattered,  short-stalked  or  the  upper  one  sessile  (the 
lowest  frequently  very  long-stalked),  narrowly  ellipsoid,  0.7-2.5  cm.  long,  rattier 
closely  flowered,  erect ;  perigynia  oblong-conical,  3-4  mm.  long,  impressed- 
nerved,  gradually  narrowed  to  a  point,  the  orifice  entire  ;  scales  loosely  spread- 
ing and  rough-awned,  equaling  or  exceeding  the  perigynia.  —  Moist  grassy 


490.  C.  Hitch- 
9.  C.  lax.,          cockiana. 
v.  lept. 


244 


CYPEBACEAE    (SEDGE  FAMILY) 


493.  C.  conoidea. 


494.  C.  grisea. 


places,  N.  B.  to  Ont. ,  s.  to  Pa.  and  la. ;  and  in  the  mts.  to  N.  C. 
May-Aug.     FIG.  493. 

132.  C.  grisea  Wahlenb.  Stout,  3-8  dm.  high  ;  leaves  3-7  mm. 
broad,  slightly  glaucous  ;  bracts  broad  and  leaf- 
like,  diverging,  very  much  exceeding  the  culm  ; 
staminate  spike  small  and  sessile  •  pistillate 
spikes  3-5,  oblong,  0.7-2.5  cm.  long,  4-7  mm. 
thick,  the  highest  two  usually  contiguous  to  the 
staminate  spike  and  sessile,  the  others  somewhat 
remote  and  peduncled  (but  not  from  the  lowest 
axils),  all  erect ;  perigynia  oblong,  pointless, 
marked  with  impressed  nerves,  turgid  and  cylin- 
dric,  appressed-ascending,  4. 5-5. 5  mm.  long,  all 
but  the  lowest  longer  than  the  narrow,  cuspi- 
date or  blunt,  nerved  scale. — Low  woods  and 
meadows,  s.  Me.,  westw.  and  southw.  May, 
June.  FIG.  494.  Var.  RfoiDA  Bailey.  Much 
more  slender ;  leaves  scarcely  half  so  wide  ;  the 
bracts,  especially,  much  narrower  and  shorter 
and  more  erect ;  spikes  slender ;  perigynia 
scarcely  inflated,  triangular-oblong,  bearing  a 
beak-like  point,  2-ranked.  (Var.  angustifolia  Man.  ed.  6,  not 
Boott.) — Local,  Mass,  and  N.  Y.,  southw.  Var.  GLOB6SA 

Bailey.  Very  slender ;  spikes  few-flowered,  often  with  but  2  or  3 
perigynia;  perigynium  short,  inflated,  very  blunt,  nearly  globose  or 
obovoid ;  scale  short,  not  prominently  cuspidate  or 
the  upper  ones  wholly  blunt. — Mo.,  Kan.,  and 
southw. 

Var.  angustifblia  Boott.     Leaves  rather  narrow, 
long  and  erect ;   staminate  spike  often  peduncled  ; 
pistillate    spikes    very    scattered,  all  more  or  less 
stalked,  the  lowest  borne  from   near  the  base ;  perigynia  tri- 
angular-oblong, hard,  longer  than  the  cuspi-  „  ,,  . 
date  ascending  scale.     (C.  amphibola  Steud.)         J^     ,                    fffi/j 
—  D.  C.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     FIG.  495. 

133.  C.  glaucbdea  Tuckerm.  Lax  or  some- 
what strict  (1-6  dm.  high),  densely  glaucous  ; 
leaves  flat,  thick  and  firm,  0.5-1  cm.  wide; 
spikes  as  in  C.  grisea ;  perigynia  firm,  not 
inflated,  prominently 
impresse  d  -nerved, 
glaucous,  3-4  mm. 
long,  mostly  exceed- 
ing the  short-cuspi- 
date or  blunt  thin  497  c  flacc08perma.  496.  c. 
and  appressed  scale. 

—  Upland  woods  and  rich  meadows,  e.  Mass,  and  Vt.  to 
Ont.,  and  southw.,  local.    June,  July.     FIG.  496. 

134.  C.  flaccospSrma  Dewey.    Similar  ;  leaves  slightly 
or  scarcely  glaucous,  thinner;  perigynia  4.5-6  mm.  long, 
2-3  times  exceeding  the  brownish  scales.  —  Rich  woods 
and  swamps,  N.  C.  to  Mo.,  and  southw.     May,   June. 
FIG.  497. 

135.  C.  granularis  Muhl.    Erect  or  spreading,  2.5-9 
dm.  high,  somewhat  glaucous  ;  leaves  flat,  the  basal  5-12 
mm.  wide  ;  bracts  broad  and  long,  much  exceeding  the 
culm  ;  spikes  2-4,  scattered,  all  but  the  upper  peduncled, 
erect  or  ascending,  compact,  short-ellipsoid  to  cylindric, 
0.8-3  cm.  long,  5-6  mm.  thick  ;  staminate  spike  small  and 

498.  C.  granularis.         usually  sessile ;  perigynia  ovoid  to  globose,  2-3.5  mm. 


495.  C.  gris., 
v.  ang. 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE  FAMILY) 


245 


499-  C.gran. 
v-  Haleana- 


long,  very  strongly  nerved,  the  nearly  entire  short  beak  usually  bent;  scale 
thin  and  pointed,  about  \  the  length  of  the  perigynia.  —  Woods  and 
meadows,  Vt.  to  Ont.,  and  south  w.     June,  July.     FIG.  498. 

Var.  Haleana  (Olney)  Porter.     Lower  and  more  slender;   pis- 
tillate spikes  more  slender,  3-5  mm.  thick;  perigynia  oblong.     (C. 

Shriven  Britton.)  —  Me.  to  Sask.,  s.  to  Va., 

O.,  Mich.,  and  Wise.     FIG.  499. 

136.  C.   Crawei   Dewey.      Low,    strict,  stoloniferous, 
0.5-4  dm.    high  ;    leaves  Z-A  mm.  wide  ;    brants  scarcely 
exceeding  the  culm  ;  spikes  2-5,  scattered,  the  lowest  radi- 
cal or  nearly  so,  short-peduncled  or  the  upper  sessile, 
erect,  compact,  1-2.7  cm.  long;  staminate 

spike  generally  peduncled  ;  perigynia  ovoid, 
usually  resinous-dotted,  nearly  nerveless 
or  few-nerved,  very  short-pointed,  longer 
than  the  obtuse  or  short-pointed  scale.  — 
Moist  places,  in  calcareous  districts,  Cape 
Breton  I.  to  Man.,  locally  s.  to  n.  Me., 
n.  Pa.,  the  Great  Lake  region,  and  Kan. 
June,  July.  FIG.  500. 

137.  C.    EXTENSA   Good.      Slender  but 
strict,  3-8  dm.  high  ;  leaves  involute  ;  spikes 
2-4,  the  lowest  remote  and  short-peduncled, 
the   remainder    approximate    and   sessile, 
short  (0.8-2.5  cm.    long)    and    compact; 

500   C  Crawei          perigynia  ovoid,  narrowed  at  the  base,  very 
strongly  nerved,  ascending,  the  short  stout 

beak  sharply  toothed,  longer  than  the  blunt  brown-edged  scale. 
—  Sandy  shores,  Long  Island  and  Coney  Island,  N.  Y.  ;  Norfolk,    501.  C.  extensa. 
Va.    June-Aug.     (Nat.  from  Eu.)     FIG.  501. 

138.  C.  flava  L.  Tufted,  2-8  dm.  high, 
yellowish  throughout;  leaves  flat,  2-5  mm. 
wide,  mostly  shorter  than  the  culms,  bracts 
prominent,  divergent;  pistillate  spikes  2-6, 
aggregated,  or  the  lowest  distinct,  subglobose 
or  short-cylindric,  0.8-1.5  cm. 
long  ;  perigynia  ovoid,  yellow- 
brown,  produced  into  a  long 
deflexed  beak,  strongly  nerved, 
twice  or  thrice  longer  than  the 
blunt  brown  scale.  —  Damp 
places,  Nfd.  to  Sask.  and  Alb.  , 
s.  to  Ct.,  n.  N.  J.,  w.  Pa., 
Mich.,  Minn.,  and  Mont. 
(Eu.)  FIG.  502.  —  Hybridizes  with  C.  Oederi. 

Var.  rectir6stra  Gaudin.  Low  and  slender  ;  leaves 
1-3  mm.  wide  ;  the  smaller  straightish  perigynia 
greenish  or  greenish-yellow.  (Var.  graminis  Bailey.) 
—  Nfd.  to  R.  I.  and  Mich.  (Eu.)  FIG.  503. 

Var.  elatior  Schlecht.  Pistillate  spikes  remote. 
6-9  mm.  thick,  the  curved  perigynia  spreading  or 
usually  very  retrorse.  (C.  lepidocarpa  Tausch.)  — 
Gaspe"  Co.  ,  Que.  ,  to  R.  I.  and  N.  Y.  (Eu.  )  FIG.  504. 
139.  C.  OedSri  Retz.  Similar,  plant  greenish, 
0.5-3  dm.  high;  leaves  1-3-  mm.  wide;  pistillate 
spikes  2-4,  mostly  scattered,  6-15  mm.  long,  4-8  mm. 
thick  ;  the  plump  greenish-brown  short-beaked  peri- 
gynia ascending  or  wide-spreading,  %  longer  than  the  obtuse  scale.  — 
Bogs,  meadows  and  shores,  Nfd.  to  Hudson  Bay  and  Me.  June- 
605.  c.  Oederi.  Aug.  (Eu.)  FIG.  505.  —  Hybridizes  with  C.flava. 


502.   C.  flava. 


503.  C.  flava, 
v.  rect. 


June-Sept. 


246 


CYPERACEAE  (SEDGE   FAMILY) 


Plant  0.5-6  dm 
( C.  viridula 


506.  C.  Oederi, 
v.  pumila. 


507.  C.  assini- 
boinensis. 


Var.  pumila  (Cosson  &  Germain)  Fernald. 
high ;   pistillate  spikes  3-10,  mostly  crowded. 
Michx. ;  C.  flam,  var.  viridula  Bailey.) — Nfd. 
to  B.  C.,  s.  to  N.  E.,  Pa.,  0.,  Ind.,  etc.     (Eu.) 
FIG.  506. 

140.  C.  assiniboin6iisis  W.  Boott.  Tufted, 
slender,  4.5-9  dm.  high,  purplish-brown  at  base; 
leaves  2-3  mm.  wide,  the  bracts  short,  rarely 
prolonged  ;  staminate  spike  long-stalked,  2-3  cm. 
long;  pistillate  spikes  2,  very  remote,  peduncled, 
with  3-6  remote  alternate  flowers;  perigynia 
5-6.5  mm.  long,  lance-subulate,  about  equaling 
the  scales.  —  Damp  thickets  and  gravelly  shores, 
Man.  and  n.  Minn.  June.  FIG.  507. 

141.  C.  Iongir6stris  Torr.  Slender  but  erect,  0.3-1  m.  high, 
growing  in  stools,  the  base  dull  brown  and  re- 
taining coarse  shreddy  tufts;  leaves  3-4  mm. 
wide,  flat,  loose ;  staminate  spikes  1-4,  pe- 
duncled ;  pistillate  spikes  2-5,  1-5  cm.  long, 
loosely  flowered,  slender-peduncled  and  mostly  drooping ; 
perigynia  thin,  slightly  inflated,  green,  spreading,  about  the 
length  of  the  awned  scales.  —  Rocky  woods  or  dry  alluvial 
thickets,  N.  B.  to  Sask.,  N.  J.,  Pa.,  and  Neb.,  local.  May- 
July.  FIG.  508. 

142.  C.  cherokeSnsis  Schwein.     Rather  slender,  2-7  dm. 
high,  the  base  castaneous  ;  leaves  flat,  the 

basal  3-6  mm.  broad  ;  staminate  spikes  2-4, 
whitish;  pistillate  2-10,  remote,  often  in 
2's  or  3's,  1.5-5  cm.  long ;  perigynia  conic- 
ovoid,  pale  green  or  straw-color,  promi- 
nently few-ribbed,  slightly  exceeding  the 
broad  pale  scales.  —  Woods  and  river 
swamps,  Ga.  and  Fla.  to  Tex. ;  north w. 
in  the  flat  country  to  Mo.  April,  May. 
FIG.  509. 

143.  C.    castanea    Wahlenb.      Slender 
but  erect,  3-9  dm.  high ;  leaves,  3-6  mm. 
broad,  flat,  hairy,  much  shorter  than  the 
rough  culm  ;    staminate  spike  0.7-2  mm. 
long,  very  short-peduncled ;  pistillate  spikes 
2-5,    approximate,    widely    spreading    or 

drooping  on  filiform  stalks,  0.8-2.5  cm.  long,  rather  dense, 
tawny  ;  perigynia  narrowly  conic,  the  beak  \  as  long  as  the 

body,  thin,  with  a  nerve  on  each  side,  longer  than  the  brown 
acute  thin  scales.  —  Alluvial  woods  and  thickets,  rarely  in  bogs, 
in  calcareous  districts,  Nfd.  to  Out.,  locally  s.  to  Ct.,  N.Y.,  and 
the  Great  Lake  region.  May-July.  FIG.  510.  —  Hybridizes  with 
C.  arctata. 

144.  C.  capillaris  L.  Densely  tufted,  very  slender  but  erect, 
0.3-2.5  dm.  high;  culm  smooth,  longer  than  the  narrow  flat  or  at 
length  involute  leaves  ;  spikes  2-4,  approximate,  the  lowest  rarely 
2  cm.  apart,  all  more  or  less  long-peduncled  and  drooping,  borne 
in  the  axils  of  sheathing  bracts,  very  small  (3-12- 
flowered}  ;  perigynium  thin,  very  small,  oblong- 
obovoid,  the  beak  hyaline-lipped,  longer  than  the 
very  obtuse  white  scale.  —  Alpine  or  subalpine 
regions,  Mt.  Kineo,  Me.  ;  Mt.  Washington,  N.  H.  ; 
and  high  northw.  July,  Aug.  (Eu.)  FIG.  511. 

Var.   elongata  Olney.    Loose   and  tall    (1.5-8 
610.  C.  castanea.    dm.);    the  spikes  remote,   the  lowest  2.5-10  cm.  511.  C.  capillaris. 


508.   C.  longirostris. 


509.   C.  cher okeen sis. 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY) 


247 


512.   C.  arctata. 


apart.  —  Wet  rocks  and  mossy  woods,  in  calcareous  regions,  Nfd.  to  Alaska, 
southw.  to  s.  N.  B.,  Me.,  N.  Y.,  Mich.,  Col.,  etc.     June,  July. 

145.  C.  arctata  Boott.  Slender,  erect,  2.5-10  dm.  high  ;  radical  leaves  much 
shorter  than  the  culm  and  very  broad,  flat ;  bracts  broad  and 
short,  long-sheathing  ;  spikes  3-5,  usually  spreading  or  droop- 
ing on  filiform  stalks,  1.5-8  cm.  long,  slender;  perigynia 
3.5-4.5  mm.  long,  abruptly  and  conspicuously  stipitate  and 
abruptly  contracted  into  a  beak,  3-cornered,  prominently 
few-nerved,  green,  mostly  spreading,  slightly 
longer  than  the  very  sharp  or  cuspidate  scale. 
(Including  var.  Faxoni  Bailey,  which  was 
based  on  pathological  material.)  —  Woods 
and  copses,  e.  Que.  to  Ont.,  s.  to  Pa.,  Mich., 
and  Minn.  June-Aug.  FIG.  512.  —  Hybrid- 
izes with  C.  castanea  and  C.  virescens. 

146.   C.   debilis  Michx.     Resembling  the 
last;  very  slender  and  lax,  0.3-1.2  m.  high  ; 
leaves  narrow  and  lax  ;  spikes  3  or  4,  the 
upper  approximate,  the  lower  remote,  mostly 
overtopped  by  the  leafy  bracts,  slender-pedi- 
celed  and  flexuous,  3-6  cm.  long  ;  perigynia 
soft  and  thin,  6-9  mm.  long,  faintly  nerved 
or  nerveless,  the  white-edged  scales  blunt.  —  Woods  and  copses, 
D.  C.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     May,  June.     FIG.  513. 
Var.  Rudgei  Bailey.    Culms  0.1-1  m.  high  ;  spikes  1.5-6  cm.  long  ;  perigynia 
4.5-6  mm.  long,  rusty  when  ripe,  appressed,  twice  longer  than  the  tawny  scales. 
(C.  tenuis  Rudge.) — Open  woods,  thickets  and  meadows,  Nfd.  to 
Wise.,  s.  to  N.  C.      June-Aug.      FIG.    514.  —  Hybridizes  with  C. 
virescens.      Var.    STR^CTIOR    Bailey.      Usually  tall,   strict;   leaves 
broader  and  firmer ;  spikes  stiffer,  simply  spreading  or  even  erect ; 
perigynia  mostly    shorter   and  greener,   often   little 
exceeding  the  scales.  — White  Mts.,  N.  H. 

Var.  interje"cta  Bailey.  Perigynia  firmer,  more 
trigonous,  scattered ;  the  alternate-flowered  spikes  4-8 
cm.  long.  —  Ct.  to  O.  and  n.  N.  J.,  local. 

Var.  pubera  Gray.     Perigynia  usually  more  slen- 
.  „  ,  .      der,  more  nerved  and  minutely  pubescent.  —  Pa.  to 

614.  C.  deb.,     ^r    p      Inpal 
v   Rud£rei        ».  V/.,  lOCai. 

147.  C.  venusta  Dewey,  var.  minor  Boeckl. 
Slender  but  strict,  3-8  dm.  high ;  basal  leaves  4-12  mm.  wide, 
strict,  the  upper  and  the  bracts  about  as  long  as  the  culm  ; 
spikes  2-5,  the  upper  pistillate  ones  approxi- 
mate, usually  ascending,  the  terminal  some- 
times staminate  at  top,  1.5-5  cm.  long;  peri- 
gynia ascending,  5.5-8  mm.  long,  firm,  prominently  nerved, 
the  very  short  and  stout  beak  prominently  toothed,  thrice 
longer  than  the  rusty  narrow  scale.  (C.  oblita  Steud.)  — 
Sphagnous  swamps  and  low  woods,  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.,  southw., 
local.  June.  FIG.  515. 

148.  C.  verrucbsa  Muhl.  Glaucous,  stout  and  stiff,  0.6- 
1.6  m.  high  ;  leaves  long,  rough-angled,  becoming  revolute  ; 
spikes  3-10,  2-6  cm.  long,  6-9  mm.  thick,  scattered  to 
loosely  aggregated,  ascending  or  pendulous,  often  somewhat 
staminate  above,  variously  peduncled  ;  scales  thin,  brown, 
emarginate,  shorter  than  the  ovoid  glaucous  perigynia,  but 
the  hispid  awn  from  2-3  times  longer  to  nearly  obsolete; 
beak  short,  entire.  —  Swamps  and  wet  shores,  Va.,  Mo., 
and  southw.  July-Sept.  FIG.  616. 
149.  C.  macrokblea  Steud.  Similar,  slender,  4-7  dm.  high  ;  spikes  2-5, 
1.5-4  cm.  long,  ascending,  on  slender  peduncles ;  scales  lanceolate  to  ovate, 


616.  C.  verrucosa. 


248 


CYPERACEAB    (SEDGE  FAMILY) 


518.  C.  scabrata. 


short-awned,  exceeded  by  the  plump  subglobose  or  obovoid 
strongly  ribbed  abruptly  beaked  perigynia.    (  C.  Joorii  Bailey. ) 
—  Swamps   and  wet  shores,   Mo.    to  Fla. 
and  Tex.    Aug.     FIG.  517. 

150.  C.  scabrata  Schwein.  Kather  stout, 
very  leafy,  2-8  dm.  high  ;  culm  sharply  and 
very  roughly  angled;  leaves  6-18  mm. 
broad,  flat,  very  rough;  spikes  3-6,  scat- 
tered, the  upper  1  or  2  sessile,  the  remainder 
often  long-peduncled  and  sometimes  nod- 
ding, 1-6  cm.  long,  narrowly  cylindrical 
and  compactly  flowered  :  perigynia  broadly 
ovoid,  prominently  few-nerved,  rough,  the 
beak  nearly  as  long  as  the  body  and 
slightly  toothed;  scales  acute  and  rough- 
tipped,  green-nerved,  about  as  long  as  the 

517.  C.  macrokolea.    body    of    the  perigynia.  —  Wet  meadows 
and  glades,  e.  Que.  to  Ont.,  s.  to  the  mts. 

of  S.  C.  and  Tenn.,  0.,  and  Mich.     June-Aug.     FIG.  518.  — 

Hybridizes  with  G.  crinita. 

151.    C.  filiftirmis   L.       Tall  and  very  slender  but  erect, 

0.5-1.2  m.  high;  culm  obtuse,  smooth;  leaves  very  long, 
involute-filiform,  rough ;  spikes  1-3,  ses- 
sile, somewhat  scattered,  erect,  short  and 
thick,  1-5  cm.  long,  5-7  mm.  thick ;  peri- 
gynia very  short-ovoid,  the  teeth  very 
short,  the  few  nerves  obscured  by  the  dense  stiff  hairs;  scales 
thin  and  blunt,  about  as  long  as  the  perigynia. — Bogs  and 
shallow  water,  Nfd.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to  Pa.  and  the  Great  Lake 
region.  May- Aug.  (Eu.)  FIG.  519. 

152.  C.lanuginbsaMichx.    Similar ;  lower  ; 
culm  mostly  rough  above ;   leaves  fiat,   2-5 
mm.  broad  ;  spikes  usually   somewhat  slim- 
mer,   the   lowest  usually  peduncled;    scales 
mostly  sharper  and  longer.     (G.  filiformis, 
var.    latifolia    Boeckl.)  —  Swales    and    low 
meadows,  N.  -B.  to  Sask.  and  B.  C.,  s.  to  Pa., 
111.,  Kan.,  etc.     June-July. 

153.  C.  Hought6nii  Torr.      Stiff,  1.5-6.5 
dm.  high,  extensively  creeping;  culm  rather 
sharply  angled,  rough,  exceeding  the  leaves  ; 
leaves  flat  and  very  sharp-pointed ;    spikes 
1-3,    sessile    or    the    lowest 
short-stalked,  erect,  varying 

from  nearly  globular  to  cylin- 
dric,  1-4.5  cm.  long,  7-12  mm. 

519.  C.  filiformis.      520.  C.  Houghtonii.  thicki     compact;    perigynia 

short-ovoid,  stiffly  pubescent, 

prominently  nerved  and  toothed  ;  scales  thin-margined,  acute  or 
awned.  —  Dry  sandy  or  gravelly  soil,  e.  Que.  to  Athabasca,  s.  to 
n.  N.  E.,  N.  Y.,  Mich.,  and  Minn.  May-Aug.  FIG.  520. 

154.  C.  vestita  Willd.  Stout  and  stiff,  3-8  dm.  high,  freely 
stoloniferous  ;  culm  sharply  angled,  smooth  or  somewhat  rough  ; 
leaves  narrow  and  rather  short,  roughish  ;  staminate  spike  1, 
rarely  2,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  2-5  cm.  long  ;  pistillate  spikes  1-3, 
subapproximate,  or  rarely  the  lowest  subradical,  often  staminate 
at  top,  ellipsoid  or  short-cylindric,  0.8-2.8  cm.  long,  compactly 
flowered ;  perigynia  ovoid,  nerved,  stiffly  hairy,  short-beaked,  the 
beak  often  purple  and  white-hyaline  at  the  orifice,  which  becomes 
more  or  less  split  with  age  ;  scales  thin  and  blunt  or  acute,  shorter  621.  C.  vestita. 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY) 


249 


523.   C.  oligosperma. 


than  the  perigynia. —  In  sandy  soils,  from  s.  Me.  to  e.  N.  Y.,  and  D.  C. ;  "south 
to  Ga."  May-July.  FIG.  521.  Var.  KENNEDYI  Fernald.  Staminate  spike 
about  I  cm.  long,  hidden  by  the  pistillate. — Wilmington, 
Mass.  (Kennedy}. 

155.  C.  strii ta  Michx.,  var.  brdvis  Bailey.  Stiff,  3-8 
dm.  high,  extensively  creeping  ;  culm  sharply  angled,  smooth 
or  slightly  rough  above,  mostly  exceeding  the  leaves ;  leaves 
narrow  and  stiff,  becoming  involute;  spikes  1-2,  mostly 
closely  sessile,  considerably  separated  when  two,  short 
(1-5  cm.  long}  and  rather  thick,  erect;  perigynia  broad- 
ovoid  with  impressed  nerves,  smooth,  ascending,  short- 
beaked  and  very  short-toothed ;  scales  thin,  obtuse  or 
acutish,  mostly  about  \  as  long  as 
the  perigynia.  (  C.  Walteriana,  var. 
Bailey.)  —  Pine-barren  swamps,  s.  e. 
Mass.,  south w.,  local.  June-Aug. 
FIG.  522. 

156.    C.      oligospSrma     Michx. 
Very  slender,  but  stiff,  2.5-9  dm. 
high  ;  culms  solitary  or  few  from  a 
slender  stoloniferous  base;   leaves 
and  bracts  very  narrow,  becoming 
involute;   staminate  spike  pedun- 
cled ;  pistillate  spikes  1  or  2,  rarely 
3,  sessile  or  the  lowest  very  short- 
peduncled,  globular  or  short-oblong 
(0.7-2  cm.  long}  few-flowered  ;  peri-    522>  c  striata)  v  brev 
gynia    turgid,    shining,    gradually 
contracted  into  a  very  short  and  minutely  toothed  beak, 
prominently  few-nerved,  yellowish,  nearly  twice  longer 
than  the  blunt  scales.  —  Bogs  and  wet  shores,  Lab.  and  Nfd.  to  the 
Mackenzie,   s.   to  Pa.,   and  the  Great  Lake  region.     June-Aug. 
FIG.  523. 

157.  C.  nfRTA  L.  Variable  in  size  (2-6  dm.  high),  widely  creep- 
ing ;  culm  rather  slender  but  erect,  obtuse  and  smooth  or  slightly 
rough  above ;  leaves  soft  and  flat,  generally  sparsely  hairy  and 
the  sheaths  very  hirsute,  rarely  smooth  ;  spikes  2-3,  distant,  more 
or  less  shortly  peduncled,  erect  or  nearly  so, 
1.5-4  cm.  long,  rather  loose;  perigynia  long- 
ovoid,  nerved,  soft-hairy,  the  prominent  beak 
slender-toothed  ;  scales  thin  and  green-nerved, 
awned,  mostly  a  little  shorter. —  Groves,  fields, 
and  made-lands,  e.  Mass,  to  centr.  N.  Y.  and 
Pa.  ;  local.  June-Aug.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 
FIG.  524. 

158.  C.  trichocarpa  Muhl.  Stout  and  tall, 
0.6-1.2  m.  high  ;  culm  sharply  angled,  rough 
above  ;  leaves  numerous,  flat,  3-6  mm.  wide, 
very  rough,  but  not  hairy,  much  exceeding  the 
culm  ;  spikes  2-5,  scattered,  the  lower  stalked 
and  more  or  less  spreading,  3-8  cm.  long, 
1-1.5  cm.  thick,  heavy,  but  loosely  flowered 
at  base  ;  perigynia  ovoid,  many-costate,  sparsely 
short-hairy,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  mem- 
525  c  trichocarna  branaceous,  acute  or  acuminate  scales.  —  B24  c  hirta 

carpa'       Marshes,  s.  w.  Vt.   to  Ont.,  s.  to  Pa.  and  111. 

June-Aug.     FIG.  525.     Var.  TURBIN\TA  Dewey.     Spikes  2-2.5  cm.  long,  1.3-1.8 
cm.  thick  ;  perigynia  lance-subulate.  —  Dutchess  Co.,  N.  Y. 

Var.  DewSyi  Bailey.     Leaves  narrower,  often  becoming  somewhat  involute, 
smoother  ;  spikes  short,  1.5-5  cm.  long,  all  but  the  lowest  one  sessile  ;  perigynia 


250 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY) 


526.  C.  trich. 
v.  Deweyi. 


527.  C.  trich., 
v.  aristata. 


smooth,  thick  in  texture,  becoming  polished  with  age,  the  nerves  impressed  ,- 
scales  sharp,  mostly  a  little  shorter  than  the  perigynia.  —  la.  to 
Kan.,  and  northwestw.  FIG.  526. 

Var.  aristata  (R.  Br.)  Bailey.  Mostly  stouter ;  leaves 
4-10  mm.  wide,  more  or  less  hairy  on  the  under  surface 
and  sheaths ;  perigynia  lance-ovoid,  smooth,  the  teeth 
longer  and  more  spreading  ;  scales  long  and  sharp.  (  C. 
aristata  R.  Br.)  —  Ont.  to  Sask.  and  B.  C.,  s.  to  N.  Y., 
Mich.,  Wise.,  Neb.,  etc.  FIG.  527.  Var.  IMBERBIS  Gray. 
Sheaths  glabrous.  — Ont.  to  N.  Dak.  and  Mo. 

159.   C.  riparia  W.  Curtis.     Very  large  and  stout, 
0.6-1.3  m.  high,  stoloniferous  ;  leaves  0.5-1. 5  cm.  broad,  flat,  rough, 
glaucous,  much   longer  than  the   sharply  angled 
culm ;  spikes  2-4,  scattered  and  all  more  or  less 
peduncled,  the  lowest  often  very  long-stalked,  vary- 
ing from  almost  globular  to  slender-cylindric,  2-10  cm.  long, 
erect  or  the  lower  somewhat  drooping,  loosely 
flowered  below  ;  perigynia  lance-ovoid,  cori- 
aceous, rather  lightly  many-nerved,  the  beak 
short  and  thick;  scales  varying  from  blunt  to 
awned,  shorter  or  longer  than  the  perigynia. 
—  Swamps  and  wet  shores,  N.  B.  to  Man., 
and  southw.     May-July.     (En.)     FIG.  528. 
160.    C.    ACUTIFORMIS   Ehrh.      Stout,   0.4- 

C.  riparia.       1>2  m-  ^S11  >    culm  tllick  and  sharp,   mostly 

smooth ;  leaves  broad,  flat  and  glaucous,  much 
prolonged  ;  spikes  2-5,  all  but  the  uppermost  peduncled,  spread- 
ing or  drooping,  narrowly  cylindric,  2-5.5  cm. 
long,  loosely  flowered  below ;  perigynia  ovoid, 
very  strongly  many-nerved,  the  short  beak 
slightly  toothed ;  scales  rough-awned  and  longer 
than  the  perigynia. — Boggy  meadow,  New 
Bedford,  and  formerly  at  Dorchester,  Mass.  529-  c-  acutiformis. 
June,  July.  (Nat.  from  Eu.)  FIG.  529. 

161.  C.  squarrbsa  L.  Caespitose,  3-9  dm.  high  ;  culm  sharply 
angled,  more  or  less  rough  above  ;  leaves 
2.5-6  mm.  broad,  weak,  roughish,  exceeding 
the  culm  ;  bracts  slender,  elongate  ;  spikes 
1-4,  thick,  the  terminal  always  two  thirds 
pistillate  or  more,  the  remainder  more  or  less 
stalked,  erect  or  slightly  nodding,  globular  or  short-cylindric, 

1.5-3  cm.  long,  1.5-2  cm.   thick,  brown, 

exceedingly  densely  flowered  ;  perigynia 

squarrose,  the   beak  rough ;    scale   short 

and  usually   hidden.  —  Swamps  and  wet 

woods,   w.    N.  E.   to  Neb.,  and  southw., 

local.     June-Sept.     FIG.  530. 

162.  C.  typhinoides  Schwein.    Coarser, 
the  glaucous  or  pale  leaves  0.5-1  cm.  broad  • 
spikes  1.5-5  cm.  long,  1-2.2  cm.  thick,  pale 
brown  ;  perigynia  less  squarrose,  the  beaks 
ascending.  —  Meadows  and  alluvial  woods, 
w.  Que.  and  w.  N.  E.  to  la.  and  southw. 
June-Oct.     FIG.  531. 

163.  C.  Frankii  Kunth.    Stout  and  very 
leafy  ^  5-8  dm.  high  ;  culm  obtusely  angled, 

531.  C  typhinoides.    veiT  smooth  ;  leaves  4-9  mm.  broad,  rough 
on  the  nerves,  the  upper  and  the  bracts 
very  much  longer  than  the  culm  ;  terminal  spike  often  pis- 
tillate at  top  ;  other  spikes  3-7,  the  uppermost  sessile  on  the       532.  c.  Frankii. 


C.  squarrosa. 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY) 


251 


533.  C.  Pseudc-Cyperus. 


zigzag  rhachis,  1.5-4  cm.  long,  1  cm.  thick,  evenly 
cylindrical,  often  staminate  at  top  ;  perigynia  very 
abruptly  contracted  into  a  short  but  slender  toothed 
beak.  (C.  stenolepis  Torr.)  —  Swamps  and  mead- 
ows, Pa.  to  111.  and  southw.  June-Sept.  FIG. 
632. 

164.  C.  Pseudo-CypSrus  L.  Tall  and  rather 
stout,  0.5-1  m.  high,  in  clumps  ;  culm  thick  and 
very  sharply  triangular,  rough  throughout ;  leaves 
very  long,  rough-margined,  0.5-1  cm.  wide ;  spikes 
3-5,  slenderly  peduncled  and  more  or  less  droop- 
ing, somewhat  contiguous,  2.5-7.5  cm.  long,  nar- 
rowly cylindrical  (8-11  mm.  thick},  very  compactly 
flowered  ;  perigynia  strongly  reflexed,  more  or  less 
2-edged,  many-costate,  the  beak  shorter  than  the 
body,  with  erect  short  (0.5-1  mm.  long}  teeth; 

scales  very  rough-awned,  about  the 

length  of  the  perigynia.  —  Bogs  and 

shallow  water,  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence 

to   Sask.,    locally  s.  to  Ct.,   centr. 

N.  Y.  and  the  Great  Lakes.     June- 

Aug.     (Eu.)     FIG.  533. 

165.    C.    com6sa  Boott.      Mostly 

stouter  (0.5-1.5  m.  high),  the  leaves 

broader   (6-16  mm.    wide);  spikes 
'    1.3-1.7  cm.  thick,  more  loosely  flow- 
ered;  perigynia  longer,  the   beak  mostly  longer  than  the  body  and  the  teeth 
long  (1.2-2  mm.)  and  spreading.     (C.  Pseudo-Cyperus,  var.  americana  Hochst.) 
•     — Swamps,  N.  S.  to  Wash.,  s.  to  Fla.,  La.,  and  s.  Cal. 
June-Aug.     FIG.  534. 

166.  C.  hystericina  Muhl.     Slender  but  erect,  2.5-1  m. 
high  ;  culm  very  sharply  angled  and  rough,  at  least  above  ; 
leaves  3-10  mm.  broad,  roughish  ;  spikes  2-5,  borne  near 
the  top  of  the  culm,  rarely  very  remote,  the  upper  often 
sessile,    the  remainder  on    more    or  less  filiform   stalks, 
spreading  or  drooping,  1.5-6  cm.  long,  1-1. 6  cm.  thick,  com- 
pactly flowered ;  perigynia  greenish 

or  straw-colored,  strongly  15-20- 
nerved,  the  very  slender  beak 
strongly  toothed ;  scale  nearly  or 
quite  as  long  as  the  perigynium. 

—  Swales,    throughout ;    frequent. 
June-Aug.   (Jamaica).      FIG.  535. 

—  Tall  specimens  with  long  pen- 
dulous spikes  have  been  separated 
as  the  scarcely  distinguishable  var. 
COOL^YI     Dewey     (var.     Dudleyi 
Bailey). 

167.  C.  lurida  Wahlenb.    Vari- 
able in  size,  0.2-1  m.  high,  stout ; 
culm  rather  obtusely  angled  and 
smooth ;    leaves    long    and    loose, 

4-6  mm.  wide,    rough,   the  bracts  5^   c  iuri(ja. 

leafy,  elongated;  spikes  2-4,  vari- 
ously disposed,  the  1  or  2  upper  sessile,  nearly  erect  or  often  drooping,  the 
others  more  or  less  peduncled,  approximate  or  remote,  very  densely  flowered, 
globose  to  thick-cylindric,  1.5-6  cm.  long,  1.5-2  cm.  thick;  perigynia  thin 
and  turgid,  somewhat  shining,  about  W-nerved,  the  body  barely  equaling  the 
slender  long-conic  beak ;  staminate  spike  single  ;  scales  linear,  half  as  long 
as  the  perigynia  or  more.  —  Swamps  and  wet  woods,  N.  S.  to  Ont.,  and  southw.  ; 


535.   C.  hystericina. 


252 


CYPERACEAE  (SEDGE  FAMILY) 


abundant  eastw.      FIG.  536.  —  Hybridizes   with  C.  lupulina.     Very  variable, 
passing  to  many  scarcely  distinguishable  forms,  and  to 

Var.  gracilis  (Boott)  Bailey.     Slender,  3-7  dm.  high  ;  leaves 

2-3  mm.  wide;  spikes  1-4  cm.  long,   1-1.3  cm.   thick.     (C. 

Baileyi  Britton).  —  Cool  woods  and  meadows,  Me.  to  w.  N.  Y., 

and  in  the  mts.  to  Tenn.,  local.     FIG.  537. 

168.    C.   Schweinitzii  Dewey.     Soft  but  erect,  2.5-7  dm. 

high,  yellowish-green,  becoming  straw-colored  in  drying  ;  culm 

solitary,    from     creeping    rootstock, 

flattish  and  smooth  ;  leaves  0.5-1  cm. 

broad,    the   radical    longer  than   the 

culm,  the  others  mostly  short  ;  spikes 

3-5,  the  lower  one  or  two  short-pe- 

duncled,   the    others    subsessile   and 
KW      ',  approximate,  narrowly  long-cylindri- 

537.  0.  lur.,  v.  grac.  >5  c'm.  long>  8I13  nfm.  thick), 


538.  C.  Schweinitzii. 


ascending  ;  perigynia  thin  and  somewhat  inflated,  few- 
nerved,  the  long  beak  short-toothed,  ascending  ;  scales 
awned  and  commonly  rough  at  the  tip,  a  little  shorter 
than  the  perigynia.  —  Swamps  and  wet  calcareous  soil, 
s.  Vt.  to  Ont.,  s.  to  Ct.,  n.  N.  J.,  and  Mich.  June, 
July.  FIG.  538. 

169.  C.   retr6rsa  Schwein.      Stout,  0.4-1  m.   high  ; 
culm  obtusely  angled  and  smooth  or  nearly  so  ;  leaves 

and  bracts  0.4-1  cm.  broad, 

soft,  roughish,  much  longer 

than    the    culm  ;    staminate 

spikes  1-4,  sessile  or  short- 

peduncled  ;  pistillate  spikes 

3-8,    approximate  near    the 

top  of  the  culm  or  the  lowest 

remote,    all    but  the    lowest 

1  or  2  sessile  or  subsessile,  1.5-5  cm.  long,  1.7-2  cm. 

thick,  compactly  flowered,  erect  or  spreading  ;  peri- 

gynia very  thin  and  papery,  much  inflated,  promi- 

nently nerved,  strongly  reflexed,  conic-ovoid,   long- 

beaked,  8-10  mm.  long,  much  exceeding  the  acuminate 

scales.  —  Wet  places,   e.   Que.   to  the  Saskatchewan 

and  B.  C.,  s.  to  Pa.,  the  Great  Lakes,  la.,  Ida.,  and 

Ore.     July-Oct.     FIG.  539.  — 

Hybridizes   with   C.   rostrata. 

Var.      EoBiNs6Nii      Fernald. 

Spikes    slender,    1.2-1.5    cm. 

thick.  —  Local,  Me.  to  Ida. 
Var.  Hartii  (Dewey)  Gray. 

The  remote,  often  long-pedun- 

cled  spikes  usually  more  slen- 

der,  2-8  cm.  long;    perigynia  wide-spreading.  —  Local, 
N.  H.  to  Ont.  and  Mich. 

Var.  Macounii  (Dewey)  Fernald.  Similar  to  the  last, 
but  perigynia  ascending.  (C.  lupulina  x  retrorsa  Dud- 
ley.) —  N.  Y.,  Ont.,  and  Mich. 

170.  C.  Halei  Carey.     Culms  solitary,  slender,  smooth, 
2-6  dm.  high  ;  leaves  and  bracts  soft,  roughish,  3-6  mm. 

broad,  over-topping  the  inflorescence  ;  staminate  spike  long-peduncled  ;  pistillate 
2-4,  mostly  scattered,  sessile,  or  the  lowest  short-peduncled,  short-cylindric  to  sub- 
globose,  2-3.5  cm.  long,  2-2.5  cm.  thick  ;  the  rather  few  perigynia  conic-ovoid, 
thin,  bladdery,  10-12  mm.  long,  with  a  rather  abrupt  slender-conic  beak,  twice  as 
long  as  the  firm  ovate  acuminate  scales.  (C.  louisianica  Bailey.)  —  Swamps, 
Fla.  to  Tex.,  north  w.  in  the  lowlands  to  Mo.  June-Aug.  FIG.  540. 


C.  retrorsa. 


540.   C.  Halei. 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY) 


253 


171.  C.  gigantSa  Rudge.  Loosely  caespitose  or  somewhat  stoloniferous,  stout, 
0.5-1.2  m.  high  ;  leaves  0.7-1.5  cm.  broad;  staminate  spikes  2-4  ;  pistillate  2-4, 
scattered,  the  lowest  long-peduncled  and  remote,  rather 
loosely  flowered,  3-7  cm.  long,  2-2.7  cm.  thick;  peri- 
gynia swollen  below  but  very  abruptly  contracted  into 
a  slender  beak  3-4  times  as  long  as  the  body,  spreading 
at  right  angles  or  nearly  so,  never 
becoming  yellow ;  scales  narrow, 
smooth.  (<7.  grandls  Bailey.)  — 
Swamps,  Del.,  Ky.,  and  Mo.,  south  w. 
July-Sept.  FIG.  541. 

172.    C.    Iupulif6rmis    Sartwell. 
Stout,  tall,  0.6-1.2  m.  high  ;  leaves 
0.6-1.3    cm.    broad,    conspicuously 
elongate  ;  bracts  broad  and  far  ex- 
ceeding the  culm ;  staminate  spike 
usually  peduncled;  pistillate  spikes 
3-5,  3-8  cm.  long,  cylindrical  (2-3.5 
cm.  thick),  at  least  the  lower  pe- 
duncled, erect  or  ascending,   somewhat  scattered  or  the 
upper  approximate,  becoming  yellowish  brown ;  perigynia 
542    C  lupuliformis       narrowly  conic-ovoid,  1.3-2  cm.  long,  mostly  twice  exceed- 
ing the  firm  lance-attenuate  scales,  ascending.     (C.  lupu- 
lina, var.  polystachya  Schwein.  &  Torr.)  —  Rich  swamps, 
meadows,  and  prairies,  Vt.  to  Minn.,  s.  to  Del.,  111.,  and 
La.     July-Oct.     FIG.  542. 

173.  C.  lupulina  Muhl.  Very  stout  and  leafy,  4-9  dm. 
high  ;  leaves  0.6-1  cm.  broad,  loose  ;  bracts  broad  and 
elongate  ;  pistillate  spikes  2-6,  approximate  at  the  top  of 
the  culm,  all  closely  sessile  or  the  lower  sometimes  short- 
pedunclecl,  thick-cylindrical  to  subglobose,  very  heavy  and 
densely  flowered,  3-6  cm.  long,  2-3  cm.  thick ;  staminate 
spike  sessile;  perigynia  much  inflated,  rather  soft,  1.3-2 
cm.  long,  erect  or  but  slightly  spreading,  giving  the  spike 
a  hop-like  aspect  (whence  the  name);  scales  firm,  lance-  543  c  iupuijna 
ovate,  mostly  much  shorter  than  the  perigynia. —  Swamps 

and  wet  woods  N.  B.,  to  Ont.,  la.,  and  south  w.  July- 
Oct.  FIG.  543.  —  Frequently  hybridizes  with  other 
species. 

Var.  pedunculata  Dewey.  Often  taller ;  spikes  more 
or  less  scattered,  some  or  all  prominently  peduncled; 
staminate  spike  usually  conspicuous,  generally  pe- 
duncled; perigynia  more  spreading.  — Locally  more 
abundant. 

174.  C.  Grayii  Carey.    Rather  stout,  0.3-1  m.  high  ; 
leaves  6-11  mm.  wide,  flat,  harsh, pale  green;  pistillate 
spikes    1  or  2,  the  lowest  often   peduncled,  perfectly 
globular  and  compactly  6-30-flowered,  the  perigynia 
firm,  much  inflated,  glabrous,  1.5-2  cm.  long,  spread- 
ing or  deflexed  and  prominently   many-nerved.      (C. 
Asa-Grayi  Bailey.)  —  Wet  alluvial  woods  and  meadows, 
w.  N.  E.'to  Ont.,  la.,  and  Mo.,  local.    June-Oct.     FIG. 
544. 

Var.  hispidula  Gray.    Perigynia  hispidulous.  —  Ct. 
p  to  Mo.,  and  southw. 

175.  C.    intum6scens    Rudge.       Slender,   0.3-1  m. 
high  ;  leaves  and  bracts  3-8  mm.  wide,  soft,  much  elongate,  dark  green  ;  pistil- 
late spikes  1-3,  subglobose  or  short-ovoid,  loosely  1-12-flowered  ;  the  perigynia 
thin,    bladdery,    green,    1-1.5   cm.    long,    5-8   mm.    thick,    spreading,    many- 
nerved.  —  Swamps,    meadows,    and   alluvial    woods,    throughout ;    the   typical 


254 


CYPERACEAE  (SEDGE  FAMILY) 


Rather  slender,    0.3- 


545.   C.  intumcscens. 


546.  C.  folliculata. 


form  commonest  from  Mass,  southw.     June-Sept 
FIG.  545. 

Var.  Fernaldii  Bailey.  Perigynia  more  slender, 
less  inflated,  1.2-1.7  cm.  long,  3-5  mm.  thick.  — 
Nfd.  to  Man.,  s.  to  Mass.,  N.  Y.,  Mich.,  and  Wise.; 
and  on  the  mts.  of  N.  C. ;  the  common  form 
northw. 

176.  C.  folliculata  L. 
1.2  m.  high ;  leaves  very 
broad  and  flat,  yellowish- 
green,  lax;  pistillate  spikes 
2-5,  mostly  scattered,  all  but 
the  uppermost  prominently 
peduncled;  perigynia  conic- 
subulate,  very  slightly  in- 
flated, many-nerved,  1-1.6 
cm.  long ;  scales  awned  and 
often  nearly  as  long.  —  Wet 
woods,  meadows  and  bogs, 
Nfd.  to  Out.,  s.  to  Md., 
W.  Va.,  and  Mich.;  locally 
abundant.  June-Aug.  FIG. 
546. 

177.    C.  Michauxiana  Boeckl.     Slender  but  stiff  and  erect,  2.5-6  dm.  high, 
yellowish;  leaves  narrow  and  firm,  shorter  than  the  culm  ;  spikes  2-4,  the  lowest 

usually  remote   and  short-peduncled,    , 

the  remainder  aggregated  and  sessile  ; 

perigynia  lance-subulate,  not  inflated, 

8-13  mm.    long,   erect  or  spreading, . 

twice  longer  than   the   blunt  scales. 

(  C.  abacta  Bailey. )  —  Bogs  and  lake- 
borders,  Nfd.   to  L.   Mistassini,  s.   to 

n.  N.  E.,  n.  N.  Y.,  and  Mich.;  local. 

June,  July.    FIG.  547. 

178.  C.  subulata  Michx.      Green, 
very  slender  but  erect,  1. 5-6  dm.  high  ; 
leaves  soft,  1.5-4  mm.  wide,  shorter 
than  the  culm  ;  bracts  leafy,  sheath- 
ing;    pistillate  spikes  2-5,  scattered, 
2-6-Jlowered ;  perigynia  subulate,  1-1.5 
cm.  long,  deflexed.    (  C.  Collinsii  Nutt.) 
—  Bogs  and  white  cedar  swamps,  R.  I. 
to  e.  Pa.,   and  southw. ;  very  local. 
June,  July.     FIG.  548. 

179.  C.  saxatilis  L.    Low,  2-3  dm.  high;  leaves  2-5  mm. 
wide,  flat,  becoming  involute,  nearly  or  quite  equaling  the 
culm;  staminate  spike  1  (rarely  2);  pistillate 

1-3,  sessile  or  short-peduncled,  subglobose  or 
54T    C  Michauxiana    short-cylindric,  0.5-2  cm.  long,  5-8  mm.  thick  ; 
perigynia  purple    or  purple-tinged,    usually 
nerveless,  ovoid,  3-4  mm.  long,  with  a  short  subentire    beak, 
slightly  exceeding  the   blunt  purple  scale;   stigmas 
usually    2. —By   an    alpine    pond,    Mt.    Katahdin, 
Me.;  Lab.  and  Greenl.     July,   Aug.      (Eu.)     FIG. 
549. 

Var.  miliaris  (Michx.)  Bailey.    Slender  and  taller, 
2.5-6   dm.    high;    leaves  nearly  filiform;  pistillate 
spikes  mostly  paler  and  more  slender,  1-2.5  cm.  long, 
550..  C. saxa.,    3-7  mm.  thick.     (C.  miliaris  Michx.) — Margins  of 
v.  miliaris.     rivers  and  lakes,  Nfd.  to  Hudson  Bay,  locally  s.  to   549.  c.  saxatilis. 


548.   C.  subulata. 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY) 


255 


552.  C  rotundata 


551    c  Grahami 


s.  N.  B.  and  centr.  Me.    July-Sept.     FIG.  550.  —  Apparently 
hybridizes  with  C.  vesicaria. 

180.  C.  Grahami  Boott.  Slender,  2-7  dm.  high;  leaves 
flat,  1.5-3  mm.  wide  ;  staminate  spikes  1-3  ;  pistillate  1-3,  the 
lowest  mostly  short-peduncled,  slightly  spreading  or  ascending, 
1.2-1.8  cm.  long,  6-10  mm.  thick  ;  perigynia  straw-colored,  thin, 
ovoid,  4-5  mm.  long,  few-nerved,  with  a  slender 
subentire  beak,  ascending,  twice  as  long  as  the 
blunt  purple  scale.  —  Margin  of  a  pond,  Mt. 
Katahdin,  Me.  July,  Aug.  (Scotland.)  FIG. 
551.  —  Much  of  the  American  material  previ- 
ously referred  to  this  species  is  apparently  a 
hybrid  between  C.  saxatilis,  var.  miliaris  and 
forms  of  C.  vesicaria.  (C.  miliaris,  var.  awmz 
Bailey  ;  C.  Eaeana  Britton,  not  Boott  ;  C.  main- 
ensis  Porter.) 

181.  C.  rotundata  Wahlenb.  Slender,  6  dm. 
or  less  high;  leaves  soon  becoming  involute; 
staminate  spike  1  (rarely  2  or  3);  pistillate 
l  or  2'  sessile,  short  and  compact,  8-13  mm. 
long,  6-8  mm.  thick,  the  lower  subtended  by  a 
divergent  bract  (4-5  cm.  long*)  ;  perigynia  pale  or  ferruginous,  plump,  sub- 
globose-ovoid,  few-nerved,  about  3  mm.  long,  abruptly  short-beaked,  the  beak 
entire  or  short-toothed,  one  half  longer  than  the  purplish  scales.  —  Outlet  of 
Moosehead  L.,  Me.  Aug.  (Greenl.,  n.  Eu.)  FIG.  552. 

182.  C.  vesicaria  L.  Comparatively  slender,  0.4-1  m.  high  ;  the  culms 
sharply  angled  and  generally  harsh  above,  usually  overtopped  by  the  bracts; 
leaves  4-7  mm.  wide,  loosely  ascending  or  spreading  ;  staminate 
spikes  mostly  2  or  3,  peduncled  ;  pistillate  spikes  2-3,  remote, 
sessile  or  short-peduncled,  cylindric,  2-7  cm.  long, 
1-1.5  cm.  thick;  perigynia  slightly  turgid,  ovoid 
to  oblong-conic,  gradually  tapering  to  the  beak, 
when  mature  7-9  mm.  long,  twice  exceeding  the 
ovate-lanceolate  acute  or  acuminate  scales.  —  Mead- 
ows and  low  ground,  e.  Que.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to  Pa., 
the  Great  Lake  region,  etc.  June-Aug.  (Eu.) 
FIG.  553.  —  A  very  variable  northern  species,  pass- 
in&  freely  with  us  into  the  following  arbitrarily 
distinguished  tendencies.  Var.  MONILE  (Tuckerm.) 
Fernald.  Leaves  2-5  mm.  wide  ;  pistillate  spikes  as  in  the 
species  ;  perigynia  more  turgid,  roundish-ovoid,  about  6  mm. 
long,  rather  abruptly  tapering  to  the  beak.  (C. 
monile  Tuckerm.)  —  Nfd.  to  Sask.,  Ky.,  and  Mo., 
generally  common.  FIG.  554.  Var.  JEJUNA  Fer- 
nald. Smaller  and  more  slender;  pistillate  spikes 
thinner,  5-8  mm.  thick.  —  Common  north  w.  Var. 
DISTENTA  Fries.  Slender  ;  pistillate  spikes  I  or  2, 
short  and  thick,  1-2.5  cm.  long,  1-1.5  cm.  thick; 
perigynia  subglobose  or  ovoid,  abruptly  beaked.  —  Local,  Nfd.  and 
Que.  to  Me.  and  Vt.  Var.  RAEANA  (Boott)  Fernald.  Very  slen- 
der ;  leaves  2  mm.  wide,  tending  to  become  involute  at  tip  ;  pis- 
tillate spikes  slender,  4-8  mm.  thick;  perigynia  scarcely  inflated, 
narrow  and  'elongate.  —  Local,  Que.  to  Athabasca,  s.  to  Me. 
FIG.  555. 

.183.  C.  rostrata  Stokes.  Culm  0.3-1  m.  high,  rather  stout, 
^^c^^s^  an(^  sPongy  at  base,  generally  smooth  and  bluntly  angled 
above  ;  leaves  elongated,  flat,  usually  equaling  or  exceeding  the 
culms,  pale  green  or  glaucous,  0.2-1  cm.  wide,  prominently  nodulose,  espe- 
cially after  drying  ;  staminate  inflorescence  peduncled,  of  2-4  distinct  spikes  ; 
pistillate  spikes  mostly  2-4,  sessile  or  the  lower  peduncled,  cylindric,  dense, 


553  c  vesicaria. 


555  0 

v  Kaesma  ' 


256 


CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE   FAMILY) 


556.  0.  rostrate. 


55T.  C.  rost.,  v.  utric. 


2-10  cm.  long,  6-12  mm.  thick;  perigynia  ascending  or  slightly  spreading, 
flask-shaped,  3-6  mm.  long,  the  abrupt  cylindric  beak  somewhat  exceeding 
the  bluntish  or  acute  oblong  or  lanceolate  purple-tinged 
scale.  (  C.  utriculata,  var.  minor  Boott.)  —  Wet  swamps 
and  shallow  water,  Nfd.  and  Lab.  to  Sask.  and  B.  C., 
s.  to  Ct.,  N.  Y.,  111.,  Utah,  and 
Cal.  ;  common  northw.,  local 
southw.  (Eu.)  FIG.  556. 

Var.  utriculata  (Boott)  Bailey. 
Coarser;  mature  spikes  1-2  cm. 
thick,  often  longer  than   in   the 
species ;  perigynia  ellipsoid-ovoid 
to      conic-cylindric, 
0.5-1  cm.  long,  taper- 
ing gradually  to  the 
beak.      ( G.   utricu- 
lata   Boott.)  —  Ex- 
tending s.  to  N.  J., 
O.,  etc.    FIG.  557. 

Var.  ambigens 
Fernald.  Very  slen- 
der, 3-5  dm.  high ; 
culms  barely  1  mm. 

in  diameter   below  the  spikes  ;  leaves  2-5 
mm.  broad  ;  staminate  spikes  1  or  2  ;  pis- 
tillate 1-3,    1-2.5  cm.  long;   perigynia  as  558.  C.  bullata. 
in  the  species.  —  Que.,  N.  B.,  and  n.  Me. 

184.  C.  bullata  Schkuhr.  Slender,  4-9  dm.  high,  the  long  stiff  leaves  4-6 
Jim.  wide ;  staminate  spikes  mostly  2  or  3,  long-peduncled  ;  pistillate  spikes 
mostly  2,  remote,  cylindric,  densely  flowered,  2.5-5 
cm.  long,  1-1.5  cm.  thick  ;  perigynia  strongly  nerved, 
firm,  dull  or  slightly  shining,  very  turgid,  5-8  mm. 
long,  spreading-ascending,  the  usually  serrulate  or 
slightly  roughish  conic-cylindric  beak  much  exceeding 
the  acute  or  bluntish  scale.  (C.  Olneyi  Boott;  C. 
bullata  x  utriculata  Bailey.)  —  Swales  and  wet  mead- 
ows, local,  Mass,  to  Del.  June,  July.  FIG.  558. 

Var.  Grednii  (Boeckl.)  Fer- 
nald. More  slender  and  lower ; 
leaves  2-4  mm.  wide  ;  pistillate 
spike  I  (or  if2,  remote),  shorter 
and  thicker,  rather  loosely  flow- 
ered ;  perigynia  lustrous,  6-9 
mm.  long.  (C.  bullata  Man.  ed. 
6.) — Commoner,  s.  Me.  to  Pa. 
and  Ga.  FIG.  559. 

185.  C.  Tuckermani  Dewey. 
Culms  slender,  1  m.  or  less  high, 
forming  loose  stools  ;  leaves  3-5 
mm.  wide ;  bracts  very  leaf-like 
and  usually  much  prolonged  ; 

staminate  spikes  2  or  3,  long-peduncled  ;  pistillate  spikes 
2  or  3,  slender-peduncled  or  the  upper  sessile,  thick- 
cylindric,  2-6  cm.  long,  1.2-1.8  cm.  thick,  loosely  flowered  ; 
perigynia  glossy,  extremely  membranaceous  and  bladder- 
like,  strongly  nerved,  globose-ovoid,  1  cm.  long,  5-6.5  mm. 
thick,  tapering  gradually  to  the  slender  cylindric  beak,  much  exceeding  the 
oblong-ovate  acute  or  acuminate  scales.  —  Rich  alluvial  shores,  rarely  in  swamps, 
N.  B.  to  Lake  St.  John,  Que.,  and  Ont.,  s.  to  N.  J.,  Ind.,  and  Minn,  June- 
Aug.  FIG.  560. 


559.   C.  bullata,  v.  Greenii. 


560.   C.  Tuckermani. 


ABACK  A  K  (AHUM  FAMILY)  257 

ARACEAE    (ARUM  FAMILY) 

Plants  with  acrid  or  pungent  juice,  simple  or  compound  often  veiny  leaves, 
and  flowers  crowded  on  a  spadix,  which  is  usually  surrounded  by  a  spathe. — 
Floral  envelopes  none,  or  of  4-6  sepals.  Fruit  usually  a  berry.  Seeds  with 
fleshy  albumen,  or  none,  but  filled  with  the  large  fleshy  embryo.  A  large  family, 
chiefly  tropical.  Herbage  abounding  in  slender  rhaphides.  —  The  genuine 
Araceae  have  no  floral  envelopes,  and  are  almost  all  monoecious  or  dioecious ; 
but  the  genera  of  the  third  and  fourth  sections,  with  more  highly  developed 
flowers,  are  not  to  be  separated.  » 

*  Spadix  elongated,  enveloped  in  a  spathe ;  flowers  destitute  of  perianth.,  monoecious  or  dioecious. 

1.  Arisaema.     Flowers  covering  only  the  base  of  the  spadix.    Leaves  not  sagittate. 

2.  Peltandra.    Flowers  covering  the  spadix.    Leaves  sagittate. 

*  *  Spadix  short-cylindric,  subtended  by  an  open  spreading  petaloid  spathe ;  flowers  (at  least  the 

lower  ones)  perfect,  without  perianth. 
8.   Calla.     Flowers  covering  the  whole  spadix. 

*  *  *  Spadix  globose,  enveloped  in  a  very  fleshy  ovoid  spathe ;  flowers  perfect  and  perianth  present. 

4.  Symplocarpus.    Sepals  4,  hooded. 

*  *  *  *  Spadix  cylindrical  without  obvious  spathe  ;  flowers  perfect,  perianth  present. 

5.  Orontium.     Spadix  narrow,  naked,  terminating  the  terete  scape. 

6.  Acorus.     Spadix  cylindrical,  borne  on  the  side  of  a  leaf-like  scape. 

1.    ARISAEMA   Martius.     INDIAN  TURNIP.     DRAGON  ARUM 

Spathe  convolute  below  and  mostly  arched  above.  Flowers  monoecious  or 
by  abortion  dioecious.  Sterile  flowers  above  the  fertile,  each  of  a  cluster  of 
almost  sessile  2-4-celled  anthers,  opening  by  pores  or  chinks  at  the  top.  Fertile 
flowers  a  1-celled  ovary  containing  5  or  6  erect  orthotropous  ovules;  in  fruit  a 
1-f ew-seeded  scarlet  berry.  —  Low  perennial  herbs,  with  a  tuberous  rootstock 
or  corm,  sending  up  a  simple  scape  sheathed  with  the  petioles  of  the  simple  or 
compound  veiny  leaves.  (Name  from  d/o/s,  a  kind  of  arum,  and  af/xa,  blood,  from 
the  spotted  leaves  of  some  species.) 

1.  A.    triphyllum    (L.)    Schott.      (INDIAN    TURNIP,   JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT.) 
Leaves  mostly  2,  divided  into  3  elliptical-ovate  pointed  leaflets ;  spadix  mostly 
dioecious,  subcylindric  or  club-shaped,  obtuse,  much  shorter  than  the  spathe, 
which  is  smooth  or  corrugated  in  its  tubular  part  and  incurved-hooded  at  its  flat 
ovate-lanceolate  pointed  summit.    (A.  pusillum  Nash ;  A .  Stewardsonii  Britton. ) 
—  Rich  woods.     May. — Corm  turnip-shaped,   wrinkled,   farinaceous,   with  an 
intensely  acrid  juice  ;  spathe  with  the  petioles  and  sheaths  pale  green,  or  often 
dark  purple  or  variegated  with  dark  purple  and  whitish  stripes  or  spots. 

2.  A.    Drac6ntium  (L.)  Schott.     (GREEN  DRAGON,  DRAGON  ROOT.)     Leaf 
usually  solitary,  pedately  divided  into  7-11   oblong-lanceolate  pointed  leaflets; 
spadix  often  androgynous,  tapering  to  a  long  and  slender  point  beyond  the 
oblong  and  convolute-pointed  greenish  spathe.  —  Low  grounds,  w.  N.  E.  to  Fla., 
w.  to  Ont.,  Minn.,  e.  Kan.,  and  Tex.     June.  —  Corms  clustered  ;  petiole  3-6  dm. 
long,  much  exceeding  the  peduncle. 

2.   PELTANDRA  Raf.    ARROW  ARUM 

Spathe  elongated,  convolute  throughout  or  with  a  dilated  blade  above. 
Flowers  thickly  covering  the  long  and  tapering  spadix  throughout  (or  only  its 
apex  naked).  Anther-masses  sessile,  naked,  covering  all  the  uppe:'  part  of  the 
spadix,  each  of  4-6  pairs  of  cells  embedded  in  the  margin  of  a  thick  and  shield- 
shaped  connective,  opening  by  terminal  pores.  Ovaries  at  the  base  of  the 
spadix,  each  surrounded  by  4-5  distinct,  scale-like  white  staminodia,  1-celled, 
bearing  1-few  amphitropous  ovules  at  the  base.  Berries  in  an  ovoid  fleshy 

GRAY'S  MANUAL  — 17 


258  ARACEAE  (AHUM  FAMILY) 

head  enveloped  by  the  base  of  the  leathery  spathe. — Stemless  herbs,  with  arrow 
shaped  or  hastate  palmately  3-nerved  and  pinnately  veined  leaves,  and  simple 
scapes  from  a  thick  fibrous  or  subtuberous  root.  (Name  from  TrAn?,  a  small 
shield,  and  av/ip,  for  stamen,  from  the  shape  of  the  latter.) 

1.  P.  virginica  (L.)  Kunth.  Scape  2-3.5  dm.  high,  about  equaling  the 
leaves  ;  basal  lobes  of  the  leaves  rather  long  and  often  acutish  ;  spathe  convolute 
throughout,  wavy  on  the  margin,  mostly  green  ;  sterile  portion  of  the  spadix 
several  times  longer  than  the  pistillate  ;  ovules  several ;  fruit  green  ;  seeds  1  (-3). 
(P.  undulata  Raf.)  —  Shallow  water,  s.  Me.  to  Fla.,  w.  to  s.  Ont.,  Mich.,  and 
Mo.  June. 

3.    CALLA  L.     WATER  ARUM 

Spathe  ovate  (abruptly  pointed,  the  upper  surface  white),  persistent.  Lower 
flowers  perfect  and  6-androus  ;  the  upper  often  of  stamens  only.  Filaments  slen- 
der ;  anthers  2-celled,  opening  lengthwise.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  5-9  erect 
anatropous  ovules.  Berries  (red)  distinct,  few-seeded.  —  A  low  perennial  herb, 
growing  in  cold  bogs,  with  a  long  creeping  rootstock,  bearing  heart-shaped  long- 
petioled  leaves,  and  solitary  scapes.  (An  ancient  name,  of  unknown  meaning.) 

1.  C.  paliistris  L.  — Cold  bogs,  N.  S.  to  N.  J.,  w.  to  Mich,  and  Minn.,  and 
northw.  June.  —  Seeds  surrounded  with  jelly.  (Eurasia.) 

4.    SYMPLOCARPUS   Salisb.     SKUNK  CABBAGE 

Stamens  4,  opposite  the  sepals,  with  at  length  rather  slender  filaments ; 
anthers  extrorse,  2-celled,  opening  lengthwise.  Style  4-angled  and  awl-shaped  ; 
stigma  small.  Ovule  solitary,  suspended,  anatropous.  Fruit  a  globular  or  ovoid 
mass,  composed  of  the  enlarged  and  spongy  spadix,  inclosing  the  spherical 
seeds  just  beneath  the  surface,  which  is  roughened  with  the  persistent  fleshy 
sepals  and  pyramidal  styles. —  Perennial  herb,  with  a  strong  odor  like  that  of 
the  skunk,  and  also  somewhat  alliaceous  ;  a  very  thick  rootstock,  and  a  cluster 
of  very  large  and  broad  entire  veiny  leaves,  preceded  in  earliest  spring  by  the 
nearly  sessile  spathes,  which  barely  rise  out  of  the  ground.  (Name  from 
ffvfj,TT\oK^,  connection,  and  Kapirbs,  fruit,  in  allusion  to  the  coalescence  of  the 
ovaries  into  a  compound  fruit.) 

1.  S.  foStidus  (L.)  Nutt.  Leaves  ovate,  cordate,  becoming  3-6  dm.  long, 
short-petioled  ;  spathe  spotted  and  striped  with  purple  and  yellowish-green, 
ovate,  incurved.  (Spathyema  Raf.) — Bogs  and  moist  grounds,  N.  S.  to  N.  C., 
w.  to  Ont.,  Minn.,  and  la. 

5.    OR6NTIUM  L.     GOLDEN  CLUB 

Spathe  incomplete  and  distant,  merely  a  leaf-sheath  investing  the  lower  part 
of  the  slender  scape,  and  bearing  a  small  and  imperfect  bract-like  blade.  Lower 
flowers  with  6  concave  sepals  and  6  stamens  ;  the  upper  ones  with  4.  Filaments 
flattened  ;  anthers  2-celled,  opening  obliquely  lengthwise.  Ovary  1-celled,  with 
an  anatropous  ovule.  Fruit  a  green  utricle.  —  An  aquatic  perennial,  with  a 
deep  rootstock,  and  long-petioled  entire  oblong  and  nerved  floating  leaves. 
(Origin  of  the  name  obscure.) 

1.   0.  aquaticum  L.  —  Ponds,  Mass,  to  Fla.    May. 

6.   ACORUS   L.     SWEET  FLAG.     CALAMUS 

Sepals  6,  concave.  Stamens  6  ;  filaments  linear ;  anthers  kidney -shaped, 
1-celled,  opening  across.  Ovary  2-3-celled,  with  several  pendulous  orthotropous 
ovules  in  each  cell.  Fruit  at  length  dry,  gelatinous  inside,  1-few-seeded. 
—  Aromatic,  especially  the  thick  creeping  rootstocks  (calamus  of  the  shops). 
Leaves  sword-like ;  the  upper  and  more  foliaceous  prolongation  of  the  scape 
may  be  considered  as  a  kind  of  open  spathe.  ("Axo/ms,  the  ancient  name,  of  no 
known  meaning.) 

1.  A.  Calamus  L.  Scape  leaf-like  and  prolonged  far  beyond  the  (yellowish- 
green)  spadix.  — Margins  of  rivulets,  swamps,  etc.  (Eurasia.) 


LEMNACEAE    (DUCKWEED   FAMILY)  259 

LEMNACEAE    (DUCKWEED  FAMILY) 

Minute  stemless  plants,  floating  free  on  the  water,  destitute  of  distinct  stem 
and  foliage,  being  merely  a  frond,  producing  one  or  few  monoecious  flowers 
from  the  edge  or  upper  surface,  and  commonly  hanging  roots  from  underneath  ; 
ovules  rising  from  the  base. of  the  cell.  Fruit  a  \-l-seeded  utricle.  Seed  large. 
Embryo  straight.  —  The  simplest,  and  some  of  them  the  smallest  of  flowering 
plants,  propagating  by  the  proliferous  growth  of  a  new  individual  from  a  cleft 
in  the  edge  or  base  of  the  parent  frond,  also  by  autumnal  fronds  in  the  form  of 
minute  bulblets,  which  sink  to  the  bottom  of  the  water,  but  rise  and  vegetate  in 
spring ;  the  flowers  (in  summer)  and  fruit  scarce,  in  some  species  hardly  ever 
seen.  —  These  plants  may  be  regarded  as  very  simplified  Araceae. 

1 .  Spirodela.     Frond  5-15-nerved,  with  several  rootlets. 

2.  Lemna.     Frond  1-5-nerved,  with  a  single  rootlet. 

3.  Wolffla.     Frond  thick,  ovoid  or  ellipsoidal,  very  minute  (0.5-1.3  mm.  long),  without  rootlets. 

4.  Wolffiella.    Fronds  strap-shaped,  thin,  without  rootlets. 

1.  SPIRODELA  Schleid. 

Anther-cells  bilocellate  by  a  vertical  partition  and  longitudinally  dehiscent. 
Ovules  2.  Rootlets  several,  with  axile  vascular  tissue.  Otherwise  as  Lemna. 
(From  ffTreipa,  a  cord,  and  S^Xos,  evident.) 

1.  S.  polyrhiza  (L.)  Schleid.     Fronds  round-obovate  (3-8  mm.  long),  thick, 
purple   and    rather    convex    beneath,   dark    green  above,  palmately   (mostly 
7-)  nerved. — Common  in  ponds  and  pools,  except  near  our  n.  limits.    (Temp, 
and  trop.  regions.) 

2.   LEMNA  L.     DUCKWEED.     DUCK'S-MEAT 

Flowers  produced  from  a  cleft  in  the  margin  of  the  frond,  usually  three 
together  surrounded  by  a  spathe  ;  two  of  them  staminate,  consisting  of  a  stamen 
only ;  the  other  pistillate,  of  a  simple  pistil ;  the  whole  therefore  imitating  a 
single  diandrous  flower.  Ster.  Fl.  Filament  slender;  anther  2-celled,  didy- 
mous;  the  cells  dehiscent  transversely.  Fert.  Fl.  Ovary  1-celled ;  style  and 
truncate  or  funnel-shaped  stigma  simple.  Ovules  and  seeds  1-7.  —  Fronds 
1-5-nerved,  producing  a  single  rootlet  beneath  (which  is  destitute  of  vascular 
tissue),  proliferous  from  a  cleft  in  the  margin  toward  the  base.  (An  old  Greek 
name  of  uncertain  meaning.) 

*  Fronds  oblong,  long-stalked  at  base,  remaining  connected. 
.1.  L.  trisulca  L.  Fronds  oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate  (6-10  mm.  long),  at- 
tenuate at  base  into  a  slender  stalk,  denticulate  at  the  tip,  very  obscurely  3-nerved, 
often  without  rootlets,  usually  several  series  of  offshoots  remaining  connected  ; 
spathe  sac-like  ;  seeds  ovate,  amphitropous,  with  small  round  operculum.  — 
Ponds  and  springy  places,  N.  S.  to  N.  J.,  Tex.,  and  w.  to  the  Pacific.  (Temp, 
and  trop.  regions.) 

*  *  Fronds  oblong  to  elliptical  or  round-ovate,  sessile,  soon  separating. 

2.  L.  yaldiviana  Philippi.     Fronds  elliptic-oblong,  small  (2.5-4  mm.  long), 
rather  thick,  usually  somewhat  falcate,  obscurely  1-nerved ;  spathe  broad-reni- 
form ;  utricle  long-ovate,  pointed  by  the  long  style  ;  seed  orthotropous,  oblong, 
with  a  prominent  acute  operculum.     (L.  minor,  var.  cyclostasa  Ell. ;  L.  cyclo- 
stasa  of    auth. )  —  Pools,   Mass,   to    Fla.  and    westw.   across    the    continent. 
(S.  A.) 

3.  L.  perpusilla  Torr.      Fronds  obovate  or  roundish-obovate,  oblique  (2-3 
mm.  long),  obscurely  3-nerved;  utricle  ovate  ;  style  rather  long  ;    seed  orthotro- 
pous, ovate  or  oval,  obtuse,  with  scarcely  apiculate  operculum.  —  Mass,  to  Fla., 
and    w.   to    Dak.    and    Kan.       Var.   TRINERVIS    Aust.    has    larger    distinctly 
3-nerved  fronds,  and  an  equally  cordate  seed.  —  N.  J.  to  Kan.  and  I.  T. 


2(JO  ERIOCAULACEAE    (PIPEWORT    FAMILY) 

4.  L.  minor  L.  Fronds  round-  to  elliptic-ob  ovate  (2-5  mm.  in  diameter), 
rather  thick,  very  obscurely  3-nerved;  spathe  sac-like;  utricle  short-urn-shaped, 
tipped  with  a  short  style  ;  seed  oblong-obovate,  amphitropous,  with  prominent 
rounded  operculum.  — Stagnant  waters,  except  along  our  n.  borders.  (Temp, 
regions.) 

3.    W6LFFIA  Horkel. 

Flowers  central,  bursting  through  the  upper  surface  of  the  globular  (or  in 
some  foreign  species  flat)  and  loosely  cellular  frond,  only  2  ;  one  consisting  of  a 
single  stamen  with  a  1-celled  2-valved  anther ;  the  other  of  a  globular  ovary, 
tipped  with  a  very  short  style  and  a  depressed  stigma.  Ovule  orthotropous, 
rather  oblique  in  the  cell.  Utricle  spherical.  Albumen  thin. — Fronds  root- 
less, proliferous  from  a  cleft  or  funnel-shaped  opening  at  the  base,  the  offspring 
soon  detached;  no  rhaphides. — The  simplest  and  smallest  of  flowering  plants, 
floating  as  little  grains  in  or  on  the  water.  (Named  for  Johann  Friedrich  Wolff, 
who  wrote  on  Lemna  in  1801.) 

Not  dotted  ;  upper  surface  strongly  convex 1.  W.  columbiana. 

Dotted. 

Upper  surface  flattish 2.  W.  punctata. 

Upper  surface  low-conical 3.  W.  papulifera. 

1.  W.  columbiana    Karst.     Globose   or  globular,  0.7-1.5   mm.    long,    very 
loosely  cellular,  light  green  all  over,  not  dotted  ;  stomata  1-6  ;  the  opening  at 
the  base  circular  and  with  a  thin  border.  —  Floating  rather  beneath  the  surface 
of  stagnant  waters,  Ct.  to  Fla.,  w.  to  Minn,  and  La. 

2.  W.  punctata  Griseb.     Oblong,  smaller  and  more  densely  cellular,  flattish 
and  deep  green  with  many  stomata  above,  tumid  and  pale  below,  brown-dotted 
all  over,  anterior  edge  sharp  ;    opening  at  base  circular.     ( W.   brasiliensis  of 
auth.,  not  Weddell.)  —  Ont.  to  the  Gulf  of  Mex.  — Growing  with  the  preceding 
but  floating  on  the  surface. 

3.  W.  papulifera  C.  H.  Thompson.    Lower  surface  hemispherical,  the  upper 
flattish  at  the  margin,  rising  at  the  center  to  a  single  low  papilla ;   flowers 
unknown. — Mo.  (Bush,  Thompson). 

4.    WOLFFIELLA   Hegelm. 

Flowers  and  fruit  unknown.  Fronds  (in  ours)  linear-attenuate  or  flagellate, 
falcate  or  sigmoid,  many  times  longer  than  wide,  punctate,  solitary  or  cohering 
at  the  base  and  radiating  in  a  stellate  manner.  Pouch  single,  triangular,  basal. 

—  Small  genus  of  imperfectly  known  plants.     (Name  a  diminutive  of  Wolffia  ^ 
1.    W.  floridana  (J.  D.  Sm.)  Thompson.     Fronds  hollow,  gradually  attenuate 

from  base  to  flagelliform  apex,  6-8  mm.  long.     (Wolffia  gladiata,  var.  J.  D.  Sm.) 

—  Mo.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

ERIOCAULACEAE    (PIPEWORT  FAMILY) 

Aquatic  or  marsh  herbs,  stemless  or  short-stemmed,  with  a  tuft  of  fibrous 
roots,  a  cluster  of  narrow  and  often  loosely  cellular  grass-like  leaves,  and  naked 
scapes  sheathed  at  the  base,  bearing  dense  heads  of  monoecious  or  rarely 
dioecious  small  "2-3-merous  flowers,  each  in  the  axil  of  a  scarious  bract;  the 
perianth  double  or  rarely  simple,  chaffy ;  anthers  introrse ;  the  fruit  a  2-3- 
celled  2-3-seeded  capsule  ;  seeds  pendulous,  orthotropous  ;  embryo  at  the  apex 
of  mealy  albumen.  —  Chiefly  tropical  plants,  a  few  in  northern  temperate  regions. 

1.  Eriocaulon.     Perianth  double,  the  inner  (corolla)  tubular-funnel-form    in    the    staminate 

flowers.     Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes  (4).     Anthers  2-celled. 

2.  Syngonanthus.     Perianth  as  in  the  last.    Stamens  only  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes  (3).    An- 

thers 2-celled. 

3.  Lachnocaulon.    Perianth  simple,  of  3  sepals.    Stamens  3,  monadelphous  below.    Anthers 

1 -celled. 


ERIOCAULACEAE    ( PIPE  WORT   FAMILY)  261 

1.  ERIOCAULON   [Gronov.]   L.    PIPEWORT 

Flowers  monoecious  and  androgynous,  i.e.  both  kinds  in  the  same  head,  either 
intermixed,  or  the  central  ones  sterile  and  the  exterior  fertile,  rarely  dioecious. 
Ster.  FL  Calyx  of  2  or  3  keeled  or  boat-shaped  sepals,  usually  spatulate  or  dilated 
upward.  Corolla  tubular,  2-3-lobed,  each  of  the  lobes  bearing  a  black  gland  or 
spot.  Stamens  inserted  one  at  the  base  of  each  lobe  and  one  in  each  sinus. 
Pistils  rudimentary.  Fert.  FL  Calyx  as  in  the  sterile  flowers,  often  remote  from 
the  rest  of  the  flower  (therefore  perhaps  to  be  viewed  as  a  pair  of  bractlets). 
Corolla  of  2  or  3  separate  narrow  petals.  Stamens  none.  Ovary  often  stalked, 
2-3-lobed  ;  style  1  ;  stigmas  2  or  3,  slender.  Capsule  membranaceous,  loculicidal. 
—  Leaves  mostly  smooth,  loosely  cellular  and  pellucid,  flat  or  concave  above. 
Flowers,  also  the  tips  of  the  bracts,  etc.,  usually  white-bearded  or  woolly. 
(Name  compounded  of  cpiov,  wool,  and  Kav\6s,  a  stalk,  from  the  wool  at  the 
base  of  the  scape.)  — Our  species  are  all  stemless,  wholly  glabrous  excepting  at 
the  base  and  the  flowers,  with  a  depressed  head  and  dimerous  flowers. 

1.  E.   decangulare  L.     Leaves  obtuse,  varying  from  lanceolate  to  linear-awl- 
shaped,  rather  rigid,  6-40   cm.   long ;    scapes   10-12-ribbed    (3-9  dm.    high)  ; 
head  hemispherical,  becoming  globose  (6-14  mm.  in  diameter)  ;   scales  of  the 
involucre  acutish,  straw-color  or  light  brown  ;  chaff  (bracts  among  the  flowers) 
pointed.  —  Pine-barren  swamps,  N.  J.  and  Pa.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

2.  E.  compressum.  Lam.     Leaves  spreading  (5-12  cm.    long),    grassy-awl- 
shaped,  rigid,  or  when  submersed  thin  and   pellucid,  tapering  gradually  to  a 
xharp  point,  mostly  shorter  than  the  sheath  of  the  10-ribbed  scape ;  scales  of  the 
involucre  very   obtuse,    turning  lead-color ;    chaff   obtuse.      (E.    gnaphalodes 
Michx.)  —  Pine-barren  swamps,  N.  J.  to  Fla. 

3.  E.  articulatum  (Huds.)  Morong.     Peduncles  1 -several ;   leaves  2-8  cm. 
long,  awl-shaped,  pellucid,  soft  and  very  cellular  ;  scape  4-7-striate,  slender,  5-15 
cm.  high  or  when  submersed  becoming  3-20  dm.  long  according  to  the  depth  of 
the  water ;   chaff  acutish  ;   head  5-9  mm.  broad,  at  length  depressed-globose ; 
bracts,  chaff,  etc.,  lead-colored  except   where   whitened   by  short  but  coarse 
beard;   anthers  longer  than  broad.     (E.  septangulare  With.) — In   ponds  or 
along  their  borders,  Nfd.  to  N.  J.,  w.  to  Ind.,  Mich.,  Minn.,  and  Ont.     July, 
Aug.     (Ireland  and  adjacent  islands.) 

4.  E.  ParkSri  Robinson.     Leaves  lance-linear,  3-6  cm.  long,  attenuate  from 
a  base  3-4  mm.  broad  to  a  very  sharp  tip ;  peduncles  10-22,  erect,  slightly  rigid  ; 
heads  small  (3-4  mm.  in  diameter),  even  in  fruit  surrounded  by  a  campanulate 
involucre ;   chaff  and  flowers  nearly  glabrous ;  anthers  as  broad   as  long.  — 
Banks  of  the  Delaware  R.  near  Camden,  N.  J.  (T.  P.  James,  Parker.) 

2.    SYNGONANTHUS   Ruhland. 

Stamens  as  many  as  the  (often  involute)  lobes  of  the  funnel-form  corolla  in 
the  sterile  flowers,  and  opposite  them,  commonly  3,  and  the  flower  ternary. 
Petals  of  the  fertile  flowers  united  to  the  middle.  Otherwise  nearly  as  in 
Eriocaulon.  (Name  from  vtyyovos,  connate,  and  &v8os,  flower,  from  the  united 
petals. ) 

1.  S.  flavidulus  (Michx.)  Ruhland.  Tufted,  stemless;  leaves  bristle-awl- 
shaped  (2-7  cm.  long);  scapes  (1-4  dm.  high)  very  slender,  simple,  minutely 
pubescent,  5-angled  ;  bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong,  pale  straw-color,  those 
among  the  flowers  mostly  obsolete  ;  perianth  glabrous  ;  sepals  and  petals  of  the 
fertile  flowers  linear-lanceolate,  scarious- white.  (Paepalanthus  Kunth.)  —  Low 
pine-barrens,  s.  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Ala. 

3.    LACHNOCAULON   Kunth.     HAIRY  PIPEWORT 

Flowers  monoecious,  etc.,  as  in  Eriocaulon.  Calyx  of  3  sepals.  Corolla 
none  !  Ster.  FL  Stamens  3  ;  filaments  below  coalescent  into  a  club-shaped 
tube  around  the  rudiment  of  a  pistil,  above  separate  and  elongated ;  anthers 
1-celled  1  Fert.  FL  Ovary  3-celled,  surrounded  by  3  tufts  of  hairs  (in  place  of 


262  XYRIDACEAE    (YELLOW-EYED    GRASS    FAMILY) 

a  corolla).     Stigmas  3,  two-cleft. — Scape  slender,  bearing  a  single  head,  2-3- 
angled,  hairy.     (Name  from  \dxns,  wool,  and  /ccuA6s,  stalk.) 

\.  L.  anceps  (Walt.)  Morong.  Leaves  linear-awl-shaped,  tufted,  villous. 
(.L.  Michauxii  Kunth.)  —  Low  pine-barrens,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

XYRIDACEAE    (YELLOW-EYED  GRASS  FAMILY) 

Hush-like  herbs,  with  narrow  leaves  sheathing  the  base  of  a  naked  scape,  which 
is  terminated  by  a  head  of  perfect  3-androus  flowers,  with  extrorse  aethers,  glu- 
maceous  calyx,  and  a  regular  colored  corolla  ;  the  3-valved  mostly  1-celled  cap- 
sule containing  several  or  many  orthotropous  seeds  with  a  minute  embryo  at  the 
apex  of  fleshy  albumen. 

1.    XYRIS   [Gronov.]   L.     YELLOW-EYED  GRASS 

Fiowers  single  in  the  axils  of  coriaceous  scale-like  bracts,  which  are  densely 
imbricated  in  a  head.  Sepals  3  ;  the  2  lateral  boat-shaped  and  persistent ;  the 
anterior  one  larger,  enwrapping  the  corolla  in  the  bud  and  deciduous  with  it. 
Petals  3,  yellow  (rarely  white),  with  claws,  which  cohere  more  or  less.  Fertile 
stamens  3,  inserted  on  the  claws  of  the  petals,  alternating  with  3  sterile  filaments, 
which  are  cleft  and  in  our  species  plumose  or  bearded  at  the  apex.  Style  3-clef t. 
Capsule  oblong,  free,  1-celled,  with  3  parietal  more  or  less  projecting  placentae, 
3-valved,  many-seeded.  —  Ours  apparently  all  perennials.  (Evpis,  a  name  of 
some  plant  with  2-edged  leaves,  from  £vp6v,  a  razor.) 

Lateral  sepals  about  equaling  the  subtending  bracts  and  concealed  by  them. 
Base  not  bulbous  ;  keel  of  the  lateral  sepals  with  an  erose  wing. 
Heads  ovoid. 
Leaf-blades  strictly  linear  or  broadest  at  the  base ;  scape  narrowly  2- 

margined. 
Heads  narrowly  ovoid  ;  flower-bearing  scales  few  (4-7)  at  length  dark 

brown .        .    1.  X.  montana. 

Heads  broadly  ovoid  ;  flower-bearing  scales  usually  numerous,  greenish 

or  pale  brown 2.  X.  caroliniana, 

Leaf-blades  broadest  in  the  middle  ;  scape  much  flattened,  conspicuously 

2-winged 3.   X  difformis. 


Heads  ellipsoidal  or  subcylindric  (southern) 4.  X.  elata. 

Base  bulbous  ;  keel  of  the  lateral  sepals  ciliolate 5.   X.flexuosa. 

Lateral  sepals  evident,   much  exceeding  the  subtending  bracts  or  exserted 

laterally. 

Keel  of  the  lateral  sepals  slightly  lacerate  or  erose 6.   X.  Smalliana. 

Keel  of  the  lateral  sepals  conspicuously  fringed. 

Base  neither  bulbous  nor  indurated ..7.  X.fimbriata. 

Base  bulbous  and  indurated,  dark  brown 8.  X.  arenieola. 

I.   X.  montana  Ries.    Dwarf  and  very  slender,  l-(rarely)3  dm.  high,  some- 
what caespitose  from  a  more  or  less  branching  rootstock  ;  leaves  narrowly  linear, 
+  A         rarely  more  than  4  cm.  long,  about  one  fourth  or  one  third 

/|         dS^       the  length  of  the   nearly  filiform  stipes  ;   heads  at  maturity 
I  I         Rrffil       ^~^  mm.  thick  ;    seeds  subcylindric-spindle-shaped,  regularly 
Bull      ribbed-     (-^  flexuosa,  var.  pusilla  Gray.) — Chiefly  in  pea"t 
I  mW       b°Ss>  Nfd.  to  Mt.  Desert,  Me.,  the  uplands  of 

\          ^ISr        N.  Y.,  and  e.  Pa.  ;  also  on  L.  Superior.     FIG. 

561. 

561.  X.  montana  2    x    caroliniana   Walt      Varying  much 

Lateral  sepal  x  3y3.    in    gize  .     leaveg    grass_like5   mostly  6-20   cm. 
long,  one  third  to  two  thirds  as  long  as  the 
slightly  ancipital  stipe  ;   roots  a  tuft  of  delicate  fibers ;  root- 
stock  apparently  not  developed;   fruiting  heads  8-10  mm.  in    562.  X.  caroliniana. 
diameter;    seeds   ovoid-spindle-shaped    somewhat    irregularly    Lateral  sepal  x  3%. 
about  13-ribbed,  when  ripe  claret-colored. — Wet  sandy  shores    Seed  x33- 
of  lakes  and  pools,  centr.  Me.  to  Ind.,  and  southw.     FIG.  562. 

3.    X.  diff6rmis  Chapm.     Rather  stout ;  leaves  lance-linear,  7-12  mm.  broaa 
in  the  middle,  thickish  ;  scape  strongly  flattened,  conspicuously  2-winged,  2-3 


MAYACACEAE    (MAYACA   FAMILY)  263 

mm.  broad  ;  heads  subglobose,  in  fruit  about  1  cm.  in  diameter  ;  seeds  about  25- 
ribbed.  —  Sandy  shores,  Md.  (Canby},  and  southw. 

4.  X.  elata  Chapm.     Tall  (4-8  dm.  high)  ;  leaves  grass-like  (2-4  dm.  long), 
linear  or  gladiate  from  broadened  strongly  equitant  bases  ;  scape  slender,  only 
moderately  compressed,  ancipital  but  not  winged ;  heads  ellip- 
soidal or  subcylindric,  1.4-3  cm.  long  ;  floriferous  scales  numer- 
ous, suborbicular.  — Sandy  shores,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Miss. 

5.  X.  flexubsa  Muhl.     Leaves  narrowly  linear,  pale  green, 
thickish,  twisted,  from  a  small  bulb-like  base  ;  stipe  3-6  dm. 
high,  twisted   and  flexuous,    slightly  compressed  toward  the 
summit,  not  winged  ;  head  subglobose,  about  1  cm.  in  diameter ; 
scales  suborbicular,  pale  brown,  the  greenish  area  small  and  ill- 
defined  ;  lateral  sepals  ciliolate  on  the  keel.  —     563    x  flexuosa 
Wet  places,  chiefly  in  sandy  soil,  e.  Mass,  to   Lateral  sepal  x  3% 
Minn.,  Tex.,  and  S.  C.     FIG.  563. 

6.  X.  Smalliana  Nash.    Tall  (4-9  dm.  high)  ;  leaves  broadly 
linear  or  sword-shaped,  2.5-6  dm.  long,  often  nearly  2  cm.  broad 
at  the  equitant  and  commonly  proliferous  base,  neither  twisted 
nor  flexuous  ;  scape  rather  slender,  straight,  compressed  near 
the  summit ;  heads   obovoid  or  ovoid-ellipsoidal,  at  maturity 

564   X  Smalliana     about  1°-12  mm-  in  diameter  ;  scales  broadly  ovate,  green  with 

1  "'    a  stramineous  or  pale-brown  border  ;  lateral  sepals  long  and 

***    narrow,  erose-lacerate  on  the  usually  narrow  wing ;  seeds  for 

the  genus  long,  subcylindric,  regularly  ribbed,  pale  in  color.  —  Chiefly  on  boggy 

shores  rich  in  decaying  vegetation,  often  in  water,  e.  Mass. 

to  Fla.  —  The  northern  form,   which  has  the  lateral  sepals  a 

little  less  lacerate  on  the  keel,  has  been  published  as  JT.  Cong- 

doni  Small.     FIG.  564. 

7.  X.   fimbriata  Ell.     Tall,  strict;  leaves 
broadly  linear,   straight;    scape  straight    or 
nearly    so,    5-8    dm.    high,   compressed  and 
roughened  on  the  edges  toward  the  summit; 
heads  ellipsoidal,  about  12-15  mm.  in  diameter, 
nearly  2  cm.  long  ;  fringed  sepals  conspicuous, 
nearly  twice   as  long  as  the  bracts.  — Pine- 
barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Miss.     FIG.  565.          „„    ,,. 

8.  X.    arenicola  Small.     Base  thick  and   T°~ 
bulb-like,    surrounded    by    broad    chestnut-    L 

566  X  arenicola  colored  scales,  the  enlarged  and  hardened  persistent  bases  of 
Lateral  sepal  x  3V  former  leaves ;  slender  stipe  and  very  narrow  thickish  leaves 
;'  twisted  and  flexuous ;  head  cylindric,  1-2.5  cm.  long,  acutish, 
8-10  mm.  thick;  fringed  sepals  conspicuous.  (JT.  torta  of  auth.,  notSm.) — 
Pine-barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Miss.  FIG.  566. 

MAYACACEAE    (MAYACA  FAMILY) 

Moss-like  aquatic  plants,  densely  leafy,  with  narrowly  linear  sessile  pellucid 
leaves,  axillary  naked  peduncles  terminated  by  a  solitary  perfect  S-androus 
flower,  herbaceous  calyx,  white  corolla,  and  a  3-valved  l-celled  several-seeded 
capsule.  —  A  single  genus. 

1.    MAYACA  Aublet. 

Perianth  persistent,  of  3  herbaceous  lanceolate  sepals,  and  3  obovate  petals. 
Stamens  alternate  with  the  petals.  Ovary  with  3  parietal  few-ovuled  placentae ; 
style  filiform  ;  stigma  simple.  —  Creeping  or  floating  in  shallow  water ;  leaves 
entire,  minutely  notched  at  the  tip  ;  peduncle  solitary,  sheathed  at  base.  (An 
aboriginal  name.) 

1.  M.  Aubleti  Michx.  Peduncles  deflexed  in  fruit ;  capsules  about  9-seeded. 
(M.  Michauxii  Schott  &  Endl.)  —  Va.  and  O.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


264  COMMELINACEAE    (SPIDERWORT    FAMILY) 

COMMELINAC.EAE    (SPIDERWORT  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  with  fibrous  or  sometimes  thickened  roots,  jointed  and  often  branching 
leafy  stems,  and  chiefly  perfect  and  (}-androus  often  irregular  flowers,  with  the 
perianth  free  from  the  2-3-celled  ovary,  and  having  a  distinct  calyx  and  corolla ; 
viz.,  3  persistent  commonly  herbaceous  sepals,  and  3  petals,  ephemeral,  decay- 
ing or  deciduous.  Stamens  hypogynous,  often  some  of  them  sterile ;  anthers 
with  2  separated  cells.  Style  1  ;  stigma  undivided.  Capsule  2-3-celled,  2-3- 
valved,  loculicidal,  3-several-seeded.  Seeds  orthotropous.  Leaves  entire,  paral- 
lel-veined, sheathed  at  base  ;  the  uppermost  often  dissimilar  and  forming  a  kind 
of  spathe.  —  Chiefly  tropical. 

1.  Tradescantia.     Bracts  leaf-like  or  small  and  scarious.     Petals  equal.     Perfect  stamens  6; 

filaments  bearded. 

2.  Commelina.     Cyme  sessile  within  a  cordate  or  connate  bract  (spathe).    Petals  unequal. 

Perfect  stamens  3;  filaments  naked. 

1.    TRADESCANTIA   [Rupp.]    L.     SPIDERWORT 

Flowers  regular.  Sepals  herbaceous.  Petals  all  alike,  ovate,  sessile.  Sta- 
mens all  fertile  ;  filaments  bearded.  Capsule  2-3-celled,  the  cells  1-2-seeded.  — 
Perennials.  Stems  mucilaginous,  mostly  upright,  nearly  simple,  leafy.  Leaves 
keeled.  Flowers  ephemeral,  in  umbeled  clusters,  axillary  and  terminal,  pro- 
duced through  the  summer ;  floral  leaves  nearly  like  the  others.  (Named  for 
the  elder  Tradescant,  gardener  to  Charles  the  First  of  England.) 

Umbels  long-peduncled  ;  bracts  short,  subscarious 1.   T.  rosea. 

Umbels  sessile  or  nearly  so,  much  surpassed  by  the  leaf-like  bracts. 

Dwarf,  rarely  over  1  dm.  high,  villous  ;  pedicels  2-6  cm.  long,  thread-like     .     2.   T.  brevicaulis. 
Taller,  3-8  dm.  high. 

Stem  geniculate,  the  subsessile  umbels  axillary  as  well  as  terminal     .        .    3.   T.  pilosa. 
Stem  straight,  simple  or  branched  ;  umbels  terminal. 

Sepals  entirely  glabrous,  or  one  or  more   of  them  with  a  tuft  of  hairs 

near  the  involute  slightly  hooded  apex 4.   T.  rejletca. 

Sepals  villous  with  non-glandular  hairs 5.   T.  virginiana. 

Sepals  glandular-villous. 

Bracts  broader  than  the  leaves 6.   T.  bracteata. 

Bracts  not  broader  than  the  leaves 1.   T.  occidentalis. 

1.  T.  rbsea  Vent.     Small,  slender  (1.5-4  dm.  high),  smooth,  erect  from  a 
running  rootstock  ;  leaves  linear,  grass-like,  1-5  (rarely  as  much  as  11)  mm. 
broad.  — Sandy  woods,  Md.  to  Fla.,  w.  to  Mo.  and  "Tex." 

2.  T.  brevicaulis  Raf.     Often  stemless  or  nearly  so,  very  hairy  ;  roots  a  clus- 
ter of  dark  more  or  less  thickened  fibers  ;  leaves  lance-linear ;  sepals  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, 1-1.5  cm.  long,  villous;  petals  large,  purplish-blue  or  more  often  rose- 
colored.     (T.  virginica,  var.  villosa  Wats.)  —Moist  sandy  soil,  centr.  Ind.  (H. 
H.  Bartlett}  to  Ky.,  Tex.,  and  Kan.     Apr.,  May. 

3.  T.  pilbsa  Lehm.     Tall,  stout,  4-7  dm.  high,  zigzag ;  leaves  large,  flat,  often 
3-4  cm.  wide,  dark  green  above,  finely  pubescent  on  both  surfaces,  rarely  sub- 
glabrous  ;  sepals  pilose  or  smoothish,  ovate-oblong,  6-9  mm.  long;  petals  blue. 
(T.flexuosa  Raf.)  —  Woods  and  shaded  banks  of  streams,  Pa.  to  Mo.  and  Ga. 

4.  T.    reflSxa  Raf.     Slender,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  glaucous;  leaves  narrow, 
linear-attenuate  from  a  lanceolate  base,  strongly  involute  ;  umbels  terminal  on 
the  stems  and  branches,  many-flowered  ;  narrow  bracts  and  glabrous  pedicels 
soon  deflexed;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  8-13  mm.  long,  glabrous  except  at  the 
often  tufted  tip;  petals   blue,   10-14  mm.    long.  —  Wet  places,    O.  to   Mich., 
Minn.,  Kan.,  Tex.,  and  S.  C. 

5.  T.  virginiana  L.     Green  ;  leaves  flat,  linear  or  lance-linear,  the  upper 
more  or  less  pubescent ;  bracts  leaf-like,  elongated,  usually  ascending;  pedicels 
and  sepals  villous,  the  latter  about  1.5  cm.   long;   petals  rich  purplish-blue, 
1.6-2  cm.  long.  —  Alluvial  soil,  Ct.  to  Pa.  and  S.  C. ;  also  introd.  northw. 


BROMELIACEAE    (PINEAPPLE   FAMILY)  265 

6.  T.  bracteata  Small.     Sordid  glandular-villous  above;   bracts  relatively 
large,  conduplicate,  recurved,  their  bases  2-2.8  cm.  broad;  flowers  large,  2.5-3 
cm.  in  diameter.  —  Prairies,  "  Minn.,"  and  la.  to  Tex.  and  B.  C. 

7.  T.  occidentalis  (Britton)  Smyth.     Slender,  3  dm.  high  ;  leaves  narrowly 
linear,  involute,  their  bases  often  enlarged  and  scarious  ;  the  bracts  scarcely  if  at 
all  broader  than  the  foliar  leaves;  sepals  glandular -pubescent,  about  1  cm.  long  ; 
petals  blue  (or  roseate),  about  1.4  cm.  long. —  "la."  to  Neb.,  Tex.,  and  N.  Mex. 

T.  MONTANA  Shuttlw.,  not  Heyne,  a  southern  species  distinguished  from 
T.  virginiana  chiefly  by  its  smaller  flowers  and  smoother  calyx  and  from  T. 
reflexa  by  its  broader  greener  leaves,  is  said  to  extend  as  far  north  as  Va.  and  Ky. 

2.    COMMELINA    [Plum.]    L.     DAT-FLOWER 

Flowers  irregular.  Sepals  somewhat  colored,  unequal ;  the  2  lateral  partly 
united.  Two  lateral  petals  rounded  or  kidney-shaped,  on  long  claws,  the  odd 
one  smaller.  Stamens  unequal,  3  of  them  fertile,  one  of  which  is  bent  inward  ; 
3  of  them  sterile  and  smaller,  with  imperfect  cross-shaped  anthers ;  filaments 
aaked.  — Often  procumbent  and  rooting  at  the  joints.  Leaves  contracted  at  base 
into  sheathing  petioles  ;  the  floral  one  heart-shaped  and  clasping,  folded  together 
or  hooded,  forming  a  spathe  inclosing  the  flowers,  which  expand  for  a  single 
morning  and  are  recurved  on  their  pedicel  before  and  afterward.  Petals  blue. 
Flowering  all  summer.  Ours  all  with  perennial  roots,  or  propagating  by  striking 
root  from  the  joints.  (Dedicated  to  the  early  Dutch  botanists  J.  and  Gr. 
Commelin.) 

*  Ventral  cells  2-ovuled  (usually  2-seeded),  the  dorsal  l-ovuled. 

1.  C.  communis  L.     Slender  and  creeping,  nearly  glabrous  ;  leaves  lanceo- 
late, 2-5  cm.  long;  spathe  cordate,  acute,  with  margins  not  united;  seeds  shal- 
lowly  pitted,  granulate-reticulated.      (G.    nudiflora    auth.,   not   L. ) — Alluvial 
banks,  Del.  to  Fla.,  w.  to  Kan.  and  Tex.  — A  frequent  weed  of  dooryards  and 
gardens,  northeast  w.  to  e.  Mass.    (E.  Asia,  Trop.  reg.) 

2.  C.  hirtSlla  Vahl.     Stout,  erect,  6-12  dm.  high ;  leaves  large,  lanceolate, 
the    sheaths   brown-bearded;  spathes  crowded,   with    margins    united;    seeds 
smooth.  —  River-banks,  Pa.  to  Fla.,  w.  to  I.  T.  and  Tex. 

**  Cells  l-ovuled.  l-seeded;  seeds  smooth;  spathe  cucullate ;  roots  subtuberous. 

3.  C.  erScta  L.     Slender,  often  low  ;  leaves  linear  ;  cells  all  dehiscent.  —  Pa. 
to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

4.  C.  virginica  L.     Slender,  usually  tall ;  leaves  lanceolate  to  linear ;  dorsal 
cell  indehiscent,  scabrous.  —  Damp  rich  woods  and  banks,  s.  N.  Y.  to  Fla.,  w.  to 
Mich.,  Kan.,  and  Tex. 

BROMELIACEAE   (PINEAPPLE  FAMILY) 

Herbs  (or  scarcely  woody  plants,  nearly  all  tropical),  the  greater  part  epi- 
phytes, with  persistent  dry  or  fleshy  and  channeled  crowded  leaves,  sheathing  at 
the  base,  usually  covered  with  scurf. 

1.   TILLANDSIA  L.     LONG  Moss 

Perianth  plainly  double,  6-parted ;  the  3  outer  divisions  (sepals)  membrana- 
ceous  ;  the  3  inner  (petals)  colored  ;  all  connivent  below  into  a  tube,  spreading 
above,  lanceolate.  Stamens  6,  hypogynous  or  the  alternate  ones  adhering  to 
the  base  of  the  petals ;  anthers  introrse.  Ovary  free;  style  thread-shaped  ; 
stigmas  3.  Capsule  cartilaginous,  3-celled.  Seeds  several  or  many  in  each  cell, 
anatropous,  club-shaped,  pointed,  raised  on  a  long  hairy-tuftedcstalk,  like  a 
coma.  —Scurfy-leaved  epiphytes.  (Named  for  Prof.  Tillands  of  Abo.) 

1.    T.  usneoides  L.     (COMMON  LONG  Moss  or  BLACK  Moss.)     Stems  thread- 


266  PONTEDERIACEAE    (PICKEREL- WEED   FAMILY) 

shaped,  branching,  pendulous  ;  leaves  thread-shaped  ;  peduncle  short,  1-flow- 
ered  ;  flower  yellow.  — E.  Va.,  s.  to  Fla.,  and  westw. ;  growing  on  the  branches 
of  trees,  forming  long  hanging  tufts. 

PONTEDERIACEAE   (PICKEREL-WEED  FAMILY) 

Aquatic  herbs,  with  perfect  more  or  less  irregular  flowers  from  a  spathe  ;  the 
petal-like  Q-merous  perianth  free  from  the  3-celled  ovary ;  the  3  or  6  mostly 
unequal  or  dissimilar  stamens  inserted  in  its  throat.  —  Perianth  with  the  6 
divisions  colored  alike,  imbricated  in  2  rows  in  the  bud,  the  whole  together 
sometimes  revolute-coiled  after  flowering,  then  withering  away,  or  the  base 
thicken ed-persistent  and  inclosing  the  fruit.  Anthers  introrse.  Ovules  anat- 
ropous.  Style  1 ;  stigma  3-lobed  or  6-toothed.  Fruit  a  perfectly  or  incompletely 
3-celled  many-seeded  capsule  or  a  1-celled  1-seeded  utricle.  Embryo  slender, 
in  floury  albumen. 

1.  Pontederia.    Spike  many-flowered.    Perianth  2-lipped,  its  fleshy  persistent  base  inclosing 

the  1-seeded  utricle.    Stamens  6. 

2.  Heteranthera.      Spathe  1-few-flowered.     Perianth  salver-shaped.     Stamens  3.     Capsule 

many-seeded. 

1.    PONTEDERIA  L.     PICKEREL-WEED 

Perianth  funnel-form,  2-lipped ;  the  3  upper  divisions  united  to  form  the  3- 
lobed  upper  lip ;  the  3  lower  spreading,  and  their  claws,  which  form  the  lower 
part  of  the  curving  tube,  more  or  less  separate  or  separable  to  the  base  ;  tube 
after  flowering  revolute-coiled.  Stamens  6  ;  the  3  anterior  long-exserted  ;  the 
3  posterior  (often  sterile  -or  imperfect)  with  very  short  filaments,  unequally 
inserted  lower  down  ;  anthers  versatile,  oval,  blue.  Ovary  3-celled  ;  two  of  the 
cells  empty,  the  other  with  a  single  suspended  ovule.  Utricle  3-celled.  —  Stout 
herbs,  with  thick  creeping  rootstocks,  producing  erect  long-petioled  leaves,  and 
a  1-leaved  stem,  bearing  a  spike  of  violet-blue  ephemeral  flowers.  Root-leaves 
with  a  sheathing  stipule  within  the  petiole.  (Dedicated  to  Pontedera,  Professor 
at  Padua  in  the  18th  century.) 

1.  P.  cordata  L.  Leaves  heart-shaped,  blunt ;  spike  dense,  from  a  spathe- 
like  bract ;  upper  lobe  of  perianth  marked  with  a  pair  of  yellow  spots  (rarely 
all  white);  calyx-tube  in  fruit  crested  with  6-toothed  ridges.  —  N.  S.  to  Ont., 
Minn.,  and  Tex.  July-Sept.  (Trop.  Am.)  Var.  ANGUSTIF6LIA  Torr.  Leaves 
lanceolate  or  triangular-attenuate,  roundish  or  truncate  at  base.  —  Same  range. 

2.    HETERANTHERA  R.  &  P.     MUD  PLANTAIN 

Perianth  with  a  slender  tube  ;  the  limb  somewhat  equally  6-parted,  ephemeral. 
Stamens  in  the  throat,  usually  unequal ;  anthers  erect.  Capsule  1-celled  or 
incompletely  3-celled  by  intrusion  of  the  placentae.  —  Low  herbs,  in  mud  or 
shallow  water,  with  a  1-few-flowered  spathe  bursting  from  the  sheathing  side 
or  base  of  a  petiole.  (Name  from  er^>a,  different,  and  avdrjpd,  anther.) 

*  Stamens  unequal;  2  posterior  filaments  with  ovate  yellow  anthers;  the  other 
longer,  with  a  larger  oblong  or  sagittate  greenish  anther;  capsule  incom- 
pletely 3-celled ;  leaves  rounded,  long-petioled;  creeping  or  floating  plants. 

1.  H.  renif6rmis  R.  &  P.     Leaves  round-kidney-shaped  to  cordate  and  acute  ; 
spathe  3-5-flowered ;   flowers  white   or  pale   blue.  —  Ct.  to  Neb. ,  and  southw. 
(S.  A.) 

2.  H.  limosa  (Sw.)  Willd.     Leaves  oblong  or  lance-oblong,  obtuse  at  both 
ends;    spathe    1 -flowered ;  flowers  larger,  blue. — Va.   to    Neb.,   and  southw. 
(S.  A.) 


JtJNCACEAE    (RUSH   FAMILY)  267 

*  *  Stamens  alike,  with  sagittate  anthers  •  capsule  1-celled,  with  3  parietal  pla- 
centae ;  leaves  linear,  translucent,  sessile  ;  submerged  grass-like  herbs,  with 
only  the  flowers  reaching  the  surface. 
3.    H.  dubia  ( Jacq. )  MacM.     The  slender  branching  stems  clothed  with  leaves 

and  bearing  a  terminal  1 -flowered  spathe  (becoming  lateral);  flowers  small,  pale 

yellow,  with  a  very  long  thread-like  tube.    (H.  graminea  Vahl.)  —  N.  E.  to  Ont., 

westw.  and  southw. 

JUNCACEAE   (RUSH  FAMILY) 

Grass-like  or  rush-like  herbs,  with  small  regular  and  hypogynous  persistent 
flowers,  3  glumaceous  sepals,  and  3  similar  petals,  6  or  rarely  3  stamens  with 
2-celled  anthers,  a  single  short  style,  3  filiform  hairy  stigmas,  and  an  ovary 
either  3-celled  or  I-celled  with  3  parietal  placentae,  forming  a  loculicidal 
3-valved  capsule.  Seeds  anatropous,  with  a  minute  embryo  inclosed  at  the  base 
of  the  fleshy  albumen.  —  Flowers  liliaceous  in  structure,  but  sedge-like  in  aspect 
and  texture. 

1.  Juncus.    Capsule  3-celled  (sometimes  imperfectly  so),  many-seeded.    Plants  never  hairy. 

2.  LttZttla.     Capsule  1-celled,  3-seeded.    Plants  often  hairy. 

1.   JUNCUS  [Tourn.]  L.     RUSH.     BOG  RUSH 

Capsule  3-celled,  or  1-celled  by  the  placentae  not  reaching  the  axis.  Stamens 
when  3  opposite  the  3  sepals.  —  Chiefly  perennials,  and  in  wet  soil  or  water, 
with  pithy  or  hollow  and  simple  (rarely  branching)  stems,  and  cymose  or  clus- 
tered small  (greenish  or  brownish)  flowers,  chiefly  in  summer.  (The  classical 
name,  from  jurigere,  to  join,  alluding  to  the  use  of  the  stems  for  bands.) 

a.  Inflorescence  appearing  lateral ;  the  involucral  leaf  erect,  similar  to 
and  continuing  the  naked  or  essentially  naked  scape ;  rootstock 
creeping  b. 

6.  Sheaths  at  base  of  the  scape  leafless. 
Stamens  3. 
Capsule  tipped  by  a  crown-like  blunt  mucro,  formed  by  the 


thick  base  of  the  style  ;  inflorescence  densely  cap 

Capsule  truncate  or  emarginate  at  tip,  without  a  distil 

Inflorescence  loose,  the  primary  branches  conspicu< 


itate         .    17.  J.  conglomeratnu. 
net  mucro. 

[nflorescence  loose,  the  primary  branches  conspicuous  .        .    16.  J.  effusus. 
Inflorescence  a  dense  head,  the  primary  branches  short  and 

inconspicuous (16)  J.  effusus,  v.  compactits. 

Stamens  6. 

Flowers  greenish ;  capsule  broadly  ovoid,  barely  mucronate, 

about  equaling  the  calyx 15.  J.filiformis. 

Flowers  brown  ;  capsule  more  or  less  trigonous,  distinctly  mu- 
cronate. 

Calyx  2-2.7  mm.  long,  much  exceeded  by  the  capsule     .        .    18.  J.  SmitMi. 
Calyx  3.5-5  mm.  long,  nearly  or  quite  equaling  the  capsule 

14.  J.  balticus,  v.  ttttoralis. 

b.  Sheaths  (or  at  least  the  inner  ones)  bearing  long  terete  scape-like 

leaves. 

Flowers  solitary  at  the  tips  of  the  ultimate  ramifications  of  the 
cyme  ;  capsule  subglobose,  8-4  mm.  in  diameter,  about  equaled 
by  the  spreading  sepals  .  .  .  ,.  .  .  .  10.  J.  setaoeus. 

Flowers  clustered  at  the  tips  of  the  ultimate  bratithlets  ;  capsule 
trigonous,  barely  2  mm.  broad ;  sepals  and  petals  appressed- 
ascending. 
Capsule  broadly  ovoid,  about  equaling  the  calyx  ;  seeds  ovoid, 

obtuse 19.  J".  Boemerianus. 

Capsule  ellipsoid,  exceeding  the  calyx  ;  seeds  with  long  caudate 

tips 20.  J.  mariiimus. 

o.    Inflorescence  terminal  c. 

c.  Leaves  flat,  or  somewhat  terete,  or  setaceous  and  channeled,  but 

never  septate  d. 
d.  Annuals  with  soft  bases  and  fibrous  roots. 

Sepals  much  shorter  than  the  rigid  petals  ;  flowers  in  dense 

clusters  ;  stamens  3  ;  capsule  subulate          .        .        .        .    42.  J.  repens, 
Sepals  equaling  or  exceeding  the  petals ;  stamens  6 ;  capsule 

ellipsoid  or  ovoid. 


268 


JUNCACEAE    (RUSH   FAMILY) 


Sepals  and  petals  all  long-attenuate  and  exceeding  the  capsule ; 

seeds  ovoid,  apiculate. 
Flowers  scattered  singly  along  the  one-sided  usually  dichoto- 

mous  branches %       .        .      1.  «/".  bufonius. 

Flowers  clustered (1)  J.  bufonius,  v.  congestus. 

Petals  blunt  or  obtuse,  shorter  than  or  only  slightly  exceed- 
ing the  capsule ;  seeds  truncate  .        .        .        .        (!)«/•  bufonius,  v.  halophilus. 
Perennials  e. 

j.   Flowers  prophyllate,  i.e.  subtended  by  bracteoles  (2)  in  addi- 
tion to  the  bractlet  at  base  of  pedicel  /. 
/.   Leaf-sheaths  with  fiinbriate  auricles ;  flowers  1-4,  5-20  times 

exceeded  by  the  thread-like  subtending  leaf. 
Basal  sheaths  with  setiforrn  scarcely  leaf-like  blades  ;  cau- 
line  leaves   mostly  crowded   at  the   summit ;   flowers 

usually  2-4        .        . 2.  J.  trifidus. 

Basal  sheaths  bearing  long  leaves  ;  cauline  leaves  scattered  ; 

flowers  usually  solitary (2)  J.  trifidus,  v.  monanthos. 

f.    Leaf-sheaths  with  entire  (or  merely  erose)  auricles ;  flowers 

(except  in  depauperate  individuals)  numerous   g. 
g.    Leaf-sheaths  covering  one  half  the  stem  or  more  ;  the  brown 

and  greenish  sepals  obtuse,  and  incurved  at  tip     .  3.  J.  Gerardi. 

g.   Leaf-sheaths  covering  one  fourth  the  stem  or  less  ;  sepals 

acute  or  acuminate  h. 
h.   Seeds  with  long  caudate  appendages. 

Inflorescence  exceeding  the  erect  bracts  ;  capsule  4.5-6 
im.  long,  usually  exceeding  the  calyx     . 


Inflorescence  exceeded   by  the  bracts ;  capsule  much 


11.  J".  Vaseyi. 

12.  J.  oronensis. 


shorter  than  the  calyx 
h.   Seeds  short-pointed  or  blunt  *. 

i.   Capsule  reddish  or  castaneous,  ellipsoid,  much  exceed- 

ing the  calyx       ........    13.  J.  Greenei. 

i.  Capsule  green  or  straw-colored  (brown  in  age),  shorter 

than  or  about  equaling  the  calyx  j. 
j.    Leaves  flat  (or  in  age  becoming  involute)  k. 
k.   Auricles   at  the  summit   of  the  sheaths  scarious, 
whitish,  conspicuously   extended   beyond  the 
point  of  insertion  ;  bracts  exceeding  the  inflo- 
rescence I. 
I.  Capsule  at  least  two  thirds  as  long  as  the  spread- 

ing-ascending  sepals. 
Flowers   mostly  clustered   at  the  tips   of  the 

branches  of  the  inflorescence     .        .  4.  J.  tennis. 

Flowers    scattered    and     secund    along    the 

branches. 

Branches  of  inflorescence  loosely  ascending, 
elongate,  the  ultimate  floriferous  branch- 

lets  elongate  and  ascending      .        .     (4)  J.  tenuift,  v.  anthelatus. 
Ultimate  floriferous  branchlets  widely  spread- 

ing, 0.5-2  cm.  long    .        .        .        .    (4;  J.  tennis,  v.  Williamsii. 

I.   Capsule  less  than  one  half  as  long  as  the  closely 

appressed  sepals       ......      6.  J.  monostichus. 

k.   Auricles  at  the  summit  of  the  sheaths  not  conspicu- 

ously extended  beyond  the  point  of  insertion. 
Bracts  shorter  than  the  cymes  ;   flowers  2.5-3.5 
mm.  long,  scattered  and  secund  along  the  as- 
cending or  incurved  branches         .        .  7.    J.  secundus. 

Bracts  (or  at  least  the  lowermost)  exceeding  the 
cymes  ;  flowers  mostly  larger,  not  conspicu- 
ously secund. 
Inflorescence  and  basal  sheaths  straw-colored 

or  the  latter  somewhat  darker. 
Sheaths  and  auricles  membranaceous,  pale  ; 

perianth  erect    ......      5.  J.  interior. 

Sheaths  and   auricles   cartilaginous,  darker  ; 

perianth  spreading    .....       8.  J.  Dudleyi. 

Inflorescence  brownish;    inner  basal   sheaths 

strongly  purple-tinged  .        .       (9)  J.  dichotomies,  v.  platyphyllus, 
j.  Leaves  terete,  or  at  most  slightly  grooved  along  the 

upper  surface          .......      9.  J.  diehotomus. 

9.  Flowers  eprophyllate,  i.e.  with  only  the  bractlet  at  the  base  of 

the  very  short  pedicel   m. 
m.   Capsules  at  most  4  mm.  long,  rarely  exceeding  the  calyx  ; 

flowers  glomerulate,  mostly  in  freely  branched  cymes. 
Leaves  terete,  scape-like. 

Capsule  broadly  ovoid,  about  equaling  the  calyx  ;  seeds 
ovoid,  obtuse 


Capsule  ellipsoid,  slightly  exceeding  the  calyx  ;  seeds  with 
long  caudate  tips    ........ 

Leaves  flat,  grass-like. 


19.  J.  Roemerianus. 

20.  J".  maritimu*. 


JUNCACEAE    (RUSH  FAMILY) 


269 


Stamens  included  in  fruit. 
Petals  ovate  or  oblong,  blunt  ......    43.  J.  marginatus. 

Petals  lance-attenuate,  aristate        .        .        .       (43)  J.  marginatux,  v.  setosus. 
Stamens  persistent  and  exserted  in  fruit    .        .        .         .     44.  J.  aristulatus. 

m.   Capsules  6-9  mm.  long,  much  exceeding  the  calyx  ;  flowers 

few,  in  1-4  terminal  glomerules  .        .        .        .        41.  «/.  stygius,  v.  americanus. 

c.   Leaves  hollow,  nodulose,  i.e.  with  septa  at  regular  intervals  n. 
n.    Seeds  with  definite  caudate  tips   o. 

o.   Leaves  papillose-scabrous  ;  stamens  6  ;  seeds  2-3  mm.  long       .    21.  J.  asper. 
o.    Leaves  smooth  ;  stamens  3  ;  seeds  shorter  p. 
p.   Flowers  with  the  mature  fruit  about  2.5  (rarely  3.5)  mm.  long  ; 
sepals  obtuse;   seed   ellipsoid,  barely  1  mm.  long,  with 
very  short  tails      ....  .... 

p.   Flowers  with  mature  fruit  about  4  mm.  long  :  petals  attenu- 

ate, acute  ;  seed  spindle-shaped,  with  conspicuous  tails. 
Inflorescence  (when  well  developed)  ovoid  or  broader,  one 
third  longer  than  broad  ;  the  glomerules  many-flowered  ; 
capsule  equaling  or  slightly  exceeding  the  calyx. 
Capsule  abruptly  short-pointed  ;  seed  1-1.8  mm.  long 
Capsule  gradually  tapering  to  tip  ;  seed  scarcely  1  mm. 

long        .......      (24)  J.  canadensis,  v.  subcaudatus. 

Inflorescence  elongate,  strict,  and  narrow,  3-6  times  longer 
than  broad  ;  capsule  much  exceeding  the  calyx,  gradu- 
ally tapering  ;  seed  about  1  mm.  long      . 
n.   Seeds  merely  pointed  or  blunt,  not  caudate  q. 
q.  Stamens  3  r. 
r.   Capsule  attenuate  to  tip  or  subulate,  distinctly  exceeding  the 

calyx  ft. 
s.   Heads  2-T-flowered  ;  capsule  not  subulate. 

Mature  fruit  3.5  mm.  long  ....... 

Mature  fruit  5  mm.  long      ....... 

«.   Heads  densely  many-flowered  ;  capsule  subulate. 

Leaves    flattened,    obscurely    septate  ;    sheaths  without 
auricles  at  summit  ;  cyme  large,  with  widely  divergent 
branches  and  branchlets        ...... 

Leaves  terete,  distinctly  septate  ;  sheaths  with  definite  auri- 

cles at  summit  ;  branches  and  branchlets  ascending. 
Blade  of  the   uppermost   leaf  much   shorter  than  its 
sheath         ......... 

Blade  of  uppermost  leaf  much  longer  than  its  sheath    . 
f.  Capsule  shorter  than  or  about  equaling  the  calyx,  if  longer, 


22.  J.  brachycephalus. 


24.  J.  canadensis. 


23.  J.  brevicaudatus. 


86.  J.  debiUs. 

8T.  J.  diffu8is8imu8. 


29.  J.  polycephalus. 


84.  J.  megacephalus. 
38.  J.  scirpoides. 


abruptly  tipped  (not  subulate)    t. 
t.  Capsule  half  or  two  thirds  as  long  as  the  calyx,  tapering 


gradually  to  a  conic-subulate  beak;   glomerules  spher- 
ical ;    the  rigid   subulate    sepals   much  exceeding  the 
petals ;  rootstock  thick,  white,  horizontal       .        .        .82.  J.  braohycarpus 
t.  Capsule  nearly  equaling  or  exceeding  the  calyx,  abruptly 
tipped;  glomerules    hemispherical;    sepals  and  petals 
subequal ;  sterns  tufted  or  with  merely  thickened  base. 
Basal  leaves  abundant,  tufted  from  a  thickened  base,  often 
elongate  and  floating,   obscurely  septate ;  stems  lax, 
decumbent  or  repent,  0.5-2.5  dm.  high ;  petals  blunt    27.  J.  bulbosus. 
Basal  leaves  few,  erect ;  plant  erect,  8  dm.  or  more  high  ; 

petals  acuminate. 
Heads  1-50,  on  ascending-spreading  branches;  flowers 

3-3.5  mm.  long 85.  J.  acuminattm. 

Heads  200-500,  on  widely  divergent  branches  ;  flowers 

2-2.5  mm.  long 88.  J.  robustus. 

q.   Stamens  6  u. 

u.    Upper  cauline  leaves  bladeless  (or  essentially  so),  consisting 

of  firm  tawny  or  colored    sheaths   2.5-5  cm.  long;    the 

middle  leaf  erect,  much  overtopping  the  inflorescence      .    28.  J.  militaris. 

t*.   Upper  cauline  leaves  with  blades,  or.  if  bladeless,  very  small  v. 

?;.\  Flowers  solitary  or  in  2's,  often  accompanied  or  replaced  by 

fascicles  of  small  leaves. 

Stem  erect,  from  a  horizontal  rootstock;  flowers  secund 
on  the  branchlets  of  a  loose  dichotomous  cyme ;  fas- 
cicles of  reduced  leaves  confined  to  the  inflorescence; 
anthers  much  exceeding  the  filaments  .  .  .25.  J.  pelocarpus 
Stem  repent  or  floating,  bearing  scattered  fascicles  of  re- 
duced leaves  ;  roots  tufted  ;  flowers  1  or  2  on  axillary 
or  subterminal  peduncles  ;  anthers  about  equaled  by 

the  filaments 26.  J.  subtilis. 

V.   Flowers  more  numerous,  in  glomerules  w. 
w.   Lower  leaves  elongate,  filiform,  floating,  upper  stouter; 
glomerules  mostly  bearing  fascicles  of  small  leaves ; 

capsule  blunt 27.  J.  bulbosus. 

W-   Leaves  uniform,  none  floating  ;  glomerules  without  fasci- 
cles of  leaves  w. 


270 


JUNCACEAE  (RUSH  FAMILY) 


X.   Glomerules  spherical ;  sepals  subulate ;  capsules  subulate  or  lance- 
subulate  ;  involucral  bract  usually  exceeding  the  inflorescence. 
Flowers  3-4  mm.  long,  reddish-brown  ;  petals  equaling  or  exceed- 
ing the  sepals 

Flowers  4-5  mm.  long,  greenish  or  dull  brown  ;  petals  much  shorter 


80.  J.  nodosug. 

81.  J.  Torreyi. 


than  the  sepals 

w.  Glomerules  hemispherical ;  sepals  blunt  or  acuminate,  at  most  mu- 
cronate-tipped  ;  capsules  ovoid  or  ellipsoid  ;  involucral  bract 
much  shorter  than  the  inflorescence  y. 

y.  Sepals  acuminate  ;  branches  of  the  inflorescence  widely  divergent. 
Flower  brown  or  brownish  ;  capsule  dark  brown,  8^4  mm.  long, 

gradually  tapering  to  the  mucronate  tip         ....    40.  J.  articulatus. 
Flower  greenish  ;  capsule  pale  brown,  2.5-3  mm.  long,  abruptly 

mucronate (40)  J.  articulatus,  v.  obtusatus 

y.  Sepals  blunt,  often  mucronate-tipped ;  branches  of  inflorescence 

erect  or  strongly  ascending. 

Branches  strictly  erect ;  glomerules  loosely  few-flowered,  gener- 
ally with  one  or  more  flowers  elevated  on  slightly  elongate 
pedicels. 

Flowers  castaneous 39.  J.  alpinus. 

Flowers  greenish  or  straw-colored (39)  J.  alpinus,  v.  insignis. 

Branches  spreading-ascending  ;  glomerules  compactly  and  regu- 
larly flowered (89)  J.  alpinus,  v.  fuscescens. 

§  1.   Flowers  prophyllate,  i.e.  subtended  by  bracteoles  (2)  in  addition  to  the 
bractlet  at  base  of  pedicel. 

*  Inflorescences  mostly  terminal;  leaves  flat  or  canaliculate,  rarely  terete. 

1.  J.  buf&nius  L.  Stems  low  and  slender  (0.3-3.5  dm.  high),  leafy,  often 
branched  from  the  base  ;  cyme  spreading ;  flowers  remote,  greenish  (3-7  mm. 
long),  rarely  viviparous,  or  even  converted  into  leafy  tufts ; 
sepals  and  petals  linear-lanceolate,  awl-pointed  ;  stamens  short ; 
filaments  slightly  longer  than  the  anthers  ;  seeds  narrowly  ovoid 
or  ellipsoidal  (0.3-0.5  mm.  long).  —  Damp  open  ground,  road- 
sides, etc.,  common.  June-Nov.  (Cosmop.)  FIG.  567. 

Var.  congSstus  Wahlb.    Flowers  mostly  in  glomerules.  — In- 
frequent.     (Eu.) 

Var.  halophilus  Buchenau  &  Fernald.  More  fleshy  through- 
out; flowers  mostly  in  2's  or  3's;  whitish  petals  obtuse  ;  seeds 
short-cylindric,  abruptly  truncate  at  one  end.  — 
Brackish  shores,  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  to 
Mass.  ;  Neb.  to  Rocky  Mts.,  etc.  June-Sept. 
(Eu.)  FIG.  568. 

2.  J.  trifidus  L.  Stems  densely  tufted  from 
matted  creeping  rootstocks,  erect  (1-4  dm. 
high),  sheathed  and  mostly  leafless  at  base, 
2-B-leaved  at  the  summit;  flowers  brown  (3-4  mm.  long)  ; 
sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  equaling  or  rather  shorter  than 
the  ovate  beak-pointed  deep-brown  capsule;  anthers  much 
longer  than  the  filaments;  seeds  few,  oblong,  angled  (1.5-2 
mm.  long),  short-tailed.  —  Alpine  summits,  Lab.  to  N.  E.  and  568.  j.  buf.,  v.  hal. 
N.  Y.  June-Aug.  (Greenl.,  Eurasia.)  Part  of  inflorescence 

Var.  mondnthos  (Jacq.)  Bluff  &  Fingerhuth.     Taller  (2.5-6       x  %. 
dm.  high),  the  numerous  basal  leaves  often  equaling  the  culms.    Seed  x'30. 
—  Local,  mts.  of  s.  N.  Y.  to  Va.  and  N.  C.     (Eu.) 

3.  J.  Gerdrdi  Loisel.     (BLACK  GRASS.)     Stems  scarcely  flattened,  rigid  (1.5- 
8  dm.  high)  ;  cyme  contracted,  usually  longer  than  the  bracteal  leaf ;  flowers 
3-4  mm.  long ;  sepals  oval-oblong,  nearly  or  quite  as  long  as  the  ovoid  obtuse 
and  mucronate  capsule  ;  anthers  much  longer  than  the  short  filaments  ;  style  as 
long  as  the  ovary  ;  seeds  (0.4-0.5  mm.  long)  obovoid,  delicately  ribbed  and  cross- 
lined. —  Salt  marshes;   common   along  the  coast,  rarely  inland  in  Me.,  Vt., 
N.  Y.,  and  about  the  Great  Lakes.     June-Sept.     (Eurasia,  n.  Afr.) 

4.  J.  tSnuis  Willd.     Stem  wiry  (0.5-6  dm.  high)  ;  cyme  1-8  cm.  long,  loose, 
or  barely  crowded  ;  flowers  green  (3-4.5  mm.  long),  mostly  aggregated  at  the  tips 
of  the  branches;  sepals  lanceolate,  very  acute,  spreading  in  fruit,  longer  than 


567.   J.  bufonius. 
Part  of  inflores- 
cence x  %. 
Seed  x  50. 


JUNCACEAE  (RUSH  FAMILY) 


271 


569.  J.  tenuis. 
Inflorescence  x  %. 


570.  J.  interior. 
Inflorescence  x  % 


the  ovoid  retuse  scarcely  pointed  green  falsely  1-celled  cap- 
sule ;  anthers  much  shorter  than  the  filaments ;  style  very 
short;  seeds  small  (3-4  mm.  long),  delicately  ribbed  and 
cross-lined.  —  Fields  and  roadsides,  very 
common.  June-Sept.  (Eu.,  n.  Afr.) 
FIG.  569. 

Var.  anthelatus  Wiegand.  Tall  (4-9 
dm.  high)  and  loose  ;  cyme  loose,  6-18 
em.  long ;  flowers  usually  2.5-3.5  mm. 
long.  —  Me.  to  Mo.  and  Tex. 

Var.  Williamsii  Fernald.  Compara- 
tively low  (2.5-5  dm.  high)  and  slender  ; 
inflorescence  3-8  cm.  long  ;  capsule  about 
equaling  the  calyx. — Gulf  of  St.  Law- 
rence to  Ct.  and  N.  Y.  (Eu.) 

5.  J.  interior  Wiegand.  Compara- 
tively stout,  4.5-9  dm.  high  ;  leaves  about 

f&eatiTw'ith  auricles    one  tnird  as  long  as  tne  scapes  ;  inflores- 
x  2.  cence  3-10  dm.  long,  with  very  ascend- 

ing branches,  the  flowers  3-4  mm.  long ; 

capsule  obscurely  3-celled  ;  anthers  much  shorter  than  the 

filaments ;  seeds  3.5-5  mm.  long.  —  Prairies,  111.   to  Wyo. 

and  Tex.     Apr.-July.    FIG.  570. 

6.  J.  monostichus  Bartlett.     Erect,  3-5  dm.  tall ;  culms  compressed  ;  leaves 

basal,  £-f  as  long  as  the  culms,  the  blades  involute  in  drying,  the  auricles  as  in 
J.  tenuis ;  inflorescence  4-8  cm.  long,  much  exceeded  by  the 
lowest  bract,  finally  stramineous,  the  branches  1-2.5  cm.  long, 
often  incurved,  bearing  3-9  secund  flowers  ;  perianth  4-5  mm. 
long,  the  sepals  lance-acuminate,  entirely  concealing  the  trig- 
onous-ovoid falsely  1-celled  capsule  (2  mm.  long)  ;  seeds 
ovoid,  coarsely  reticulate,  with  longitudinally  oblong  areoles. 
—  Ind.  and  Ark.  FIG.  571. 

7.  J.   secundus   Beauv.      Strict   (1-8  dm. 
high);    the  short  flat  leaves  mostly  tufted, 
rarely  more  than  one  third  as  long  as  the 
scapes ;    sheaths  with  rounded  membranous 
auricles;    inflorescence   3-14   cm.    long,    the 
branches  closely  flowered  ;  sepals  erect,  barely 
exceeding    the    distinctly    3-celled    capsule ; 
anthers  exceeding  the  filaments.     (J.  tenuis, 
var.    secundus   Engelm.)  —  Sandy   or   sterile 
soil,  Me.  to  Vt.  and  N.  C. ;  also  in  the  Miss. 
Val.  from  Tenn.  to  111.  and  Mo.    June-Oct. 

FlG.  572. 

8.  J.   Dudldyi  Wiegand.       Stiff   (0.3-1  m.     572.  J.  secundus. 
Fruiting  flower  x  3.    high);    leaves    about    half    as    long   as    the    Inflorescence  x  %. 

scapes;    inflorescence    1.5-7    cm.    long,    the 

flowers  rather  closely  aggregated,  4-5  mm.  long,  the  segments  spreading- 
ascending,  yellowish-green,  barely  exceeding  the  imperfectly  1-celled  trigonous 
capsule  ;  filaments  slightly  exceeding  the  anthers;  seeds  3.5-4.5 
mm.  long. — Damp  or  open  (mostly  calcareous)  soil,  Que.  to 
Sask.  and  the  Rocky  Mts.,  s.  to  Pa.,  Mich.,  Wise.,  Minn.,  and 
Kan.  June-Sept.  FIG.  673. 

9.    J.  dich6tomus  Ell.     Stems  rigid  (0.4-1  m.  high)  from  a 
tumid  base  ;  leaves  filiform,  two  thirds  as  long  as  the  scapes, 
the  broad  brown   or  purplish   sheaths  with  rounded  cartilagi- 
nous auricles ;  cyme  loose  or  dense  (2-8  cm.  long),  often  with 
1-sided   forked    branches,    mostly   longer   than    the    involucral    578.  J.  Dudley!, 
leaf ;  flowers  greenish  brown  (3.5-4  mm.   long)  ;   sepals  lance-    Sheath  with  auri- 
olate,  sharp-pointed,  spreading  in  fruit,  as  long  as  the  ovoid 


571.  J.  monostichus. 
Inflorescence  x 


cles  x  2. 


272 


JUNCACEAE    (RUSH    FAMILY) 


574.   J.  dichotomus. 
Inflorescence  x  %. 


575.  J.  setaceus. 
Inflorescence  x  % 
Seed  x  25. 


beaked  light  mahogany-colored  obscurely  1-celled  cap- 
sule ;  anthers  nearly  as  long  as  the  filaments.  —  Low 
sandy  grounds,  L.  I.  to  Fla.  (Trop.  Am.)  FIG.  574. 

Var.  platyphyllus  Wiegand.  Leaves 
flat  or  merely  involute  as  in  J.  tennis; 
auricles  less  cartilaginous,  often  nearly 
scarious  ;  cyme  loose.  —  Along  the 
coast,  Mass,  to  Tex. 

10.  J.  setaceus  Rostk.  Scape  slen- 
der (0.3-1  m.  high)  ;  cyme  loose,  rather 
few-flowered  ;  flowers  greenish  (3-4 
uim.  long)  ;  sepals  and  petals  lanceo- 
late, sharp-pointed,  especially  the  3 
shining  sepals;  capsule  beak-pointed, 
greenish  or  light  brown  ;  anthers  as 
long  as  the  filaments  ;  style  conspicu- 
ous ;  seeds  (0.6-0.8  mm.  long)  irregu- 
larly obconic,  long-stipitate,  ribbed 
and  cross-lined.  —  Low  usually  brack- 
ish ground,  Del.  and  Mo.  to  Fla.  and  La.  June-Sept.  FIG.  575. 

11.    J.  Vaseyi  Engelm.     Stems  rigid  (2.5-8  dm.  high),  densely  tufted  ;  leaves 
nearly  terete,  very  slightly  channeled  on  the  inner  side  ;   cyme  1-4  cm.  long, 
often  longer  than  the  involucral  leaf  ;  flowers  few,  often  one- 
sided;  capsule  oblong,  greenish;  sepals  lanceolate,  acute,  ap- 
pressed  ;   anthers  as  long  as  the  filaments  ;   style  very  short  ; 
seeds  slender  (1  mm.  or  more  long),  the  tails  half  as  long  as 
the  dark  body.  —  Damp  thickets,  shores,  etc., 
n.  N.  B.  to  Sask.,  s.  to  centr.  Me.,  n.  N.  Y., 
Mich.,  111.,  la.,  and  Col.     July-Aug.     FIG. 
576. 

12.  J.    orone'nsis    Fernald.      Similar;    of 
paler  straw-color  throughout  ;    the   inflores- 
cence elongate,  2.5-9  dm.  long,  subdichoto- 
mous,  the  flowers  secund  arid  distinct  along 
the  secund  suberect  branches  ;  capsule  oblong- 
trigonous,  truncate-emarginate,  the  sides  flat 
or  a  little    concave    toward   the  tip,    much 
shorter  than  the  sepals;  seeds  1  mm.  long, 
the   tails  £  as  long  as  the 

body.  —  Thickets,  Me.,  local. 
FIG.  577. 

13.  J.   Grednei  Oakes  & 
Tuckerm.     Stems  rigid  (2-8 
dm.    high)  ;    leaves    nearly 

terete,  very  deeply  channeled  (almost  involute)  on  the  inner 
side  ;  cyme  1-6  cm.  long,  usually  much  shorter  than  the  prin- 
cipal erect  involucral  leaf,  generally  dense,  the  numerous 
flowers  often  one-sided  (4-5  mm.  long)  ;  sepals  lanceolate, 
acute,  light  brown,  appressed  ;  anthers  as  long  as  the  filaments  ; 
style  very  short;  seeds  ovoid  (0.5  mm.  long),  ribbed  and  deli- 
cately cross-lined.  —  Sandy  or  barren  soil,  Me.  to  Vt.  and  N.  J.  ; 
locally  about  the  Great  Lakes.  June-Sept.  FIG.  578. 

*  *  Inflorescence  appearing  lateral  ;  the  involucral  leaf  erect, 
similar  to  and  continuing  the  naked  scape  ;  leaves  wanting. 

14.    J.  balticus  Willd.,  var.  littoralis  Engelm.     Scapes  rigid 
(0.3-1  in.  high)  ;  cymes  loose  or  dense  (1-9  cm.  long)  ;  flowers 
chestnut-brown    with    green  ;    sepals    ovate  -lanceolate,    sharp-pointed,    petals 
obtusish  ;   capsule   ellipsoidal,  rather  triangular,  obtuse   and  mucronate,   deep 
brown  ;  anthers  much  longer  than  the  broad  filaments  ;  style  about  the  length 


576.   J.  Vaseyi. 
Inflorescence  x  %. 
Seed  x  40. 


577.  J.  oronensis. 
Inflorescence  x  %. 
Fruiting  flower  x  3. 


578.  J.  Greenei. 


JUNCACEAE    (RUSH  FAMILY) 


273 


579.  J.  bait.,  v.  lit. 
Inflorescence  x  %. 
Fruiting  flower  x  3. 


of  the  ovary  ;  seeds  rather  large  (about  1  mm.  long),  nearly 
obtuse,  delicately  ribbed  and  cross-lined.  —  Sandy  (mostly 
brackish)  shores,  Nfd.  to  N.  Y.  and  Pa.;  the  Great  Lakes,  and 
westw.  FIG.  579. 

15.  J.  filif6rmis  L.     Scape  very  slender  (1.5-6  dm.  high), 
pliant  ;   cyme  few-flowered,  almost   simple  ;    flowers  3  mm. 
long  ;  sepals  lanceolate,  petals  a  little  shorter  and  less  acute, 
mostly  longer  than    the   obtuse  greenish  capsule  ;   anthers 
shorter  than  the  filaments  ;  style  very  short  ; 

seed  (0.5  mm.  long)  short-pointed  at  both 
ends,  indistinctly  reticulated.  —  Wet  shores 
and  bogs,  Nfd.  to  Sask.,  Pa.,  Mich.,  Rocky 
Mts.,  etc.  June-Aug.  (Eurasia,  Patagonia.) 
FIG.  580. 

16.  J.     effusus    L.     (COMMON    or    SOFT 
RUSH.)      Scape  soft  and  pliant   (3-12   dm. 
high)  ;  inner  sheaths  awned  ;  cyme  diffusely 

much  branched,  many-flowered  ;  prophyllum  below  the  indi- 
vidual flowers  broad-ovate;  flowers  small  (2-2.5  mm.  long), 
greenish  ;  sepals  lanceolate,  very  acute,  as  long  as  the  narrow 
triangular-obovoid  retuse  and  pointless  greenish-brown  capsule  ; 
anthers  as  long  as  the  filaments  ;  style  very  short  ;  seeds  small 
(0.5  mm.  long),  with  short  pale  points.  —  Marshy  ground,  very 
common.  (Cosmop.)  Var.  COMPACTUS  Lejeune  &  Courtois. 
dense,  glomerulate.  —  Less  common,  except  in  N.  S.,  where  abundant. 

17.  L  conglomerates  L.  Similar  to  the  last  ;  scapes  more  rigid  (3-7  dm. 
,  distinctly  sulcate  or  even  costate  below  the  inflorescence  ;  glomerule  1-2 
cm.  in  diameter  ;  prophyllum  lanceolate  ;  flowers  about  3mm. 
long,  brown  or  greenish  ;  sepals  somewhat  exceeding  the 
short-mucronate  capsule  ;  anthers  shorter  than  the  fila- 
ments. (J.  Leersii  Marsson).  —  Ditches,  etc.,  Nfd.  and  N.  S. 
(Eurasia.) 

18.  J.  Smithii  Engelm.  Scape  rather  slender  (6-9  dm. 
high)  ;  cyme  few-flowered,  nearly  simple  ;  sepals  lanceolate, 
acute;  petals  a  little  shorter,  obtusish,  shorter  than  the 
broadly  ovoid  rather  triangular  acute  deep  chestnut-brown 
capsule  ;  anthers  as  long  as  the  filaments  ;  style  short  ;  seeds 
large  (nearly  1  mm.  long),  obtuse,  short-appendaged  at 
both  ends,  many-ribbed  and  reticulated.  (J.  gymnocarpus 
Coville).  —  Sphagnous  swamps  and  wet  woods,  very  local, 
Schuylkill  Co.,  Pa.  ;  Walton  Co.,  Fla.  FIG.  581. 


580.  j.  miforinis. 
inflorescence  x  ^. 
gee(j  x  25. 

Inflorescence 


high)  , 


581.  J.  Smithii. 
Inflorescence  x  %. 
Seed  x  20. 


§  2.    Flowers  eprophyllate,  i.e.  with  only  the  bractlet  at  base  of  the  very  short. 

pedicel. 

*  Leaves  terete,  scape-like,  not  septate. 

19.  J.  Roemerianus  Scheele.     Scape  stout  and  rigid  (0.5-1.5  m.  high),  its 
apex  as  well  as  the  leaves  pungent ;    cyme   compound,  open  and  spreading, 
brown;   3-6  greenish  or  light  brown  flowers   (3-3.5   mm.  long)  in  a  cluster; 
sepals  lanceolate,  sharp-pointed,  longer  than  the  obtusish  petals ;  anthers  much 
longer  than  the  broad  filaments  ;  styles  shorter  than  the  ovary  ;  seeds  (0.7  mm. 
long)  very  delicately  ribbed.  — Brackish  marshes,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

20.  J.  maritimus  Lam.    Resembling  the  last,  but  with  a  rigid  contracted  green 
cyme,  an  ovary  attenuated  into  a  style  of  nearly  its  own  length,  a  greenish  acute 
capsule  which  usually  exceeds  the  acute  sepals,  and  seeds  with  distinct  tails  and 
stronger  ribs,  —  Coney  Island,  N.  Y.     (Widely  distr.) 

*  *  Leaves  nodulose,  i.e.  with  septa  at  regular  intervals. 

21.  J.  asper  Engelm.      Stems  tufted,  erect   (0.4-1   m.  high),  terete,  stout, 
rigid,  and  with  the  rigid  leaves  rough;   cyme  with  rigid   slightly  spreading 

GRAY'S  MANUAL  — 18 


274 


JUNCACEAE    (RUSH    FAMILY) 


J.  asper. 
Part  of  inflorescence  x  %. 
Seed  x  25. 


583.  J.  brachycephalus. 
Part  of  inflorescence  x  %. 
Seed  x  18. 


branches,  bearing  scattered  few(2-6)-flowered  heads ; 
flowers  greenish  with  brown  (4.5  mm.  long)  ;  sepals 
ovate-lanceolate,  awl-pointed,  rigid  and  strongly  nerved, 
shorter  than  the  similar  petals,  these  a  little  shorter 
than  the  triangular-ovoid  beaked  incompletely  3-celled 
brown  capsule  ;  ovary  taper- 
ing into  a  conspicuous  style  ; 
seeds  large,  subcylindric, 
with  white  or  often  reddish 
appendages.  {J.  caesarien- 
sis  Coville).  —  Sphagnous 
swamps,  s.  N.  J.,  very  local. 
Aug.-Sept.  FIG.  582. 

22.  J.  brachycephalus 
(Engelm.)  Buchenau.  Stem 
slender  (2.5-7  dm.  high), 
bearing  numerous  small  3-5- 
flowered  heads  in  a  large 
(0.5-2.5  dm.  long)  spread- 
ing cyme;  flowers  green- 
ish or  light  brown ;  sepals 
shorter  than  the  petals  and 
the  brown  abruptly  short-pointed  capsule.  (J.  canadensis,  var.  Engelm.)  — 

Marshes  and  wet  shores,  n.  Me.  to  Wise.,  s.  to  Ct.,  Pa.,  and 

111.     July-Sept.     FIG.  583. 

23.  J.     brevicaudatus     (Engelm.) 
Fernald.      Stem    slender    (1.5-7    dm. 
high),   bearing  few  deep-brown  3-7- 
flowered  heads  in  a  somewhat  erect 
contracted    cyme   (2.5-15  cm.  long) ; 
flowers  2. 5  mm.  long  ;  sepals  acute,  the 
petals  rarely  obtusish,    much  shorter 
than  the  prismatic  gradually  pointed 
deep-brown  capsule.      (J.  canadensis, 
vars.  brevicaudatus  and  coarctatus  En- 
gelm.) —  Muddy  or  damp  places,  Nfd. 
to  Ont.,  W.  Va.,  and  Minn.    June- 
Sept.     FIG.  584. 

24.  J.    canadensis  J.  Gay.     Stems 
tufted,  stout  and  rigid  (4-12  dm.  high), 
bearing  in  a  decompound   somewhat 
spreading    cyme    the  numerous  5-50- 

flowered  heads  ;  flowers  greenish  or  light  brown  (2.5-3.5  mm.  long)  ;  sepals  and 
petals  awl-pointed,  mostly  shorter  than  the  abruptly  short-pointed  capsule  ;  seeds 
conspicuously  tail-pointed.  —  Marshy  places,  Nfd.  to 
Minn.,  Ga.,  and  La.  Aug. -Oct.  (S.  A.)  FIG.  585. 

Var.  subcaudatus  Engelm.  Stem  slender,  often  decun> 
bent  (3-8  dm.  high),  bearing  in  simpler  spreading  cymes 
fewer  8-20-flowered  heads  ;  flowers  greenish ;  sepals  awl- 
shaped,  but  not  so  rigid  ;  capsule  mostly  tapering ;  seeds 
with  short  white  membranous  appendages.  —  R.  I.  to  Pa. 
and  Ga. — Perhaps  specifically  distinct. 

25.  J.  pelocarpus  Mey.  Stems  slender  (0.5-5  dm. 
high),  bearing  few  thread-like  slightly  knotted  leaves, 
branching  above  into  a  compound  spreading  cyme  ;  flow- 
ers small  (2.5  mm.  long),  greenish  with  red  ;  sepals  and 
petals  oblong,  obtuse,  the  petals  longer,  but  shorter  than 
the  slender  taper-beaked  1 -celled  capsule  ;  style  slender  ; 
seeds  (0.5  mm.  long)  obovoid,  short-pointed.  —  Sandy, 
wet  or  swampy  places,  Nfd.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  Minn.,  and 


34.  J.  brevicaudatus. 
Inflorescence  x  %. 
Seed  x  16. 


585.   J.  canadensis. 
Part  of  inflorescence  x  %. 
Seed  x  18. 


586.  J.  pelocarpus. 
Part  of  inflorescence  x 
Same,  proliferous  x  %. 
Flower  x  8. 


JUNCACEAE    (RUSH    FAMILY) 


275 


587.  J.  subtilis. 
Plant  x  %.    Flower  x  3. 


Ont.    Aug.,  Sept.  —  The  proliferous  plants  are  usually  sterile  and  much  larger, 
with  larger  diffuse  panicles.    FIG.  586. 

26.  J.    subtilis   Mey.      Creeping  or  floating,    capillary,    reddish,    in   water 

becoming  4  or  5  dm.  long,  with  elongate  capil- 
lary leaves,  on  shore  forming  rosettes  (0.5-2  dm. 
broad)  with  a  tuft  of  primary  leaves  (2  or  3  cm. 
long)  and  repent  branches  bearing  small  fasci- 
cles of  small  leaves  and  axillary  or  terminal 
flowers  either  sessile  or  short- 
peduncled  ;  flowers  and  capsule 
much  as  in  preceding,  but  fila- 
ments longer.  (J.  pelocarpus, 
var.  Engelm.)  —  Margins  and 
shores  of  ponds  and  streams, 
Nfd.,  Que.,  and  Me.  Aug.,  Sept.  FIG.  587. 

27.  J.    bulbosus  L.      Similar,    but  with   hardened  bulbous 
bases,  coarser  habit,  several-flowered  glomerules,  sharper  sepals 
and  petals,  and  blunt  capsule.  —  Margins  and  shores  of  ponds, 
streams  or  pools  (generally  floating). — Lab.,  Nfd.,  and  N.  S. 
(Eu.,  n.  Afr.,  Pacific  I.)     FIG.  588. 

28.  J.  militaris  Bigel.     Stem  stout  (3.5-9  dm.  high),  from 
a  thick  creeping  rootstock,  bearing  a  solitary  stout  erect  leaf 
(3-7  dm.  long)  below  the  middle,  which  overtops  the  crowded 

and  rather  contracted  cyme  ;  heads  numerous,  5-12 (rarely  25)-    ™T  BU_8/ 

flowered;   flowers  brownish  (3  mm.  long);    sepals  and  petals    l  x  /3' 

lanceolate,  the  sepals  awl-pointed,  as  long  as  the  nar- 
rowly-ovoid triangular  taper-beaked  1-celled  capsule; 
anthers  longer  than  the  filaments;  ovary  attenuate 
into  a  slender  style ; 
seeds  (0.6  mm.  long) 
globose-obovoid,  ob- 
tuse, abruptly  pointed. 
—  Margins  of  ponds 
and  streams,  N.  S.  to 
n.  N.  Y.  and  Ala. — 
Sometimes  producing, 
in  deep  water,  num- 
berless long  capillary 
submersed  leaves  from 
the  rootstock.  FIG. 
589. 

29.  J.  polyc6phalus 

Michx.     Stout  (0.5-1.2  m.  high),  from  a  stout 
horizontal  rootstock ;  leaves  laterally  flattened 
(3-9  mm.  wide)  ;  cyme  large  (1-3  dm.  long), 
spreading,  bearing  many  distant  heads  (nearly 
1  cm.  in  diameter);  flowers  3.5  mm.  long;  the  subulate  sepals  longer  than  the 
similar  petals  ;    anthers  about  as  long  as  the  filaments.     (J. 
scirpoides,  var.  Engelm) .  —  Swamps,  s.  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 
FIG.   590. 

30.  J.  nodbsus  L.  Stem  erect  (1.6-6  dm.  high),  slender, 
from  a  creeping  thread-like  and  tuber-bearing  rootstock, 
mostly  with  2  or  3  slender  leaves  ;  heads  few  or  several,  rarely 
single,  8-20-flowered  (7-11  mm.  in  diameter),  overtopped  by 
the  involucral  leaf;  sepals  nearly  as  long  as  the  slender 
triangular  taper-pcinted  1-celled  capsule  ;  anthers  oblong, 
shorter  than  the  filaments;  style  very  short;  seeds  (0.5  mm. 
long)  obovoid,  abruptly  mucronate.  —  Swamps  and  gravelly 
banks,  e.  Que.  to  Sask.,  s.  to  Va.,  111.,  and  Neb.  July,  Aug.  591.  J.  nodosus. 
FIG.  691.  Inflorescence  x  %. 


J.  militaris. 
Part  of  inflorescence  x  %. 
Seed  x  18. 


590.  J.  polycephalus. 
Part  of  inflorescence  x  %. 
Seed  x  30. 


276 


JUNCACEAE  (RUSH  FAMILY) 


592.   J.  Torreyi. 
Inflorescence  x  %. 
Fruiting  flower  x  3. 


5.  J.  brachycarpus. 
Inflorescence  x  %. 
Fruiting  flower  x  ;j. 


31.  J.  Torrdyi  Coville.     Similar  to  the  last ;  stem  stouter  (0.4-1  m.  high), 
with  thick  leaves  ;  heads  few  and  large  (1-1.5  cm.  in  diameter),  30-80-flowered  ; 
anthers  linear,  shorter  than   the  filaments.     (J.  nodosus, 
var.  megacephalus  Torr.)  — Low  sandy  soil,  Mass,  to  Sask., 
westw.  and  south w.     July-Oct.     FIG.  592. 

32.  J.  brachycarpus  Engelm.  Stem  erect  (4-9  dm. 
high),  from  a  thick  white  horizontal  rootstock,  bearing 
about  2  leaves  and  2-10  densely  flowered  spherical  heads 
(7-11  mm.  in  diameter)  in  a  slightly 
spreading  crowded  cyme  much  exceed- 
ing the  involucral  leaf ;  flowers  pale  green 
(4  mm.  long)  ;  anthers  much  shorter 
than  the  filaments ;  style  very  short ; 
seeds  (0.3  mm.  long)  abruptly  apiculate. 
—  Damp  light  soil,  Mass,  to  N.  C.  ;  Ont. 
to  Miss,  and  Tex.  June-Aug.  FIG.  593. 

33.  J.    scirpoides    Lam.      Stem   erect  (2.5-9  dm.  high), 
rather  slender,  from  a  thick  horizontal  rootstock,   bearing 
about  2  terete  leaves  with  wide  and  open  sheaths,  and  a  cyme 
of  few  or  many  densely  flowered  pale  green  irregularly  spheri- 

•cal  heads,  much  longer  than  the  involucral  leaf,  its  branches 
erect  and  often  elongated  ;  heads  (6-13  mm.  in  diameter) 
15-40-flowered  ;  flowers  3-4  mm.  long;  sepals  and  petals  rigid, 
awl-shaped  and  (especially  the  sepals)  bristly-pointed,  at 
length  pungent,  as  long  as  the  stamens  and  nearly  equaling 
the  oblong-triangular  taper-pointed  1 -celled  capsule  ;  anthers 
very  small ;  style  elongated  or  very  short ;  seeds  ovoid, 
abruptly  pointed  at  each  end  (0.5  mm.  long.)  — Wet  sandy  soil,  N.  Y.  to  Fla., 
Mo.,  and  Tex.  July-Sept. 

34.  J.  megacephalus  M.  A.  Curtis.     Stouter ;  leaves  terete  ;  branches  of  the 
compact  cyme  short ;   heads  larger,  spherical,  40-80-flowered  ;   flowers  4  mm. 

long;  sepals  and  petals  narrower  and  more  sharply  pointed, 
the  sepals  a  little  longer  than  the  petals ;  stamens  shorter 
and  anthers  longer  than  in  the  preceding,  and  seeds  rather 
smaller  and  more  slender.  (<7.  scirpoides,  var.  echinatus 
Engelm.)  — Va.  (?)  to  Fla. 

35.  J.  acumlnatus  Michx.    Stems  tufted,  erect,  slender 
(3-7  dm.  high),  bearing  about  2  leaves  and  a  very  loose 
spreading  cyme ;  heads  rather  few  and  large  (0.5-1  cm. 
broad),  5-many-flowered,  greenish,  at  length  straw-colored 
or  darker ;  sepals  and  petals  lance-awl- 
shaped,  sharp-pointed,  equal,  as  long  as 

the  ovoid-prismatic  short-pointed  1-celled 
straw-colored  or  light  brown  capsule  ;  an- 
thers a  little  shorter  than  the  filaments; 
style  almost  none;  seeds  small  (0.3-0.4 
mm.  long),  acute  at  both  ends,  ribbed  and 
reticulated. — N.  E.  to  Ga.,  Minn.,  and 
Tex.  May-Aug.  —  Heads  often  prolifer- 
ous in  autumn.  (Mex.)  FIG.  594. 

36.  J.  dSbilis   Gray.     Stems  slender 
(2-8 dm. long),  flaccid,  erect,  decumbent, 

or  even  rooting  at  the  nodes ;  heads  green,  2-7-flowered,  in  a 
loose  cyme  (0.5-2.5  dm.  long)  ;  flowers  small  (2.5  mm.  long);      595.  j.  debilis. 
capsule  oblong-prismatic,  short-mucronate.  (J.  acuminatus,  var.  inflorescence  x  %. 
Engelm.)  —  Wet  sandy  soil,  R.  I.  to  Mo.,  and  southw.     May-  Fruiting  flower  x  3. 
Aug.     FIG.  595. 

37.  J.  diffusissimus  Buckley.  Slender  and  erect  (2. 5-6  dm.  high)  ;  heads  very 
numerous,  2-7-flowered,  in  a  very  diffuse  and  loosely  dichotomous  cyme  (1-2.5 
dm.  long),  the  branches  suberect ;  flowers  greenish  or  pale  brown,  3  mm.  long,  the 


594.   J.  acuminatus. 
Inflorescence  x  %. 
Fruiting  flower  x  3. 
Seed  x  25. 


JUNCACEAE  (RUSH  FAMILY) 


277 


596.  J.  diffusissimus. 
Part  of  inflorescence  x  %. 


J.  robustus. 
Part  of  inflorescence 


linear-subulate  sepals  and  petals  subequal ;  capsule  linear- 
prismatic.  —  Ind.  to  Ga.  and  Tex.     June,  July.     FIG.  596. 

38.  J.  robustus  (Engelm.)  Coville.      Stem  stout,  tall 
(0.5-1.2  m.),    bearing   2   or  3   long 

erect  distinctly  septate  leaves,  numer- 
ous 5-8-flowered  light  brown  heads 
in  a  large  much  branched  cyme  (1-3 
dm.  long)  ;  ovoid-prismatic  capsules 
scarcely  longer  than  the  sepals  ;  seeds 
fusiform-ovoid.  (J.  acuminatus,  var. 
Engelm.)  —  Deep  swamps,  111.  to  La. 
and  Tex.  June,  July.  FIG.  597. 

39.  J.   alpinus  Vill.      Stem  erect 
or  slightly   decumbent  (0.5-3.5  dm. 
high),  from  a  creeping  rootstock,  with 
1  or  2  slender  erect  leaves ;    cyme 
meager  (1-15  cm.  long),  with  erect 

branches  bearing  distant  dark-brown  heads,  each  of  3-10      _  x  %I 

flowers  (2-2.5  mm.   long)  and  usually  with  one  or  more 

flowers  elevated  on  slender  pedicels  ;  sepals  oblong,  obtuse, 
inucronate  or  cuspidate  and  usually  longer  than  the  rounded 
oblong  petals,  as  long  as  or  shorter  than  the  obtuse  short- 
pointed  incompletely  3-celled  castaneous  capsule ;  anthers  as 
long  as  the  filaments ;  style  short ;  seeds  (0.5  mm.  in  length) 
spindle-shaped.  —  Wet  shores  and  marshes,  Arctic  Am.,  s.  to 
Nfd.,  N.  B.,  n.  Me.,  n.  Vt.,  Oneida  Co.,  N.  Y.  (Haberer}, 
and  L.  Superior.  July,  Aug.  (Eurasia.)  FIG.  598. 

Var.  insignis  Fries.  Similar,  usually  taller  (sometimes 
6  dm.  high)  ;  the  flowers  greenish  or  straw-color  ;  the  capsule 
pale  brown.  (J.  Eichardsonianus  Schultes.)  —  Sandy  shores, 
etc.,  e.  Que.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to 
centr.  Me.,  Pa.,  O.,  Ind., 
111.,  etc.  (Eurasia.) 

Var.  fuscSscens  Fer- 
nald.  Branches  spreading- 
ascending ;  glomerules  com- 
pactly and  regularly  flow- 
ered, only  exceptionally 
with  any  of  the  greenish  or 
straw-colored  flowers  raised 

on  elongate  pedicels.  —  Vt.  to  B.  C.  and  Mo. 
40.  J.  articulatus  L.     Stems  (1.5-6  dm. 

high),  tufted  from  a  short  creeping  rootstock, 

with  1-3  slender  leaves;  cyme  short  (2-9  cm. 

long),  spreading,  the  crowded  heads  3-10- 

flowered  ;  flowers  brown  (2.5-3  mm.  long) ; 

petals  a  little  longer  than  the  sepals,  shorter 

than  the  slender-conic  incompletely  8-celled 

deep  chestnut-brown  shining  capsule ;  anthers 

as  long  as  the  filaments  ;  ovary  attenuate  into 

a  short  style  ;  seeds  (0.5  mm.  long)  obovoid, 

attenuate  below,  abruptly  pointed  above. — 

Wet  grounds,  Nfd.  to  N.  J.,  Out.,  and  Mich. 


598.  J.  alpinus. 
Inflorescence  x  %. 
Fruiting  flower  x  3. 


J.  articulatus. 
Inflorescence  x  %.     Fruiting  flower  x  8. 

July,  Aug.    (Eurasia.)    FIG.  599. 


Var.  obtusatus  Engelm.  Inflorescence  pale,  usually  larger  (sometimes  1.5 
dm.  long),  the  green  flowers  smaller,  the  abruptly  mucronate  pale  capsule 
shorter  and  duller.  — Me.  to  N.  J.  and  Vt.,  oftenest  in  brackish  soil. 

*  *  *  Leaves  flat  and  grass-like  or  filiform,  not  septate. 

41.  J.  stygius  L.  Stems  (1-3  dm.  high)  from  slender  branching  rootstocks, 
1-3-leaved  below,  naked  above,  the  leaves  filiform ;  heads  1-4,  of  1-4  flowers, 


278 


JtJNCACEAE   (RUSH  FAMILY) 


600.  J.  repens. 
Inflorescence  x 


about  the  length  of  the  sheathing  scarious  awl-pointed  bract ;  flowers  pale  and 
reddish  (3-4  mm.  long)  ;  sepals  lanceolate,  acute;  petals  obtusish,  f  the  length 
of  the  trigonous-ovoid  acute  or  acuminate  pale  capsule  (5-0  mm.  long),  as  long 
as  the  slender  stamens  ;  filaments  many  times  longer  than  the  oblong  anthers  ; 
recurved  stigmas  shorter  than  the  style  ;  seeds  oblong,  with  a  very  loose  coat 
prolonged  at  both  ends  (2-2.5  mm.  long).  — Eurasia. 

Var.  americanus  Buchenau.      Often  taller  (1-4.5  dm.  high)  ;  heads  1  or  2; 
flowers  larger   (4.5-5.5   mm.    long);    the  distinctly  mucronate-tipped   capsule 
longer  (6-9  mm.  long)  ;  seeds  3-4  mm.  long.  —  Peat-bogs,  Lab. 
and  Nfd.  to  Ont.,  s.  to  N.  S.,  Me.,  N.  Y.,  Mich.,  and  Minn.,  very 
local.    July,  Aug.     (E.  Prussia.) 

42.  J.  repens  Michx.  Stems  ascending  (0.5-2  dm.  high) 
from  a  fibrous  annual  root,  at  length  creeping  or  floating  ; 
leaves  short,  linear,  those  of  the  stem  nearly  opposite  and 
fascicled;  heads  few  in  a  loose  leafy  cyme,  3-12-flowered  ; 
flowers  green  (0.5-1  cm.  long)  ;  sepals  and  petals  rigid,  lance- 
subulate,  sepals  as  long  as  the  linear  triangular  obtuse  capsule, 
the  petals  much  longer ;  stamens  as  long  as  the  sepals ;  fila- 
ments much  longer  than  the  oblong  anthers;  seeds  obovoid, 
slightly  pointed,  very  delicately  ribbed  and  cross-lined.  —  Miry 
banks  and  ditches,  Del.  to  Fla.  and  La.  June-Oct.  FIG.  600. 
43.  J.  marginatus  Rostk.  Stem  erect,  from  a  bulbous  and  stoloniferous 
base  (2-7  dm.  high)  ;  leaves  linear ;  heads  3-12-flowered,  in  simple  or  compound 
cymes  ;  flowers  purplish  and  green  (3.5  mm.  long)  ;  sepals  and 
petals  oblong,  the  sepals  acute  and  slightly  awned,  petals  longer, 
mostly  obtuse,  as  long  as  the  subglobose  scarcely  mucronate  cap- 
sule ;  stamens  shorter  than  the  sepals,  early  shriveling  ;  anthers 
shorter  than  the  filaments;  style  very  short;  seeds  (about  0.5 
mm.  long)  slender,  pointed  at  both  ends  and  strongly  ribbed,  — 
Moist  sandy  places,  Me.  to  Ont.,  Neb.,  and 
southw.  July-Sept.  FIG.  601. 

Var.  set6sus  Coville.  Similar  to  the  species, 
but  with  lance-attenuate  aristate  petals.  — 
Kan.  to  La.  and  Tex. 

44.  J.  aristulatus  Michx.  Coarser  (0.4-1  m. 
high);  the  larger  inflorescence  (0.5-2  dm.  high) 
with  abundant  2-5-flowered  brown  heads  ;  stamens  equaling  or 
exceeding  the  sepals,  persistent  and  usually  exserted  in  fruit.  (J.  marginatus,  var. 
biflorus  Engelm.)  —  Wet  sandy  barrens,  Mass,  to  Mich.,  and  southw.,  mostly  near 
the  coast.  FIG.  602. 

2.    LtTZULA  DC.     WOOD   RUSH 

Capsule  1-celled,  3-seeded,  1  seed  to  each  parietal  placenta.  — Perennials, 
often  hairy,  usually  in  dry  ground,  with  flat  and  soft  usually  hairy  leaves,  and 
spiked,  crowded,  or  umbeled  flowers.  (From  Gramen  Luzulae,  or  Luxulae, 
diminutive  of  lux,  light,  —  a  name  given  to  one  of  the  species  from  its  shining 
with  dew.)  JUNCOIDES  [Dill.]  Adans.  JUNCODES  Ktze. 

a.  Flowers  solitary  at  the  tips  of  the  ultimate  branches  of  the  inflorescence. 

Inflorescence  an  umbel,  the  filiform  peduncles  l(rarely  2)-flowered ;  flow- 
ers 3-4.5  mm.  long 1.  L. 

Inflorescence  a  loose  decompound  cyme  ;  flowers  2  mm.  long      .        .        .    2.  L. 
a.   Flowers  crowded  in  spikes  or  glomerules   b. 

&.   Flowers  white 3.  L, 

&.   Flowers  brown  or  straw-colored  (rarely  green  in  shade)  c. 

c.  Flowers  in  dense  nodding  spike-like  panicle 5.  L. 

c.   Flowers  in  mostly  peduncled  glomerules  d. 
<L.  Leaves  flat,  with  blunt  callous  tips  ;  bracts  at  base  of  the  flowers  entire 
or  merely  lacerate. 

Flowers  castancous (6)  L.  campestris,  v.frigida. 

Flowers  ferruginous,  pale  brown  or  yellowish. 

Eays  all  strongly  ascending 6.  L.  campestris,  v. 

Eays  (or  some  of  them)  strongly  divergent       .        .      (6)  L.  campestris, 
d.  Leaves  with  involute  subulate  tips ;  bracts  at  base  of  flowers  ciliate- 

fimbriate 4.  L.  cortfusa. 


602.  J.  aristulatus. 
Fruiting  flower  x  3. 


601.  J.  marginatus. 
Inflorescence  x  %. 
Fruiting  flower  x3. 


saltuensis. 
parmflora. 

nemorosa. 
spicata. 


miMifiora. 
v.  bulbosa. 


LILIACEAE  (LILY  FAMILY)  279 

1.  L.  saltulnsis  Fernald.    Plant  loosely  caespitose,  often  stoloniferous,  1-4 
dm.  high  ;  leaves  lance-linear,  hairy,  the  basal  0.5-1  cm.  wide ;  umbel  mostly 
simple,  the  peduncles  loosely  ascending  or  spreading ;  sepals  and  petals  broadly 
lanceolate,  pale  brown  or  straw-colored,  with  hyaline  margins,  shorter  than  the 
conic-ovoid  pointed  capsule  ;  seeds  with  a  long  curved  appendage.     (L.  vernalis 
Man.  ed.  6,  not  DC. ;  J.  pilosum  Coville,  not  Ktze.)  —  Woods  and  banks,  Nfd.  to 
Sask.,  N.  Y.,  Mich.,  and  Minn.,  and  in  the  mts.  to  Ga.    Apr.,  May.     (E.  Asia.) 

2.  L.   parvifl&ra  (Ehrh.)   Desv.      Nearly  smooth    (1.5-9  dm.  high);    leaves 
broadly  linear,  the  basal  7-13  mm.  wide;  corymb  decompound,  loose ;  pedicels 
drooping ;  sepals  pointed,  straw-color,  about  the  length  of  the  minutely  pointed 
and  brown  (tardily  black)  capsule  ;  seeds  not  appendaged.     (L.  spadicea,  var. 
melanocarpa  Mey.) — Low  woods  and  mountain  slopes,   Lab.  to  Alaska.,  s.  to 
N.  B.,  Me.,  White  Mts.,  w.  Mass.,  n.  N.  Y.,  Great  Lakes  ;  and  in  the  Kooky  Mts. 
June,  July.     (Eurasia.) 

3.  L.  NBMOR6SA    (Poll.)   Mey.     Loosely  caespitose  (4-8  dm.  high);  leaves 
long,  linear,  erect,  more  or  less  hairy,  the  basal  3-5  mm.  wide ;  inflorescence 
diffusely  corymbiform,  3-15  cm.  long,  the  ultimate  branchlets  terminated  by 
3-8-flowered  glouierules  ;   sepals  and  petals  lanceolate,  acute,  the  sepals  dis- 
tinctly shorter,  about  equaled  by  the  apiculate-beaked  trigonous-ovoid  dark 
capsule.  —  Open  woods,  Riverdale,  N.  Y.  ;  Niagara  Falls,  Out.      June,  July. 
(Introd.  from  Eu.) 

4.  L.  confusa  Lindeberg.     Caespitose  (0.5-3  dm.  high);  leaves  linear,  chan- 
neled ;  spikes  1-5,  on  unequal  ascending  or  rarely  recurved  peduncles,  ovoid, 
chestnut-brown,  the  largest  5-8  mm.  thick ;  sepals  taper-pointed,  longer  than 
the  obtuse  capsule ;  seeds  not  appendaged.     (L.  arcuata  Man.  ed.  6,  not  Mey.  ; 
L.  hyperborea  R.  Br.,  in  part.) — Alpine  summits,  Me.,  N.  H.,  and  far  north  w. 
July,  Aug.     (Eurasia.) 

5.  L.  spicata  (L.)  DC.     Densely  caespitose  (1-5  dm.  high) ;  leaves  channeled, 
narrowly  linear  ;  flowers  in  sessile  clusters,  forming  an  interrupted  spiked  pan- 
icle, brown  ;  sepals  bristle-pointed,  scarcely  as  long  as  the  abruptly  short-pointed 
capsule  ;   seeds  merely  with  a  roundish  projection  at  base.  —  Alpine  regions, 
N.  E.  and  n.  N.  Y.,  and  far  northw.    June-Aug.     (Eurasia.) 

6.  L.  campSstris  (L.)  DC.    Loosely  caespitose  and  strongly  stoloniferous 
(0.5-2 dm.  high);  leaves  linear,  flat,  hairy;  spikes  2-6,  globose  (6-7  mm.  thick), 
irregularly  umbeled,  1  or  2  subsessile,  the  others  on  wide-spreading  or  decurved 
peduncles ;  flowers  castaneous,  3  mm.  long ;  sepals  bristle-pointed,  longer  than 
the  obtuse  capsule  ;   seeds  with  a  conical  appendage  at  base.  —  Eurasia. 

Var.  multiflbra  (Ehrh.)  (5elak.  Densely  caespitose  (1.5-6  dm.  high);  spikes 
3-12,  subglobose  or  subcylindric  (5-6  mm.  thick),  mostly  on  ascending  or  erect 
simple  or  slightly  forked  peduncles  (sometimes  congested) ;  the  ferruginous  or 
pale  brown  (rarely  green)  calyx  2.5-3  mm.  long,  often  equaled  by  the  capsule. 
{L.  campestris  Am.  auth.,  not  DC.) — Fields,  meadows,  and  open  woods,  very 
common,  Nfd.  to  the  Pacific,  s.  to  Pa.,  Great  Lakes,  etc.  Apr.-July.  (Eur- 
asia.) 

Var.  frigida  Buchenau.  Similar  to  var.  multiflora,  but  with  the  subglobose 
short-peduncled  heads  castaneous  or  nearly  black.  —  Lab.  and  Nfd.  to  N.  B.  and 
Me.  (N.  Eu.) 

Var.  bulbbsa  A.  Wood.  Somewhat  resembling  var.  multiflora,  but  with  some 
or  all  of  the  rays  divergent,  and  the  base  sometimes  but  not  always  producing 
small  bulblets.  (Juncoides  Small.)  — Woods,  generally  near  streams,  D.  C.  to 
Ind.,  Kan.,  and  southw. 

LILIACEAE   (LILT  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  or  rarely  woody  plants,  with  regular  and  symmetrical  almost  always 
6-androus  flowers ;  the  perianth  not  glumaceous,  free  from  the  chiefly  3-celled 
ovary;  the  stamens  1  before  each  of  its  divisions  or  lobes  (i.e.  6,  in  one  in- 
stance 4),  with  2-celled  anthers;  fruit  a  few-many-seeded  pod  or  berry ;  the 
small  embryo  inclosed  in  copious  albumen.  Seeds  anatropous  or  amphitropous 


280  LILIACEAE    (LILY   FAMILY) 

(orthotropous  in  Smilax).  Flowers  not  from  a  spathe,  except  in  Allium  ;  the 
outer  and  inner  ranks  of  the  perianth  colored  alike  (or  nearly  so)  and  generally 
similar,  except  in  Trillium. 

Tribe  I.  NARTHEClEAE.  Flowers  perfect,  small,  spicate-raceinose.  Perianth  of  6  distinct  seg- 
ments. Style  none;  stigma  small,  slightly  lobed  or  undivided.  Fruit  a  loculicidal  capsule. 

1.  Narthecium.     Filaments  woolly.     Perianth-segments  linear-lanceolate,  yellowish.    Capsule 

short-cylindric,  attenuate,  many-seeded. 

Tribe  II.  HELONiEAE.  Flowers  (small)  perfect  or  dioecious,  racemo-epicate.  Perianth  of  6 
distinct  segments.  Styles  3,  distinct.  Fruit  a  loculicidal  capsule. 

2.  Xerophyllum.     Flowers  perfect.     Seeds  2  in  each  cell. 

3.  Helonias.     Flowers  perfect.     Seeds  many  in  each  cell,  linear  and  with  a  tapering  appendage 

at  each  end. 

4.  Chamaelirium.    Flowers  dioecious.    Seeds  numerous,  somewhat  wing-appendaged  at  the 

ends. 

Tribe  III.  VERATREAE.  Flowers  perfect  or  polygamously  monoecious.  Perianth  of  6  nearly 
or  quite  distinct  segments.  Styles  3,  distinct.  Fruit  a  septicidal  capsule. 

5.  Tofieldia.     Flowers  perfect.     Anthers  2-celled.    Leaves  2-ranked,  equitant. 

6.  Amianthium.     Flowers  perfect.      Anthers   confluently    1-celled.      Leaves    several-ranked. 

Perianth-segments  glandless. 

7.  Stenanthium.    Flowers  polygamous.     Perianth-segments  lanceolate,  acuminate,  glandless. 

Stem  from  a  bulbous  base. 

8.  Zygadenus.     Flowers   perfect    or  monoecious.     Leaves    several-ranked,   linear.     Perianth- 

segments  glandular  at  the  base,  ovate  or  oblong.    Stem  glabrous. 

9.  Melanthium.    Flowers  polygamo-monoecious.    Stem  pubescent  above,  from  a  running  root- 

stock.     Perianth-segments  free  from  the  ovary,  their  long  claws  adnate  to  the  filaments. 

10.  Veratrum.     Flowers  polygamo-monoecious.     Stem  pubescent  above,  from  a  running  root- 

stock.     Perianth-segments  without  claws,  slightly  adnate  to  the  ovary. 

Tribe.  IV.  UVULARlEAE.  Flowers  perfect.  Perianth-segments  distinct.  Style  3-cleft  to  below 
the  middle.  Fruit  a  loculicidal  capsule.  Flowers  terminal  or  axillary.  Stem  leafy. 

11.  Uvularia.    Stem  terete.     Leaves  perfoliate.     Flowers  terminal.     Capsule  truncate,  3-lobed. 

12.  Oakesia.     Stem  angled.    Leaves  sessile  but  not  perfoliate.    Flowers  appearing  opposite  the 

leaves.    Capsule  rounded  or  more  or  less  pointed  at  the  summit,  acutely  3-winged. 

Tribe  V.  ALLlEAE.  Flowers  perfect,  umbellate.  Perianth-segments  6,  nearly  or  quite  distinct, 
1-nerved.  Style  single,  long ;  stigma  uncleft,  or  only  slightly  3-lobed.  Fruit  a  loculicidal 
capsule.  Seeds  few  (1-7)  in  each  cell. 

13.  Allium.    Seeds  1-2  in  each  cell.     Plants  with  a  strong  odor. 

14.  Nothoscordum.     Seeds  several  in  each  cell.     Plants  without  strong  odor. 

Tribe  VI.  HEMEROCALLfDEAE.  Flowers  perfect.  Perianth-segments  united  below  the  middle 
into  a  funnel-shaped  tube,  not  conspicuously  roughened.  Style  single,  long,  declined,  not 
cleft.  Fruit  a  loculicidal  capsule. 

15.  Hemerocallis.    Flowers  large.    Perianth  yellow  or  brownish-red. 

Tribe  VII.  LII/lEAE.  Flowers  perfect.  Perianth-segments  distinct,  petaloid.  Style  single, 
elongated,  uncleft.  Fruit  a  loculicidal  capsule.  Seeds  numerous  in  each  cell.  Stem  from  a 
scaly  bulb  or  from  a  corm. 

16.  Lilium.     Stem  leafy,  from  a  scaly  bulb.    Seeds  flattened. 

17.  Erythronium.    Stem  a  scape  from  a  solid  bulb.    Leaves  2,  basal.    Seeds  obovoid. 

Tribe  VIII.  SCfl/LEAE.  Flowers  perfect.  Perianth-segments  distinct  and  3-several-nerved,  or 
united  into  an  urceolate  short-toothed  tube,  not  roughened  externally.  Style  single,  slender, 
uncleft.  Fruit  a  loculicidal  capsule.  Stem  scapose  from  a  tunicate  bulb. 

18.  Camassia.      Flowers   light  blue,  long-racemose.      Filaments   filiform.     Perianth-segments 

distinct. 

19.  Ornithogalum.     Flowers  greenish-white,  subcorymbose.    Filaments  dilated.    Perianth-seg- 

ments distinct. 

20.  Muscari.     Flowers  blue.     Perianth  gamophyllous,  globose-urceolate  ;  limb  short-toothed, 


LILIACEAE  (LILY  FAMILY)  281 

Tribe  IX.  YtJCCEAE.  Flowers  perfect,  racemo-paniculate.  Perianth  campanulate  ;  its  segments 
(large)  distinct  or  somewhat  connate  near  the  base.  Fleshy  3-lobed  stigmatophore  nearly  or 
quite  sessile.  Fruit  a  loculicidal  capsule.  Cells  many-seeded. 

21.  Yucca.    Leaves  sword-shaped,  rigid. 

Tribe  X.  POLYGONATEAE.  Flowers  perfect.  Style  single,  entire  or  shortly  3-cleft  at  the 
summit.  Fruit  a  berry. 

*  Proper  leaves  reduced  to  scarious  scales,  the  apparent  (phyllodial)  leaves  filiform. 

22.  Asparagus.     Stem  excessively  branched.    Flowers  small,  axillary. 

*  *  Leaves  neither  scale-like  nor  filiform. 
•*-  Perianth-segments  distinct. 

23.  Clintonia.    Scapose.    Flowers  umbellate  or  subumbellate. 

24.  Smilacina.    Leafy-stemmed.    Flowers  6-parted,  racemose  or  paniculate. 

25.  Maianthemum.    Low ;  stem  1-8-leaved.     Flowers  4-parted. 

26.  Disporum.    Leafy-stemmed.    Flowers  few  in  terminal  umbels. 
2T.   Streptopus.     Leafy-stemmed.    Flowers  axillary  on  bent  pedicels. 

•j-  +-  Perianth-segments  connate. 

28.  Polygonatum.     Stem  leafy.     Peduncles  axillary,  1-8-flowered.     Perianth  cylindrical. 

29.  Convallaria.     Leaves  sheathing  the  scape.     Flowers  racemose.     Perianth  bell-shaped. 

Tribe  XI.  PARfDEAE.  Flowers  perfect.  Perianth-segments  distinct.  Style-branches  distinct. 
Fruit  a  berry.  Cauline  leaves  whorled. 

30.  Medeola.     Cauline  leaves  in  2  whorls.     Flowers  umbellate.    Styles  filiform. 

81.  Trillium.    Cauline  leaves  3  in  a  single  whorl.    Styles  short,   thick,  the  stigmatic  surface 
irregular. 

Tribe  XII.  ALETREAE.  Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  (small,  white  or  yellow)  gamophyllous, 
conspicuously  roughened.  Style  single,  slightly  cleft  at  the  summit.  Ovary  partly  inferior. 
Fruit  a  loculicidal  many-seeded  capsule. 

32.  Aletria.    Scapose.    Flowers  in  a  spicate  raceme. 

Tribe  XIII.  SMILACEAE.  Flowers  dioecious,  umbellate.  Fruit  baccate.  Leaves  net-veined. 
Tendrils  usually  present. 

33.  Smilax.    Perianth-segments  distinct,  deciduous,  small,  greenish  or  yellowish. 

ARTIFICIAL  KEY  TO  GENERA 

a.   Flowers  dioecious. 

Inflorescence  umbellate  ;  fruit  a  berry 88.  SMILAX. 

Inflorescence  a  spicate  raceme  ;  fruit  a  pod 4.  CHAMAELIRIUM. 

a.   Flowers  perfect  or  monoecious  &. 

&.   Perianth  gamophyllous,   urceolate    or   campanulate,  with  a  shortly 
toothed  limb. 

Stem  leafy ;  leaves  ovate,  oblong,  or  lanceolate 28.  POLYGONATUM. 

Stem  scapoid,  leafy  only  at  the  base. 

Leaves  oblong  ;  perianth  white 29.   CONVALLARIA. 

Leaves  very  narrow,  lanceolate  to  linear  or  terete. 

Perianth  smooth,  blue 20.  MUSCARI. 

Perianth  roughened,  white  or  yellow 32.   ALETRIS. 

&.  Perianth  cleft  at  least  to  the  middle  or  divided  to  the  base  c. 
c.   Fruit  a  berry   d. 
d.   Cauline  leaves  whorled. 

Cauline  leaves  3,  in  a  single  involucre-like  whorl  .        .       .        .81.  TRILLIUM. 
Cauline  leaves  in  2  whorls 80.   MEDEOLA. 

d.  Cauline  leaves  alternate  or  none. 

Leaves  all  basal 23.  CLINTONIA. 

Leafy-stemmed. 

Eeal  leaves  scale-like ;  apparent  leaves  filiform  .        .       .       .22.  ASPARAGUS. 
Leaves  foliaceous,  never  filiform. 

Flowers  4-parted 25.   MAIANTHEMUM. 

Flowers  6-parted. 

Flowers  racemose  or  paniculate 24.   SMILACINA. 

Flowers  umbellate 26.   DISPORUM. 

Flowers  axillary,  solitary  or  in  pairs 27.  STREPTOPUS. 

0.   Fruit  a  capsule  e. 

e.  Style  none  or  very  short  and  fleshy.    (See  also  Tulipa,  p.  289) 

Flowers  small ;  leaves  distichous 1.   NARTHECIUM. 

Flowers  large  ;  leaves  several-many-ranked  .        ,        .        .        .21.   YUCCA, 


282  LILIACEAE  (LILY  FAMILY) 

e.   Style  or  styles  filiform  / 

/.  Style  single,  entire  or  more  or  less  deeply  parted  g. 
g.   Style  8-parted  to  below  the  middle. 

Leaves  perfpliate 11.   UVITLARIA. 

Leaves  sessile,  not  perfoliate 12.  CUKESIA. 

g.   Style  entire  or  slightly  3-lobed  at  the  summit  h. 

h.   Stem  rhizomatose  at  the  base 15.   HEMEROCALLIS. 

Ji.  Stem  bulbous  at  the  base  i. 

i.   Bulb  solid  (a  corm) ;  leaves  2,  basal 17.   ERYTHRONIUM. 

i.   Bulb  scaly  ;  stem  leafy 16.   LILIUM. 

*.  Bulb  tunicate. 

Perianth-segments  1-nerved. 

Herbage  with  the  odor  of  onion 13.   ALLIITM. 

Herbage  without  strong  odor 14.  NoTnoacoRDUM, 

Perianth-segments  3-several-nerved. 

Perianth  blue  ;  filaments  thread-like     .        .        .        .18.   CAMASSIA. 
Perianth  greenish-white ;  filaments  broad    .        .        .19.   ORNITIIOGALITM. 
/.   Styles  3,  distinct  to  the  base  j. 
j.  Stigmas  linear. 

Perianth-segments  purplish  ;  seeds  many  in  each  cell .        .      3.  HELONIAS. 
Perianth-segments  white ;  seeds  2  in  each  cell      ...      2.  XEROPHYLLUM. 
j.   Stigmas  terminal. 

Anthers  2-celled 5.  TOFIELDIA. 

Anthers  confidently  1-celled. 
Stem  pubescent. 

Perianth-segments  clawed 9.   MELANTHITTM. 

Perianth-segments  essentially  sessile      .        .        .        .10.  VERATRUM. 
Stem  glabrous. 

Perianth-segments  glandular  near  the  base     ...      8.  ZYGADENUS. 
Perianth-segments  not  glandular. 

Flowers  polygamous 7.   STENANTHIUM. 

Flowers  perfect 6.   AMIANTHIUM. 

1.   NARTHECIUM    [Mohring]  Juss.     BOG  ASPHODEL 

Sepals  6,  linear-lanceolate,  yellowish,  persistent.  Anthers  linear,  introrse. 
Seeds  ascending,  appendaged  at  each  end  with  a  long  bristle-form  tail.  —  Root- 
stock  creeping,  bearing  linear  equitant  leaves,  and  a  simple  stem  or  scape  termi- 
nated by  a  simple  dense  bracteate  raceme ;  pedicels  bearing  a  linear  bractlet. 
(Name  an  anagram  of  Anthericum,  from  d^pt/cos,  supposed  to  have  been  the 
Asphodel.) 

1.  N.  americ^num  Ker.  Stem  2.5-4  dm.  high;  leaves  0.7-1.5  mm.  wide, 
7-9-nerved ;  raceme  dense  (2-5  cm.  long)  ;  perianth-segments  narrowly  linear 
(4-5  mm.  long) ,  scarcely  exceeding  the  stamens.  (Abama  Morong. )  —  Sandy 
bogs,  pine-barrens  of  N.  J.  June,  July. 

2.    XEROPHYLLUM  Michx. 

Perianth  widely  spreading ;  sepals  petal-like  (white) ,  oval,  distinct,  without 
glands  or  claws,  5-7-nerved,  at  length  withering,  about  the  length  of  the  awl- 
shaped  filaments.  Anthers  2-celled,  short,  extrorse.  Styles  thread-like,  stig- 
matic  down  the  inner  side,  persistent.  Capsule  globular,  3-lobed,  obtuse  (small). 
Seeds  collateral,  3-angled,  not  margined.  —  Herb  with  the  stem  simple,  from  a 
thick  tuberous  rootstock,  bearing  a  simple  dense  bracteate  raceme  of  showy 
flowers,  and  thickly  beset  with  needle-shaped  leaves,  the  upper  reduced  to 
bristle-like  bracts ;  those  from  the  root  in  a  dense  tuft,  reclined,  rough  on  the 
margin,  dry  and  rigid.  (Name  from  ^p6s,  arid,  and  0i;XXoi>,  leaf.) 

1.  X.  asphodeloides  (L.)  Nutt.  Stem  3-12  dm.  high.  (X.  setifolium  Michx.) 
—  Pine-barrens,  N.  J.  to  e.  Tenn.,  and  Fla.  June. 

3.   HEL6NIAS  L. 

Perianth  of  6  spatulate-oblong  purple  segments,  persistent,  several-nerved, 
glandless,  turning  green,  shorter  than  the  thread-like  filaments.  Anthers 
2-celled,  roundish-oval,  blue,  extrorse.  Styles  revolute,  stigmatic  down  the 
inner  side,  deciduous.  Capsule  obcordately  3-lobed,  loculicidally  3-valved  ;  the 
valves  divergently  2-lobed. — A  smooth  perennial,  with  many  oblong- spatulate 


LILIACEAE  (LILY  FAMILY)  288 

or  oblanceolate  evergreen  flat  leaves,  from  a  tuberous  rootstock,  producing  in 
early  spring  a  stout  hollow  sparsely  bracteate  scape  (3-6  dm.  high),  sheathed  with 
broad  bracts  at  the  base,  and  terminated  by  a  simple  and  short  dense  raceme. 
Bracts  obsolete  ;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  flowers.  (Name  probably  from  2Xos, 
a  swamp,  the  place  of  growth.) 

1.   H.  bullata  L.  — Wet  places,  s.  N.  Y.,  and  e.  Pa.  to  Va.,  rare  and  local. 

4.  CHAMAELIRIUM  Willd.     DEVIL'S  BIT 

Perianth  of  6  spatulate-linear  (white)  spreading  1-nerved  sepals,  withering- 
presistent.  Filaments  and  (white)  anthers,  as  in  Helonias ;  fertile  flowers 
with  rudimentary  stamens.  Styles  linear-club-shaped,  stigmatic  along  the  inner 
side.  Capsule  ellipsoid,  not  lobed,  of  a  thin  texture,  loculicidally  3-valved 
from  the  apex.  Seeds  linear-oblong.  —  Smooth  herb,  with  a  wand-like  stem 
from  a  (bitter)  thick  and  abrupt  tuberous  rootstock,  terminated  by  a  wand- 
like  spiked  raceme  (1-3  dm.  long)  of  small  bractless  flowers ;  fertile  plant  more 
leafy  than  the  staminate.  Leaves  flat,  lanceolate,  the  lowest  spatulate,  tapering 
into  a  petiole.  (Name  formed  of  xajwU,  on  the  ground,  and  \elpiov,  lily,  the 
genus  having  been  founded  on  a  dwarf  undeveloped  specimen.) 

1.  C.  liiteum  (L.)  Gray.     (BLAZING  STAR.)     Stem  3-12  dm.  high  ;  fruiting 
pedicels  1-5  mm.  long ;  capsule  7-10  mm.  long.     (C.  carolinianum  Willd.)  — 
Low  grounds,  w.  Mass,  to  Fla.,  w.  to  Mich.,  Neb.,  and  Ark.    June. 

2.  C.  obovale  Small.     Similar;  flowers  larger  ;  fruiting  pedicels  about  equal- 
ing the  larger  (12-14  mm.  long}  capsules.  —  Woods,  N.  Y.,  N.  J.;  and  in  the 
mts.  from  W.  Va.  to  N.  C.  and  Ala.  —  Species  not  seen. 

5.  TOFIELDIA  Huds.     FALSE  ASPHODEL 

Perianth  more  or  less  spreading,  persistent ;  the  sepals  (white  or  greenish) 
concave,  oblong  or  obovate,  without  claws,  3-nerved.  Filaments  awl-shaped  ; 
anthers  short,  innate  or  somewhat  introrse,  2-celled.  Styles  awl-shaped  ;  stig- 
mas terminal.  Seeds  oblong,  horizontal.  —  Slender  perennials,  mostly  tufted, 
with  short  or  creeping  rhizomes,  and  simple  stems  leafy  only  at  the  base,  bearing 
small  flowers  in  a  close  raceme  or  spike.  Leaves  2-ranked,  equitant,  linear,  grass- 
like.  (Named  for  Mr.  Tofield,  an  obscure  English  botanist  of  the  18th  century.) 

*  Glabrous;  pedicels  solitary,  in  a  short  raceme  or  head;  seeds  not  appendaged. 

1.  T.  paliistris  Huds.     Scape  leafless  or  nearly  so  (6-19  cm.  high),  slender, 
bearing  a  globular  or  subcylindric  head  or  short  raceme  of  whitish  flowers ;  leaves 
tufted,  2-4  cm.  long.  — Gasp6  Co.,  Que.,  to  Minn.,  and  north  w.     (Greenl.,  Eu.) 

*  *  Stem  and  inflorescence  pubescent ;  pedicels  fascicled  in  threes  ;  seeds  caudate. 

2.  T.  glutinbsa  (Michx.)  Pers.     Stem  (1.5-4.5  dm.  high)  and  pedicels  very 
glutinous  with  dark  glands  ;  leaves  broadly  linear,  short ;  perianth  not  becom- 
ing rigid  ;  capsule  thin  ;  seeds  with  a  contorted  tail  at  each  end.  —  Moist  grounds, 
Nfd.  to  centr.  Me.,  111.,  Minn.,  northw.  and  westw. ;  also  s.  in  the  Alleghenies. 
June,  July. 

3.  T.  racembsa  (Walt.)  BSP.     Stem  (3-9  dm.  high)  and  pedicels  roughened 
with  minute  glands  ;  leaves  longer  and  narrower  ;  perianth  rigid  about  the  firm 
capsule  ;  seeds  with  a  short  white  appendage  at  each  end.     (T.pubens  Michx.) 
—  Pine-barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Ala.     July. 

6.  AMlANTHIUM  Gray.     FLY  POISON 

Perianth  widely  spreading  ;  the  free  white  segments  oval  or  obovate,  without 
claws  or  glands,  persistent.  Filaments  capillary.  Anthers,  capsules,  etc.,  nearly 
as  in  Melanthium.  Styles  thread-like.  Seeds  1-4  in  each  cell.  —  Glabrous,  with 
simple  steins  from  a  bulbous  base  or  coated  bulb,  scape-like,  few-leaved,  termi- 
nated by  a  simple  dense  raceme  of  handsome  flowers,  turning  greenish  with  age. 
(From  a/j.iavTos,  unspotted,  and  AvQos,  flower  ;  a  name  formed  with  more  regard 
to  euphony  than  to  good  construction,  alluding  to  the  glandless  perianth.) 


284  LILIACEAE  (LILY  FAMILY) 

1.  A.  muscaet6xicum  (Walt.)  Gray.  (FLY  POISON.)  Leaves  broadly  linear. 
elongated,  obtuse  (4-27  mm.  wide);  raceme  simple;  capsule  abruptly  3-horned  ; 
seeds  oblong  with  a  fleshy  red  coat.  (Chrosperma  Ktze.)  —  Open  woods,  L.  I. 
to  Fla.,  w.  to  Ky.  and  Ark.  June,  July. 

7.   STENANTHIUM   (Gray)   Kunth. 

Perianth  spreading ;  the  sepals  narrowly  lanceolate,  tapering  to  a  point  from 
the  broader  base,  where  they  are  coherent  to  the  base  of  the  ovary,  much  longer 
than  the  short  stamens.  Seeds  nearly  wingless.  —  Smooth,  with  a  wand-like 
leafy  stem  from  a  bulbous  base,  long  and  grass-like  conduplicate-keeled  leaves, 
and  numerous  small  flowers  in  compound  racemes,  forming  a  long  terminal 
panicle ;  flowering  in  summer.  (Name  composed  of  ore^s,  narrow,  and  &vdos, 
flower,  from  the  slender  sepals  and  panicles.) 

1.  S.  gramineum  (Ker)  Kunth.  Stem  leafy  (1-1.6  m.  high),  slender;  leaves 
4-10  mm.  broad;  panicle  elongated,  very  open,  with  slender  flexuous  branches 
or  subsimple  ;  flowers  nearly  sessile  or  the  fertile  on  short  pedicels  ;  sepals  linear- 
lanceolate  (white),  4-8  mm.  long ;  capsule  mostly  reflexed,  narrowly  oblong- 
ovate,  with  spreading  beaks.  (S.  angustifolium  Kunth.) — In  the  Alleghenies 
from  Va.  to  Ga.,  westw.  to  Mo.  S.  ROBUSTUM  Wats.,  separated  on  its  stouter 
habit,  dense  panicle,  broader  leaves,  and  erect  capsule,  is  doubtfully  distinct. 

8.   ZYGADENUS  Michx. 

Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous.  Perianth  withering-persistent,  spreading ; 
the  petal-like  oblong  or  ovate  sepals  1-2-glandular  near  the  more  or  less  narrowed 
but  not  unguiculate  base.  Stamens  free  from  the  sepals  and  about  their  length. 
Anthers,  styles,  and  capsule  nearly  as  in  Melanthium,  Seeds  angled,  rarely  at 
all  margined.  —  Smooth  and  somewhat  glaucous  perennials,  with  rather  large 
panicled  greenish- white  flowers  in  summer.  (Name  composed  of  £vy6s,  a  yoke, 
and  d5^v,  a  gland,  the  glands  being  sometimes  in  pairs.) 

*  Stem  from  a  creeping  rootstock  ;  2  conspicuous  orbicular  glands  on  each  divi- 

sion of  the  perianth  above  the  claw. 

1.  Z.  glaberrimus  Michx.      Stems  3-9  dm.  high  ;  leaves  grass-like,  channeled, 
conspicuously  nerved,  elongated,  tapering  to  a  point ;  panicle  pyramidal,  many- 
flowered  ;  flowers  perfect;  sepals  nearly  free  (12  mm.  long),  ovate,  becoming 
lance-ovate,  with  a  short  claw.  — Grassy  low  grounds,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Ala. 

*  *  Stem  from  a  more  or  less  bulbous  base ;  glands  less  obvious,  covering  the 

base  of  the  perianth-segments. 

2.  Z.  chloranthus  Richards.      Stem   3-9  dm.  high ;  leaves  flat,  carinate ; 
raceme  simple  or  sparingly  branched  and  few-flowere.d  ;  bracts  ovate-lanceolate  ; 
base  of  the  perianth  coherent  with  the  base  of  the  ovary,  the  thin  ovate  or  obo- 
vate  sepals  marked  with  a  large  obcordate  gland,  the  inner  abruptly  contracted 
to  a  broad  claw.    (Z.  elegans  of  auth.,  not  Pursh.)  —  Calcareous  soils,  Gaspe"  Co., 
Que.,  to  Man.,  south  w.  to  n.  N.  B.,  n.  Vt.,  n.  N.  Y.,  n.  ().,  n.  111.,  and  (?)  Mo. 

3.  Z.  Nuttallii  Gray.      Like  the  last ;  raceme  rather  densely  flowered,  with 
narrow  bracts ;  perianth  free  ;  sepals  with  an  ill-defined  gland  at  base,   not  at 
all  clawed;  seeds  larger  (6  mm.  long).  —  Kan.  to/Pex. 

4.  Z.  leimanthoides  Gray.     Stem  7-15  dm.  high,  slender ;  leaves  narrowly 
linear ;  flowers  small  (8  mm.  in  diameter)  and  numerous,  in  a  few  crowded  pan- 
icled racemes  ;  only  a  yellowish  spot  on  the  contracted  base  of  each  division  of 
the  free  perianth.  —  Low  grounds,  pine-barrens,  L.  I.  to  Ga. 

9.    MELANTHIUM   L. 

Perianth  of  6  separate  and  free  widely  spreading  somewhat  heart-shaped  or 
oblong  and  halberd-shaped  or  oblanceolats  sepals,  raised  on  slender  claws, 
^-ream-colored  or  greenish.  Filaments  shorter  than  the  divisions  of  the  perianth, 


LILIACEAE  (LILY  FAMILY)  285 

adhering  to  their  claws  often  to  near  the  summit,  persistent.  Anthers  heart- 
shaped  or  kidney-shaped,  confluently  1-celled,  shield-shaped  after  opening, 
extrorse.  Capsule  ovoid-conical,  3-lobed,  of  3  inflated  membranaceous  several- 
seeded  carpels  ;  seeds  flat,  broadly  winged.  —  Steins  tall  and  leafy,  from  a  thick 
rootstock,  roughish-downy  above,  as  well  as  the  open  and  ample  pyramidal  pan- 
icle (composed  chiefly  of  simple  racemes),  the  terminal  part  mostly  fertile. 
Leaves  linear  to  oblanceolate  or  oval,  not  plaited.  (Name  composed  of  /j.t\as, 
black,  and  &vdos,  flower,  from  the  darker  color  which  the  persistent  perianth 
assumes  after  blossoming.) 

*  Perianth-divisions  with  a  conspicuous  double  gland  at  the  summit  of  the  claw. 

1.  M.  virginicum  L.  (BUNCH-FLOWER.)     Stem  8-16  dm.  high,  leafy,  rather 
slender;  leaves  linear  (1-3  cm.  wide);  divisions  of  the  perianth  flat,  ovate  to 
oblong  or  slightly  hastate  (5-8  mm.  long);  capsule  1.4  cm.  long;  seeds  10  in 
each  cell,  4-6  mm.  long.  —Wet  meadows,  "  R.  I.,"   N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  Tex.,  and 
Ga. 

2.  M.  latifblium  Desr.     Leaves  more  oblanceolate,  often  5  cm.  broad ;  divi- 
sions of  the   perianth   undulate  (5   mm.  long),  the  very  narrow  claw   nearly 
equaling  the  orbicular  or  ovate  blade  ;   capsule  12-16  mm.  long,  on  pedicels 
8-18  mm.  in  length  ;  seeds  4-8  in  each  cell,  6-8  mm.  long.      (M.  racemosum 
Michx.)— Ct.  to  S.  C. 

Var.  longipedicellatum  A.  Brown.  Leaves  somewhat  narrower ;  pedicels 
2-2.5  cm.  long.  —  Wooded  slopes,  w.  Va.  {Judge  Brown}. 

*  *  Perianth-divisions  oblanceolate,  without  glands. 

3.  M.  parviflbrum  (Michx.)  Wats.     Stem  rather  slender  (0.6-1.6  m.  high), 
sparingly  leafy,  naked  above  ;  leaves  oval  to  oblanceolate  (5-10  cm.  wide),  on 
long  petioles ;  perianth-divisions  4-6  mm.  long,  oblanceolate  or  spatulate,  those 
of  the    sterile  flowers  on  claws ;  stamens  very  short ;   capsule  1.5  cm.    long  ; 
seeds  4-6  in  each  cell,  5mm.  long.    (Veratrutn  Michx.)  —  In  the  Alleghenies, 
Va.  to  S.  C. 

10.    VERATRUM   [Tourn.]   L.     FALSE    HELLEBORE 

Perianth  of  6  spreading  and  separate  obovate-oblong  (greenish  or  brownish) 
divisions,  more  or  less  contracted  at  the  base  (but  not  clawed),  nearly  free  from 
the  ovary,  not  gland-bearing.  Filaments  free  from  and  shorter  than  the  sepals, 
recurving.  Anthers,  pistils,  fruit,  etc.,  nearly  as  in  Melanthium. — Somewhat 
pubescent  perennials,  with  simple  stems  from  a  thickened  base  producing  coarse 
fibrous  roots  (very  poisonous),  3-ranked  plaited  and  strongly  veined  leaves, 
and  racemed-panicled  dull  or  dingy  flowers ;  in  summer.  (Name  from  vere, 
truly,  and  ater,  black.) 

1.  V.  viride  Ait.    (AMERICAN  WHITE    HELLEBORE,     INDIAN  POKE.)     Stem 
stout,  very  leafy  to  the  top   (6-20  dm.  high);   leaves  broadly  oval,  pointed, 
sheath-clasping ;  panicle  pyramidal,  the    dense    spike-like   racemes  spreading; 
perianth  yellowish-green,  moderately  spreading,  the  segments  ciliate-serrulate  ; 
ovary  glabrous  ;  capsule  many -seeded.  —  Swamps  and  low  grounds. 

2.  V.  Wo6dii  Robbins.      Stem  slender,  sparingly  leafy  (8-14  dm.   high); 
leaves  oblanceolate,  only  the  lowest  sheathing  ;  panicle  very  narrow  ;  perianth 
greenish-purple,  with  entire  segments ;  ovary  tomentose,  soon  glabrate ;  capsule 
few-seeded.  —  Woods  and  hilly  barrens,  s.  Ind.  to  Mo. 

11.  UVULARIA  L.     BELLWORT 

Perianth  narrowly  bell-shaped,  lily-like,  deciduous  ;  the  6  divisions  spatulate- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  obtusely  gibbous  at  base,  with  a  deep  honey-bearing 
groove  within  bordered  on  each  side  by  a  callus-like  ridge.  Stamens  much 
shorter,  barely  adherent  to  their  base.  Capsule  truncate,  coriaceous,  3-lobed, 
loculicidal  at  the  summit.  Seeds  few  in  each  cell,  obovoid,  with  a  thin  white 
aril.  — Stems  terete,  from  a  short  rootstock  with  fleshy  roots,  naked  or  scaly  at 
base,  forking  above,  bearing  oblong  perfoliate  flat  and  membranaceous  leaves 


286  LILIACBAE  (LILY  FAMILY) 

with  smooth  margins,  and  yellowish  drooping  flowers,  in  spring,  solitary  on  ter- 
minal peduncles.    (Name  "from  the  flowers  hanging  like  the  uvula,  or  palate.") 

1.  U.  perfoliata  L.     Glaucous  throughout,  2-5   dm.  high,  with    1-3   leaves 
below  the  fork  ;  leaves  glabrous,  oblong-  to  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  ;  perianth- 
segments  granular-pubescent  within  (1.8-3.6  cm.  long)  ;  stamens  shorter  than 
the  styles;  tip  of  the  connective  acuminate;  cells  of  the  capsule  with  2  dorsal 
ridges  and  2-beaked  at  the  apex.  —  Rich  woods,  e.  Mass,  to  Ont.,  Dak.  and  southw. 

2.  U.  grandifldra  Sm.     Yellowish  green,  not  glaucous  ;  stem  naked  or  with 
a  single  leaf  below  the  fork  ;  leaves  whitish-pubescent  beneath,  usually  some- 
what  acuminate  ;  perianth-segments  smooth  within  or  nearly  so  (2.5-4.5  cm. 
long);   stamens  exceeding  the  styles,  obtusely  tipped;  capsule   obtusely  lobed. 
(U.flava  Sm.)  —  Rich  woods,  w.  N.  H.  to  Ga.,  westw.  to  Minn,  and  Kan. 

12.   OAKESIA  Wats. 

Flowers  resembling  those  of  Uvularia,  but  the  segments  obtuse  or  acutish, 
carinately  gibbous  and  without  ridges  within.  Capsule  membranous,  elliptical, 
acutish  at  each  end  or  shortly  stipitate,  triquetrous  and  acutely  winged,  very 
tardily  dehiscent.  Seeds  globose,  with  a  very  tumid  spongy  rhaphe.  —  Stem 
acutely  angled,  from  a  slender  creeping  rootstock,  with  sessile  clasping  leaves 
scabrous  on  the  margin,  and  1  or  2  flowers  terminal  on  slender  peduncles  but 
soon  appearing  opposite  the  leaves  by  the  growth  of  the  branches.  (Dedicated 
to  William  Oakes,  New  England  botanist,  1799-1848.) 

1.  0.  sessilif61ia  (L.)  Wats.    Leaves  lance-oblong,  acute  at  each  end,  pale, 
glaucous  beneath,  sessile  or  partly  clasping;  divisions  of  the  perianth  1.4-2.5 
cm.  long;  anthers  obtuse;  capsule  short-stipitate,  1.2-2  cm.  long.     (Uvularia 
L.)  —  Woods  and  thickets. 

2.  0.  pub£rula    (Michx.)  Wats.      Slightly  puberulent  ;  leaves  bright  green 
both  sides  and   shining,  oval,  mostly  rounded  at  base,   with   rougher  edges; 
styles  separate  to  near  the  base,  not  exceeding  the  acute  anthers  ;  capsule  not 
stipitate,  2-2.  5  cm.  long.    '(Uvularia  Michx.  ;  O.  sessilifolia,  var.  nitida  Britton.) 
—  Pine-barren  swamps  and  mountain  woods,  N.  J.  to  S.  C. 


13.      LLIUM    [Tourn.]  L.     ONION.     GARLIC 

Perianth  of  6  entirely  colored  sepals,  which  are  distinct,  or  united  at  the  very 
base,  1-nerved,  often  becoming  dry  and  scarious  and  more  or  less  persistent  ; 
the  6  filaments  awl-shaped  or  dilated  at  base.  Style  persistent,  thread-like  ; 
stigma  simple  or  only  slightly  3-lobed.  Capsule  lobed,  loculicidal,  3-valved, 
with  1-2  ovoid-kidney-shaped  amphitropous  or  campylotropous  black  seeds 
in  each  cell.  —  Strong-scented  and  pungent  herbs  ;  the  leaves  and  usually 
scapose  stem  from  a  coated  bulb;  flowers  in  a  simple  umbel,  some  or  all  of 
them  frequently  replaced  by  bulblets  ;  spathe  scarious,  1-2-valved.  (The  an- 
cient Latin  name  of  the  Garlic.) 

Ovary  not  crested. 
Capsule  strongly  3-lobed,  cells  1-ovuled  ;  leaves  elliptic-lanceolate,  2-5  cm. 

broad       .............    1.  A.  tricoccum. 

Capsule  ovoid  to  obovoid,  slightly  lobed  ;  cells  2-several-ovuled  ;  leaves 

linear  or  terete. 
Umbel  capitate  ;  the  pedicels  shorter  than  or  little  exceeding  the  peri- 

anth     .        .        .        .        .........    2.  A.  Schoenoprasum. 

Umbel  open  (except  when  as  in  A.  canadense  and  A.  vineale  the 
flowers  are  more  or  less  replaced  by  sessile  bulblets)  ;  the  pedicels 
much  exceeding  the  perianth. 
Stem  leafy  to  or  above  the  middle  ;  bulb-coats  fibro-membranous,  not 

strongly  reticulated          .........    8.  A.  vineale. 

Stem  leafy  only  near  the  base  ;  bulb-coats  in  age  strongly  netted. 
Umbel  few-flowered,   nearly  always  converted  partially  or  wholly 

into  an  ovoid  inclosed  head  of  bulblets       .....    6.  A.  canadense. 

Umbel  many-flowered  ;  bulblets  none      ......     7.  A.  mutaMle. 

Ovary  and  capsule  conspicuously  crested. 
Umbel  nodding     ............    3.  A.  cernuum. 

Umbel  erect;  stamens  and  style  exserted  .        ......    4.  A.  stellatum. 

Umbel  erect  ;  stamens  and  style  included  .        .        .        .        .        .        .    5.  A.  reticulatum. 


LILIACEAE  (LILY  FAMILY)  287 

1.  A.  tric6ccum  Ait.     (WILD  LEEK.)     Scape  (1.5-4  dm.  high,  from  clustered 
pointed  bulbs  3.5-5  cm.  long)  bearing  an  erect  many-flowered  umbel  ;   leaves 
10-23  cm.  long  and  3-6  cm.  wide ;  segments  of  the  perianth  oblong  (greenish 
white),  equaling  the  nearly  distinct  filaments  ;  capsule  strongly  3-lobed. —  Rich 
woods,  N.  B.  to  Minn,  and  la.,  s.  in  the  mts.  to  N.  C. — Leaves  appearing  in 
early  spring  and  dying  before  the  flowers  are  developed. 

2.  A.  Schoen6prasum  L.,  var.  sibiricum  (L.)  Hartm.     Scape  (2-4  dm.  high) 
bearing  a  globular  capitate  umbel  of  many  rose-purple  flowers  ;  segments  of  the 
perianth  lanceolate,  pointed,  longer  than  the  simple  downwardly  dilated  fila- 
ments ;  leaves  awl-shaped,  hollow  ;  capsule  not  crested.  —  Ledgy  shores,  Nfd.  to 
Alaska,  s.  to  N.  S.,  n.  N.  E.,  the  Great  Lake  region,  etc.     (Eurasia.)  — The  typi- 
cal form  of  the  species  (the  Chives  of  vegetable  gardens)  is  a  lower  and  more 
slender  but  not  sharply  separable  plant. 

3.  A.   cSrnuum  Roth.    (WILD  ONION.)     Scape  angular  (2.5-6  dm.  high), 
nodding  at  the  apex,  bearing  a  loose  or  drooping  few-many-flowered  umbel; 
leaves  linear,  flattened,  sharply  keeled  (3  dm.  long);  segments  of  the  perianth 
oblong-ovate,  acute,  rose-color  to  purple,  shorter  than  the  slender  filaments 
and  style  ;   capsule  6-crested.     (?  A.  allegheniense  Small.)  —  N.  Y.  to  S.  C.,  and 
westw. 

4.  A.  stellHtum  Ker.     Scape  terete  (3-5  dm.  high),  slender,  bearing  an  erect 
umbel ;  bulb-coats  membranous  ;  capsule  prominently  6-crested.  —  Rocky  slopes, 
Minn,  to  w.  111.,  Mo.,  and  westw. 

5.  A.  reticulitum  Don.     Scape  1-1.8  dm.  high  ;  bulbs  densely  and  coarsely 
fibrous-coated ;  spathe  2-valved ;   umbel   rarely  bulbiferous ;    sepals  ovate  to 
narrowly  lanceolate,  thin  and  lax  in  fruit,  a  third  longer  than  the  stamens ; 
capsule  crested.  — Sask.  to  la.  and  N.  Mex. 

6.  A.   canadSnse   L.    (WILD  GARLIC.)     Scape  3  dm.  high  or  more  ;    bulb 
small  (1.2-1.8  cm.  in  diameter);  bulb-coats  somewhat  fibrous;  umbel  densely 
bulbiferous,  the  flowers  few  or  often  none;  segments  of  the  perianth  narrowly 
lanceolate,  equaling  or  exceeding  the  stamens ;   capsule  not    crested.  —  Moist 
meadows,  N.  B.  to  Ont.,  s.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     May,  June. 

7.  A.  mutabile  Michx.     Similar  in  stature,  habit,  and  flowers  to  preceding ; 
umbels  not  normally    bulbiferous,    many  (16-43) -flowered  ;   bulbs  2-3  cm.   in 
diameter.  — Prairies  and  borders  of  woods,  Mo.  (Bush.}  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  and  Neb. 

8.  A.  VINEALE  L.    (FIELD  GARLIC.)     Stem  slender  (3-9  dm.  high),  clothed 
with  the  sheathing  bases  of  the  leaves  below  the  middle ;  leaves  terete  and 
hollow,  slender,  channeled  above  ;  umbel  often  densely  bulbiferous ;  filaments 
much  dilated,  the  alternate  ones  cuspidate  on  each  side  of  the  anther.  —  Moist 
meadows  and  fields,  locally  abundant,  Mass,  to  Mo.,  and  Va.  June.    (Nat.  from 
Eu.) 

14.    NOTHOSC6RDUM  Kunth. 

Flowers  greenish  or  yellowish  white.  Capsule  obovoid,  somewhat  lobed, 
obtuse,  with  the  style  obscurely  jointed  on  the  summit ;  cells  several-ovuled 
and  -seeded.  Filaments  filiform,  distinct,  adnate  at  base. — Bulb  tunicated, 
not  alliaceous.  Otherwise  as  in  Allium.  (Name  from  v66os,  false,  and  vripdiov, 
garlic.} 

1.  N.  bivilve  (L.)  Britton.  Scape  1.5-3.5  dm.  high;  bulb  small,  often 
bulbiferous  at  base  ;  leaves  narrowly  linear ;  flowers  few,  on  slender  pedicels, 
the  segments  narrowly  oblong,  about  1  cm.  long ;  ovules  4-7  in  each  cell.  (.ZV. 
striatum  Kunth.)  —  Prairies  and  open  woods,  Va.  to  O.,  Neb.,  and  southw. 

15.   HEMEROCALLIS  L.    DAY  LILY 

Perianth  funnel-form,  lily-like ;  the  short  tube  inclosing  the  ovary,  the 
spreading  limb  6-parted  ;  the  6  stamens  inserted  on  its  throat.  Anthers  as  in 
Lilium,  but  introrse.  Filaments  and  style  long  and  thread-like,  declined  and 
ascending  ;  stigma  simple.  Capsule  (at  first  rather  fleshy)  3-angled,  loculi- 
cidally  3-valved,  with  several  black  spherical  seeds  in  each  cell.  —  Showy 


288  LILIACEAE  (LILY  FAMILY) 

perennials,  with  fleshy-flbrous  roots  ;  the  long  and  linear  keeled  leaves  2-ranked 
at  the  base  of  the  tall  scapes,  which  bear  at  the  summit  several  bracted  and 
large  flowers  ;  these  collapse  and  decay  after  expanding  for  a  single  day  (whence 
the  name,  from  rj^pa,  a  day,  and  icdXXos,  beauty.} 

1.  H.  FULVA  L.  (COMMON  D.)  Inner  divisions  (petals)  of  the  tawny  orange 
perianth  wavy  and  obtuse.  —  Roadsides,  escaped  from  gardens.  (Introd.  from 
Eu.) 

16.    LlLIUM   [Tourn.]  L.    LILY 

Perianth  funnel-form  or  bell-shaped,  colored,  of  6  divisions,  spreading  or 
recurved  above,  deciduous.  Anthers  linear,  extrorsely  attached  near  the 
middle  to  the  tapering  apex  of  the  long  filament,  which  is  at  first  included,  at 
length  versatile  ;  the  cells  dehiscent  by  a  lateral  or  slightly  introrse  line.  Style 
elongated  ;  stigma  3-lobed.  Capsule  subcylindric  ;  seeds  densely  packed  in  2 
rows  in  each  cell.  Bulbs  scaly,  producing  simple  stems,  with  numerous  alternate- 
scattered  or  whorled  narrow  sessile  leaves,  and  from  one  to  several  large  and 
showy  flowers  in  summer.  (The  classical  Latin  name,  from  the  Greek 


*  Flowers  erect;  sepals  narrowed  below  into  claws;  bulbs  not  rhizomatous. 

1.  L.  philadSlphicum   L.   (WILD  ORANGE-RED    L.,    WOOD    L.)      Stem   4-9 
dm.   high  ;    leaves  linear-lanceolate,   chiefly  whorled  ;   flowers  1-3,    open-bell- 
shaped,  reddish-orange,  spotted  with  purplish  inside  ;  the  lanceolate  segments 
little  or  not  at  all  recurved  at  the  obtusish  or  shortly  acuminate  summit  ;  pod 
somewhat  rounded  at  base.  —  Dry  or  sandy  ground,  N.  E.  to  Ont.  and  N.  C. 
—  Separated  by  no  constant  character  from 

Var.  andinum  (Nutt.  )  Ker.  Leaves,  all  but  the  uppermost,  scattered  ;  peri- 
anth divisions  mostly  deep  red  ;  pod  attenuate  at  the  base.  (L.  umbellatum 
Pursh  ;  L.  lanceolatum  Fitzpatrick.)  —  Rich  soil  of  prairies,  and  in  bogs,  Ont. 
and  0.  to  Ark.,  and  north  west  w. 

2.  L.  CatesbaSi  Walt.      (SOUTHERN    RED    L.)      Leaves    linear-lanceolate, 
scattered;  flower  solitary,  open-bell-shaped,  the  large  and  long-clawed  divisions 
of  the  perianth  wavy  on  the  margin  and  recurved  at  the  caudate-attenuate  sum- 
mit, scarlet,  spotted  with  dark  purple  and  yellow  inside  ;  bulb-scales  thin,  narrow 
and  leaf-bearing.  —  Pine-barrens,  N.  C.  to  Fla.,  w.  to  "Ky.,"    "s.  111.,"  and 
"Mo." 

*  *  Flowers  nodding;  sepals  sessile;  bulbs  rhizomatous. 

3.  L.   sup6rbum    L.     (TURK'S-CAP  L.)    Stem  9-23  dm.  high  ;  lower  leaves 
whorled,  lanceolate,  attenuate  at  both  ends,  3-nerved,  smooth  ;  flowers  (3-40)  in 
a  pyramidal  raceme  ;  perianth-divisions  (7-8  cm.  long)  strongly  revolute,  orange, 
with  numerous  dark  purple  spots  inside.  —  Rich  low  grounds,  N.  B.  to  Va.,  w. 
to  Minn,  and  Mo. 

4.  L.  carolinianum  Michx.     Nearly  related  to  the  preceding  and  with  very 
similar  flowers  ;  stem  4-7  dm.  high,  1-3  flowered  ;   leaves  obovate  to  oblanceo- 
late,  obtusish  or  short-acuminate.  —  Borders  of  mountain  woods,  Va.  (Small), 
and  south  w. 

5.  L.  canadSnse  L.      (WILD   YELLOW  L.)      Stem   6-20  dm.   high  ;    leaves 
remotely  whorled,  lanceolate,  strongly  3-nerved,  the  margins  and  nerves  rough; 
flowers  long-peduncled,   narrowly  bell-shaped,  the  perianth-divisions  (5-8  cm. 
long)  recurved-spreading  above,  yellow  or  orange,  usually  spotted  with  brown.  — 
Moist  meadows  and  bogs,  e.  Que.  to  Ga.,  w.  to  Mo.,  Minn.,  and  Ont. 

6.  L.  Grayi   Wats.     Stems  6-9  dm.  high  ;  leaves  in  whorls  of  4-8,  lanceo- 
late, acute  or  slightly  acuminate,  smooth  ;  flowers  1  or  2,  nearly  horizontal,  the 
perianth  -divisions  (3.5-6  cm.  long)  but  little  spreading  above  the  rather  broad 
base,  rather  abruptly  acute,  deep  reddish-orange,  thickly  spotted  within.  —  Peaks 
of  Otter,  Va.,  and  southw.  in  the  mts.  to  N.  C. 

7.  L.  TIGRINUM  Ker.     (TIGER  L.)    Tall,  pubescent  above;  leaves  scattered, 
narrowly  lanceolate,  dark  green,  5-7-nerved,  the  upper  axils  bulbiferous  ;  flowers 
large,  resembling  those  of  L.  superbum.  —  An  escape  from  gardens.  (Introd. 
from  E.  Asia.) 


LILIACEAE  (LILY  FAMILY)  289 

17.    ERYTHR6NIUM   L.     DOG'S-TOOTH  VIOLET 

Perianth  lily-like,  of  6  lanceolate  recurved  or  spreading  divisions,  deciduous, 
the  3  inner  usually  with  a  callous  tooth  on  each  side  of  the  base,  and  a  groove  in 
the  middle.  Filaments  6,  awl-shaped  ;  anthers  oblong-linear.  Style  elongated. 
Capsule  obovoid,  contracted  at  base,  3-valved,  loculicidal.  Seeds  rather  numer- 
ous. —  Nearly  stemless  herbs,  with  two  smooth  and  shining  flat  leaves  tapering 
into  petioles  and  sheathing  the  base  of  the  commonly  one-flowered  scape,  rising 
from  a  deep  solid  scaly  bulb.  Flowers  rather  large,  nodding,  in  spring.  (The 
Greek  name  for  the  purple-flowered  European  species,  from  tpv6p6s,  red.) 

1.  E.   americanum    Ker.     (YELLOW  ADDER'S-TONGUE).     Scape    1.5-2    dm. 
high  ;  leaves  elliptical-lanceolate,  pale  green,  mottled  with  purplish  and  whitish 
and    often    minutely  dotted ;    perianth    light  yellow,    often  spotted   near  the 
base  (2-4  cm.  long);  style  club-shaped  ;  stigmas  united.  — Rich  ground,  N.B.  to 
Fla. ,  w.  to  Ont.  and  Ark. 

2.  E.   albidum   Nutt.     (WHITE   DOG'S-TOOTH  VIOLET.)     Producing  subter- 
ranean offshoots  from  the  base  of  the  corm  ;  leaves  elliptical-lanceolate,  less  or 
not  at  all  spotted  ;  perianth  pinkish-white  ;  inner  divisions  toothless  ;  style  more 
slender  except  at  the  apex,  bearing  3  short  spreading  stigmas.  —  Rich  ground, 
Ont.  to  N.  J.,  w.  to  Minn,  and  Tex. 

3.  E.  mesoch&reum   Knerr.     No   basal  offshoots;    leaves  narrowly  lance- 
oblong  or  linear-lanceolate,  not  mottled ;  perianth-divisions  bluish  or  lavender- 
tinted,  scarcely  or  not  at  all  revolute ;  stigmas  spreading.  —  Prairies,    w.  la. 
(Burgess}  and  Mo.  to  Kan.  and  Neb. 

4.  E.  propullans  Gray.     Offshoot  arising  from  the  stem,  near  the  middle; 
leaves  smaller  and  more  acuminate  ;  flowers  bright  rose-color,  yellowish  at  base 
(12  mm.  long);  style  slender;  stigmas  united.  — In  rich  soil,  Minn,  and  Ont. 


TrjLTPA  SYLVESTRIS  L.,  a  wild  tulip  of  Europe,  readily  recognized  by  its  soli- 
tary subscapose  large  yellow  flowers,  6-divided  perianth  and  thickish  subsessile 
stigma,  is  said  to  be  established  in  e.  Pa.  (Fretz).  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

18.   CAMASSIA  Lindl. 

Perianth  slightly  irregular,  of  6  blue  or  purple  spreading  3-7-nerved  divisions ; 
filaments  filiform.  Style  thread-like,  the  base  persistent.  Capsule  short  and 
thick,  3-angled,  loculicidal,  3-valved,  with  several  black  roundish  seeds  in  each 
cell.  —  Scape  and  linear  leaves  from  a  coated  bulb ;  the  flowers  in  a  simple 
raceme,  mostly  bracted,  on  jointed  pedicels.  (From  the  native  Indian  name 
quamash  or  camass.) 

1.  C.  esculSnta  (Ker)  Robinson.  (EASTERN  C AMASS,  WILD  HYACINTH.) 
Scape  1.5-7  dm.  high ;  leaves  keeled ;  raceme  elongated  ;  bracts  longer  than 
the  pedicels ;  divisions  of  the  perianth  pale  blue,  3-nerved,  10-14  mm.  long ; 
capsule  acutely  triangular-globose.  (Scilla  Ker ;  C.  Fraseri  Torr. ;  Quamasia 
esculenta  Coville:  Q.  hyacinthina  Britton.)  —  Rich  ground,  w.  Pa.  to  Minn., 
Tex.,  and  Ga.  —  This  species  should  be  carefully  distinguished  from  the  larger- 
flowered  plant  of  the  Northwest,  which  has  long  passed  as  C.  esculenta  Lindl., 
—  a  name  which  must  be  replaced  by  Camassia  quamash  Greene. 

19.   ORNITH6GALUM   [Tourn.]  L.     STAR  OP  BETHLEHEM 

Perianth  of  6  (white)  spreading  3-7-nerved  divisions.  Filaments  6,  flattened- 
awl-shaped.  Style  3-sided  ;  stigma  3-angled.  Capsule  roundish-angular,  with 
few  dark  and  roundish  seeds  in  each  cell,  locnlicidal.  —  Scape  and  linear  chan- 
neled leaves  from  a  coated  bulb.  Flowers  corymbed,  bracted  ;  pedicels  not 
jointed.  (A  whimsical  name  from  6pvis,  a  bird,  and  yd\a,  milk.} 

1.  0.  UMBELL\TUM  L.  Scape  1-2.5  dm.  high  ;  flowers  5-8,  on  long  and 
spreading  pedicels ;  perianth-divisions  green  in  the  middle  on  the  outside.  —  Es- 
caped from  gardens.  (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

GRAY'S  MANUAL  — 19 


290  LILIACEAE  (LILY  FAMILY) 

2.  0.  NtiTANS  L.  Scape  3  dm.  high  or  more  ;  flowers  5-6,  large  (2-2.5  cm, 
long),  nodding  on  very  short  pedicels,'  filaments  very  broad. —  Rarely  escaped 
from  gardens ;  Pa.  to  D.  C.  (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

20.    MUSCARI    [Tourn.]  Mill.     GKAPE  HYACINTH 

Perianth  globular  or  ovoid,  minutely  6-toothed  (blue,  rarely  pink  or  white) 
Stamens  6,  included  ;  anthers  short,  introrse.     Style  short.     Capsule  loculicidal, 
with  2  black  angular  seeds  in  each  cell.  —  Leaves  and  scape  (in  early  spring) 
from  a  coated  bulb  ;  the  small   flowers  in  a  dense  raceme,  sometimes  musk- 
scented  (whence  the  name). 

1.  M.  BOTRYOIDES  (L. )  Mill.    Leaves  linear,  6-10  mm.  broad  ;  flowers  globu- 
lar (3-5  mm.  long),  deep  blue,  appearing  like  minute  grapes. — Escaped  from 
gardens  into  copses  and  fence-rows.     (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

2.  M.  RACEM6suM  (L.)  Mill.     Leaves  2-3  mm.  broad  ;  flowers  oblong-urceo- 
late   (4-5  mm.   long),   deep  blue,   fragrant.  —  Rare  escape,    s.  N.  Y.  to  Va. 
(Introd.  from  Eu.) 

21.   YUCCA    [Hupp.]  L.     BEAR  GRASS.     SPANISH  BAYONET 

Perianth  of  6  large  white  or  greenish  oval  or  oblong  and  acute  flat  with- 
ering-persistent segments,  the  3  inner  broader,  longer  than  the  6  stamens. 
Stigmas  3,  sessile.  Capsule  oblong,  somewhat  6-sided,  3-celled,  or  imperfectly 
6-celled  by  a  partition  from  the  back,  fleshy,  at  length  loculicidally  3-valved 
from  the  apex.  Seeds  very  many  in  each  cell,  flattened. — Stems  woody,  in 
oars  very  short,  bearing  persistent  rigid  linear  or  sword-shaped  leaves,  and  an 
ample  panicle  or  raceme  of  showy  flowers.  (The  native  Haytian  name  for  the 
root  of  the  Cassava-plant.) 

1.  Y.  glauca  Nutt.  Leaves  very  stiff  and  pungent,  2-6  dm.  long,  4-12  mm. 
wide,  filiferous  on  the  margin  ;  raceme  mostly  simple,  nearly  sessile  (3-12  dm. 
long);  flowers  3.5-6  cm.  wide  ;  stigmas  green,  shorter  than  the  ovary  ;  capsule 
6-sided  (7  cm.  long);  seeds  10-12  mm.  broad.  (Y.  angustifolia  Pursh.)  —  Dak. 
to  la.,  Mo.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Wyo.  May,  June. 

2.  Y.  filamentbsa  L.  (ADAM'S  NEEDLE.)  Caudex  3  dm.  high  or  less,  from 
a  running  rootstock ;  leaves  numerous,  coriaceous,  more  or  less  tapering  to  a 
short  point,  rough  on  the  back,  4-6  dm.  long,  2-4  cm.  wide,  filiferous  on  the 
margin  ;  panicle  pyramidal,  densely  flowered,  on  a  stout  bracteate  scape,  1-3  m. 
high;  flowers  large;  stigmas  pale,  elongated;  capsule  3.5  cm.  long;  seeds  6 
mm.  broad.  — Near  the  coast,  Md.  (where  of  the  formal  var.  LATIFOLIA  Engelm. 
with  leaves  5-9  cm.  wide)  to  Fla.  and  La.  July.  — Very  variable.  Occasionally 
spontaneous  about  old  gardens. 

22.    ASPARAGUS  [Tourn.]  L.     ASPARAGUS 

Perennials,  with  much  branched  stems  from  thick  and  matted  rootstocks,  and 
small  greenish-yellow  axillary  flowers  on  jointed  pedicels.  The  narrow,  com- 
monly thread-like,  so-called  leaves  are  really  branchlets,  acting  as  leaves,  clus- 
tered in  the  axils  of  little  scales  which  are  the  true  leaves.  (The  ancient  Greek 
name.) 

1.  A.  OFFICINALIS  L.  (GARDEN  A.) — A  frequent  escape.  June.  (Introd. 
from  Eu.) 

23.    CLINT6NIA  Raf. 

Perianth  of  6  divisions,  lily-like,  deciduous.  Filaments  long  and  thread-like  ; 
anthers  extrorsely  fixed  by  a  point  above  the  base.  Ovary  ovoid-subcylindric, 
2-3-celled  ;  style  long.  —  Short-stemmed  perennials,  with  slender  creeping  root- 
stocks,  bearing  a  naked  peduncle  sheathed  at  the  base  by  the  stalks  of  2-4 
large  oblong  or  oval  ciliate  leaves  ;  flowers  umbeled,  rarely  single.  (Dedicated 
to  De  Witt  Clinton,  prominent  statesman,  several  times  governor  of  New  York.) 


LIL1ACEAE    (LILY   FAMILY)  291 

1.  C.  borealis  (Ait.)  Raf.     Scape  and  leaves  14-25  cm.  long ;  terminal  umbel 
3-6-flowered  (sessile  lateral  umbels  often  present  on  the  same  scape)  ;  perianth 
greenish-yellow,  somewhat  downy  outside  (12-18  mm.  long)  ;  berry  ovoid,  blue  ; 
ovules  20  or  more.  —  Cold  moist  woods,  Lab.  to  N.  C.,  w.  to  Man.  and  Minn. 

2.  C.  umbellulata  (Michx.)  Morong.    Flowers  half  as  large  as  in  the  last, 
white,  speckled  with   green  or   purplish  dots;    umbel    many-flowered;   berry 
globular,   black;  ovules  2  in  each  cell      (C.  umbellata  Torr.) —  Rich  woods, 
N.  Y.,  N.  J.,  and  in  the  Alleghenies  to  Ga. 

24.   SMILACINA  Desf.     FALSE  SOLOMON'S  SEAL 

Perianth  6-parted,  spreading,  withering-persistent.  Filaments  6,  slender; 
anthers  short,  introrse.  Ovary  3-celled,  with  2  ovules  in  each  cell ;  style  short 
and  thick;  stigma  obscurely  3-lobed.  Berry  globular,  1-2-seeded,  at  first 
greenish  or  yellowish-white  speckled  with  madder  brown,  at  length  a  dull  sub- 
translucent  ruby  red. — Perennial  herbs,  with  simple  stems  from  creeping  or 
thickish  rootstocks,  alternate  nerved  mostly  sessile  leaves,  and  white,  sometimes 
fragrant  flowers.  (Name  a  diminutive  of  Smilax.) 

*  Flowers  on  very  short  pedicels  in  a  terminal  racemose  panicle  ;  stamens  exceed- 
ing the  small  (2  mm.  long)  segments;  ovules  collateral;  rootstock  stout, 
fleshy. 

1.  S.  racembsa   (L.)   Desf.     (FALSE   SPIKENARD.)     Minutely  downy  (4-10 
dm.  high)  ;   leaves  numerous,  oblong  or  oval-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  ciliate, 
abruptly  somewhat  petioled.     (  Vagnera  Morong.)  — Moist  copses  and  banks. 

**  Flowers  larger  (4-5  mm.  long),  on  solitary  pedicels  in  a  simple  few-flowered 
raceme  ;  stamens  included  ;  ovules  not  collateral;  rootstock  rather  slender. 

2.  S.  stellata  (L.)  Desf.     Plant  (2-5  dm.  high)  nearly  glabrous,  or  the  7-12 
oblong-lanceolate  leaves  minutely  downy  beneath  when  young,  slightly  clasping; 
raceme   sessile   or  nearly  so.     (Vagnera   Morong.)  —  Moist  banks,    frequent. 
(Eu.) 

3.  S.  trifblia  (L.)  Desf.     Glabrous,  dwarf  (1.3-2  dm.  high)  ;  leaves  3  (some- 
times 2  or  4),  oblong,  tapering  to  a  sheathing  base;  raceme  peduncled.     (  Vag- 
nera Morong.)  —Cold  bogs,  Lab.  to  N.  J.,  westw.  to  B.  C.     (Siber.) 

25.   MAIANTHEMUM    [Weber  in]  Wiggers. 

Perianth  4-parted,  and  stamens  4.  Ovary  2-celled ;  stigma  2-lobed.  Other- 
wise as  in  Smilacina.  —  Flowers  solitary  or  fascicled,  in  a  simple  raceme  upon 
a  low  2-3-leaved  stem.  Leaves  ovate-  to  lanceolate-cordate.  (Name  from 
Mains,  May,  and  Avde/mov,  a  flower.) 

1.  M.  canadSnse  Desf.  Pubescent  or  glabrous  (6-22  cm.  high)  ;  leaves 
lanceolate  or  ovate,  cordate  at  base  with  a  very  narrow  sinus,  sessile  or  very 
shortly  petioled ;  perianth-segments  2  mm.  long.  (  Unifolium  Greene.)  —  Moist 
woods,  Lab.  to  N.  C.,  w.  to  la.,  Dak.,  and  Man. 

26.  DiSPORUM  Salisb. 

Perianth  narrowly  bell-shaped,  the  6  lanceolate  or  linear  divisions  deciduous. 
Filaments  thread-like,  much  longer  than  the  linear-oblong  blunt  anthers.  Ovary 
with  2  ovules  (in  our  species)  suspended  from  the  summit  of  each  cell;  style 
one  ;  stigmas  3,  short,  recurved-spreading,  or  sometimes  united  into  one  !  Berry 
ovoid  or  subcylindric,  pointed,  3-6-seeded,  red.  — Downy  low  herbs,  with  creep- 
ing rootstocks,  erect  stems  sparingly  branched  above,  closely  sessile  ovate  thin 
leaves,  and  greenish-yellow  drooping  flowers  on  slender  terminal  peduncles,  soli- 
tary or  few  in  an  umbel.  (Name  from  5/s,  double,  and  airopd,  seed,  in  allusion 
to  the  2  ovules  in  each  cell.) 

1.    D.   lanuginbsum   (Michx.)   Nichols.    Leaves    taper-pointed,   rounded  or 


292  LILIACBAE  (LILY  FAMILY) 

slightly  heart-shaped  at  base  ;  flowers  solitary  or  in  pairs ;  perianth  (18  mm. 
long)  soon  spreading,  twice  the  length  of  the  stamens,  greenish  ;  stigmas  3.  — 
Rich  woods,  Ont.  and  w.  N.  Y.  to  O.,  Tenn.,  and  Ga. 

27.   STREPTOPUS  Michx.    TWISTED-STALK 

Perianth  recurved-spreading  from  a  bell-shaped  base,  deciduous ;  the  6  divi- 
sions lanceolate,  acute,  the  3  inner  keeled.  Anthers  arrow-shaped,  extrorse, 
fixed  near  the  base  to  the  short  flattened  filaments,  tapering  above  to  a  slender 
entire  or  2-cleft  point.  Berry  red,  roundish-ovoid,  many-seeded.  —  Herbs,  with 
rather  stout  stems  from  a  short  or  creeping  rootstock,  ordinarily  forking  and 
divergent  branches,  ovate  and  taper-pointed  rounded-clasping  membranaceous 
leaves,  and  small  (extra-)  axillary  flowers,  either  solitary  or  in  pairs,  on  slender 
thread-like  peduncles,  which  are  abruptly  bent  or  contorted  near  the  middle 
(whence  the  name,  from  <rrpe7rr6s,  twisted,  and  Trotfs,  foot  or  stalk}. 

1.  S.  amplexifblius  (L.)  DC.     Stem  3-9  dm.  high,  glabrous;    leaves  very 
smooth,  glaucous  underneath,  strongly  clasping;  flower  greenish-white  (about 
1  cm.  long)  ;  perianth-segments  wide-spreading  or  recurved  from  near  the  middle  ; 
anthers  many  times  exceeding  the  filaments,  tapering  to  a  slender  entire  point ; 
stigma  entire,  truncate;  fruit  ellipsoid  or  globose,  1-2  cm.  long,  scarlet.  —  Cold 
moist  woods,  Greenl.  to  Alaska,  s.  to  N.  E.,  Pa.,  O.,  Minn.,  and  in  the  mts.  to 
N.  C.  and  N.  Mex.     (Eurasia.) 

2.  S.  rbseus  Michx.     Lower  (2-6  dm.  high);   rootstock  short  and  thick; 
leaves  green  both  sides,  finely  ciliate ;  the  branches  sparingly  beset  with  short 
bristly  hairs;  flower  rose-purple  (8-12  mm.  long),  more  than  half  the  length  of 
the  slightly  bent  peduncle,  the  perianth-segments  with  only  the  tips  recurved  in 
age;  anthers   ovate,  2-horned,  about  equaling  the  filaments;   stigma  3-cleft  ; 
fruit  suhglobose,  1  cm.  in  diameter,  cherry-red.  —  Cold  damp  woods,  Nfd.  to  the 
mts.  of  Ga.,  w.  to  Wise,  and  Man.     May,  June. 

3.  S.  16ngipes  Fernald.      Similar ;    rootstock  slender   and    wide-creeping ; 
stem  ciliate-hispid  above,  3-4  dm.  high;  leaves  ciliate,  sessile,  pale  beneath; 
perianth  campanulate,  reddish;  anthers  and  stigmas  as  in  no.  2.  —  Woods,  Mar- 
quette  Co.,  Mich. 

28.   POLYG6NATUM  [Tourn.]  Hill.     SOLOMON'S  SEAL 

Perianth  cylindrical,  6-lobed  at  the  summit ;  the  6  stamens  inserted  on  or 
above  the  middle  of  the  tube,  included ;  anthers  introrse.  Ovary  3-celled, 
with  2-6  ovules  in  each  cell ;  style  slender,  deciduous  by  a  joint ;  stigma  obtuse 
or  capitate,  obscurely  3-lobed.  Berry  globular,  black  or  blue ;  the  cells  1-2- 
seeded.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  simple  stems  from  creeping  knotted  rootstocks, 
naked  below,  above  bearing  nearly  sessile  or  half-clasping  nerved  leaves,  and 
axillary  nodding  greenish  flowers ;  pedicels  jointed  near  the  flower.  (Name 
from  TroXtf-,  many,  and  761/1;,  knee,  alluding  to  the  numerous  joints  of  the  root- 
stock.) 

1.  P.  biflbrum  (Walt.)  Ell.    (SMALLS.)     Glabrous,  except  the  ovate-oblong 
or  lance-oblong  nearly  sessile  leaves,  which  are  commonly  minutely  pubescent 
as  well  as  pale  or  glaucous  underneath;  stem  slender  (3-9  dm.  high)  ;  peduncles 
1-3-  but  mostly  2-flowered ;  perianth  10-12  mm.  long  ;  filaments  papillose-rough- 
ened, inserted   toward  the  summit  of  the  perianth.     (?  P.  borealc  Greene;' P. 
cuneatum  Greene;    Salomonia  biflora  Farwell.)  —  Wooded  hillsides,  N.  B.  to 
Fla.,  w.  to  Ont.,  e.  Kan.,  and  Tex. 

2.  P.  commutatum    (R.  &  S.)  Dietr.     (GREAT  S.)     Glabrous  throughout; 
stem  stout  (0.6-2  m.  high),  terete;    leaves  ovate,  partly  clasping  (12-18  cm. 
long),  or  the  upper  oblong  and  nearly  sessile,  many-nerved;  peduncles  several 
(2-8) -flowered,  jointed  below  the  flower  ;   flowers  12-20   mm.  long  ;  filaments 
smooth   and   naked,   or   nearly  so,  inserted  on  the  middle   of   the   tube.     (P. 
giganteum  Dietr. ;  ?  P.  virginicum  Greene  ;  Salomonia  commutata  Farwell.)  — 
Meadows  and  river-banks,'  w.  N.  H.  and  R.  I.  to  Ga.  and  w.  to  the  Rocky  Mts 
June. 


LILIACEAE  (LILY  FAMILY)  293 

29.   CONVALLARIA  L.     LILY  OF  THE  VALLEY 

Perianth  bell-shaped,  white,  with  6  short  recurved  lobes.  Stamens  6,  in- 
cluded, inserted  on  the  base  of  the  perianth  ;  anthers  introrse.  Ovary  3-celled, 
tapering  into  a  stout  style  ;  stigma  triangular.  Ovules  4-6  in  each  cell.  Berry 
few-seeded,  red.  —  Perennial  herb,  glabrous,  stemless,  with  slender  running  root- 
stocks,  2  or  3  oblong  leaves,  and  an  angled  scape  bearing  a  one-sided  raceme  of 
sweet-scented  nodding  flowers.  (From  Lilium  convallium,  the  popular  name.) 

1.  C.  majalis  L.  —  High  mountains,  Va.  to  S.  C.  —  Apparently  identical 
with  the  European  LILY  OF  THE  VALLEY  of  the  gardens  which  occurs  as  an  occa- 
sional escape  from  cultivation  elsewhere  within  our  limits. 

80.    MEDEOLA    [Gronov.]    L.     INDIAN  CUCUMBER-ROOT 

Perianth  recurved  ;  the  3  sepals  and  3  petals  oblong  and  alike,  pale  greenish- 
yellow,  deciduous.  Stamens  6  ;  anthers  shorter  than  the  slender  filaments, 
oblong.  Styles  stigmatic  down  the  upper  side,  recurved-diverging  from  the 
globose  ovary,  long  and  thread-form,  deciduous.  Berry  globose,  dark  purple, 
3-celled,  few-seeded.  —  A  perennial  herb,  with  a  simple  slender  stem  (3-9  dm. 
high,  clothed  with  flocculent  and  deciduous  wool),  rising  from  a  horizontal 
white  tuber  (with  taste  of  cucumber),  bearing  near  the  middle  a  whorl  of  5-9 
obovate-lanceolate  leaves  ;  also  another  of  3  (rarely  4  or  5)  much  smaller  ovate 
ones  at  the  top,  subtending  a  sessile  umbel  of  small  recurved  flowers.  (Named 
after  the  sorceress  Medea,  for  its  supposed  great  medicinal  virtues.) 

1.  M.  virginiana  L.  —  Rich  damp  woods,  N.  B.  to  Ont.,  Minn.,  and  Fla. 
June. 

31.    TRILLIUM  L.     WAKE  ROBIN.     BIRTHROOT 

Sepals  3,  lanceolate,  spreading,  herbaceous,  persistent.  Petals  3,  larger, 
withering  in  age.  Stamens  6 ;  anthers  linear,  on  short  filaments,  adnate. 
Styles  awl-shaped  or  slender,  spreading  or  recurved  above,  persistent,  stig- 
matic down  the  inner  side.  Seeds  ovate,  horizontal,  several  in  each  cell.  — 
Low  perennial  herbs,  with  a  stout  and  simple  stem  rising  from  a  short  and  prae- 
morse  tuber-like  rootstock,  bearing  at  the  summit  a  whorl  of  3  ample,  com- 
monly broadly  ovate,  more  or  less  ribbed  but  netted-veined  leaves,  and  a 
terminal  large  flower  ;  in  spring.  (Name  from  tres,  three  ;  all  the  parts  being 
in  threes.)  —  Monstrosities  are  not  rare  with  the  calyx  and  sometimes  petals 
changed  to  leaves,  or  the  parts  of  the  flower  increased  in  number. 

*  Ovary  and  fruit  Q-angled  and  more  or  less  winged. 
•i-  Flower  sessile  j  leaves  usually  mottled. 

1.  T.  sessile  L.     Leaves  sessile;  sepals  spreading ;  sessile  petals  erect-spread- 
ing, narrowly  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  dark  and  dull  purple,  varying  to 
greenish  ;  fruit  globose,  1.2  cm.  long.  — Moist  woods,  Pa.  to  Minn,  and  southw. 

2.  T.  vlride  Beck.     Larger  (3-4  dm.  high)  ;  leaves  sessile,  ovate,  acuminate  ; 
sepals  spreading  ;  petals  linear,  3-5  cm.  long,  greenish.  —  Rich  woods  and  open 
hillsides,  Kan.,  Mo.,  and  southeastw. 

3.  T.  recurvatum  Beck.     Leaves  contracted  at  the  base  into  a  petiole,  ovate, 
oblong,  or  obovate ;  sepals  reflexed ;  petals  pointed,  the  base  narrowed  into  a 
claw,  'oblong-lanceolate   to  -ovate,  dark  purple;   fruit  ovoid,  strongly  winged 
above,  1.8  cm.  long. —  Rich  woods,  O.  to  Minn.,  Ark.,  "Miss.,"  and  Tenn. 

t-  -t-  Flower  pediceled  ;  connective  narrow,  not  produced;  leaves  subsessile. 
•M-  Anthers  at  anthesis  exceeding  the  stigmas. 

4.  T.  erSctum  L.    Leaves  very  broadly  rhombic,  shortly  acuminate  ;  peduncle 
(2-8  cm.  long)  usually  more  or  less  inclined  or  declinate ;  petals  ovate  to  lanceo- 
late (18-30  mm.  long),  brown-purple  or  often  white  or  greenish  or  pinkish  ; 
stamens  exceeding   the   stout  distinct  spreading  or   recurved  stigmas;  ovary 
purple,;    fruit  ovoid,    2.5   cm.  long,   reddish. — Rich    woods,  e.  Que.  to  Ont., 
southw.  to  Pa.  and  in  the  mts.  to  N.  C.  —  Flowers  ill-scented. 


294  LiLiACEAE  (LILY  FAMILY) 

5.  T.    grandiflbrum  (Michx.)  Salisb.      Leaves  less  broadly  rhombic-ovate 
pedicel  erect  or  ascending ;  petals  oblanceolate,  often  broadly  so  (4-6  cm.  long), 
white  turning  rose-color  or  marked  with  green  ;  stamens  with  stout  filaments 
(persistently  green  about  the  fruit)  and  anthers,  exceeding  the  very  slender  erect 
or  suberect  and  somewhat  coherent  stigmas;  fruit  subglobose.  —  Rich  woods, 
w.  Que.  and  w.  Vt.  to  Minn.,  Mo.,  and  N.  C. 

•*-*•  -H-  Anthers  at  anthesis  surpassed  by  the  stigmas. 

6.  T.  cSrnuum  L.    Leaves  very  broadly  rhombic-ovate  ;  peduncles  (8-33  mm. 
long)  usually  recurved,'  petals  white  or  pink,  ovate- to  oblong-lauceolate  (12- 
24   mm.  long),  wavy,  recurved-spreading ;  filaments  nearly  or  quite  equaling 
the  anthers;  ovary  white  or  pinkish  ;  stigmas  stoutish,  tapering  from  the  base 
to  the  apex;  fruit  ovoid.  —  Moist  woods,  Nfd.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Pa. ,  Mich., 
Minn.,  and  in  the  mts.  to  Ga. 

7.  T.  declinatum  (Gray)  Gleason.     Leaves  broadly  rhombic  ;  peduncles  (4-6 
cm.  long)  usually  horizontal;  petals  white,  ovate-oblong  (2-3.5  cm.  long);  fila- 
ments less  than  half  as  long  as  the  anthers  ;  stigmas  short,    stout,  tapering 
from  the  base  to  the  apex  ;  ovary  white  or  pinkish.    (T.  erectum,  var.  Gray.)  — 
Woods,  O.  and  s.  Mich,  to  s.  Minn,  and  Mo. 

*  *  Ovary  and  fruit  3-lobed  or  -angled,  not  winged ;  filaments  slender,  about 
equaling  the  anthers  ;  pedicel  erect  or  inclined  ;  leaves  petiolate. 

8.  T.  nivale  Riddell.     (DWARF  WHITE  or  SNOW  T.)     Small  (5-10  cm.  high) ; 
leaves  oval  or  ovate,  obtuse  (2.5-5  cm.  long)  ;  petals  oblong,  obtuse  (12-30  mm. 
long),    white,  scarcely  wavy,    spreading  from    an    erect    base,    equaling   the 
peduncle ;   styles  long  and  slender ;   fruit  depressed-globose,   with  3  rounded 
lobes,  6-8  mm.  long.  — Rich  woods,  w.  Pa.  and  Ky.  to  Minn,  and  la. 

9.  T.  undulatum  Willd.     (PAINTED  T.)     Leaves  ovate,  taper-pointed;  petals 
ovate   or  oval-lanceolate,  pointed,  wavy,  widely  spreading,  white  painted  with 
purple,  stripes  at  the  base,  shorter  than  the  peduncle  ;  fruit  broad-ovoid,  obtuse, 
14-18  mm.  long.     ( T.  erythrocarpum  Michx.)  —  Cold  damp  woods  and  bogs,  e. 
Que.  to  Ont.  and  Wise.,  southw.  in  the  mts.  to  Ga. 

32.   ALETRIS  L.     COLIC-ROOT.    STAR  GRASS 

Perianth  cylindrical,  wrinkled  and  roughened  outside  by  thickly  set  points, 
the  tube  adhering  below  to  the  base  of  the  ovary,  6-cleft  at  the  summit. 
Stamens  6,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  lobes  ;  filaments  and  anthers  short, 
included.  Style  awl-shaped,  3-cleft  at  the  apex ;  stigmas  minutely  2-lobed. 
Capsule  ovoid,  beaked,  inclosed  in  the  roughened  perianth ;  seeds  numerous, 
minute,  costate. — Perennial  and  smooth  stemless  herbs,  very  bitter,  with 
fibrous  roots,  and  a  spreading  cluster  of  thin  and  flat  lanceolate  leaves  ;  the 
small  flowers  in  a  spike-like  raceme,  terminating  a  naked  slender  scape  (4-10 
dm.  high).  ('AXer/9/s,  a  female  slave  who  grinds  corn;  in  allusion  to  the  ap- 
parent mealiness  of  the  blossoms.) 

1.  A.  farinbsaL.    Flowers  tubular,  white  ;  lobes  lanceolate-oblong. —  Grassy 
or  sandy  woods,  s.  Me.  to  Fla.,  Ark.,  and  Minn.    July,  Aug. 

2.  A.  aurea  Walt.     Flowers  bell-shaped,  yellow,  fewer  and  shorter  than  in 
the  preceding;  lobes  short-ovate. — Barrens,  "  Va.,"  S.  C.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

33.   SMiLAX  [Tourn.]  L.     GREEN  BRIER.     CAT  BRIER 

Flowers  dioecious  in  umbels  on  axillary  peduncles,  small,  greenish  or  yellow- 
ish, regular,  the  perianth-segments  distinct,  deciduous.  Filaments  linear,  in- 
serted on  the  very  base,  the  introrse  anthers  linear  or  oblong,  fixed  by  the  base, 
apparently  1-celled.  Ovary  of  fertile  flowers  3-celled  (1 -celled,  with  single 
stigma  in  S.  laurifolia)  ;  stigmas  thick  and  spreading,  almost  sessile  ;  ovules  1  or 
2  in  each  cell,  pendulous,  orthotropous.  Fruit  a  small  herry.  —  Shrubby  or  her- 
baceous, usually  climbing  or  supported  by  a  pair  of  tendrils  on  the  petiole  of  the 


LILIACEAE  (LILY  FAMILY)  295 

ribbed  and  netted-veined  simple  leaves.     (An  ancient  Greek  name,  of  obscure 
meaning.) 

§  1.  Stems  herbaceous,  not  prickly  ;  flowers  carrion-scented;  ovules  2  in  each 
cell;  leaves  membranous,  mucronate-tipped /  berries  bluish-black  with  a 
bloom. 

1.  S.  herbacea  L.    (CARRION-FLOWER.)    Stem  climbing,  1-5  m.  high;  leaves 
ovate  or  rounded,  mostly  heart-shaped  or  truncate  at  base,  abruptly  acute  to 
short-acuminate,    7-9-nerved,  smooth;    petioles    1-4  cm.  long;  peduncles  4-20 
cm.  long,  often  much  exceeding  the  leaves,  20-40-flowered ;  seeds  2-6.  —  Moist 
meadows  and  river-banks,  common,  N.  B.  to  Man.  and  Tex.     June.  —  Variable. 
Var.  PULVERULENTA  (Michx.)  Gray.     Leaves  sparingly  to  densely  puberulent 
on  the  veins  beneath.     ($.  pulverulenta  Michx.)  — Pa.  to  Ont.,  w.  to  Mont,  and 
Kan. 

2.  S.  tamnifblia  Michx.     Stem  upright  or  climbing  ;  leaves  mostly  5-nerved, 
smooth,  broadly  ovate  to  lanceolate,   truncate  or   cordate   at   base,  abruptly 
acute  to  acuminate,  some  of  them  hastate  with  broad  rounded  lobes ;  peduncles 
longer  than  the  petioles;   berry  smaller,  2-3-seeded.  —  Pine -barrens,  Pa.  and 
N.  J.  to  S.  C. 

3.  S.  ecirrhata  (Engelm.)  Wats.     Erect,  1.5-9  dm.  high,  without  tendrils 
(or  only  the  uppermost  petioles  tendril-bearing) ;  lower  leaves  reduced  to  narrow 
scale-like  bracts,  the  rest  thin,  5-7-nerved,  broadly  ovate-elliptical  to  roundish, 
acute,  mostly  cordate  at  base,  4-12  cm.  long,  pubescent  beneath;  peduncles  and 
petioles  3-7  cm.  long  ;  umbels  10-20-flowered  ;  berry  3-seeded.  —  O.  and  Md.  to 
S.  C.,  Wise.,  "Minn.,"  and  Mo. 

§  2.    Stems  woody,  often  prickly  /  ovules  solitary  ;  glabrous  throughout. 

*  Leaves  ovate  or  roundish,  etc.,  most  of  them  rounded  or  heart-shaped  at  base, 
and  5-9-nerved,  the  three  middle  nerves  or  ribs  stronger  and  more  con- 
spicuous. 

H-  Peduncles  (4-13  mm.  long)  shorter  or  scarcely  longer  than  the  petioles,  flat- 
tened /  leaves  thickish,  green  both  sides. 

4.  S.  WaltSri  Pursh.     Stem  low,  somewhat  angled,  prickly  near  the  base  or 
unarmed  ;   leaves  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong,   somewhat  heart-shaped 
or  rounded  at  base  (6-11  cm.  long);  berries  coral-red. — Pine-barrens,  N.  J.  to 
Fla. 

6.  S.  rotundif&lia  L.  (COMMON  GREEN  BRIER,  HORSE  BRIER.)  Stem  as  well 
as  the  terete  branches  armed  with  scattered  prickles  ;  branchlets  more  or  less 
4-angular  ;  leaves  ovate  or  round-ovate,  often  broader  than  long,  slightly  heart- 
shaped,  abruptly  short-pointed,  obscurely  denticulate  or  entire  ;  berries  blue- 
black,  with  a  bloom.  — Moist  thickets,  N.  S.  to  Ga.,  w.  to  Minn,  and  Tex. 
—  Very  variable,  passing  into  var.  QUADRANGULARIS  (Muhl.)  Wood.,  which  has 
branches,  and  especially  branchlets,  4-angular,  and  is  more  common  westw. 

•*-  -t-  Peduncle  longer  than  but  seldom  twice  the  length  of  the  short  petiole,  flat- 
tened ;  leaves  tardily  deciduous  or  partly  persistent ;  berries  black,  with  a 
bloom. 

6.  S.   glaiica  Walt.     (SAW  BRIER.)     Terete  branches  and  somewhat  4-an- 
gular glaucous  branchlets  armed  with  scattered  stout  prickles,  or  naked  ;  leaves 
ovate,  rarely  subcordate,  glaucous  beneath  and  sometimes  also  above  (6-7  cm. 
long),  abruptly  mucronate,  the  edges  smooth  and   naked.  —  Dry  thickets,   e. 
Mass,  to  Fla.,  w.  to  Tex. 

7.  S.  B6na-nox   L.     Branches  and  the  angular  (often  square)  branchlets 
sparsely  armed   with  short  rigid  prickles ;   leaves  varying  from  round-heart- 
shaped  and  slightly  contracted  above  the  dilated  base  to  fiddle-shaped  and  hal- 
berd-shaped or  3-lobed,   green  and  shining  both  sides,  cuspidate-pointed,  the 
margins  often  somewhat  bristly-ciliate  or  spinulose.    (S.  tamnoides  Man.  ed.  5  ; 
probably  not  L.)— Thickets ;  Nantucket,  Mass.;  N.  J.  to  Fla.,  w.  to  111.,  Mo., 
and  Tex, 


296  HAEMODORACEAE    (BLOODWORT    FAMILY) 

-«-  -t-  -*-  Peduncle  2-4  Zimes  the  length  of  the  petiole;  leaves  ample  (7-12  cm. 
long},  thin  or  thinnish,  green  both  sides;  berries  black;  stem  terete  and 
branchlets  nearly  so. 

8.  S.hispida  Muhl.     Rootstock  cylindrical,  elongated  ;  stem  (climbing  high) 
below  densely  beset  with  long  and  weak  blackish  bristly  prickles,  the  flowering 
branchlets  mostly  naked ;    leaves  ovate   and  the  larger  heart-shaped,  pointed, 
slightly  rough-margined,   membranaceous  and  deciduous;  peduncles   2-5   cm. 
long ;  perianth-divisions  lanceolate,  almost  6  mm.  long.  —  Moist  thickets,  Ct.  to 
Va.,  w.  to  Ont.,  Minn.,  Kan.,  and  Tex.     June. 

9.  S.  pseudo-china  L.     Eootstock  tuberous;  stems  and  branches  unarmed, 
or  with  very  few  weak  prickles  ;  leaves  ovate-heart-shaped,  or  on  the  branchlets 
ovate-oblong,  cuspidate-pointed,  often  rough-ciliate,  becoming  firm  in  texture  ; 
peduncles  flat  (5-7  cm.  long).  —  Dry  or  sandy  soil,  N.  J.  to  Fla.,  w.  to  s.  Ind. 
and  Kan.    July. 

*  *  Leaves  varying  from  oblong -lanceolate  to  linear,  narrowed  at  base  into  a 
short  petiole,  3-5-nerved,  shining  above,  paler  or  glaucous  beneath,  many 
without  tendrils;  peduncles  short,  seldom  exceeding  the  petioles,  terete; 
the  umbels  sometimes  panicled  ;  branches  terete,  unarmed. 

10.  S.  lanceolata  L.     Leaves  thinnish,  rather  deciduous,  ovate-lanceolate  or 
lance-oblong  ;  stigmas  3  ;  berries  dull  red.  —  Rich  woods  and  margins  of  swamps, 
Va.  to  Fla.,  w.  to  Ark.  and  Tex.     June. 

11.  S.  laurifblia  L.     Leaves  thick  and  coriaceous,  evergreen,  varying  from 
oblong-lanceolate  to  linear  (6-12  cm.  long);  stigmas  solitary  and  ovary  \-celled; 
berries  black  when  ripe,  1-seeded,  maturing  in  the  second  year.  — Pine-barrens, 
N.  J.  to  Fla.,  w.  to  Ark.,  and  Tex.    July,  Aug. 

HAEMODORACEAE    (BLOODWORT  FAMILY) 

Perennial  stoloniferous  herbs  with  fibrous  roots,  equitant  leaves,  and  perfect 
3-6-androus  regular  woolly  flowers ;  the  tube  of  the  6-lobed  perianth  coherent 
with  the  whole  surface,  or  with  merely  the  lower  part,  of  the  %-celled  ovary.  — 
Anthers  introrse.  Capsule  crowned  or  inclosed  by  the  persistent  perianth, 
3-celled,  loculicidal,  3-many-seeded.  A  small  family ;  chiefly  of  the  southern 
hemisphere.  Ours  with  dense  compound  cymes  of  dingy  yellow  flowers. 

1.  Lachnanthes.     Stamens  3.     Ovary  inferior. 

2.  Lophiola.     Stamens  6.     Ovary  nearly  free. 

1.  LACHNANTHES   Ell.     RED-ROOT 

Perianth  6-parted  down  to  the  adherent  ovary.  Stamens  opposite  the  3  larger 
or  inner  divisions  ;  filaments  long,  exserted  ;  anthers  soon  curved  or  coiled, 
attached  near  the  base.  Style  thread-like,  exserted,  declined.  Capsule  globular. 
Seeds  few  on  each  fleshy  placenta,  flat  and  rounded,  fixed  by  the  middle.— 
Leaves  clustered  at  the  base  and  scattered  on  the  stem,  which  is  hairy  at  the 
top  and  terminated  by  a  dense  compound  cyme  of  dingy  yellow  and  loosely 
woolly  flowers  (whence  the  name,  from  \dxvn,  v'ool,  and  dvdos,  blossom}. 

1.  L.  tinct&ria  (Walt.)  Ell.  Erect,  3-10  dm.  high.  (Gyrotheca  Salisb.)  — 
Sandy  swamps,  near  the  coast,  Cape  Cod,  Mass.,  R.  I.,  and  N.  J.  to  Fla.  July- 
Sept. 

2.   LOPHiOLA   Ker. 

Divisions  of  the  perianth  nearly  equal,  spreading,  longer  than  the  6  stamens, 
which  are  inserted  at  their  base.  Anthers  fixed  by  the  base.  Capsule  ovoid, 
free  from  the  perianth  except  at  the  base,  pointed  with  the  awl-shaped  style, 
which  finally  splits  into  3  divisions,  one  terminating  each  valve.  Seeds  numer- 
ous, oblong,  ribbed,  anatropous.  —  Slender  herb  with  linear  and  nearly  smooth 


AMAKYLLIDACEAE    (AMARYLLIS   FAMILY)  297 

leaves ;  inflorescence  and  upper  part  of  the  stem  whitened  with  soft  matted 
wool.  Perianth-lobes  naked  only  toward  the  tip,  each  clothed  with  a  woolly  tuft 
near  the  base  (whence  the  name,  from  Xo^id,  a  crest). 

1.  L.  aiirea  Ker.  Perianth-segments  dull  yellow  within.  (L.  americana 
Coville.)  —  Boggy  pine-barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  June-Aug. 

DIOSCOREACEAE    (YAM  FAMILY) 

Plants  with  twining  stems  from  large  tuberous  roots  or  knotted  rootstocks, 
and  ribbed  and  netted-veined  petioled  leaves,  small  dioecious  6-androus  and 
regular  flowers,  with  the  6-cleft  calyx-like  perianth  adherent  in  the  fertile  plant 
to  the  ^-celled  ovary.  Styles  3,  distinct.  —  Ovules  1  or  2  in  each  cell,  anatropous. 
Fruit  usually  a  membranaceous  3-angled  or  -winged  capsule. 

1.   DIOSCOREA  [Plumier]  L.     YAM 

Flowers  very  small,  in  axillary  panicles  or  racemes.  Capsule  loculicidally 
3-valved  by  splitting  through  the  winged  angles.  Seeds  flat,  with  a  membrana- 
ceous wing.  (Dedicated  to  the  Greek  naturalist,  Dioscorides.) 

1.  D.  villbsa  L.  (WILD  YAM-ROOT.)  Herbaceous;  stems  slender,  from 
knotty  and  matted  rootstocks,  twining  over  bushes ;  leaves  mostly  alternate, 
sometimes  nearly  opposite  or  in  fours,  more  or  less  downy  beneath,  heart-shaped, 
conspicuously  pointed,  9-11-ribbed  ;  flowers  pale  greenish-yellow,  the  sterile  in 
drooping  panicles,  the  fertile  in  drooping  simple  racemes  ;  capsules  1.6-2.5  mm. 
long. — Thickets,  s.  N.  E.  to  Fla.,  w.  to  Ont.,  Minn.,  Kan.,  and  Tex.  — Ac- 
cording to  C.  G.  Lloyd  the  typical  villous-leaved  form  has  a  matted  rootstock 
the  divisions  of  which  are  scarcely  thicker  than  the  stems.  He  distinguishes,  as 
var.  GLABRA  Lloyd,  a  form  with  a  thick  knotted  rootstock  and  glabrous  leaves. 
This  form  or  possibly  state,  occurring  in  Ky.  and  probably  elsewhere,  is  said 
to  be  inferior  for  pharmaceutical  use.  The  relation  between  the  smooth  foliage 
and  thickened  rootstock  does  not,  however,  appear  to  be  definite. 

AMARYLLIDACEAE    (AMARYLLIS  FAMILY) 

Chiefly  bulbous  and  scape-bearing  herbs,  not  scurfy  or  woolly,  with  linear  flat 
root-leaves,  and  regular  (or  nearly  so)  and  perfect  6-androus  flowers,  the  tube 
of  the  corolline  6-parted  perianth  coherent  with  the  3-celled  ovary  ;  the  lobes  im- 
bricated in  the  bud.  —  Anthers  introrse.  Style  single.  Capsule  3-celled,  several- 
many-seeded.  Seeds  anatropous  or  nearly  so,  with  a  straight  embryo  in  the  axis 
of  fleshy  albumen, 

*  Fruit  a  3-valved  loculicidal  capsule  ;  plant  glabrous. 
+-  Perianth  with  a  conspicuous  crown  in  the  throat. 

1.  Hymenocallis.     Perianth-tube  slender,  the  lobes  narrow,  recurved  ;  a  cup-shaped  crown  con- 

necting the  filaments. 

2.  Narcissus.    Perianth-tube  produced  at  the  base  of  the  spreading  ovate  lobes  into  a  true 

crown.     Filaments  without  a  connecting  cup. 

-i-  -i-  Perianth  naked  in  the  throat. 
•M-  Low  bulbous  plants  with  1-flowered  scapes. 

3.  Zephyranthes.     Anthers  versatile  on  filiform   somewhat  elongated  filaments;  tube  of  the 

perianth  shorter  than  the  throat  and  limb. 

4.  Cooperia.     Anthers  dorsifixed  near  the  base  ;  filaments  short ;  tube  of  the  perianth  much  ex- 

ceeding the  throat  and  limb. 

•n-  -H-  Tall,  not  bulbous  ;  flowers  spicate. 

5.  Agave.    Perianth  equally  6-cleft,  without  crown  ;  leaves  fleshy. 

*  *  Fruit  indehiscent ;  anthers  sagittate  ;  plant  villous. 
C.   Hypoxis.     Perianth  6-parted  nearly  down  to  the  ovary,  persistent ;  bulb  solid. 


298  AMARYLLIDACEAE    (AMARYLLIS   FAMILY  J 

1.  HYMENOCALLIS   Salisb. 

Capsule  thin,  2-3-lobed  ;  seeds  usually  2  in  each  cell,  basal,  fleshy,  often  like 
bulblets.  —  Scapes  and  leaves  from  a  coated  bulb.  Flowers  white,  fragrant,  large 
and  showy,  sessile  in  an  umbel-like  head  or  cluster,  subtended  by  2  or  more  sca- 
rious  bracts.  (Name  composed  of  v^rfv,  a  membrane,  and  /cdXXos,  beauty.) 

I.  H.  occidentalis  (Le  Conte)  Kunth.  Leaves  strap-shaped,  glaucous,  3-5 
dm.  long,  18  36  mm.  broad  ;  scape  3-6-flowered  ;  bracts  narrow,  5  cm.  long ; 
perianth-tube  about  8-10  cm.  long,  the  linear  segments  scarcely  shorter ;  the 
crown  2.5-3  cm.  long,  tubular  below,  broadly  funnel-form  above,  the  margin 
deltoid  and  entire,  or  2-toothed  and  erose,  between  the  white  filaments,  which 
are  twice  longer ;  anthers  yellow ;  style  green.  —  Marshy  banks  of  streams,  s. 
Mo.  and  s.  111.  to  n.  Ga.,  and  Ala. 

2.  NARCISSUS  [Tourn.]  L. 

Capsule  thin,  3-celled  ;  seeds  numerous  in  each  cell,  affixed  in  2  series  to  the 
axile  placenta.  Flowers  (in  our  species)  solitary  on  leafless  scapes  subtended 
by  a  deciduous  or  marcescent  spathe.  (Name  of  the  youth  who,  according  to  a 
Greek  myth,  was  changed  into  this  flower.) 

1.  N.    PSEUDO-NARCISSUS  L.     (DAFFODIL.)     Crown  at  least  as  long  as  the 
perianth-segments,  yellow.  —  Established  in  meadows,  Pa.  and  N.  J.     (Introd. 
from  Eu.) 

2.  N     POETICUS  L.    (POET'S  NARCISSUS.)    Crown  less  than  half  as  long  as  the 
perianth-segments,  white  edged  with  pink. — Established   in  meadows,  N.  E., 
L.  I.,  and  Pa.     (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

3.  ZEPHYRANTHES   Herb. 

Perianth  funnel-form,  from  a  tubular  base  ;  the  6  divisions  petal -like  and 
similar,  spreading  above  ;  the  6  stamens  inserted  in  its  naked  throat.  Pod 
membranaceous,  3-lobed.  (From  {tyvpos,  a  wind,  and  &vdos,  flower.) 

I.  Z.  Atamasco  (L.)  Herb.  (ATAMASCO  LILY.)  Leaves  bright  green  and 
shining,  very  narrow,  channeled,  the  margins  acute  ;  scape  2-3.5  dm.  high  ;  pe- 
duncle short ;  spathe  2-cleft  at  the  apex  ;  perianth  white  and  pink,  6-9  cm.  long  ; 
stamens  and  style  declined.  (Atarnosco  Greene.)  — Pa.  to  Fla.  June. 

4.   COOPERIA   Herb. 

Perianth-tube  very  long  and  slender,  the  limb  widely  spreading,  6-parted,  the 
short  stamens  borne  on  the  throat.  Spathe  single,  membranaceous.  Capsule 
depressed-globose;  seeds  numerous.  —  Leaves  grass-like  from  a  tunicate  bulb. 
( Named  in  honor  of  Daniel  Cooper,  an  English  botanist  of  the  early  part  of  the 
19th  century.) 

1.  C.  Drumm6ndii  Herb.  Scape  slender,  2-5  dm.  high  ;  perianth  white  or 
rose-tinged,  the  stalk-like  tube  often  1  dm.  in  length. — Prairies,  s.  Kan.  and 
southwestw. 

5.   AGAVE  L.     AMERICAN  ALOE 

Perianth  tubular-funnel-form,  persistent,  6-parted  ;  the  divisions  nearly  equal, 
narrow.  Stamens  6  ;  anthers  linear,  versatile.  Capsule  coriaceous,  many-seeded  ; 
seeds  flattened. — Leaves  thick  and  fleshy,  often  with  cartilaginous  or  spiny 
teeth,  clustered  at  the  base  of  the  many-flowered  scape,  from  "a  thick  fibrous- 
rooted  crown.  (Name  from  ayav-rj,  noble,  —  not  inappropriate  as  applied  to 

A.    AMERICANA,    the    CENTURY    PLANT.) 

1.  A.  virginica  L.  (FALSE  ALOE.)  Herbaceous  ;  leaves  entire  or  denticulate  ; 
scape  1-2  m.  high  ;  flowers  scattered  in  a  loose  wand-like  spike,  greenish -yellow, 
fragrant ;  perianth  18-24  mm.  long,  its  narrow  tube  twice  longer  than  the 
erect  lobes. — Dry  or  rocky  banks,  Md.  and  Va.  to  Fla.,  w.  to  s.  O.,  s.  Ind., 
Mo.,  and  Tex. 


IRIDACEAE   (IRIS   FAMILY)  299 

6.   HYP6XIS   L.     STAR  GRASS 

Perianth  spreading.  Fruit  crowned  with  the  withered  or  closed  perianth. 
Seed  globular.  —  Stemless  small  herbs,  with  grassy  and  hairy  linear  leaves  and 
-slender  few-flowered  scapes.  (An  old  name  for  a  plant  having  sourish  leaves, 
from  UTTO£US,  sub-acid.) 

I.  H.  hirsuta  (L.)  Coville.  Leaves  linear,  grass-like,  longer  than  the  uni- 
bellately  1-4-flowered  scape  ;  divisions  of  the  perianth  hairy  and  greenish  out- 
side, yellow  (rarely  whitish)  within.  '(H.  erecta  L.)  —  Meadows  and  open 
woods,  s.  w.  Me.  to  Fla.,  Assina.,  e.  Kan.  and  Tex. 

IRIDACEAE    (!RIS  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  with  equitant  2-ranked  leaves,  and  regular  or  irregular  perfect  flowers  ; 
the  3  petals  and  3  petal-like  sepals  convolute  in  the  bud,  the  tube  adnate  to 
the  3-celled  ovary,  and  3  distinct  or  monadelphous  stamens,  alternate  with  the 
petals,  with  extrorse  anthers.  —  Flowers  from  a  spathe  of  2  or  more  leaves  or 
bracts,  usually  showy.  Style  single,  usually  3-cleft ;  stigmas  3,  opposite  the 
cells  of  the  ovary,  or  6  by  the  parting  of  the  style-branches.  Capsule  3-celled, 
loculicidal,  many-seeded.  Seeds  anatropous  ;  embryo  straight  in  fleshy  albu- 
men. Rootstocks,  tubers,  or  conns  mostly  acrid. 

*  Branches  of  the  style  (or  stigmas)  opposite  the  anthers. 

1.  Iris.     Sepals  spreading  or  recurved.     Petals  spreading  or  erect.     Stigmas  petal-like. 

*  *  Branches  of  the  style  alternate  with  the  anthers  ;  flower  regular. 

2.  NemastyliS.    Stem  from  a  coated  bulb.    Filaments  united.     Style-branches  2-cleft. 

3.  Belamcanda,     Stems  from  a  creeping  rhizome.     Filaments  distinct.    Stigmas  dilated. 

4.  Sisyrinchium.    Koot  fibrous.    Filaments  united.    Stigmas  thread-like. 

1.    IRIS    [Tourn.]   L.     FLEUR-DE-LIS 

Tube  of  the  flower  more  or  less  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary.  Stamens  dis- 
tinct ;  the  oblong  or  linear  anthers  sheltered  under  the  over-arching  petal-like 
stigmas  (or  rather  branches  of  the  style,  bearing  the  true  stigma  in  the  form  of 
a  thin  lip  or  plate  under  the  apex) ;  most  of  the  style  connate  with  the  sepals 
and  petals  into  a  tube.  Capsule  3-6-angled,  coriaceous.  Seeds  depressed- 
flattened,  usually  in  2  rows  in  each  cell.  —  Perennials,  with  sword-shaped  or 
grassy  leaves,  and  large  showy  flowers;  ours  with  creeping  and  more  or  less 
tuberous  rootstocks.  (TI/«s,  the  rainbow.) 

*  Stems  leafy  and  rather  tall,  from  usually  thickened  rootstocks,  often  branch- 
ing ;  tube  much  shorter  than  the  sepals,  which  are  usually  much  larger 
than  the  petals. 

•»-  Sepals  neither  bearded  nor  crested. 

•M-  Spathes  all  terminal  or  at  the  tips  of  elongate  peduncles. 

«=  Flowers  violet-blue,  variegated  with  green,  yellow,  or  white,  and  purple-veined. 

a.   Ovary  and  capsule  obtusely  angled. 

I.    Seeds  in  2  rows  in  each  cell. 

1.  I.  versicolor  L.  (LARGER  BLUE  FLAG.)  Stem  stout,  angled  on  one  side, 
1.5-9  dm.  high  ;  leaves  sword-shaped  (0.5-2.5  cm.  wide),  glaucous  ;  ovary  ob- 
tusely triangular,  with  flat  sides  ;  flowers  (5-8  cm.  long)  short-pediceled,  varie- 
gated with  green,  yellow  and  white  toward  the  center,  the  funnel-form  tube 
shorter  than  the  ovary  ;  petals  flat,  oblanceolate  or  narrowly  obovate,  half  as 
long  as  the  sepals;  style-branches  with  slightly  overlapping  petaloid  lobes;  cap- 
sule firm,  subcylindric,  turgid,  with  rounded  angles,  stout-beaked;  seeds  4-6  mm. 


300  IRIDACEAE    (IBIS   FAMILY) 

broad,  flattened  on  the  sides,  the  rhaphe  not  apparent.  —  Wet  places,  Nfd.  to  Man. 
and  southw.     May-July. 

2.  I.  setbsa  Pall.,  var.  canadensis  Foster.     Stems  slender,  terete,  1.5-5  din. 
high,  mostly  flecked  at  base  with  purplish  ;  leaves  bright  green,  strongly  nerved, 
0.5-1  cm.  broad  ;  flowers  short-pediceled,  strongly  marked  with  white  toward 
the  center ;  the  inconspicuous  involute  or  tubular  pointed  petals  \  as  long  as  the 
sepals;  style-branches  with  spreading  lobes;  capsule  subcylindric  or  ovoid,  blunt 
or  barely  mucronate,  the  thin  elastic  walls  pale,  flecked  with  purple,  the  angles 
obtuse  or  rounded ;  seeds  2-3.5  mm.  broad,  with  plump  sides  and  prominent 
rhaphe.      (I.  Hookeri  Penny. ) — Seabeaches  and  headlands,  Lab.  and  Nfd.  to 
the  lower  St.  Lawrence  ;  and  along  the  coast  to  e.  Me.     June,  July. 

2.    Seeds  in  1  row  in  each  cell. 

3.  I.  caroliniana  Wats.     Tall  (1  m.  or  less  high) ;  leaves  bright  green,  soft, 
1-3  cm.  broad;  flowers  subsessile  or  short-pediceled,  "lilac,  variegated  with 
yellow,  purple  and  brown  ;"  petals  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  sepals; 
seeds,  with  flattened  sides,  8-10  mm.  broad. —  Swamps,  s.  Va.  to  Ga.  and  La. 
June. 

a  a.  Ovary  and  capsule  sharply  angled. 

4.  I.  prismatica  Pursli.     (SLENDER  BLUE  FLAG.)     Stem  very  slender,  terete, 
2.5-9  dm.  high,  from  a  slender  rootstock  ;   leaves  narrowly  linear  (3-7  mm. 
wide);    flowers  slender-pediceled   (4-6  cm.  long),  the  tube   extremely  short; 
ovary  3-angled.  —  Marshes  near  the  coast,  N.  S.  to  Ga.     June,  July. 

=  =  Flowers  brown  or  yellow. 

5.  I.  fiilva  Ker.     Stem  and  leaves  as  in  no.  1  ;  flowers  copper-colored  or  dull 
reddish-brown,  variegated  with  blue  and  green  ;  petals  widely  spreading ;  tube 
cylindrical,  as  long  as  the  6-angled  ovary  ;  style-branches  narrow.  —  Swamps, 
s.  111.  and  Mo.  to  La.  and  Ga.     May. 

I.  FSEuoAcoRus  L.,  the  YELLOW  IRIS  of  European  marshes,  with  several  very 
long  linear  leaves,  bright  yellow  beardless  flowers,  and  erect  petals,  is  becoming 
established  in  N.  E.,  N.  Y.,  and  N.  J. 

I.  ORIENTALIS  Mill.  (/.  ochroleuca  L.),  an  Asiatic  species,  with  stem-leaves 
few  and  reduced,  and  pale-yellow  or  whitish  flowers,  is  freely  cultivated,  and 
tends  to  become  naturalized  in  marshes  on  the  coast  of  Ct.  (Mrs.  M.  E. 
BusselV). 

•w-  -H-  Spathes  mostly  subsessile  or  on  inconspicuous  peduncles  in  the  axils  of  the 
upper  conspicuous  leaves;  flowers  large,  blue-violet. 

6.  I.  hexagona  Walt.     Stem  terete,  flexuous,  3-9  dm.  tall  ;  leaves  green,  not 
glaucous,  the  upper  very  elongated  and  much  overtopping  the  flowers,  1-3  cm. 
broad  ;  flowers  mostly  axillary,  resembling  those  of  no.  1,  but  larger ;  capsule 
very  firm,  6-angled,  short-beaked  ;  seeds  in  2  rows  in  each  cell.      (7.  foliosa 
Mack.  &  Bush.)  —  Rich  low  woods  and  shores,  local,  O.  to  Mo.,  and  southw. 
to  S.  C.,  Fla.,  and  Tex.    May,  June. 

•i-  H-  Claw  and  lower  part  of  blade  of  sepals  beaded. 

7.  I.  GERMANICA  L.     (FLEUR-DE-LIS.)    Leaves  broad,  glaucous  ;  spathes  2-3- 
flowered  ;  perianth-tube  greenish,  cylindrical ;  sepals  dark  violet-purple,  pendent 
with  bright  yellow  beard  ;  petals  equaling  the  sepals  in  length  and  breadth,  lilac  ; 
capsule  trigonous.  —  Established  in  Va.  and  W.  Va.     (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Stems  low  (0.5-1.5  dm.  high},  from  tufted  and  creeping  slender  (or  here  and 
there  tuberous-thickened)  rootstocks,  l-3-flowered ;  tube  of  the  perianth 
long  and  slender ;  the  violet-blue  sepals  and  petals  nearly  equal. 

8.  I.  v6rna  L.     (DWARF  IRIS.)    Leaves  linear,  grass-like  (3-10  mm.  wide), 
rather  glaucous  ;  the  thread-like  tube  about  the  length  of  the  sepals  and  petals, 
which  are  oblong-obovate  and  on  slender  claws,  the  sepals  slightly  hairy  down 
the  orange-yellow  base,  crestless ;  capsule  obtusely  triangular.  —  Wooded  hill- 
sides, Pa.  to  Ky.,  and  southw.     Apr.,  May.  —  Flowers  sometimes  white  with 
yellowish  center. 


IRIDACEAE    (IRIS    FAMILY)  301 

9.  I.  cristata   Ait.     (CRESTED  DWARF  IRIS.)     Leaves  lanceolate  (1-2  dm. 
long  when  grown,  1-2  cm.  broad);    those  of  the  spathe  ovate-lanceolate,  shorter 
than  the  thread-like  tube,  which  is  4-5  cm.  long  and  much  longer  than  the  light- 
blue  obovate  short-clawed  sepals  and  petals;  sepals  crested  but  beardless  ;  cap- 
sule sharply  triangular.  —  Kich  woods,  Md.  to  Ga.,  locally  w.  to  O.,  Ind.,  and 
Mo.     Apr.,  May. — Flowers  fragrant. 

10.  I.  lacustris  Nutt.     (LAKE  DWARF  IRIS.)     Tube  rather  shorter  than  the 
sepals  and  petals  (yellowish,  1-2  cm.  long),  dilated  upward,  not  exceeding  the 
spathe  ;  otherwise  as  in  the  last,  and  too  near  it.  —  Gravelly  shores  of  Lakes 
Huron,  Michigan,  and  Superior.     May. 

2.  NEMASTYLIS  Nutt. 

Sepals  and  petals  similar  and  nearly  equal,  spreading.  Style  short,  its  slen- 
der 2-parted  branches  exserted  between  the  anthers  ;  stigmas  minute,  terminal. 
Capsule  obovoid,  truncate,  dehiscent  at  the  summit.  Seeds  globose  or  angled. 
—  Stems  terete,  with  few  plicate  leaves,  and  few  fugacious  flowers  from  2-bracted 
spathes.  (Name  from  vy^a,  a  thread,  and  vrvXls,  style,  for  the  slender  style- 
branches.) 

1.  N.  acuta  (Bart.)  Herb.  Stem  1-6  dm.  high  ;  spathes  2-flowered  ;  flowers 
pale  blue-purple,  4-7  cm.  broad,  the  divisions  oblong-obovate  ;  capsule  1-1.3  cm. 
long.  (N.  geminiflora  Nutt.)  —  Prairies  and  barrens,  Mo.  to  Tenn.,  La.,  and 
Tex.  Apr.-June. 

3.  BELAMCANDA  Adans.     BLACKBERRY  LILT 

Sepals  and  petals  widely  and  equally  spreading,  all  nearly  alike,  oblong  with 
a  narrowed  base,  naked.  Stamens  monadelphous  only  at  base  ;  anthers  oblong. 
Style  club-shaped,  3-cleft.  Capsule  pear-shaped  ;  the  valves  at  length  falling 
away,  leaving  the  central  column  covered  with  the  globose  black  and  fleshy- 
coated  seeds,  imitating  a  blackberry  (whence  the  popular  name).  —  Perennial, 
with  rootstocks,  foliage,  etc.,  of  an  Iris;  the  branching  stems  (0.5-1  m.  high) 
loosely  many-flowered  ;  the  orange-yellow  flower  mottled  with  crimson-purple 
spots.  (An  East  Indian  name  for  the  species.)  GEMMINGIA  Fabricius. 

1.  B.  CHINENSIS  (L.)  DC.  —  Roadside  thickets,  open  woods,  etc.,  near 
towns,  Ct.  to  Kan.  and  Ga.  ;  common  south  w.  June,  July.  (Nat.  from  Asia.) 

4.  SISYRINCHIUM  L.    BLUE-EYED  GRASS 

Sepals  and  petals  (perianth)  alike,  spreading.  Capsule  globular,  3-angled. 
Seeds  globular. — Low  slender  perennials,  with  fibrous  roots,  grassy  or  lanceo- 
late leaves,  2-edged  or  winged  stems,  and  fugacious  umbeled-clustered  small 
flowers  from  a  usually  2-leaved  spathe.  (A  meaningless  name,  of  Greek  origin.) 

a.   Spathes  sessile  and  terminal  Z>. 
b.    Spathes  2,  with  a  single  outer  leaf-like  bract. 

Stems  subterete,  scarcely  wing-margined  ;    filaments  free  above ; 

anthers  4.5  mm.  long 1.  8.  hastile. 

Stems  flattened,  distinctly  wing-margined  ;  filaments  united  to  the 

summit ;  anthers  at  most  2.5  mm.  long 2.   S.  albidum. 

b.    Spathes  solitary. 

Flowers  yellow 8.  S.flaviftorum, 

Flowers  blue,  violet,  or  white. 

Outer  elongate  bract  with  the  margins  free  to  the  base;   cap- 
sules pale '. 4.  S.  campestre. 

Outer  bract  with  the  margins  united  above  the  base. 
Pedicels  loosely  spreading,  much  exceeding  the  inner  bract; 

capsules  2-4  mm.  high 5.  S.  mucronatinn. 

Pedicels   suberect,  scarcely  exceeding  the  inner  bract ;    cap- 
sules 4-6  mm.  high. 

Capsules  drab  or  dull  brown 6.  S.  angusUfolium 

Capsules  whitish-green  or  straw-color 7.  S.  montanum. 


302 


IEIDACEAE    (IKIS   FAMILY) 


11.   S.   gramineum. 
6.   S.  angustifoUum. 


"a/         ' 


a.  Spathes  peduncled  from  the  axil  of  the  leaf-like  bract  c. 

c.   Old  leaf-bases  persisting  as  tufts  of  straight  bristle-like  fibers. 

Capsules  pale  straw-color  or  whitish,  3-4  mm.  high  .        .        .  8.  8.  Farwellii. 

Capsules  dark  brown,  4-6  mm.  high    .......      9.  8.  arenicola. 

c.   Old  leaf-bases  soon  deciduous,  or,  if  persisting,  merely  loose  irregular 

soft  shreds  d. 
d.  Capsules  pale  straw-color  or  whitish  ;  peduncles  and  pedicels  strictly 

erect        ............    10.  S.  strictum. 

d.   Capsules  brown  or  drab. 

Inner  bract  of  the  spathe  1.5-8  cm.  long  ;  stems  broadly  winged. 
Pedicels  loosely  spreading,  much  exceeding  the  inner  bract 
Pedicels  strongly  ascending,  rarely  exceeding  the  inner  bract    . 
Inner  bract  of  the  spathe  1-1.5  cm.  long  ;  stems  slender  and  nar- 

rowly margined. 
Capsules  not  beaked       .........    12.  S.  atlanticum. 

Capsules  tipped  by  a  short  stout  mucro       .....    13.  S,  apiculatum. 

1.  S.  hastile  Bicknell.  Stiff  and  erect,  dull  green,  about  4  dm.  high,  the 
stem  (1-1.5  mm.  wide)  narrowly  margined  but  not  winged;  leaves  firm  and  stiff, 
slender  and  conduplicate,  barely  1  mm.  broad,  except  at  the  flat- 
tened base  ;  the  2  spathes  closely  sessile,  each  4-bracted,  the  lance- 
attenuate  strongly  nerved  inner  bracts  1.5-2.5  crn.  long,  much 
exceeded  by  the  linear  outer  bract  ;  pedicels  barely  exserted 
beyond  the  inner  bracts.  —  Sandy  shores,  Belle  Isle,  Detroit  R., 
Mich.  May,  June. 

2.  S.  albidum  Raf.  Erect,  pale  green  or  glaucous,  1.5-4.5  dm. 
high  ;  stems  1-3  mm.  wide,  usually  twice  exceeding  the  flat  leaves; 
spathes  with  lance-acuminate  pale  or  purple-tinged  inner  bracts 
(1.3-2.3  cm.  long),  usually  twice  exceeded  by  the  erect  outer 
bract  ;  pedicels  with  slightly  spreading  exserted  tips;  flowers  about 
1  cm.  long,  white  to  violet;  capsules  subglobose  (2.5-4  mm.  high), 
Pale  straw-color.  —  O.  and  w.  Ont.  to  Wise.,  and  southw  ;  locally 
introd.  in  Ct.  May,  June.  FIG.  603. 

3.  S.  flaviflbrum  Bicknell.     Erect  (2-2.5  dm.  high),  pale  green  or  glaucous; 
stems  flat,  wing-margined,  1.5-3  mm.  broad,  usually  exceeding  the  flat  slightly 
broader  leaves  ;  bracts  of  the  spathe  pale  green  with  conspicuous 

narrow  hyaline  margins,  the  inner  bract  2-3  cm.  long,  twice 
exceeded  by  the  outer  ;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  inner  bract.  — 
Open  woods,  borders  of  prairies,  w.  Mo.  May,  June. 

4.  S.  campSstre  Bicknell.     Caespitose,  glaucous,  slender  (1-5 
dm.  high);  the  flat  stems  (1-3  mm.  broad)  winged,  somewhat 
exceeding  the  leaves  ;  spathes  gibbous,  green  or  tinged  with  pink, 
the  outer  bract  (2.5-4.5  cm.  long)  with  margins  free  to  the  base, 
rarely  twice  exceeding   the    inner;  pedicels  with   curved  tips, 
equaling  or  exceeding  the  inner  bract  ;  perianth  pale  blue  or 
white  ;  capsules  2-4  mm.  high.  —  Prairies,   Wise,  to  N.  Dak., 
and  southw.     Apr.-June.     FIG.  604. 

5.  S.  mucronatum  Michx.     Similar  but  greener;  stems  0.5-1.5  mm.  broad, 
narrowly  winged,  usually  twice  longer  than  the  slightly  broader  leaves  ;  spathes 

usually  purple-tinged,  not  gibbous,  the  outer  bract  with  the  mar- 
gins united  a  little  above  the  base,  2-7  cm.  long,  the  inner  1-2  cm. 
long;  perianth  violet  (rarely  white)  ;  capsules  straw-color  or 
greenish-yellow.  —  Meadows,  fields,  and  open  woods,  w.  Mass,  to 
Va.  and  Mich.  May,  June.  FIG.  605. 

6.  S.  angustifblium  Mill.  Erect  or  ascending, 
stiff,  glaucous,  1-5  dm.  high  ;  the  simple  (rarely 
^or^e(i)  stems  1.5-3  mm.  wide,  distinctly  winged, 
exceeding  the  scarcely  broader  leaves  ;  spathes  green, 
rarely  purplish,  the  outer  bract  with  margins  united 
3-6  mm.  above  the  base,  2-6.5  cm.  long,  the  inner  1-3  cm.  long  ; 
perianth  violet  (rarely  white)  ;  capsules  dull  brown  or  purple- 
tinged.  —  Meadows,  fields,  and  damp  sandy  soil,  Nfd.  to  B.  C., 
s.  to  Va.,  Pa.,  Mich.,  Minn.;  and  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  May-July.  606.  s.  angnsti 
Fro.  606.  folium  x  2/3- 


-  8-  campestr* 
x  v* 


605  S  mucro- 
natum  x  V3.  " 


IRIDACEAE    (IRIS   FAMILY) 


303 


7.  S.  montanum  Greene.     Similar,  pale  green  or  glaucescent ;  spathes  pale 
green  or  straw-color,  the  outer   bract  3.5-8  cm.  long,  the  inner   1.5-3.5  cm. 
long ;  capsule  whitish-green  to  straw-color.  —  Gaspe"  Penins. ,  Que. ;  Mich. ;  Minn. ; 
Rocky  Mts.     June,  July. 

S.  INTERMEDIUM  Bicknell  appears  to  include  inconstant  and  not  very  clearly 
marked  forms  intermediate  between  S.  mucronatum,  S.  angustifolium,  and 
S.  gramineum. 

8.  S.   FarwSllii  Bicknell.     Loosely   tufted,   from  a  fibrous-sheathed  base; 
stems  flexuous,    branched,    slightly  glaucous,  2-3   dm.    high,    1-2  mm.    broad, 
winged,  twice   exceeding   the   slightly    broader   leaves;    bracteal   leaf  loosely 
clasping,  shorter  than  the  (4-11  cm.  long)    curved  slender  peduncles ;  spathes 
1.7-2  dm.  long,  the  bracts  subequal,  yellowish-green,  thin  and  membranous; 
flowers  pale  blue,  on  flexuous  exserted  pedicels. — Local,  s.  e.  Mich. 

9.  S.  arenicola  Bicknell.     Similar,  but   usually  blackening  in  drying,  and 

rather  stouter,  the  violet  flowers  on  erect  or 
only  slightly  curved  pedicels.  —  Sandy  soil, 
near  the  coast,  Mass,  to  N.  J. 

10.  S.  strictum  Bicknell.     Bright  green, 
3  dm.   high;   the   winged  stems  1.5-2  mm. 
wide,  slightly  exceeding  the  scarcely  broader 
leaves  ;  bracteal  leaf  about  equaling  the  strict 
peduncles,  6-9  cm.  long;  spathes  1.5-2  cm. 
long,   pale   green,    tinged  with  purple,    the 
bracts  subequal,  or  the  inner  longer ;  pedi- 
cels strict,  barely  exserted ;  flowers  violet.  — 
Montcalm  Co.,  Mich. 

11.  S.  gramineum  Curtis.    Loosely  tufted, 
bright  green  or  glaucescent,   1-5  dm.  high, 
the   ascending  flexuous  or  even  geniculate 
broad-winged  flat  stems  2-6  mm.  wide,  usu- 
ally exceeding  the  grass-like  leaves  ;  bracteal 
leaf   broad,   usually   shorter  than    the   flat 
peduncles ;  spathes  green,  erect,  the  bracts 
subequal,  1.5-2  cm.  long,  or 

the  outer  somewhat  elon- 
gated ;  flowers  blue ;  cap- 
sules subglobose,  4-6  mm. 
high.  (S.  anceps  Man. 
ed.  6  ;  S.  graminoides  Bick- 
nell. )  —  Wet  meadows  and 
damp  woods,  N.  H.  to  Minn., 
and  southw.  Apr.-June. 
FIG.  607. 

12.  S.  atlanticum  Bick- 
nell.     Loosely   tufted,  pale 

and  glaucous,  2-7  dm.  high ;  stems  wiry  and  slender,  flexuous 
or  geniculate,  narrowly  margined,  1-3  mm.  wide,  much  exceed- 
ing the  narrow  leaves  ;  bracteal  leaf  usually  shorter  than  the 
slender  peduncles  ;  spathes  often  oblique  and  tinged  with  pink, 
the  subequal  bracts  thin,  1-1.5  cm.  long,  the  outer  acute,  the 
inner  obtuse;  pedicels  erect,  scarcely  exserted;  perianth  violet; 
capsules  slightly  higher  than  broad,  3-4.5  mm.  high.  —  Damp 
soil,  Me.  to  Vt.  and  Fla.,  mostly  on  the  coastal  plain.  FIG. 
608. 

13.   S.  apiculatum  Bicknell.     Similar;    stems  3  dm.  high,  x  2/3' 

nearly  or  quite  twice  as  long  as  the  narrowly  linear  grass-like  basal  leaves ; 
the  pedicels  (1-1.8  cm.  long)  distinctly  exserted,  and  the  rather  smaller  capsules 
tipped  by  stout  short  beaks.  —  Lake  shores,  etc. ,  Muskegon  Co. ,  Mich.  FIG. 
609. 


607.  8.  gramineum 
xVs- 


608.  S.  atlanticum 


609.  S.  apiculatum 


304  MARANTACEAE    (ARROWROOT   FAMILY) 

MARANTACEAE    (ARROWROOT  FAMILY) 

Herbs  with  distichous  pinnately  veined  commonly  asymmetrical  leaves,  irregu- 
lar perfect  flowers,  and  strongly  reduced  asymmetrical  androecium,  only  one  half 
of  one  anther  polleniferous,  the  other  half  as  well  as  the  anthers  of  the  remain- 
ing stamens  sterile  and  petaloid.  —  Ovary  inferior  ;  cells  3  or  by  abortion  fewer, 
1-ovuled.  Style  single,  more  or  less  unilateral  or  declined.  Seeds  arillate ; 
embryo  curved  in  copious  albumen. 

1.    THALIA  L. 

Erect  scapose  aquatic  herbs  with  ovate-lanceolate  long-petioled  leaves,  col- 
ored caducous  bracts,  and  open  panicles  of  showy  usually  purple  flowers. 
Sepals  3,  equal  or  nearly  so,  usually  much  shorter  than  the  3  nearly  or  quite 
distinct  petals.  Staminodia  somewhat  connate,  petaloid,  one  of  them  enlarged, 
deflexed  and  lip-like.  (Named  for  Johann  Thai,  a  German  physician  and  nat- 
uralist who  died  in  1583.) 

1.  T.  dealbata  Roscoe.  White-powdery;  scapes  1-2  in.  high;  leaf -blades 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute  at  apex,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base  ;  corolla  and 
bracts  pale  blue,  the  staminodia  purple  or  violet.  —  Marshes,  Mo.  to  S.  C.  and 
Tex. 

BURMANNlACEAE    (BURMANNIA  FAMILY) 

Small  annual  herbs,  often  with  minute  and  scale-like  leaves,  or  those  at  the 
root  grass-like;  the  flowers  perfect,  with  a  Q-cleft  corolla-like  perianth,  the  tube 
of  which  adheres  to  the  l-celled  or  S-celled  ovary  ;  stamens  3  and  distinct,  oppo- 
site the  inner  divisions  of  the  perianth  •  capsule  many-seeded,  the  seeds  very 
minute.  —  A  small,  chiefly  tropical  family. 

1.  BURMANNIA  L. 

Ovary  3-celled,  with  the  thick  placentae  in  the  axis.  Filaments  3,  very  short. 
Style  slender ;  stigma  capitate-3-lobed.  Capsule  often  3-winged.  (Named  for 
J.  Burmann,  an  early  Dutch  botanist.) 

1.  B.  biflbra  L.  Slender  (7-12  cm.  high),  1-several-flowered ;  perianth 
(5  mm.  long)  bright  blue,  3-winged.  —  Peaty  bogs,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

ORCHIDACEAE     (ORCHIS  FAMILY) 
.  REVISED  BY  OAKES  AMES 

Herbs,  distinguished  by  perfect  zygomorphic  gynandrous  flowers,  with  6-merous 
(sometimes  apparently  5-merous)  perianth  adnate  to  the  l-celled  ovary,  with 
innumerable  ovules  on  3  parietal  placentae,  and  with  either  1  or  2  fertile  stamens, 
the  pollen  cohering  in  masses.  Perianth  usually  of  6  divisions ;  the  3  outer 
(sepals)  mostly  of  the  same  texture  as  the  3  inner  (petals).  Of  the  inner 
series,  one,  termed  the  lip,  differs  from  the  rest  in  shape,  and  is  sometimes 
prolonged  at  the  base  into  a  spur.  The  lip  is  really  the  posterior  petal,  but 
by  a  twist  of  the  pedicel  or  ovary  of  half  a  turn  it  is  more  commonly  directed 
downward  and  becomes  apparently  anterior.  At  the  base  of  the  lip,  in  the 
axis  of  the  flower,  is  the  column,  composed  of  a  single  fertile  stamen,  or,  in 


ORCHIDACEAE    (ORCHIS   FAMILY)  305 

Cypripedium,  of  two  stamens  and  the  rudiment  of  a  third,  variously  coalescent 
with  the  style.  Anther  2-celled,  each  cell  containing  one  or  more  masses  of 
pollen  (pollinia},  or  the  pollen  granular  (in  Cypripedium}.  Stigma  viscid  or 
(in  Cypripedium}  rough.  Fruit  a  1-celled  3-valved  capsule.  Flowers  solitary, 
racemed,  or  spiked,  often  showy,  each  flower  usually  subtended  by  a  bract. 
Leaves  parallel-nerved,  solitary,  or  several  and  alternate,  sometimes  apparently 
opposite  or  whorled.  Perennials,  often  with  conns  or  with  tuberoid  roots  ; 
sometimes  rootless  saprophytes.  —  A  cosmopolitan  family  comprising  about  7000 
species  largely  dependent  on  insects  for  pollination. 

I.    Fertile  anthers  2. 

Tribe  I.    CYPRIPEDiEAE.     Perfect  anthers  lateral,  the  sterile  one  forming  a  dilated  fleshy  append- 
age above  the  terminal  stigma.     Pollen  granular,  not  in  masses. 

1.  Cypripedium.     Stems  more  or  less  leafy.    Perianth  spreading  ;  lip  an  inflated  sac. 

II.     Fertile  anther  solitary. 

*  Anthers  persistent. 

Tribe  II.    OPHRYDEAE.     Pollinia  prolonged  at  the  base  of  the  anthers  into  filaments  or  caudicles 
which  are  attached  to  viscid  disks  or  glands. 

2.  Orchis.     Viscid  disks  contained  in  a  pouch,  or  bursicule,  of  the  rostellum. 

3.  Habenaria.     Viscid  disks  naked,  not  contained  in  a  pouch,  or  bursicule,  of  the  rostellum. 

*  *  Anthers  caducous  or  readily  detachable. 

Tribe  III.    NEOTTiEAE.     Pollen-masses  usually  soft  or  granulose. 

••-  Anther  terminal. 

4.  Pogonia.    Lip  without  hypochil,  free.    Column  not  winged. 

5.  Calopogon.    Lip  without  hypochil,  free.    Column  winged  at  apex. 

6.  Arethusa.     Lip  without  hypochil,  united  to  the  base  of  the  gynostemium.    Column  winged 

to  the  base. 

7.  Serapias.    Lip  provided  with  a  hypochil. 

•»-  -i-  Anther  dorsal. 
•H-  Upper  sepal  and  petals  connivent  or  lightly  adherent. 

8.  Spiranthes.     Pollen  waxy  or  powdery,  not  divided  into  a  large  number  of  definite  masses. 

Lip  with  appendages  at  the  base  ;  not  saccate. 

9.  Epipactis.     Pollen  divided  into  a  large  number  of  definite  masses.   Lip  saccate,  unappendaged. 

•H-  -H-  Sepals  and  petals  free. 

10.  Listera.     Lip  retuse  or  cleft. 

Tribe  IV.    EPIDBNDREAE.    Pollen-masses  smooth  and  waxy. 
=  Pollen-masses  4,  unappendaged. 
a.  Leafless  plants. 

11.  Corallorrhiza.    Plants  brownish  or  yellowish,  with  coralline  rhizomes. 

6.  Plants  with  leaves. 

12.  Malaxis.    Lip  not  saccate,  cordate  at  base.    Leaves  several. 
18.  Microstylis.     Lip  not  saccate.    Leaf  solitary  on  the  stem. 

14.  Liparis.     Lip  not  saccate,  obovate.     Leaves  several. 

15.  Calypso.     Lip  saccate.     Leaf  solitary. 

16.  Aplectrum.     Lip  not  saccate.     Leaf  solitary  from  a  tuber. 

=  =-  Pollen-masses  4,  each  attached  by  a  very  short  filament  to  the  viscid  disk  or  gland. 

17.  Tipularia.     Flowers  small,  greenish,  in  a  many-flowered  raceme.     Lip  8-lobed. 

=  =  =,  Pollen-masses  8. 

18.  HezalectriS.     Leafless  plants. 

GRAY'S  MANUAL  —  20 


306  OKCHIDACEAE    (ORCHIS   FAMILY) 

ARTIFICIAL  KEY  TO  GENERA 

a.   Two  fertile  anthers  ;  lip  an  inflated  sac 1.  CYPRIPEDIUM. 

a.   One  fertile  anther  &. 

6.   Flowers  with  a  distinct  slender  spur  (this  at  least  2  mm.  long). 
Leaves  present  at  flowering  time. 
Caudicles  of  pollinia  divergent,  not  contained  in  a  special  pouch  or 

bursicule 3.   HABENARIA 

Caudicles  of  pollinia  convergent,  contained  in  a  special  pouch  or 

bursicule 2.   ORCHIS. 

Leaves  absent  at  flowering  time 17.  TIPULARIA. 

&.   Flowers  without  a  conspicuous  spur,  the  lip  sometimes  saccate  c. 
c.   Leaves  one  or  more  (in  Spiranthes,  Arethusa,  and  Aplectrum  some- 
times absent  or  inconspicuous  at  flowering  time);  plant  green  d. 
d.   Perianth  at  least  15  mm.  across ;  sepals  and  petals  more  or  less 

spreading,  not  strongly  recurved  e. 
e.  Leaves  linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  grass-like,  sheathing  the  scape 

near  the  base. 

Flowers  several,  resupinate,  with  one  floral  bract        ...      5.   CALOPOGON. 
Flowers  solitary,  rarely  2,  not  resupinate,  with  2  floral  bracts, 

one  posterior,  the  other  anterior,  subtending  the  ovary        .      6.   ARETHUSA. 
«.   Leaves  elliptic-oblong,  ovate,  or  cordate,  sometimes  whorled. 

Lip  saccate,  bearded 15.   CALYPSO. 

Lip  not  saccate,  with  a  longitudinal  more  or  less  tuberculate 

crest  or  beard 4.   POGONIA. 

Lip  saccate,  not  bearded 7.   SERAPIAS. 

d.   Perianth  less  than  15  mm.  across ;  sepals  and  petals  connivent  or 

spreading. 

Petals  joined  to  the  upper  sepal  but  not  coalescent  with  it. 

Lip  saccate  at  base,  devoid  of  basal  callosities  ;  leaves  variegated     9.   EPIPACTIS. 
Lip  not  distinctly  saccate,  with  a  horn-like  callosity  within  on 

each  side  at  base  ;  leaves  not  variegated        ....      8.   SPIRANTHES. 
Petals  and  sepals  free. 
Petals  filiform  or  linear,  less  than  2  mm.  broad. 

Leaf  solitary 13.  MICROSTYLIS. 

Leaves  2,  near  the  middle  of  the  stem 10.   LISTEKA. 

Leaves  2,  basal ;  lip  not  pointed 14.   LIPARIS. 

Leaves  basal ;  lip  pointed 12.   MALAXIS. 

Petals  not  filiform,  at  least  2  mm.  broad 16.   APLECTRUM. 

C.  Leaves  wanting ;  scaly  saprophytes  with  yellowish  or  purplish  stems. 

Lip  with  a  callus  on  each  side  of  the  mid-nerve  at  base      .        .        .11.  CORALLORRHIZA. 
Lip  with  5  or  6  longitudinal  crests 18.    HEXALECTRIS. 

1.    CYPRIPEDIUM  L.     LADY'S  SLIPPER.     MOCCASIN  FLOWER 

Sepals  spreading,  all  three  distinct  or  in  most  cases  two  of  them  united  into 
one  under  the  inflated  sac-like  lip.  Petals  mostly  spreading,  linear  or  oblong. 
Column  declined,  on  each  side  a  fertile  stamen  with  its  short  filament  bearing 
a  2-celled  anther ;  pollen  loose  and  pulpy  or  powdery-granular,  the  face  of  the 
anther  converted  into  a  viscid  film ;  on  the  upper  side  of  the  column  a  dilated 
petaloid,  but  thickish  staminode,  or  infertile  stamen  ;  stigma  terminal,  obscurely 
3-lobed,  moist  and  roughish.  —  Roots  coarsely  fibrous.  Leaves  many-nerved  and 
plaited,  sheathing  at  the  base.  Stems  pubescent.  Flowers  solitary  or  few, 
large  and  showy.  (Name  incorrectly  Latinized  from  Etta-pis,  Venus,  and  wtdiXov, 
a  shoe,  therefore  by  some  authors  spelled  Cypripedilum.) 
§  1.  The  three  sepals  separate. 

1.  C.    arietinum  R.  Br.     (RAM'S  HEAD  L.)     Stem  slender,  15-30  cm.  high  ; 
leaves  3  or  4,  elliptic-lanceolate,  nearly  glabrous ;  upper  sepal  ovate-lanceolate, 
acute,  lower  sepals  and  the  petals  linear,  similar,  madder-purple,  1.5-2  cm.  long, 
exceeding  the  whitish    crimson-veined   lip,  which   is   silky   pubescent  within. 
(Criosanthes   borealis   Raf. ) — Swamps  and  rich  woods,  rare  and  local,  Que. 
to  Man.,  s.  to  Me.,  Mass.,  N.  Y.,  and  Minn.     May,  June.     (China.) 

§  2.    The  two  lower  sepals  united. 
*  Stem  elongated,  leafy  to  the  top,  1-3-fiowered ;  lip  slipper-shaped,  not  fissured 

in  front,  but  with  a  rounded  open  orifice. 

•«-  Sepals  and  linear  twisted  petals  acute,  longer  than  the  lip. 

+•*•  Lip  yellow. 

2.  C.  parvifl6rum  Salisb.    (SMALLER  YELLOW  L.)      Stem  19-60  cm.  high; 
petals  and  sepals  greenish,  much  suffused  with  madder-purple,  3-5  cm.  long ; 


ORCHIDACEAE    (ORCHIS   FAMILY)  307 

lip  2-3  cm.  long.  —  Mostly  in  swampy  or  boggy  places.  —  Frequently  indis- 
tinguishable from  the  following  variety,  into  which  it  seems  to  pass.  Both  the 
species  and  the  variety  widely  distributed  throughout  our  range.  May-July. 

Var.  pub6scens  (Willd.)  Knight.  (LARGER  YELLOW  L.)  Stem  23-70  cm. 
high  ;  leaves  oval,  acute,  11-20  cm.  long,  5-11  cm.  wide,  mostly  distant  on  the 
stem  at  anthesis  ;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  greenish-yellow,  dotted  and  streaked 
with  madder-purple  markings,  usually  exceeding  5  cm.  in  length  ;  lip  golden- 
yellow,  3.5-5  cm.  long.  (C.  pubescens  Willd.  ;  C.  hirsutum  auth.,  not  Mill.) 
—  Mostly  in  woods. 

•w  -w  Lip  white. 

3.  C.  candidum  Muhl.    (SMALL  WHITE  L.)   Stem  16-28  cm.  high,  1-flowered; 
leaves  oval-lanceolate,  acute,  mostly  crowded  at  anthesis ;  petals  and  sepals 
greenish,  spotted  with  madder-purple;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate;  lip  18-20  mm. 
long,  striped  with  purple  inside  at  base.  —  Swamps,  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  to  s.  Minn. , 
n.  e.  Neb.,  s.  to  Mo.  and  Ky.     May,  June. 

•*-  H-  /Sepals  and  petals  not  twisted,  shorter  than  the  lip,  or  nearly  equaling  it. 

4.  C.  hirsutum  Mill.    (SHOWY  L.)     Stem  4-8  dm.  high,  hirsute  ;  leaves  ovate, 
acute  ;  sepals  round-ovate,  or  orbicular,  rather  longer  than  the  oblong  petals ;  lip 
much  inflated,  white,  crimson-magenta  in  front,  about  4  cm.  long.    (C.  spectabile 
Salisb.)  —  Swamps  and  wet  mossy  woods,  Nfd.  to  Ga.  and  Wise.     June,  July. 

5.  C.  passerinum  Richards.      Stem  about  2  dm.   high,   villous-pubescent ; 
leaves  elliptic-lanceolate,  acute  ;  upper  sepal  yellowish,  nearly  orbicular,  about 
1.5  cm.  long  ;  lip  spherical,  pale  magenta,  spotted  with  deep  magenta  at  the  base 
within.  —  Woods,  n.  Ont.  ;  L.  Superior,  westw.  and  northwestw. 

**  Stems  short,  2-leaved;  leaves  basal,  next  the  ground;  scape  terminated 
by  a  solitary  bract,  l-flowered  ;  sepals  and  petals  greenish-brown,  shorter 
than  the  drooping  lip,  which  is  fissured  in  front. 

6.  C.  acaule  Ait.     (STEMLESS  L.)      Leaves  oval;    scape   15-38   cm.  high; 
sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  nearly  as  long  as  the  linear-lanceolate  petals ;  lip  obovoid, 
crimson-pink  (rarely  white,  and  petals  yellow-green),  nearly  5  cm.  long,  veiny ; 
staminode  rhomboid.     (Fissipes  Small.)  —  Dry  woods,  Nfd.  to  Minn.,  Win- 
nipeg, and  northwestw. ;  s.  to  N.  C.  and  Tenn.    May,  June. 

2.   6RCHIS   [Tourn.]  L. 

Flowers  ringent.  Sepals  and  petals  nearly  equal.  Lip  turned  downward, 
coalescing  with  the  base  of  the  column,  spurred  below.  Anther-cells  contiguous 
and  parallel.  FoJen  cohering  in  numerous  coarse  waxy  grains,  which  are  col- 
lected on  a  cobwebby  elastic  tissue  into  two  large  masses  (one  filling  each 
anther  cell)  borne  on  slender  stalks,  the  bases  of  which  are  attached  to  the 
glands  or  viscid  disks  of  the  stigma;  the  two  glands  contained  in  a  common 
little  pouch,  or  bursicule,  placed  just  above  the  orifice  of  the 
spur.  Flowers  magenta-pink,  showy,  in  a  loose  raceme.  Leaves 
one  or  two.  ("Opx«>  the  ancient  name.) 

1.  0.  rotundifblia  Banks.     Leaf  solitary,  varying  from  almost 
orbicular  to  oblong,  3-8  cm.  long  ;  scape  naked,  12-23  cm.  high ; 
flowers  magenta;  lip  white,  spotted  with  magenta,  3-lobed  (the 
lateral  lobes  oblong  and  the  larger  middle  lobe  dilated  and  notched 
at  the  apex),  6-8  mm.  long,  exceeding  in  length  the  ovate-oblong 

petals  and  sepals  and  the  slender  depending  spur.     (Habenaria   610.  o.  rotundi- 
Richards.)  —  Damp  woods  and  swamps,  local,  e.  Que.   to  N.  Y.,       folia  xi. 
Wise.,  northw.  and  northwestw.    June,  July.    FIG.  610. 

2.  0.  spectabilis  L.  (SHOWY  O.)    Leaves  two,  basal,  oblong-obovate,  shining, 
7-15  cm.  long  ;  scape  4-5-angled,  4-17  cm.  high  ;   bracts  leaf -like,  lanceolate  ; 
floral  bracts  exceeding  the  flowers ;   sepals  and  petals   contiguous,  forming  a 
vaulted  galea  behind  the  column ;  lip  ovate,  white,  or  rarely  magenta-pink, 
undivided.      (Galeorchis   Rydb.) — Rich  woods,  N.  B.  and  N.  E.,   s.  to  Ga., 
westw.  to  Mo.  and  Dak.     May,  June. 


308  ORCHIDACEAE    (ORCHIS   FAMILY) 

3.   HABENARIA   Willd.     REIN  ORCHIS.     FRINGED  ORCHIS 

Flowers  usually  small,  in  loose  or  dense  racemes.  Sepals  spreading,  mostly 
similar ;  petals  erect,  connivent  with  the  upper  sepal.  Lip  entire,  toothed  or 
fringed  laterally,  or  tripartite,  the  divisions  wedge-shaped  and  variously  toothed 
or  fimbriate.  Spur  shorter  or  longer  than  the  lip.  Glands  or  viscid  disks  (to 
which  the  pollen  masses  are  attached)  naked  and  exposed,  separate,  sometimes 
widely  so.  In  some  of  our  species  the  stigma  has  two  or  three  appendages. 
—  Glabrous  plants  with  one  or  more  leaves.  Tuberoids  elongated,  fusiform,  or 
(in  no.  1)  somewhat  palmate.  (Name  from  habena,  a  thong  or  rein,  in  allusion 
to  the  shape  of  the  lip  or  spur  of  some  species.)  An  amphigean  genus  often 
separated  by  authors  into  numerous  genera. 

*  Lip  not  fringed. 

•*-  Leaves  cauline,  several,  at  least  more  than  two. 
•M-  Lip  ^-toothed  at  the  apex. 

1.  H.  bracteata  (Willd.)  R.  Br.  Stem  15-60  cm.  high,  rather  stout;  lower 
leaves  oblanceolate  to  obovate,  the  upper  oblong  to  lanceolate,  acute  ;  floral 
bracts  2-4  times  the  length  of  the  green  flowers ;  raceme  10-30- 
flowered ;  petals  linear ;  lip  oblong  or  slightly  spatulate,  2-3- 
toothed  at  the  apex,  more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  saccate 
whitish  spur ;  tuberoids  somewhat  palmate,  the  divisions  elon- 
gated, tapering.  (Coeloglossum  Parl.)- — Damp  woods  and 
thickets,  N.  S.  to  Alaska,  s.  to  Wash.,  Minn.,  and  Pa.;  and 
along  the  mts.  to  N.  C.  May-Aug.  (China  and 
Japan.)  FIG.  611. 

•M-  -M-  Lip  hastate,  with  a  tubercle  at  the  base. 

611.  II.  bracteata         ~      _      ,,^ 

xu  2.   H.    flava    (L.)    Gray.     Stem  25-55  cm.  high; 

leaves  ovate-oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  the  upper- 
most linear-lanceolate,  passing   into  the  bracts   of    the    elongated    612.  H.  flava 
raceme ;  petals  ovate  ;   lip  truncate,  sometimes  refuse,  with  a  tooth        x  1%. 
or  protuberance  on  the  median  line  near  the  base;  spur  slender, 
4-6  mm.  long.     (H.  virescens  Spreng. ;  Perularia  flava  Farwell.)  — Wet  places, 
N.  S.  to  Minn.,  and  common  southw.     June,  July.     FIG.  612. 

•H-  ++  -w  Lip  lanceolate,  entire. 

3.  H.  hyperb&rea  (L.)  R.  Br.  Stem  leafy,  leaves  oblong-lanceolate ;  raceme 
loose  or  dense  ;  flowers  greenish ;  upper  sepal  ovate,  lateral  sepals  somewhat 
lanceolate ;  petals  lanceolate,  erect ;  lip  lanceolate,  deflexed,  or  curved  upwards ; 
spur  about  as  long  as  the  lip,  slender,  or  clavate  at  the  apex  ; 
glands  of  the  stigma  orbicular.  (Limnorchis  Rydb.)  —  Peat  bogs 
and  wet  cold  woods,  Nfd.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  Pa.,  Neb.,  and 
westw.  June- Aug.  (Iceland.)  —  A  species  variable  in  height,  in 
the  length  and  breadth  of  the  leaves,  in  the  size  of  the  flowers, 
and  in  the  relative  length  of  the  lip  and  spur;  therefore 
supposed  by  some  authors  to  include  several  species. 

4.  H.  dilatata  (Pursh)  Gray.  Similar  to  the  pre- 
ceding ;  flowers  white,  more  delicate  in  texture  :  lip 
lanceolate  with  a  dilated  rhomboidal  base  ;  stigma  narrow.  (Lim- 
norchis Rydb.)  —  Meadows,  bogs,  and  wet  woods,  Nfd.  to  Alaska, 
N.  J.,  Minn.,  and  westw.  May-Aug.  (Iceland.)  FIG.  613. 

Var.  mddia   (Rydb.)   Ames.     A  greenish-flowered  form  of  the 
species   distinguishable   by  the  rhomboidal  base  of  the  lip  from  614<  H.  nivea 
H.  hyperborea.  '  x  i V3. 

5.  H.  nivea  (Nutt.)  Spreng.     Stem  slender,  3-6 dm.  long;  leaves 
numerous,  the  lower  ones  lance-linear,  10-16  cm.  long,  the  others  passing  into 
linear  bracts ;    raceme  lax  or  dense ;  flowers  white,  numerous ;  petals  and  lip 
narrowly  oblong  ;  spur  slender,  ascending,  as  long  as  the  white  untwisted  ovary  ; 


ORC  HID  ACE  AE    (OKCHIS   FAMILY) 


309 


615.   H.  clavellata. 
Flower  x  1.     Lip  x  1 
Column  x  2. 


appendages  of  the  stigma  oblong.     (Gymnadeniopsis  Rydb.) — Swamps  along 
the  coast,  Del.  to  Fla.,  westw.  to  Ark.  and  Tex.    June-Aug.     FIG.  614. 

•<-  t-  Leaves  cauline,  one  or  two. 
++  Lip  crenulate. 

6.  H.  Integra  (Nutt.)  Spreng.     Stem  about  37  cm.  high,  several-leaved ;  the 
lower  leaves  elongated,   oblong-lanceolate,  the    others   becoming  smaller  and 
bract-like;   raceme  densely  many-fiowered,  cylindrical ;  flowers  small,  yellow  ; 
lip  ovate,  entire  or  slightly  crenulate,  or  short-toothed  along  the  margin,  shorter 
than  the  awl-shaped  descending  spur  ;  appendages  of  the  stigma  two,  lateral, 
oblong,  fleshy.     (Gymnadeniopsis  Rydb.)  —  Wet  pine-barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla.,  w. 
to  Tenn.  and  Tex.     July,  Aug. 

*+  ++  Lip  Z-toothed  at  the  apex. 

7.  H.  clavellata  (Michx.)  Spreng.     Stem  19-40  cm.  high,  slender,  with  one 
or  two  oblong  or  oblanceolate  obtuse  leaves,  and  two 

or  three  linear-lanceolate  bracts  above ;  raceme 
3-16-flowered,  subcylindric  ;  flowers  greenish-white  ; 
lip  wedge-oblong,  truncate,  with  three  short  apical 
teeth  or  lobes  ;  spur  slender,  slightly  clavate,  curved 
upwards,  longer  than  the  ovary ;  appendages  of  the 
stigma  3,  oblong,  clavate-tuberculate,  one  outside  each 
orbicular  gland,  and  one  between  them  rising  as  high 
as  the  anther-cells.  (H.  tridentata  Hook. ;  Gymna- 
deniopsis clavellata  Rydb.)  —  Bogs  and  moist  soil, 
Nfd.  to  Minn,  and  south  w.  July,  Aug.  FIG.  615. 

t-  t-  1-  Leaves  radical. 
•H-  Lip  less  than  5  mm.  long. 

8.  H.  unalasce*nsis  (Spreng.)  Wats.     Plant  slender,  3-5  dm.  high,  leafy  at 
base  ;   leaves  oblanceolate,  withering  before   the  flowers  open ;   sepals  slightly 
gibbous  at  base,  1-nerved,  narrowly  oval,  lateral  ones  adnate  at  base  to  the  lip ; 
petals  lanceolate,  obtuse ;  lip  oblong-hastate ;   spur  filiform  or  slightly  clavate, 
shorter  than  the  ovary.     (Piperia  Rydb.)  —  Damp  woods,  Anticosti  I.,  Que.; 
Ont.,  westw.  to  Alaska  and  Cal.    June-Sept. 

++  -M-  Lip  more  than  5  mm.  long. 
=  Spur  about  equal  to  the  lip. 

9.  H.  obtusata  (Pursh)  Richards.      Plants   10-26  cm.  high ;   leaf  solitary, 
basal,  obovate  or  spatulate-oblong  ;  flowers  greenish  or  whitish,  5-15  in  a  loose 

raceme  at  the  summit  of  a  naked  scape  ;  upper  sepal  broad  and 
rounded,  lateral  sepals  and  the  petals  lance-oblong ;  lip  entire, 
linear-lanceolate,  deflexed,  6  mm.  long,  about  the  length  of  the 
tapering  curved  spur.  (Lysiella  Rydb.) — Swamps  and  rich 
woods,  Nfd.  to  Alaska,  s.  to  N.  Y.,  Minn,  and  Col. 
July,  Aug.  (Eu.)  FIG.  616. 

=  =.Spur  two  or  more  times  longer  than  the  lip. 

10.  H.  Hookdri  Torr.  Leaves  orbicular  or 
elliptical,  near  the  ground,  3.5-10  cm.  broad ; 
scape  usually  ebracteate,  12-16  cm.  high,  having  8-20  upright 
yellowish-green  flowers  in  a  strict  raceme  2-4  cm.  through  ; 
sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  the  upper  sepal  dilated  at  base,  acumi- 
nate; lip  lanceolate,  pointed,  about  1  cm.  long;  spur  slender,  acute,  2cm.  long. 
(Lysias  Hookeriana  Rydb.) — Dry  or  damp  woods,  e.  Que.  to  Pa.,  w.  to  Minn. 
June,  July.  FIG.  617. 

11.  H.  orbiculata  (Pursh)  Torr.  Leaves  orbicular  or  elliptical,  6-19  cm. 
broad,  spreading  flat  on  the  ground,  shining  above,  silvery  beneath  ;  scape  with 
one  or  more  lanceolate  bracts,  6-32  cm.  high,  having  10-20  or  more  greenish- 
white  flowers  in  a  loose  raceme  4-6  cm.  through ;  upper  sepal  orbicular,  lateral 


616.  H.  obtusata 
x  iy3. 


617.  H.  Hooker! 


310 


ORCHIDACEAE    (ORCHIS   FAMILY) 


618.  H.  cristata 

xiya. 


ones  ovate;  lip  oblong-linear,  obtuse,  1.5-2  cm.  long;  spur  1.5-2.5  cm.  long; 
anther-cells  strongly  projecting  at  the  free  beak-like  base  ;  glands  nearly  6  mm. 
apart.  (Lysias  Rydb.)  — Rich  deep  woods,  Lab.  to  Alaska,  s.  to  S.  C.,  Minn., 
and  Wash.  July,  Aug. 

12.  H.  macrophylla  Goldie.     Similar  to  the  preceding,  but  larger  in  all  its 
parts;  spur  3-4  cm.  long.  —  Moist  coniferous  woods,  Nfd.  to  Ont.,  s.  to  Ct.  and 
Mich.    June- Aug. 

*  *  Lip  fringed,  not  divided  or  tripartite.    (Blephariglottis  Raf .) 

13.  H.  cristata  (Michx.)  R.  Br.     Stem  2-6  dm.  high  ;   lower  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  elongated,  the  upper  becoming  gradually  reduced  to  acute  bracts  ; 

floral  bracts  nearly  as  long  as  the  orange-yellow  flowers; 
raceme  2-3  cm.  through ;  sepals  elliptical ;  petals  oblong, 
fringed  at  the  top  ;  lip  ovate,  copiously  fringed,  5  mm.  long ; 
spur  slender,  5-9  mm.  long,  longer  than  the  lip.  —  Bogs,  N.  J. 
to  Ark.,  and  south w.  July,  Aug.  FIG.  618. 

14.  H.  ciliaris  (L.)  R.  Br.  (YELLOW  FRINGED  O.)  Stem 
4-6  dm.  high  ;  leaves  linear-oblong  or  lanceolate,  the  upper 
ones  passing  into  pointed  bracts  shorter  than  the  ovaries; 
raceme  4-6  cm.  through  ;  flowers  orange-yellow  ;  lateral  sepals 
orbicular ;  petals  linear-oblong  or  linear-lanceolate,  toothed 
at  the  apex  ;  lip  oblong,  1  cm.  long,  copiously  fringed,  the  basal  segments  often 
branched;  spur  2-2.5  cm.  long. — Peaty  bogs  and  meadows,  Vt.  and  Mass,  to 
Mich.,  Mo.,  and  south  w.  July,  Aug. 

15.  H.  blepharig!6ttis  (Willd.)  Torr.     (WHITE  FRINGED  O.) 
Similar  to  the  preceding  in  habit ;  flowers  white  ;  lateral  sepals 
orbicular,  upper  sepal  elliptical,   concave ;   petals  linear-oblong, 
somewhat  pointed,  cristate  above  or  toothed  ;  lip  narrowly  ovate- 
lanceolate,  8-10  mm.  long,  fringed,   the  segments  once  divided 
or  simple  ;  spur  about  2  cm.  long.  —  Bogs  and  peaty  land,  Nfd. 
to  Fla.,    w.   to  Mich,  and  Miss.     July,  Aug.     FIG.  619.     Var. 
coNSpfcuA   (Nash)    Ames.      Racemes   lax;  spur   4  cm.  long. — 
Occurring  southw.      Var.    HOLOPETALA   (Lindl.)    Gray.     Petals 
narrower,  with  the  toothing  obsolete  and  the  lip  less  fringed. 

x  H.  Canbyi  Ames.  (H.  blepfiariglottis  x  H.  cristata.}    Lip 
about  7  mm.  long,  deeply  fringed  ;  spur  12  mm.  long.  — Swamp   619.  H.blepharf. 
near  Lewes,  Del.,   July,  1878  (Canby}.     Intermediate  in  color       glottis  xl. 
and  size  of  flowers  between  the  parent  species. 

*  *  *  Lip  %-parted,  divisions  toothed  or  fringed. 

•H-  Flowers  greenish  or  whitish. 

•w-  Petals  entire. 

16.  H.  Idcera  (Michx.)  R.  Br.     (RAGGED  FRINGED  0.)    Stems  3-6  dm.  high  ; 
leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate  ;    raceme  loose   or  dense,   many-flowered  ;  petals 

oblong,  divisions  of  the  lip  narrow,  deeply  incised,  the  segments 
capillary;  spur  about  the  length  of  the  ovary,  1.5  cm.  long; 
glands  oblong-linear,  as  long  as  the  stalk  of  the  pcllen-masses. — 
Wet  or  moist  open  ground,  Nfd.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Mo.  and 
Ala.  July,  Aug.  FIG.  620. 

++  *+  Petals  minutely  cut-toothed. 

17.  H.  leucophaSa  (Nutt.)  Gray.  Stem  6-12  dm.  high; 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate  ;  raceme  commonly  elongated,  loose ; 
H  lacera  x  1  tne  larSe  flowers  fragrant ;  petals  obovate  ;  divisions  of  the  lip 
17-20  mm.  long,  many  cleft  to  the  middle  into  a  copious  fringe  ; 
spur  3.5  cm.  long;  glands  transversely  oval. — Wet  meadows  and  prairies, 
N.  S.  and  Me.  to  Minn.,  southw.  w.  of  the  Allegheny  Mts.  to  La.  June, 
July. 


ORCHIDACEAE    (ORCHIS   FAMILY) 


311 


•f-  t-  Flowers  pale  or  deep  magenta  (purplish). 

18.  H.  psyc&des  (L.)   Sw.      Usually   about  5  dm.  high;  lower  leaves  2-4, 
oval  to  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  passing  into  the  linear-lanceolate  bracts; 
raceme  cylindrical,  about  3-3.5  cm.  through,  often  densely  many- 
flowered  ;    lower  sepals    round-oval ;    petals    variable,    mostly 
wedge-obovate  to  spatulate,  more  or  less  denticulate  ;  lip  spread- 
ing, 3-parted,  usually  1-1.2  cm.  broad,  the  three  divisions  mostly 

fringed  less  than  £  their  depth.  —  Wet  open  meadows  and 
swamps,  Nfd.  to  Minn., south  w.  to  N.  C.  July,  Aug.  FIG.  621. 
x  H.  AndrSwsii  White.  (H.  lacera  x  H.  psycodes.)  Lower 
leaves  as  in  H.  lacera;  raceme  loosely  flowered;  flowers  white, 
rose-tinted  ;  petals  cuneate-spatulate,  obtuse  or  slightly  retuse, 
denticulate  above ;  divisions  of  lip  narrowly  cuneate,  deeply 
cleft  as  in  H.  lacera.  —  Pownal,  Vt. ;  S.  Chesterville,  Me.  July, 
Aug. 

19.  H.  fimbriata  (Ait.)  R.  Br.     Usually  a  little  taller  than  the  preceding 
species ;  lower  leaves  3-5,  oval  to  lanceolate  and  oblanceolate,  passing  into 
lanceolate  bracts ;  spike  usually  subcylindrical,  mostly  5-6  cm.  through,  loosely 
flowered  ;  lower  sepals  ovate  ;  petals  more  or  less  oblong,  denticulate  ;  lip  usually 
1.8-2  cm.  wide,  3-parted  ;  the  divisions  mostly  fringed  to  |  of  their  depth  or 
more.    (H.  grandiflora  Torr.)  —  Rich  wet  deciduous  woods   and  borders,  Nfd. 
to  N,  Y. ;  southw.  in  the  mts.  to  N.  C.      Late  June  to  early  Aug.  —  Most  obvi- 
ously distinguished  from  H.  psycodes  by  the  larger  paler  flowers  and  greater 
diameter  of  the  raceme ;  leaves  broader ;  generally  blooming  somewhat  earlier 
than  H.  psycodes. 

20-  H.  peramoSna  Gray.  Lower  leaves  oblong-ovate,  the  upper  lanceolate ; 
spike  cylindrical,  densely  flowered  ;  lower  sepals  round-ovate  ;  petals  rounded- 
obovate,  raised  on  a  claw ;  divisions  of  the  large  lip  very  broadly  wedge-shaped, 
irregularly  eroded-toothed  at  the  broadly  dilated  summit,  the  lateral  ones 
truncate,  the  middle  one  %-lobed.  —  Moist  meadows  and  banks,  Pa.  and  N.  J. 
to  UK,  s.  to  Mo.;  and  in  the  mts.  to  Ala.  June-Aug.  —  Flowers  large  and 
showy  (violet-purple) ;  lip  16-20  mm.  long,  variably  toothed,  but  not  fringed. 

4.   POGdNIA  Juss. 

Sepals  and  petals  free.    Lip  papillose-crested.    Column  free,  slender  below 
the  summit;  anther  terminal,  operculate,  with  a  distinct  stalk,  fleshy,  thick; 
Vollen-masses  2,  powdery-granular,  without   caudicles   or   gland.     (Ilwywvias, 
bearded,  from  the  lip  of  some  of  the  original  species.) 

*  Lip  lacerate-toothed,  otherwise  not  lobed. 

1.   P.   ophioglossoides  (L.)  Ker.     Plants  1-3  dm.  or  more 
high,  glabrous,  bearing  a  single  oval  or  lance-ovate  leaf  near 
the  middle  and  a  bract  below  the  usually  solitary   terminal 
flower ;  sepals  narrowly  oval,  about  2  cm.  long ;  petals  similar, 
but  broader ;  lip  spatulate,  inclosing  the  column  at  base ;  crest 
yellow  to  white,  otherwise  the  flowers  magenta-pink,  very  rarely 
622.  P.  ophioglos-   white. —Bogs,  Nfd.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.      June,  July, 
soides  x  y8.        FlG>  622. 

*  *  Lip  three-lobed,  merely  fimbrillate-margined. 
•«-  Leaves  several,  distinctly  alternate,  not  ichorled. 

2.  P.  trianth6phora  (Sw.)  BSP.  Plants  3-20  cm.  high,  from  ovoid  or  sub- 
cylindrical  tuberoids  ;  leaves  1-4,  broadly  ovate,  about  1  cm.  long ;  flowers 
several,  drooping,  transitory,  borne  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  on 
slender  pedicels ;  perianth  about  16  mm.  long  ;  lip  ovate,  slightly  papillose 
along  the  middle,  lateral  lobes  obtuse.  (P.  pendula  Lindl. ;  Triphora  pendula 
Nutt.)  — Woods,  Me.  to  Wise,  and  Mo.,  southw.  Aug. 


312 


ORCHIDACEAE   (ORCHIS   FAMILY) 


*-  ••-  Leaf  solitary. 

3.  P.  divaricata  (L.)  R.  Br.  Plants  3-6  dm.  high,  bearing  above  the  middle 
an  oblong-lanceolate  leaf  6-18  cm.  long,  and  next  the  flower  a  leafy  bract ; 
sepals  brownish,  ascending,  linear-lanceolate,  4-5  cm.  long, 
exceeding  the  spatulate  magenta-pink  or  whitish  petals ;  lip 
wedge-oblong,  the  lobes  apical  and  rounded,  with  a  linear- 
grooved  partly  papillose  crest  along  the  middle.  —  Swamps  and 
moist  pine-barrens,  N.  J.  to  Ga.  May,  June.  FIG.  623. 

H-  -i-  <*-  Leaves  5  in  a  whorl  at  the  top  of  the  stem. 

4.  P.  verticillata  (Willd.)  Nutt.  Plants  2-3  dm.  high,  naked 
except  for  a  few  scales  at  base  and  a  whorl  of  five  obovate  or 
lanceolate  sessile  leaves  at  the  summit ;  flow- 
ers solitary,  rarely  2  ;  sepals  madder-purple, 
linear,  conduplicate,  4.5  cm.  long ;  petals  ob- 
long-lanceolate ;  lip  wedge-oblong,  3-lobed  near 
the  apex,  with  a  linear  partly  papillose  crest 
down  the  middle  ;  leaves  about  4  cm.  long  at  flowering  time, 
larger  when  the  erect  fruit  matures.  (Isotria  Raf.)  —  Woods, 
N.  E.  to  Fla.  w.  to  Wise.  ;  not  common.  May,  June. 
FIG.  624. 

5.  P.  affinis  Aust.  Plants  about  2  dm.  high;  leaves  nar- 
rower than  in  the  preceding,  2-5  cm.  long  ;  flowers  (not  rarely  in  pairs)  yellow- 
ish or  greenish  ;  peduncle  much  shorter  than  the  ovary  and  capsules ;  sepals  as 
long  as  or  longer  than  the  petals,  somewhat  narrowed  at  base  ;  lip  crested  over 
the  whole  face  and  on  the  middle  of  the  lobes.  (Isotria  Rydb.) — Woods, 
very  local,  Vt.  (Mrs.  Henry  Holt)  and  Mass,  to  N.  J.  and  Pa. 


624.   P.  verticillata 


5.    CALOP6GON  R.  Br. 

Flowers  in  a  loose  raceme,  resupinate.  Sepals  and  petals  spreading,  distinct. 
Lip  linear-oblong  at  base,  dilated  and  bearded  above  with  numerous  clavate 
hairs,  papillose  at  the  apex.  Column  free,  slender,  winged  at  the  summit; 
anther  terminal,  operculate;  pollen-masses  4  (2  in  each  anther-cell);  pollen- 
grains  connected  by  filaments.  Scape  from  a  solid  bulb,  sheathed  below  by  the 
base  of  the  solitary  grass-like  leaf,  naked  above.  (Name  composed  of  Ka\6s, 
beautiful,  and  -rrdyuv,  beard,  from  the  bearded  lip.)  LIMODORUM  L.,  in  part. 

1.  C.  pulchSllus  (Sw.)  R.  Br.  Plant  15-40  cm.  high  ;  raceme  4-12-flowered; 
flowers  magenta-crimson,  rarely  white  ;  lateral  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  falcate, 
upper  sepal  narrower ;  petals  lanceolate,  obtuse,  constricted  near  the  middle  ; 
lip  as  if  hinged  at  base,  its  hairs  yellow  and  magenta-crimson.  —  In  open  bogs 
and  meadows,  Nfd.  to  Fla.,  w.  to  Minn,  and  Mo.  July  (in  our  range). 


6.    ARETHtTSA   [Gronov.]   L. 

Flowers  ringent.  Sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike,  erect,  united  at  base,  arch- 
ing over  the  column.  Lip  partly  erect,  the  apical  half  abruptly  recurved.  Col- 
umn adherent  to  the  lip,  dilated  above,  petal-like  ;  anther  lid-like,  attached  by 
a  well  defined  membrane,  2-celled  ;  pollen-masses  2  in  each  cell  of  the  anther, 
powdery,  granular.  —  Scape  smooth  from  a  solid  white  or  greenish  bulb.  Leaf 
solitary,  linear,  nerved,  hidden  in  the  sheaths  of  the  scape,  protruding  after 
the  flower  opens.  (Named  for  the  nymph  Arethusa.) 

1.  A.  bulbbsa  L.  Plant  10-25  cm.  high  from  an  ovoid  bulb  ;  scape  termi- 
nated by  a  solitary  flower  2.5-5  cm.  long,  rarely  2-flowered  ;  sepals  and  petals 
magenta-pink,  rarely  white,  the  former  oblong,  acute  or  obtuse,  the  lateral  ones 
falcate,  the  petals  oblong,  obtuse  or  obscurely  pointed  ;  lip  oblong,  narrowed 
toward  the  base,  with  3-5  fringed  yellow  or  white  crests  ;  margin  of  lip  fimbril- 
late,  spotted  and  striated  with  magenta-crimson  or  plain  ;  column  denticulate  01 


ORCHIDACEAE    (ORCHIS   FAMILY)  313 

toothed  at  the  dilated  apex  ;  stigma  protuberant,  turned  down.  —  Bogs,  Nfd.  to 
Ont.  and  Minn.,  Pa.,  and  mts.  of  S.  C.     May,  June. 

7.    SERAPIAS  L. 

Flowers  in  a  loose  or  somewhat  dense  bracteose  raceme.  Sepals  ovate- 
lanceolate,  strongly  keeled.  Petals  shorter,  ovate,  acute.  Lip  strongly  saccate 
at  base,  the  apical  part  broadly  cordate,  acute,  with  a  raised  a  callus  in  the  middle 
and  two  inconspicuous  nipple-like  protuberances  on  each  side  near  the  point  of 
union  with  the  sac.  Column  broad  at  the  top,  the  basal  part  narrower ;  anther 
sessile,  behind  the  broad  truncate  stigma  on  a  slender-jointed  base  ;  pollen 
farinaceous,  becoming  attached  to  the  gland  capping  the  small 
rounded  beak  of  the  stigma.  —  Stem  leafy.  (Named  for  the 
Egyptian  deity.  Serapis.)  EPIPACTIS  of  auth.,  not  Boehm. 

1.    S.  Helleborine  L.    Plants  25-60  cm.  high  ;  leaves  clasp- 
ing the  stem,  conspicuously  nerved,  broadly  ovate  to  lanceolate, 
acute;  perianth  about  8  mm.  long,  green  suffused  with  madder- 
purple;  lip  similarly  colored,  but  darker  within,  the  apical  por- 
tion as  if  jointed  with  the  sac,  bituberculate  at  base.     (Epipactis  625'  9.  Helleborine 
Crantz  ;  E.  latifolia  All.  ;  E.  mridiflora  Reichenb.)  —  Rare  and 
local,  Que.  and  Ont.  to  Mass.,  N.  Y.,  and  Pa.  — Probably  introduced  from  Europe 
in  early  times  on  account  of  supposed  medicinal  value.     July-Aug.      (Eu.) 
FIG.  625. 

8.    SPIRANTHES   Richard.     LADIES'  TRESSES 

Perianth  somewhat  ringent.  Lateral  sepals  lanceolate,  the  upper  sepal  united 
with  the  oblong  petals.  Lip  short-stalked,  with  a  callus  protuberant  within  on 
each  side  of  the  base,  the  somewhat  dilated  summit  spreading  or  recurved,  crisped, 
wavy,  or  rarely  toothed  or  lobed.  Column  short,  bearing  the  ovate  stigma  on 
the  front,  and  the  sessile  or  short-stalked  (mostly  acute  or  pointed)  2-celled 
erect  anther  on  the  back  ;  pollen-masses  2  (1  in  each  cell),  narrowly  obovoid, 
each  2-cleft  and  split  into  thin  and  tender  plates  of  granular  pollen  united  by 
elastic  filaments,  coherent  to  the  narrow  viscid  gland,  which  is  set  in  the  slender 
or  tapering  thin  beak  which  terminates  the  column.  After  the  removal  of  the 
gland,  the  beak  is  left  as  a  2-toothed  or  forked  tip.  —  Roots  clustered.  Stem 
bracted  above,  leaf-bearing  below  or  at  the  base.  Flowers  small,  white,  yellow- 
ish- or  greenish- white  in  a  more  or  less  spirally  twisted  raceme  (whence  the 
name,  from  (rirelpa,  a  coil  or  curl,  and  &v6os,  a  flower).  GTROSTACHYS  Pers. ; 
IBIDIUM  Salisb. 

*  Flowers  in  a  single  rank,  often  secund. 

•«-  Leaves  fugacious,  ovate  or  elliptic. 

•*-»•  Soot  solitary  ;  lip  white. 

1.    S.  BSckii  Lindl.    Plants  with  a  solitary  subcylindrical  or  spindle-shaped 
root,  and  bearing  a  small  slender  raceme  of  white  flowers ;  perianth  2-3  inm. 
long.      (S.  simplex  Gray.) — Dry  soil,  near  the  coast,   Mass,   to 
Fla.  and  Tex.,  inland  in  the  Miss.  Valley  to  Ky.  and  Ark.     Aug., 
Sept.     FIG.  626.  —  Root  of  preceding  year  often  persistent. 

•w-  -w-  Soots  fasciculate  ;  lip  green. 

2.  S.  gracilis  (Bigel.)  Beck.  Plants  from  a  cluster  of  thickened 
roots,  slender,  2-8  dm.  high,  bearing  a  slender  many-flowered 
mostly  one-sided  or  spirally  twisted  raceme  ;  perianth  about  5  mm. 
long ;  lip  greenish,  with  a  white  crisped  margin.  —  Dry  soil,  N.  S. 
to  L.  Winnipeg  and  Tex.  July-Sept. 

•<-  -i-  Leaves  persistent,  oblong-lanceolate  to  linear-lanceolate. 

•»•+  Lip  ovate  to  ovate-oblong,  pubescent  beneath. 

3.  S.  vernalis  Engelm.  &  Gray.  Plant  15-56  cm.  high  ;  roots  elongated, 
fusiform  ;  leaves  7-15  cm.  long,  8-9  mm.  wide,  tapering  to  both  ends,  mostly 


314  ORCHIDACEAE   (ORCHIS   FAMILY) 

basal,  the  lower  ones  usually  withering  before  flowering-time ;  scape  smooth 
below,  densely  pubescent  above  ;  floral  bracts  longer  than  the  ovaries,  with  dis- 
tinct hyaline  margins ;  raceme  elongated,  slender,  1-ranked,  8-15  cm.  long ; 
perianth  8-10  mm.  long,  yellowish.  (8.  praecox  Man.  ed.  6,  in  part.) — Dry 
soil  along  the  coast,  Mass,  to  Fla.  and  N.  Mex.  ;  northw.  through  the  Miss. 
Valley  to  111.  and  Kan.;  rare.  Aug.,  Sept. 

x  S.  intermedia  Ames  (S.  gracilis  x  S.  vernalis.}  Resembling  S.  vernalis, 
but  slenderer  throughout,  with  shorter  narrowly  elliptic-lanceolate  leaves ;  lip 
nearly  oblong,  greenish  with  green  callosities.  —  Dry  fields,  Easton,  Mass. 
(A.  A.  Eaton). 

•w-  -w-  Lip  oblong,  smooth  beneath. 

4.  S.  pralcox  (Walt.)  Wats.  &  Coult.     Scape  4-8  dm.  high,  slender,  glabrous 
below,  slightly  pubescent  above  ;   roots  clustered,  fleshy;  reaves  linear,  grass- 
like,  1-2.5  dm.  long,  upper  ones  passing  into  acute  sheathing  hyaline-margined 
bracts ;  perianth  6-9  mm.  long  ;  flowers  white,  often  veined  with  green,  in  more 
or  less  one-sided  racemes.  —  A  southern  species,  extending  along  the  Atlantic 
coast  from  N.  J.  to  Tex.     Spring ;  Aug. ,  Sept.  at  the  North. 

*  *  Flowers  apparently  in  several  ranks. 

*-  Lip  not  constricted,  or  only  rarely  so. 

++  Lip  quadrate,  yellow  (May- July'). 

5.  S.  lucida  (H.  H.  Eaton)  Ames.     Scape  7-20  cm.  high  ;  leaves  oblong  or 
oblong-lanceolate,  9  cm.  long,  1  cm.  wide  on  the  average,  3-5-nerved,  contracted 
into  a  sheathing  base  ;  raceme  slender,  2-7  cm.  long ;  perianth  5-7  mm.  long ; 
lip  yellowish.     (S.  latifolia  Torr. ;  Neottia  lucida  H.  H.  Eaton.)  —  Moist  banks, 
Me.  to  Ont.  and  Wise.,  s.  to  Va.     May-July. 

•HC  •<•+  Lip  ovate  (Sept.,  Oct.*). 

6.  S.  ovalis  Lindl.     Similar  to  the  preceding  in  habit;  perianth  4-5  mm. 
long;    lip  few-nerved,  membranaceous.     (S.  cernua,  var.  parviflora  Chapm.) 
—  In  shady  moist  woods  and  on  high  wooded  hills,  rare,  111.  and  Mo.  to  Ga.,  Miss., 
and  Tex.     Sept. ,  Oct. 

4-f  -w  ++  Lip  ovate-oblong. 

=  Leaves  mostly  radical,  lowermost  longest. 

7.  S.   cSrnua    (L.)    Richard.     Plants  14-38   cm.  high,  from  slender  fleshy 
roots,    leafy  below ;     leaves    linear-lanceolate,   variable,    sometimes    distinctly 
petioled ;   cauline  bracts  4  or  5,  usually  closely  appressed  to  the  scape ;  scape 
pubescent  above  ;  floral  bracts  exceeding  the  ovaries  by  about  half  the  length  of 
the  perianth ;  flowers  in  two  or  three  spiral  or  vertical  ranks  ;  racemes  3-12  cm. 
long;  perianth  7-10  mm.  long;  lip  ovate-oblong,  about  as  long  as  the   sepals, 
apical  margin  crisped  or  erose.  —  Bogs  and  wet  land,  Nfd.  to  Ga.,  Minn.,  and 
Neb.     Sept.,  Oct.  — Very  variable  in  size  and  foliage,  often  losing  the  root-leaves 
at  flowering  time.     Var.   ocHROLEticA  (Rydb.)  Ames.     Growing  in  dry  ground 
and  blooming  somewhat  later,  having  greenish,  cream-colored,  or  white  flowers 
and  longer  floral  bracts.  — Me.  to  S.  Dak.,  s.  to  Ga.  and  N.  Mex.     Sept.,  Oct. 

=  =  Leaves  extending  up  the  stem. 

8.  S.  odorata    (Nutt.)  Lindl.    Plant  4-10.5  dm.  high ;   roots  coarse,  fleshy  ; 
leaves  several,  mostly  basal,  lanceolate,  acute,  about  12  cm.  long,  2  cm.  wide ; 
perianth  8  mm.  long,  yellowish-white,  often  white,  fragrant ;  basal  half  of  the 
lip  dilated,  rhomboidal,  tapering  to  the  obtuse  erose-margined  apex,  veined  and 
suffused  with  greenish -yellow,  callosities  prominent.  —  Swamps  and  wet  ground, 
Coast  States,  Va.  to  Tex.     Sept. -Dec. 

•i-  t-  Lip  constricted  at  the  middle  or  near  the  apex. 

9.  S.  Romanzoffiana  Cham.    Plants  8-47  cm.  tall,  from  roots  5-8  mm.  thick, 
leafy  below  and  leafy-bracted  above  ;  leaves  varying  from  oblong-lanceolate  to 
linear ;   scape  glandular-pubescent  above ;   cauline  bracts  2-3  ;   raceme  dense, 
cylindrical,  variable  in  length ;  perianth  yellowish  or  whitish,  6-12  mm.  long ; 


ORCHIDACEAE    (ORCHIS    FAMILY) 


315 


bracts  of  the  raceme  often  much  longer  than  the  flowers  ;  sepals  and  petals  all 
connivcnt,  forming  a  galea  above  the  column  ;  lip  pandurate,  apex  strongly 
recurved,  callosities  minute,  globular.  (Includes  Gyrostachys  stricta  Rydb.)  — 
Swamps  and  moist  soil,  Nfd.  to  Alaska,  s.  to  Ct.,  N.  Y.,  the  Great  Lake  region, 
S.  D.,  Col.,  Utah,  and  Cal.  July-Sept.  (Ireland.) 

9.  EPIPACTIS   [Haller]  Boehm.     RATTLESNAKE  PLANTAIN 

Lip  saccate,  with  a  straight  or  recurved  tip,  sessile,  entire,  without  callosities 
at  base.  Upper  sepal  and  the  petals  united  into  a  hood  over  the  lip.  Anther 
borne  on  the  back  of  the  short  column ;  pollen-masses  2,  the  narrow  gland  to 
which  they  are  attached  held  between  the  forked  or  2-toothed  beak  which 
terminates  the  column. —  Root  of  thick  fibres  from  a  somewhat  fleshy  creeping 
rootstock.  Leaves  all  basal,  dark  green,  or  reticulate-veined  with  white.  Scape, 
raceme,  and  the  whitish  flowers  glandular-downy.  (Ancient  Greek  name  of 
Helleborus.}  PERAMIUM  Salisb.  GOODYERA,  R.  Br. 

*  Eaceme  loosely  flowered ;  saccate  lip  with  an  elongated  tip  and  flaring  or 

recurved  margin. 

H-  Flowers  in  a  1-sided  raceme  ;  anther  short,  blunt,  or  with  a  short  blunt  tip ; 
beak  shorter  than  the  body  of  the  stigma. 

1.  E.  rdpens  (L.)  Crantz.     Stem  1-2.5  dm.  high;  leaves  ovate  to  oblong- 
lanceolate,  1-3  cm.  long,  5-nerved  with  subhorizontal  dark  veins  ; 

raceme  about  4.5  cm.  long ;  perianth  4  mm.  long ;  lip  strongly 
saccate,  inflated,  with  a  recurved  tip.  (Goodyera  R.  Br.)  — 
An  old  world  species,  represented  in  eastern  N.  A.  by  the  follow- 
ing variety. 

Var.  ophioides  (Fernald)  A.  A.  Eaton.  Generally  a  little 
lower  than  the  species ;  veins  of  the  leaves  conspicuously  bordered 
with  white.  —  Cold  mossy  woods,  Nfd.  to  Man.,  s.  to  N.  E.,  N.  Y., 
and  Mich.,  and  in  the  mts.  to  S.  C.  July,  Aug.  FIG.  627. 

•»-  -t-  Flowers  mostly  in  a  loose  spiral ;  anther  acuminate;  beak  as  long  as,  or 
longer  than,  the  body  of  the  stigma. 

2.  E.  tesselata   (Lodd.)  A.  A.  Eaton.     Stem  averaging  2  dm.  high ;  leaves 
3-8  cm.  long,  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  extremely  variable,  faintly  or  some- 
times conspicuously  penciled  with  white  ;    raceme  about  6  cm. 
long;  perianth  5  mm.  long.      (Goodyera  Lodd.)  —  In  upland 
coniferous  woods,  Nfd.  to  Ont.,  s.  to  N.  E.  and  N.  Y.    July,  Aug. 

*  *  Raceme  rather  densely  flowered,  l-sided;  lip  scarcely  saccate, 
elongated,  with  the  margin  involute. 

3.  E.  decipiens  (Hook.)  Ames.    Stem  stout,  3.5-4.5  dm.  high  ; 
leaves  5-10  cm.  long,  ovate-lanceolate,  dark  green,  plain  or  partly 
reticulate-veined  with  white  ;  raceme  about  10  cm.  long ;  peri- 
x5/  anth  8~9  mm-  lonS'  anther  ovate>  lonS>  acuminate  ;  slender  beak 

longer  than  the  body  of  the  stigma.  —  (Spiranthes  Hook. ;  Good- 
yera Menziesii  Lindl.)  — Dry  woods,  e.  Que.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to 
N.  S.,  N.  B.,  n.  Me.,  L.  Huron,  and  Ariz,  and  Cal.    July,  Aug. 
FIG.  628. 

*  *  *  Eaceme  densely  many-flowered ;  lip  strongly  saccate,  with 

a  short  blunt  tip,  the  margin  not  recurved  or  flaring. 

4.  E.  pub6scens  (Willd.)  A.  A.  Eaton.     Stem  stout,  1.6-4 
dm.  high  ;  leaves  dark  green,  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  3-6.5  cm. 
long  with  5  or  7  white  nerves  and  many  fine  white  reticulating   629  E  pubescens 
veins;   raceme  about  7  (3-11)  cm.  long;    perianth  4-5.5  mm.        '    xl^ 
long  ;  lip  globose,  ventricose  ;  anther  blunt ;  stigma  with  2  short 
teeth.     (Goodyera  R.  Br.)  — Common  ;  generally  in  dry  coniferous  woods,  rarer 
in  deciduous  woods,  N.  E.  to  Fla.  and  Minn.    Aug.,  Sept.    FIG.  629. 


627.  E.  repens, 
v.  ophioides  x!2/3. 


316 


ORCHIDACEAE   (ORCHIS  FAMILY) 


10.  LISTERA  R.  Br.     TWAYBLADE 

Sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike,  spreading  or  reflexed ;  lip  mostly  drooping, 
longer  than  the  sepals,  2-lobed  or  2-cleft  at  the  summit.  Column  wingless. 
Stigma  with  a  rounded  beak ;  anther  borne  on  the  back  of  the  column  at  the 
summit,  erect,  ovate  ;  pollen  powdery,  in  two  masses,  joined  to  a  minute  gland. 
—  Roots  fibrous.  Stem  bearing  in  the  middle  a  pair  of  nearly  opposite  sessile 
leaves.  The  small  flowers  greenish  or  madder-purple  in  a  terminal  raceme. 
(Dedicated  to  Martin  Lister,  1638-1711,  a  celebrated  English  naturalist.) 

*  Column  very  short  (0.5  mm.  or  less")  •  Up  not  dilated  above. 
-i-  Lip  with  a  tooth  on  each  side  at  base  /  raceme  glabrous. 

1.  L.  cordata  (L.)  R.  Br.  Leaves  round-ovate,  somewhat  heart-shaped, 
12-25  mm.  long ;  stem  pubescent  just  above  the  leaves ;  flowers  about  3  mm. 
across,  on  pedicels  not  longer  than  the  ovary  ;  lip  narrowly  oblong, 
2-cleft. — Mossy  woods  and  swamps,  Lab.  to  N.  J.,  w.  to  Mich., 
Col.,  and  Cal.,  northw.  to  the  Arctic  coast.  (Greenl.,  Iceland, 
Eu.,  and  Japan.)  FIG.  630. 


•H-  •»-  Lip  not  toothed  at  base  /  raceme  glandular. 

L  cordata        2<   *"  australis  Lindl.    Leaves  ovate  ;  raceme  loose  and  slen- 
x  J2 ,  der ;  flowers  small,  on  minutely  glandular-pubescent  pedicels  which 

equal  or  exceed  the  glabrous  ovaries ;  lip  linear,  6-10  mm.  long, 
cleft  one  third  to  two  thirds  the  way  down  into  linear-setaceous  divisions. — 
Shady  woods,  La.  and  Fla.  to  N.  J. ;  Oswego  Co.,  N.  Y. ;  Ottawa,  Ont. 

*  *  Column  2-3  mm. 


•«-  Lip  auriculate  at  base,  more  or  less  ciliate. 

3.  L.  auriculata  Wiegand.  Leaves  elliptic-oval  or  elliptic-ovate,  35-50  mm. 
long,  inserted  above  the  middle  of  the  stem  ;  flowers  numerous,  in  a  loose  raceme ; 
rhachis  pubescent ;  pedicels  glabrous,  mostly  shorter  than  the 
glabrous  ovaries  ;  lip  6-8  mm.  long,  slightly  ciliate,  oblong,  cleft 
one  third  to  one  fourth  of  its  length,  auricles  incurved.  —  Cedar 
swamps  and  mossy  banks,  e.  Que.  to  n.  N.  H.  and  n.  Vt. 
FIG.  631. 

•»-  -i-  Lip  not  auriculate  at  base. 

•w-  Ovary  glandular. 


681.  L.  auriculata 

xiy3. 


4.  L.  convallarioides  (Sw.)  Torr.  Leaves  oval  or  roundish  and  sometimes 
slightly  heart-shaped,  3-5  cm.  long;  raceme  many-flowered,  loose;  rhachis 
densely  glandular-pubescent ;  pedicels  glandular,  slightly  longer  than  the  ovaries  ; 
lip  9-11  mm.  long,  ciliate  on  the  margin,  narrowly  cuneate, 
retuse,  lobes  rounded,  on  each  side  of  base  a  short  triangular 
tooth.  —  Moist  woods,  Nfd.  to  n.  N.  E.,  Mich.,  and  the  Rocky 
Mts.,  westw.  and  northw.  FIG.  632. 


•M-  .w.  Ovary  glabrous. 

5.  L.  Smallii  Wiegand.  Leaves  borne  at  or  below  the  middle 
of  the  stem,  15-25  mm.  long,  ovate-reniform,  mucronate,  often 
apiculate ;  raceme  loose,  few-flowered ;  rhachis  glandular :  pedicels  glabrous, 
equaling  or  exceeding  the  ovaries  in  length  ;  lip  9  mm.  long,  not  ciliate,  broadly 
obovate,  cleft  at  the  apex,  on  each  side  of  base  a  curved  oblong  obtuse  tooth.  — 
Damp  woods  in  the  mts.,  Pa.  to  N.  C.  (E.  Asia.) 


11.  CORALLORRHiZA   [Haller]  R.  Br.     CORAL  ROOT 

Perianth  somewhat  ringent,  gibbous  or  obscurely  spurred  at  base, 
and  petals  oblong-lanceolate,  nearly  alike,  1-3-nerved  ;  lateral  sepals  ascending, 
forming  with  the  lip  the  gibbosity  or  short  spur  which  is  mostly  adnate  to  the 


ORCHID  AC  EAE   (ORCHIS   FAMILY)  317 

ovary.  Lip  slightly  adherent  to  the  base  of  the  compressed  column.  Anther 
terminal;  pollen-masses  4,  soft-waxy,  free.  —  Brownish  or  yellowish  herbs  des- 
titute of  green  foliage,  with  much  branched  and  toothed  coral-like  underground 
rootless  stems,  sending  up  a  simple  scape  which  has  sheaths  in  place  of  leaves, 
and  a  raceme  of  lurid  flowers.  Fruit  reflexed.  (Name  composed  of  Kopd\\iov, 
coral,  and  pl$a,  root.) 

*  Lip  Z-lobed,  or  with  a  curved  tooth  on  each  side  of  base. 
-i-  Lip  white,  not  spotted. 

1.  C.  trifida  Chatelain.    Plant  slender,  yellowish,  4-19  cm.  high,  4-12-flowered  ; 
perianth  5  mm.  long ;  lip  white,  somewhat  hastately  3-lobed  above  the  base, 
with  thick  rather  short  lamellae  ;  spur  a  very  small  protuberance  ; 

capsule  ovoid  or  ellipsoid,  green  until  mature.  ((7.  innata  R.  Br. ; 
C.  Corallorrhiza  Karst.)  —  Wet  shaded  situations,  Nfd.  to  Alaska, 
s.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  O. ,  Mich.,  Minn.,  and  in  the  mts.  to  Ga.  May- 
July.  (Eurasia.)  FIG.  633. 

•«-  •*-  Lip  white,  spotted  with  magenta-crimson. 

2.  C.  maculata   Raf.      Plant  stout,  madder-purple  or  yellow- 
ish, 2-4  dm.  high,  10-30-flowered  ;  perianth  5-18  mm.  long  ;  lip 
deeply   3-lobed,    lateral  lobes  small,  middle  lobe  rather  square, 
rounded  at  the  apex  ;    two  narrow   longitudinal   lamellae    near 

middle  of  lip ;  column  yellow,  with  magenta  spots  on  the  inner  surface ;  cap- 
sule smooth,  inflated,  compressed.  (C.  multiflora  Nutt.)  —  Woods.  July,  Aug. 
— Pale  forms,  without  spots  on  the  lip,  petals  or  sepals,  occur  rarely. 

*  *  Lip  entire  or  margin  denticulate. 
H-  Lip  without  striations  or  conspicuous  veins. 

3.  C.  Wisteriana  Conrad.    Plant  1.5-4  dm.  high,  yellowish  or  madder-purple; 
flowers  12-16  in  a  loose  raceme  ;  perianth  about  7  mm.  long;  sepals  and  petals 
more  or  less  spreading ;  lip  5  mm.  long,  4  mm.  broad,  oval  or  suborbicular, 
retuse,  margin  denticulate  or  undulate  ;  callosities  linear.     (  C.  maculata  Greene, 
not  Raf .)  —  Woods,  Pa.  and  south w.     Spring. 

4.  C.  odontorhiza  Nutt.     Plant  slender,  bulbous-thickened  at  base,   light 
brown  or  madder-purple,  about  16  cm.   high,  6-20-flowered  ;  perianth  about 
4  mm.  long;  sepals  and  petals  scarcely  spreading,  one-nerved;  lip  2. 5-3  mm. 
long,  white,  spotted  with  magenta-crimson,  oval  or  broadly  ovate,  abruptly  con- 
tracted at  base,  with  two  short  inconspicuous  lamellae  ;  capsule  globular  or 
ovoid  ;  column  nearly  as  long  as  the  petals.     (Includes  C.  micrantha  Chapm.) 
—  Woods;  a  southern  species  extending  sparingly  north  w.  to  s.  Me.,  s.  Ont. 
and  111.     Aug.,  Sept. 

•»-  H-  Lip  conspicuously  striate-veined  with  madder-purple. 

5.  C.  striata  Lindl.     Plants  stout,  madder-purple,  15-40  cm.  high,  15-25- 
flowered  ;  perianth  about  8  mm.  long  ;  sepals  and  petals  with  three  madder- 
purple  nerves  ;  lip  somewhat  concave,  ovate,  with  two  short  lamellae  near  the 
base  ;  capsule  cylindrical.  —  Woods ;  a  northwestern  species,  rare  and  local  as 
far  east  as  Mich,  and  Ont.    May,  June. 

12.    MALAXIS   Soland. 

Sepals  lanceolate,  spreading.  Petals  much  smaller.  Lip  3-nerved,  lanceolate, 
apiculate,  shorter  than  the  lateral  sepals.  —  Small  plants  with  minute  flowers  in 
elongated  racemes.  (MdAa£is,  a  softening,  perhaps  in  allusion  to  the  tender 
nature  of  the  plant.) 

1.  M.  paludbsa  (L:)  Sw.  Scape  filiform,  7-10  cm.  high  ;  leaves  2-5,  basal, 
ovate,  obtuse.  —  New  York  Mills,  Otter  Tail  Co.,  Minn.  (//.  L.  Lyon),  the  only 
American  station  known.  (Eurasia.) 


318  ORCHIDACEAE   (ORCHIS   FAMILY) 

13.   MICROSTYLIS  (Nutt.)  Eaton.     ADDER'S  MOUTH 

Sepals  oblong,  spreading.  Petals  filiform  or  linear,  spreading.  Lip  auricled 
or  ovate  at  base,  narrowing  toward  the  summit,  entire  or  nearly  so.  Column 
very  small,  terete,  with  2  teeth  or  auricles  at  the  summit  and  the 
erect  anther  between. them  ;  pollen-masses  4,  in  one  row  (2  in  each 
anther-cell),  cohering  in  pairs,  waxy,  without  stalks,  filaments,  or 
gland.  —  Low  herbs  from  solid  bulbs  producing  simple  stems  which 
bear  a  single  leaf  and  a  raceme  of  numerous  minute  greenish 
flowers.  (Name  composed  of  /z,i/c/>6s,  small,  and  o-ruX^s,  a  column 
or  style.)  ACHROANTHES  Raf.  (without  description). 
634.  M.  mono-  1-  M.  monophyllos  (L.)  Lindl.  Scape  slender,  10-15  cm.  high, 
phyllos  x  3%.  with  a  sheathing,  ovate-elliptical  leaf  above  base  ; 
raceme  spiked,  long  and  slender,  about  7  mm.  in 
diameter ;  pedicels  nearly  equal  to  the  ovaries  in  length ;  lip 
roundish  at  base,  terminating  in  a  long  point.  —  In  damp  shady 
woods  or  swamps,  occasional  from  Que.  to  Man.,  s.  to  Pa.,  Ind., 
and  Minn.,  rare  southw.  June,  July.  (Eurasia.)  FIG.  634. 

2.  M.  unifblia  (Michx.)  BSP.  Plant  7-22  cm.  high;  leaf 
near  the  middle,  ovate,  clasping  ;  raceme  short,  8-20  mm.  in 
diameter;  pedicels  much  longer  than  the  ovaries;  lip  truncate, 
3-lobed  at  the  summit,  the  middle  lobe  small.  (M.  ophioglos- 
soides  Eaton.)  —  Occasional  in  bogs  and  woods,  Nfd.  to  Man.,  and  635.  M.  unifolia 
southw.  July,  Aug.  FIG.  635.  xsy3. 

14.   LIPARIS   Richard.     TWAYBLADE 

Sepals  oblong-lanceolate.  Petals  linear  or  filiform.  Lip  entire.  Column 
2-3  mm.  long,  curved,  stout  at  base,  with  narrow  wings  above  ;  anther  termi- 
nal, operculate  ;  pollen-masses  4  (2  in  each  anther-cell),  slightly  united  in  pairs, 
without  stalks,  filaments,  or  gland.  —  Low  herbs,  with  solid 
bulbs,  producing  two  root-leaves  and  a  low  scape  which  bears 
a  few-flowered  raceme.  (Name  from  \urap6s,  fat  or  shining, 
in  allusion  to  the  smooth  or  unctuous  leaves.) 

1.    L.  Iiliif61ia  (L.)  Richard.    Plants  10-17  cm.  high;  leaves 
elliptical    or  ovate,    acute    or    obtuse,    glossy ;   scape  angled ; 
x  2!  flowers  5-15  ;  sepals  oblong-lanceolate,  similar  ;  petals  pendent, 

'3'  madder-purple  ;  lip  wedge-obovate,  translucent,  madder-purple  ; 

column  with  2  gland-like  tubercles  on  the  inner  face  at  base.  —  Woods,  N.  H. 
and  Mass,  to  Minn.,  Mo.,  and  Ala.    June,  July.    FIG.  636. 

2.  L.  Loeselii  (L.)  Richard.  Plants  8-22  cm.  high  ;  leaves  elliptic-lanceolate 
or  oblong,  keeled  ;  lip  obovate  or  oblong,  5  mm.  long,  yellowish-green  ;  column 
about  2  mm.  long.  —  Swamps,  damp  fields,  and  moist  thickets,  rather  local,  be- 
coming rare  southw.  June,  July.  (Eu.) 

15.   CALYPSO  Salisb. 

Sepals  and  petals  similar,  ascending,  spreading,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute, 
magenta-crimson,  rarely  white.  Lip  larger  than  the  rest  of  the  flower,  saccate, 
with  three  longitudinal  rows  of  yellow  (or  white)  glass-like  hairs  in  front  and 
with  a  translucent  apron-like  appendage  (formed  by  the  overlapping  of  the  lip) 
spotted  with  madder-purple,  the  sac  (bearing  two  conspicuous  horns  at  its  base) 
whitish,  with  irregular  purple-madder  markings.  Column  winged,  having  the 
operculate  anther  just  below  the  apex  ;  pollen-masses  waxy,  2,  each  2-parted, 
all  sessile  on  a  square  gland.  —  Leaf  solitary.  Scape  one-flowered.  (Named 
for  the  goddess  Calypso.') 

1.  C.  bulbbsa  (L.)  Oakes.  Plant  6-18  cm.  high  ;  leaf  oval  or  ovate,  veiny, 
its  margin  wavy,  the  petiole  triangular ;  scape  smooth,'  with  membranaceous 
sheathing  bracts  ;  both  leaf  and  scape  produced  separately  from  the  summit  of 
a  rounded  or  elongate'd  corm;  pedicel  of  the  flower  subtended  by  a  petaloid 


ORCHIDACEAE    (ORCHIS    FAMILY) 


319 


bract.    (C.  borealis  Salisb.)  — Deep  mossy  woods,  across  the  continent  northw., 
very  locally  south  to  n.  N.  E.,  Mich.,  Minn.,  Ariz.,  and  Cal.     May-July.     (Eu.) 


16.   APLECTRUM   (Nutt.)   Torr.     PUTTY-ROOT.     ADAM-AND-EVE 

Perianth  neither  gibbous  nor  with  any  trace  of  a  spur  or  sac  at  base.  Lip 
free,  3-lobed,  with  three  longitudinal  crests.  Column  compressed ;  pollen- 
masses  4.  —  Scape  about  4  dm.  high,  from  near  the  summit  of  a  globular  bulb. 
Leaf  solitary  ;  petiole  distinct.  The  slender  naked  rootstock  produces  each  year 
a  globular  solid  bulb  or  corm,  often  2.5  cm.  in  diameter  (filled 
with  exceedingly  glutinous  matter),  which  sends  up  late  in  sum- 
mer a  large  oval  many-nerved  plaited  leaf  lasting  through  the 
winter ;  early  in  the  succeeding  summer  the  scape  appears,  ter- 
minated by  a  loose  raceme  of  lurid  flowers.  (The  name  is  com- 
posed of  a-  privative,  and  ir\^KTpov,  a  spur,  from  the  total  want 
of  the  latter.) 

1.   A.  hyemale  (Muhl.)  Torr.     Flowers  about  10;  sepals  ob- 
long, greenish  or  yellowish,  tinged  with  madder-purple  ;   petals  . 
shorter,   arching  over  the    column,    oblong,   obtuse,    yellowish,        '  x'2/er 
tinged  with  madder-purple  above  ;  lip  white  or  nearly  so,  spar- 
ingly marked  with  magenta.     (A.  Shortii  Rydb.) — Rich  woods,  Vt.  to  Sask., 
and  southw.,  local.     May,  June.     FIG.  637.  — Pale  forms  occur  devoid  of  mark- 
ings on  the  perianth. 


17.     TIPULARIA  Nutt.     CRANE  FLY  ORCHIS 

Flowers  greenish,  tinged  with  madder-purple,  numerous  in  an  elongated 
loose  bractless  raceme.  Sepals  oblong-oval,  obtuse,  upper  sepal  narrower. 
Petals  oblong,  obtuse.  Lip  with  a  slender  spur,  3-lobed ;  lateral 
lobes  obtuse,  obscurely  toothed ;  apical  lobes  broad  at  base,  margin 
deflexed  at  the  middle,  apex  expanded.  Column  wingless  ;  anther 
operculate,  terminal ;  pollen-masses  2,  waxy,  each  2-parted,  con- 
nected by  a  linear  stalk  with  the  transverse  small  gland.  —  Corms 
connected  in  a  horizontal  series,  producing  in  autumn  a  single  ovate 
slender-petioled  nerved  and  plaited  leaf,  purplish  beneath,  and 
in  summer  a  long  slender  scape.  (Name  from  a  fancied  resem- 
blance of  the  flowers  to  insects  of  the  genus  Tipula.} 

1.   T.    discolor  (Pursh)   Nutt.      Leaf  green    above,    purplish 
638.  T" discolor   beneatn»  disappearing  before   the  flowers  are  produced;    scape 
x  2/  25-45  cm.  high  ;  spur  about  2  cm.  long,  twice  longer  than  the 

ovary.      (T.   unifolia  BSP.) — A    southern   species,    extending 
northw.  to  N.  J. ;  reported  but  unverified  from  farther  north.    FIG.  638. 


18.   HEXALECTRIS   Raf. 

Sepals  and  petals  nearly  equal,  free,  somewhat  spreading,  several-nerved ; 
perianth  not  gibbous  or  spurred  at  base.  Lip  obovate,  3-lobed,  with  5  or  6 
prominent  ridges  down  the  middle,  the  middle  lobe  somewhat  concave. 
Pollen-masses  8,  united  into  a  single  fascicle.  —  Leafless  plants 
with  stout  or  somewhat  coralline  annulated  rootstocks.  (Name 
probably  derived  from  ?£,  six,  and  tXeicrpvibv,  a  cock,  from  the 
crest  of  the  lip.) 

1.   H.  aphylla  (Nutt.)  Raf.     Plants  3-6  dm.  high,  with 
short  sheathing  purplish  scales ;  flowers  racemed,  bracteate, 
madder-purple,  about  2  cm.  long ;  sepals  narrowly  oval,  obtuse ;   689.  H.  aphylla  x  «/«• 
petals  shorter,  similar.      (Arethusa  spicata  Walt.?)  —  Rich    Flower, 
woods,  Ky.,  Mo.,  and  southw.     July,  Aug.     FIG.  639.  Expanded  lip. 


320  PIPERACEAE  (PP:PPER  FAMILY) 

PIPERACEAE   (PEPPER  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  with  joined  stems,  alternate  entire  leaves,  and  perfect  flowers  in  spikes, 
entirely  destitute  of  floral  envelopes,  and  ivith  3-5  more  or  less  separate  or  united 
ovaries'  ovules  few,  orthotropous. — The  characters  are  those  of  the  Tribe 
Saurureae,  the  Piperaceae  proper  (wholly  tropical)  differing  in  having  a  1-celled 
and  1-ovuled  ovary. 

1.   SAURtTRUS   [Plum.]   L.     LIZARD'S  TAIL 

Stamens  mostly  6  or  7,  hypogynous,  with  distinct  filaments.  Fruit  somewhat 
fleshy,  wrinkled,  of  3-4  indehiscent  carpels  united  at  base.  Stigmas  recurved. 
Seeds  usually  solitary,  ascending.  —  Perennial  marsh  herbs,  with  heart-shaped 
converging-ribbed  petioled  leaves,  without  distinct  stipules  ;  flowers  (each  with 
a  small  bract  adnate  to  or  borne  on  the  pedicel)  crowded  in  a  slender  wand-like 
and  naked-peduncled  terminal  spike  or  raceme  (its  appearance  giving  rise  to  the 
name,  from  <ravpos,  a  lizard,  and  ovpd,  tail). 

1.  S.  c£rnuus  L.  Flowers  white,  fragrant ;  spike  nodding  at  the  end  ;  bract 
lanceolate  ;  filaments  long  and  capillary.  —  Swamps  and  shallow  water,  near  the 
coast,  R.  I.  to  Fla.  ;  and  from  s.  Ont.  and  O.  to  Minn,  and  southw.  June-Aug. 

SALICACEAE    (WILLOW  FAMILY) 

Dioecious  (or  by  exception  monoecious)  trees  or  shrubs,  with  both  kinds  of 
flowers  in  catkins,  one  to  each  bract  (scale),  without  perianth  ;  the  fruit  a  l-celled 
and  2-4-valved  pod,  with  2-4  parietal  or  basal  placentae,  bearing  numerous  seeds 
furnished  with  long  silky  down.  —  Stigmas  2,  often  2-lobed.  Seeds  ascending, 
anatropous,  without  albumen.  Cotyledons  flattened.  Leaves  alternate,  undi- 
vided, with  scale-like  and  deciduous,  or  else  leaf-like  and  persistent,  stipules. 
Wood  soft  and  light ;  bark  bitter. 

1.  Salix.     Scales  entire  or  merely  toothed.    Flowers  with  small  glands  at  base ;  disk  none. 

Stamens  few.     Stigmas  short.     Buds  with  a  single  scale. 

2.  Populus.    Scales  lacerate.    Flowers  Avith  a  broad  or  cup-shaped  disk.    Stamens  numerous. 

Stigmas  elongated.    Buds  covered  by  several  scales. 

1.   SALIX   [Tourn.]   L.    WILLOW.     OSIER 

Sterile  flowers  of  3-10,  mostly  2,  distinct  or  united  stamens,  accompanied  by 
1  or  2  small  glands.  Fertile  flowers  also  with  a  small  flat  gland  at  the  base  of 
the  ovary  ;  stigmas  short.  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  with  mostly  terete  and  lithe 
branches.  Leaves  mostly  long  and  pointed,  entire  or  glandular-toothed. 
Buds  covered  by  a  single  scale,  with  an  inner  usually  adherent  membrane. 
Catkins  appearing  before  or  with  the  leaves.  (The  classical  Latin  name.) 
Species  largely  wind-pollinated  and  very  freely  hybridizing. 

N.  B.  —  In  this  genus,  unless  otherwise  noted,  the  figures  of  the  leaves  are  on 
a  scale  of  £,  while  those  of  the  fruit  are  on  a  scale  of  3$. 

§  1.  Aments  borne  on  short  lateral  leafy  branchlets  •  scales  yellowish,  falling 
before  the  capsules  mature  ;  filaments  hairy  below,  all  free  ;  style  very  short 
or  obsolete ;  stigmas  thick,  notched. 

*  Stamens  3-5  or  more. 

•H-  Leaves  with  no  petiolar  glands'  sterile  aments  elongated,  slender-cylindri- 
cal ;  flowers  somewhat  remotely  subverticillate  ;  scales  crisp-villous  on  the 
inside. 

1.  S.  nigra  Marsh.  (BLACK  W.)  Shrub,  or,  when  well  developed,  a  rough- 
barked  tree  5-30  m.  high  ;  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  very  long-attenuate  from 


SALIC ACEAE    ( WILLOW   FAMILY) 


321 


.  nigra. 


8.  Wardi. 


near  the  roundish  or  acute  base  to  the  tip,  often  downy  when 
young,  at  length  green  and  glabrous  except  the  short  (2-ti  mm. 
long}  petiole  and  midrib,  closely  serrulate 
with  fine  incurved  teeth  ;  stipules  large, 
semicordate,  pointed  and  persistent,  or 
small,  ovate  and  deciduous ;  scales  soft- 
pubescent  outside;  fruiting  aments  (3-7  cm. 
long)  more  or  less  dense  ;  capsules  ovoid- 
conical,  gibbous  below,  glabrous,  3-5  mm. 
long,  the  wide-spreading  slender  pedicels 
1-2  mm.  long,  much  exceeding  the  gland.  — 
Banks  of  streams  and  lakes,  N.  B.  to  Ont., 
Dak.,  and  southw.  FIG.  640.  Var.  FAL- 
CATA  (Pursh)  Torr.  Leaves  narrower  and 
scythe-shaped.  —  Commoner  northeastw. 

2.    S.  Wardi  Bebb.    (WARD'S  W.)    Simi- 
lar ;  small  tree  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  conspicuously  glaucous  and  veined 
;  petioles  2-7  mm.  long  ;  stipules  large,  round-reni- 
form,  persistent;    aments  long,   loosely 
flowered,  5-11  cm.  long ;  scales  glabrous 
outside  except  at  base  ;  capsules  globose- 
conical,    4.5-6    mm.     long,     glandular- 
granulose.     (S.  nigra,  var.  Bebb  ;  S.  longipes  Britton,  not 
Shuttlew.)  — Kocky  and  gravelly  shores,  Md.  to  Va.,  Ky., 
and  Mo.     FIG.  641. 

3,  S.  amygdaloides  Anders.  (PEACH-LEAVED  W.)  Leaves 
lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  attenuate-cuspidate,  pale  or 
glaucous  beneath ;  petioles  slender,  1-3  cm.  long;  stipules 
minute,  very  early  deciduous;  fertile  aments  becoming  very 
loose  in  fruit,  4-10  cm.  long ;  capsule  globose-conical,  gla- 
brous, 4-6  mm.  long,  slender-pediceled. —  W.  Que.  and 
centr.  N.  Y.  to  B.  C.  and  Tex. ;  common  westw.  FIG. 
642. 

-t-  -i-  Petioles  glandular  at  apex;  sterile  aments  thick,  short- 
cylindrical  or  ellipsoid -ovoid,  densely  flowered;    leaves 
642.  s.  amygdaloides.  lustrous  above,  glandular-serrate ;  branchlets  lustrous. 

•H.  Leaves  green  on  both  surfaces;  fruit  mature  in  early  summer. 
=  Capsule  conic-subulate;  pedicel  twice  exceeding  the  gland;  mature  leaves 

short-acuminate. 

4.  S.   PENTANDRA  L.     (BAY-LEAVED  W.)     Leaves  ovate   or  oblong-ovate, 
rounded  at  base,  finely  and  closely  glandular-serrate,  glabrous 

from  the  first,  in  maturity  3.5-10  cm.  long,  2-5  cm.  broad; 
staminale  aments  2.5-5  cm.  long,  1-1.5  cm.  thick,  the  fertile 
becoming  2.5-5  cm.  long ;  the  mature  straw-colored  or  pale 
brown  slightly  lustrous  capsule  rounded  or  cordate  at  base, 
5-8  mm.  long ;  shrub  or  small  tree.  —  Cultivated  and  rarely 
escaping,  N.  E.  to  O.  (Introd.  from  Eu.)  FIG.  643. 
=  =  Capsule  conic-ovoid  ;  pedicel  3  or  4  times  exceeding  the 
gland ;  mature  leaves  with  long -acuminate  curved  tips. 

5.  S.   lucida   Muhl.       (SHINING   W.)      Leaves  ovate-lance- 
olate or  narrower,  finely  serrate,  when  young  pubescent  with 
crisp  rufescent  or  sordid   caducous    hairs,    in   maturity  cori- 
aceous, shining  on  both  sides,  5-15  cm.  long,  2-5  cm.  broad ; 
stipules  small,  oblong  or  semicircular  ;    staminate  aments  2-6 
cm.   long ;  fertile  becoming  3-5  cm.  long  ;    the  straw-colored 
or  pale-brown    or    greenisn    dull  capsules  rounded  at  base, 

4.5-43.5  mm.   long;   shrub   or  small  tree.  —  Wet  ground  and    643.  S.  pentandra 

GRAY'S  MANUAL  —  21 


822 


SALICACEAE    Q  WILLOW   FAMILY) 


S.  lucida. 


645.  S.  serissima. 


banks  of  streams,  Nfd.  to  Man.,  s.  to  Pa.,  111.,  and  Neb.  FIG. 
644.  Var.  ANGUSTIFOLIA  Anders.  Leaves  glabrous,  elongate- 
lanceolate,  1-1.5  cm.  broad.  —  Nfd.  and  e.  Can. 

Var.  int6nsa  Fernald.  Branchlets  of  the  first  year  and  under 
surfaces  of  the  elliptic-lanceolate  attenuate-based  leaves  per- 
manently pubescent  with  sordid  or  rufous  hairs.  —  Que.,  N.  B., 
and  n.  and  w.  N.  E. 

•H.  •*-»•  Leaves  pale  or  white  beneath  ;  fruit 
mature  in  autumn. 

6.  S.  serissima  (Bailey)  Fernald.  (AU- 
TUMN W.)  Leaves  elliptic-lanceolate  or  ob- 
long-lanceolate, short-acuminate,  in  maturity 
coriaceous,  4-8  cm.  long,  1-3  cm.  broad,  closely 
serrulate;  staminate  aments  1-1.5  cm.  long, 
1-1.2  cm.  thick  ;  the  fertile  becoming  loosely 
flowered,  2-3.5  cm.  long ;  the  olive-  or  brown- 
tinged  finally  lustrous  indurated  capsule  conic- 
subulate,  7-10  mm.  long,  the  pedicel  twice 
exceeding  the  gland  ;  tall  shrub.  —  Mossy 
swamps,  mostly  in  calcareous  regions,  e.  Que. 
to  Alb.,  s.  to  w.  Ct.,  n.  N.  J.,  w.  N.  Y.,  and 
the  Great  Lakes.  FIG.  645. 

*  *  Stamens  2. 
•»-  Leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  closely  serrate. 

1.  S.  FRAGILIS  L.  (CRACK  W.)  Leaves  glabrous  from  the  first,  green  both 
sides,  or  only  slightly  paler  beneath,  in  maturity  1-1. 5  dm.  long,  2.5-i  cm.  broad, 
rather  coarsely  undulate-serrate,  with  about  5  (4-7)  teeth 
to  each  cm.  of  the  margin ;  stipules  when  present  half- 
cordate  ;  ameiits  slender ;  the  staminate 
3-5  cm.  long  ;  the  fertile  becoming  5-7 
cm.  long  ;  capsule  subulate-conical,  5  mm. 
long,  short-pediceled. —  A  large  tree,  early 
planted,  and  now  established,  Que.  to  Ky. 
—  Freely  hybridizing  with  /S.  alba.  (Nat. 
from  Eu.)  FIG.  646. 

8.  S.  ALBA  L.  (WHITE  W.)  Leaves 
pale  with  silky  pubescence  on  both  sides, 
in  maturity  5-12  cm.  long,  1-3  cm.  broad, 
finely  serrulate,  with  about  9  (6-12)  teeth 
to  each  cm.  of  margin ;  stipules  ovate- 
lanceolate,  deciduous ;  capsule  ovoid-coni- 
cal, 3-5  mm.  long,  sessile  or  nearly  so. — 
The  typical  tree,  with  greenish  branch- 
lets  and  leaves  permanently  silky,  is  sometimes  planted  and 
rarely  established  in  Am.  FIG.  647.  Var.  vi-  / 

TELLINA  (L.)  Koch,  with  yellow  or  reddish 
branchlets  and  the  old  leaves  glabrous,  white 
beneath,  is  a  familiar  large  tree  of  rapid  growth, 
commonly  planted  and  freely  spreading.  Var. 
CAERtLEA  (Sm.)  Koch  is  similar,  but  with 
olive-green  branchlets  and  bluish-green  leaves.  —  Hybridizes  with 
S.  fragilis,  S.  lucida,  etc.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

9.  S.  BABYLONICA  L.  (WEEPING  W.)  Leaves  at  first  silky, 
quickly  glabrate,  pale  beneath,  in  maturity  6-12  cm.  long,  0.5-1.5  cm. 
broad,  very  slender-attenuate,  sharply  toothed ;  aments  1.5-2  cm.  long  ; 
the  sessile  plump  capsules  1-1.5  mm.  long.  —  Planted  for  ornament, 
and  locally  spread  along  river-banks  and  lake-shbres,  particularly 
from  Ct.  westw.  and  southw.  (Nat.  from  Eu.)  FIG.  648. 


647.  S.alba. 


646.  S.  fragilis. 


V 

648.  8.  baby 
lonica. 


SALICACEAE   Q  WILLOW   FAMILY) 


323 


649.  8.  longifolia. 


*-  •»-  Leaves  linear-  or  oblong-lanceolate,  short-acuminate,  remotely  denticulate 
with  projecting  teeth. 

10.  S.  Iongif61ia  Muhl.  (SAND  BAR  W.)  Leaves  3-15  cm. 
long,  4-15  mm.  broad,  tapering  at  each  end,  nearly  sessile,  more 
or  less  silky  when  young,  at  length  smooth  and  green  both  sides, 
with  2-3  teeth  to  each  cm.  of  margin  ;  stipules  small,  lanceolate, 
deciduous ;  aments  slender-cylindric,  often  clustered  at  the  ends 
of  the  branchlets  ;  capsule  short-pediceled,  blunt ;  stigmas  large, 
sessile.  {S.  fluviatilis  auth.,  not  Nutt.  ;  8.  interior  Rowlee.) 
—  A  shrub  or  small  tree,  spreading  extensively  in  alluvial  deposits 
and  forming  dense  clumps,  e.  Que.  to  Man.,  s.  to  Del.  and  La. ; 
common  and  characteristic  inland.  FIG.  649. 

§  2.  Aments  lateral  or  terminal,  with  or  without  bracts ;  scales 

persistent,  colored  at  the  tip;  stamens  2  (usually  1  in  no.  17). 

*  Filaments  glabrous  and  distinct. 

•»-  Capsules  glabrous. 
t-t.  Erect  or  ascending  shrubs  or  small  trees. 

=  Leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  serrate  ;  sterile  aments  very 
silky,  with  a  few  bracts  at  base,  becoming  2-4  cm.  long,  the  fertile  in  fruit 
2.5-10  cm.  long. 

a.  Leaves  glabrous  or  quickly  glabrate  ;  capsules  distinctly  pediceled. 

1.   Stipules  persistent,  usually  conspicuous. 

O  Leaves  dull  above,  the  young  pubescent  with  early-deciduous  soft  hairs. 
+  Fruiting  aments  2.5-6  cm.  long;  mature  capsule  4-7  mm.  long. 

11.  S.  cordata  Muhl.  Twigs  glabrous  or  soon  glabrate ; 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  narrower,  on  the  flowering 
branches  often  tapering  at  base,  sharply  serrulate,  green  both 
sides  or  slightly  paler  beneath,  on  vigorous  shoots  mostly 
rounded,  truncate,  or  cordate  at  base,  not  turning  black  in 
drying ;  stipules  reniform  or  ovate,  serrate,  usually  large  ; 
aments  rather  slender;  capsules  green- 
ish or  rufescent.  —  In  wet  places,  along 
streams,  etc.  ;  a  widely  distributed 
shrub,  freely  hybridizing.  FIG.  650. 
Var.  MYRICOIDES  (Muhl.)  Carey.  Twigs 
cinereous  or  canescent  with  permanent 
pubescence  ;  leaves  elongate,  even  those 
of  the  most  vigorous  shoots  tapering 
and  rather  acute  at  base,  glaucous  or 
glaucescent  beneath  and  sparsely  ap- 
pressed-hairy ;  stipules  small,  ovate, 
pointed ;  capsules  often  silky  when 
young,  becoming  glabrate,  short-pedi- 
celed ;  twigs  brittle  at  base.  —  Mass, 
to  Wise,  and  Kan.  —  Perhaps  a  hybrid  with  S.  sericea. 

+  -f  Fruiting  aments  6-10  cm.  long  ;  mature  capsules 
8-10  mm.  long. 

12.  S.  missouriSnsis  Bebb.  Tree  or  large  shrub  (3-16 
S.  inissouriensis.  m  high),  with  black  bark  and  permanently  pubescent 
twigs ;  leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate-oblong,  rarely  obovate,  glaucous  beneath.  — 
Mo.  to  Neb.  and  I.  T.  —  A  poorly  understood  tree,  said  to  flower  earlier  than 
S.  cordata;  perhaps  a  variety  (var.  vestlta  Anders.)  of  that  species.  FIG.  651. 

O  O  Leaves  glossy  above,  glabrous  from  the  first. 
13.   S.  glaucophylla  Bebb.     Leaves  from  ovate  or  obovate  to  oblong-lanceo- 


650.  S.  cordata. 


651. 


324 


SALICACEAE   (WILLOW   FAMILY) 


late,  with  a  broadly  rounded  base,  4.5-12  cm.  long,  2-4.5  cm.  wide,  short-acumi- 
nate, glandular-serrate,  subcoriaceous,  glabrous  throughout,  dark  green  and 
shining  above,  glaucous  beneath,  the  young  drying  black; 
stipules  large,  ear-shaped,  dentate ;  aments  dense,  thick- 
cylindrical,  very  silky,  the  staminate  3.5-5  cm.  long,  the 
pistillate  becoming  4-7  cm.  long  ;  capsules  attenuate-rostrate, 
9-11  mm.  long,  greenish,  drying  brown.  — Shrub  or  shrubby 
tree  (1-5  in.  high),  forming  extensive  thickets  on  sandy  or 
alluvial  shores  of  rivers  and  lakes, 
e.  Que.  to  Alb.,  s.  to  N.  B.,  Me., 
and  the  Great  Lakes.  FIG.  652. 
Var.  ANGUSTIF6LIA  Bebb.  Leaves 
narrower  (8  cm.  long,  2  cm.  wide), 
pointed  at  both  ends.  —  Same  range. 
Var.  BREVIFOLIA  Bebb.  Leaves 
obovate  or  oblong,  2.5-3.5  cm.  long, 
strongly  veined.  —  Mich.  ,  _ 

2.    Stipules  obsolete  or  minute. 

14.     S.      balsamifera     Barratt. 
Leaves  short-oval  to  oblong-lance- 
6D2.  s.glaucophylla.     Q]&^  broadly  rounded  and  usually 

subcordate  at  base,  at  first  very  thin,  subpellucid  and 
of  a  reddish  color,  balsamic-fragrant,  at  length  firm  but 
thin,  dark  green  above,  paler  or  glaucous  and  promt-         653    s  balsamifera. 
nently  reticulate-veined  beneath,  slightly  glandular-ser- 
rulate ;  petioles  long  and  slender  ;  fertile  aments  becoming  very  lax,  in  fruit,  the 
long  slender  pedicels  6-8  times  the  length  of  the  gland  ;  style  short.  —  Low 
woods  and  thickets,  Nfd.  and  Lab.  to  Mackenzie  and  B.  C.,  s.  to  n.  N.  E.,  N.  Y., 
Mich.,  and  Minn. — A  much-branched  shrub,  rarely  a  tree  7  m.  high,  with 
shining  reddish-castaneous  or  olive  twigs.     FIG.  653. 

b.    Leaves  clothed,  even  when  fully  grown,  with  a  long  silky  tomentum  on  both 
sides,  which  is  finally  deciduous  •  capsule  subsessile. 

15.  S.  syrtlcola  Fernald.  Leaves  ovate  or  very  broadly  lanceolate,  cuspi- 
date-acuminate, dull  green  both  sides,  very  closely  serrate  with  fine  projecting 
gland-tipped  teeth ;  stipules  conspicuous,  ovate-cordate,  glandular-serrate,  ex- 
ceeding the  short  stout  petioles,  which  are  dilated  at  base  and  embrace  the 
obtuse  silky  buds ;  aments  leafy-peduncled,  the  fer- 
tile not  rarely  becoming  1  dm.  long, 
densely  flowered.  (S.  adenophylla 
Am.  auth.,  not  Hook.) — Shores  of 
the  Great  Lakes. — A  large  strag- 
gling shrub,  with  stout  tomentose 
twigs  and  crowded  leaves.  FIG.  654. 

=  =  Leaves  oblong-linear  to  elliptic- 
obovate,  entire,'  sterile  aments 
sparingly  pubescent  or  glabrate, 
1-2  cm.  long,  the  fertile  in  fruit 
1-3  cm.  long  ;  stigmas  sessile  or 
nearly  so. 

16.    S.pedicellarisPursh.  Leaves 

1.5-7  cm.  long,  obtuse  or  somewhat  pointed,  acutish  at  base, 
smooth  on  both  sides,  somewhat  coriaceous  when  mature,  revolute,  reticulated, 
pale  or  glaucous  beneath  ;  fertile  aments  thick-cylindric,  loosely  few-flowered, 
borne  on  long  leafy  peduncles ;  capsules  reddish-green  ;  pedicels  slender,  twice 
the  length  of  the  nearly  smooth  greenish-yellow  scale.  (S.  myrtilloides  Man. 
ed.  6,  not  L.)  —  Cold  bogs  and  wet  meadows,  e.  Que.  to  B.  C.,  N.  J.,  Pa.,  and 
n.  la.  FIG.  665. 


654.   S.  syrticola. 


S.  pedicellaris. 


SALICACEAE    (WILLOW   FAMILY) 


325 


656.  S.  Uva-ursi. 


65T.  S.  herbacea. 
(Eu.)     FIG.  657. 


++  ++  Prostrate  or  creeping  and  matted  alpine  shrubs. 

17.  S.  Uva-ursi  Pursh.     Leaves  elliptical  and  pointed,  orobovate  and  obtuse, 
0.5-2.5  cm.  long,  tapering  at  base,  slightly  toothed,  strongly  veined,  smooth  and 

shining  above,  pale  and  rather  glaucous  beneath  ;  aments  borne 
on  slender  lateral  leafy  peduncles,  thick-cylindric,  the  fertile 
lengthening  to  2  or  3  cm.  and  becoming  narrowly  cylindric, 
densely  flowered  above,  often  loose  below  ;  scales  obovate,  rose- 
red  at  the  tip,  covered  with  long  silky  hairs  ; 
stamen  1  (rarely  2);  capsule  ovoid-conical, 
brownish  at  maturity ;  pedicel  scarcely 
exceeding  the  gland;  style  distinct.  —  Lab. 
to  Alaska,  s.  to  alpine  summits  of  n.  N.  E. 
and  N.  Y. — Closely  prostrate,  spreading 
from  a  stout  central  root  over  an  area  3-9 
dm.  broad.  FIG.  656. 

18.  S.  herbacea  L.     Leaves  roundish  oval,  heart-shaped, 
obtuse  or  retuse,  1-3  cm.  long,  serrate,  smooth  and  shining, 
reticulately  veined  ;  aments  terminating  2-leaved  branchlets, 
small,  ovoid,  4-W-flowered  ;  scales  concave,  obovate,  obtuse, 
glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent ;  capsule  subsessile.  — Arctic 
Am.,  s.  to  alpine  regions  of  Mt.  Katahdin,  Me.,  and  Mt. 
Washington,  N.  H. — A  very  small  herb-like  species,  the 
half-underground  stems  creeping  and  rooting  in  moss  or 
humus,  the  branches  seldom  rising  0.5  dm.  from  the  ground. 

••-  ••-  Capsule  pubescent. 

•M.  Fruiting  pedicel  3-6  times  the  length  of  the  gland;  style  short  or  none  (elon- 
gate in  no.  25). 

=  Mature  leaves  glabrous  or  glabrate  beneath,  or  at  most  with  a  few  scattered 
hairs.    (Extreme  forms  o/S.  rostrata  may  be  looked  for  here.) 

a.  Aments  sessile  on  the  old  wood,  naked  at  base,  appearing  before  the  leaves ; 
scales  dark  red,  brown,  or  blackish;  mature  capsule  7-12  mm.  long. 

19.  S.  discolor  Muhl.     (GLAUCOUS  W.)     Leaves  lanceolate  to  elliptic,  smooth 
and  bright  green  above,  soon  smooth  and  glaucous  beneath,  irregularly  crenate- 

serrate,  the  serratures  remote  at  base,  closer,  finer  and  becom- 
ing obsolete  toward  the  point ;  stipules  1  cm.  or  more  long  and 
sharply  toothed,  or  small  and  nearly  entire ;  aments  thick, 
cylindrical,  2.5-7  cm.  long,  appearing  in  earliest  spring ;  scales 
copiously  clothed  with  long  glossy  hairs;  style  short  but 
distinct.  FIG.  658.  Var.  ERIOCEPHALA  (Michx.)  Anders. 
Aments  more  densely  flowered  and  more  silvery-silky ;  leaves 
sometimes  retaining  a  ferruginous  pubescence  beneath  even 
when  fully  grown.  (S.  eriocephala  Michx.)  Var.  pRixoiDES 
(Pursh)  Anders.  Aments  more  loosely  flowered,  less  silky ; 
capsules  more  thinly  tomentose  ;  style  longer;  stigma-lobes 
laciniate;  leaves  narrower.  (S.  prinoides Pursh.) 
Includes  narrow-leaved  forms  of  the  type,  and 
others  which  are  probably  hybrids  with  S.  cor- 
data.  —  Large  shrub  or  small  tree  of  low  mead- 
ows and  river-banks,  common.  —  The  just 
expanding  leaves  are  often  overspread  with  evan- 
escent ferruginous  hairs. 

b.  Aments  short-stalked,  leafy-bracted  at  base, 
appearing  with  the  leaves  ;  scales  pale  brown 
8.  discolor.  or  yellowish  ;  mature  capsule  4-6  mm.  long. 

20.  S.  petiolaris  Sm.     Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  taper- 
pointed,  finely  and  evenly  serrate,  slightly  silky  when  young, 

soon  smooth ;  stipules  linear  or  semicordate,  deciduous  ;  fertile    669.  S.  petiolaris. 


326 


SALICACEAE  (WILLOW   FAMILY) 


6GO.  S.  humilis. 


aments  ovoid-cylindric,  at  first  1-2  cm.  long,  in  fruit  broad  and  loose  from  the 
lengthening  of  the  pedicels,  becoming  2-4  cm.  long ;  capsule  rostrate  from  an 
ovoid  base,  blunt. — Low  shrub  of  damp  soil,  N.  B.  to  the  Great  Lake  region 
and  Man.,  s.  to  Tenn.  FIG.  659. 

=  =  Mature  leaves  pubescent  at  least  beneath, 
a.   Aments  sessile  on  the  old  wood,  naked  at  base,  appearing  before  the  leaves. 

1.  Leaves  dull,  grayish-tomentose,  undulate-crenate  or  subentire  ;  capsules  slen- 

der-beaked. 

21.  S.  humilis  Marsh.  (PRAIRIE  W.)  Leaves  oblanceolate  or  oblong-lan- 
ceolate, rarely  obovate,  5-15  cm.  long,  above  downy  becoming  glabrate,  beneath 
glaucous,  rugose-veined  and  softly  tomentose,  the  margin  revo- 
lute,  undulate-entire ;  stipules  medium-sized,  semi-ovate,  entire 
or  oftener  toothed ;  petioles  distinct ;  aments  ovoid  or  ellipsoid, 
often  recurved,  1.5-4  cm.  long. — Dry  plains  and  barrens,  Nfd. 
to  Minn,  and  N.  C.  — A  shrub,  1-3  m.  high,  vary- 
ing much  in  the  size  and  shape  of  the  leaves. 
FIG.  660. 

Var.  rigidiiiscula  Anders.  Leaves  narrowly 
oblanceolate  to  lance-oblong,  0.5-1  dm.  long,  rigid, 
strongly  ascending,  very  rugose  and  glabrescent 
beneath.  —  O.  to  Ga.  and  Kan.  —  Shrub  or  small 
tree. 

22.  S.  tristis  Ait.  (DWARF  GRAY  W.)  Leaves 
similar  to  those  of  the  last,  small  (1-5  cm.  long), 
crowded,  linear-oblanceolate,  tapering  to  a  very  short  petiole ;  661  s 
stipules  minute,  deciduous;  aments  very  small,  globular  or  ovoid, 
1-1.5  cm.  long  in  fruit.  — Sandy  plains  or  on  the  borders  of  hillside  thickets, 
N.  E.  to  Minn,  and  southw.,  mostly  near  the  coast.  —  A  tufted  shrub,  0.5m. 
high.  FIG.  661. 

2.  Leaves  lustrous  beneath  with  minute  silky  pubescence,  fine-serrate  ;  capsules 

blunt. 

23.  S.  sericea  Marsh.  (SILKY  W.)  Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  0.4-1  dm. 
long,  1-2.5  cm.  broad,  finely  serrate,  at  first  (principally  beneath)  very  silky, 
turning  black  in  drying  ;  stipules  narrow,  deciduous  ;  aments  nar- 
rowly cylindrical,  the  fertile  densely  flowered,  in  maturity  2-3  cm. 
long ;  capsule  sericeous,  ovoid-oblong,  round-tipped,  its  pedicel 
about  equaling  the  short-hairy  scale  and  twice  exceeding  the  gland. 
—  Large  shrub  of  wet  places,  N.  B.  to  N.  C.  and  Mich.  FIG.  662. 

b.   Aments  leafy-bracted  at  base,  appearing  with  the  leaves. 

1.  Leaves  strongly  rugose  in  age,  grayish-pubes- 
cent or  glabrate  beneath;  capsule  gray-pubes- 
cent, its  pedicel  several  times  exceeding  the 
subtending  scale. 

24.  S.  rostrata  Kichards.  Leaves  obovate  to 
l.  s.  sericea.  elliptic-lanceolate,  3-10  cm.  long,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate, dull  green  and  minutely  downy  above,  serrate, 
crenate,  or  subentire,  thin,  becoming  rigid;  stipules  when  pres- 
ent semi-cordate,  toothed,  acute  ;  sterile  aments  narrowed  at 
base,  the  fertile  loosely  flowered,  2-6  cm.  long  ;  capsules  tapering 
to  a  very  long  slender  beak  ;  pedicels  thread-like,  much  exceeding 
the  pale  rose-tipped  linear  thinly  villous  scales;  style  scarcely 
any  ;  stigma  lobes  entire  or  deeply  parted.  (S.  Sebbiana  Sarg.) 
—  Shrub  or  small  tree  of  moist  or  dry  ground,  Nfd.  to  Alaska, 
B.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  111.,  la.,  etc.  FIG.  663. 


SALIC ACEAE    (WILLOW   FAMILY) 


327 


664.   S. 


2.    Leaves  scarcely  rugose,  lustrous-white  beneath;  capsule  white-pubescent,  its 
pedicel  scarcely  exceeding  the  subtending  scale. 

25.  S.  argyrocarpa  Anders.  Leaves 2.5-5  cm.  long,  repand-crenate,  tapering 
evenly  to  both  ends,  acute,  or  the  earliest  obovate  and  obtuse,  at  length  rigid,  the 
margin  slightly  revolute  ;  petiole  short ;  stipules  minute,  fugaceous; 
fruiting  ament  short  (1.5-2.5  cm.  long},  lax;  capsule  tapering, 
densely  silky-silvery,  style  elongate ;  gland  of  the  staminate  flower 
variously  doubled. — Moist  ravines  and  alpine  slopes,  Lab.  to  the 
highest  mts.  of  Que.,  Me.,  and  N.  H.  —  A  bushy-branched  shrub, 
erect  or  depressed  at  base,  rarely  0.5  m.  high.  FIG.  664.  — 
Hybridizes  with  S.  phylicifolia. 

26.  S.  coactilis  Fernald.  Leaves  oblong  or  lance-ovate,  long- 
acuminate,  at  first  reddish-white  beneath  with  lustrous  felt-like  pubes- 
cence, later  velvety  with  distinct  hairs,  in  maturity  6-18  cm.  long, 
2-5  cm.  broad,  remotely  and  coarsely  glandular-dentate ;  stipules 
argyrocarpa.  semi-ovate,  gland-toothed,  4-5  mm.  long,  persistent ;  aments  in  an- 
thesis  2-3.5  cm.  long,  in  fruit  4-5.5  cm.  long,  7  mm.  thick,  scales 
oblong  or  obovate,  dark  brown  or  black,  very  long-hairy ;  capsule  conic-subulate, 
5  mm.  long,  white-villous  ;  the  pedicel  about  five  times  as  long  as  the  gland.  — 
Banks  of  the  Penobscot  R. ,  Me.  —  A  large  shrub  with  coarse  dark  brauchlets, 
the  younger  ones  puberulent. 

•w.  -M.  Fruiting  pedicel  at  most  twice  the  length  of  the  gland. 
=  Leaves  distinctly  pubescent  beneath. 

a.   Pubescence  of  the  leaves  and  branchlets  a  dull  white  floccu- 
lent  tomentum. 

27.  S.  Candida  Flugge.  (SAGE  W.,  HOARY  W.)  Leaves  oblong 
to  linear-lanceolate,  4-12  cm.  long,  rather  rigid,  downy  above, 
becoming  glabrate,  beneath  covered  with  a  dense  white  tomentum, 
the  revolute  margin  suben tire  ;  stipules  lanceolate,  about  as  long 
as  the  petioles ;  aments  cylindrical,  densely  flowered,  3-5  cm. 
long  in  fruit ;  anthers  red  ;  the  dark  gland  elongated  ;  capsule 
densely  white-woolly  ;  style  dark  red  ;  stigmas  short,  spreading, 
notched.  — Cold  bogs,  Nfd.  and  Lab.  to  Athabasca,  s.  to  N.  J., 
Pa.,  O.,  la.,  etc.  — A  hoary  shrub,  0.5-2  m.  high  ;  young  shoots  665  s  can(ji(ja 
white-woolly,  the  older  red.  FIG.  665.  Var.  DENUD\TA  Anders. 
Leaves  dark  green  and  glabrate  above,  sparingly  pubescent  or  glabrate  beneath. 
—  Gasp<$  Co.,  Que.  to  Wise,  and  Ct. 

b.   Pubescence  of  the  leaves  lustrous. 
1.  Leaves  pubescent  beneath  with  minute  satiny  hairs. 

28.  S.    VIMINA.LIS   L.    (OSIER.)     Large  shrub  or  small  tree ; 
branchlets  greenish  or  pale  brown  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lan- 
ceolate, taper-pointed,  green  and  glabrous  above,  6-15  cm.  long ; 
aments  sessile  or  subsessile  on  the  old  wood,  the  pis- 
tillate becoming  5-7  cm.  long  ;   capsule  subsessile, 

minutely  puberulent,  6-8  mm.  long. — Cultivated  and 
occasionally  established.  (Introd.  from  Eu.)  FIG.  666. 

2.   Leaves,  at  least  when  young,  lustrous  beneath 
with  velvety  pubescence. 

29.  S.  pellita  Anders.    Large  shrub  or  small  tree 
with  dark  reddish  or  olive  branchlets  ;  leaves  lance- 
linear  to  oblanceolate,  subentire,  green  and  glabrous 
above,  white-velvety  to  pale  green  and  glabrate  be- 
neath, 4-12  cm.  long ;  aments  leafy-bracted  at  base,  the  fertile  2-5  cm. 
long  ;  capsule  4-5  mm.  long,  densely  white-hairy  ;  style  yellowish, 
turning  brown.  — River  banks  and  swamps,  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  to 

Lake  St.  John,  Que.,  and  Lake  Winnipeg,  s.  to  Me.  and  Vt.  FIG.  667.   667.  s.  pellita, 


328 


SALICACEAE    (WILLOW    FAMILY) 


i.  phylicifolia. 
Leaf  x  1/3 
Fruit  x  6 


=  =  Leaves  glabrous,  or  the  youngest  occasionally  with  arachnoid  hairs. 

30.  S,  phylicif61ia  L.  Leaves  elliptic-lanceolate  to  oblong,  somewhat  equally 
pointed  or  obtuse  at  both  ends,  remotely  and  minutely  repand- 
toothed,  2.5-7  cm.  long,  very  smooth  on  both  sides,  dark  green 
and  shining  above,  glaucous  beneath,  at  length  coriaceous  ; 
stipules  obsolete ;  aments  sessile  with  a  few  small  bracts  at 
base,  1.5-3  cm.  long,  rather  densely  flowered,  short-cylindric, 
the  fertile  becoming  in  fruit  somewhat  stalked,  3.5-4.5  cm. 
long ;  scales  dark,  silky-villous  ;  capsule  conic-rostrate  from 
an  ovoid  base  ;  stigmas  bifid  or  entire,  yellow,  drying  black. 
(/&'.  chlorophylla  Anders.)  —  Lab.  to  Alaska,  s.  to  alpine  dis- 
tricts of  Que.,  Me.,  N.  H.,  and  Vt.  —  A  divaricately  much 
branched  shrub  0.5-3  m.  high  ;  twigs  glabrous,  purplish,  some- 
times covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom.  (Eu.)  FIG.  668. 

*  *  Hairy  filaments  and  often  the  reddish  anthers 
united  so  as  to  appear  as  one. 

31.  S.  PURptiREA  L.  (PURPLE  W.)  Leaves  oblance- 
olate  or  tongue-shaped,  slightly  serrulate,  very 
smooth,  glaucescent,  subopposite  ;  stipules  obsolete ; 
aments  densely  ilowered,  narrow-cylindrical,  the 
sterile  at  least  closely  sessile,  with  only  very  small  bracts  at  base ; 
scales  small,  round,  crisp-villous,  tipped  with  dark  purple ;  capsules 
grayish-tomentose,  ovoid-conical,  obtuse,  sessile,  2-3  mm.  long. — 
Low  grounds  ;  originally  cultivated  for  basket  rods  ;  now  established. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.)  FIG.  669.  purpurea. 

2.    P6PULUS    [Tourn.]   L.     POPLAR.     ASPEN 

Flowers  from  a  cup-shaped  disk  which  is  obliquely  lengthened  in  front.  Sta- 
mens 8-30,  or  more  ;  filaments  distinct.  Stigmas  2-4.  Capsules  2-4-valved.  — 
Trees,  with  broad  and  more  or  less  heart-shaped  or  ovate  toothed  leaves,  and 
often  angular  branches.  Buds  scaly,  covered  with  resinous  varnish.  Catkins 
long  and  drooping,  appearing  before  the  leaves.  (The  classical  Latin  name,  of 
uncertain  origin.) 

§  1.  Styles  2,  with  2-3  narrow  or  filiform  lobes;  capsules  thin,  slender-conical, 
2-valved,  small,  on  very  short  pedicels;  scales  silky ;  stamens  6-20;  leaves 
ovate,  on  laterally  flattened  petioles  ;  terminal  buds  small,  slightly  glutinous. 

1.  P.   ALBA    L.     (WHITE  P.,    SILVER-LEAVED   P.,    ABELE.)      The    younger 
branches  and   the   under  surface   of   the  rhombic-oval   sinuate-toothed   acute 
leaves  white  tomentose ;    scales  crenate,    fringed.  —  Frequently  cultivated   for 
shade,  spreading  widely  by  the  root,  and  occasionally  spontaneous.     (Introd. 
from  Eu.) 

2.  P.  tremuloides  Michx.     (AMERICAN  A.)     Tree  6-20  m.  high,  with  smooth 
greenish-white  bark  ;    bud-scales  glabrous  or  merely  ciliate ;   leaves  roundish- 
heart-shaped,  with  a  short  sharp  point,  and  small  somewhat  regular  teeth,  smooth 
on  both  sides,  with  serrulate  margins,  downy  when  young,  on  long  slender  peti- 
oles ;  scales  cut  into  3-4  deep  linear  divisions,  fringed  with  long  hairs.  —  Light 
soils,  Lab.  to  Alaska,  s.  to  Pa.,  Mo.,  etc. 

3.  P.  grandidentata   Michx.     (LARGE-TOOTHED  A.)     Tree  often  20  m.  high, 
with  smoothish  gray  bark;   bud-scales  tomentose;   leaves  roundish-ovate,  with 
large  and  irregular  sinuate  teeth,  when  young  densely  covered  with  white  silky 
wool,  at  length  smooth  both  sides  ;  scales  cut  into  5-6  unequal  small  divisions, 
slightly  fringed.  —  Rich  woods  and  borders  of  streams,  N.  S.  to  the  mts.  of  N.  C., 
w.  to  Ont.,  Minn.,  and  la. 

§2.  Styles  2-4,  with  dilated  lobes;  capsules  large,  often  thick,  subglobose  to 
ellipsoid,  2-4-valved;  scales  mostly  glabrous;  terminal  buds  large  and 
very  glutinous. 


MYRICACEAE    (SWEET   GALE  FAMILY)  329 

*  Petioles  terete  or  channeled,  but  little  if  at  all  laterally  flattened. 
•»-  Young  leaves  and  petioles  white-tomentose  ;  capsule  slender-pediceled. 

4.  P.  heterophylla  L.     (DOWNY  P.)    Tree  10-25  in.  high  ;  leaves  ovate,  with 
a  somewhat  truncate  or  cordate  base,  obtuse,  crenate,  at  length  nearly  smooth, 
except  on  the  elevated  veins  beneath  ;    fertile  catkins  few-flowered  ;    stamens 
12-00;    capsules   1-1.3  cm.    long,    equaling  the  pedicels. — Borders    of    river 
swamps,  Ct.  to  Ga. ;  also  from  O.  to  Ark.  and  La. 

•*-  -*-  Young  leaves  and  petioles  not  white-tomentose  ;  capsule  stout-pediceled. 

5.  P.  balsamifera   L.     (BALSAM  P.,  TACAMAHAC.)     Tree  6-30  m.  high,  the 
large   buds  varnished  with  a  copious   fragrant  resin  ;   leaves  ovate-lanceolate 
to  cordate-ovate,  gradually  tapering  and  pointed,  finely  crenate,  smooth  on  both 
sides,  silvery  and  reticulately  veined  beneath  ;   scales  dilated,  slightly  hairy  ; 
stamens  20-30  ;  capsule  ovoid,  2-valved.  —  Borders  of  rivers  and  swamps,  Lab. 
to  Alaska,  s.  to  n.  and  w.  N.  E.,  Mich.,  Minn.,  etc. 

6.  P.  CANDICANS  Ait.    (BALM  OF  GILEAD.)     Leaves  broader  and  more  or  less 
heart-shaped,  petiole  and  lower  surface  hairy.      (P.  balsamifera,  var.  Gray.) 
—  Common  in  cultivation   and    freely   escaping;    perhaps   of  Asiatic  origin. 
(Introd.) 

*  *  Petioles  laterally  flattened. 

7.  P.  deltoides  Marsh.     (COTTON-WOOD,  NECKLACE  P.)     Tree  15-30 m.  high; 
leaves  broadly  deltoid,  with  numerous  crenate  serratures  and  narrow  very  acute 
acumination,  sometimes   ovate,  rarely  cordate,   on    elongated  petioles  ;   scales 
lacerate-f ringed,  not  hairy  ;  stamens  60  or  more;  capsules  on  slender  pedicels, 
6-10  mm.  long,  in  long  catkins,  ellipsoid-ovoid,  %-±-valved.      (P.    monilifera 
Ait.)  —  Borders  of  streams,  w.  Que.  and  N.  H.  to  Fla.,  w.  to  the  Rocky  Mts. 

P.  NIGRA  L.,  the  BLACK  P.  of  Eu.,  a  pyramidal  tree  somewhat  resembling  the 
preceding  but  with  the  less  lustrous  rhombic-deltoid  smaller  leaves  broader 
than  long,  more  finely  crenate,  and  its  var.  ITALIC  A  Du  Roi,  the  LOMBARDY  P., 
with  strictly  ascending  branches,  are  spreading  from  cultivation.  (Introd. 
from  Eu.) 

MYRICACEAE  (SWEET  GALE  FAMILY) 

Monoecious  or  dioecious  shrubs,  with  each  kind  of  flowers  in  short  scaly  cat- 
kins, and  resinous-dotted  often  fragrant  leaves, — differing  from  the  Birches 
chiefly  in  the  1-celled  ovary  with  a  single  erect  orthotropus  ovule,  and  the  drupe- 
like  nut.  Involucre  and  perianth  none. 

1.   MYRiCA  L. 

The  only  genus.  —  Flowers  solitary  under  a  scale-like  bract  and  with  a  pair 
of  bractlets,  the  sterile  in  ellipsoid  or  cylindrical,  the  fertile  in  ovoid  or  globular 
catkins,  from  axillary  scaly  buds ;  stamens  2-8  ;  filaments  somewhat  united 
below  ;  anthers  2-celled.  Fruit  small,  globular  or  short-cylindric,  dry,  coated 
with  resinous  grains  or  wax.  (M.vptKij,  the  ancient  name  of  the  Tamarisk  or 
some  other  shrub  ;  perhaps  from  fj.vpifrii>,  to  perfume.) 

*  Mostly  dioecious;  fertile  catkins  ovoid;  ovary  with  2-4  scales  at  base;  nut 
globular  ;  leaves  entire  or  somewhat  serrate. 

1.  M.  Gale   L.     (SWEET  GALE.)     Shrub   1-1.5  m.  high  ;   leaves  wedge-lan- 
ceolate, serrate  toward  the  apex,  pale,  later  than  the  flowers;  sterile  catkins 
closely  clustered;  nuts  imbricated  in  heads,  2-winged  by  the  two  thick  ovate 
scales  which  coalesce  with  its  base.  — Borders  of  ponds,  and  in  swamps,  Lab.  to 
N.  E.,  along  the  Great  Lakes  to  Minn.,  and  northwestw.  ;  s.  in  the  mts.  to  Va. 
April,  May.     (Eurasia.) 

2.  M.   cerifera   L.     (WAX  MYRTLE.)     Leaves  (1-1.6  cm.  broad)  lanceolate, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  entire  or  sharply  toothed  toward  the  acute  apex,  shining 
and  resinous-dotted  both  sides,  somewhat  preceding  the  flowers,  fragrant;  sterile 


330  JUGLANDACEAE   (WALNUT   FAMILY) 

catkins  scattered,  oblong  ;  scales  wedge-shaped  at  the  base  ;  nuts  scattered  and 
naked,  bony,  2.5-3  mm.  in  diameter,  and  incrusted  with  white  wax.  —  Sandy 
soil,  Md.  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  and  Ark.  March,  Apr. 

3.  M.  carolin6nsis  Mill.     (BAYBERRY.)     Shrub  1-2  m.  high  ;  leaves  oblong, 
entire  or  somewhat  crenately  toothed,  thinner  and  more  flaccid  than  in  the  pre- 
ceding, mostly  obtuse,  1.5-4  cm.  broad,  green  and  resinous-dotted  on  both  sides ; 
fruit  3.5-4  mm.  in  diameter.     (M.  cerifera  Man.  ed.  6,  in  great  part.)  — Sandy 
or  sterile  soil,  chiefly  near  the  coast,  P.  E.  I.  and  N.  B.  to  Fla.  and  La. ;  also  on 
L.  Erie. 

*  *  Frequently  monoecious  ;  fertile  catkins  globular;  ovary  surrounded  by  8  long 
narrowly  awl-shaped  persistent  scales;  nut  ovoid- sub cylindric ;  leaves  pin- 
natifid  with  many  rounded  lobes. 

4.  M.  asplenifblia  L.    (SWEET  FERN.)     Shrub  3-6  dm.  high,  with  sweet- 
scented  fern-like  linear-lanceolate  leaves  ;  stipules  half  heart-shaped  ;  scales  of 
the  sterile  catkins  kidney-heart-shaped,  pointed.      (Comptonia  Ait.  ;    G.  pere- 
grina  Coult.)  —  Sterile  soil,  N.B.  and  N.  S.  to  N.  C.,  Ind.,  and  the  Saskatchewan. 
Apr.,  May. 

LEITNERlACEAE    (CORK   WOOD  FAMILY) 

Dioecious  shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  each  kind  of  flowers  in  catkins  opening 
before  the  leaves  ;  the  sterile  catkins  many-  the  fertile  few-flowered  ;  calyx  and 
corolla  none;  stamens  3-12,  whorled,  the  filaments  short,  distinct,  hypogynous- 
ovary  \-celled  with  solitary  ascending  amphitropous  ovule  and  thickish  terminal 
style  with  lateral  groove.  Leaves  simple,  entire,  alternate ;  stipules  obsolete 
or  none.  Flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  ovate  pubescent  scales,  sessile.  Frui* 
an  obovoid  somewhat  compressed  leathery  drupe. 

1.   LEITNERIA  Chapm. 

Characters  of  the  family.  (Named  in  memory  of  Dr.  E.  T.  Leitner,  a  German 
naturalist  who  traveled  and  was  killed  in  Florida.) 

1.  L.  floridana  Chapm.  (CORK  WOOD.)  Stout  arborescent  shrub  1-7  m. 
high  ;  leaves  oblong  or  obovate,  somewhat  canescent-tomentose  on  the  lower 
surface;  sterile  catkins  about  3cm.  long,  the  fertile  half  as  long;  drupe  1-2 
cm.  long.  —  Swamps,  s.  Mo.  and  southwestw.  ;  also  Fla.  March. 

JUGLANDACEAE    (WALNUT  FAMILY) 

Trees,  with  alternate  pinnate  leaves,  and  no  stipules;  flowers  monoecious,  the 
sterile  in  catkins  (amends)  with  an  irregular  calyx  adnate  to  the  bract ;  the  fertile 
solitary  or  in  a  small  cluster  or  spike,  with  a  regular  S-5-lobed  calyx  adherent 
to  the  incompletely  %-4-celled  but  only  \-ovuled  ovary.  Fruit  a  kind  of  dry 
drupe,  with  a  crustaceous  or  bony  nutshell,  containing  a  large  k-lobed  ortho- 
tropous  seed.  Albumen  none.  Cotyledons  fleshy  and  oily,  sinuous  or  corru- 
gated, 2-lobed  ;  radicle  short,  superior.  Petals  sometimes  present  in  the  fertile 
flowers.  —  A  small  family  of  important  trees,  consisting  chiefly  of  the  two 
following  genera. 

1.   jtTGLANS   L.     WALNUT 

Stamens  12-40  ;  filaments  free,  very  short.  Fertile  flowers  solitary  or  several 
together  on  a  peduncle  at  the  end  of  the  branch,  with  a  4-toothed  calyx,  bearing 
4  small  petals  at  the  sinuses.  Styles  2,  very  short ;  stigmas  2,  somewhat  club- 
shaped  and  fringed.  Fruit  with  a  fibrous-fleshy  indehiscent  epicarp,  and  a 
mostly  rough  irregularly  furrowed  endocarp  or  nutshell.  —  Trees,  with  odd- 


JUGLANDACEAE   (WALNUT  FAMILY)  831 

pinnate  leaves  of  many  serrate  leaflets.    Pith  in  plates.     (Name  contracted 
from  Jovis  glans,  the  nut  of  Jupiter. ) 

1.  J.  cinerea  L.     (BUTTERNUT,  WHITE  W.)     Leaflets  7-17,   oblong-lanceo- 
late,   pointed,   rounded  at  base,  downy  especially  beneath,   the  petioles  and 
branchlets  downy  with  clammy  hairs  ;  fruit  ellipsoid,  clammy,  pointed,  the  nut 
deeply  sculptured  and  rough  with  ragged  ridges,  2-celled  at  the  base.  —  Rich 
woods,  N.  B.  to  the  mts.  of  Ga.,  w.  to  Ont.,  "  Dak.,"  e.  Kan.  and  Ark.  — Trunk 
16-30  m.  high,  with  gray  bark,  widely  spreading  branches,  and  lighter  brown 
wood  than  in  the  next. 

2.  J.  nigra  L.    (BLACK  W.)    Leaflets  11-17  (-"  23  "),  ovate-lanceolate,  taper- 
pointed,  somewhat  heart-shaped  or  unequal  at  base,  smooth  above,  the  lower 
surface  and  the  petioles  minutely  downy ;  fruit  spherical,  roughly  dotted,  the 
nut  corrugated,  4-celled  at  top  and  bottom.  —  Rich  woods,  w.  Mass,  to  Fla.,  w. 
to  Ont.,  Minn.,  and  Tex.  — A  large  and  handsome  tree,  with  rough  dark  bark 
and  valuable  purplish-brown  wood. 

2.   CARYA  Nutt.     HICKORY 

Stamens  3-10  ;  filaments  short  or  none,  free.  Fertile  flowers  2-5  in  a  cluster  or 
short  spike,  on  a  peduncle  terminating  the  shoot  of  the  season  ;  calyx  4-toothed; 
petals  none.  Stigmas  sessile,  2  or  4,  large,  papillose,  persistent.  Fruit  with  a 
4-valved  firm  and  at  length  dry  exocarp  (involucre),  falling  away  from  the 
smooth  and  crustaceous  or  bony  endocarp  or  nutshell,  which  is  incompletely 
2-celled,  and  at  the  base  mostly  4-celled. — Fine  timber-trees  with  hard  and 
very  tough  wood,  and  scaly  buds,  from  which  in  spring  are  put  forth  usually 
both  kinds  of  flowers,  the  sterile  below  and  the  fertile  above  the  leaves.  Nuts 
ripen  and  fall  in  October.  (Kaprfa,  an  ancient  name  of  the  Walnut.)  SCOKIA 
Raf.  (1808);  HICORIUS  Raf.  (1817);  HICORIA  Raf.  (1836). 

§  1.  Sterile  catkins  fascicled  (no  common  peduncle  or  sometimes  a  very  short  one) 
from  separate  lateral  scaly  buds  near  the  summit  of  shoots  of  the  preceding 
year;  bud-scales  few ;  fruit  elongated ;  the  thin-shelled  nut  2-celled  below; 
seeds  sweet ;  leaflets  short-stalked,  numerous. 

1.  C.  illinoSnsis  (Wang.)  K.  Koch.     (PECAN.)     Minutely  downy,  becoming 
nearly  smooth ;   leaflets  9-17,  oblong-lanceolate,  tapering  gradually  to  a  slen- 
der point,  falcate,  serrate;  nut  olive-shaped.     (C.  olivaeformis  Nutt.;  Hicoria 
Pecan  Britton.) — River  bottoms,  s.  Ind.  to  la.,  e.  Kan.,  Tex.,  and  Ala. — 
A  large  tree  (25-50  m.  high),  with  delicious  nuts. 

§  2.  Sterile  catkins  in  threes  (rarely  more}  on  a  common  peduncle  from  the  axil 
of  an  inner  scale  of  the  common  bud,  therefore  at  the  base  of  the  shoot  of 
the  season,  which,  then  bearing  3  or  4  leaves,  is  terminated  by  the  fertile 
flowers;  fruit  globular  or  ovoid;  nut  ^-celled  at  base;  leaflets  sessile  or 
nearly  so. 

*  Bud-scales  numerous,  about  10,  successively  inwrapping,  the  inner  ones  accres- 
cent, becoming  thin  and  membranaceous  and  rather  tardily  deciduous; 
husk  of  the  fruit  splitting  promptly  into  4  more  or  less  thick  and  when  dry 
hard  or  woody  valves ;  seed  sweet  and  delicious.  (The  HICKORY  NUTS  of 
the  market.) 

2.  C.  ovata  (Mill.)  K.  Koch.    (SHELL-BARK  or  SHAG-BARK  H.)    Bark  of  trunk 
shaggy,  exfoliating  in  rough  strips  or  plates ;  inner  bud-scales  becoming  large 
and  conspicuous,  persistent  till  the  flowers  are  fully  developed  ;  leaflets  6-7, 
when  young  minutely  downy  beneath,  finely  serrate,  the  three  upper  obovate- 
lanceolate,  the  lower  pair  much  smaller  and  oblong-lanceolate,  all  taper-pointed  ; 
fruit  globular  or  depressed  ;  nut  white,  flattish-globular,  barely  mucronate,  the 
shell  thinnish.      (C.  alba  Nutt.;  Hicoria  ovata  Britton.)  —  N.  E.  and  w.  Que. 
to  north  shore  of  L.  Huron,  e.  Minn.,  Tex.,  and  Fla.  —  A  large  and  handsome 
tree   (20-28  m.   high,  or  more),  yielding  the  principal  HICKORY  NUT  of  the 
markets.     Hicoria  carolinae-septentrionalis  Ashe  appears  to  be  merely  a  small- 
fruited  extreme  of  this  species. 


332  BETULACEAE    (BIRCH   FAMILY) 

3.  C.    lacinibsa    (Michx.  f.)  Loud.     (Bio  SHELL-BARK,  KING  NUT.)     Bark, 
etc.,   as  in  no.  2;    leaflets  7-9,   more  downy   beneath;   fruit  ovoid,  4-ribbed 
above  the  middle,  the  husk  very  thick  ;  nut  larye  (3-5  cm.  long)  and  usually 
angular,  dull  white  or  yellowish,  thick-walled,  usually  strongly  pointed  at  both 
ends.     (C.  sulcata  Nutt.;  Hicoria  laciniosa  Sarg.) — Centr.   N.  Y.  and   Pa.  to 
s.  Ind.,  la.,  e.  Kan.,  and  I.  T. — Trunk  20-30  m.  high,  or  more,  in  rich  soil  of 
bottom  lands. 

4.  C.  alba  (L.)  K.  Koch.     (MOCKER  NUT,  WHITE-HEART  H.)     Bark  close, 
rough,  but  not  shaggy  nor  exfoliating  on  old  trunks  ;  catkins,  shoots,  and  lower 
surface  of  the  leaves   tomentose  when  young,    resinous-scented ;    leaflets  7-1), 
lance-obovate  or  the  lower  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed ;  fruit  globular  or  ovoid, 
with  a  very  thick  and  hard  husk  ;  nut  globular,  not  compressed,  ^-ridged  toward 
the  slightly  pointed  summit,  brownish,  very  thick-shelled,  2.5  cm.  in  diameter 
or  smaller.     (C.    tomentosa  Nutt.;   Hicoria   alba  Britton.) — E.   Mass,  to   n. 
shore  of  L.  Erie,  e.  Neb.,  and  s.  to  the  Gulf.  —  Tree  20-30  m.  high,  usually  on  rich 
upland   hillsides.     A  species  not  to  be  confused  with   C.  alba  Nutt.,  which  is 
now  to  be  called  C.  ovata. 

5.  C.  microcarpa  Nutt.     With  rough  close  bark,  small  ovoid  buds,  and  the 
glabrous  foliage,  etc.,  of  no.  7;  fruit  small,  subglobose,  with  rather  thin  husk; 
nut  thin-shelled,  not  angled.     {Hicoria  Britton  ;  H.  glabra,  var.  odorata  Sarg.; 
H.  borealis  Ashe  ?)  —  "  Que."  and  e.  Mass,  to  Del.,  Mich.,  and  Mo. 

*  *  Bud-scales  numerous  or  few ;  husk  of  the  fruit  thin  and  rather  friable  at 
maturity,  ^-valved  only  to  the  middle  or  tardily  to  near  the  base;  seed  more 
or  less  bitter. 

+-  Bark  of  trunk  exfoliating  in  long  strips^ 

6.  C.  aqudtica  (Michx.  f.)   Nutt.     (BITTER  PECAN.)     Bud-scales  few,  sub- 
valvate ;   leaflets  9-15,   falcate-lanceolate,    attenuate,  serrate,  of  firm  texture  ; 
nut  strongly   compressed  and  sharply    angled;    seed    very   bitter.       {Hicoria 
Britton.)  —  River  swamps,  Va.   to  s.  111.,  Mo.,  Tex.,  and  Fla. 

i-  •*-  Bark  not  exfoliating. 

7.  C.  glabra    (Mill.)    Spach.      (PIGNUT  or  BROOM    H.)      Bud-scales  nearly 
as  in  no.  4,  but  smaller,  caducous  ;  shoots,  catkins,  and  leaves  glabrous  or  nearly 
so  ;  leaflets  5-7,  oblong-  or  obovate-lanceolate  and  taper-pointed,  serrate  ;  fruit 
pear-shaped  to   ovoid;    nut  (3-5   cm.  long)   with   thick   bony  shell;  the  oily 
seed  at  first  sweet  in  taste,  then  bitterish.     (C.porcina  Nutt.;  Hicoria  glabra 
Britton.) — Dry  woodlands,  s.  Me.  to  Fla.,  w.  to  Ont.,   Minn.,  e.  Neb.,   and 
Tex.  —Tree  20-30  (rarely  37)  m.  high.     Passing  to 

Var.  villbsa  (Sarg.)  Robinson.  Petioles,  rhachises,  and  peduncles  sordid- 
villous  ;  the  lower  surface  of  the  leaflets  mostly  paler,  covered  with  broader  and 
more  numerous  peltate  scale-like  glands.  (Hicoria  glabra,  var.  Sarg.  ;  H.  vil- 
losa  and  H.  pallida  Ashe.)  — Va.  to  Mo.  and  south  w. 

8.  C.  cordif6rmis  (Wang.)  K.  Koch.     (BITTER  NUT  or  SWAMP  H.)    Scales  of 
the  small  yellowish  buds  about  6,  valvate  in  pairs,  caducous  in  leafing ;  catkins 
and  young  herbage  more  or  less  pubescent,  soon  becoming  almost  glabrous  ; 
leaflets  7-11,  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate  ;   fruit  turgid-ellipsoid,  narrowly 
6-ridged  ;   nut  turgid,   smoothish,  shallowly  reticulate-sulcate,  globular,  short- 
pointed,  white  (barely  2.5  cm.  long),  thin-walled,  with  slender-conical  beak  and 
persistent  expanded  stigma ;  seed  at  first  sweet-tasted,  soon  extremely  bitter. 
(C.  amara  Nutt. ;  Hicoria  minima  Britton.)  — Rich  woods,  w.  Que.  and  N.  E.  to 
Fla.,  n.  shore  of  L.  Huron,  Minn.,  e.  Neb.,  and  Tex. — Tree  15-30  m.  high  ; 
husk  and  shell  thinner  and  less  hard  than  in  other  species.     Koch,  who  first 
transferred  Juglans  cordiformis  Wang,  to  Carya,  confused  other  material  with  it, 
but  the  binomial  technically  rests  on  the  plant  of  Wangenheim. 

BETULACEAE    (BIRCH  FAMILY) 

Monoecious  (rarely  dioecious'}  trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  simple  straight- 
veined  leaves  and  deciduous  stipules;  the  sterile  flowers  in  catkins,  the  fertile 


BETULACEAE    (BIRCH    FAMILY)  333 

clustered,  spiked,  or  in  scaly  catkins  •  the  \-celled  and  l-seeded  nut  with  or 
without  a  foliaceous  involucre.  Ovary  2-celled,  with  2  pendulous  anatropous 
ovules  in  each  cell ;  fruit  seemingly  1-celled  and  1-ovuled  ;  styles  2.  Seed  with 
no  albumen,  filled  with  the  embryo,  and  with  1  integument. 

Tribe  I.   CORiXEAE.     Sterile  catkins  pendulous,  with  no  calyx ;  stamens  3  or  more  to  each  bract 
and  more  or  less  adnate  to  it,  the  filaments  often  forked  (anthers  1-celled).     Fertile  flowers  in  a 
short  ament  or  head,  2  to  each  bract,  and  each  with  one  or  more  bractlets  which  form  a  folia- 
aceous  involucre  to  the  nut. 
*  Bract  of  staminate  flower  furnished  with  a  pair  of  bractlets  inside  ;  fertile  flowers  few. 

1.  Corylus.     Involucre  leafy-coriaceous,  inclosing  the  large  acorn-like  nut. 

*  *  Bract  of  staminate  flower  simple  ;  fertile  flowers  in  short  catkins;  nut  small,  achene-like. 

2.  Ostrya.    Each  ovary  and  nut  included  in  a  bladdery  and  closed  bag. 

3.  Carpinus.     Each  nut  subtended  by  an  enlarged  spreading  leafy  bractlet. 

Tribe  II.  BETtfLEAE.  Flowers  in  scaly  catkins,  2  or  3  to  each  bract.  Sterile  catkins  pendulous. 
Stamens  2-4,  and  calyx  usually  2-4-parted.  Fertile  flowers  with  no  calyx,  and  no  involucre 
to  the  small  compressed  and  often  winged  nut. 

4.  Betula.   Stamens  2,  bifid.     Fertile  scales  thin,  3-lobed,  deciduous  with  or  soon  after  the  nuts. 

5.  Alnus.     Stamens  4.    Fertile  scales  thick,  becoming  woody,  long-persistent. 

1.    C^RYLUS  [Tourn.]  L.     HAZELNUT.     FILBERT 

Sterile  flowers  consisting  of  8  (half-)  stamens  with  1-celled  anthers,  their 
short  filaments  and  pair  of  scaly  bractlets  cohering  more  or  less  with  the  inner 
face  of  the  scale  of  the  catkin.  Fertile  flowers  several  from  a  scaly  bud  ;  ovary 
tipped  with  the  short  limb  of  the  adherent  calyx,  one  of  the  ovules  sterile  ;  style 
short ;  stigmas  2,  red,  elongated  and  slender.  Nut  ovoid  or  subglobose,  inclosed 
in  a  leafy  or  partly  coriaceous  cup  or  involucre  consisting  of  the  two  bractlets 
enlarged  and  often  grown  together  and  lacerated  at  the  border.  Cotyledons  very 
thick  (raised  to  the  surface  in  germination),  sweet  and  edible  ;  the  short  radicle 
included.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  thinnish  doubly-toothed  leaves  (folded 
lengthwise  in  the  bud),  flowering  in  early  spring  ;  sterile  catkins  single  or  fas- 
cicled from  scaly  buds  of  the  axils  of  the  preceding  year,  the  fertile  terminating 
early  leafy  shoots.  (The  classical  name,  probably  from  K6pvs,  a  helmet,  from 
the  involucre.) 

1.  C.  americana  Walt.     (HAZELNUT.)     Twigs  and  petioles  often  glandular- 
bristly  ;  leaves  roundish-heart-shaped,  pointed;    involucre  open  above  down  to 
the  globose  nut,  of  2  broad  foliaceous  cut-toothed  almost  distinct  bracts,  their 
bases  coriaceous  and  downy  or  with  glandular  bristles  intermixed ;    pericarp 
bony.  —  Thickets,  N.  E.  to  Sask.,  and  southw. 

2.  C.  rostra ta  Ait.     (BEAKED  H.)     Twigs  and  petioles  not  glandular-bristly  ; 
leaves  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,   somewhat  heart-shaped,  pointed  ;    involucre  of 
united  bracts,  much  prolonged  above  the  ovoid  nut  into  a  narrow  tubular  beak, 
densely  bristly,  pericarp  thinnish  and  membranaceous. — Que.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to 
Del.,  Mich.,  Mo.,  and  westw.;  also  in  the  mts.  to  Ga. 

2.    6STRYA   [Mich.]  Scop.     HOP  HORNBEAM.     IRONWOOD. 

Sterile  flowers  consisting  of  several  stamens  in  the  axil  of  each  bract ;  fila- 
ments short,  often  forked,  bearing  1-celled  (half-)  anthers  ;  their  tips  hairy. 
Fertile  flowers  a  pair  to  each  deciduous  bract,  each  of  an  incompletely  2-celled 
2-ovuled  ovary,  crowned  with  the  short  bearded  border  of  the  adherent  calyx, 
tipped  with  2  long-linear  stigmas,  and  inclosed  in  a  tubular  bractlet,  which  in 
fruit  becomes  a  closed  bladdery  ellipsoid  bag,  very  much  larger  than  the  small 
smooth  nut ;  these  inflated  involucres  loosely  imbricated  to  form  a  sort  of  stro- 
bile, in  appearance  like  that  of  the  Hop.  —  Slender  trees,  with  very  hard  wood, 
brownish  furrowed  bark,  and  foliage  resembling  that  of  Birch  ;  leaves  open  and 
concave  in  the  bud,  more  or  less  plaited  on  the  straight  veins.  Flowers  appear- 
ing with  the  leaves  j  the  sterile  catkins  1-3  together  from  scaly  buds  at  the  tips 


334  BETULACEAE    (BIRCH   FAMILY) 

of  the  branches  of  the  preceding  year  ;  the  fertile  single,  terminating  short  leafy 
shoots  of  the  season.     (The  classical  name.) 

1.  0.  virginiana  (Mill.)  K.  Koch.  (AMERICAN  HOP  H.,  LEVERWOOD.) 
Leaves  oblong-ovate,  taper-pointed,  very  sharply  double-serrate,  downy  beneath, 
with  11-15  principal  veins  ;  buds  acute ;  involucral  sacs  bristly-hairy  at  the 
base.  (0.  virginica  Willd.) — Rich  woods,  N.  S.  to  Man.,  Minn.,  Neb.,  and 
southw. 

3.   CARPINUS  [Tourn.]  L.     HORNBEAM.     IRONWOOD 

Sterile  flowers  similar  to  those  of  Ostrya.  Fertile  flowers  several,  spiked  in 
a  sort  of  loose  terminal  catkin,  with  small  deciduous  bracts,  each  subtending  a 
pair  of  flowers  ;  the  single  involucre-like  bract  open,  enlarged  in  fruit  and  foli- 
aceous,  merely  subtending  the  small  ovate  several-nerved  nut.  —  Trees  or  tall 
shrubs,  with  close  gray  bark,  in  this  and  in  the  slender  buds  and  straight-veined 
leaves  resembling  the  Beech ;  leaf-buds  and  inflorescence  as  in  Ostrya.  (The 
early  Latin  name.) 

\.  C.  caroliniana  Walt.  (AMERICAN  H. ;  BLUE  or  WATER  BEECH.)  Leaves 
ovate-oblong,  pointed,  sharply  double-serrate,  soon  nearly  smooth  ;  bractlets 
3-lobed,  halberd-shaped,  sparingly  cut-toothed  on  one  side,  acute. — Along 
streams,  N.  S.  to  w.  Ont. ,  and  southw. 

4.  BETULA  [Tourn.]  L.    BIRCH 

Sterile  flowers  3  (the  bractlets  2)  to  each  shield-shaped  scale  or  bract  of  the  cat- 
kins, consisting  each  of  a  calyx  of  one  scale  bearing  4  short  filaments  with  1 -celled 
anthers  (or  strictly  of  two  2-parted  filaments,  each  division  bearing  an  anther- 
cell).  Fertile  flowers  2  or  3  to  each  3-lobed  bract,  without  bractlets  or  calyx, 
each  a  naked  ovary,  becoming  a  winged  and  scale-like  nutlet  (or  small  samara) 
crowned  with  the  two  spreading  stigmas.  —  Outer  bark  often  separable  in  sheets, 
that  of  the  branchlets  dotted.  Buds  sessile,  scaly.  Sterile  catkins  terminal  and 
lateral,  sessile,  formed  in  summer,  remaining  naked  through  winter,  and  expand- 
ing in  early  spring,  with  or  preceding  the  leaves  ;  fertile  catkins  ovoid  to  cylin- 
drical, usually  terminating  very  short  2-leaved  early  lateral  branches  of  the  season. 
(The  ancient  Latin  name. ) 

*  Trees  or  shrubs ;  the  leaves  with  the  8  or  more  pairs  of  nerves  impressed 
above;  fruiting  catkins  thick  (1  cm.  or  more),  short-cylindric  to  ovoid,  their 
scales  rather  persistent ;  wing  of  fruit  not  broader  than  the  seed-bearing  body. 

•«-  Bark  and  twigs  sweet-aromatic  ;  leaves  membranaceous,  ovate  to  oblong-ovate, 
with  rounded  or  cordate  bases,  regularly  serrate,  green  both  sides  /  fertile 
catkins  sessile,  erect. 

1.  B.  16nta  L.     (CHERRY,  SWEET,  or  BLACK  B.)     Bark  of  trunk  dark  brown, 
close,  in  age  becoming  ashy-brown  and  furrowed,  very  sweet-aromatic ;  leaves 
ovate  or  ovate-oblong  from  a  more  or  less  heart-shaped  base,  acuminate,  sharply 
and  finely  double-serrate,  when  mature  bright  green  above  and  glabrous  except 
on  the  veins  beneath  ;  fruiting  catkins  short-cylindric  (1.5-2.5  cm.  long)  ;  the 
scales  firm  and  smooth,  with  short  and  divergent  lobes.  —  Rich  woods,  Nfd.  to 
Ont. ,  s.  to  Del. ,  Ind.  and  centr.  la.  ;  also  along  the  mts.  to  Fla.  and  Tenn. 

2.  B.  lutea  Michx.  f.     (YELLOW  or  GRAY  B.)     Bark  of  trunk  yellowish-  or 
silvery-gray,  detaching  in  very  thin  filmy  layers,  less  aromatic  ;  leaves  slightly  or 
not  at  all  heart-shaped  and  often  narrowed  toward  the  base,  duller  green  above 
and  usually  more  downy  on  the  veins  beneath  ;  fruiting  catkins  narrow-ovoid 
to  subglobose,  the  more  foliaceous  scales  mostly  longer,  pubescent  and  with  nar- 
rower barely  spreading  ciliate  lobes.  —  Rich  moist  woods,  Nfd.  to  Man.,  s.  to  Del., 
111.,  and  Minn.  ;  also  along  the  mts.  to  Tenn.  and  N.  C.  —Trees. with  character- 
istics somewhat  intermediate  between  this   and  B.  lenta  have  been  called  B. 
alleghaniensis  Britton. 

•t-  •»-  Bark  not  aromatic;  leaves  firm,  rhombic-ovate,  cuneate  to  subtruncate  at 
base,  irregularly  dentate-serrate,  whitish  beneath  ;  fertile  catkins  pedunded, 
soft-downy. 


BETULACEAE    (BIRCH   FAMILY)  335 

3.  B.  nigra  L.     (RIVER  or  RED  B.)     Tree  with  greenish-brown  somewhat, 
laminate   bark  and  reddish  twigs ;   leaves  acutish  at  both  ends,  when  young 
downy  underneath  ;  petioles,  peduncles,  and  thick-cylindric  catkins  tomentose  ; 
bracts  with  oblong-linear  nearly  equal  lobes.  —  Banks  of  streams  and  in  swamps 
e.  of  the  Alleghenies  from  e.  Mass,  to  Ma.,  thence  w.  to  Tex.;  and  through  the 
bottom-lands  of  the  Mississippi  R.  system. 

*  *  Trees  or  shrubs  with  slender  cylindric  fruiting  catkins,  their  scales  readily 
deciduous  ;  leaves  (of  the  fruiting  branches')  with  7  or  less  pairs  of 
prominent  veins. 

•4-  Wing  distinctly  broader  than  the  body  of  the  fruit  ;  trees  or  stout  shrubs  with 
white,  whitish,  or  brown  papery  bark. 

•w-  Bark  dull,  chalky-  or  ashy-white,  smooth  and  close,  the  layers  not  readily 
exfoliating  ;  staminate  catkin  usually  solitary. 

4.  B.  populif&lia  Marsh.     (WHITE,  GRAY  or  OLD  FIELD  B.)     Trunk  usually 
ascending,  rarely  10  m.   high;  leaves  triangular  (deltoid),  very  taper-pointed 
(usually  abruptly),  truncate  or  nearly  so  at  the  broad  base,  smooth  and  shining 
both  sides,  except  for  the  resinous  glands  when  young,  tremulous  on  very  slender 
petioles  ;  fruiting  catkins  slender-stalked,  ascending,  1-3  cm.  long,  5-7  mm.  thick  ; 
the  drab  or  ashy-brown  wide-spreading  scales  2.5-4  mm.  long,  their  lobes puberu- 
lent.  —  Poor  sandy  or  rocky  soil,  commonest  near  the  coast,  P.  E.  I.  to  Del.,  w. 
to  L.  Ont. 

•w  «-*•  Bark  lustrous,  creamy-  or  pinkish-white  to  bronze,  freely  splitting  into 
paper-like  layers  ;  staminate  catkins  mostly  2  or  3. 

=  Branchlets  and  leaves  strictly  glabrous  from  the  first. 

5.  B.  pgndula  Roth.    (WHITE  or  CANOE  B.)    Branches  slender  and  flexuous, 
often  drooping,  the  branchlets  usually  verrucose  with  resiniferous  atoms  ;  leaves 
glutinous  when  young,  firm,  rhombic-ovate  to  deltoid  or  broad-ovate,  subcuneate, 
truncate,  or  subcordate  at  base,  long-acuminate,  slender-petioled  ;  fertile  catkins 
pendulous,  1.5-3  cm.  long,  6-9  mm.  thick  ;  the  ascending  brown  or  straw-colored 
scales  3-5  mm.  long,  glabrous  except  for  the  ciliate  margin.     (B.  verrucosa 
Ehrh.)  —  Rocky  upland  woods  and  slopes,  Que..to  Alaska,  locally  s.  to  Me.,  Vt., 
111.,  Man.,  etc.    (Eurasia.)  — A  polymorphous  boreal  species,  of  which  the  N.  E. 
phase  has  recently  been  designated  as  B.  caerulea  Blanchard  (BLUE  B.). 

=  =  Branchlets  puberulent  or  pubescent ;  young  leaves  (except  in  var.  minor} 

pubescent  beneath. 

6.  B.  alba  L.   (PAPER,  CANOE  or  WHITE  B.)    Branches  and  branchlets  ascend- 
ing ;  resiniferous  atoms,  if  present,  mixed  with  long  hairs ;  leaves  ovate,  taper- 
pointed,  from  rounded  to  cuneate  at  base,  in  maturity  3-6  cm.  long,  smooth  and 
green  above,  pale,  glandular-dotted,  and  a  little  hairy  on  the  veins  beneath,  sharply 
and  unequally  double-serrate;   fruiting  catkins  1.5-4.5  cm.  long,   0.5-1.5  cm. 
thick,  spreading  or  drooping  on  slender  peduncles  ;  the  mostly  ciliate-margined 
ascending  scales  3-7  mm.  long.    (B.  pubescens  Ehrh.)  — Large  shrub  or  medium- 
sized  tree,  Nfd.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to  N.  E.,  the  Great  Lake  region,  etc.     (Eurasia.) 
Passing  to  the  commoner  American 

Var.  papyrlfera  (Marsh.)  Spach.  Usually  a  larger  tree,  with  mature  leaves 
6-9  cm.  long.  (B.  papyrifera  Marsh.)  — Nfd.  to  Alaska,  s.  to  Pa.,  Ind.,  n.  la., 
Neb.,  Wyo.,  and  Wash. 

Var.  glutin6sa  (Wallr.)  Trautvetter.  Branches  pendulous;  leaves  3-5  cm. 
long,  pilose  on  the  veins  beneath  ;  catkins  on  straight  peduncles.  —  Wassataquoik 
Valley,  Me.  (Eu.) 

Var.  cordifblia  (Regel)  Fernald.  Leaves  broad-ovate,  corctate,  pilose  on  the 
veins  beneath.  —  Cool  woods  and  mts.,  Lab.  and  Nfd.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to  N.  E.,  L. 
Superior,  la.,  and  westw.  —  Becoming  a  dwarf  shrub  on  alpine  slopes. 

Var.  minor  (Tuckerm.)  Fernald.  Stout  dwarf  shrub;  leaves  elliptic-  or 
truncate-ovate,  glutinous,  glabrous,  1.5-4  cm.  long;  staminate  catkin  often  soli- 
tary;  fruiting  catkins  mostly  ascending,  1 .3-3  cm.  long,  0.5-1  cm.  thick.  (B. 


336  BETULACEAE    (BIRCH   FAMILY) 

papyracea,  var.  Tuckerm.)  —  Alpine  regions  and  cold  bogs,  Lab.  to  Sask.,  s.  to 
n.  N.  E.  and  Minn.     (Greenl.) 

•t-  -t-  Wings  narrower  than  or  rarely  as  broad  as  the  body  of  the,  fruit,  or  want- 
ing ;  shrubs  with  dark  scarcely  papery  bark,  subsessile  or  short-petioled 
thickish  or  coriaceous  small  leaves,  and  narrowly  ovoid  or  cylindric  mostly 
erect  sessile  or  short-peduncled  catkins. 

-M-  Young  branchlets  pubescent  with  long  soft  hairs. 

7.  B.  putnila  L.  (Low  or  SWAMP  B.)     Stems  0.5-3  m.  high,  erect  or  ascending, 
not  glandular ;  young  branches  and  lower  face  of  young  leaves  mostly  soft- 
downy  ;  leaves  obovate,  orbicular,  or  reniform,  1-3.5  cm.  long,  not  resiniferous, 
pale  beneath,  veinletson  both  faces  finely  reticulated;  fruiting  catkins  0.7-3  cm. 
long,  5-9  mm.  thick. —  Bogs,  Lab.  and  Nfd.  to  Ont.,  s.  to  n.  N.  J.,  O.,  Ind.,  111., 
and  Minn.     (Kurasia.) 

Var.  glandulif  era  Regel.  Young  branchlets  and  leaves  resiniferous  or  glandu- 
lar-dotted.—  Ont.  and  Mich,  to  Minn,  and  Sask. 

•M.  -M.    Young  branchlets  glabrous  or  at  most  minutely  puberulent,  conspicuously 
dotted  with  resinous  wart-like  glands. 

8.  B.  glandulbsa  Michx.   (DWARF  B.)     Stems    erect   or  depressed,  0.3-2  rn. 
high,  or  when  alpine  procumbent;  leaves  wedge-obovate,  0.5-3  cm.  long,  green 
and  glabrous  both  sides,  slightly  reticulated  ;  fruiting  catkins  0.5-2.5  cm.  long, 
3-7   mm.    thick.  —  Arctic   barrens,  s.    to  mts.    of  N.  B.,  Me.,  and  N.  H.  ;  L. 
Superior,    Minn.,    etc.     (Asia.)      Var.    ROTUNDIFOLIA    (Spach)    Regel.      Very 
dwarf  ;  leaves  orbicular  or  reniform.  — Arctic  regions  to  mts.  of  Me.  and  N.  H. 
(Alaska;  Asia.) 

5.    ALNUS  [Tourn.]  Hill.     ALDER 

Sterile  catkins  with  4  or  5  bractlets  and  3  (rarely  6)  flowers  upon  each  short- 
stalked  shield-shaped  scale  ;  each  flower  usually  with  a  3-5-parted  calyx  and 
as  many  stamens  ;  filaments  short  and  simple  ;  anthers  2-celled.  Fertile  catkins 
ovoid  or  ellipsoid  ;  the  fleshy  scales  each  subtending  2  flowers  and  a  group  of 
4  little  scalelets  adherent  to  the  scales  or  bracts  of  the  catkin,  which  are  woody 
in  fruit,  wedge-obovate,  truncate,  or  3-5-lobed.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees  with 
few-scaled  leaf-buds  and  solitary  or  often  racemose-clustered  catkins.  (The 
ancient  Latin  name.) 

*  Flowers  developed  with  the  leaves;  the  sterile  catkins  from  naked  buds  formed 

the  preceding  season;   the  fertile  from  scale-covered  buds;  fruit 'with  a 
conspicuous  thin  wing. 

1.  A.   crispa  (Ait.)  Pursh.     (GREEN  or  MOUNTAIN  A.)     Shrub  with  young 
branches  and  peduncles  sparingly  puberulent  or  glabrate ;  leaves  round-oval, 
ovate  or  slightly  heart-shaped,  in  maturity  3-6  cm.  long,  glutinous  and  smooth, 
or  slightly  pubescent  on  the  principal   veins   beneath,  irregularly  serrulate  or 
biserrulate  with  very  fine  and  sharp  closely  set  teeth,  the  margins  often  puck- 
ered;   fertile  catkins  slender-stalked,  loosely  racemose,  in  maturity  1-1.5  cm. 
long.     (A.  viridis  Man.  ed.  6,  in  part,  not  DC.  ;  A.  Alnobetula  Am.  auth.,  in 
part,  not  K.  Koch.)  —  Cool  shores  arid  mts.,  Lab.  to  N.  B.  ;  Mt.  Katahdin,  Me. ; 
Mt.  Washington,  N.  H.;  Whiteface  Mt.,  N.  Y.  ;  and  on  the  mts.  to  N.  C. 

2.  A.  m611is    Fernald.      (DOWNY    GREEN    A.)     Shrub  or  small  tree;    young 
branches  and  peduncles  permanently  soft-pubescent ;  leaves  permanently  covered 
beneath  with  dense  soft  hairs,  in  maturity  4.5-11  cm.  long  ;  mature  fertile  catkins 
1.2-2  cm.  long.     (A.  viridis  Man.  ed.  6,  in  part,  not  DC.  ;  A.  Alnobetula  Am. 
auth.,  in  part,  not-K.  Koch.)  — Damp  thickets  and  exposed  rocky  banks,  s.  Nfd. 
to  L.  Winnipeg,  s.  to  s.  Me.  and  N.  H.,  w.  Mass.,  N.  Y.,  and  L.   Superior. — 
Ordinarily  distinct,  but  possibly  an  extreme  variation  of  A.  crispa. 

*  *  Flowers  developed  in  earliest  spring  before  the  leaves  ;  the  catkins  all  from 

naked  buds  formed  the  preceding  season ;  fruit  wingless  or  with  a  narrow 
coriaceous  margin. 


FAGACEAE    (BEECH   FAMILY)  337 

3.  A.   incana  (L.)    Moench.     (SPECKLED  or   HOARY   A.)     Shrub  or  small 
tree  (rarely  6  in.  high);  leaves   broadly  elliptical  to   ovate,  mostly  rounded  at 
base,  sharply  and  doubly  serrate,  the  upper  surface  dark  green  and  with  impressed 
nerves,  the  lower  mostly  downy  at  least  on  the  nerves  and  ferruginous  to  glau- 
cous ;  stipules  lanceolate;  fruit  (samara)  orbicular. — bvvanips  and  borders  of 
streams,  Nfd.  to  Sask.,  s.  to  Pa.,  n.  la.,  and  Neb.;  the  common  Alder  along  our 
northern  borders.     (Eurasia.) 

4.  A.  rugbsa  (Du  lioi)  Spreng.     (SMOOTH  A.)     Shrub  or  small  tree  ;  leaves 
obnvate,  acute  at  base,  sharply  and  almost  regularly  serrate  with  minute  teeth, 
thickish,  green  both  sides,  rarely  impressed-nerved,  smooth  or  sparingly  pubes- 
cent beneath;  stipules  oval ;  fruit  ovate.     (A.   serrulata   Willd.) —  Me.  to  Fla. 
and  Tex.,  rarely  inland  to  Minn.;  mostly  on  the  coastal  plain  northw.,  more 
general  southw.  —  Many  shrubs  near  the  n.  limits  of  this  range  appear  inter- 
mediate between  this  and  the  last  species. 

5.  A.  VULGARIS    Hill.      (BLACK  A.  of   Europe.)      Tree    with   dark    green 
flabellate-obovate  or  suborbicular  coarsely  dentate  glutinous  leaves.  —  Escaped 
from  cultivation  and  locally  established,  Nfd.  to  N.  J.  and  Pa.    (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  *  Flowers  in  autumn  {Sept.}  from  catkins  of  the  season  ;  the  fertile  mostly 
solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  ripening  the  fruit  a  year  later;  fruit 
wingless. 

6.  A.  maritima  (Marsh.)   Muhl.     (SEA-SIDE  A.)  Glabrous  ;   leaves  oblong, 
ovate,  or  obovate,  with  a  wedge-shaped  base,  slender-petioled,  sharply  serrulate, 
bright  green,  or  rather  rusty  beneath  ;  fruiting  catkins  large,  ovoid  or  ellipsoid 
(1.6-2.5  cm.  long).  —  Del.  and  Md.,  near  the  coast;  also  I.  T.  —  A  small  tree. 

FAGACEAE    (BEECH  FAMILY) 

Monoecious  trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  simple  straight-veined  leaves, 
deciduous  stipules,  the  sterile  flowers  in  catkins  or  capitate  clusters,  the  fertile 
solitary  or  slightly  clustered,  the  l-celled  and  l-seeded  nut  inclosed  (or  partly 
inclosed)  in  a  cupule  consisting  of  more  or  less  consolidated  bracts,  which 
become  indurated.  Ovary  3-7-celled ;  ovules  1  or  2  in  each  cell  (only  1 
ripening);  styles  3.  Seed  with  no  albumen,  filled  by  the  embryo,  and  with 
2  integuments. 

*  Sterile  flowers  in  a  small  bead  on  drooping  peduncles. 

1.  FagUS.    Cupule  2-flowered,  4-valved,  containing  2  sharply  triangular  nuts. 

*  *  Sterile  flowers  in  slender  catkins. 

2.  Castanea.     Cupule  2-4-flowered,  forming  a  prickly  hard  bur,  2-4-valved  when  ripe. 

3.  Quercus.    Cupule  1-flowered,  scaly  and  without  valves  ;  nut  terete. 

1.  FAGUS   [Tourn.]  L.    BEECH 

Sterile  flowers  with  deciduous  scale-like  bracts  ;  calyx  bell-shaped,  6-7-cleft ; 
stamens  8-10  ;  filaments  slender ;  anthers  2-celled.  Fertile  flowers  usually  in 
pairs  at  the  apex  of  a  short  peduncle,  invested  by  numerous  awl-shaped  bract- 
lets,  the  inner  coherent  at  base  to  form  the  4-lobed  involucre  ;  calyx-lobes  6, 
awl-shaped  ;  ovary  3-celled  with  two  ovules  in  each  cell ;  styles  thread-like, 
stiginatic  along  the  inner  side.  Nuts  usually  2  in  each  urn-shaped  and  soft- 
prickly  coriaceous  involucre,  which  divides  to  below  the  middle  into  4  valves. 
Cotyledons  thick,  folded  and  somewhat  united,  but  rising  and  expanding  in 
germination. — Trees  with  a  close  and  smooth  ash-gray  bark,  a  light  horizontal 
spray,  and  undivided  strongly  straight-veined  leaves,  which  are  open  and  convex 
in  the  tapering  bud  and  plaited  on  the  veins.  Flowers  appearing  with  the 
leaves,  the  yellowish  staminate  flowers  from  the  lower,  the  pistillate  from  the 
upper  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  season.  (The  classical  Latin  name,  from 
<f>ayeiv,  to  eat,  in  allusion  to  the  esculent  nuts.) 

GRAY'S  MANUAL  —  22 


338  FAGACEAE   (BEECH   FAMILY) 

1.  F.  grandifblia  Ehrh.  Large  tree  ;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  mostly  cuneate  at 
base,  taper-pointed,  distinctly  and  often  coarsely  toothed,  light  green  ;  petioles 
and  midrib  soon  nearly  naked  ;  prickles  of  the  grayish  or  yellowish  fruit  subu- 
late-filiform, elongated,  recurved  or  spreading.  (F.  ferruginea  Ait.  ;  F.  ameri- 
cana  Sweet.)  —  Rich  uplands,  N.  B.  to  w.  Ont.,  s.  to*Va.,  Mich,  and  Minn. 

Var.  caroliniana  (Loud.)  Fernald  &  Rehder.  Leaves  ovate  to  short-obo- 
vate,  darker  green,  mostly  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base  and  often  less  coarsely 
toothed;  prickles  of  the  rufescent  fruit  short,  subulate.  —  Coastal  plain,  N.  J. 
to  Fla.  and  Miss. ;  also  from  O.  to  Mo.  and  Tex. 

2.    CASTANEA  [Tourn.]  Hill.     CHESTNUT 

Sterile  flowers  interruptedly  clustered  in  long  and  naked  cylindrical  catkins  ; 
calyx  mostly  6-parted ;  stamens  8-20 ;  filaments  slender ;  anthers  2-celled. 
Fertile  flowers  usually  3  together  in  an  ovoid  scaly  prickly  involucre  ;  calyx 
with  a  6-lobed  border  crowning  the  3-7-celled  6-14-ovuled  ovary  ;  abortive  sta- 
mens 5-12  ;  styles  linear,  exserted,  as  many  as  the  cells  of  the  ovary  ;  stigmas 
small.  Nuts  coriaceous,  inclosed  usually  2-3  together  or  solitary  in  the 
involucre.  Cotyledons  very  thick,  somewhat  plaited,  cohering,  remaining 
underground  in  germination.  —  Leaves  strongly  straight-veined,  undivided. 
Flowers  later  than  the  leaves,  cream-color  ;  the  catkins  axillary  near  the  ends 
of  the  branches,  wholly  sterile  or  the  upper  androgynous  with  the  fertile  flowers 
at  the  base.  (The  classical  name,  from  that  of  a  town  in  Thessaly.) 

1.  C.  dentata  (Marsh.)  Borkh.     (CHESTNUT.;     A  large  tree  ;  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate,  pointed,  serrate  with  coarse  pointed  teeth,  acute  at  base,  when  mature 
smooth  and  green  both  sides;  nuts  2  or  3  (rarely  even  7-9)  in  each  involucre, 
flattened  on  one  or  both  sides,  very  sweet.     (C.  sativa,  var.  americana  Sarg.)  — 
Rocky  woods  and  hillsides,  s.  Me.  to  Ont.,  and  southw. 

2.  C.  purnila  (L.)  Mill.     (CHINQUAPIN.)     A  spreading  shrub  or  small  tree; 
leaves  oblong,  acute,  serrate  with  pointed  teeth,  whitish-downy  beneath;    in- 
volucres small,  often  spiked  ;  the  ovoid  pointed  nut  scarcely  half  as  large  as  the 
common  chestnut,  very  sweet,  solitary,  not  flattened.  —  Dry  woods  and  thickets, 
N.  J.  to  Ind.,  and  southw. ;  introd.  northw. 

3.    QUERCUS   [Tourn.]   L.    OAK 

Sterile  flowers  in  naked  catkins  ;  bracts  caducous  ;  calyx  2-8-parted  or  -lobed  ; 
stamens  3-12  ;  anthers  2-celled.  Fertile  flowers  scattered  or  somewhat  clus- 
tered, consisting  of  a  nearly  3-celled  and  6-ovuled  ovary,  with  a  3-lobed  stigma, 
inclosed  by  a  scaly  bud-like  involucre  which  becomes  an  indurated  cup  (cupule) 
around  the  base  of  the  rounded  nut  or  acorn.  Cotyledons  remaining  underground 
in  germination  ;  radicle  very  short,  included.  —  Flowers  greenish,  yellowish,  or 
reddish.  Sterile  catkins  single  or  often  several  from  the  same  lateral  scaly  bud, 
filiform  and  hanging  in  all  our  species.  All  the  species  inclined  to  hybridize 
freely.  (The  classical  Latin  name.") 

§  1.  Bark  pale,  often  scaly ;  leaves  and  their  lobes  or  teeth  obtuse  (rarely  with  sharp  teeth),  never 
bristle-pointed ;  stamens  6-8 ;  scales  of  the  cup  more  or  less  woody  and  knobby  at  base : 
stigmas  sessile  or  nearly  so  ;  abortive  ovules  at  the  base  of  the  perfect  se«d  ;  inner  surface 
of  shell  of  nut  glabrous ;  fruit  maturing  the  first  year ;  kernel  commonly  sweetish.  — 
LEIMDOBJLLANUS  Endl.  a. 

a.  Leaves  deciduous,  sinuate-toothed  or  lobed   &. 
6.   Leaves  lyrate  or  sinuate-pinnatifid  c. 

c.  Mature  leaves  glabrous  beneath 1.  Q.  alba. 

c.  Mature  leaves  finely  pubescent  beneath  d. 
d.  Scales  of  the  cup  naked,  not  awned. 

Fruit  nearly  sessile ;  the  fine-scaled  saucer-shaped  cup  one 

third  to  half  as  high  as  the  ovoid  acorn     .        .        .  2.  Q.  stellata. 

Fruit  peduncled  ;  the  coarse- scaled  cup  nearly  covering  the 

depressed-globose  acorn 3.  Q.  lyrata. 

d.   Upper  scales  of  the  cup  long-awned 4.   Q.  macrocarpa. 

6.   Leaves  coarsely  sinuate-toothed,  but  not  lobed  (except  slightly  in 

no.  5).  — CHESTNUT  OAKS  e. 
3.  Fruiting  peduncle  '2.5-6  cui.  long,  much  exceeding  the  petioles  .      5.  Q.  bicolor. 


PAGACEAE  (BEECH  FAMILY) 


339 


«.   Fruit  sessile  or  on  very  short  peduncles. 

Cup  2.5-3  cm.  broad;  scales  free  to  the  base      ....      6.  Q.  Michawxiii. 
Cup  at  most  2.5  cm.  broad,  only  the  small  tips  of  the  scales 

distinct. 

Leaves  with  acute  or  pointed  teeth. 

Leaves  with  8-13  teeth  on  each  margin         .        .        .  7.  Q.  Muhlenbergii. 

Leaves  with  3-7  teeth  on  each  margin          .        .        .  8.  Q.  prinoides. 

Leaves  with  somewhat  rounded  teeth 9.  Q.  Prinus. 

a.   Leaves  coriaceous,  evergreen,  entire  or  rarely  spiny-toothed       .        .     10.  Q.  virginiana. 
§  2.   Bark  dark,  furrowed ;  leaves  deciduous,  their  lobes  and  teeth  acute  and  bristle-pointed  (at 
least  in  youth) ;  stamens  mostly  4-6  ;  cup-scales  membranaceous ;  styles^  long  and  spread- 
ing ;  abortive  ovules  near  the  top  of  the  perfect  seed  ;  inner  surface  of  shell  tomentose ; 
fruit  maturing  the  second  year.  —  ERYTUROBALANUS  Spach.    (RED 
or  BLACK  OAKS.)  /. 
/.   Leaves  pinnatifld  or  lobed,  slender-petioled,  not  coriaceous,  the  lobes 

or  teeth  conspicuously  bristle-pointed  g. 
g.   Mature  leaves  green  on  both  sides ;   species  closely  related  and 

freely  hybridizing  h. 
h.   Longest  lobes  of  the  leaf  about  equaling  (never  twice  as  long  as) 

the  breadth  of  the  broadish  middle  portion  of  the  leaf    .        .    11.  Q.  rubra. 
h.  Longest  lobes  of  the  leaf  2-6  times  as  long  as  the  breadth  of  the 

narrow  middle  portion  of  the  leaf  *. 
*.  Scales  of  the  cup  closely  appressed  j. 
j.  Expanded  saucer-shaped  portion  of  the  cup  3-5  mm.  high, 

1-1.5  cm.  broad 12.  Q.palustrts. 


Cups  larger. 
Cups  brown  or  castaneous,  the  scales  finally  glabrate  and 

lustrous  

Cups  ashy  with  persistent  dull  pubescence. 
Cup  2-2.6  cm.  broad  ;  acorn  1.8-2.3  cm.  thick 


13.  Q.  coceinea. 


'.  texana. 

ellipsoidalis. 
'.  velutina. 


Cup  1.2-1.8  cm.  broad  ;  acorn  0.8-1.7  cm.  thick 
i.   Upper  scales  of  the  cup  loosely  imbricated          .        .        . 
g.  Mature  leaves  whitish  or  grayish  beneath  with  close  down. 

Lobes  elongate,  at  least  the  terminal  falcate 17.  Q.falcata. 

Lobes  broadly  triangular 18.  Q.  ilicifolia. 

'.   Leaves  entire  or  with  few  teeth  (or  somewhat  3-5-lobed  at  summit), 
commonly  bristle-pointed;  acorns  globular,  small  (rarely  over 
13  mm.  long)  k. 
k.   Leaves  widening  or  often  much  dilated  upward  and  more  or  less 

sinuate  or  3-5-lobed. 

Leaves  glabrous  ;  cup  saucer-shaped  or  hemispherical  .        .        .    Is*.  Q.  nigra. 
Leaves  rusty-pubescent  beneath  ;  cup  turbinate    .        .        .        .    20.  Q.  marilandica. 
k.   Leaves  not  dilated  upward,  generally  entire. 

Leaves  permanently  stellate-pubescent  beneath     .        .        .        .    21.  Q.  imbricaria. 
Leaves  glabrous  or  glabrate  beneath 22.  Q.  phellos. 


670.   Q.  alba. 


1.  Q.  alba  L.     (WHITE   O.)     Leaves  when  young 
white-lanate  beneath,  when  mature  pale  or  glaucous 
beneath,  bright  green  above,  obovate-oblong,  obliquely 
cut  into  5-9  oblong  or  linear  and  obtuse  mostly  entire 
lobes;  cup  hemispherical-saucer-shaped,  rough  ortuber- 
cled  at  maturity,  puberulent,  much  shorter  than  the 
ovoid   or  ellipsoid  (2-3  cm.  long)    acorn.  —  Dryish  or 
upland  woods,   s.    Me.   to  Ont.,   Minn.,  and  south w. 
FIG.  670. 

2.  Q.  stellata  Wang.  (Posr 
O.,  IRON  O.)    Leaves  grayish- 
or     broionish-downy      under- 
neath, dark  green  and  rough 
above,  thickish,  sinuately  cut 
into    5-7    rounded    divergent 
lobes,   the   upper    ones    much 
larger  and  often  1-3-notched; 


acorn  1-2  cm.  long.  (Q.  minor  Sarg.) — Sandy  or 
sterile  soil,  Mass,  to  la.,  Neb.,  and  south  w.  FIG.  671. 

Q.  MARGARETTA  Ashe,  with  narrower  small  leaves 
glabrate  and  with  lobes  merely  rounded  at  tip,  is  pos- 
sibly a  hybrid  of  Q.  stellata  and  Q.  alba. 

3.  Q.  lyrata  Walt.  (OVER-CUP  O.,  SWAMP  POST  O.) 
Leaves  crowded  at  the  end  of  the  branchlets,  obovate- 
oblong,  acute  at  base,  more  or  le.sa  deeply  7-9-lobed, 


671.    Q.  stellata. 


340 


FAGACEAE    (BEECH    FAMILY) 


white-tomentose  beneath  or  at  length  smoothish, 
the  lobes  triangular  to  oblong,  acute  or  obtuse, 
entire  or  sparingly  toothed  ;  cup  round-ovoid, 
thin,  with  rugged  pointed  scales  ;  acorn  about  2 
cm.  long.  —  .River  swamps,  N.  J.  to  Ind.,  Mo., 
and  southw.  FIG.  672. 

4.  Q.  macrocarpa  Michx.  (BUR  O.,  OVER- 
CUP  or  MOSSY-CUP  O.  )  Leaves  obovate  or  oblong, 
lyrately  pinnatifid  or  deeply  sinuate-lobed,  or 
nearly  parted,  sometimes  nearly  entire,  irregular, 
downy  or  pale  beneath  ;  the  lobes  sparingly  and 
obtusely  toothed, 
or  the  smaller  ones 
entire  ;  cup  deep, 
thick  and  woody 
(2-5  cm.  across), 
ivithhard  and  thick 
pointed  conspicu- 
ously imbricated 

scales,    the    upper 
672.   Q.lyrata.  ^    '^^    ^ 

ally  making  a  mossy-fringed  border  ;  acorn  broadly 
ovoid,  half  immersed  in  or  entirely  inclosed  by  the 
cup.  —  Rich  soil,  N.  S.  to  Man.,  s.  to  w.  Mass., 
Ky.,  and  Tex.  —  A  large  and  valuable  tree  ;  ex- 
tremely variable  in  the  size  and  fringe  of  the 
cups.  FIG.  673.  Var.  OLIVAEFORMIS  (Michx.  f.) 
Gray  is  a  narrower-leaved  form  with  small  sub- 
cylindric  acorns. 

5.  Q.  bfcolor  Willd.  (SWAMP  WHITE  O.  )  Leaves 
obovate  or  oblong-obovate,  wedge-shaped  at  base, 
coarsely  sinuate-crenate  and  often  rather  pinnati- 
fid than  toothed,  usually  soft-downy  and  white-hoary  beneath,  the  primary  veins 
lax  and  little  prominent  ;  cup  ^-]  as  long  as  the  acorn,  woody,  the  upper  scales 
awn-pointed,  sometimes  forming  a  mossy-fringed 

margin  ;  acorn  2-3 

cm.      long.       (Q. 

platanoides    Sud- 

worth.  )  —  Borders 

of     streams     and 

swamps,  s.  Me.  to 

Ont.,    Minn.,  and 

southw.  —  A  large 

tree,     with    flaky 

bark.     FIG.  674. 
6.  Q.  Michauxii 

Nutt.   (BASKET  O., 

Cow    O.)     Leaves 

oval    or    obovate, 

acute,    obtuse,    or 

even     cordate    at 

base,        regularly 

dentate       (seldom 

deeply),        rather 

rigid,     commonly 

tomentose  beneath;  stamens  usually  10;  fruit 
short-peduncled  ;  cup  shallow,  tuberculate  with 
hard  and  stout  acute  scales,  tips  of  the  inner- 
most often  forming  a  stiff  fringe  ;  acorn  ovoid- 
siihcylindric,  twice  as  high  as  the  cup,  about  675.  Q.  Michauxii. 


T3    Q>  macrocarpa. 


674.   Q.  bicolor. 


FAGACEAE   (BEECH   FAMILY) 


341 


676.   Q.  Muhlenberg-ii. 


67T.  Q.  prinoides. 


3  cm.  long.  —  Borders  of  streams  and  swamps,  Del. 
to  Mo.,  and  southw.     FIG.  675. 

7.  Q.  Muhlenb6rgii  Engelm.   (YELLOW  O.,  CHEST- 
NUT O.)     Leaves   (1-2   dm.    long)    slender-petioled, 
often  oblong  or  even  lanceolate,   usually  acute   or 
pointed,  mostly  obtuse  or  rounded  at  base,  almost 
equally  and  rather  sharply  toothed;  cup  subsessile, 
shallow,  thin,  of  small  oppressed  scales  •  acorn  glo- 
bose or  obovoid,   1.5-2   cm.  long.     (Q.    acuminata 
Houba.)  —  Dry  limestone  hillsides 

and  rich  bottoms,  Vt.  to  Del. ,  along 
the  mts.  to  n.  Ala.,  w.  to  Minn., 
e.  Neb.,  and  Tex. — A  tall  tree, 
with  thin  eventually  flaky  bark. 
FIG.  676. 

8.  Q.  prinoides  Willd.   Like  the 
last,  but  of  low  stature  (usually 
1-3  m.  high),  with  smaller  more 
undulate  leaves  on  shorter  petioles 
(rarely   1   cm.  long),  and  deeper 
cups  with  more  tumid  scales. — Dry 
soil,  N.  H.  to  Minn.,  and  southw. 
—  Branchlets  glabrous ;  leaves  cov- 
ered beneath  with  a  close  white  tomentum.    FIG.  677.     Var. 
RUFESCENS   Rehder  differs  in   having  the  young  branchlets 
pubescent  and  some  tawny  wool  mixed  with  the  white  to- 
mentum on  the  under  surface  of  the  leaves.  —  Damp  woods 
and  pine-barrens,  e.  Mass,  to  N.  C. 

9.    Q.  Prinus  L.     (CHESTNUT  O.)    Leaves  thick,  obovate  or  oblong  to  lanceo- 
late, sometimes  acuminate,  with  an  obtuse  or  acute  base,  undulately  crenate- 

toothed,  pale  and  minutely  downy  beneath,  the 
primary  ribs  10-16  pairs,  straight,  prominent 
beneath  ;  fruiting  peduncles  shorter  than  the 
petioles,  often  very  short;  cup  thick,  mostly  tu- 
berculate  with  hard  and  stout  scales.  —  Rocky 
banks  and  hillsides,  s.  Me.  to  Ont.,  and  southw. 

—  A  large  tree,  with  thick  and  deeply  furrowed 
bark.     FIG.  678. 

10.  Q.  virginiana   Mill.     (LIVE  O.)     Leaves 
small,  oblong  or  elliptical,  hoary  beneath  (as  well 
as  on  the   branchlets)  ;    peduncle 

usually  conspicuous,  1-3-fruited  ; 
cup  top-shaped  ;  acorn  subcylin- 
dric  ;  cotyledons  completely  united 
into  one  mass.  (Q.  virens  Ait.) 

—  Along  the  coast  from  Va.  to  Fla. 
and  Tex.  —  Becoming  a  large  tree, 
or  in  sterile  soil  dwarf.     FIG.  679. 

11.  Q.  rubraL.    (REDO.)    Cup 
saucer-shaped  or  flattish,    with   a 
narrow  raised  border,  1.8-2.5  cm. 
broad,  of  rather  fine  closely  ap- 
pressed  scales,  sessile  or  on  a  very 

abrupt  narrow  stalk  or  neck,  very  much  shorter 
than  the  narrow-ovoid  or  ellipsoid  acorn,  which 
is  2-3  cm.  long;  leaves  rather  thin,  turning  dark  red  after  frost,  moderately 
(rarely  very  deeply)  pinnatifid,  the  lobes  acuminate  from  a  broad  base,  with  a 
few  coarse  teeth  ;  bark  of  trunk  dark  gray,  smoothish. — Common  both  in  rich 
and  poor  soil.  — Timber  coarse  and  poor.  FIG.  680.  Along  our  northern 
borders  passing  to  Var.  AMB*GUA  (Michx.  f.)  Fernald.  (GBAY  O.)  Cups 


679.  Q. 
virginiana. 


678.   Q.  Prinus. 


342 


FAGACEAE  (BEECH  FAMILY) 


680.   Q.  rubra. 


tending  to  be  deeper  and  somewhat  turbinate.  (Q. 
ambigua  and  borealis  Michx.  f. ;  Q.  coccinea,  var. 
ambigua  Gray.) 

12.  Q.  palustris  Muench.     (SWAMP  SPANISH  or  Pm 
O.)    Cup  flat-saucer-shaped,  sometimes  contracted  into 
a  short  scaly  base  or  stalk,  fine-scaled,  very  much 
shorter  than  the  usually  glo- 
bose or  depressed  acorn,  which 

is  1-1.5  cm.  long;  leaves 
deeply  pinnatifid  with  diver- 
gent lobes  and  broad  rounded 
sinuses. — Low  grounds,  chiefly 
on  the  coastal  plain  and  in 
the  Miss,  basin  ;  Mass,  to  Va., 
w.  to  Kan.  and  Ark.  FIG.  681. 

13.  Q.    coccinea    Muench. 
(SCARLET     O.)       Cup     top- 
shaped,      or      hemispherical 

with  a  conical  base  (1.5-2.2  A01    ^      ,    4 

cm.    broad),   coarsely   scaly,  681>  Q"  palustns' 

covering  half  or  more  of  the  subglobose  or  short  ovoid 
acorn  (1.3-2  cm.  long),  the  scales  brown,  oppressed 
and  glabrate ;  leaves,  at  least  on  full-grown  trees, 
bright  green,  shining  above,  glabrous  beneath,  turning 
red  in  autumn,  deeply  pinnatifid,  the  slender  lobes 
divergent  and  sparingly  cut-toothed  ;  buds  small;  bark  of  the  trunk  gray,  the 

interior  reddish.  —  Dry  light  soil,  s. 
Me.  to  Ont.,  Minn.,  and  Neb.,  s.  to 
N.  C.  and  111.,  chiefly  eastw.  FIG. 
682. 

14.  Q.  texana  Buckley.  (RED 
O.)  Cup  deeply  saucer-shaped  or 
somewhat  turbinate,  2-2.6  cm.  broad, 
the  light  brown  or  ashy  scales  per- 
manently tomentulose,  except  on  the 
margin,  covering  one  third  to  one 
half  of  the  ovoid  large  (1.5-4  cm. 
long}  acorn;  leaves  in  maturity 
bright  green  and  glabrous  above, 
paler  and  with  axillary  tufts  of  hairs 
beneath,  turning  dark  red  or  brown 
in  autumn,  the  5-9  oblong  lobes 


682.  Q.  coccinea. 

slightly  broadened  upward  and  toothed  at 
summit ;  bark  gray,  becoming  in  old  trees 
reddish-brown  and  broken  into  plates.  — 
Bottom-lands  and  limestone  hills,  Ind.  to 
la.,  s.  to  N.  C.,  Fla.,  and  Tex.  —  A 
large  tree  with  conspicuously  buttressed 
base. 

15.  Q.  ellipsoidalis  E.  J.  Hill.  (YEL- 
LOW or  BLACK  O.)  Cup  turbinate  or 
deeply  saucer-shaped,  1.2-1.8  cm.  broad, 
the  pale  brown  or  ashy  scales  puberulent, 
covering  from  one  third  to  more  than  one 


683.   Q.  ellipsoidalis. 


FAGACEAE    (BEECH  FAMILY) 


343 


684.  Q.  velutina. 


half  of  the  dark-brown  puberulent  often 
striped  ellipsoid  to  subglobose  small  (1.2-2 
cm.  long)  acorn;  leaves  smooth  and  lus- 
trous in  age,  with  axillary  tufts  beneath, 
becoming  yellow  or  pale  brown  in  autumn, 
the  5-7  oblong  lobes  coarsely  toothed  at  sum- 
mit ;  bark  gray,  close  and  smooth ,  or  in  age 
shallowly  fissured,  light  yellow  within. — Clay 
or  gravel,  s.  Mich,  to  Man.  and  la.  — A  me- 
dium-sized tree,  in  habit  said  to  resemble  the 
eastern  Q.  palustris.  FIG.  683. 

16.  Q.  velutina  Lam.  (QUERCITRON,  YEL- 
LOW-BARKED or  BLACK  O.)  Cup  turbinate, 
or  hemispherical  with  a  conical  base,  1.8- 
2.3  cm.  broad,  its  upper  pubescent  thin  light- 
chestnut  scales  loosely  imbricated  or  squar- 
rose  when  dry  ;  acorns  ovoid  to  hemispherical, 
1.2-2  cm.  long,  light-brown,  often  pubescent; 
leaves  variously  divided,  ordinarily  with  hairy 
tufts  in  the  axils  beneath,  turning  brownish, 
orange,  or  dull  red  in  autumn  ;  bark  dark- 
brown  and  rough,  internally  orange.  (Q. 
tinctoria  Bartr. ;  Q.  coccinea,  var.  tinctoria 

A.  DC.)  — Dry  or  gravelly  uplands,  s.  Me.  to  w.  Ont., 

and  southw. — The  bark  is  largely  used  in  tanning. 

FIG.  684.     Var.  MISSOURIENSIS   Sarg.    Leaves  with 

permanent  rusty  pubescence  beneath,  and  cup-scales 

tomentose.  —  Mo.  and  Ark. 

17.  Q.  falcata  Michx.    (SPANISH  O.)   Leaves  gray- 
ish-downy  or  fulvous   underneath,  3-5-lobed  above 
(sometimes  entire);  the  lobes  prolonged,  mostly  nar- 
row and  more  or  less  scythe-shaped,  especially  the 
terminal  one,  entire  or  sparingly  cut-toothed ;  acorn 
globose,  8-10  mm.  long ;  cup  saucer-shaped  with  a 
somewhat  top-shaped  base  and  about  half  the  length 
of  the  acorn.     (Q.  digitata  Sud worth ;  Q.  pagodae- 
folia  Ashe.) — Dry  or  sandy  soil,  N.  J.  to  Fla. ;  and 
from  s.  Ind.  to  Mo.  and  Tex.  — A  large  or  small  tree, 
extremely  variable  in  foliage ;  bark  excellent  for  tan- 
ning.    FIG.  685. 

18.  Q.  ilicifblia  Wang.     (BEAR  or  BLACK  SCRUB 
O.)     Dwarf   (1-3,   rarely  6,  m.    high),  straggling; 
leaves   (5-10  cm.   long)   thickish,    obovate,    wedge- 
shaped    at    base,    angularly    about    5(3-7)-?o&ed, 
white-downy   beneath;   lobes  short  and   triangular, 

spreading ;    acorn    10-12   mm. 
long.   (  Q.  nana  Sarg. )  —  Sandy 
barrens  and  rocky   hills,    N.    E.   to 
686. 

19.  Q.  nigra  L.  (WATER  O. )  Leaves 
glabrous  and  shining,  obovate-spatulate 
or  narrowly  wedge-form,  with  a  long 
tapering  base  and  an  often  obscurely 
3-lobed  summit,  varying  to  oblanceolate. 
(Q.  aquatica  Walt.)  —  Wet  ground, 
around  ponds,  etc  ,  Del.  to  the  Gulf ; 
and  from  Ky.  and  Mo.  to  Tex. —Tree 
8-12  m.  high  ;  running  into  many  vari- 
eties, especially  southw.  ;  the  leaves  on 
686.  Q.  ilicifoiia.  seedlings  and  strong  shoots  often  ia- 


687.  Q.  nigra. 


344 


URTICACEAE    (NETTLE   FAMILY) 


688.  Q.  marilandica. 


cised    or    sinuate-pinnatifid    (then    mostly 

bristle-pointed).     FIG.  687. 

20.    Q.    marilandica    Muench.      (BLACK 

JACK  or  BARREN  O.)    Leaves  broadly  wedge- 
shaped,  but  sometimes  rounded  or  obscurely 

cordate  at  the  base,  widely  dilated  and 
somewhat  3  (rarely 
5)-lobed  at  the 
summit,  occasionally 
with  one  or  two 
lateral  conspicuously 
bristle-tipped  lobes 
or  teeth,  rusty-pubes- 
cent beneath,  shin- 
ing above,  large, 
1-2.5  dm.  long.  (Q. 
nigra  Man.  ed.  6, 
not  L.)  —  Dry  sandy 

barrens,  or  heavy  clay  soil,  L.  I.  to  s.  Minn.,  e.  Neb., 
and  south w.  — A  small  tree  of  little  value.    FIG.  688. 

21.  Q.  imbricaria  Michx.  (LAUREL  or  SHINGLE  O.) 
Leaves  lanceolate  or  lance-oblong, 
thickish,  smooth  and  shining  above, 
downy  beneath,  the  down  usually 
persistent;  cup  between  saucer- 
shaped  and  top-shaped. —  Rich  wood- 
lands, Pa.  to  Ga.,  w.  to  s.  Wise.,  e. 

Neb.,  and  Ark.;  locally,  e.  Mass.  (Kennedy}. — Tree  8-27  m. 

high.     FIG.  689. 

22.    Q.  ph611os  L.     (WILLOW  0.)     Leaves  linear-lanceo- 
late,  narrowed  to   both   ends,  soon   glabrous,  light  green 

(about  1  dm.  long) ;  cup  saucer-shaped.  —  Bottom-lands  or 

rich  sandy  uplands,  Staten  I.,  N.  Y.  to  Fla.,  w.    to  Ky., 

Mo.,    and   Tex.      FIG.    690.      Var.    LAURIFOLIA    (Michx.) 

Chapm.    (LAUREL  O.)    Leaves  oblong,  usually  larger.    (Q. 

laurifolia  Michx.)  —  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  La.  690.  Q.  phellos. 


Q.  imbricaria. 


URTICACEAE    (NETTLE  FAMILY) 

Plants  with  stipules,  and  monoecious  or  dioecious  or  rarely  (IK  the  Elm  Tribe) 
perfect  flowers,  furnished  with  a  regular  calyx  free  from  the  I  (rarely  2)  -celled 
ovary  which  forms  a  l-seeded  fruit;  the  embryo  in  the  albumen  when  there  is 
any,  its  radicle  pointing  upward;  stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx  and 
opposite  them,  or  sometimes  fewer.  Cotyledons  usually  broad.  Stipules  often  de- 
ciduous. —  A  large  family  (far  the  greater  part  tropical) . 

Tribe  I.  fJLMEAE.  Flowers  mostly  polygamous,  upon  the  last  year's  branches.  Anthers  erect 
in  the  bud,  extrorse.  Styles  or  stigmas  2.  Seed  suspended.  Embryo  straight.  —  Trees,  with 
alternate  serrate  pinnately  veined  leaves  and  fugacious  stipules. 

1.  Ulmus.     Ovary  1-2-ovuled.     Fruit  winged  all  around. 

2.  Planera.     Flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves.    Ovule  one.    Fruit  wingless,  nut-like. 

Tribe  II.  CELTfDEAE.  As  in  Tribe  I.,  but  the  monoecious-polygamous  flowers  upon  branches 
of  the  same  year.  Anthers  introrse.  Fruit  a  drupe.  Embryo  curved. 

3.  CeltiS.     Ovary  1-ovuled.     Flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves.    Leaves  3-nerved  at  base. 

Tribe  III.  CANNABfNEAE.  Flowers  dioecious  ;  the  sterile  racemed  or  panicled ;  the  fertile  in 
clusters  or  catkins,  the  calyx  of  one  sepal  embracing  the  ovary.  Filaments  short,  erect  in  the 
bud.  Stigmas  2,  elongated.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  a  pendulous  ovule,  forming  a  small  glandular 


URTICACEAE    (NETTLE   FAMILY)  345 

achene  in  fruit.    Embryo  curved  or  coiled.  —  Herbs  with  watery  juice,  mostly  opposite  lobed 
or  divided  leaves  and  persistent  stipules. 

4.  Cannabis.     Fertile  flowers  spiked-clustered.    Leaves  5-7-divided.    Erect. 

5.  Humulus.      Fertile  flowers  in  a  short  spike  forming  a  membranaceous  catkin  in  fruit. 

Leaves  3-5-lobed.     Climbing. 

Tribe  IV.    M6REAE.    Flowers  unisexual ;  calyx  becoming  fleshy  or  juicy  in  fruit.     Anthers  in- 
flexed  in  the  bud.     Ovule  pendulous.     Fruit  an  achene.     Embryo  curved.  —  Trees  or  shrubs, 
with  milky  juice,  alternate  leaves,  and  fugacious  stipules. 
G.   Madura.     Sterile  flowers  in  loose  racemes  ;  fertile  in  globose  heads.    Leaves  entire. 

7.  Broussonetia.    Sterile  flowers  in  dense  catkins ;  the  fertile  in  globose  heads.    Leaves  serrate, 

often  lobed. 

8.  Morus.     Fertile  and  sterile  flowers  in  separate  spikes.    Leaves  dentate,  3-nerved. 

Tribe  V.  URTfCEAE.  Flowers  unisexual.  Filaments  inflexed  in  the  bud.  Style  or  stigma 
simple.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  an  erect  ovule,  forming  an  achene  in  fruit.  Embryo  straight.  — 
Herbs  with  watery  juice. 

*  Calyx  in  the  fertile  flowers  of  2-5  separate  or  nearly  separate  sepals, 
-i-  Plant  beset  with  stinging  bristles. 

9.  Urtica.     Sepals  4  in  both  fertile  and  sterile  flowers.    Achene  straight  and  erect,  inclosed  by 

the  2  inner  and  larger  sepals.    Stigma  capitate-tufted.     Leaves  opposite. 

10.  Laportea.     Sepals  5  in  the  sterile  flowers,  4  in  the  fertile,  or  apparently  only  2.    Stigma  long- 

subulate.    Achene  very  oblique,  deflexed,  nearly  naked.    Leaves  alternate. 
+-  +-  Plant  wholly  destitute  of  stinging  bristles ;  leaves  opposite. 

11.  Pilea.    Sepals  3  or  4,  those  of  the  fertile  flowers  unequal,  all  or  all  but  one  small.    Achene 

partly  naked,  straight  and  erect.     Stigma  pencil-tufted.    Smooth  and  shining. 
*  *  Fertile  calyx  tubular  or  cup  shaped,  inclosing  the  achene  ;  unarmed. 

12.  Boehmeria.    Flower-clusters  spiked,  not  involucrate.     Style  long  and  thread-shaped,  stig- 

matic  down  one  side.     Leaves  opposite,  serrate. 

13.  Parietaria.     Flowers  in  involucrate-bracted  clusters.     Stigma  tufted.    Leaves  alternate, 

entire. 

1.  ULMUS   [Tourn.]   L.     ELM 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  4-9-cleft.  Stamens  4-9,  with  long  and  slender  filaments. 
Ovary  1-2-celled,  with  a  single  anatropous  ovule  suspended  from  the  summit  of 
each  cell;  styles  2,  short,  diverging,  stigmatic  along  the  inner  edge.  Fruit  a 
1-celled  and  1-seeded  membranaceous  samara.  Albumen  none  ;  cotyledons  large. 
—  Flowers  purplish  or  yellowish,  in  lateral  clusters.  Leaves  strongly  straight- 
veined,  short-petioled,  and  oblique  or  unequally  somewhat  heart-shaped  at  base. 
Stipules  small,  caducous.  (The  classical  Latin  name.) 

*  Flowers  nearly  sessile  ;  fruit  orbicular,  not  ciliate  j  leaves  very  rough  above. 

1.  U.  fulva  Michx.     (SLIPPERY  or   RED  E.)     Buds  before  expansion  soft- 
downy  with  rusty  hairs  ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  taper-pointed,  doubly  serrate,  1-2 
dm.  long,  sweet-scented  in  drying,  soft-downy  beneath  or  slightly  rough  down- 
ward ;  branchlets  and  pedicels  downy  ;  calyx-lobes  and  stamens  6-9;  fruit  (1.6- 
1.8  era.  wide)  with  the  cell  pubescent.  — Rich  soil,  w.  Que.  and  N.  E.  to  L.  Huron, 
the  Dakotas,  and  southw.     Mar.,  Apr.  — A  small  or  middle-sized  tree  (15-20  m. 
high),  with  tough  reddish  wood,  and  a  very  mucilaginous  inner  bark. 

2.  U.  CAMPESTRIS  L.     (ENGLISH  E.)     A  large  irregularly  branched  tree  with 
glabrous  pedicels  and  large  suborbicular  glabrous  fruit.  — Commonly  planted  for 
shade,   and   tending  to   escape.  —  Variable ;    some   forms  with    corky- winged 
branchlets.     (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Flowers  on  slender  drooping  pedicels,  which  are  jointed  above  the  middle; 

fruit  ovate  or  oval,  fringed-ciliate  ;  leaves  smooth  above  or  nearly  so. 
-t-  Flowers  vernal,  appearing  before  the  leaves. 

3.  U.  americana  L.     (AMERICAN  or  WHITE  E.)     Buds  glabrous;  branches 
not  corky ;  leaves  obovate-oblong  or  oval,  abruptly  pointed,  sharply  and  often 


346  URTICACEAE    (NETTLE   FAMILY) 

doubly  serrate  (5-10  cm.  long),  soft-pubescent  beneath  or  soon  glabrate  ;  flowers 
in  close  fascicles ;  calyx  with  7-9  roundish  lobes;  fruit  glabrous  except  the 
margins  (1.2  cm.  long),  its  sharp  points  incurved  and  closing  the  notch.  —  Moist 
woods,  especially  along  rivers,  in  rich  soil.  Apr. — A  large  and  well-known 
ornamental  tree,  variable  in  habit,  usually  with  spreading  branches  and  droop- 
ing branchlets. 

4.  U.  racem6sa  Thomas.     (CORK  or  ROCK  E.)     Bud-scales  downy-ciliate  and 
somewhat  pubescent,  as  are  the  young  branchlets  ;  branches  often  with  corky 
ridges ;  leaves  nearly  as  in  the  last,  but  with  veins  more  simple  and  straight ; 
flowers  racemed;  fruit  much  as  in  the  last,  but  rather  larger.     (£/".  Thomasi 
Sarg. )  —  Hiver-banks  and  calcareous  ridges,  w.  Que.  and  w.  Vt.  to  Ont.  and 
Minn.,  s.  to  Mo.  and  Ky.  — A  large  and  very  valuable  tree. 

5.  U.  alata  Michx.     (WAHOO  or  WINGED  E.)     Bud-scales  and  branchlets 
nearly  glabrous  •  branches,  at  least  some  of  them,  corky-winged  ;  leaves  downy 
beneath,  ovate-oblong  and  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  thickish,  small  (3-6  cm.  long); 
calyx-lobes  obovate  ;  fruit  downy  on  the  face  when  young.  —  Va.  to  s.  Ind.,  s. 
Mo.,  and  southw.     Mar.  — A  small  tree. 

-t-  H-  Flowers  autumnal,  appearing  long  after  the  leaves. 

6.  U.  ser6tina  Sarg.    Tree  of  moderate  size  ;  leaves  narrowly  obovate,  acumi- 
nate, doubly  serrate,  paler  and  soft-pubescent  beneath  ;  flowers  racemose  ;  calyx 
cleft  nearly  to  the  base,  its  divisions  very  narrow ;  fruit  rhombic-ovate,  2-horned, 
5  mm.  broad.  —  Limestone  hills  and  bottoms,  s.  Ky.  to  n.  Ala.  and  Ga. 

2.    PLANERA  J.  F.  Gmel.    PLANER  TREE 

Flowers  monoeciously  polygamous.  Calyx  4-5-cleft.  Stamens  4-5.  Ovary 
ovoid,  1 -celled,  1-ovuled,  with  2  spreading  styles  which  are  stigmatose  down  the 
inner  side,  in  fruit  becoming  coriaceous.  — Trees  with  small  leaves,  like  those  of 
Elms,  the  flowers  appearing  with  them  in  small  axillary  clusters.  (Named  for 
J.  J.  Planer,  1743-1789,  a  German  botanist  and  professor  at  Erfurt.) 

1.  P.  aquatica  (Walt.)  J.  F.  Gmel.  (WATER  ELM.)  Nearly  glabrous; 
leaves  ovate-oblong,  small ;  fruit  stalked  in  the  calyx,  beset  with  irregular  rough 
projections.  — Coastal  swamps,  N.  C.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. ;  inland  in  the  Miss,  basin 
to  Mo.,  s.  111.  and  Ky.  Apr.  — A  rather  small  tree. 

3.    CELTIS    [Tourn.]    L.     NETTLE-TREE.     HACKBERRY 

Calyx  5-6-parted,  persistent.  Stamens  5-6.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  a  single 
suspended  ovule  ;  stigmas  2,  long  and  pointed,  recurved.  Cotyledons  folded 
and  crumpled.  —  Flowers  greenish,  axillary,  the  fertile  solitary  or  in  pairs, 
pedimcled,  appearing  with  the  leaves,  the  lower  usually  staminate  only,  fascicled 
or  racemose  along  the  base  of  the  branches  of  the  season.  (A  name  of  Pliny's 
for  an  African  species  of  Lotus,  transferred  to  this  genus  perhaps  on  account 
of  the  sweet  berries). 

1.  C.   occidentalis   L.    (SUGARBERRY.)     Leaves  reticulated,  ovate,  cordate- 
ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  usually  conspicuously  and  sharply  so, 
more  or  less  oblique  at  base,  sharply  serrate,  sometimes  sparingly  so  or  only 
toward  the  apex,  scabrous  but  mostly  glabrous  above,  usually  soft-pubescent 
beneath,  at  least  when  young  ;  fruit  reddish  or  yellowish,  turning  dark  purple  at 
maturity,  its  peduncle  once  or  twice  the  length  of  the  petiole.     (C.  canina  Raf.) 
—  Woods  and  river-banks,  w.  Que.  and  N.  E.  to  Man.,  and  southw.    Apr.,  May. 
— A  small  or  sometimes  large  tree,  with  the  aspect  of  an  Elm,  bearing  sweet  and 
edible  fruits  as  large  as  bird-cherries,  at  first  obovoid,  ripe  in  autumn  ;  the  flesh 
thin.     Variation  as  to  stature,  foliage,  form  and  color  of  fruit,  etc.,  great  in 
extent  but  without  clear  correlation.     Var.  ptrMiLA  Muhl.  is  a  dwarf  form,  being 
merely  a  low  straggling  shrub.     Var.  CRASSIFC^LIA  (Lam.)  Gray  is  a  tree  and 
may  often  be  distinguished  by  its  pubescent  branchlets  and  large  (9-13  cm. 
long)  commonly  cordate  leaves  scabrous  on  the  upper  surface. 

2.  C.  mississippiSnsis  Bosc.     Leaves  entire  (rarely  few-toothed),  very  long- 


UKTICACEAE    (NETTLE   FAMILY)  347 

taper-pointed,  rounded  at  base,  mostly  oblique,  thin,  and  smooth  ;  fruit  small. 

—  Chiefly  in  rich  bottom-lands,  s.  Ind.  to  Mo.  (Bws/i,),  and  s.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

—  A  small  tree  with  warty  bark.     (Mex.,  Bermuda.) 

4.    CANNABIS    [Tourn.]    L.     HEMP 

Flowers  green ;  the  sterile  in  axillary  compound  racemes  or  panicles,  with  5 
sepals  and  5  drooping  stamens.  Achene  crustaceous.  Embryo  simply  curved. 

—  A  tall  roughish  annual,  with  digitate  leaves  of  5-7  linear-lanceolate  coarsely 
toothed  leaflets,  the  upper  alternate  ;  the  inner  bark  of  very  tough  fibers.     (The 
ancient  Greek  name,  of  obscure  etymology.) 

1.  C.  SATIVA  L.  —  Waste  and  cultivated  ground.     (Adv.  from  Asia.) 

5.  HtTMULUS  L.     HOP 

Flowers  dioecious ;  the  sterile  in  loose  axillary  panicles,  with  5  sepals  and 
5  erect  stamens.     Fertile  flowers  in  short  axillary  and  solitary  spikes  or  catkins  ; 
bracts  foliaceous,  imbricated,  each  2-flowered,  in  fruit  forming  a  sort  of  mein- 
branaceous  strobile.     Achene  invested  with  the  enlarged  scale-like  calyx.     Em- 
bryo coiled  in  a  flat  spiral.  — Twining  rough  perennials,  with   stems   almost 
Erickly  downward,  and  mostly  opposite  heart-shaped  and  palmafceiy  3-7-lobed 
;aves.     (A  late  Latin  name,  of  Teutonic  origin.) 

1.  H.  Lupulus  L.  (COMMON  H.)     Leaves  mostly  3-5-lobed,  commonly  longer 
than  the  petioles  ;  bracts,  etc.,  smoothish  ;   the  fruiting  calyx,  achene,    etc., 
sprinkled  with  yellow  resinous  grains,  which  give  the  bitterness  and  aroma  to 
the  hop.  —  Alluvial  banks,  rubbish  heaps,  etc.,  common.    July.     (EJurasia.) 

2.  H.  JAPONICUS  Sieb.  &  Zucc.,  with  smaller  more  deeply  5-lobed  leaves  and 
herbaceous  bracts  icithout  glandular  atoms,  occasionally  escapes  from  frequent 
cultivation.     (Introd.  from  Japan.) 

6.   MACLtTRA  Nutt.    OSAGE  ORANGE.    Bois  D'ARC 

Flowers  dioecious  ;  the  staminate  in  loose  short  racemes,  with  4-parted  calyx, 
and  4  stamens  inflexed  in  the  bud ;  the  pistillate  in  a  dense  globose  head,  with 
a  4-cleft  calyx  inclosing  the  ovary.  Style  filiform,  long-exserted  ;  ovule  pen- 
dulous. Fruit  an  achene,  buried  in  the  greatly  enlarged  fleshy  calyx.  Albu- 
men none.  Embryo  recurved. — Trees  with  entire  pinnately  veined  leaves, 
axillary  peduncles,  and  stout  axillary  spines.  (Named  for  the  early  American 
geologist,  William  Maclure.) 

1.  M.  pomifera  (Raf.)  Schneider.  A  tree  10-15  m.  high;  leaves  ovate  to 
oblong-lanceolate,  pointed,  mostly  rounded  at  base,  green  and  shining  ;  syncarp 
globose,  yellowish-green,  7-10  cm.  in  diameter.  (loxylon  Raf.  ;  Toxylon  Sarg. ; 
M.  aurantiaca  Nutt.) — Rich  soil,  s.  Mo.  to  n.  Tex.;  extensively  used  for 
hedges  and  sometimes  spontaneous  eastw.  —  Wood  bright  orange. 

7.   BROUSSONETIA  L'Her. 

Flowers  dioecious  ;  the  sterile  in  flexuous  aments  ;  calyx  4-parted  ;  stamens  4  ; 
filaments  inflexed  in  bud  ;  fertile  flowers  in  dense  globular  tomentose  heads. 
Leaves  alternate,  ovate,  often  irregularly  lobed,  pubescent  and  more  or  less 
scabrous.  (Named  for  Auguste  Broussonet,  of  Montpellier,  physician  and 
naturalist.) 

1.  B.  PAPYRfFERA  (L.)  Vent.  (PAPER  MULBERRY.)  Often  cultivated  and 
said  to  escape  in  the  Middle  Atlantic  States  and  south w.  (Introd.  from  Asia.) 

8.   M6RUS    [Tourn.]  L.     MULBERRY 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious.  Calyx  4-parted ;  lobes  ovate.  Stamens  4  ; 
filaments  elasticaliy  expanding.  Ovary  2-celled,  one  of  the  cells  smaller  and 
disappearing  ;  styles  2,  thread-form,  stigmatic  down  the  inside.  Achene  ovate, 


348  TJRTICACEAE    (NETTLE   FAMILY) 

compressed,  covered  by  the  succulent  berry-like  calyx,  the  whole  spike  thus 
becoming  a  thickened  oblong  and  juicy  (edible)  aggregate  fruit.  (The  classical 
Latin  name.) 

1.  M.  rubra  L.     (RED  M.)     Leaves  heart-ovate,  serrate,  rough  above,  downy 
beneath,  pointed  (on  young  shoots  often  lobed) ;  flowers  frequently  dioecious  ; 
fruit  dark  purple,  long.  —  Rich  woods,  w.  N.  E.  to  s.  Ont.,  the  Dakotas,  e.  Kan., 
and  southw.     May.  — Large  tree,  ripening  its  blackberry-like  fruit  in  July. 

2.  M.  ALBA  L.     (WHITE  M.)     Leaves  obliquely  heart-ovate,  acute,  serrate, 
sometimes    lobed,    smooth    and   shining ;  fruit   whitish.  —  Spontaneous    near 
houses.     (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

9.    URTiCA   [Tourn.]  L.     NETTLE 

Flowers  monoecious,  or  rarely  dioecious,  clustered,  the  clusters  mostly  in 
racemes,  spikes,  or  loose  heads.  8ter.  Fl.  Sepals  4.  Stamens  4,  inserted 
around  the  cup-shaped  rudiment  of  a  pistil.  Fert.  FL  Sepals  4,  in  -?airs  ;  the 
2  outer  smaller  and  spreading ;  the  two  inner  flat  or  concave,  in  iruit  inem- 
branaceous  and  inclosing  achene.  —  Stipules  in  our  species  distinct.  Flowers 
greenish  ;  in  summer.  (The  classical  Latin  name  ;  from  urere,  to  burn.) 

*  Perennials  •  flower-clusters  in  branching  panicled  spikes,  often  dioecious. 
-i-  Petiole  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  leaf-breadth. 

1.  U.  gracilis  Ait.     Slender  (0.6-3  m.  high),  sparingly  bristly  and  often  with 
some  short  grayish  pubescence  ;  leaves  narrowly  lance-oblong,  1-5  cm.  broad, 
pointed,  serrate,  3-5-nerved  from  the  rounded  or  scarcely  heart-shaped  base, 
almost  glabrous,  with  relatively  small  teeth  (25-35  on  each  side  the  middle  leaves) ; 
spikes  slender  and  loosely  panicled.  — Fence-rows  and  moist  ground,  common. 

2.  U.  Lyallii   Wats.     Sparingly   bristly   and  sometimes  grayish  pubescent ; 
leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  mostly  3-7  cm.  broad,  usually  cordate,  with 
fewer  and  coarser  teeth   (15-23  on  each  side)  ;  otherwise  much  like  the  pre- 
ceding.—  Alluvial  thickets  and  waste  places,  Nfd.  to  Ct.    and  w.  N.  Y. ;  also 
Rocky  Mts.  and  westw. 

-«-  --  Petioles  less  than  half  as  long  as  the  leaf-breadth. 

3.  U.  DiofcA  L.     (STINGING  N.)      Very  bristly  and  stinging,  6-9  dm.  high  ; 
leaves  ovate-heart-shaped,  pointed,  very  deeply  serrate,  downy  beneath  as  well  as 
the  upper  part  of  the  stem  ;  spikes  much  branched.  —  Waste  places  and  road- 
sides, rather  rare.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Annuals;  floioer-clusters   chiefly  axillary  and  shorter    than    the  petiole, 

androgynous. 

4.  U.  tiRENS  L.     Leaves  elliptical  or  ovate,  very  coarsely  and  deeply  serrate 
with  long  spreading  teeth,  the  terminal  teeth  not  longer  than  the  lateral  ones  ; 
flower-clusters  2  in  each  axil,  small  and  loose.  —  Waste  grounds,  near  dwellings, 
eastw.;  scarce.  — Plant  1-3  dm.  high,  with  sparse  stings.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

5.  U.   chamaedryoides   Pursh.      Leaves  ovate  and  mostly  heart-shaped,  the 
upper  ovate-lanceolate,  coarsely  serrate-toothed  ;  flower-clusters  globular,  1-2  in 
each  axil,  and  spiked  at  the  summit.  —  Alluvial  shaded  soil,  from  Ky.  to  the 
Gulf  States ;  casual  northw.  —  Slender,  2-7  dm.  high,  sparsely  beset  with  stings. 

10.   LAP6RTEA    Gaud.     WOOD  NETTLE 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  clustered,  in  loose  cymes  ;  the  upper  widely 
spreading  and  chiefly  or  entirely  fertile ;  the  lower  mostly  sterile.  Ster.  Fl. 
Sepals  and  stamens  5,  with  a  rudiment  of  an  ovary.  Fert.  Fl.  Calyx  of  4 
sepals,  the  two  outer  or  one  of  them  usually  minute,  and  the  two  inner  much 
larger.  Stigma  hairy  down  one  side,  persistent.  Achene  ovate,  flat,  reflexed 
on  the  winged  or  margined  pedicel,  nearly  naked.  —  Perennial  herbs  with  large 
serrate  leaves,  and  axillary  stipules.  (Named  for  Francois  L.  de  Laporte, 
Count  of  Castelnau,  Entomologist  of  the  19th  century.) 


SANTALACEAE    (SANDALWOOD   FAMILY)  349 

1.  L.  canadSnsis  (L.)  Gaud.  Stem  6-9  dm.  high;  leaves  ovate,  pointed, 
strongly  feather-veined  (7-15  cm.  long),  long-petioled  ;  fertile  cymes  divergent ; 
stipule  single,  2-cleft.  (  Urticastrum  divaricatum  Ktze.)  —  Rich  woods,  N.  B. 
to  Ont.,  Minn.,  and  southw.  July-Sept. 

11.  PiLEA  Lindl.    RICHWEED.     CLEARWEED 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious.  Ster.  Fl.  Sepals  and  stamens  3-4.  Pert. 
Fl.  Sepals  3,  more  or  less  unequal,  a  rudiment  of  a  stamen  commonly  before 
each  in  the  form  of  a  hooded  scale.  —  Stingless,  mostly  glabrous  and  low 
herbs,  with  united  stipules  ;  the  staminate  flowers  often  mixed  with  the  fertile. 
(Named  from  the  shape  of  the  larger  sepal  of  the  fertile  flower  in  the  original 
species,  which  partly  covers  the  achene,  like  the  pileus,  or  felt  cap,  of  the 
Romans.) 

1.  P.  pumila  (L.)  Gray.  Low  (1-5  dm.  high);  stems  smooth  and  shining, 
pellucid  ;  leaves  ovate,  coarsely  toothed,  pointed,  3-ribbed  and  veiny  ;  flower- 
clusters  much  shorter  than  the  petioles ;  sepals  of  the  fertile  flowers  lanceolate, 
scarcely  unequal.  (Adicea  Raf.)  — Cool  and  moist  shaded  places.  July-Sept. 

12.    BOEHMERIA    Jacq.     FALSE  NETTLE 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  clustered ;  the  sterile  much  as  in  Urtica ; 
the  fertile  with  a  tubular  or  urn-shaped  entire  or  2-4-toothed  calyx  inclosing 
the  ovary.  Style  elongated-awl-shaped,  stigmatic  and  papillose  down  one 
side.  Achene  elliptical,  closely  invested  by  the  dry  and  persistent  compressed 
calyx.  —  No  stings.  (Named  after  G.  E.  Boehmer,  professor  at  Wittenberg  in 
the  18th  century.) 

1.  B.  cylindrica  (L.)  Sw.  Perennial,  smoothish  or  some  what  pubescent ;  stem 
(3-9  dm.  high)  simple;  leaves  chiefly  opposite  (rarely  all  alternate),  ovate  to 
ovate-  or  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed,  serrate,  3-nerved  ;  stipules  distinct ;  petioles 
mostly  elongated ;  flowers  dioecious,  or  the  two  kinds  intermixed,  the  small 
clusters  densely  aggregated  in  simple  and  elongated  axillary  spikes,  the  sterile 
interrupted,  the  fertile  often  continuous,  frequently  leaf -bearing  at  the  apex.  — 
Moist  or  shady  ground,  centr.  Me.  to  Ont.,  and  southw.  — Very  variable. 

Var.  scabra  Porter.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  less  sharply  pointed,  smaller, 
and  scabrous-pubescent.  —  N.  J.  and  Pa. ,  and  southw.  and  westw. 

13.  PARIETARIA   [Tourn.]  L.     PELLITORY 

Flowers  monoeciously  polygamous ;  the  staminate,  pistillate,  and  perfect 
intermixed  in  the  same  cymose  axillary  clusters ;  the  sterile  much  as  in  the 
last ;  the  fertile  with  a  tubular  or  bell-shaped  4-lobed  and  nerved  calyx  inclosing 
the  ovary  and  the  ovoid  achene. —  Homely  diffuse  or  tufted  herbs,  not  stinging, 
with  alternate  entire  3-ribbed  leaves,  and  no  stipules.  (The  ancient  Latin 
name,  because  growing  on  old  walls.) 

1.  P.  pennsylvanica  Muhl.  Low,  annual,  simple  or  sparingly  branched, 
minutely  downy  ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  thin,  veiny,  roughish,  with  opaque 
dots  ;  flowers  shorter  than  the  involucre  ;  stigma  sessile.  —  Shaded  rocky  banks, 
Little  Cranberry  L,  Me.  (Eedfleld}  ;  e.  Mass,  and  Vt.  to  Ont.,  Minn.,  and 
southw.  June- Aug. 

P.  DEBILIS  Forst.,  with  small  ovate  leaves  (8-11  mm.  long),  few-flowered 
axillary  clusters,  and  short  involucres  (about  equaling  the  flowers),  has  been 
found  once  on  Pautuckaway  Mt.,  s.e.  N.  H.  (Eaton},  where  probably  of  casual 
introduction.  (Eurasia,  Pacific  N.  Am.,  S.  Am.) 

SANTALACEAE   (SANDALWOOD  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  with  entire  leaves ;  the  ±-b-cleft  calyx  valvate  in  the 
bud,  its  tube  coherent  with  the  l-celled  ovary ;  ovules  2-4,  suspended  from  the 


350  SANTALACEAE   QSANDALWOOD   FAMILY) 

apex  of  a  stalk-like  free  central  placenta  which  rises  from  the  base  of  the  cell,  but 
the  (indehiscent}  fruit  always  l-seeded.  —  Seed  destitute  of  any  proper  seed-coat. 
Stamens  equal  in  number  to  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  and  inserted  opposite  them 
into  the  edge  of  a  fleshy  disk.  Style  1.  A  small  family,  chiefly  tropical. 

1.  Comandra.     Flowers  perfect,  in  umbel-like  clusters.     Low  herbaceous  perennials. 

2.  Pyrularia.     Flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous.     Shrub,  with  alternate  leaves. 

3.  Nestronia.     Flowers  dioecious.    Shrub,  with  opposite  leaves. 

1  .  COMANDRA  Nutt.     BASTARD  TOAD-FLAX 

Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  bell-  or  urn-shaped,  lined  above  the  ovary  with  an 
adherent  disk  which  has  a  5-lobed  free  border.  Anthers  connected  by  a  tuft  of 
thread-like  hairs  to  the  calyx-lobes.  Fruit  drupe-like  or  nut-like,  crowned 
by  the  persistent  calyx-lobes.  Smooth  (sometimes  parasitic)  perennials,  with 
herbaceous  stems  from  a  rather  woody  base,  alternate  and  almost  sessile  leaves, 
and  greenish-white  flowers.  (Name  from  Kb^y,  hair,  and  dvr/p,  a  man,  in  allu- 
sion to  the  hairs  on  the  calyx-lobes  which  are  attached  to  the  anthers.) 

1.  C.    umbellata    (L.)    Nutt.      Rootstock    underground ;     flowering    stems 
1.5-4  dm.  high,  branched,  very  leafy  ;  leaves  oblong,  thin,  pale  beneath,  1—3.5 
cm.    long,    the   pale    midrib  prominent    beneath ;    inflorescence    an    ellipsoid 
panicle  with  many  cymules  of  small  flowers  on  divergent  branches ;  calyx-tube 
conspicuously  continued  as  a  neck  to  the  dry  globular-urn-shaped  fruit ;   the 
lobes  oblong  ;  style  slender.  —  Dry  ground,  centr.  Me.  to  Wise,  and  Ga.     May, 
June.  — Root  forming  parasitic  attachments  to  the  roots  of  trees  and  shrubs. 

2.  C.  Richardsiana  Fernald.     Rootstock  superficial,  very  elongate  and  freely 
branching  ;  flowering  stems  0.5-2.5  dm.  high,  very  leafy  ;  the  strongly  ascending 
green  leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate,  firm,  not  paler  beneath,  obscurely  veiny ;  inflo- 
rescence corymbose,  1-3  cm.  broad,  of  1-6  few-flowered  cymules  on  ascending 
branches.  —  Dry  sandy  or  gravelly  soil,  e.  Que.  to  Assina.,  s.  to  the  Great  Lakes, 
Mo.,  and  Kan.     May- Aug. 

3.  C.  pdllida  A.  DC.     Leaves  narrower,  more  glaucous  and  acute,  linear  to 
narrowly  lanceolate  (or  those  upon  the  main  stem  oblong),  all  acute  or  some- 
what cuspidate  ;  fruit  ovoid,  larger  (6-10  mm.  long),  sessile  or  on  short  stout 
pedicels.  —  Minn,  to  N.  Mex.  and  westw. 

4.  C.  livida  Richards.     Peduncles  slender,  axillary,  3-5-flowered,  shorter  than 
the  oval  leaves  ;  calyx-tube  not  continued  beyond  the  ovary,  the  lobes  ovate ; 
style  short;  fruit  pulpy  when  ripe,  red.  —  Bogs,  sterile  soil,  etc.,  Lab.  to  Mac- 
kenzie, s.  to  s.  N.  B.,  mts.  of  n.  N.  E.,  Mich.,  and  B.  C.    June,  July. 

2.  PYRULARIA  Michx.     OIL-NUT.     BUFFALO-NUT 

Calyx  4-5-cleft,  the  lobes  recurved,  hairy-tufted  at  base  in  the  male  flowers. 
Stamens  4  or  5,  on  very  short  filaments,  alternate  with  as  many  rounded  glands. 
Fertile  flowers  with  a  pear-shaped  ovary  invested  by  the  adherent  tube  of  the 
calyx,  naked  at  the  flat  summit ;  style  short  and  thick.  Fruit  fleshy,  pear- 
shaped.  —  Shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate  short-petioled  deciduous  leaves  and 
small  greenish  flowers  in  short  and  simple  spikes  or  racemes.  (Name  a  diminu- 
tive of  Pyrus,  from  the  shape  of  the  fruit.) 

1.  P.  pubera  Michx.  Shrubby,  straggling  (1-4  m.  high),  minutely  downy 
when  young ;  leaves  obovate-oblong,  acute  or  pointed  at  both  ends,  soft,  very 
veiny,  minutely  pellucid-punctate  ;  spike  few-flowered,  terminal ;  calyx  5-cleft  ; 
fruit  2.5  cm.  long. —  Rich  woods,  mts.  of  Pa.  to  Ga.  May.  — Whole  plant, 
especially  the  fruit,  imbued  with  an  acrid  oil. 

3.   NESTRdNIA  Raf. 

Calyx  4-5-lobed.  Staminate  flowers  in  3-8-flowered  slender-peduncled  um- 
bels ;  the  pistillate  solitary,  jointed  upon  short  peduncles  springing  from  opposite 


ARISTOLOCHIACEAE    (BIRTHWORT   FAMILY)  351 

axils.     Leaves  oval,  thin,  deciduous,  short-petioled.     (Name  said  by  its  author 
to  be  derived  from  a  Greek  word  for  Daphne.)     DARBYA  Gray. 

1.  N.  umb611ula  Raf.  Low  shrub,  3-8.5  dm.  high;  leaves  3-6  cm.  long, 
mostly  acute  ;  flowers  small,  greenish;  drupes  at  length  globose,  1-1.3  cm.  in 
diameter.  (Darby a  umbellulata  Gray.) —  Parasitic  on  roots  of  trees,  Va.  to  S.  C. 
and  Ala.  Apr.,  May. 

LORANTHACEAE     (MISTLETOE  FAMILY) 

Chiefly  shrubby  plants  with  coriaceous  greenish,  yellowish,  or  olive-brown 
foliage,  parasitic  on  trees. 

1.  Phoradendron.    Anthers  2-celled.    Berry  globose,  pulpy.    Leaves  foliaceous. 

2.  Arceuthobium.    Anthers  1-celled.    Berry  compressed.    Leaves  scale-like,  connate. 

1.   PHORADENDRON  Nutt.     FALSE.  MISTLETOE 

Flowers  small,  dioecious,  in  short  catkin-like  jointed  spikes,  usually  several 
to  each  short  fleshy  bract  or  scale,  and  sunk  in  the  joint.  Calyx  globular. 
3  (rarely  2-4)-lobed  ;  in  the  staminate  flowers  a  sessile  anther  is  borne  on  the 
base  of  each  lobe  ;  in  the  fertile  flowers  the  calyx-tube  adheres  to  the  ovary  ; 
stigma  sessile,  obtuse.  Berry  1 -seeded,  pulpy.  —  Yellowish-green  woody  para- 
sites on  the  branches  of  trees,  with  jointed  much-branched  stems  and  thick 
firm  persistent  leaves.  (Name  composed  of  <t>&p,  a  thief,  and  8tv8pov,  tree ;  from 
the  parasitic  habit.) 

1.  P.  flavSscens  (Pursh)  Nutt.  (AMERICAN  MISTLETOE.)  Leaves  obovate, 
glabrous.  — On  various  deciduous  trees,  chiefly  at  low  altitudes,  N.  J.  and  e.  Pa. 
to  Fla.  and  N.  Mex.,  inland  in  Miss,  basin  to  Mo.,  s.  Ind.,  and  centr.  O. 

2.  ARCEUTH6BIUM  Bieb. 

Calyx  mostly  compressed ;  the  staminate  usually  3-parted,  the  pistillate 
2-toothed.  Anthers  a  single  orbicular  cell,  opening  by  a  circular  slit.  Berry 
compressed,  on  a  short  recurved  pedicel.  —  Parasitic  on  Conifers,  glabrous,  with 
rectangular  branches  and  connate  scale-like  leaves.  (From  d/>/tev0os,  the  juniper, 
and  pios,  life.} 

1.  A.  pusillum  Peck.  (DWARF  MISTLETOE.)  Very  dwarf,  the  slender  scat- 
tered or  clustered  stems  6-20  mm.  high,  usually  simple,  olive-green  to  chestnut ; 
scales  obtuse  ;  flowers  solitary  in  most  of  the  axils  ;  fruit  narrowly  ellipsoid, 
2  mm.  long.  (Eazoumofskya  Ktze.)  —  On  Picea  and  Larix,  Nfd.  and  e.  Que. 
to  Pa.  and  n.  Mich.  (  Wheeler}.  Apr.,  May.  —  Often  causing  "  witch's  brooms  " 
on  the  host-plant. 

ARISTOLOCfflACEAE    (BIRTHWORT  FAMILY) 

Twining  shrubs,  or  low  herbs,  with  perfect  flowers,  the  conspicuous  lurid 
calyx  valvate  in  bud  and  coherent  (at  least  at  base)  with  the  6-celled  ovary, 
which  forms  a  many-seeded  6-celled  capsule  or  berry  in  fruit.  Stamens  5-12, 
more  or  less  united  with  the  style  ;  anthers  adnate,  extrorse.  —  Leaves  petioled, 
mostly  heart-shaped  and  entire.  Seeds  anatropous,  with  a  large  fleshy  rhaphe, 
and  a  minute  embryo  in  fleshy  albumen.  A  small  family  of  bitter-tonic  or 
stimulant,  sometimes  aromatic,  plants. 

1.  Asarum.    Stemless  herbs.     Stamens  12,  with  more  or  less  distinct  filaments. 

2.  Aristolochia.    Caulescent  herbs  or  twining  shrubs.    Stamens  6,  the  sessile  anthers  adnate  to 

the  stigma. 


352  ARISTOLOCHIACEAE    (BIRTH WORT   FAMILY) 

1.    ASARUM  [Tourn.]  L.     ASARABACCA.     WILD  GINGER 

Calyx  regular;  the  limb  3-cleft  or  -parted.  Petals  0-3,  when  present  rudi 
mentary,  awl- shaped,  alternate  with  the  calyx-lobes.  Tips  of  the  filaments 
usually  continued  beyond  the  anther  into  a  point.  Capsule  rather  fleshy,  globu- 
lar, bursting  irregularly  or  loculicidal.  Seeds  large,  thick.  —  Stemless  perennial 
herbs,  with  aromatic-pungent  creeping  root-stocks  bearing  2  or  3  scales,  then  one 
or  two  kidney-shaped  or  heart-shaped  leaves  on  long  petioles,  and  a  short- 
peduncled  flower  close  to  the  ground  in  the  lower  axil ;  in  spring.  (An  ancient 
name,  of  obscure  derivation.) 

§  1.  Calyx-tube  wholly  adnate  to  the  ovary,  the  tips  inflexed  in  bud ;  filaments 
slender,  much  longer  than  the  short  anthers  ;  style  barely  Q-lobed  at  the  sum- 
mit, with  6  radiating  thick  stigmas  ;  leaves  a  single  pair,  unspotted. 

1.  A.  canadense  L.     Soft-pubescent ;  leaves  membranaceous,  kidney- shaped, 
more  or  less  pointed  (1-1.5  dm.  wide  when  full  grown);  calyx  bell-shaped,  the 
upper  part  of  the  short-pointed  lobes  more  or  less  spreading,  brown-purple  inside. 
—  Rich  woods  ;  common,  especially  northw.     Var.  REFLEXUM  (Bicknell)  Robin- 
son.    Calyx-segments  short,  deltoid,  early  and  rather  abruptly  reflexed.     (A. 
reflexum  Bicknell.)  —  Ct.,    south w.    and    westw.      Var.     ACUMINATUM    Ashe. 
Calyx-segments  caudate-acuminate.     (A.  acuminatum    Bicknell.) — From   Ct. 
westw.  ;  the  commonest  form  in  the  prairie  states. 

§  2.  Calyx-tube  inflated  bell-  or  flask-shaped,  its  base  adnate  to  the  lower  half  of 
the  ovary  •  limb  3-cleft,  short ;  anthers  sessile  or  nearly  so,  oblong-linear ; 
styles  6,  fleshy,  diverging,  2-cleft,  bearing  a  thick  extrorse  stigma  below  the 
cleft  ;  leaves  thickish,  persistent,  usually  only  one  each  year,  often  whitish- 
mottled;  peduncle  very  short;  rootstocks  clustered,  ascending. —  HEXASTYLIS 
Raf.  (§§1  and  2  connect  in  foreign  species.) 

2.  A.  virginicum  L.     Nearly  glabrous ;  leaves  round-heart-shaped   (about  5 
cm.  wide) ;  calyx  short,  campanulate,  about  2  cm.  long,  reticulated  within  ;  anthers 
pointless.     (A.  minus  Ashe  ;  Hexastylis  virginica  Small.)  —  W.  Va.  and  Va.  to 
Ga.,  in  the  mts. 

A.  HETEROPHYLLUM  Ashe  (with  "  campanulate  "  calyx  and  "oval"  seed) 
and  A.  MEMMING^RI  Ashe  (with  "urceolate'1  calyx  and  "  sharply  triangular  " 
seed)  cannot  be  satisfactorily  distinguished  in  the  material  at  hand. 

3.  A.  grandiflbrum  (Michx.)   Small.     Closely  similar  in  habit  and  foliage  ; 
calyx  very  large,  open-campanulate,  2.5-5  cm.  long.     (A.  macranthum  Small  ; 
A.  Shuttleworthii  Britten;    Hexastylis   Shuttleworthii  Small.) — Mts.  of  Va., 
Tenn.,  and  N.  C. 

4.  A.  arifblium  Michx.    Leaves  halberd-heart-shaped  (6-15  cm.  long)  ;  calyx 
short-tubular,  with  very  short  and  blunt  lobes  ;  anthers  obtusely  short-pointed. 
(Hexastylis  Small.)  —  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.    A  form  (not  always  distinguishable) 
with  a  more  flask-shaped  calyx  has  been  described  as  A.  Huthii  Ashe. 

2.   ARISTOLdCHIA    [Tourn.]    L.     BIRTHWORT 

Calyx  tubular  ;  the  tube  variously  inflated  above  the  ovary,  mostly  contracted  ; 
sessile  anthers  wholly  adnate  to  the  short  and  fleshy  3-6-lobed  or  -angled  style. 
Capsule  naked,  septicidally  6-valved.  Seeds  very  flat. — Twining,  climbing,  or 
sometimes  upright  perennial  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  leaves  and  lateral  or 
axillary  greenish  or  lurid-purple  flowers.  (Named  from  reputed  medicinal  proper- 
ties). 

*  Calyx-tube  bent  like  the  letter  8,  enlarged  at  the  two  ends,  the  small 
limb  obtusely  3-lobed;  low  herbs. 

1.  A.  Serpentiria  L.  (VIRGINIA  SNAKEROQT.)  Stems  (1.2-4.5  dm.  high) 
branched  at  base,  pubescent ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  from  a  heart-shaped  base 
or  halberd-form,  mostly  acute  or  pointed  ;  flowers  all  next  the  root,  short- 
peduncled.  — Rich  woods,  Ct.  to  Fla.,  w,  to  Mich.,  Mo.,  and  La.  July.  — The 
fibrous  aromatic-stimulant  root  is  well  known  in  medicine. 


POLYGONACEAE    (BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY) 

Var.  hastata  (Nutt.)  Duchartre.  Leaves  narrow,  lanceolate  or  linear- 
oblong,  sagittate  or  auriculate-hastate.  (A.  hastata  Nutt.  ;  A.  Nashii  Kearney.) 
—  8.  C.  to  Fla.  and  La. ;  said  to  reach  our  southern  limit  in  Va. 

*  *  Calyx-tube  strongly  curved  like  a  Dutch  pipe,  contracted  at  the  mouth,  the 

short  limb  obscurely  '6-lobed  ;  very  tall  twining  shrubs. 

2.  A.  macrophylla  Lam.      (PIPE  VINE,    DUTCHMAN'S   PIPE.)      Nearly  gla- 
brous; leaves  round-kidney-shaped  (sometimes  4  dm.  broad);  peduncles  with  a 
clasping  bract ;  calyx  (3  cm.  long)  with  a  brown-purple  abrupt  flat  border.     (A. 
tiipho  L'He"r.)  —  Rich  woods,  Pa.  to  Ga.,  w.  to  Minn,  and  Kan.     May. 

3.  A.   tomentbsa   Sims.     Downy  or  soft-hairy;  leaves  round-heart-shaped, 
very  veiny  (8-16  cm.  long)  ;  calyx  yellowish  with  an  oblique  dark  purple  closed 
orifice  and  a  rugose  reflexed  limb.  —  Rich  woods,  N.  C.  to  Fla.,  w.  to  s.  111.  and 
Mo.    June. 

*  *  *  Calyx-tube  straight,  open,  with  ample  6-lobed  limb,  the  lobes  appendaged ; 

anthers' equidistant;  erect  herbs  ;  flowers  in  axillary  cymose  fascicles. 

4.  A.  CLEMATITIS  L.,  with  long-petioled  cordate  leaves,  sometimes  cultivated, 
has  become  locally  established  in  the  Atlantic  States  from  N.  Y.  to  Md.     (Introd. 
from  Eu.) 

POLYGONACEAE    (BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  and  stipules  in  the  form  of  sheaths  (ocreae, 
these  sometimes  obsolete)  above  the  swollen  joints  of  the  stem;  the  flowers  mostly 
perfect,  with  a  more  or  less  persistent  calyx,  a  l-celled  ovary  bearing  2  or  3  styles 
or  stigmas,  and  a  single  erect  orthotropous  seed.  Fruit  usually  an  achene,  com- 
pressed or  3-4-angled  or  -winged.  Stamens  4-12,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the 
3-6-cleft  calyx. 

*  Flowers  involucrate  ;  stamens  9  ;  stipules  none. 

1.  Eriogonum.     Involucre  several-flowered,  with  flowers  exserted.     Calyx  6-cleft. 

*  *  Flowers  without  involucre  ;  stamens  4  to  8. 

+-  Stipular  sheaths  manifest ;  ovule  erect  from  the  base  of  the  cell. 

•H-  Sepals  4  or  6,  the  outer  row  reflexed,  the  inner  erect  and  enlarging  in  fruit. 

2.  Oxyria.     Sepals  4.    Stigmas  2.    Achene  orbicular-winged.     Leaves  reniform. 

3.  Rumex.     Sepals  6.     Stigmas  3.    Achene  3-angled. 

-H-  -H-  Sepals  5  (sometimes  4),  equal  and  erect  in  fruit ;  achene  triangular  or  lenticular. 

4.  Polygonum.     Embryo  slender,  curved  around  one  side  of  the  albumen.     Achenes  inclosed  by 

the  somewhat  enlarged  fruiting  calyx  (or  exserted  in  a  few  species  with  lanceolate  or 
linear  leaves). 

5.  Fagopyrum.     Embryo  in  the  albumen,  its  very  broad  cotyledons  twisted-plaited.     Fruit  much 

exserted  from  the  scarcely  enlarged  calyx.    Leaves  deltoid,  sagittate  or  hastate. 

6.  Polygonella.    Embryo  slender,  nearly  straight.     Pedicels  solitary.    Leaves  linear.    Plant 

heath-like. 

+-  -H  Stipules  obsolete  ;  ovule  hanging  from  the  apex  of  a  slender  stalk. 

7.  Brunnichia.    Calyx  5-parted,  in  fruit  with  a  wing  decurrent  on  the  pedicel.    Tendril-climber. 

1.    ERI6GONUM    Michx. 

Flowers  perfect,  involucrate  ;  involucre  4-8-toothed  or  -lobed,  usually  many- 
flowered  ;  the  more  or  less  exserted  pedicels  intermixed  with  narrow  scarious 
bracts.  Calyx  6-parted  or -cleft,  colored,  persistent  about  the  achene.  Stamens 
9,  upon  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Styles  3  ;  stigmas  capitate.  Achene  triangular. 
Embryo  straight  and  axial,  with  foliaceous  cotyledons.  —  Leaves  entire,  without 
stipules.  (Name  from  epiov,  wool,  and  y6w,  knee.} 

1.  E.  longifblium  Nutt.  Perennial,  erect ;  leaves  oblanceolate,  acute  or 
acutish,  canescent  beneath,  the  lower  cuneate  at  base;  sepals  linear,  caudate- 

TrRAY'S    MANUAL — 23 


354  POLYGONACEAE   (BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY) 

attenuate,  villous-canescent.  —  Sandy  woods  and  barrens,  "  s.   Mo."  to  Fla. 
and  Tex. 

2.  E.  AllSni  Wats.  Perennial,  erect ;  leaves  oblong,  canescent-tomentose 
beneath,  flocculent  or  glabrate  above,  the  lower  rather  abrupt  at  base  ;  inflores- 
cence leafy ;  sepals  elliptical,  yellow,  nearly  glabrous.  —  Dry  soil,  mts.  of  W. 
Va.  and  Va. 

2.   OXYRIA   Hill.     MOUNTAIN  SORKEL 

Outer  sepals  smaller  and  spreading,  the  inner  broader  and  erect  (but  un- 
changed) in  fruit.  Stamens  6.  Stigmas  2,  sessile,  tufted.  Achene  lenticular, 
thin,  flat,  much  larger  than  the  calyx,  surrounded  by  a  broad  veiny  wing. 
Embryo  straight,  in  center  of  the  albumen,  slender.  —  Low  alpine  perennial, 
with  round-kidney-form  and  long-petioled  leaves  chiefly  from  the  rootstock, 
obliquely  truncate  sheaths,  and  small  greenish  to  crimson  flowers  clustered  in 
panicled  racemes  on  'a  stoutish  1-2-leaved  stem.  (Name  from  6£fo,  sowr,  from 
the  acid  leaves.) 

1.  0.  digyna  (L.)  Hill.  Alpine  regions  of  the  White  Mts.,  N.  H.,  and  far 
northw. ;  Rocky  Mts.  (Eu.) 

3.   RtTMEX  L.     DOCK.     SORREL 

Calyx  of  6  sepals  ;  the  3  outer  herbaceous,  sometimes  united  at  base,  spread- 
ing in  fruit ;  the  3  inner  larger,  somewhat  colored  (in  fruit  called  valves')  and 
convergent  over  the  3-angled  achene,  veiny,  often  bearing  a  grain-like  tubercle 
on  the  back.  Stamens  6.  Styles  3  ;  stigmas  tufted.  Embryo  slightly  curved, 
lying  along  one  side  of  the  albumen,  slender.  —  Coarse  herbs,  with  small  and 
homely  (mostly  green)  flowers,  which  are  crowded  and  commonly  whorled  in 
panicled  racemes;  the  petioles  somewhat  sheathing  at  base.  (The  ancient 
Latin  name  ;  of  unknown  etymology.) 

a.   None  of  the  leaves  halberd-  or  arrow-shaped  b. 
b.   Valves  entire  or  denticulate,  8-27  mm.  broad  c. 
c.  Grains  of  fruiting  calyx  0,  or  single  and  minute,  not  one  third  as 
long  as  the  valves. 

Valves  very  large,  15-27  mm.  broad 1.  R.  venosus. 

Valves  4-7  mm.  broad. 

Pedicels  with  tumid  joints 2.   R.  PaUentia. 

Pedicels  obscurely  jointed 3.   R.  occidental^. 

c.   Grains  1-3,  well  developed,  mostly  one  half  to  three  fourths  as 

long  as  the  valves  d. 

d.   Pedicels  filiform,  curved  or  flexuous  e. 
e.  Leaves  crisped  on  the  margin. 

Grains  chiefly  plump  and  rounded  at  both  ends     .        .        .      5.   R.  crispus. 

Principal  grains  tapering  at  summit 6.   R.  elongatwa. 

6.  Leaves  flat  /. 
/.  Pedicels  with  tumid  joints,  rarely  exceeding  the  coriaceous 

greenish,  straw-colored,  or  dull  brown  calyx. 
Grains  3, 
As  broad  as  or  broader  than  the  wings  of  the  valves       .      7.   R.  pallidua. 

Narrower  than  the  wings 8.   R.  mexicanus. 

Grain  1 9.  R.  altissimus. 

f.  Pedicels  obscurely  jointed,  mostly  exceeding  the  membra- 
nous finally  purplish  calyx. 

Grains  3 4.   R.  Britannica. 

Grain  solitary 3.   R.  occidentalis. 

d.  Pedicels  clavate,   deflexed,   straightish  and  slightly  rigid,  2-3 

times  as  long  as  the  subacutninate  valves        .        .        .        .    10.   R.  verticillatus. 
6.   Valves  entire  or  nearly  so,  scarcely  2  mm.  broad,  grain-bearing         .    11.   R.  eonglomeratus. 
b.   Valves  with  long  sharp  salient  teeth  at  least  near  the  base. 

Perennial;  pedicels  filiform,  longer  than  the  subherbaceous  valves    12.   R.  obtusifolius. 
Perennial :   pedicels   thick,    shorter  than  the  thickish  indurated 

valves 13.  R.  pulcher. 

Annual ;  teeth  of  the  valves  bristle-form 14.   R.  persicarioides. 

a.  Some  or  all  the  leaves  halberd-  or  arrow-shaped. 

Valves  much  exceeding  the  fruit ;  leaves  arrow-shaped      .         .        .15.   R.  Acetosa. 
Valves  much  exceeding  the  fruit;  leaves  halberd-shaped    .         .        .16.    R.  hastatulws. 
Fruit  exserted  from  the  minute  scarcely  changed  calyx      .        .        .17.   R.  Acetosella. 


POLYGON  ACE  AE  (BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY) 


355 


691.   li.  venosus. 
Fruiting  calyx  x  1. 


§  1.  LAPATHUM  [Tourn.]  DC.  (DOCK.)  Flowers  perfect  or  monoeciously 
polygamous;  herbage  not  sour  or  scarcely  so.  (Flowering  through  the 
summer.) 

1.  R.  ven6sus  Pursh.     Stems  from  running 
rootstocks,  erect  (2-6  dm.  high  or  less),  with 
conspicuous  dilated   stipules ;   leaves  on  short 
but  rather  slender  petioles,  ovate  or  oblong  to 
lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  only  the  low- 
est obtuse  at  base  ;  panicle  nearly  sessile,  short, 
dense  in  fruit ;  valves  entire,  without  grains, 
cordate  with  a  deep   sinus,  rose-color.  —  Sask. 
to  centr.  Mo.,  and  westw.    FIG.  691. 

2.  R.  PATIENTIA  L.     (PATIENCE  D.)    A  very 
tall  species,  green  and  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  with 
ovate- oblong  and  lanceolate 

leaves   (broadest  above  the 
base),  those   from  the  root 

6-9  dm.  long  and  1-1.5  dm.  broad ;  pedicels  with  tumid 
joints ;  one  of  the  heart-shaped  nearly  or  quite  entire  valves 
(6  mm.  broad)  usually  bearing  a  very  small  grain,  or  its 
midrib  merely  thickened  at  base.  —  Rich  open  soil,  Nfd.  to 
N.  Y.  and  Pa.  (Nat.  from  Eurasia.)  FIG.  692.  Var.  KUR- 
DICUS  Boiss.  Grain  conspicuous,  2-3  mm.  long.  —  Mich,  to  692-  R-  p»tientia. 
Mo.,  and  westw.  (Nat.  from  Eurasia.)  Fruiting  calyx  x  l. 

3.  R.  occidentalis  Wats.  Smooth,  stout,  erect,  usually  purple-tinged  ;  leaves 
large,  flattish ;  pedicels  obscurely  jointed  ;  valves  broadly  ovate 
or  orbicular,  somewhat  obtusely  pointed,  often  denticulate, 
6-9mm. broad,  all  naked  or  one  of  them  grain-bearing. — Rich 
(often  brackish)  soil,  Lab.  to  Alaska,  s.  to  e.  Me.,  Minn.,  N. 
Dak.,  Col.,  and  Cal.  FIG.  693. 

4.  R.  Britannica  L.  (GREAT  WATER  D.)  Tall  and  stout 
693.  E.  occidentalis.  (1_2  m.  high) ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  rather 
Fruiting  calyx  x  l.  acute  at  both  ends,  transversely  veined,  and 
with  obscurely  erose-crenulate  margins  (the  lowest,  including 
the  petiole,  3-6  dm.  long,  the  middle  rarely  truncate  or  ob- 
scurely cordate  at  base)  ;  racemes  upright  in  a  large  com- 
pound panicle,  nearly  leafless ;  whorls 
crowded  ;  pedicels  obscurely  jointed ;  valves 
orbicular  or  round-ovate,  very  obtuse,  ob- 
scurely heart-shaped  at  base,  finely  reticu-  t94',.? '  Bri,tanni™- 
lated,  entire  or  repand-denticulate,  all  Fruiting  calyx  x  i. 
grain-bearing.  —  Wet  places,  Nfd.  to  N.  J.,  w.  to  Ont.,  Minn., 
and  Kan.  FIG.  694. 

5.  R.    CRfspus    L.     (YELLOW   D.)     Smooth,    0.9-1.6  m. 
high  ;  leaves  with  strongly  wavy-curled  margins,  lanceolate, 
acute,  the  lower  truncate  or  scarcely  heart-shaped  at  base  ; 
whorls   crowded   in   prolonged   wand-like   racemes,    leafless 
above;    pedicels    with    tumid    joints;     valves    round-heart- 
shaped,    obscurely    denticulate    or    entire,    4-6    mm.    broad, 
mostly  all  grain-bearing ;  the  grains  very  plump,  subglobose 
to  ellipsoid,  with   rounded   ends.  —  In  cultivated  and  waste 
ground,  very  common.     (Nat.  from  Eu.)     FIG.  695. 

6.  R.  ELONG\TUS  Guss.     Resembling  R.  crispus,  and  per- 
haps a  variety  of  it ;  grains  lance-ovoid,  attenuate.  —  Widely 
distr.,  and  becoming  common.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

7.  R.  pallidus  Bigel.     (WHITE  D.)     Depressed  or  ascend- 
ing ;   root  white  ;   leaves  glaucous,   narrowly   lanceolate,  or 
the  lowest  oblong  ;  the  lowest  branches  of  the  dense  panicle 
spreading  at  nearly  right  angles  ;  pedicels  much  shorter  than 


R.  crispus. 
Leaf  x  %. 


Fruiting  calyx  x  iy6.    the  whitish-brown  fruiting  calyx ;  valves  deltoid-ovate,  3-4 


356 


POLYGONACEAE    (BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY) 


mm.  long,  the  tips  but  slightly  exceeding  the  conspicuous 
whitish  ovoid  or  lance-ellipsoid  large  grains;  achenes  2-3 
mm.  long.  (R.  salicifolius  Man.  ed.  6,  in  part,  not  Wein- 
mann.)  —  Salt  marshes,  beaches  and  rocks,  coast  of  N.  S., 
N.  B.,  and  N.  E.  FIG.  696. 

8.  R.  mexicanus  Meisn.  Upright;  leaves  linear-lance- 
olate to  narrowly  oblong,  pale  green  or  glaucous  ;  panicle 
very  dense,  its  branches  strict  or  strongly  ascending  ;  pedi- 
cels shorter  than  or  sometimes  exceeding  the  olive-  to 
ruddy-brown  deltoid-ovoid  calyx;  valves  3.5-6 
mm.  long,  the  tips  much  exceeding  the  narrowly 
ellipsoid  to  subulate  brown  grains ;  achenes 
1.7-2.3  mm.  long.  (E.  salicifolius  Man.  ed.  6, 
in  part,  not  Weinmann.)  —  Rich  (often  brack- 
ish) soil,  Lab.  and  Nfd.  to  Assina.  and  B.  C., 
locally  s.  to  centr.  Me.,  Mich.,  and  Mo. ;  and 
abundant  along  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  centr.  Mex. 
FIG.  697. 

9.  R.  altissimus  Wood.  (PALED.)  Rather 
tall  (1-2  m.  high);  leaves  ovate-  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute, 
pale,  thickish,  obscurely  veiny  (the  cau- 
line,  7-15  cm.  long,  contracted  at  base 
into  a  short  petiole);  racemes  spike-like 
and  panicled,  nearly  leafless ;  whorls 
crowded  ;  pedicels  nodding,  shorter  than 
the  fruiting  calyx;  valves  broadly  ovate 
or  obscurely  heart-shaped,  obtuse  or  acut- 
ish,  entire,  loosely  reticulated,  one  with  a  conspicuous  grain, 
the  others  with  a  thickened  midrib  or  naked. — Alluvial 
soil,  Ct.  to  Neb.,  and  southw.  (Mex.)  FIG. 
698. 

10.  R.  verticillatus  L.    (SWAMP  D.)    Rather 
tall  (1-1.6  m.  high);  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  rather  obtuse,  thickish,  pale  green, 
the  lowest  often  heart-shaped  at  base  ;  racemes 
nearly    leafless,    elongated,    loose,    the    whorls 
crowded  or  the  lower  ones  distant ;  fruit-bear- 
ing pedicels  slender,  club-shaped,  abruptly  re- 
flexed,    3-4    times    longer    than    the    fruiting 
calyx;  valves  dilated-rhomboid,  obtusely  some- 
what pointed,  strongly  rugose-reticulated,  each 
bearing    a    very    large    grain. —  Wet  swamps, 
w.  Que.  and  Vt.  to  w.  Ont.,  and  southw.     FIG. 
699. 

11.  R.    CONGLOMERA.TUS  Murr.     Smoothish ; 
leaves  oblong ;  panicle  leafy ;   pedicels  short ; 
valves  obtuse,  subentire,  all  grain-bearing,  the 

callosities  relatively  large  and  conspicu- 
ous.—  Va.  (Curtiss  according  to  Tre- 
lease)  to  S.  C. ;  also  Cal.  (Adv.  from 
Eu.) 


696.   E.  pallidus. 
Leaf  x  1/3. 
Fruiting  calyces  X  1^ 


3.   R.  altissimus. 
Leaf  x  i/3. 
Fruiting  calyces  x 


12.    R.  OBTUSIF6LIUS  L.    (BITTER  D.) 


700.    R.  obtusifolius. 
Base  of  leaf  x  %. 
Two  whorls  of  infloresence  x  1. 
Fruiting  calyx  x  2%. 


Fruiting    ca- 

Stem  roughish  ;  lowest  leaves  ovate-heart-  y°e 
shaped,  obtuse,  rather  downy  on  the  veins  beneath, 
somewhat  wavy-margined,  the  upper  oblong-lanceo- 
late, acute;  whorls  loose  and  distant;  valves  ovate- 
halberd-shaped,  with  some  sharp  awl-shaped  teeth 
at  base,  strongly  reticulated.  —  Fields,  roadside 
ditches,  etc.,  very  common.  (Nat.  from  Eu.)  FIG 
700. 


POLYGON  ACEAE    (BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY) 


357 


13.  R.  PULCHER  L.      Leaves  oblong,  frequently  constricted 
above  the  base,   mostly   acute  ;  valves  ovate,   many-toothed, 
soon  coriaceous,  very  strongly  reticulated. — Ballast  grounds, 
etc.,  Va.  to  La.  ;  Gal.     (Adv.  from  Eu.)     FIG.  701. 

14.  R.    persicarioides    L.     (GOLDEN    D.)     Mi- 
nutely pubescent,  diffusely  branched,  2-6  dm.  high ; 
leaves  lance-linear,  wavy-margined,  the  lower  au- 
ricled  or  heart-shaped  at  base  ;  whorls  excessively 
crowded  in  leafy  and  compact  or  interrupted  spikes ; 
valves  rhombic-oblong,  lance-pointed,  each  bearing 
2-3  long  awn-like  bristles  on  each  side,  and  a  large 
grain  on  the  back.     (72.  maritimus  Man.  ed.  6,  not 

L.) — Sea-shore,  Que.  to  N.  C. ;  also  in  brackish  or  saline  places, 
Ont.  to  111.,  and  westw.     FIG.  702. 


701.  E.  pulcher. 
A  bit   of  inflores- 
cence x  1. 
Fruiting  calyx  x  2. 


702.   E.  pei- 

sicarioides. 

Fruiting 

calyx  x  2. 


703.    It.  Acetosa. 
Leaf  x  V2. 


704.   E.  hastatulus. 


§  2.  ACET6SA  [Tourn.]  DC.  (SORREL.)  Flowers  dioecious, 
small,  in  a  terminal  naked  panicle ;  herbage  sour;  some 
leaves  arrow-  or  halberd-shaped;  smooth  perennials, 
spreading  by  running  rootstocks,  flowering  in  spring. 

15.  R.     AcEx6sA  L.    (GARDENS.)   Erect, 
3-9    dm.    high ;    leaves   oblong   or   broadly 
lanceolate,  arrow-shaped;  valves  rounded  at 
the  apex,  4  mm.  broad.  —  Lab.  to  Pa.,  and 
westw.  ;    frequent   near    Quebec,    compara- 
tively local  southw.     (Nat.  from  Eu.)     FIG. 
703. 

16.  R.  hastatulus  Baldw.    Stem  simple, 
3-6  dm.  high  ;   leaves  linear  or  lanceolate, 
some  of  them  hastate  with  divaricate  basal 
lobes;  valves  ovate,  2.5  mm.  broad.  —  Sandy 
soil,  near  the  coast,  e.   Mass,   to  Fla.   and 
Tex. ;  inland  in  Miss,  basin  to  111.,  Mo.,  and 
Kan.    FIG.  704. 

17.  R.  ACETOSELLA  L.     (FIELD  or  SHEEP 

,     S.)     Low  (1-3  dm.   high)  ;   leaves  narrow-     „„.  a.  U1 
itmgcalyxx2.    lanceolate  or  linear?  halberd-form,  at  least   Leaf  x  ft. 
the  lowermost,  the  narrow  lobes   entire,  widely  spreading ;    Fruiting  calyces  x  2. 
pedicels  jointed  at  the  summit;  sepals 
scarcely  enlarged  in  fruit,  exceeded  by  the  naked  achene. 
— A  common  weed.     (Nat.  from  Eu.)     FIG.  706. 


4.   POLYGONUM   [Tourn.]   L.    KNOTWEED 


Calyx  4-6 (mostly  5) -parted ;  the  divisions  often  petal- 
like,  all  erect  in  fruit,  withering  or  persistent.  Stamens 
3-9.  Styles  or  stigmas  2  or  3 ;  achene  accordingly  lentic- 
ular or  3-angular.  Embryo  placed  in  a  groove  on  the 
outside  of  the  albumen  and  curved  halfway  around  it ;  the  radicle  and  usually 
the  cotyledons  slender.  Pedicels  jointed.  —  Ours  all  herbaceous,  with  fibrous 
roots  (except  in  P.  viviparum),  flowering  through  late  summer  and  early 
autumn.  (Name  composed  of  TroXtf-,  many,  and  76*0;,  knee,  from  the  numerous 
joints.) 

§  1.  AVICULARIA  Meisn.  Flowers  in  axillary  fascicles  or  spicate  with  folia- 
ceous  bracts ;  leaves  and  bracts  jointed  upon  a  very  short  petiole  adnate  to 
the  short  sheath  of  the  2-lobed  or  lacerate  scarious  stipules  ;  stems  striate ; 
calyx  5-ti-parted,  usually  more  or  less  herbaceous  ;  stamens  3-8,  the  3  inner 


705.  K.  Acetosella. 
Leaf  x  1. 
Fruiting  calyx  x  2. 


358 


POLYGONACEAE    (BUCKWHEAT    FAMILY) 


filaments  broad  at  base;  styles  3;   cotyledons  incumbent;  albumen  horny, 
glabrous  annuals,  except  nos.  1  and  2. 

Achenes  conspicuously  exserted. 

Prostrate,  maritime  ;  achene  broadly  ovoid-pyramidal. 

Calyx-lobes  petaloid,  broadly  obovate  ;  foliage  nearly  white    .        .        .    1.   P.  maritimum. 
Calyx-lobes  subherbaceous,  oblong  ;  foliage  pale  green    .        .        .        .     2.   P.  fowleri. 

Erect ;  achene  elongated,  lanceolate-pyramidal 3.   P.  exsertum. 

Achenes  nearly  or  quite  included  by  the  fruiting  calyx. 
Branches  terete  or  nearly  so. 
Flowers  small;  sepals  (normally  5)  white  or  roseate,  1.3-1.8  mm.  long; 

pedicels  included. 
Erect,  much  branched  ;  leaves  linear-oblong,  slightly  rigid  ;  flowers 

much  surpassed  by  the  bristle-like  remnants  of  the  stipules          .    4.   P. prolificum. 
Prostrate   or  rarely  erect ;   leaves   not  firm,   bluish  green ;   flowers 

mostly  exserted  beyond  the  hyaline  flaccid  torn  stipules       .        .    5.   P.  aviculare. 
Flowers  larger,  the  pedicels  exserted  ;  sepals  (often  6)  2-3  mm.  long. 

Leaves  elliptical,  yellowish  green,  obtuse 6.    P.  erectum. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  acute 7.  P.  ramosissimum 

Branches  rather  sharply  angled. 

Leaves  strongly  plicate ;  flowers  erect 8.   P.  tenue. 

Leaves  flat  with  re  volute  margins  ;  flowers  nodding        .        .        .        .    9.   P.  Douglasii. 

1.  P.  maritimum  L.    Prostrate,  very 
glaucous,   nearly  white;   leaves  mostly 
small,  linear-oblong,  very  thick,  usually 
exceeding  the  short  internodes  ;  stipules 
silvery ;  sepals  broadly  obovate,  petaloid, 
contracted  at  the   base,  the   broad   ro- 
seate tips  inclining  to  spread  in  fruit. 
—  Sandy  sea-coast,  Mass,  to  Fla.,  local. 
(Eu.)     FIG.  706. 

2.  P.  FowlSri  Robinson.     Prostrate, 
pale   green ;    leaves    narrowly    elliptic, 
about   equaling  the   full   grown  inter- 
nodes; sepals  oblong,  herbaceous  with 
white    or    roseate    margin,    not    con- 
tracted at  the  base,  rather  closely  ap- 
pressed  to  the  achene.     (P.  Eayi  Am. 
auth.,   not   Babington.) — Sea-coast,  e. 

Canada  and  Me.;   also   Wash,  to   Alaska.      FIG.    707. 

3.   P.  exs6rtum  Small.    Erect  much  branched  annual,  3-8 
<lm.  high ;  leaves  lanceolate,  rather  light  or  pale  green,  1-3 
cm.  long,  usually  exceeded  by  the  internodes ;  sepals  oblong, 
green,  normally  5,  unequal,   closely  appressed  to  the  base 
of  the  much  exserted  chestnut-colored  ovate-lanceolate  achene. 

—  Brackish  meadows,  N.  B.  to  N.  J.  ; 

and  on  sand-bars  and  prairies,  111. ,  Mo. , 

and  Neb.   to  the  Saskatchewan.     FIG. 

708. 

4.  P.  prolificum  (Small)   Robinson. 
Erect  or  nearly    so,   much    branched, 
slightly  rigid,  3  dm.  high ;  leaves  linear- 
oblong,  obtuse  or  acute,  firm,  in  a  dried 
state    veiny ;    stipules   soon   frayed    to 

bristle-like  remnants  surpassing  considerably  the  small 
sessile  roseate  5-parted  flowers.  (P.  ramosissimum,  var. 
Small.) — Sea-shore,  e.  Que.  to  Va,  ;  also  Mo.,  Neb.,  and 
Kan.  FIG.  709. 

5.  P.  aviculare  L.     Slender,  mostly  prostrate  or  ascend- 
ing, bluish-green  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  0-20  mm.  long,  usually 
acute  or  acutish ;    sepals  hardly  2  mm.   long,  green  with 
pinkish  margins ;    stamens  8   (rarely  5)  ;  achene  dull  and 
minutely  granular-striate,  mostly  included. — Common  every- 
where in  yards,  waste  places,  etc.     (Eurasia.)     FIG.  710  a. 


706.   P.  maritimum. 
Flowering  branch  x  %. 
Fruiting  calyx  X  3. 
Stem-leaf  x  1. 


707.    P.  Fowleri. 
Upper    part   of  stem 
x%. 

Fruiting  calyx  X  3. 


708.  P.  exsertum. 
Fruiting  calyx  x  S. 
Stem  leaf  x  %. 


709.   P.  prolificum. 
Flowering  branches 


xya. 


POLYGONACEAE   (BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY) 


359 


b  c 

710.   P.  aviculare. 

a.  Typical  form  x  %. 

b.  v.  littorale  x  %. 

c.  8  tern -leaf  of  v.  vegetum  x  %. 

d .  Stem-leaf  of  v.  angust.  x  %. 


Var.  littorale  (Link)  Koch.  Leaves 
thick,  often  obtuse ;  achenes  slightly 
shining,  obscurely  punctate  or  punctate- 
striate.  (P.  littorale  Link.)  —A  mari- 
time and  littoral  form  sometimes  char- 
acteristic, but  passing  to  the  typical 
form  and  separated  by  no  constant 
character.  (Eu.)  FIG.  710  b. 

Var.  vSgetum  Ledeb.  Larger,  erect 
or  nearly  so  ;  the  leaves  (often  3  cm. 
long)  oblong  or  narrowly  elliptic,  thin, 
the  margins  crisped.  —  Rich  soil  and  in 
shade.  (Eu.)  FIG.  710  c. 

Var.   angustissi- 
«  mum        Meisn. 
Leaves   linear,   5-9 
times    as    long    as 
broad.  —  Summit 
of    Mt.     Monad- 
nock,   N.   H.,    and 
doubtless  elsewhere.     (Eu.)     FIG.  710  d. 

6.  P.  er6ctum  L.  Stout,  erect  or  ascending,  yellowish- 
green  ;  leaves  elliptical,  1.3-6  cm. 
long,  usually  obtuse  ;  flowers  yel- 
lowish-green, about  3  mm.  long, 
on  more  or  less  exserted  pedicels; 
stamens  5-6  ;  achene  dull,  included. 
—  Waysides,  waste  places,  etc.  FIG. 
711. 

7.  P.  rampsfssimum  Michx.  Flowering  branch  x  2/3. 
Erect  or  ascending,  0.6-1.9  m.  high, 
yellowish-green;  leaves  lanceolate  (2-5  cm.  long), 
acute ;  sepals  6,  the  3  outer  2-3  mm.  long,  carinate^ 
cucullate  at  the  summit,  drying  green  with  yellow  mar- 
gins ;  the  inner  sepals  smaller,  yellow ;  stamens  3-6 ; 
achene  smooth,  shining,  included.  (P.  camporum  of 
x  £•  auth.  in  part,  not  Meisn.) — Sandy  soil,  Me.  and  Mass., 
local;  w.  Pa.  ;  111.  to  Minn.,  Tex.,  and  westw.  FIG. 
712.  Forma  ATLANTICUM  Robinson.  Sepals  5  or  rarely  6,  roseate,  not  drying 
yellow,  nor  even  yellowish. — Frequent  on  the  coast,  Me.  to  R.  L  In  habit 
identical  with  the  typical  western  form. 

8.  P.  tlnue  Michx.  Stem  angled,  erect  (1.5-4  dm.  high), 
glabrous,  or  slightly  scabrous  at  the  nodes  ;  leaves  narrowly  lan- 
ceolate to  linear,  2-5  cm.  long,  acute  at  each  end, 
strongly  plicate;  flowers  usually  solitary,  nearly 
sessile,  erect ;  stamens  8 ;  achene  included,  dull 
black.— Dry  soil,  s.  Me.  to  S.  C.,  w.  to  Man.,  Minn.,  ?13.  P.  tcnue. 
Neb.,  and  Tex.  FIG.  713.  stem-leaf  (cut 

9.  P.    Douglasii    Greene.     Stem    angled,   erect;    to  show  plicate 
leaves  lanceolate  to  linear,  acute  at  each  end,  slightly   E  x  /3< 

rigid,  the  margins  revolute  but  the  surface  not  plicate ;  pedicels 
T14.  P.  Doug-   short  but  slender;  flowers  soon  deflexed.  —  Rocky  or  sterile  soil, 
w.  Me.  to  n.  N.  Y.,  Ont.,  and  westw.,  local;  common  in  Rocky 
Mts.    FIG.  714. 


711.   P.  erectum. 


712.   P.  ramosissimum. 
Fruiting  calyx  x  3. 


Stem- 


lasii. 
Stem-leaf  x  % 


§  2.  BIST6RTA  [Tourn.]  L.  Glabrous  alpine  perennials,  with  thick  bulb-like 
caudex  and  simple  stems;  flowers  in  a  spike-like  raceme;  calyx  colored, 
deeply  &-cleft ;  stamens  8  ;  styles  3,  long. 

10.  P.  viviparum  L.     Smooth,  dwarf  (4-35  cm.  high),  bearing  a  linear  erect 
spike  of  flesh-colored  flowers  (or  often  little  red  bulblets  in  their  place)  :  leaves 


360  POLYGONACEAE    (BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY) 

lanceolate.  —  Alpine  summits  of  N.  E.,  shores  of  L.  Superior,  Col.,  and  Utah  to 
Alaska  and  Greenl.     (Eurasia.) 

§  3.  PERSICAllIA  [Tourn.]  L.  Flowers  in  dense  spikes,  with  small  scarious 
bracts;  leaves  not  jointed  on  the  petiole;  sheaths  cylindrical,  truncate,  entire, 
naked  or  ciliate-f ringed  or  margined  ;  calyx  colored,  5-parted,  appressed  to 
the  fruit ;  stamens  4-8  ;  filaments  filiform  ;  cotyledons  accumbent. 

Sheaths  nearly  or  quite  free  from  dilation. 
Annual;  achene  compressed. 

Faces  of  the  achene  umbonate ;  style  or  stamens  exserted     .        .        17.   P.  longistylum. 
Faces  of  the  achene  concave  ;  style  and  stamens  included. 
Achene  2.5-2.9  mm.  broad. 

Leaves  glabrous  beneath 16.   P.  pennsylvanicum. 

Leaves  more  or  less  flocculent-tomentose  beneath,  or  tardily 

glabrate 12.   P.  tomentoftum. 

Achene  1.5-2  mm.  broad 11.   P.  lapathifolium. 

Perennial. 

Spikes  several  in  pedunculate  panicles 13.   P.  densiftorum. 

Spikes  solitary  or  in  pairs. 

Leaves  elliptical,  obtuse  or  acute;  spikes  1.2-2.4  cm.  long;  pe- 
duncles glabrous  or  nearly  so 14.   P.  amphibium. 

Leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate,  acuminate  ;  spikes  3-10  cm.  long  ; 

peduncles  hispid,  often  glandular 15.   P.  Muhlenbergii. 

Sheaths  bristly-ciliate. 

Stem  and  peduncles  glandular-hispid 18.   P.  Careyi. 

Stem  and  peduncles  not  glandular-hispid. 
Sepals  dotted  with  dark  glands. 

Achene  dull 19.   P.  Hydropiper. 

Achene  shining 20.   P.  acre. 

Sepals  not  dark-dotted. 
Annual. 

Leaves  ovate ;  sheaths  often  with  an  herbaceous  border          .        21.  P.  orientale. 
Leaves  lanceolate ;  sheaths  without  herbaceous  border    .        .        22.   P.  Persicaria. 
Perennial. 

Sheaths  with  a  spreading  herbaceous  border  (14)  P.  amphibium,  v.  Hartwrightii. 

Sheaths  without  herbaceous  border. 

Appressed-bristly 23.   P.  setaceum. 

Finely  strigose  or  smoothish 24.   P.  hydropiperoides. 

11.  P.  lapathifblium  L.     Annual,  branching,  0.6-2.4  m.  high,  glabrous  or 
the  peduncles  obsoletely  glandular;  leaves  lanceolate,  attenuate  upward  from 
near  the  cuneate  base  and  acuminate,  somewhat  scabrous  with  short  appressed 
hairs  on  the  midrib  and  margin  ;  sheaths  and  bracts  rarely  somewhat  ciliolate  ; 
spikes  slender   (1-5  cm.  long),  somewhat  panicled,  dense,  erect  or  nodding; 
flowers  white  or  pale  rose-color  ;  stamens  6  ;  achene  ovate,  rarely  2  mm.  broad. 
(P.  incarnatum  of  auth.  and  ?  Ell,  the  latter  merely  a  robust  large-leaved  form 
with  long  drooping  spikes. )  —  Wet  places,  common  and  variable.     (Eu.)     Var. 
NODOSUM  (Pers.)  Weinmann  is  a  stout  form  with  strongly  nodose  stems  spotted 
with  red  dots. 

12.  P.  toment6sum  Schrank.     Annual,  simple  or  moderately  branched,  1-5 
dm.  high  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  lance-oblong,  acute  or  barely  acuminate,  at  least 
the  lower  retaining  more  or  less  flocculent  tomentum  on  the  under  surface; 
peduncles  distinctly  glandular ;  spikes  thickish,  the  lateral  scarcely  peduncled; 
flowers  larger  and  mostly  paler  than  in  the  last.  —  Moist  ground,  Nfd.,  e.  Canada, 
and  N.  E.  to  Cal.  and  B.  C.     (Eu. )     Passes  to  the  usually  dwarf  var.  INCANUM 
(Schmidt)  Giirke  with  leaves  all  permanently  white-woolly  underneath.     (P. 
lapathifolium,  var.  Koch.)  — Sandy  shores,  sphagnum  bogs  and  occasionally  on 
rubbish  heaps,  N.  E.  to  N.  J.  and  westw.,  chiefly  along  the  Great  Lakes.     (Eu.) 

13.  P.  densiflbrum  Meisn.     Perennial,  very  stout ;  leaves  lanceolate,  atten- 
uate at  each  end,  2-3  dm.  long,  3-6  cm.  broad  ;  spikes  several,  slender,  densely 
flowered,  rather  rigidly  erect,  paniculate  ;  sheaths  lurbinate,  much  exceeded  by 
the  slender  pedicels  ;  styles  2  ;  achene  dark  brown,  strongly  biconvex,  smooth 
and  shining,  1.6  mm.  broad.    (P.  portoricense  Bertero.)  —  S.  Mo.  to  S.  C.,  La., 
and  Tex.     (Trop.  Am.) 

14.  P.  amphibium  L.     Perennial,  aquatic  or  rooting  in  the  mud,  glabrous  or 
nearly  so,  rarely  branching  above  the  rooting  base  ;    leaves  usually  floating, 
smooth  and  shining  above,  mostly  long-petioled,  elliptical  to  oblong  or  some- 


POLYGONACEAE    (BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY^  361 

times  lanceolate,  obtuse  or  acutish,  rounded  or  rarely  subcordate  at  the  base 
(5-12  cm.  long);  peduncles  glabrous:  spike  terminal,  dense,  ovoid  or  short- 
cylindric  (1.2-2.4  cm.  long);  flowers  bright  rose-color,  3-6  mm.  long ;  the  5  sta- 
mens and  2-cleft  style  exserted.  —  Lakes  and  pools,  e.  Que.  to  N.  J.,  and  westw.  ; 
widely  distributed  and  rather  common.  (Eurasia.)  Var.  TERRESTRE  Leers  is 
an  erect  terrestrial  state  with  narrower  acutish  shortly  petioled  leaves  scabrous 
on  the  margin  and  often  strigose-pubescent ;  sheaths  without  herbaceous  bor- 
der.—  Occasional  with  the  typical  form  (also  Eu.),  and  passing  in  Am.  to  Var. 
HARTWRIGHTII  (Gray)  Bissell  with  spreading  foliaceous  borders  on  the  stipular 
sheaths.  (P.  Hartwrightii  Gray. )  —  An  ambiguous  plant,  sometimes  clearly  a 
mere  terrestrial  and  mostly  sterile  state  occurring  on  the  same  rootstock  as  the 
typical  form  ;  but  elsewhere  seemingly  a  normal  and  well  marked  fertile  variety. 

15.  P.  MuhlenbSrgii  (Meisn.)   Wats.      Perennial,  in  muddy  or  dry  places, 
rarely  in  shallow  water,  decumbent  or  suberect,  scabrous  with  short  appressed 
hairs  ;  leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate,  narrowly  acuminate  (1-2  dm.  long) ;  peduncles 
hispid  and  often  glandular;  spikes  3-10  cm.  long,  often  in  pairs;  flowers  and 
fruit  nearly  as  in  the  last.     (P.  emersum  Britton.) —  Que.  and  Me.  to  Fla.,  and 
westw.  —  Exceedingly  variable  in  foliage  and  pubescence  ;  aquatic  states  often 
have  essentially  glabrous  and  cordate  leaves,  while  in  plants  of  drier  situations 
these  are  sometimes  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute  at  base,  and  conspicuously  ap- 
pressed-pubescent  on  both  surfaces. 

16.  P.  pennsylvanicum  L.     Annual ;  leaves  lanceolate  ;  branches  above  and 
especially   the  peduncles   beset  with   stipitate   glands ;  flowers  uniform,  bright 
rose-color,  in  short  erect  spikes,  often  on  exserted  pedicels;  stamens  usually  8; 
acliene  nearly  orbicular,  over  2  mm.  broad,  at  least  one  surf  ace  concave. —  Moist 
soil,  in  open  waste  places,  centr.  Me.,  westw.  and  south w.  — Neither  the  stamens 
nor  style  conspicuously  exserted. 

17.  P.  longistylum   Small.     Very  like  the  preceding  in  habit  and  foliage; 
flowers  dimorphous,  either  the  stamens  or  style  conspicuously  exserted ;  achenes 
orbicular,  shining,  both  surfaces  convex  in  the  middle.  — From  s.  111.  and  Mo.  to 
w.  Kan.  (Meehan),  and  south  w. 

18.  P.  Cardyi  Olney.     Annual,  erect,  the  stem  (0.6-1.6  m.  high)  and  pedun- 
cles glandular-bristly;    leaves   narrowly  lanceolate,   attenuate  to  both  ends, 
roughish  ;  sheaths  ciliate  or  sometimes  margined  ;  spikes  slender,  loose  and  nod- 
ding ;  flowers  purplish  ;  stamens  mostly  5.  —  Swamps  and  recent  clearings,  Me. 
to  N.  J.,  Ont.,  and  Mich. 

19.  P.  Hydr6piper  L.     (COMMON  SMARTWEED  or  WATER  PEPPER.)    Annual, 
3-6  dm.  high,  smooth  ;    leaves   narrowly  lanceolate,  very  acrid  and  peppery; 
spikes  nodding,  usually  short  or  interrupted  ;   flowers  mostly  greenish ;    stamens 
6;  style  2-3-parted  ;    achene  dull,   minutely  striate. — Moist  or  wet  grounds; 
apparently  introduced  southeastw.,  but  indigenous  northw.  and  westw.     (Eu.) 

20.  P.    acre   HBK.      (WATER    SMARTWEED.)      Perennial,   nearly   smooth; 
stems  rooting  at  the  decumbent  base,  0.6-1.6  m.  high  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  atten- 
uate, 7-12  cm.  long,  taper-pointed  ;   spikes  erect,  rather  dense,  distinctly  pedun- 
cled;  flowers  white  or  flesh-color;    stamens  8;    style  mostly  ^-parted;   achene 
smooth  and  shining.     (P.  punctatum  Ell.,  including  var.  robustius  Small.)  — 
Wet  places;  e.  Mass.,  westw.  and  south  w.     (Trop.  Am.) 

Var.  leptostachyum  Meisn.  Annual,  erect  or  slightly  repent  at  the  base, 
3-6  dm.  high  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  smaller,  thinner,  and  lighter  green  than  in  the 
type  ;  spikes  elongated  and  very  loosely  flowered,  not  distinctly  peduncled,  the 
widely  scattered  flowers  commonly  extending  down  to  the  upper  leaf-axils.  (P. 
punctatum,  var.  Small.)  —  Moist  ground,  common  ;  sometimes  well  marked,  at 
other  times  passing  imperceptibly  into  the  typical  form. 

21.  P.  ORIENTALS  L.     (PRINCE'S  FEATHER.)     Tall  branching  annual,  soft- 
hairy;   leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  pointed,  distinctly  petioled;   sheaths  ciliate  or 
often  with  an  abrupt  spreading  border;   flowers  large,  bright  rose-color,  in  dense 
cylindrical  nodding  spikes;  stamens  7. — Sparingly  escaped  from  gardens  into 
waste  grounds.     (Introd.  from  India.) 

22.  P.   PERSICARIA  L.     (LADY'S  THUMB.)     Nearly  smooth  and  glabrous  (3-5 
dm.  high)  ;    sheaths  more  or  less  bristly-ciliate  ;   leaves   lanceolate,  pointed, 


362  POLYGONACEAE    (BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY) 

roughish,  often  marked  with  a  dark  triangular  or  lunar  spot  near  the  middle ; 
spikes  ovoid  or  short-cylindric,  dense,  erect,  on  smooth  (or  at  least  not  glandular) 
peduncles  ;  stamens  mostly  6  ;  styles  half  2-3-cleft ;  achene  gibbous-flattened  or 
sometimes  triangular,  smooth  and  shining.  —  Waste  and  damp  places,  very 
common.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

23.  P.   setaceum  Baldw.      Perennial,  stout,  erect  from  a  decumbent  and 
somewhat  repent  base,  appressed-hirsute  ;   sheaths  fringed  with  very  long  coarse 
bristles  ;  inflorescence  and  flowers  as  in  the  next,  the  achenes  slightly  larger, 
black,  shining.  —  Mo.  to  S.  C.,  Fla.,  and  Tex.     (Asia.) 

24.  P.  hydropiperoides  Michx.       (MILD  WATER  PEPPER.)      Perennial,  not 
acrid;  stem  smooth  (3-9  dm.  high),  branching;   the  narrow  sheaths  hairy; 
leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  sometimes  oblong ;   spikes  erect,  slender,  sometimes 
filiform,  often  interrupted  at  base  (3-6  cm.  long) ;  flowers  small,  flesh-color  or 
nearly  white;  sepals  not  dotted ;  stamens  8;  achene  sharply  triangular,  smooth 
and  shining.     (P.  opelousanum  Riddell.)  —  Wet  places  and  in  shallow  water, 
centr.  Me.,  westw.  and  southw.     Var.  sTRm6suM  Small  (var.  Macouni  Small) 
has  the  stem  strigose,  and  is  less  frequent  throughout  our  range. 

§4.  TOVARA  (Adans.)  Gray.  Perennials;  flowers  in  loose  naked  long  and 
slender  spikes;  calyx  rather  herbaceous  {greenish},  unequally  ^-parted', 
stamens  5  ;  styles  2,  distinct,  rigid  and  persistent  on  the  smooth  lenticular 
achene. 

25.  P.  virginianum    L.      Almost  smooth  ;  stem  terete,  upright  (6-12  dm. 
high)  ;  sheaths  cylindrical,  hairy  and  fringed  ;  leaves  ovate,  or  the  upper  ovate- 
lanceolate,   taper-pointed,   rounded   at  the   base,   short-petioled,    rough-ciliate 
(7-15  cm.  long) ;    flowers  1-3  from  each  bract,  somewhat  curved,    the   styles 
deflexed  in  fruit,  minutely  hooked.  — Thickets  in  rich  soil,  N.  H.  to  Ont.,  Minn., 
and  southw.     (Asia.) 

§  5.  ECHINOCAtJLON  Meisn.  Erect  or  reclining  annuals,  armed  with  reflex 
prickles  on  the  angles  of  the  stem,  petioles,  etc.  ;  flowers  capitate  or  few  in 
a  raceme  ;  leaves  arrow-  or  halberd-shaped. 

26.  P.    arifblium    L.      (HALBERD-LEAVED  TEAR-THUMB.)      Stem   grooved- 
angled;  leaves  halberd-shaped,  taper-pointed,  long-petioled ;  flowers  somewhat 
racemed  (few);  peduncles  glandular-bristly;  calyx  often  4-parted  ;  stamens  6  ; 
styles  2,  very  short ;  achene  lenticular  (large).  —  Low  grounds,  N.  B.  to  Ont.,  s. 
to  Ga.,  O.,  and  Mich.     (Asia.) 

27.  P.  sagittatum    L.     (ARROW-LEAVED    TEAR-THUMB.)      Stem  ^-angled; 
leaves  arrow-shaped,  short-petioled  ;  flowers  capitate  ;  peduncles  smooth ;  stamens 
mostly  8  ;  styles  3,  slender  ;  achene  sharply  ^-angled.  — Low  grounds,  common. 
—  Slender,  smooth  except  the  angles  of  the  stem  and  midrib  beneath,  which  are 
armed  with  fine  and  very  sharp  saw-toothed  prickles.     (Asia.) 

§  6.  TINlAlilA  Meisn.  Twining  (except  dwarf  var.  of  no.  29),  unarmed; 
leaves  ovate-heart-shaped ;  flowers  in  panicled  racemes;  outer  calyx-lobes 
keeled  or  winged. 

28.  P.  CONVOLVULUS  L.     (BLACK  BINDWEED.)     Annual,  twining  or  procum- 
bent,  low,  roughish,  the  joints  naked;  leaves  halberd-heart-shaped,  pointed; 
flowers  in  small  interrupted  corymbose  racemes  ;  outer  calyx-lobes  keeled  or  nar- 
rowly winged  ;  achene  minutely  roughened,  dull,  black.  —  Cultivated  and  waste 
grounds,  common.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

29.  P.  cilinode  Michx.     Perennial,  minutely  downy ;  the  sheaths  fringed  at 
the  base  with  reflexed  bristles  ;  leaves  heart-shaped  and  slightly  halberd-shaped, 
taper-pointed  ;  racemes  panicled  ;    calyx-lobes  obscurely    keeled ;  achene   very 
smooth  and  shining.  —  Copses  and  rocky  hills,  e.  Que.  to  mts.  of  N.  C.,  w.  to 
Minn,  and  Athabasca.     Var.  ERECTUM  Peck  (var.  breve  Peck)  is  a  dwarf  erect 
form  with  the  compound  racemes  chiefly  terminal. 

30.  P.  scandens   L.    (CLIMBING  FALSE  BUCKWHEAT.)     Perennial,  smooth; 
sheaths    naked;    leaves    heart-shaped    or    slightly    halberd-shaped,    pointed  ; 
racemes  interrupted,  leafy  ;  the  3  outer  calyx-lobes  strongly  keeled  and  in  fruit 


POLYGONACEAE    (BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY) 


363 


broadly  winged,  10-15  mm.  long ;  the  wings  often  crisped,  subentire  ;  achene 
smooth  and  shining,  4  mm.  long.  (P.  dumetorum,  var.  Gray.)  —  Moist  thickets, 
common  except  on  our  northern  borders.  —  Twining  2-4  in.  over  bushes. 
(Japan.) 

31.  P.   dumet6rum  L.     Similar   to   the  preceding;  fruiting  calyx  smaller, 
5-7   mm.    long;   wings  subentire ;  achene  black,  shining,   2.6-3   mm.    long. — 
Woods  and  rich  open  places,  Mass,  to  Fla.  and  Tex.,  near  the  coast  ;  inland  in 
Miss,  basin.    (Eu.)  Forma  CRISTATUM  (Engelm.  &  Gray)  Robinson  (P.  cristatum 
Engelm.    &  Gray)  differs  only  in  having  the  calyx-wings  toothed.  —  Not  rare 
with  and  often  scarcely  distinguishable  from  the  typical  form. 

§  7.  PLEUR6PTERUS  (Turcz.)  B.  &  H.    Erect  perennials,  unarmed;  leaves 
round-ovate  ;  flowers  in  panicled  racemes. 

32.  P.  CUSPID\TUM  Sieb.  &  Zucc.     Stout  and  tall,  glabrous  except  in  the  loose 
axillary  panicled  racemes  ;  leaves  round-ovate,  shortly  acuminate,  truncate  or 
cordate  at  base  ;  outer  sepals  broadly  winged  in  fruit.     (P.  Zuccarinii  Small.) 
—  Occasionally  escaped  from  gardens.     (Introd.  from  Japan.) 


5.    FAGOPYRUM    [Tourn.]  L.    BUCKWHEAT 

Calyx  petal-like,  equally  5-parted.  Stamens  8.  Styles  3 ;  stigmas  capitate. 
Achene  3-sided.  Embryo  large,  in  the  center  of  the  albumen,  which  it  divides 
into  2  parts,  with  very  broad  and  foliaceous.  plaited  and  twisted  cotyledons.  — 
Annuals,  with  triangular-heart-shaped  or  halberd-shaped  leaves,  semicylindrical 
sheaths,  and  corymbose  racemes  of  white,  greenish,  or  rose-colored  flowers. 
(Name  from  fagus,  the  beech,  and  irvpbs,  wheat,  from  the  resemblance  of  the 
grain  to  the  beech-nut ;  so  the  English  name  Buckwheat,  from  the  German  Buche, 
beech.) 

1.  F.    ESCULENTUM    Moench.     (BUCKWHEAT.)     Smoothish ;    flower  with   8 
honey-bearing  yellow-glands  interposed  between  the  stamens ;  achene  acute  and 
entire,  smooth  and  shining.     (F.  Fagopyrum  Karst.)  —  Old  fields,  remaining  as 
a  weed  after  cultivation,  and  escaping  into  copses.    June-Sept.     (Introd.  from 
Eu.) 

2.  F.  TATARICUM  (L.)    Gaertn.     (INDIA -WHEAT.)     Flowers  very  small,   on 
shorter  pedicels  ;  achene  very  dull  and  roughish,  the  sides  sulcate.— An  occa- 
sional escape  from  cultivation,  especially  in  n.  N.  E.  and  adjacent  Canada. 
(Introd.  from  Asia.) 

6.  POLYGONELLA    Michx. 

Calyx  5-parted,  petaloid,  loosely  persistent  about  the  achene,  the  3  inner 
divisions  often  enlarging  in  fruit,  in  which  case  the  outer  are  usually  spreading. 
Stamens  8.  Styles  3,  and  achene  3-angular.  Embryo  slender, 
straight  or  nearly  so,  toward  one  side  of  the  albumen.  —  Slen- 
der glabrous  annuals  or  perennials,  with 
alternate  mostly  linear  leaves  jointed  at  the 
base,  and  rather  rigid  truncate  or  oblique 
naked  sheaths  or  bracts.  Flowers  on  solitary 
pedicels  (nodding  in  fruit)  jointed  near  the 
base,  borne  in  slender  panicled  racemes. 
(Diminutive  of  Polygonum. ) 

1.    P.   articulata    (L.)   Meisn.     Annual, 
erect,  branching,  glaucous,    1-3  dm.    high  ; 
leaves  linear-filiform,  deciduous ;  flowers  rose-color  or  white, 
nodding,  in  very  slender  racemes,  sepals  subequal,  all  erect 
and  connivent  about  the  fruit;  achene  exserted,  smooth. —   7]6    p  ainericana. 
Dry  sandy  soil,  Me.  and  n.  N.  H.  to  N.  J.  and   south w.  ;   also    Branch  x  t 
in  the  interior,  chiefly  in  the  region  of  the  Great  Lakes.  —  An    Blt  of  fruiting  ra- 
anomalous  species  with  the  calyx  of  a  Polygonum.     FIG.  715.        ceme  x  i. 
2.    P.  americana  (Fisch.  &  Mey.)  Small.    Perennial,  frutes-   Fruiting  calyx  x  2. 


715.  P.  articulata. 
Branch  x  1. 
Bit  of  fruiting  raceme 
xl. 


364  CHENOPODIACEAE    (GOOSEFOOT   FAMILY) 

cent,'  leaves  linear,  persisting;  flowers  larger;  fruit  4  mm.  long;  the  2  outer 
sepals  small,  at  length  reflexed.  (P.  ericoides  Engelm.  &  Gray.)  —  S.  Mo. 
(Bush)  to  Ga.  and  Tex.  FIG.  716. 

7.     BRUNNICHIA    Banks 

Calyx-divisions  somewhat  petal-like,  oblong, 
connivent  and  coriaceous  in  fruit,  the  base  and 
almost  the  whole  length  of  the  pedicel  winged 
on  one  side.  Stamens  8 ;  filaments  capillary. 
Styles  3,  slender ;  stigmas  depressed-capitate. 
Ovule  pendulous  on  a  slender  erect  funiculus  ; 
seed  erect,  6-grooved.  Achene  obtusely  trian- 
gular, partly  3-celled,  inclosed  in  the  indurated 
calyx.  —  Somewhat  shrubby,  with  grooved 
stems,  climbing  by  tendrils  from  the  ends  of 
the  branches.  (Named  for  M.  T.  Brunnich,  a 
Norse  naturalist  of  the  18th  century.) 

1.  B.  cirrh6sa  Gaertn.   Leaves  ovate,  pointed, 
entire ;  petioles  dilated  at  base,  but  with  no  dis- 
tinct sheath  or  stipules  ;  flowers  greenish,  2-5 
71T.  B.  cirrhosa.  "  in  a  fascicle,  crowded  in  axillary  and  terminal 

Leafx%.  racemes;  fruiting  calyx  with  the  wing  2.4-2.7 

Bit  of  fruiting  raceme  x  l.  cm.  long.  —  Thickets,  s.  111.  and  Mo.  to  Tex., 

Fla.,  and  S.  C.    FIG.  717. 

CHENOPODlACEAE     (GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY) 

Chiefly  herbs,  of  homely  aspect,  more  or  less  succulent,  with  mostly  alternate 
leaves  and  no  stipules  nor  scarious  bracts,  minute  usually  greenish  flowers,  with 
the  free  calyx  imbricated  in  the  bud,  the  stamens  as  many  as  its  lobes,  or  occa- 
sionally fewer,  and  inserted  opposite  them  or  on  their  base  ;  the  I -celled  ovary 
becoming  a  l-seeded  thin  utricle  or  rarely  an  achene.  Embryo  coiled  into  a 
ring  around  the  mealy  albumen,  when  there  is  any,  or  else  conduplicate,  or 
spiral.  Calyx  persistent,  mostly  inclosing  the  fruit.  Styles  or  stigmas  2, 
rarely  3-5.  —  Mostly  inert  or  innocent,  weedy  plants  ;  several  are  pot-herbs, 
such  as  Spinach  arid  Beet. 

*  Embryo  coiled  into  a  ring  about  the  usually  copious  central  albumen ;  leaves  flat,   not   spiny ; 

stem  not  jointed. 

+•  Flowers  perfect  (or  stamens  only  occasionally  wanting),  clustered  or  panicled  ;  calyx  3-5-toothed 
or  -parted,  obvious,  persistent;  seed-coat  crustaceous. 

1.  Cycloloma.     Calyx  5-cleft,  in  fruit  surrounded  by  a  horizontal  continuous  membranaceous 

wing.    Seed  horizontal,  crustaceous.     Leaves  sinuate-toothed. 

2.  Kochia.    Like  no.  1,  but  wing  5-lobed  and  seed-coat  membranaceous.    Leaves  entire. 

3.  Roubieva.     Calyx  3-5-toothed,  becoming  saccate  and  reticulated.    Leaves  pinnatifld. 

4.  Chenopodium.     Calyx  3-5-parted,  unchanged  or  becoming  fleshy  in  fruit. 

+-  +-  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious  ;  the  staminate  in  clusters,  mostly  spiked,  the  calyx  3-5- 
parted  ;  the  pistillate  without  calyx,  inclosed  between  a  pair  of  appressed  axillary  bracts. 

5.  Atriplex.     Fruiting  bracts  with  margins  often  dilated  and  sides  often  muricate. 

-s-  -«-  +-  Flowers  polygamous,  clustered  in  the  axils,  1-sepaled,  ebracteolate. 

6.  Monolepis.     Annual  herb  with  lanceolate-hastate  leaves  ;  fruit  a  utricle. 

-j-  +-  -i-  •*-  Flowers  perfect,  naked  or  1-sepaled,  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  reduced  upper  leaves. 

7.  Corispermum.     Pericarp  oval,  flattened,  adherent  to  the  vertical  seed.     Leaves  linear. 

*  *  Embryo  narrowly  horseshoe-shaped  or  conduplicate  ;  no  albumen  ;  stem  fleshy,  jointed  ;  leaves 
reduced  to  opposite  fleshy  scales  or  teeth;  flowers  densely  spiked,  perfect. 


CHENOPOD1ACEAE    (GOOSEFOOT   FAMILY)  365 

8.  Salicornia.     Flowers  sunk  in  hollows  of  the  axis  of  the  fleshy  spike.    Calyx  utricle-like. 

*  *  *  Embryo  coiled  into  a  spiral ;  albumen  mostly  none ;  leaves  fleshy,  alternate. 

9.  Suaeda.     Embryo  flat-spiral.   Calyx  wingless.     Leaves  succulent. 

10.   Salsola.    Embryo  conical-spiral.     Calyx  in  fruit  horizontally  winged.    Leaves  spinescent. 

1.    CYCLOL6MA   Moq.     WINGED  PIGWEED 

Flowers  perfect  or  pistillate,  bractless.  Calyx  with  the  concave  lobes 
strongly  keeled,  at  length  appendaged  with  a  broad 
and  continuous  horizontal  scarious  wing.  Stamens 
5.  Styles  3  (rarely  2).  —  A  much  branched  coarse 
annual,  with  alternate  sinuate-toothed  petioled 
leaves,  and  very  small  scattered  sessile  flowers  in 
open  panicles.  (Name  composed  of  /ctf/cXos,  a  circle, 
and  Xw/ta,  a  border,  from  the  encircling  wing  of  the 
calyx.) 

1.    C.  atriplicifblium  (Spreng.)  Coult.     Diffuse 
(1.3-5  dm.  high),   more  or  less   arachnoid-pubes- 
718.  C.  atriplicifolium.  cent  or  giabrate5  ]ight  green  or  often  deep  purple. 

Flowering  branch  x  %.  ,Q  piatyphyllum  Moq.)  —  Sandy  soil,  Man.  to  s. 

Mature  flower  from  above  x  iy3.    ki^E,  and  westw.  across  the  plains;  locally 
introd.  eastw.     FIG.  718. 

• 
2.   K6CHIA  Roth. 

Characters  nearly  as  in  Cycloloma,  but  the  seed-coat  membranaceous  and 
the  albumen  wanting.  (Named  for  W.  D.  J.  Koch,  a  German  botanist,  1771- 
1849.) 

1.  K.  SCOPA.RIA  (L.)  Schrad.  Annual,  erect,  puberulent  or  glabrate, 
branching  ;  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  to  linear ;  flowers  in  small  axillary 
clusters, 'sessile;  each  sepal  at  length  developing  a  narrow  thickish  dorsal  wing 
or  appendage.  —  Frequently  cultivated  for  its  bright  autumnal  color ;  locally 
established  as  a  weed.  (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

3.    ROUBIEVA   Moq. 

Flowers  minute,  perfect  or  pistillate,  solitary  or  2-3  together  in  the  axils. 
Calyx  urceolate,  3-5-toothed,  contracted  at  the  apex  and  inclosing  the  fruit. 
Stamens  5,  included;  styles  3,  exserted.  Fruit  membranaceous,  compressed, 
glandular-dotted.  Seed  vertical.  Embryo  annular. — Perennial  glandular  herb, 
with  alternate  pinnatifid  leaves.  (Dedicated  to  Prof.  Gr.  J.  Roubieu  of  Mont- 
pellier.) 

1.    R.  MDLTfpiDA    (L.)    Moq.     Prostrate  or  ascending,  branching  and  leafy;, 
leaves  lanceolate  to  linear   (1.2-1.8  cm.  long),  deeply  pinnatifid  with  narrow 
lobes ;  fruiting  calyx  obovate.  —  Sparingly  introduced  in  the  Atlantic  States. 
(Adv.  from  S.  A.) 

4.    CHENOP6DIUM    [Tourn.]   L.     GOOSEFOOT.     PIGWEED 

Flowers  all  bractless.  Calyx  5 (rarely  4) -parted  or  -lobed,  more  or  less  en- 
veloping the  fruit.  Stamens  mostly  5  ;  filaments  filiform.  Styles  2,  rarely  3. 
Seed  lenticular,  horizontal  (i.e.  with  its  greatest  diameter  at  right  angles  to  the 
floral  axis)  or  vertical  ;  embryo  coiled  partly  or  fully  round  the  mealy  albumen. 
—  Weeds,  usually  with  a  white  mealiness,  or  glandular.  Flowers  sessile  in 
small  clusters  collected  in  spiked  panicles.  (Named  from  x^"»  #  goose,  and 
wots,  foot,  in  allusion  to  the  shape  of  the  leaves.)  —  Our  species  are  mostly 
annuals,  flowering  through  late  summer  and  autumn. 


366 


CHENOPODIACEAE    (GOOSEFOOT   FAMILY) 


a.   Glandular,  more  or  less  aromatic. 

Flowers  glomerate  ;  glomerules  in  bracteate  or  almost  naked  spikes 

Flowers  solitary,  sessile  in  open  forking  cymes,  these  in  loose  spikes. 

Flowers  pubescent  ;  lobes  of  leaves  angled,  obtuse        .        . 

Flowers  merely  pulverulent-glandular  ;  lobes  of  leaves  not  an- 

gled, acutish        .......... 

a.   Not  glandular  or  aromatic,  often  mealy  and  heavy-scented  b. 

b.  Seeds  all  vertical  ;  styles  filiform,  one  fourth  to  one  half  as  long  as 

the  diameter  of  the  utricle. 

Flowers  in  glomerules  becoming  red  and  berry-like  in  fruit  . 
Flowers  spicate,  not  succulent  in  fruit    ...... 

b.   Seeds  vertical  and  horizontal  in  the  same  inflorescence  ;    style- 

branches  short. 

Leaves  bright  green,  chiefly  acute. 
Flowers  in  leafy  spikes  ;  seed  1  mm.  broad         .        .        .        . 

Flowers  in  axillary  glomerules  ;  seed  0.5  mm.  broad.        . 
Leaves  pale  at  least  beneath,  obtuse        ...... 

b.  Seeds  all  horizontal  ;  style-branches  short  c. 
c.   Pericarp  coherent  to  the  surface  of  the  seed  d. 
d.   Leaves  large,  green,   sharply  few-toothed,  abrupt  or  usually 
cordate  at  base         ......... 

d.  Leaves  small,  entire,  ovate,  about  as  broad  as  long,  very  fetid  . 
d.   Leaves  longer  than  broad,  cuneate  at  the  base. 

Seeds  1.3-1.5  mm.  in  diameter  ;  flowers  glomerate,  usually 

mealy  ;  leaves  rhombic,  irregularly  few-toothed        .        . 

Seeds  about  1  mm.  in  diameter  ;  inflorescence  generally  loose. 

Leaves  small,  conspicuously  mucronate,  all  entire  or  the 

lower  1-3-toothed  on  each  side  ;  plant  flowering  at  the 

summit     .......... 

Leaves  rhombic-ovate  with  several    to  many  acuminate 

teeth  on  each  side. 

.  Seeds    dull  ;    inflorescences    short,   spreading,  axillary, 

rather  loose   ......... 

Seeds  (not  pericarp)  shining  ;  inflorescences  suberect, 
moniliform     ......... 

Leaves  ovate-oblong,  entire,  not  mucronate  ;  plant  flower- 
ing from  the  base  to  the  summit    ..... 

c.   Pericarp  loose,  readily  detached  from  the  seed. 

Leaves  thin,  entire  or  somewhat  toothed,  scarcely  at  all  mealy 
Leaves  entire,  linear  or  nearly  so,  very  mealy  at  least  beneath 


1.  C.  ambrosioides. 

2.  O.  Botrys. 

3.  C.  incisum. 


4.  O.   eapitatum. 

5.  C-  Sonus-Henricus 


6.  C.  rubrum. 

7.  O.  humile. 

8.  C.  glaucitm. 


9.    C.  hybridum. 
10.    C.  Vulvaria. 


11.  O.  album. 

12.  C.  Berlandieri. 

13.  C.  murale. 

14.  C.  urbicum. 

15.  C.  polyspermum, 

16.  C.  Boscianum. 

17.  C.  leptophyUum. 


1.  C.  AMBROSIOIDES  L.   (MEXICAN  TEA.)     Annual,  sm oothish  ;  leaves  slightly 
petioled,  oblong  or    lanceolate,    repand-toothed   or  nearly   entire,    the    upper 
tapering  to  both  ends  ;  spikes  densely  flowered,  leafy,  or  intermixed  with  leaves ; 
fruit  perfectly  inclosed  in  the  calyx.  —  Waste  places,  throughout  our  range, 
especially  southw.     (Nat.  from  Trop  Am.) 

Var.  ANTHELMfNTicuM  (L.)  Gray.  (WORMSEED.)  Perennial  (at  least  south- 
ward) ;  leaves  more  strongly  toothed,  the  lower  sometimes  almost  laciniate- 
pinnatifid ;  spikes  more  or  less  elongated,  mostly  leafless. — Same  range, 
sometimes  appearing  distinct,  but  all  differential  characters  inconstant.  (Nat. 
from  Trop.  Am.) 

2.  C.  INCISUM   Poir.     Annual,    glandular-pulverulent  and    aromatic ;   leaves 
sinuate-pinnatifid  or  -toothed,  the   lobes  ovate-lanceolate,  entire  or  nearly  so, 
acutish ;  flowers  minute,  nearly  smooth,  in  open  forking  cymes  borne  in  elon- 
gated mostly  leafy   inflorescences. — Thoroughly   established  and  abundant  in 
cultivated  fields,  North  Berwick,  Me.  (Parlin).     (Adv.  from  Trop.  Am.) 

3.  C.    B6TRYS   L.     (JERUSALEM    OAK,    FEATHER    GERANIUM.)      Glandular- 
pubescent  and  viscid ;  leaves  slender-petioled,  oblong,  obtuse,  sinuate-pinnatifid, 
the  lobes  angled  and  obtuse  ;  racemes  cyme-like,  spreading,  loose,  leafless;  fruit 
not  perfectly  inclosed.  —  Widely  introduced.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

4.  C.    eapitatum    (L.)    Asch.     (STRAWBERRY    ELITE.)      Stem    ascending, 
branching ;   leaves   triangular  and  somewhat  halberd-shaped,  sinuate-toothed  ; 
clusters  simple  (large},  interruptedly  spiked,  the  upper  leafless;  stamens  1-5; 
calyx   berry-like   in   fruit ;   seed  ovoid,   flattish,   smooth,  with   a  very  narrow 
margin.     (Blitum  L.)  — Light  soil  and  newly  cleared  land,  e.  Que.  to  Alaska, 
s.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  111.,  Minn.,  and  in  the  Rocky  Mts. — The  calyx  becomes  pulpy 
and  bright  red  in  fruit,  when  the  large  clusters  look  like  strawberries.     (Eu.) 

5.  C.   B6Nus-HENRicus   L.     (  GOOD-KING-HENRY.)     Stout,    erect   (0.8-3   m. 
high),  mostly  simple  ;  leaves  broadly  triangular-hastate  (5-12  cm.  long),  sub- 


CHENOPODIACEAE    (GOOSEFOOT   FAMILY)  367 

sinuate  or  entire;  flowers  somewhat  densely  paniculate-spiked  ;  seed  with  obtuse 
edges.  —  Sparingly  in  waste  places.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

6.  C.  rubrum   L.    (COAST  ELITE.)     Stem  angled,   much  branched ;    leaves 
thickish,  triangular-lanceolate,  tapering  below   into  a  wedge-shaped   base  and 
above  into  a  slender  point,  sparingly  and  coarsely  toothed,  the  upper  linear- 
lanceolate  ;  clusters  scattered  in  axillary  leafy  spikes ;  calyx-lobes  2-4,  rather 
fleshy  ;  stamens  1-2  ;  seed  shining,  1  mm.  broad,  the  margin  acute.  —  Salt  marshes, 
Nfd.  to  N.  J.,  and  in  saline  places  to  Minn,  and  the  Pacific  coast.   (Eu.) 

7.  C.  humile  Hook.     Similar,  dwarf  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  spatulate,  occasion- 
ally hastate  ;  flowers  in  axillary  glomerules  ;  seed  0.5  mm.  broad.  —  Brackish  or 
saline  soil,  coast  of  Me.  (Miss  Furbish);  Man.  to  the  Pacific. 

8.  C.  GLAUCUM  L.  (OAK-LEAVED  G.)  Low,  spreading,  glaucous-mealy  ;  leaves 
sinuately  pinnatifld-toothed,  oblong,  pale  green  above,  white  beneath;  clusters 
in  axillary  spikes,  small ;  seed  sharp-edged.  — Waste  places.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

9.  C.  hybridum  L.    (MAPLE-LEAVED   G.)     Bright  green  throughout ;  stem 
widely  much  branched  (6-12  dm.  high);  leaves  thin  (5-15  cm.  long),  somewhat 
triangular  and  heart-shaped,  taper-pointed,  sinuate-angled,  the  angles  extending 
into  a  few  large  and  pointed  teeth;  racemes  diffusely  and  loosely  panicled, 
leafless;  calyx  not  fully  covering  the   fruit,   its   lobes   keeled.  —  Woods;  also 
frequent  in  waste  places  and  about  cities,  centr.  Me. ,  westw.  and  south w. 

10.  C.  VULVARIA  L.    Low  and  spreading,  branched  from  the  base ;   leaves 
entire,  broadly  ovate,  acutish  (1  cm.  long),  on  slender  petioles  nearly  their  own 
length,  very  fetid  when  rubbed  or  crushed ;  inflorescences  small,  scattered.  — 
Waste  places,  chiefly  about  cities.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

11.  C.   ALBUM  L.      (LAMB'S  QUARTERS,    PIGWEED.)     Erect,    more   or  less 
mealy;  leaves  varying  from  rhombic-ovate  to  lanceolate  or  the  uppermost  even 
linear,    acute,    all   or  only  the  lower  more   or  less  angulate-toothed  ;  clusters 
spiked-panicled,  mostly  dense ;  calyx  (2-2.7  mm.  broad)  with  strongly  carinate 
lobes,  nearly  or  quite  covering  the  seed.  —  Introduced  everywhere.     (Nat.  from 
Eu.)     Var.  V^RIDE  (L.)  Moq.  is  less  mealy  and  has  a  less  dense  inflorescence. — 
Frequent,  especially  eastw. 

12.  C.  Berlandidri  Moq.     Slender,  3-6  dm.  tall ;  leaves  rhombic  and  somewhat 
hastately  l-several-toothed  upon  each  side ;  the  upper  leaves  elliptical,  entire, 
mucronate ;  inflorescence  a  loose  pyramidal  panicle  ;  flowers  smaller  and  less 
glomerate  than  in  C.  album. — Ottawa,  Ont.  (Macoun)  to  Fla.  and  Mex. — A 
doubtful  species,  perhaps  only  a  variety  of  the  preceding. 

13.  C.  MURA.LE  L.     Resembles  the  preceding,  but  less  erect,  loosely  branched 
(3-6  dm.  high);  leaves  rhombic-ovate,  acute,  coarsely,  sharply,  and  unequally 
toothed,  thin,  bright  green  ;   spikes  or  racemes  diverging,  somewhat  corymbed ; 
calyx-lobes  scarcely  keeled ;  seed  sharp-edged.  —  Waste  places.    (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

14.  C.  URBICUM  L.     Rather  pale  or  dull  green,  nearly  destitute  of  mealiness, 
with  erect  branches   (3-9  dm.    high);   leaves  triangular,  acute,    coarsely  and 
sharply  many-toothed ;  spikes  erect,   crowded  in  a  long  and  narrow  racemose 
panicle ;  calyx-lobes  not  keeled ;  s»ed  with  rounded    margins.  —  Apparently 
throughout  our  range.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

15.  C.    POLYSPERMUM  L.     Low,  often  spreading,  green  and  wholly  destitute 
of  mealiness;  leaves  all  entire,  oblong  or  ovate  and  on  slender  petioles  ;  flowers 
very  small,  in  slender  panicles  in  all  the  axils,  the  thin  lobes  of  the  calyx  very 
incompletely  inclosing  the  fruit;  seed  obtuse-edged.  —  Sparingly  naturalized  in 
the  Eastern  States.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

16.  C.  Boscianum  Moq.     Erect,  slender  (6-9  dm.  high),  loosely  branched, 
often   nearly  glabrous;  leaves   oblong-  to   linear-lanceolate   (3-5   cm.    long), 
attenuate   into  a  slender  petiole,  acute,  the  lower  sinuate-dentate  or  often  all 
entire  ;  flowers  small,  solitary  or  in  small  clusters  upon  the  slender  branchlets ; 
calyx  not  strongly  carinate.  —  Ct.    (BisselV)  to  the  Great  Lakes,  s.  to  N.  C. 
and  Tex. 

17.  C.  leptophyllum  Nutt.     Densely  mealy  or  sometimes  nearly  glabrous  (2-7 
dm.  high),  simple  or  branched,  often  strict;  leaves  linear  (1.5-2.5  cm.  long), 
entire,  rather  shortly  petioled  ;  flowers  closely  clustered,  in  dense  or  interrupted 
spikelets;  calyx-lobes  strongly  carinate.      (Cy.  album,   var.   Moq.) — Near  the 


368  CHENOPODIACEAE    (GOOSEFOOT   FAMILY) 

coast,  Me.  to  N.  J.  and  Pa.;  n.  shore  of  L.  Erie;  and  from  w.  Wise,  to  Col., 
N.  Mex.,  and  westw.  Var.  OBLONGiF6nuM  Wats,  is  a  form  with  somewhat 
broader  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate  leaves. — S.  Me.  (Parlin)  ;  Mo.  (Bush), 
and  south  westw. 

5.    ATRIPLEX    [Tourn.]    L.     ORACH 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious  ;  the  staminate  like  the  flowers  of  Cheno- 
podium,  but  sterile  by  the  abortion  of  the  pistil ;  the  fertile  consisting  simply 
of  a  naked  pistil  inclosed  between  a  pair  of  appressed  foliaceous  bracts,  which 
are  enlarged  in  fruit,  and  sometimes  united.  Seed  vertical.  Embryo  coiled 
into  a  ring  around  the  albumen.  In  one  section,  including  the  Garden  Orach, 
there  are  some  fertile  flowers  with  a  calyx,  like  the  staminate,  but  without 
stamens,  and  with  horizontal  seeds. — Herbs  (ours  annuals),  usually,  mealy  or 
scurfy  with  bran-like  scales  and  with  spiked-clustered  flowers ;  in  summer  and 
autumn.  (The  ancient  Latin  name,  a  corruption  of  the  Greek,  dr/ad^a^ts.) 

1.  A.  ROSEA  L.     Hoary-mealy  ;    leaves  short-petioled  or  the  upper  sessile, 
rhombic-ovale  or  oblong  with  a  wedge-shaped  base,  coarsely  sinuate-toothed; 
fertile  flowers  mostly  clustered  in  the  axils ;  fruiting  bracts  broad,  often  cut- 
toothed  and  warty.  — Sparingly  introduced  at  the  East.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  A.  patula  L.     Erect  or  prostrate  (3-12  dm.  high),  glabrous  or  somewhat 
scurfy  ;  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate-hastate  (2-10  cm.  long),  the  lower  sometimes 
opposite,  entire  or  sparingly  sinuate-dentate,  petioled,  the  upper  lanceolate  to 
linear  ;   flowers  clustered  in  rather  slender  spikes,  the  two  kinds  together  or 
separate  ;  fruiting  bracts  ovate-triangular  or  rhombic-hastate,  entire  or  toothed, 
often  muricate  on  the  back,  united  to  near  the  middle.  — Nfd.  to  N.  J.,  Mo.,  and 
B.C.     (Eu.)     Very  variable;   the  marked  extremes  are:   Var.  HASTA.TA  (L.) 
Gray.     Erect  or  spreading,  stout,  at  least  the  lower  leaves  broadly  triangular- 
hastate,  often  coarsely  and  irregularly  toothed.  — Nfd.  to  Va.,  Mo.,  and  north- 
westw.,  chiefly  in  saline  places  and  along  the  Great  Lakes.     (Eu.)     Var.  LITTO- 
RALIS  (L.)  Gray.     Slender;  leaves  linear-lanceolate  to  linear,  rarely  subhastate 
or  toothed.  — P.  E.  I.  to  N.  J.,  and  westw.  along  the  Great  Lakes. 

3.  A.  arena  ria  Nutt.     Silvery -mealy,  diffusely  spreading  ;  leaves  oblong,  nar- 
rowed at  base,  nearly  sessile ;  fruiting  bracts  broadly  wedge-shaped,  united, 
3-nerved,  2-5-toothed  at  the  summit,  and  usually  strongly  muricate  and  reticu- 
late on  the  sides.  —  Sandy  beaches,  along  the  coast,  Mass,  to  Fla. 

4.  A.  argentea  Nutt.     Usually  low,  much  branched,  gray-scurfy,  leafy  ;  leaves 
deltoid  or  subrhombic,  often  subhastate  ;  staminate  flowers  in  terminal  spikes  ; 
fruiting  bracts  round-rhombic,  indurated,  united,  the  free  margins  more  or  less 
dilated  and  deeply  toothed,  the  sides  variously  appendaged.  —  Red  River  Valley, 
Minn.,  south  w.  and  westw. 

6.   MON6LEPIS   Schrad. 

Flowers  small,  glomerate  in  the  upper  axils.  Sepal  1,  green,  entire,  bract- 
like,  fleshy,  obtuse.  Utricle  moderately  flattened.  Seed  vertical,  much  com- 
pressed. Embryo  annular  about  copious  albumen.  (Name  from  /*6ws,  one, 
and  \eiris,  scale.) 

1.  M.  Nuttalliana  (R.  &  S.)  Wats.  Branched  from  the  base,  0.7-3  dm. 
high,  somewhat  fleshy,  rather  pale  green,  scarcely  or  not  at  all  mealy  ;  leaves 
narrow,  slender-petioled,  hastate,  passing  gradually  into  foliaceous  bracts.  — 
Saline  and  alkaline  soil,  from  the  Great  Plains  westw.,  extending  east  to  Man., 
and  Minn.  ;  and  introd.  in  Mo. 

7.   CORISPERMUM   [A.  Juss.]   L.     BUG-SEED 

Calyx  of  a  single  delicate  sepal  on  the  inner  side.  Stamens  1  or  2,  rarely  5. 
Styles  2.  Fruit  oval,  flat,  with  the  outer  face  rather  convex  and  the  inner  con- 
cave, sharp-margined,  seed  vertical.  Embryo  slender,  coiled  around  a  central 
albumen.  —  Low  branching  annuals,  with  narrow  linear  alternate  1-nerved 


CHENOPODIACEAE  (GOOSEFOOT   FAMILY) 


369 


719.   C.  hyssopi- 
folium. 


leaves.     (Name  formed  of  /c6pts,  a  bug,  and 
<nr{p/j.a,  seed.) 

1.    C.  hyssopifblium  L.     Somewhat  hairy 
when    young,    pale  ;    floral    leaves   or  bracts 
awl-shaped  from  a  dilated  base  or  the  upper 
ovate  and  pointed,   scarious-margined  ;  fruit 
Part  of  inflorescence    wing-margined.  —  Sandy    beaches    along    the 
xi.  Great  Lakes;  Mo.  to  Tex.,  and  north  westw. 

Fruit  x  2.       .  FIG.  719. 

8.   SALIC6RNIA    [Tourn.]    L.     GLASSWORT.     SAMPHIRE 

Flowers  perfect,  3  together  immersed  in  each  hollow  of  the  thickened  upper 
joints,  forming  a  spike  ;  the  two  lateral  sometimes  sterile.  Stamens  1  or  2. 
Styles  2,  united  at  base.  Seed  vertical,  without  albumen.  Embryo  thick,  the 
cotyledons  incumbent  upon  the  radicle.  —  Low  saline  plants,  with  succulent 
leafless  jointed  stems,  and  opposite  branches  ;  the  flower-bearing  branchlets 
forming  the  spikes.  (Name  composed  of  sal,  salt,  and  cornu,  a  horn ;  saline 
plants  with  horn-like  branches.) 

Annuals  ;  middle  flower  higher  than  the  lateral  ones. 

Scales  mucronate-pointed  and  conspicuous,  especially  when  dry       .        .        .  1.  S.  mucronata. 
Scales  blunt  or  bluntish,  inconspicuous. 

Joints  much  longer  than  thick,  conspicuously  exceeding  the  middle  flower  2.  S.  europaea. 

Joints  about  as  thick  as  long,  scarcely  exceeding  the  middle  flower       .        .  3.  S.  rubra. 

Perennial ;  flowers  nearly  equal  in  height 4.  S.  ambigua. 

1.  S.  mucronata  Bigel.     Unbranched  or  with  strongly  ascending  simple  or 
slightly  forked  branches,  rather  stout  (0.5-3  dm.  high),  turning  red  in  age; 
spikes  thick,  blunt,  closely  jointed ;  the  joints  thicker  than  long;  middle  flower 
half  higher  than  the  lateral  ones  or  less,  occupying  nearly  the  whole  length  of 
the  joint;  fruit  pubescent ;  seed  1-1.5  mm.  long.     (S.  Bigelowii  Torr.)  —  Salt 
marshes,  N.  S.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  ;  also  Cal. 

2.  S.  europaSa  L.  Erect  (1-4.5  dm.  high),  from  simple  to  freely  branched, 
the  branches  ascending,  green,  turning  red  in  autumn  ;  scales  obscure  and  very 
blunt,  making  a  truncate  barely  emarginate  termination  of  the  long  joints  of  the 
stem  or  elongated  slender  (1.5-2.5  mm.  thick)  tapering  spikes;  middle  flower 
much  higher  than  the  lateral  ones,  shorter  than  the  joint ;  fruit  pubescent ;  seed 
1.3-2  mm.  long.     (S.  herbacea  L.)  —  Salt  marshes  of  the  coast,  N.  B.  to  Ga. ; 
interior  salt  springs,  N.  B.  and  N.  Y. ;  and  on  the  Pacific  coast.      (Eurasia.) 
Var.  PACHYSTACHYA  (Koch)  Fernald  has  the  spikes  much  thicker  (3-4.5  mm. 
thick).  — Similar  range,  less  common.     (Eu.) 

Var.  prostrata  (Pall.)  Fernald.  Branches  horizontally  spreading  or  droop- 
ing, very  soft  and  lax,  the  lowest  much  elongated  and  decumbent ;  or  the  whole 
plant  depressed  and  matted.  —  Brackish  or  alkaline  shores,  e.  Que.  to  e.  Me. ; 
Sask.  (Eurasia.)- 

3.  S.  rubra  Nelson.    Bushy-branched  (0.5-2  dm.  high),  the  abundant  simple 
or  forking  branches  ascending,  turning  red  in  autumn  ;  scales  broadly  triangu- 
lar, blunt  or  subacute  ;  spikes  slender-cylindric  (2-3.5  mm.  thick),  blunt,  rather 
closely  jointed  ;  flowers  crowded,  the  middle  one  higher  than  the  others  and 
usually  reaching  the  tips  of  the  joints  ;  fruit  pubescent ;  seed  1  mm.  long.  —  Low 
alkaline  places,  Man.  and  w.  Minn,  to  centr.  Kan.,  and  westw.  to  the  Rocky  Mts. 

4.  S.  ambigua  Michx.     Numerous  tufted  stems  (1-3  dm.  long)  decumbent 
or  ascending  from  a  hard  and  rather  woody  creeping  base  or  rootstock,  greenish, 
turning  lead-colored  ;   spikes  slender,  short-jointed,  the  scales  short,  acutish  or 
acute;  flowers  nearly  equal  in  height  and  equaling  the  joint;  seed  pubescent, 
0.7  mm.  long.  —  Sea-coast,  Mass,  to  Fla.  ;  also  Pacific  coast . 

9.    SUAEDA  Forsk&l.     SEA  ELITE 

Flowers  sessile  in  the  axils  of  leafy  bracts.     Calyx  5-parted,  fleshy,  inclosing 
the  fruit  (utricle)  and  often  carinate  or  crested.     Stamens  5.     Stigmas  2  or  3. 
GRAY'S  MANUAL  —  24 


370  CHENOPODIACEAE    (GOOSEFOOT    FAMILY) 

Seed  vertical  or  horizontal,  with  a  flat-spiral  embryo,  dividing  the  scanty  albu- 
men (when  there  is  any)  into  two  portions.  —  Fleshy  saline  plants,  with  alternate 
nearly  terete  linear  leaves.  (An  Arabic  name.)  DOMDIA  Adans. 

Leaves  linear  or  slender-cyHndric,  not  broadened  at  base  ;  plants  of  Atlantic  coast. 

Seed  2  mm.  broad 1.    8.  mariUma. 

Seed  1.2-1.5  mm.  broad. 

Sepals  rounded  (not  carinate)  on  the  back 2.    S.  Bichii. 

Sepals  (or  some  of  them)  carinate  on  the  back. 

1  or  2  sepals  more  cucullate-carinate  than  the  others         .        .        .        .  3.    S.  americana. 

Sepals  equally  carinate .        .        .  4.    S.  linearia. 

Leaves  strongly  dilated  at  base;  plants  of  western  plains 5.     S.  depressa. 

1.  S.  maritima  (L.)  Dumort.     Comparatively  low,  0.5-4  (rarely  5  or  6)  dm. 
high,  ascending  or  depressed,  subsimple  or  with  spreading-ascending  or  decumbent 
subsimple  branches,  or  even  forming  depressed  mats  ;  leaves  usually  glaucous, 
acutish,  semicylindric  (flat  above,  convex  beneath),  5  cm.  or  less  long  ;   those  of 
the  flowering  branches  shorter,  and  much  exceeding  the  1-4  axillary  flowers  ; 
sepals  pale  green,  rounded  or  obscurely  keeled  on  the  back ;  seed  red-brown  or 
black.     (Dondia  Druce.)  —  Common  on  salt  marshes,  e.  Que.  to  Ct.,  and  occa- 
sionally southw.  to  La.     Fr.,  June-Sept.    (Eu.) 

2.  S.  Richii  Fernald.     Stems  procumbent,  forming  mats  5  dm.  or  less  across 
(sometimes  fruiting  when  1  cm.  long);  leaves  dark  green,  not  glaucous,  subcylin- 
dric,  dorsally  compressed,  obtuse,  the  lower  1.5  cm.  or  less  in  length  ;  those  of 
the  flowering  branches  broader  and  shorter  (4-5  mm.   long)  ;    seed  black. — 
Salt  marshes  and  wet  sand,  coast  of  N.  S.  and  Me.     Fr.,  July-Sept. 

3.  S.  americana  (Pers.)  Fernald.     Stems  procumbent,  the  branches  2  or  3 
dm.  long,  only  the  abundant  densely  flowered  spiciform  ultimate  branches  as- 
cending ;  leaves  linear,  thickish  (flat  above),  acute,  the  lower  about  2  cm.  long, 
those  subtending  the  crowded  flowers  broader  and  shorter  ;  sepals  very  irreg- 
ular, 1  or  2  strongly  keeled.     (Salsola  salsa,  var.  Pers.)  —  Salt  marshes,  lower 
St.  Lawrence  R.  to  s.  Me.    Fr.,  late  Sept. -Nov.  —  Mature  plant  purplish  through- 
out. 

4.  S.  linearis  (Ell.)  Moq.     Erect  or   ascending,   2-9   dm.  high,  profusely 
branched ;    the  slender  branches  ascending  or  wide-spread,  not  procumbent ; 
leaves  narrowly  linear,  acute,  deep  green,  not  glaucous,  the  lower  4  cm.  or  less 
long,  the  upper  similar  but  shorter  ;  sepals  equally  carinate.    (Dondia  americana 
Britton,  not  Salsola  salsa,  var.  americana  Pers.) — Sandy  coast,  Me.  to  Tex. 
Fr.,  Sept. -Nov. 

5.  S.  deprSssa  (Pursh)  Wats.       Decumbent  or  erect,  branching  from   the 
base  ;  leaves  broadest  at  base,  the  cauline  1-4  cm.  long,  the  floral  lanceolate  to 
ovate  ;  one  or  more  of  the  calyx-lobes  very  strongly  carinate  or  crested.     (Don- 
dia Britton.) — Saline  soil,  Man.  and  w.  Minn,  to  Neb.,  and  westw.  across  the 
plains. 

10.    SALSOLA  L.     SALTWORT 

Flowers  perfect,  with  2  bractlets.  Calyx  5-parted,  its  divisions  at  length 
horizontally  winged  on  the  back,  the  wings  forming  a  broad  scarious  border. 
Stamens  mostly  5.  Styles  2.  Seed  horizontal,  without  albumen.  —  Herbs  or 
slightly  shrubby  branching  plants  with  fleshy  and  rather  terete  or  awl-shaped 
leaves  and  sessile  axillary  flowers.  (Diminutive  of  salsus,  salty,  alluding  to  the 
saline  habitat  of  most  of  the  species.) 

1.  S.  Kali  L.  (COMMON  S.)  Annual,  diffusely  branching,  bushy,  pubes- 
cent (rarely  glabrous)  ;  leaves  all  alternate,  awl-shaped,  stiffish,  prickly-pointed; 
flowers  single  ;  calyx  with  converging  lobes  forming  a  sort  of  beak  over  the  fruit, 
the  yellowish  to  lead-colored  wings  nearly  orbicular  and  spreading.  —  Sandy 
sea-shore,  Nfd.  to  Ga.,  and  saline  places  inland.  Aug.  (Eu.)  Var.  CAROLIN- 
IANA  (Walt.)  Nutt.  Glabrous  throughout  (rarely  pubescent);  the  wings 
larger,  roseate.  —  Similar  range.  (Eu.) 

Var.  TENUIF6LIA  G.  F.  W.  Mey.  (RUSSIAN  THISTLE.)  Erect  or  ascending, 
very  bushy  ;  leaves  especially  on  the  young  and  vegetative  stems  longer  (3-7  cm. 


AMARANTHACEAE    (AMARANTH   FAMILY)  371 

in  length),  more  slender,  filiform;  flowers  somewhat  variable  but  apparently 
showing  no  constant  difference  from  those  of  the  typical  form.  (S.  Tragus  of 
auth.,  but  scarcely  of  L.)  —  A  weed  of  recent  introduction,  exceedingly  abundant 
and  pernicious  in  the  Northwestern  States ;  also  locally  established  eastw.  (Nat. 
from  Asia.) 

AMARANTHACEAE    (AMARANTH  FAMILY) 

Weedy  herbs,  with  nearly  the  characters  of  the  preceding  family,  but  the 
flowers  mostly  imbricated  with  dry  and  scarious  persistent  bracts ;  these  often 
colored,  commonly  3  in  number.  —  The  greater  part  of  the  family  tropical. 

*  Anthers  2-celled  ;  leaves  alternate. 

•*-  Ovary  1-ovuled ;  filaments  separate  and  distinct. 

1.  Amaranthus.     Flowers  monoecious  or  polygamous,  all  with  a  calyx  of  5  or  sometimes  3  dis- 

tinct erect  sepals,  not  falling  off  with  the  fruit. 

2.  Acnida.    Flowers  dioecious.     Calyx  none  in  the  fertile  flowers. 

-i-  -«-  Ovary  2-8-ovuled  ;  filaments  united  at  base. 
8.   Celosia.     Flowers  perfect.    Calyx  5-parted. 

*  *  Anthers  1-celled  ;  leaves  opposite. 

4.  Iresine.    Calyx  of  5  sepals.    Filaments  united  below  into  a  cup.    Flowers  paniculate. 

5.  Froelichia.     Calyx  5-cleft.     Filaments  united  into  a  tube.    Flowers  spicate. 

6.  Gomphrena.    Calyx  of  5  sepals  or  5-cleft.    Filaments  united  into  an  elongate  tube.    Flowers 

capitate. 

1.   AMARANTHUS    [Tourn.]   L.     AMARANTH 

Flowers  3-bracted.  Calyx  glabrous.  Stamens  5,  rarely  2  or  3,  separate  ; 
anthers  2-celled.  Stigmas  2  or  3.  Fruit  an  ovoid  1-seeded  utricle,  2-3-beaked 
at  the  apex,  mostly  longer  than  the  calyx,  opening  transversely  or  sometimes 
bursting  irregularly.  Embryo  coiled  into  a  ring  around  the  albumen.  — Coarse 
annual  weeds,  with  alternate  and  entire  petioled  setosely  tipped  leaves,  and 
small  green  or  purplish  flowers  in  axillary  or  terminal  spiked  clusters  ;  in  late 
summer  and  autumn.  (Afj.dpa.vTos,  unfading,  because  the  dry  calyx  and  bracts 
do  not  wither.) 

§  1.    Utricle  thin,  circumscissile,  the  top  falling  away  as  a  lid;  flowers  polyga- 
mous. 

*  Flowers  in  terminal  and  axillary  simple  or  mostly  panicled  spikes  ;  stem  erect 
(0.3-2  m.  high}  ;   leaves  long-petioled  ;  stamens  and  sepals  5. 

I-  Sepals  spatulate. 

1.  A.  PALMERI  Wats.     Erect ;  leaves  ovate,  long-petioled  ;  spikes,  especially 
the  terminal,  very  long  (1-3  dm.)  ;  sepals  somewhat  unguiculate;  bracts  pun- 
gent.—  By  railroads  and  about  towns,  Mo.  and  Kan.;  and  locally,  e.  Mass. 
(Adv.  from  the  S.  W.) 

•»-  •«-  Sepals  ovate-lanceolate  to  oblong. 

2.  A.  RETROFLEXUS  L.     (GREEN  A.,  PIGWEED.)     Roughish  and  more  or  less 
pubescent ;  leaves  dull  green,  long-petioled,  ovate  or  rhombic-ovate,  undulate  ; 
the  thick  spikes  crowded  in  a  stiff  glomerate  panicle ;   bracts  awn-pointed,  rigid, 
exceeding  the  acute  or  obtuse  sepals.  —  Cultivated  grounds,  common  ;  indigenous 
southwestw.     (Adv.  from  Trop.  Am.) 

3.  A.    HYBRIDUS  L.     (GREEN  A.,  PIGWEED.)     Similar,   but  smoother  and 
deeper  green,  with   more  slender-cylindric  more   or  less  flexuous  spikes,  the 
lateral  ones  spreading ;  bracts  rather  long-awned,  and  sepals  acute  or  acuminate. 
{A.  chlorostachys  Willd.) — Cultivated   grounds,    common.     (Nat.  from  Trop. 
Am.)      Forma    HYPOCHONDRIACUS    (L.)      Robinson.      (PRINCE'S    FEATHER.) 
Leaves,  bracts,  and  flowers  purple-tinged  or  livid.     (A.  hypochondriacus  L.)  — 
Sometimes  cultivated,  and  occasionally  found  on  waste  ground.  — It  is  to  be 


372 


AMARANTHACEAE    (AMARANTH    FAMILY) 


distinguished  from  the  following  species  chiefly  by  its  smoother  character,  thicker 
spikes,  and  longer-awned  bracts. 

4.  A.  PANICULA.TUS  L.  (PURPLE  A.)  Stem  mostly  pubescent;  leaves 
oblong-ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate  ;  spikes  long,  numerous  and  slender,  panicled, 
spreading;  bracts  merely  awn-pointed;  flowers  small,  green  tinged  with  red,  or 
sometimes  crimson  ;  fruit  2-3-toothed  at  the  apex,  longer  than  the  calyx.  (A 
hybridus,  var.  Uline  &  Bray.) — Roadsides,  etc.  (Adv.  from  Trop.  Am.) 

*  *  Flowers  crowded  in  close  and  small  axillary  clusters  ;  stems  low,  spreading 
or  ascending;  stamens  and  sepals  3,  or  the  former  only  2. 

5.  A.    graecizans    L.      (TUMBLE    WEED.)     Smooth,    pale 
green ;  stems  whitish,  erect  or  ascending,  diffusely  branched ; 
leaves   small,    obovate  and   spatulate- oblong,  very   obtuse  or 
retuse ;     flowers    greenish ;     sepals 

acuminate,  half  the  length  of  the 
rugose  fruit,  much  shorter  than 
the  subulate  rigid  pungently  pointed 
bracts  ;  seed  small,  0.8  mm.  broad. 
(A  albus  L.)  —  Waste  grounds, 
common.  FIG.  720. 

6.  A.  blitoides  Wats.     Like  the 
last,   but  prostrate  or  decumbent; 
spikelets  usually  contracted  ;  bracts 
ovate-oblong,    shortly     acuminate; 

obtuse  or  acute  ;  fruit  not  rugose  ;  seed  about 
1.5  mm.  broad. — From  Minn,  to  Mo.,  Tex.,  and 
westw. ;  also  introduced  eastw. ,  chiefly  on  railroad 
ballast.  FIG.  721. 


720.  A.  graecizans 


721.    A.  blitoides. 
Tip  of  branch  X  2/3.     Seed  x  4. 


3. 


§  2.    Utricle  thinnish,  bursting  or  imperfectly  circumscissile  ;  flowers  monoecious. 

7.  A.  spiN6sus  L.  (THORNY  A.)  Smooth,  bushy-branched  ;  stem  reddish  ; 
leaves  rhombic-ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  dull  green,  a  pair  of  spines  in  their 
axils ;  upper  clusters  sterile,  forming  long  and  slender  spikes  ;  the  fertile  globular 
and  mostly  in  the  axils;  flowers  yellowish-green,  small. — Waste  grounds,  Me. 
to  Minn.,  and  southw.  (Nat.  from  Trop.  Am.) 

EtTXOLUS  (Raf.)  Gray.     Utricle  remaining  closed  or  bursting  irregu- 
larly;  no  spines  ;  bracts  inconspicuous. 

*  Leaves  relatively  large  (2-3  cm.  in  breadth). 

8.  A.  LfviDus  L.     Stem  fleshy,  red  ;  leaves  emarginate,  ovate 
or  obovate,  2-4  cm.  long,  on  petioles  two  thirds  as  long;  bracts 
very  short ;  utricle  thin,  smooth.  —  About  Atlantic  ports,  not  very 
common.     FIG.  722.     (Adv.  from  Trop.  Am.) 

9.  A.  vfRims  L.     Similar,  but  with  a  warty 
utricle.  —  About  Atlantic  ports;  also  reported  in 
O.     FIG.  723.     (Adv.  from  Trop.  Am.) 

*  *  Leaves  smaller. 


722.  A.  lividus. 

Calyx  and  utricle 

X3. 


723.  A.  viridis. 

Calyx  and  utricle 

x3. 


10.  A.  pumilus   Raf.      Low  or  prostrate  ;  leaves  fleshy  and 

obovate,  emarginate,  strongly  nerved ;  flower-clusters  small  and  axillary ; 
stamens  and  sepals  5,  the  latter  half  the  length  of  the  obscurely  5-ribbed  fruit. 
—  Sandy  beaches,  R.  I.  to  N.  C. 

11.  A.  DEFLEXUS  L.     Low,  spreading  ;  leaves  ovate,  thin,  flat ;  spikes  chiefly 
terminal,   thickish,   bluntly  cordate ;   utricle   ovoid,    smooth,    5-nerved,   much 
longer  than  the  sepals.  —  Waste   land  near  the  larger  Atlantic  ports.     (Adv. 
from  Eu.) 

12.  A.  CRfspus  (Lesp.  &  The"v.)  A.  Br.     Very  slender,  procumbent,  pubes- 
cent;  leaves  small,  light  green,  rhombic-ovate  to -lanceolate,  acute,  the  margin 
crisped  and   undulate  ;  flowers  in   small   axillary  clusters ;   bracts  and  sepals 
^carious,  oblanceolate,  acute  or  obtuse  ;  utricle  about  as  long,  roughened,  neither 


AMARANTH  ACE  AE   (AMARANTH  FAMILY)  373 

nerved  nor  angled.  —  Streets  of  Albany,  New  York  City,  and  Brooklyn  ;  doubt- 
less introduced,  but  the  native  habitat  unknown. 

2.    ACNtDA  L.     WATER  HEMP 

Habit  of  Amaranthus.  Bracts  1-3,  unequal.  Staminate  calyx  of  5  thin 
oblong  mucronate-tipped  sepals,  longer  than  the  bracts ;  stamens  5,  the  anther- 
cells  united  only  at  the  middle.  Stigmas  2-5,  often  long  and  plumose-hispid. 
Fruit  somewhat  coriaceous  and  indehiscent,  or  a  thin  membranous  utricle 
dehiscing  irregularly  (rarely  circumscissile),  usually  3-5-angled.  (Name  from 
a-  privative,  and  Kvldr),  a  nettle.) 

*  Fruit  indehiscent,  with  firm  and  close  pericarp  ;  salt-marsh  plants. 

1.  A.  cannabina  L.     Usually  stout,  1-2  m.  high  or  more,  glabrous;  leaves 
lanceolate  to  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  long-petioled ;  sepals  of  sterile  flowers 
ovate-oblong,  obtuse  or  acutish  ;  bracts  usually  thin,  lax,  and  much  shorter  than 
the  fruit,  sometimes  more  rigid  and  longer ;  fruit  about  3  mm.  long,  obovoid  ; 
seed  usually  less  than  3  mm.  long,  shining.     ( A.  rusocarpa   Michx.)  —  Salt  or 
brackish  marshes,  coast  of  N.  H.  to  Fla. 

*  *  Fruit  dehiscing  irregularly,  the  pericarp  thin,  loose  and  usually  roughened; 
not  salt-marsh  plants. 

2.  A.  tuberculata    Moq.      Tall  and  erect,    with  flexuous  branches ;  leaves 
lanceolate  to  rhombic-ovate,  acute  or  acutish  ;  sepals  of  sterile  flowers  lanceo- 
late,   acute  or  acuminate  ;   pistillate  flowers   closely  clustered  in  more  or  less 
dense  naked  or  leafy  axillary  and  terminal  spikes  (or  the  axillary  capitate) ; 
bracts  rather  rigid,  acuminate,  equaling  or  exceeding  the  fruit ;  utricle  about 
1  mm.  long ;  seed  shining,  0.7  mm.  in  diameter.     (A.  tamariscina,  var.  Uline  & 
Bray.) — Vt.  and  Mass.  (Ammidown')  to  Dak.  and  La, 

Var.  subnuda  Wats.  Often  decumbent ;  leaves  smaller,  obtusish  ;  flowers 
aggregated  into  distinct  globose  glomerules  (7-15  mm.  in  diameter).  (A.  tama- 
riscina, var.  concatenata  Uline  &  Bray,  not  A.  cannabina,  var.  concatenata 
Moq.) — Sandy  bottom  lands,  w.  Que.  to  Wise,  and  Mo.  —  Passing  into  the 
typical  form. 

Var.  prostrata  (Uline  &  Bray)  Eobinson.  Prostrate,  much  branched;  leaves 
(1-2  cm.  long,  3-10  mm.  broad)  and  glomerules  (4-6  mm.  in  liameter)  small. 
(A.  tamariscina,  var.  Uline  &  Bray.)  — Similar  situations,  w.  Que.  to  Minn.,  and 
southw. 

*  *  *  Fruit  regularly  circumscissile  ;  western. 

3.  A.  tamariscina  (Nutt.)  Wood.     With  the  habit  of  the  preceding  species 
but  readily  distinguished  by  the  fruit.      (Amaranthus  Nutt.) — Prairies,  etc., 
"  Dak."  to  Tex.  and  N.  Mex.;  said  to  occur  as  far  e.  as  111. 

3.   CEL6SIA  L 

Flowers  subtended  by  a  bract  and  two  bractlets.  Calyx  scarious,  in  fruit 
erect  and  (in  our  species)  concealing  the  utricle.  Stamens  5.  Fruit  a  thin 
membranaceous  utricle,  circumscissile  or  dehiscing  irregularly,  ovoid  or  subglo- 
bose.  (Name  from  /oJXeos,  a  burning,  on  account  of  the  seared  appearance  of 
the  flowers.) 

1.  C.  ARGEXTEA  L.  Erect  glabrous  herb,  3-12  dm.  tall  ;  leaves  lanceolate, 
short-petioled,  acute ;  inflorescence  a  simple  dense  cylindrical  spike ;  sepals 
white  or  roseate-tinged,  much  longer  than  the  bracts;  style  conspicuous, 
exserted.  —  Montgomery  Co.,  Pa.  (Porter).  (Adv.  from  the  Tropics.) 

4.    IREStNE   P.  Br. 

Flowers  mostly  polygamous  or  dioecious,  3-bracted.  Calyx  of  5  sepals.  Sta- 
mens mostly  5.  Fruit  a  globular  utricle,  not  opening.  —  Herbs,  with  opposite 
petioled  leaves,  and  minute  scarious-white  flowers  crowded  into  clusters  or 


374  PHYTOLACCACEAE    (POKEWEED   FAMILY) 

spiked  and  branching  panicles ;  the  calyx,  etc.,  often  bearing  long  wool  (whence 
the  name,  from  elpe<rubvr},  a  wreath  or  staff  entwined  with  fillets  of  wool). 

1.  I.  paniculata  (L.)  Ktze.  Nearly  glabrous,  annual,  erect,  slender  (6-12 
dm.  high)  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  ;  panicles  very  slender,  often  broad  and 
diffuse,  naked  ;  bracts  and  calyx  silvery-white,  the  fertile  calyx  twice  longer 
than  the  broad  bracts  and  densely  silky-villous  at  base.  (/.  celosioides  L.)  — 
Dry  banks,  O.  to  Kan.,  and  far  south w.  Sept.  (Trop.  regions.) 

5.  FROELICHIA  Moench. 

Flowers  perfect,  3-bracted.  Calyx  tubular,  5-cleft  at  the  summit,  below  2-5- 
crested  lengthwise,  or  tubercled  and  indurated  in  fruit,  inclosing  the  indehiscent 
thin  utricle.  Filaments  united  into  a  tube,  bearing  5  oblong  1 -celled  anthers, 
and  as  many  sterile  strap-shaped  appendages.  —  Hairy  or  woolly  herbs,  with 
opposite  sessile  leaves,  and  spiked  scarious-bracted  flowers.  (Named  for  Joseph 
Aloys  Froelich,  a  German  botanist,  1706-1841.) 

1.  F.  floridana  (Nutt.)  Moq.     Root  annual ;  stem  leafless  above  (0.3-1.5  m. 
high) ;  leaves  lanceolate,  silky-downy  beneath  ;  spikelets  crowded  into  an  inter- 
rupted spike  ;  calyx  very  woolly,  becoming  broadly  winged,  the  wings  irregu- 
larly toothed.     (Including  F.  campestris  Small.)  —  Dry  sandy  places,  Del.  to 
Fla. ;  and  from  111.  to  Minn.,  south  w.  and  westw. 

2.  F.  grdcilis  Moq.     More  slender,  with  narrow  leaves,  the  spikelets  smaller, 
and  the  crests  of  the  matured  calyx  of  nearly  distinct  rigid  processes. — Prairies 
of  Kan.  and  Neb.  to  Col.  and  Tex. 

6.   GOMPHRENA  L. 

Flowers  perfect,  subtended  by  a  bract  and  two  bractlets.  Calyx  often  lanate 
at  the  base,  its  segments  more  or  less  unequal,  sessile  between  the  bractlets. 
Fruit  a  compressed  ovoid  1-ovuled  utricle.  Seed  inverted,  suspended  by  a 
long  funicle  from  the  apex  of  the  utricle.  —  Erect  or  prostrate  herbs,  generally 
rough-pubescent  and  with  swollen  nodes.  (Altered  from  Gromphaena,  the 
classical  name  of  some  related  plant,  probably  Amaranthus  tricolor,  from  ypd<f>eu>, 
to  write  or  to  paint,  in  allusion  to  the  variegated  leaves. ) 

1.  G.  GLOB6SA  L.  (GLOBE  AMARANTH,  IMMORTELLE.)  A  low  branching 
pubescent  annual  with  oblong  nearly  sessile  leaves  ;  flowers  in  dense  round 
heads,  crimson,  rose-color,  or  white.  —  Common  in  cultivation,  and  occasionally 
escaping  to  roadsides,  etc.,  O.  (Gtteason).  (Introd.  from  Trop.  Asia.) 

PHYTOLACCACEAE    (POKEWEED  FAMILY) 

Plants  with  alternate  entire  leaves  and  perfect  flowers,  having  the  general 
characters  of  Chenopodiaceae,  but  usually  a  several-celled  ovary  composed  of  as 
many  carpels  united  in  a  ring,  and  forming  a  berry  in  fruit. 

PHYTOLACCA    [Tourn.]    L.   POKEWEED 

Calyx  of  5  rounded  and  petal-like  sepals.  Stamens  5-30.  Ovary  of  5-12  carpels 
united  in  a  ring,  with  as  many  short  separate  styles,  in  fruit  forming  a  depressed- 
globose  5-12-celled  berry,  with  a  single  vertical  seed  in  each  cell.  Embryo 
curved  in  a  ring  around  the  albumen. — Tall  and  stout  perennial  herbs,  with 
large  petioled  leaves,  and  terminal  racemes  which  become  lateral  and  opposite 
the  leaves.  (Name  compounded  of  (frvrbv,  plant,  and  the  French  lac,  lake,  in 
allusion  to  the  crimson  coloring  matter  which  the  berries  yield.) 

1.  P.  decandra  L.  (COMMON  POKE  or  SCORE,  GARGET,  PIGEON  BERRY.) 
A  smooth  plant,  with  a  rather  unpleasant  odor,  and  a  very  large  poisonous 
root  (often  1-1.5  dm.  in  diameter)  sending  up  stout  stalks  at  length  2-3  m. 
high  ;  calyx  white  ;  stamens  and  styles  10  ;  ovary  green ;  berries  in  long  racemes, 


NYCTAGINACEAE    (FOUR-O'CLOCK   FAMILY)  375 

dark-purple,  ripe  in  autumn.  —  Low  grounds  and  rich  soil,  s.  Me.  to  Ont.,  Minn., 

and  south w.     July-Sept. 

NYCTAGINACEAE   (FOUR-O'CLOCK  FAMILY) 

Herbs  {or  in  the  tropics  often  shrubs  or  trees'),  with  mostly  opposite  and  entire 
leaves,  stems  tumid  at  the  joints,  a  delicate  tubular  or  funnel-form  calyx  which  is 
colored  like  a  corolla,  its  persistent  base  constricted  above  the  l-celled  \-seeded 
ovary  and  indurated  into  a  sort  of  nut-like  pericarp  ;  the  stamens  few,  slender, 
and  hypogynous  •  the  embryo  coiled  around  the  outside  of  mealy  albumen,  with 
broad  foliaceous  cotyledons  (in  Abronia  monocotyledonous  by  abortion).  —  Rep- 
resented in  our  gardens  by  the  FOUR-O'CLOCK  or  MARVEL  OF  PERU  (MIRABILIS 
JALA.PA),  in  which  the  calyx  is  commonly  mistaken  for  a  corolla,  the  cup-like 
involucre  of  each  flower  exactly  imitating  a  calyx. 

1.   OXYBAPHUS  L'Her. 

Flowers  3-5  in  the  same  5-lobed  membranaceous  broad  and  open  involucre, 
which  enlarges  and  is  thin  and  reticulated  in  fruit.  Calyx  with  a  very  short  tube 
and  a  bell-shaped  (rose  or  purple)  deciduous  limb,  plaited  in  the  bud.  Stamens 
mostly  3  (3-5),  hypogynous.  Style  filiform;  stigma  capitate.  Fruit  achene- 
like,  several-ribbed  or  angled  (pubescent  in  ours).  —  Herbs,  abounding  on  the 
western  plains,  with  very  large  and  thick  perennial  roots,  opposite  leaves,  and 
mostly  clustered  small  flowers.  (Name  dfrpd^ov,  a  vinegar-saucer,  or  small  shal- 
low vessel;  from  the  shape  of  the  involucre.)  ALLIONIA  Loefl. 

*  Leaves  all  petioled  except  the  uppermost  reduced  ones. 

1.  0.    nyctagineus   (Michx.)   Sweet.      Nearly  smooth;    stem  becoming  re- 
peatedly forked,  0.3-1.5  m.  high;  leaves  broadly  ovate,  cordate;  inflorescence  but 
slightly  pubescent ;  pedicels  slender,  becoming  1  cm.  in  length,  the  lower  axillary, 
solitary,  the  upper  crowded  upon  short  floral  axes ;  involucres  at  length  very 
large,  2  cm.  in  diameter  ;  fruit  cylindric-obovoid,  4  mm.  in  length,  rather  acutely 
angled.  —  Man.,  Minn.,  and  Wise,  to  Tex.  and  La.  ;  also  introd.  eastw. — The 
leaves  vary  to  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate  and  abrupt  or  even  cuneate  at  the  base. 

2.  0.  floribiindus  Chois.     Similar  but  with  mostly  narrower  ovate  to  oblong 
leaves  (not  cordate}  :  involucres  smaller  and  more  numerous,  glomerate  upon 
the  elongated  branches  of  an  open  cymose  panicle ;  pedicels  short,  seldom  over 
6  mm.  in  length.     ( 0.  nyctagineus,  var.  oblongifolius  Gray ;  Allionia  ovata 
Pursh,  not  0.  ovatus  Vahl.) —  *'O.,"  Mo.  (Bush),  southwestw.  and  northwestw. 

*  *  Leaves  sessile  or  nearly  so. 

3.  0.  hirsutus  (Pursh)   Sweet.     More  or  less  glandular-hirsute,  especially 
about  the  nodes  and  the  usually  contracted  inflorescence,  3-9  dm.  high  ;  leaves 
lanceolate  to  linear-lanceolate,  sessile  and  cuneate  at  base  or  narrowed  to  a 
short  petiole  ;  stamens  often  5  ;  fruit  with  thickened  obtuse  angles.     (Allionia 
I'ursh  ;  A.  bracteata  Rydb. ;   Calymenia  pilosa  Nutt.?)  —  Plains  of  the  Sask.  to 
Tex.,  Wise.,  O.  (Louth),  and  casual  eastw.  in  N.  Y.  and  Ct. 

4.  0.  albidus   (Walt.)    Sweet.     Similar  but  smoother;  stem  whitish ;  leaves 
oblong,  elongated,  obtuse ;  flowers  in  weak  individuals  few,  axillary,  in  stronger 
ones  numerous  in  a  terminal  panicle.    (Allionia  Walt.;  A.  lanceolata  Rydb.)  — 
Kan.  and  Mo.,  S.  C.  and  Tex  ;  occasionally  adventive  northeastw. 

5.  0.  linearis  (Pursh)  Robinson.     Often  tall,  glabrous  except  the  more  or 
less  hirsute  peduncles  and  involucres ;    leaves  linear,  thick  and  glaucous,  often 
elongated,  5-15  cm.  long.     (0.  angustifolius  Sweet;  Allionia  linearis  Pursh; 
also  A.  Bushi  Britton,  a  low  form.)  —  Minn,  to  Mo.,  Tex.,  westw.  and  north- 
westw. ;  established  on  sandy  ground,  North  Haven,  Ct. 


376  ILLECEBRACEAE    (KNOTWORT    FAMILY) 

ILLECEBRACEAE     (KNOTWORT  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  with  mostly  opposite  and  entire  leaves,  scarious  stipules  (except  in 
Scleranthus} ,  a  ^-b-toothed  or  -parted  herbaceous  or  coriaceous  persistent  calyx, 
stamens  borne  on  the  calyx,  as  many  as  the  lobes  and  opposite  them  or  fewer, 
styles  2  and  often  united,  and  fruit  a  l-seeded  utricle.  Seed  upon  a  basal 
fimicle,  the  embryo  (in  ours)  surrounding  the  mealy  albumen.  —  Small  diffuse 
or  tufted  herbs,  with  small  greenish  or  whitish  flowers  in  clusters,  or  dichoto- 
mous  cymes,  with  petals  minute  or  none. 

1.  Scleranthus.     Stamens  borne  on  the  throat  of  the  indurated  5-cleft  and  pointless  calyx. 

Styles  2.     Stipules  none. 

2.  Anychia.    Stamens  on  the  base  of  the  5-parted  awnless  calyx.     Styles  hardly  any. 

3.  Paronychia.     Stamens  on  the  base  of  the  5-parted  calyx ;  the  sepals  hooded  at  the  summit 

and  bristle-pointed.    Style  1,  2-cleft  at  the  top. 

1.    SCLERANTHUS    L.     KNAWEL 

Sepals  5,  united  below  into  an  indurated  cup,  inclosing  the  utricle.  Stamens 
10  or  5.  Styles  2,  distinct.  —  Homely  little  weeds,  with  awl-shaped  leaves,  ob- 
scure greenish  clustered  flowers,  and  no  stipules.  (Name  from  <TK\r}p6s,  hard, 
and  ttvdos,  flower,  from  the  hardened  calyx-tube.) 

1.  S.  ANNUUS  L.  Much  branched,  spreading  (7-12  cm.  high);  flowers  sessile 
in  the  forks;  calyx-lobes  scarcely  margined.  —  Waste  places  and  roadsides. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2,    ANYCHIA  Michx.    FORKED  CHICKWEED 

Sepals  5,  scarcely  concave,  indistinctly  mucronate  on  the  back,  greenish.  Sta- 
mens 2-3,  rarely  5.  Stigmas  2,  sessile.  Utricle  larger  than  the  calyx.  Radicle 
turned  downward.  —  Small  many  times  forked  annuals,  with  small  stipules;  the 
minute  flowers  in  the  forks,  produced  all  summer.  (A  contracted  derivative  of 
Paronychia.) 

1.  A.  polygonoides  Raf.     More  or  less  pubescent,  short-jointed,   low  and 
spreading;  leaves  somewhat  petioled,  mostly  very  narrowly  lanceolate  or  ob- 
lanceolate  ;  flowers  nearly  sessile  and  somewhat  clustered.     (A.  dichotoma  Man. 
ed.  6,  not  Michx.)  — Mostly  in  open  places,  N.  E.  to  Fla.,  w.  to  Minn,  and  Ark. 

2.  A.  canadSnsis  (L. )  BSP.    Smooth,  longer-jointed,  slender  and  erect ;  leaves 
thinner,  broader  and  longer  (1-3  cm.  long)  ;  flowers  more  stalked  and  inflores- 
cence diffuse.     (A.  dichotoma  Michx.;   A,  capillacea   DC.) — Dry  woodlands 
through  nearly  the  same  range;  more  abundant  north  w.,  and  extending  w.  to 
Neb. 

3.  PARONYCHIA    [Tourn.]    Adans.     WHITLOW-WORT 

Sepals  5,  linear  or  oblong,  concave,  awned  at  the  apex.  Petals  (or  staminodia) 
bristle-form,  or  minute  teeth,  or  none.  Stamens  5.  Style  2-cleft  at  the  apex. 
Utricle  inclosed  in  the  calyx.  Radicle  ascending.  —  Tufted  herbs  (ours  peren- 
nial), with  dry  and  silvery  stipules,  and  clustered  flowers.  (Greek  name  for  a 
whitlow,  and  for  a  plant  thought  to  cure  it.) 

1.  P.  argyr6coma  (Michx.)  Nutt.  Forming  broad  tufts,  freely  branched, 
few  of  the  branches  fertile  ;  leaves  linear,  flat,  permane  ntly  silky;  inflorescence 
densely  cymose,  surrounded  by  conspicuous  large  silvery  bracts ;  calyx  hairy, 
short-awned,  the  awns  flatfish  and  usually  hairy;  petals  mere  teeth  between 
the  stamens.  — Rocky  slopes  among  the  mts.,  w.  Va.  to  Tenn.  and  Ga. 

Var.  albimontana  Fernald.  Branches  mostly  floriferous;  leaves  glabrate, 
the  margins  involute;  cymes  mostly  lax;  calyx  usually  longer,  the  awns  subu- 
late, glabrescent.  — Bare  mountain  slopes,  w.  Me.  and  N.  H.  ;  and  locally  by  the 
Merrimac  R.,  Newburyport,  Mass. 


CARYOPHYLLACEAE    (PINK   FAMILY)  377 

2.  P.  dich6toma  (L.)  Nutt.  Smooth,  tufted  ;  stems  (1.5-3  dm.  high)  ascend- 
ing from  a  rather  woody  base  ;  leaves  (1.2-3.6  cm.  long)  and  bracts  narroivly 
awl-s/iaped;  cymes  open,  repeatedly  forked;  sepals  short-pointed;  minute 
bristles  in  place  of  petals.  —  Rocks,  Md.  to  N.  C.  and  Tex.  July-Sept. 

AIZOACEAE 

A  miscellaneous  group,  chiefly  of  fleshy  or  succulent  plants,  with  mostly  oppo- 
site leaves  and  no  stipules.  Differing  from  Caryophyllaceae  and  Portulacaceae 
by  having  the  ovary  and  capsule  2-several-celled,  and  the  stamens  and  petals 
sometimes  numerous,  as  in  Cactaceae  (but  the  latter  wanting  in  most  of  the 
genera).  Seeds  with  the  slender  embryo  curved  about  mealy  albumen.  Our 
genera  apetalous  and  with  the  calyx  free  from  the  ovary. 

1.  Sesuvium.     Calyx-lobes  5,  petaloid.     Stamens  5-60.     Capsule  circumscissile.     Succulent. 

2.  MollugO.     Sepals  5.     Stamens  3  or  5.     Capsule  3-valved.     Not  succulent. 

1.   SEStrVIUM  L.     SEA  PURSLANE 

Calyx  5-parted,  purplish  inside,  persistent,  free.  Petals  none.  Stamens  5- 
60,  inserted  on  the  calyx.  Styles  3—5,  separate.  Pod  3-5-celled,  many-seeded, 
circumscissile,  the  upper  part  falling  off  as  a  lid.  —  Usually  prostrate  maritime 
herbs,  with  succulent  stems,  opposite  leaves,  and  axillary  or  terminal  flowers. 
(An  unexplained  name.) 

1.  S.  maritimum  (Walt.)  BSP.  Annual,  procumbent  or  sometimes  erect  ; 
leaves  oblong-  to  obcvate-spatulate,  obtuse  ;  flowers  sessile  ;  stamens  5.  (S.pen- 
tandrum  Ell.)  — Sea-coast,  L.  I.  to  Fla. 

2.    MOLLtTGO  L.     INDIAN  CHICKWEED 

Sepals  5,  white  inside.  Stamens  hypogynous,  5  and  alternate  with  the  sepals, 
or  3  and  alternate  with  the  3  cells  of  the  ovary.  Stigmas  3.  Capsule  3-celled, 
3-valved,  loculicidal,  the  partitions  breaking  away  from  the  many-seeded  axis. 
—  Low  homely  annuals,  much  branched  ;  the  stipules  obsolete.  (An  old  Latin 
name  for  some  soft  plant.) 

1.  M.  VERTICILLATA  L.  (CARPET  WEED.)  Prostrate,  forming  mats  ;  leaves 
spatulate,  clustered  in  whorls  at  the  joints,  where  the  1 -flowered  pedicels 
form  a  sort  of  sessile  umbel ;  stamens  usually  3.  —  Sandy  river-banks,  road- 
sides, and  cultivated  grounds.  June-Sept.  (Immigrant  from  farther  south.) 

CARYOPHYLLACEAE     (PINK  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  with  opposite  entire  leaves,  symmetrical  4-5-merous  flowers,  with  or 
without  petals ;  the  distinct  stamens  no  more  than  twice  the  number  of  the  sepals, 
either  hypogynous  or  perigynous  ;  styles  2-6  (or  rarely  united  into  one}  ;  seeds 
several  or  usually  many,  attached  to  the  base  or  to  the  central  column  of  the 
\-cdled  (rarely  3-5-celled")  pod,  with  a  slender  embryo  coiled  or  curved  around 
the  outside  of  mealy  albumen,  in  Dianthus  nearly  straight.  —  Bland  herbs  ;  the 
stems  usually  swollen  at  the  joints  ;  uppermost  leaves  rarely  alternate.  Leaves 
often  united  at  the  base.  Calyx  persistent.  Styles  stigmatic  along  the  inside. 
Seeds  amphitropous  or  campylotropous. 

Tribe  I.  ALSfNEAE.  Sepals  distinct  or  nearly  so,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Petals  when  present 
without  claws,  mostly  imbricated,  and  with  the  stamens  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  sessile 
ovary,  or  into  a  little  disk.  Styles  separate  to  the  base.  Stamens  opposite  the  sepals,  when  not 
more  in  number.  Low  herbs. 


378  CAKYOPHYLLACEAE    (PINK   FAMILY) 

*  Stipules  present ;  pod  short. 

1.  Spergularia.    Styles  3.    Pod  3-valved.    Leaves  opposite. 

2.  Spergula.    Styles  5.    Valves  of  the  pod  opposite  the  sepals.    Leaves  whorled. 

*  *  Stipules  none. 
•»-  Styles  alternate  with  the  sepals  ;  stamens  as  many,  or  twice  as  many. 

3.  Sagina.     Petals  4  or  5,  entire,  or  none.    Styles  4  or  5.     Pod  short,  4-5-valved. 

+-  -J-  Styles  opposite  the  sepals,  or,  when  fewer,  opposite  those  which  are  exterior  in  the  bud. 
•H-  Pod  short,  splitting  into  as  many  valves  as  styles  ;  valves  often  bifid  or  2-parted. 

4.  Arenaria.     Petals  entire.     Styles  usually  3.     Valves  of  the  pod  entire,  bifid,  or  2-parted. 

5.  Stellaria.     Petals  2-cleft  or  none.     Styles  usually  3.    Valves  bifid  or  2-parted. 

++  -H-  Pod  cylindrical,  dehiscent  by  twice  as  many  equal  teeth  as  styles. 

6.  Cerastium.     Petals  notched  or  2-cleft.     Styles  5  or  4.    Seeds  fixed  edgewise. 

7.  Holosteum.     Petals  denticulate  or  notched.    Styles  usually  3.    Seeds  fixed  by  the  face. 

Tribe  II.  SILENEAE.  Sepals  united  into  a  tube  or  cup.  Petals  (mostly  convolute  in  the  bud) 
and  stamens  (10)  borne  on  the  stipe  or  stalk  of  the  ovary,  the  former  with  slender  claws,  to  the 
base  of  which  the  corresponding  filaments  often  adhere.  Seeds  numerous.  Stipules  none. 
Flowers  often  large  and  showy. 

*  Calyx  naked ;  seeds  globular  or  kidney-shaped ;  embryo  curved  or  coiled. 

8.  Agrostemma.     Calyx  5-toothed,  10-nerved.    Styles  5,  opposite  the  unappendaged  petals. 

9.  Lychnis.    Calyx  5-toothed,  10-nerved.     Styles  5,  alternate  with  the  often  appendaged  petals. 

10.  Silene.     Calyx  5-toothed,  10-nerved.    Styles  3. 

11.  Saponaria.    Calyx  ovoid  or  sub-cylindrical,  obscurely  nerved,  terete  or  5-angled.    Pod  shortly 

4-valved.    Styles  2. 

12.  Gypsophila.    Calyx  top-shaped  or  campanulate.     Pod  deeply  4-valved.    Styles  2. 

*  *  Calyx  with  scaly  bractlets  or  small  leaves  at  the  base  ;  seeds  flattened  on  the  back,  attached  by 

the  face ;  embryo  nearly  straight ;  styles  2. 

13.  Tunica.     Calyx  top-shaped  or  prismatic,  with  5  strong  nerves  ;  flowers  small. 

14.  Dianthus.     Calyx  cylindric  or  nearly  so,  with  many  fine  nerves ;  flowers  showy. 

1.  SPERGULARIA  J.  &  C.  Presl.     SAND  SPURREY 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  entire.  Stamens  2-10.  Styles  and  valves  of  the  many- 
seeded  pod  3,  very  rarely  5,  when  the  valves  alternate  with  the  sepals  !  Em- 
bryo not  coiled  into  a  complete  ring.  —  Low  herbs,  ours  annuals  or  biennials, 
mostly  on  or  near  the  sea-coast,  with  filiform  or  linear  opposite  leaves,  and 
smaller  ones  often  clustered  in  the  axils ;  stipules  scaly-mem branaceous  ;  flow- 
ering all  summer.  (Name  a  derivative  of  Spergula.}  TISSA  &  BUDA  Adans. 
LEPIGONUM  Wahlb. 

*  Not  fleshy  ;  stipules  lanceolate,  attenuate. 

1.  S.  rubra  (L.)  J.  &  C.  Presl.    Nearly  glabrous  below  the  summit  of  the  pros- 
trate or  ascending  slender  stems,  peduncles,  and  sepals  usually  glandular-pubes- 
cent ;   leaves  linear,  flat,   scarcely  fleshy  ;  stipules  lanceolate,  entire  or  cleft ; 
pedicels  longer  than  the  bracts;  pods  and  pink-red  corolla  small  (3  mm.  long), 
about  equaling  the  calyx;  seeds  rough  with  projecting  points,  semi-obovate  or 
gibbous-wedge-shaped,  wingless.  — Dry  sandy  soil,  e.  Que.  to  Va.  and  O.,  chiefly 
near  the  coast,  but  rarely  maritime.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Distinctly  fleshy,  annual ;  root  flbrous  ;  stipules  ovate  or  deltoid,  acuminate. 

2.  S.   marina  (L.)  Griseb.     Much  branched,  procumbent  or  suberect,  pale 
green,  mostly  glandular-pubescent ;  sepals  nearly  or  quite  as  long  as  the  ovoid 
acutish  pod;  seeds  pale  brown,  very  minute.     (S.  salina  J.  &  C.  Presl;  Buda 
marina  Man.  ed.  6;   Tissa  marina  Britton.) — Brackish  sands,  etc.,  N.  B.  to 
Fla.  ;  also  on  the  Pacific  Slope  and  in  saline  regions  of  the  interior.     (Eurasia.) 

3.  S.  canad6nsis  (Pers.)  Don.     Diffusely  branched,  greener,  smoother  and 
somewhat  more  slender  than  the  preceding  species  ;  sepals  rounded  at  the  apex, 


CARYOPHYLLACEAE   (PINK  FAMILY)  379 

about  half  as  long  as  the  very  blunt  pod ;  seeds  dark  brown,  relatively  large. 
(Buda  borealis  Wats.;  Tissa  canadensis  Britton  ;  S.  borealis  Robinson.  "> — 
Coast  of  Lab.  to  R.  I.  (J.  F.  Collins). 

*  *  *  Fleshy  biennial  with  a  thick  root. 

4.  S.  mddia  (L.)  C.  Presl.  Stout  root  perpendicular;  stems  spreading; 
flowers  large  ;  pods  at  length  7  mm.  long,  exceeding  the  calyx;  seeds  mostly 
winged.  —Near  Salina,  N.  Y.  (Fry);  also  Cal.  (Eu.) 

2.   SPERGULA  L.     SPURREY 

Stamens  5  or  10.  Styles  5.  The  5  valves  of  the  pod  opposite  the  sepals.  Em- 
bryo spirally  annular.  Leaves  in  whorls.  Otherwise  as  Spergularia.  (Name 
from  spare/ere,  to  scatter,  from  the  seeds. ) 

1.  S.  ARVENSIS  L.  (CORN  S.)     Annual,  bright  green,  scarcely  or  not  at  all 
viscid ;   leaves  numerous,  in   whorls,   thread-shaped  (2-5  cm.  long)  ;   stipules 
minute  ;  petals  white  ;  seeds  roughened  with  minute  whitish  papillae.  —  Grain 
fields,  etc.,  common.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  S.  SAiivA  Boenn.    Similar  but  dull  green  and  distinctly  viscid  ;  flowers  ill- 
scented  ;  seeds  margined,  obscurely  dotted,  not  papillate. — Sparingly  adventive 
in  fields,  Ct.  (Graves)  and  Vt.  (Jones)  to  Ont.  (Fletcher). 

3.  SAGlNA  L.  PEARLWORT 

Sepals  4  or  5.  Petals  4  or  5,  undivided,  or  often  none.  Stamens  as  many  as 
the  sepals,  rarely  twice  as  many.  Styles  as  many  as  the  sepals  and  alternate 
with  them.  Pod  many-seeded,  4-5-valved  to  the  base ;  valves  opposite  the  se- 
pals.—  Little  matted  herbs,  with  thread-like  or  awl-shaped  leaves,  no  stipules, 
and  small  flowers  terminating  the  stems  or  branches  ;  in  summer.  (Name  from 
sagina,  fattening  ;  previously  applied  to  the  Spurrey.) 

Upper  leaves  not  proliferous  ;  petals  not  longer  than  the  sepals. 

Seeds  at  maturity  orange-brown,  dotted  with  resinous  atoms         .        .        .    1.  S.  deoumbens. 
Seeds  at  maturity  dark  or  grayish  brown,  smoothish  or  roughened  but  with- 
out atoms 2.  S.  procumbens. 

Upper  leaves  with  fascicles  of  reduced  leaves  in  their  axils  ;  petals  decidedly 

longer  than  the  sepals 3.  S.  nodosa. 

1.  S.  deciimbens   (Ell.)   T.  &  G.    Annual,  ascending;   the  peduncles  and 
calyx  with  the  margins  of  the  upper  leaves  at  first  glandular-pubescent ;  leaves 
short,  often  bristle-tipped  ;  sepals  and  valves  5  or  rarely  4  ;  pod  oblong-ovoid, 
nearly  twice  longer  than  the  calyx.    (S.  apetala  Am.  auth.,  not  Ard.)  — Mass, 
to  111.,  Mo.,  and  south w.     Var.  SaifTHii  (Gray)  Wats.,  a  slender  form,  apetal- 
ous,  at  least  in  the  later  flowers.  —  In  waste  ground  near  Philadelphia,  and  in 
sandy  fields  at  Somers  Point,  N.  J.  (C.  E.  Smith). 

2.  S.  prociimbens  L.    Annual  or  perennial,  depressed  or  spreading  on  the 
ground,   glabrous ;    leaves   linear-thread-shaped  ;    apex   of  the  peduncle   often 
hooked  soon  after  flowering  ;  petals  shorter  than  the  broadly  ovate  obtuse  sepals, 
sometimes  none.  —  Springy  places  and  damp  rocks,  chiefly  near  the  coast,  Nfd. 
to  Pa.  and  Del.;  also  Ont.  and  Mich.     (Eu.) 

3.  S.  nodbsa   (L.)   Fenzl.    Tufted  perennial,  erect,  glabrous;  upper  leaves 
very  short,  proliferous  in  their  axils;  petals  5,  white,  conspicuous. — Rocky 
shores,  etc.,  Cutler,  Me.  (Kennedy),  Isle  Royale,  L.    Superior,   and  northw. 
(Eu.)     Var.  GLANDUL6SA  (Bess.)  Asch.     Peduncles,  etc.,  more  or  less  glandu- 
lar-puberulent.  —  Cape  Ann,  Mass.,  to  Me.    (Eu.) 

4.  ARENARIA  L.    SANDWORT 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  entire,  sometimes  barely  notched,  rarely  wanting.  Sta- 
mens 10.  Styles  8,  rarely  more  or  fewer,  opposite  as  many  sepals.  Pod  short, 
splitting  into  as  many  or  twice  as  many  valves  as  there  are  styles,  few-many- 


880  CARYOPHYLLACEAE   (PINK   FAMILY) 

seeded.  —  Low  usually  tufted  herbs,  with  sessile  exstipulate  leaves  and  small 
white  flowers.     (Name  from  arena,  sand,  in  which  many  of  the  species  grow.) 

—  The  following  sections  are  by  many  botanists  taken  for  genera. 

§  1.  MOEHRfNGIA  (L.)  Fries.  Ovary  at  first  3-celled;  seeds  few,  smooth, 
with  a  thickish  appendage  at  the  hilum  ;  perennials  with  broadish  leaves. 

1.  A.  lateriflbra   L.     Sparingly  branched,  minutely  pubescent ;  leaves  oval 
or  oblong,  obtuse  (1-2  cm.  long)  ;  peduncles  2  (rarely  3-4)-flowered,  soon  be- 
coming lateral ;  sepals  oblong,  obtuse.     (Moehringia  Fenzl.) — Gravelly  shores, 
thickets,  etc.,  Nfd.  to  Pa.,  Mo.,  and  northw.     May,  June.     (Eu.) 

2.  A.  macrophylla    Hook.      Similar;    leaves    lance-oblong,    acute;    sepals 
lanceolate,    acuminate.      (Moehringia  Torr.) — N.  Guilford  and  Durham,  Ct. 
(6r.  H.  Bartlett,  Harger),  Vt.,  Lab.,  L.  Superior,  and  north westw. 

§  2.  AMMODENIA  (Patrin)  B.  &  H.  Styles,  cells  of  the  ovary  and  valves  of 
the  fleshy  pod  3,  rarely  4  or  5  ;  seeds  few,  smooth,  short-beaked  at  the  naked 
hilum;  disk  under  the  ovary  more  prominent  than  usual,  glandular,  10- 
lobed ;  flowers  almost  sessile  in  the  axils,  sometimes  dioecious  or  polyga- 
mous;  perennial. 

3.  A.  peploides   L.     Stems  (simple  or  forking  from  long  rootstocks)   and 
ovate  partly  clasping  leaves  (1.5-2  cm.  long)  very  fleshy.     (Ammodenia  Rupr.) 

—  Sea-shore,  N.  J.  to  Me.  and  northw.     June.     (Eu.) 

§  3.   ARENARIA  proper.     Pod  splitting  wholly  or  part  way  down  into  3  or  at 
length  Q  valves;  seeds  many,  naked  at  the  hilum. 

4.  A.  SERPYLLIF6LIA  L.    (THYME-LEAVED  S.)     Roughisli-pubescent  or   pu- 
berulent,  5-15  cm.  high  ;  leaves  ovate,  small,  acute  ;  cymes  leafy  ;  sepals  lanceo- 
late, pointed,  3-5-nerved,  about  equaling  the  petals ;  capsule  flask-shaped,  of 
firm  texture.  —  Sandy  or  rocky  soil,  chiefly  about  towns.     June-Aug.     (Nat. 
from  Eu.) 

5.  A.  LEPTOCLADOS    Guss.      Similar  to  the  preceding ;    leaves  lanceolate ; 
cymes  nearly  naked  ;  capsule  subcylindric,  papery.     (A.  serpyllifolia,  var.  ten- 
uior  Koch.)  —  Locally,  Me.  to  Mich.  (Fanvell),  and  westw.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

§  4.  ALSlNE  (Gaertn.)  B.  &  H.  Pod  splitting  to  the  base  into  3  entire  valves; 
seeds  many,  usually  rough,  naked  at  the  hilum ;  flowers  terminal  or  cy- 
mose 

Sepals  lanceolate,  acuminate. 
Lateral  nerves  oi"  the  leaves  none  or  much  smaller  than  the  midnerve. 

Petals  retuse 6.   A.  patula. 

Petals  entire. 

Capsule  longer  and  petals  shorter  than  the  sepals       .        .        .  7.   A.  litorea. 

Capsule  shorter  and  petals  much  longer  than  the  sepals    .        .  8.   A.  stricta. 

Leaves  with  3  nearly  equal  nerves ,        .    9.  A.  verna,  v.  propinqua. 

Sepals  obtuse  or  obtusish,  inconspicuously  veined,  not  nerved. 

Leaves  rigid,  pungent ;  petals  entire 10.   A.  caroliniana. 

Leaves  soft,  herbaceous  ;  petals  usually  retuse 11.  A.  groenlandica. 

6.  A.  patula   Michx.      Diffusely  branched  from  a  slender  root;  stems  5- 
30  cm.  long ;  branches  of  the  cyme  divergent ;  peduncles  long ;  sepals  3-5-nerved. 

—  Ky.  to  n.  111.,  Minn.,  and  southw.  to  Tex.  and  Fla. 

7.  A.  litbrea  Fernald.      Perennial,  densely  tufted;  stems  several  to  many, 
6-14  cm.  high,  leafy  chiefly  toward  the  base  ;  leaves  firm,  subulate,  commonly 
proliferous  in  the  axils ;  sepals  3-nerved  ;  capsule  5  mm.  long,  well  exserted  at 
maturity.  — Gravelly  beaches  and  calcareous  bluffs,  e.  Que. ;  and  north  shore  of 
L.  Superior  (Loring,  G.  8.  Miller}. 

8.  A.  stricta  Michx.     Erect  or  diffusely  spreading  from  a  small  root,  smooth  ; 
leaves  slender,  between  awl-shaped  and  bristle-form,  ivith  many  others  clustered 
in  the  axils;  cyme  diffuse,  naked,  many-ftowered  ;  sepals  %-ribbed,  ovate.     (A. 
Michauxii  Hook,  f.)  —  Rocks  and  dry  wooded  banks,  Mt.  Washington,  N.  H. 
(Manning)  ;  Vt.  to  S.  C.,  Minn.,  westw.  and  south  westw.     July. 


CARYOPHYLLACEAE    (PINK   FAMILY)  381 

Var  texana  Robinson.  More  rigid  ;  leaves  shorter  (6-10  mm.  long),  chiefly 
near  the  base  ;  cymes  rather  dense ;  sepals  attenuate,  rigid.  (A.  texana  Brit- 
ton.)  —  Rocky  hiils,  s.  Mo.  to  Kan.  and  Tex. 

9.  A.  v6rna  L.,  var.  propinqua  (Richards.)  Fernald.     Dwarf,  tufted  or  loosely 
matted,  2-12   cm.   high,   glandular-puberulent ;    leaves  awl-shaped,   somewhat 
triquetrous  ;  stems  chiefly  2-5-flowered  ;  sepals  rather  abruptly  acuminate,  com- 
monly  longer  than   the  oblong  or  spatulate  often  inconspicuous  petals.     (A. 
propinqua  Richards. ;  A.  verna,  var.  hirta  auth.,  in  part.)  — Limestone  or  ser- 
pentine rocks  and  barrens,   Lab.,  e.  Que.,  Smuggler's    Notch,  Vt.   (Pringle, 
Egglestori),  north  w.  and  westw. 

10.  A.  caroliniana  Walt.     (PINE-BARREN  S.)     Densely  tufted  from  a  deep 
perpendicular  root ;  leaves  closely  imbricated,  but  spreading,  awl-shaped,  pun- 
gent, short,  channeled;  branches  naked  and  minutely  glandular  above,  several- 
flowered  ;  sepals  obtuse,  ovate,  shorter  than  the  pod.     (A.  squarrosa  Michx. ) 
—  In  pure  sand,  s.  New  York,  N.  J.,  and  south vv.  along  the  coast.    May-July. 

11.  A.  groenldndica  (Retz.)  Spreng.     (MOUNTAIN  S.)     Densely  tufted  from 
slender  roots  ;  stems  filiform  (5-20  cm.  high),  erect  ;  leaves  linear,  obtuse,  flac- 
cid ,'  petals  obovate,  commonly  retuse,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  oblong  nerve- 
less sepals.  —  Greenl.,  Lab.,  mts.  of  N.  E.,  N.  Y.,  and  higher  Alleghenies  to  N.  C.  ; 
also  coast  of  N.  S.  and  Me. ;  Middletown,  Ct.,  etc.    June-Sept.  —  An  apetalous 
form  occurs. 

5.    STELLARIA  L.    CHICKWEED.     STARWORT 

Sepals  4-5.  Petals  (white)  4-5,  deeply  2-cleft,  sometimes  none.  Stamens 
8,  10,  or  fewer.  Styles  3,  rarely  4  or  5,  opposite  as  many  sepals.  Pod  ovoid, 
1-celled,  opening  by  twice  as  many  valves  as  there  are  styles,  several-many- 
seeded.  Seeds  naked. — Flowers  solitary  or  cymose,  terminal  or  appearing 
lateral  by  the  prolongation  of  the  stem  from  the  upper  axils.  (Name  from  stella^ 
a  star,  in  allusion  to  the  star-shaped  flowers.)  ALSINE  L.  in  part,  not  Wahlenb. 

Stems  and  flower-stalks  glabrous. 
Petals  distinctly  shorter  than  the  sepals  or  none. 
Leaves  lanceolate. 

Flowers  axillary  or  in  leafy-bracted  cymes  .        .        .        *        .  1.  S.  borealis. 

Flowers  chiefly  in  short  lateral  scaly-bracted  cymes  .        .        •        »        .      2.  S.  uliginosa. 

Leaves  spatulate 8.  S.fontinalis. 

Petals  equaling  or  exceeding  the  sepals. 
Flowers  axillary,  solitary,  or  in  leafy-bracted  cymes. 
Leaves  lanceolate. 

Leaves  of  soft  texture,  flat  or  nearly  so. 

Mature  sepals  3-4:  mm.  long,  two  thirds  as  long  as  the  pod        .        ,      4.  S.  crassifolia. 
Mature  sepals  less  than  3  mm.  long,  half  the  length  of  the  pod          .      1.  S.  borealis. 

Leaves  of  firm  texture,  carinate 7.  /S.  longipes. 

Leaves  elliptic-ovate *       .        .        .      5.  S.  humifusa. 

Flowers  cymose  ;  bracts  small,  scale-like. 
Petals  8-12  mm.  long  ;  leaves  linear,  glaucous  ......      6.  S.  glauca. 

Petals  3-6  mm.  long. 
Lower  pedicels  erect,  elongated ;  fruit  blackish      .        .        .        .        .      7.  S.  longipes. 

Lower  pedicels  deflexed,  arcuate  ;  fruit  pale. 

Leaves  linear  or  nearly  so ;  inflorescence  lateral          .        .  .      8.  S.  longifolia. 

Leaves  lanceolate ;  inflorescence  terminal    .       .        .       .       .       .      9.  S.  graminea. 

Stems  and  flower-stalks  pubescent. 
Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate. 

Flower  1  cm. 'in  diameter  ;  fruit  blackish,  on  erect  pedicels          .        .        .      7.  8.  longipes. 
Flower  2  cm.  in  diameter  ;  fruit  straw-colored,  on  nodding  pedicels   .        .    10.   S.  Holostea. 

Leaves  elliptical,  chiefly  sessile 11.  S.pubera. 

Leaves  ovate,  the  lower  on  petioles  of  nearly  their  own  length. 

Styles  8-4 ;  pods  narrowly  ovoid,  subcylindric 12.   S.  media. 

Styles  5  ;  pods  broadly  ovoid 13.   S.  aquatica. 

1.  S.  borealis  Bigel.    Stems  flaccid,  many  times  forked,  at  length  resolved  into 
a  leafy  cyme  ;  leaves  bright  green,  rather  broadly  lanceolate  ;  petals  2-5,  minute, 
or  none  ;  sepals  acute  ;  styles  usually  4  ;  seeds  smoothish.     (Alsine  Britton.)  — 
Shaded  or  wet  places,  Nfd.  and  Lab.  to  Alaska,  s.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  Mich.,  Minn., 
Col.,  andCal.    (Eu.) 

2.  S.  uliginbsa   Murr.     Stems  weak,  decumbent  or  diffuse,  at  length  pro- 
longed, leaving  the  naked  and  usually  sessile  cymes  lateral ;  leaves  lanceolate  or 


382  CABYOPHYLLACEAE    (PINK   FAMILY) 

lance-oblong;  seeds  roughened.     (Alsine  Britton.)  —  Swamps  and  rills,  Md.  to 
P.  E.  I.  and  Nfd.  ;  also  Mich.,  infrequent.     (Eu.) 

3.  S.  fontinalis  (Short  &  Peter)  Robinson.     Stems  flaccid,  regularly  dichoto- 
mous,  bearing  flowers  in   the  forks  ;  leaves   linear-spatulate,    obtusish  ;  petals 
none.     (Sagina  Short  &  Peter;  Alsine  Britton.)  —  Moist  cliffs,  etc.,  Ky.  and 
Tenn. 

4.  S.  crassif&lia  Ehrh.     Stems  diffuse  or  erect,  flaccid  ;  leaves  rather  fleshy, 
oblong -lanceolate,  acutish  ;  petals  longer  than  the  sepals  ;  seeds  rugose-roughened. 
(Alsine  Britton.)  — Springy  places,  Lab.  and  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  to  ill.,  and 
northwestw.     (Eu.) 

5.  S.  humifiisa  Rottb.     Spreading  or  creeping ;  stems  and  branches  (5  cm. 
high)  1-3-flowered ;  leaves  fleshy,  ovate  or  elliptical  (4-6  mm.  long)  ;  petals  a 
little  longer  than  the  sepals;  seeds  smooth.     (  Alsine  Britton. ) —  Salty  or  brackish 
marshes,  Little  Cranberry  I.,  Me.  (Redfteld)  to  Lab.,  Greenl.,  and  Hudson  B.; 
rarely  on  inland  shores,  Upper  St.  John  R.,  Me.  (G-oodale)  ;  also  on  the  Pacific 
coast.     June-Aug.     (Eu.) 

6.  S.  GLAUCA  With.     Tall  (3-5  dm.  high)    and  very  slender,  pale  green ; 
flowers  large,  on  long  pedicels  (often  6  cm.  in  length);  sepals  lance-linear,  acute, 
considerably  exceeded  by  the  petals ;  leaves  (2-4  cm.  long)  narrow,  not  at  all 
ciliolate  at  the  base.  —  Grassy  places  along  the  railway,   near  St.    Anne   de 
Beaupre",  Que.  (Churchill,  Murdoch}.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

7.  S.  16ngipes  Goldie.     Erect  or  decumbent,  3  dm.  high,  essentially  glabrous  ; 
leaves  linear-lanceolate,    gradually  attenuate  from   near  the   base,  shining  or 
glaucescent,  spreading,  2-4.5  cm.  long ;  inflorescence   terminal,   dichotomous ; 
pedicels  2-3.5  cm.  long;  pod  narrowly  ovoid,  exserted,  shining,  nearly  black. 
(Alsine  Coville.)  —  Woods,  etc.,  near  L.  Ontario;  and  in  varying  forms  from  the 
Sask.  far  northw.  and  westw. 

Var.  ladta  (Richards.)  Wats.  Usually  very  glaucous,  1-2  dm.  high ;  leaves 
shorter  and  relatively  broader,  erect  and 'some what  rigid,  1-2  cm.  long  ;  inflores- 
cence often  reduced  to  1  or  2  flowers.  —  The  commoner  form  northeast w.;  on 
sandy  or  gravelly  beaches  about  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  Hudson  B. ,  northw. 
and  westw.  June. 

8.  S.  longifblia  Muhl.     Stem  erect,  weak,  often  with  rough  angles  (2-5  dm. 
high)  ;  leaves  linear,  acutish  at  both  ends,  spreading ;  cymes  scaly-bracted,  at 
length  lateral,  peduncled,    many-flowered ;   the  slender  pedicels  spreading  or 
deflexed  ;  fruit  pale  straw-colored;   seeds  smooth.     (Alsine  Britton.) — Grassy 
places,  Nfd.  to  Md.,  and  westw.    June,  July.     (Eu.) 

9.  S.    GRAMfNEA   L.     Stems  weak,   ascending  or  reclining,  3-5   dm.    high, 
rhombic  in  section  ;  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  broadest  a  little  above  the  cilio- 
late base ;  inflorescence  pedunculate,  terminal,  diffuse,  many-flowered  ;  seeds 
strongly  but  minutely  roughened.     (Alsine  Britton.)  —  Grassy  places,  frequent. 
(Introd.  from  Eu.)     Var.   LATir6LiA  Peterm.  is  a  form  with  somewhat  broader 
ovate-  or  oblong-lanceolate  leaves,  the  lowest  subpetiolate.  —  In  similar  situations. 

10.  S.  HOLOSTEA  L.    Rathertall;  leaves  long (3-8  cm.),  sessile,  conspicuously 
attenuate,  ciliolate  on  the  margin  and  midnerve  beneath  ;  petals  large,  obovate, 
usually  cleft  only  a  fourth  to  half  their  length.     (Alsine  Britton.)  — Often  culti- 
vated, and  tending  to  become  established.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

11.  S.  pubera  Michx.     (GREAT  C.)     Hoot  perennial ;  leaves  elliptic-oblong, 
ciliolate,  1.5-5  cm.  long,  sessile  or  the  lowest  somewhat  petiolate  ;  petals  longer 
than  the  calyx  ;  stamens  10.     (Alsine  Britton.)  —  Shaded  rocks,  N.  J.  and  Pa. 
to  Ind.  and  south  w.     May.  —  The  petals  are  cleft  sometimes  half  their  length, 
sometimes  nearly  to  the  base.     Late  shoots  produce  much  larger  leaves  and 
often  reduced  flowers. 

12.  S.  MEDIA  (L.)  Cyrill.     (COMMON  C.)     Annual  or  nearly  so;  stem  hairy 
in  lines  ;  leaves  ovate  to  ovate-oblong,  the  lower  on  hairy  petioles ;  petals  shorter 
than  the  calyx,  2-parted  ;  stamens  3-7  ;  seeds  scarcely  roughened.     (Alsine  L.) 
—  A  common   weed.     (Nat.    from   Eu.)     Var.   PROCERA  Klett  &   Richter   (8. 
neglecta  Weihe)  with  10  stamens   and  more  or  less  crested  seeds,  has  been 
reported  by  Holm  from  Washington,  D.  C.;   Sable  L,  N.  S.;  Man.;   and  B.  C. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 


CARYOPHYLLACEAE    (PINK   FAMILY)  383 

13.  S.  AQUATICA  (L.)  Scop.  Perennial,  glandular-pubescent ;  leaves  large, 
ovate,  acute,  cordate,  the  lower  petiolate ;  petals  much  exceeding  the  glandular- 
pubescent  sepals.  (Alsine  Britton.)  —  Occasional  on  waste  land,  in  parks,  etc., 
in  the  Eastern  States,  w.  Que.  and  Ont.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

6.    CERASTIUM  L.     MOUSE-EAR   CHICKWEED 

Sepals  5,  rarely  4.  Petals  as  many,  2-lobed  or  -cleft,  rarely  entire,  often 
wanting  in  some  of  the  flowers.  Stamens  10  or  fewer.  Styles  mostly  5,  rarely 
4  or  3,  opposite  the  sepals.  Pod  1-celled,  usually  elongated,  often  curved, 
membranaceous,  opening  at  the  summit  by  twice  as  many  teeth  as  there  were 
styles,  many-seeded.  Seeds  rough.  (Name  from  ictpas,  a  horn,  alluding  to  the 
shape  of  the  pod.) 

Perennial. 
Petals  much  longer  than  the  sepals   ....  ...    1.  (7.  arvense. 

Petals  equaling  or  shorter  than  the  sepals  or  wanting      .       .        .       .    2.  C.  vulgatum, 

Annual. 

Pedicels  4-10  mm.  long. 
Sepals  lanceolate,  attenuate. 

Bracts  not  scarious-margined ;  petals  (if  present)  ciliolate  at  base  .    3.  C.  viscosum. 
Bracts  scarious-margined  ;  petals  (if  present)  naked         .        .        .    4.  C.  semideeandntm. 
Sepals  oblong,  merely  acutish ;  petals  (if  present)  naked     .        .        .    5.  C.  brachypodum. 
Pedicels,  at  least  the  lower  ones,  1.5-5  cm.  long 8.  C.  nutans. 

1.  C.  arvSnse   L.      (FIELD  M.)     Stems  ascending  or  erect,  tufted,  downy 
or  nearly  smooth,   slender  (1-2  dm.   high),  naked  and  few-several-flowered 
at  the  summit ;  leaves  linear  or  narrowly  lanceolate  ;  petals  obcordate,  more  than 
twice  the  length  of  the  calyx ;  pods  (about  1  cm.  long)  one  third  to  two  thirds 
longer  than  the  calyx. — Dry  or  rocky  places,  Lab.  to  Alaska,  s.  to  Del.,  Pa., 
Ind.,  Mich.,  Minn.,  etc.,  and  along  the  mts.  to  Ga.    May-July.    (Eu.) 

Var.  oblongif61ium  (Torr.)  Hollick  &  Britton.  Usually  taller,  pubescent; 
leaves  narrowly  to  broadly  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate ;  pod  about  twice  as 
long  as  the  calyx.  (<7.  oblongifolium  Torr.)  —  Rocky  places,  chiefly  serpen- 
tine, N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  Col.,  and  south  w.  Var.  VILLOSUM  Hollick  &  Britton. 
Similar,  but  densely  villous-pubescent,  and  the  leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate- 
lanceolate.  (Var.  velutinum  Britton.)  —  Serpentine  barrens,  etc.,  e.  Pa. ;  also 
reported  at  Hamilton,  Ont.  (Dickson  according  to  J.  M.  Macoun). 

2.  C.  VULGATUM  L.    (COMMON  M.)    Stems  clammy-hairy,  spreading  (1.5-4 
dm.    long);  leaves  chiefly  oblong  (varying  to  spatulate  arid  ovate-lanceolate); 
upper  bracts  nearly  herbaceous  ;  flowers  at  first  clustered ;  sepals  4-6  mm.  long, 
obtusish  ;  pedicels  longer,  the  fruiting  ones  much  longer  than  the  calyx.     (C. 
viscosum  of  the  Linnean  herbarium;    C.  triviale  Link.)  —  Fields,  dooryards, 
etc. ;  common.    May-July.    (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

3.  C.  visc6suM  L.     Hairy  and  rather  clammy,  nearly  erect  (1-2  dm.  high) ; 
leaves  ovate  to  obovate  or  oblong-spatulate ;  bracts  herbaceous  ;  flowers  small, 
at  first  in  close  clusters;  pedicels  even  in  fruit  not  longer  than  the  very  acute 
sepals  ;  petals  shorter  than  the  calyx.     (C.  vulgatum  of  the  Linnean  herbarium; 
C.  glomeratum  Thuill.)  —  Grassy  places,  chiefly  in  the  middle  Atlantic,  Gulf, 
and  Pacific  States.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

4.  C.  SEMIDECANDRUM  L.     Similar  to  the  preceding  but  smaller ;  bracts  con- 
spicuously scarious-margined;  pedicels  in  fruit  slightly  exceeding  the  sepals. 
—  Dry  soil,  locally  established,  Nantucket   (Churchill}   and  Ct.    (Graves}  to 
Va.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

5.  C.  brachypodum  (Engelm.)  Robinson.  Pale  green,  viscid-pubescent; 
leaves  oblong ;  flowers  in  a  dense  or  sometimes  open  dichotomous  cyme  ;  pedicels 
about  equaling  the  capsules;  these  usually  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  sepals. 
(C.  nutans,  var.  Engelm.) — Near  St.  Louis,  Mo.  (Engelmann)  to  La.,  westw. 
and  northwestw. 

'  6.  C.  nutans  Raf.  Stems  erect,  slender,  grooved,  diffusely  branched  (1.5-6 
dm.  high);  cyme  loose,  many-flowered;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  the 
lowest  spatulate  ;  peduncles  elongated,  more  or  less  hooked  ;  petals  (sometimes 


384  CARYOPHYLLACEAE    (PINK   FAMILY) 

reduced  or  wanting)  a  little  longer  than  the  calyx ;  pods  nodding  on  the  stalks, 
curved  upward,  nearly  or  quite  thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx.  (C.  longe  pedun- 
culatum  Muhl.,  as  nomen  subnudum.) — Moist  rich  soil,  "N.  S.";  and  Vt.  to 
Athabasca,  southw.  and  westw.  May-July. 

7.    HOL6STEUM    [Dill.]    L.     JAGGED   CHICKWEED 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  usually  jagged  or  denticulate  at  the  point.  Stamens  3-5, 
rarely  10.  Styles  mostly  3.  Pod  ovoid,  1-celled,  many-seeded,  opening  at  the 
top  by  6  teeth.  Seeds  rough,  flattened  on  the  back,  attached  by  the  inner  face. 
—  Annuals  or  biennials,  with  several  (white)  flowers  in  an  umbel  borne  on  a 
long  terminal  peduncle.  (Name  from  b\bffreov,  a  word  used  by  Dioscorides  for 
some  unknown  plant. ) 

1.  H.  UMBKLIATUM  L.  Leaves  oblong  ;  peduncle  and  upper  part  of  the  stem 
glandular-pubescent ;  pedicels  reflexed  after  flowering.  — Roadsides,  fields,  etc.,  - 
N.  J.  and  Pa.  to  Ga.  Apr.,  May.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

8.   AGROSTEMMA  L.     CORN   COCKLE 

Calyx  ovoid,  with  10  strong  ribs ;  the  elongated  teeth  (in  ours  2-3  cm.  long) 
exceeding  the  5  large  unappendaged  petals.  Stamens  10.  Capsule  1-celled. 
Leaves  linear.  —  Tall  silky  annual  or  biennial.  (Name  from  dypos,  field,  and 
(TT^u/ia,  crown.} 

I.  A.  GITHAGO  L.  Flowers  2.5-4  cm.  in  diameter  ;  petals  purplish-red,  paler 
toward  the  claw  and  spotted  with  black.  (Lychnis  Scop.) — Grainfields,  and 
less  frequently  by  roadsides.  (Introd.  from  Eu.)  —  Seeds  poisonous. 

9.    LYCHNIS    [Tourn.J    L.     CAMPION 

Styles  5,  rarely  4,  and  pod  opening  by  as  many  or  twice  as  many  teeth  ; 
otherwise  nearly  as  in  Silene.  (Ancient  Greek  name  for  a  scarlet  or  flame- 
colored  species,  from  Xtfxws,  a  light  or  lamp.} 

*  Calyx-teeth  twisted;  petals  large;  plant  white-woolly. 

1.  L.  CORONARIA   (L.)  Desr.     (MULLEIN  PINK.)     Stem  4-9  dm.  high  ;  leaves 
oval  or  oblong  ;  petals  crimson.  —  Showy  plant,  often  cultivated  and  now  locally 
established,  Me.  to  N.  Y.  and  Mich.     (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Calyx-teeth  not  twisted  ;  petals  showy,  much  exserted  ;  plant  green. 
-t-  Flowers  perfect. 

2.  L.  FLOS-cticuLi  L.     (RAGGED  ROBIN.)     Perennial,  erect,  slightly  downy 
below,  viscid  above  ;  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  ;  flowers  in  loose  panicles  ;  calyx 
short,   glabrous;   petals  red,  4-lobed,  lobes  linear.  —  Moist  or  marshy  places, 
and  in  waste  land,  N.  B.  to  N.  J.  and  Pa.  —  Often  cultivated.    (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

3.  L.  CHALCEDONICA  L.     (SCARLET  LYCHNIS.)     Stout  erect   perennial  with 
ovate  leaves  and  hemispherical  clusters  of  scarlet  flowers;  petals  bifid.  — Culti- 
vated, and  locally  escaped  in  the  Northern  States.     (Introd.  from  Japan.) 

•*-  -»-  Flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous. 

4.  L.    DIOICA  L.     (RED  C.)     Leaves  ovate  to  lance-oblong ;  flowers  red  to 
rarely  white,    inodorous,    diurnal ;     calyx-teeth    triangular-lanceolate,    acute ; 
capsule  globose  with  a  wide  mouth  at  dehiscence.     (L.  diurna  Sibth.) — Waste 
grounds  and  roadsides,  common,  especially  eastw.      (Adv.  from  Eurasia.) 

5.  L.  ALBA  Mill.     (WHITE  C.)     Similiar  in  foliage;  flowers  white  or  pink, 
fragrant,  opening  in  the  evening ;  calyx-teeth  longer,  attenuate ;  capsule  ovoid- 
conical,  narrow-mouthed  at  dehiscence.     (L.  vespertina  Sibth.)  —  Same  situ- 
ations, but  less  common.     (Adv.  from  Old  World.)  — Resembles  Silene  noctiflora 
but  has  5  styles. 


CARYOPHYLLACEAE    (PINK   FAMILY)  385 

*  *  *  Calyx-teeth  not  twisted  ;  petals  small,  included  or  scarcely  exserted. 

(>.  L.  Drumm6ndii  (Hook.)  Wats.  Cinereous-puberulent ;  stems  erect,  al- 
most naked  above  ;  leaves  narrow  ;  pedicels  often  long,  erect ;  calyx  ovoid-cylin- 
dric. — Dry  plains,  Neb.  (Webber)  to  e.  Minn.  (Sheldon),  Man.  and  westw. 

10.    SILENE   L.     CATCHFLY.     CAMPION 

Calyx  5-toothed,  10-many-nerved,  naked  at  the  base.  Stamens  10.  Styles  3, 
rarely  4.  Pod  1-celled,  sometimes  3-celled  at  least  at  the  base,  opening  by  3  or 
6  teeth  at  the  apex. — Flowers  solitary  or  in  cymes.  Petals  mostly  crowned 
with  a  scale  at  the  base  of  the  blade.  (Name  from  <rla\ov,  saliva,  from  the  vis- 
cid exudation  on  the  steins  and  calyx  of  many  species.  The  English  name 
Catchfly  alludes  to  the  same  peculiarity.) 

*  Calyx  many-ribbed ;  annual. 

1.  S.  CONIC  A  L.     Puberulent  to  tomentulose  ;  stems  usually  several  (1.5-5 
dm.  high),  leafy  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acute  ;  calyx  ovoid,  strongly  ribbed, 
1.5  cm.  long,  the  teeth  attenuate;  petals  small,  purple  or  pink.  —  Waste  places, 
casual,  Dartmouth,  Mass.  (Hervey)  ;  "Clyde,  O."     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Calyx  5-lQ-nerved,  not  inflated  except  by  the  enlarging  pod  ;  annuals. 

i-  Glabrous,  a  portion  of  each  joint  of  the  stem  glutinous;  flowers  not  racemose. 

2.  S.  antirrhina  L.     (SLEEPY  CATCHFLY.)     Stem  slender  (2-9  dm.  high)  ; 
leaves  lanceolate  or  linear ;  flowers  small,  paniculate ;  calyx  ovoid ;  petals  ob- 
cordate,  crowned,  opening  transiently  in  sunshine.  —  Dry  soil ;  common  in  waste 
places  and  open  woods,  centr.  Me.,  westw.  and  south w.     June-Sept. 

Var.  divaricata  Robinson.  Still  more  slender,  the  filiform  branches  and 
peduncles  usually  spreading ;  petals  none.  —  Dry  woods,  Mass,  to  111.,  Mo.,  and 
Kan. 

3.  S.  ARMERIA  L.    (SWEET  WILLIAM  CATCHFLY.)     Glaucous;  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate;  flowers  in  flat  cymes,  open  in  sunshine;  calyx  club-shaped;  petals 
rose-colored  or  white,   notched,  crowned  with  awl-shaped   scales. — Escaped 
from  gardens.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

•i-  i-  Pubescent  and  more  or  less  viscid;  flowers  racemose;  pedicels  short. 

4.  S.  oALLicA  L.     Leaves  spatulate,  obtuse,  mucronate  (1.6-3.5  cm.  long); 
racemes  simple,  terminal,  one-sided  ;  calyx  ovoid,  villous-hirsute  ;  petals  small. 
(S.  anglica  L.)  —Fields  and  waste  places,  local.     (Adv.  from  Old  World.) 

5.  S.  DICH6TOMA  Ehrh.     Tall,  more  or  less  hirsute ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  ob- 
lanceolate ;  racemes  branched;  flowers  short-pediceled,  one  in  each  fork,  the 
others  solitary  at  the  nodes  of  the  spreading  rhachises  ;  calyx-ribs  5,  hirsute, 
simple;  petals  much  exserted,  white  or  pink.  — Clover  fields,  etc.,  N.E.  to  Tex., 
and  on  the  Pacific  Slope.     (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

•*-  •»-  H-  Pubescent  and  viscid ;  flowers  cymose. 

6.  S.  NOCTIFL6RA  L.     (NIGHT-FLOWERING  CATCHFLY.)     Tall  (3-9  dm.  high)  -, 
lower   leaves  large  and   spatulat.e,  the  upper  lanceolate ;   flowers  few,    largej 
peduncled,  white  or  nearly  so,  fragrant,  opening  at  night;  calyx-tube  2.5  cm. 
long,  with  awl-shaped  teeth.  — Cultivated  grounds. 

*  *  *  Calyx  &-W-nerved,  elongated  or  club-shaped,  not  inflated  except  by  the 
enlarging  pod;  flowers  cymnse  or  clustered;  perennial,  pubescent  with 
viscid  hairs,  especially  the  calyx. 

•*-  Petals  white  or  rose-color. 

7.  S.  Menzidsii  Hook.     Weak,  low.  dichotomously  branched  ;  flowers  small, 
white,  in  leafy  cymes ;  calyx  obconical  ;  petals  2-cleft,  usually  crownless.  —  S. 
Mo.  (Blankinship)  to  Neb.,  Assina.,  and  westw. 

8.  S.  NtiTANS  L.     Leafy  chiefly  near  the  base  ;  steins  3-0  dm.  high,  slender, 
bearing  a  narrow  panicle  of  nodding  pink  flowers;  petals  rather  deeply  bifid, 

GRAY'S  MANUAL — 25 


386  CARYOPHYLLACEAE   (PINK   FAMILY) 

crowned.  —  Mt.   Desert  I.,   Me.    (Miss  Minot)    and   Staten   I.,  N.  Y.   (Kerr} ; 
doubtfully  established.      (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

9.  S.  pennsylvanica  Michx.     (WILD   PINK.)     Stems  low  (1-2  dm.  high)  ; 
root-leaves  narrowly  spatulate,  nearly  glabrous,  tapering  into  hairy  petioles  ; 
stem-leaves  (2  or  3  pairs)  lanceolate  ;  flowers  cymosely  clustered,  short-stalked  ; 
calyx  club-shaped ;  petals  wedge-form,  slightly  notched  and  eroded,  pink.     (S. 
caroliniana  Walt.  ?) — Gravelly  and  rocky  places,  e.  Mass,  to  N.  Y.,  Ky.,  and 
southw.     Apr.-June. 

-t-  •»-  Petals  long,  deep  crimson  or  scarlet,  crowned. 

10.  S.    virgfnica  L.     (FIRE   PINK,    CATCHFLY.)     Stems   slender  (3-6   dm. 
high)  ;  leaves  thin,  spatulate,  or  the  upper  oblong-lanceolate ;  flowers  few  and 
loosely  cymose,  peduncled ;  calyx  subcylindrical,  soon  obconical ;  petals  oblong, 
2-cleft,  deep  crimson,  the  limb  2.5  cm.  long.  — Open  woods,  s.  N.  J.  to  w.  N.  Y., 
s.  w.  Ont.,  Minn.,  and  southw.     June-Aug. 

11.  S.  rdgia  Sims.     (ROYAL  CATCHFLY.)     Stem  roughish,  erect  (1  m.  high); 
leaves  thickish,   ovate-lanceolate,    acute ;    flowers    numerous,  short-stalked,   in 
clusters,  forming  a  strict  panicle  ;  calyx  ovoid-club-shaped  in  fruit ;  petals  spatu- 
late-lanceolate,  mostly  undivided,  deep  scarlet.  — Prairies,  0.  to  Mo.,  and  southw. 
July. 

12.  S.  rotundif61ia  Nutt.    (ROUND-LEAVED  CATCHFLY.)    Viscid-hairy  ;  steins 
weak,  branched,  decumbent  (6  dm.  long)  ;  leaves  thin,  round,  abruptly  pointed, 
the  lower  obovate  ;  flowers  few,  loosely  cymose,  stalked  ;  calyx  elongated  ;  petals 
2-cleft  and  cut-toothed,  deep  scarlet.  —  Shaded  banks,  s.  O.,  Ky.,  and  southw. 
June-Aug.  —  Leaves  and  flowers  large. 

*  *  *  *  Calyx  bladdery-inflated;  perennial ;  flowers  panicled,  white,  in  summer. 

13.  S.  stellata  (L.)  Ait.  f.     (STARRY  CAMPION.)     Stem  7-10  dm.  high,  with 
a  large  and  open  pyramidal  panicle ;    leaves  in  whorls  of  4,  ovate-lanceolate, 
taper-pointed  ;  calyx  bell-shaped  ;  corolla  2  cm.  broad  ;  petals  cut  into  a  fringe, 
crownless.  —  Wooded  banks,  Mass,  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  and  southw. 

14.  S.  nivea    (Nutt.)  Otth.      Leaves  opposite,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  taper- 
pointed  ;  calyx  subcylindric ;  petals  wedge-form,  "2-cleft,  minutely  crowned.     (8. 
alba  Muhl.,  as  nomen  subnudum.} — Pa.  to  D.  C.,  w.  to  Minn,  and  Neb.,  rare; 
also  cultivated,  and  occasionally  escaped  elsewhere. 

15.  S.  LATIF6LIA  (Mill.)  Britten  &  Rendle.     (BLADDER  CAMPION.)     Glau- 
cous; leaves  opposite,  ovate-lanceolate;  calyx,  globular,  much  inflated,  elegantly 
veined  ;  petals  2-cleft,  nearly  crownless.     (S.  inflata  Sm.  ;  S.  Cucubalus  Wibel  ; 
8.  vulgaris  Garcke.)  —  Fields,  roadsides,  and  alluvial  banks,  e.  Que.  to  Ont.,  s. 
to  N.  J.,  111.,  and  la.  —  Flowers  loosely  cymose.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*****  Dwarf,  alpine,  tufted,  smooth,  perennial ;  flowering  shoots  1-flowered. 

16.  S.   acaiilis   L.     (Moss  CAMPION.)     Tufted  like  a  moss ;   leaves  linear, 
crowded  ;  flowers  almost  sessile,  or  rarely  on  a  naked  peduncle  ;  petals  purple  or 
rarely  white,  notched  or  entire,  crowned.  —  Alpine  summits  of  the  White  Moun- 
tains, N.  H.,  and  north  w. ;  also  western  mountains.     July.     (Eu.) 

11.    SAPONARIA  L. 

Calyx  narrowly  ovoid  or  subcylindric,  5-toothed,  obscurely  nerved,  naked. 
Stamens  10.  Styles  2.  Pod  1-celled,  or  incompletely  2-4-celled  at  base, 
4-toothed  at  the  apex.  —  Coarse  annuals  or  perennials,  with  large  flowers. 
(Name  from  sapo,  soap,  the  mucilaginous  juice  forming  a  lather  with  water.) 

1.  S.  OFFICINALIS  L.      (SOAPWORT,  BOUNCING  BET.)     Flowers  in  corymbed 
clusters  ;  calyx  terete  ;  petals  crowned  with  an  appendage  at  the  top  of  the  claw  ; 
leaves  oval-lanceolate.  —  Roadsides,  etc.     July-Sept.  —  A  stout  perennial,  with 
large  rose-colored  flowers,  commonly  double.     (Adv.  from  Eu. ) 

2.  S.  VACCARIA  L.     (COW-HERB.)     Annual,  glabrous  ;  flowers  in  corymbed 
cymes ;  calyx  b-angled,  enlarged  and  wing-angled  in  fruit ;  petals  pale  red,  not 
crowned  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate.   (  Vaccaria  vulgaris  Host ;   V.  Vaccaria  Brit- 
ton.)  —  Occasionally  spontaneous,  or  a  weed  in  grainfields.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


PORTULACACEAE    (PURSLANE   FAMILY)  387 

12.    GYPS6PHILA  L. 

Calyx  narrowly  top-shaped  or  campanulate,  5-nerved,  5-toothed,  naked  at 
base.  Petals  not  crowned.  Stamens  10.  Styles  2.  Pod  1-celled,  4-valved  at 
the  apex,  sessile.  —  Slender  glaucous  annuals  or  perennials,  with  numerous  small 
flowers.  (Name  from  yv\{/os,  gypsum,  and  0iXetV,  to  love.) 

1.  G.  MUR\LIS  L.  Annual,  much  branched;  leaves  very  narrowly  linear; 
flowers  on  slender  pedicels,  solitary  in  the  forks  ;  calyx  turbinate,  the  teeth  short, 
obtuse;  petals  purplish,  crenate  or  emarginate. — Fields,  roadsides,  etc.,  Me.  to 
N.  J.,  Ont.,  and  Minn.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

13.   TtTNICA   [Rupp.]   Scop. 

Calyx  5-ribbed,  bluntly  toothed.  Petals  5.  Styles  2.  —  Slender  wiry-stemmed 
herbs  with  small  terminal  flowers  and  linear  leaves.  (Name  from  tunica,  a  tunic, 
referring  probably  to  the  close-fitting  calyx.) 

1.  T.  SAxfFRAGA  (L.)  Scop.  Low,  many-stemmed ;  leaves  less  than  1  mm. 
broad ;  bractlets  2  pairs,  scarious  except  in  the  middle ;  small  petals  purplish, 
notched.  —  Roadsides,  etc.,  Flushing,  L.I.  (J.  Schrenk)  ;  London,  Ont.  {Bur- 
gess). (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

14.    DIANTHUS   L.     PINK.     CARNATION 

Calyx  cylindrical,  nerved  or  striate,  5-toothed,  subtended  by  2  or  more  im- 
bricated bractlets.  Stamens  10.  Styles  2.  Pod  1-celled,  4-valved  at  the  apex. 
Seeds  flattish  on  the  back;  embryo  scarcely  curved.  —  Ornamental  plants,  of 
well-known  aspect  and  value  in  cultivation.  (Name  from  Aids,  of  Jupiter,  and 
&vdos,  flower,  i.e.  Jove's  own  flower.) 

1.  D.   PROLIFER  L.     Annual,  smooth,  slender;  flowers  clustered;  bractlets 
ovate,  dry,  concealing  the  calyx ;  leaves  few,  narrow,  linear,  erect ;  petals  small, 
pink.  —  Roadsides  and  fields,  s.  e.  N.  Y.  to  Del.;  also  Cleveland,  O.  (Beardslee) . 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  D.   DELTOIDES  L.      (MAIDEN  P.)      Perennial;    leaves  short,   narrowly 
lanceolate,  glabrous  or  roughish  ;  flowers  solitary  ;  bracts  ovate,  half  as  long  as 
the  tube ;   petals  rose-color  or  white,  toothed.  —  Dry  open  places,  e.  N.  E.  to 
Mich.,  becoming  more  frequent.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

3.  D.    BARBA.TUS   L.      (SWEET    WILLIAM.)       Perennial;  flowers  fascicled; 
leaves  large,  lanceolate;  bracts  filiform-attenuate,  equaling  the  calyx. —  Culti- 
vated, and  sparingly  spontaneous.     (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

4.  D.  ARMERIA  L.     (DEPTFORD  P.)     Annual;  flowers  clustered;  bractlets 
of  the  calyx  and  bracts  lance-awl-form,  herbaceous,  downy,  as  long  as  the  tube ; 
leaves  linear,  hairy  ;  petals  small,  rose-color  with  white  dots,  crenate.  — Fields, 
etc.,  Mass,  to  Va.,  w.  to  s.  Ont.,  Mich.,  and  la.     July.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

PORTULACACEAE    (PURSLANE  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  with  succulent  leaves,  and  essentially  regular  but  unsymmetrical 
flowers,  viz.,  sepals  fewer  than  the  petals ;  the  stamens  opposite  the  petals  when 
of  the  same  number,  but  often  indefinite ;  otherwise  nearly  as  Chickweeds.  — 
Sepals  2.  Petals  5,  or  sometimes  none.  Stamens  mostly  5-20.  Styles  2-8, 
united  below,  or  distinct,  stigrnatic  along  the  inside.  Pod  1-celled,  with  few  or 
many  campylotropous  seeds  rising  on  stalks  from  the  base.  Embryo  curved 
around  mealy  albumen.  —  Insipid  and  innocent  herbs,  with  entire  leaves.  Co- 
rolla opening  only  in  sunshine,  mostly  ephemeral,  then  shriveling. 

*  Calyx  free,  persistent. 

1.   Montia     Petals  3-5,  usually  unequal,  sometimes  slightly  connate  at  the  base.     Stamens  aa 
many.    Ovules  2  or  3.    Roots  fibrous. 


888  POKTULACACEAE    (PUKSLANE   FAMILY) 

2.  Claytonia.    Petals  and  somewhat  perigynous  stamens  5,  equal.     Ovules  about  6.    Peren^ 

nials  with  corms  or  thick  caudex. 

*  *  Calyx  free,  deciduous. 

3.  Talinum.    Stamens  hypogynous,  usually  more  numerous  than  the  petals.     Pod  many- 


*  *  Calyx  partly  adnate  to  the  ovary. 

4.  Portulaca.    Stamens  7-20,  perigynous.    Pod  opening  by  a  lid  to  which  the  calyx-lobes  are 
attached. 

1.   M6NTIA   [Mich.]   L. 

Sepals  2,  persistent.  Petals  3-5,  usually  a  little  unequal  and  often  connate 
at  the  base.  Stamens  as  many,  adhering  to  the  base  of  the  petals.  Style- 
branches  3.  Ovules  few.  Seeds  2-3.  —  Annuals  or  fibrous-rooted  sometimes 
rhizomatose  or  stoloniferous  perennials,  ours  with  opposite  leaves.  (Named 
for  Professor  Giuseppe  Monti  of  Bologna.) 

1.  M.  fontana   L.    (BLINKS.)     Small,   procumbent,    rooting  at  the   nodes; 
leaves  obovate  to  linear-spatulate,  3-12  mm.  long;  flowers  minute;  petals  3, 
white,  scarcely  exceeding  the   calyx,  connate  at  base,  unequal,  the  tube  slit 
down  on  one  side;   few-flowered  racemes  terminal  or  axillary. —  Wet  places, 
along  the  coast,  islands  near  Mt.  Desert,  Me.  (Band,  Redfield},  to  Lab.  ;  and 
on  the  Pacific  Slope.     (Eurasia.) 

2.  M.  Chamissoi    (Ledeb.)   Durand  &  Jackson.     Procumbent  or  ascending, 
propagating  by  slender  bulblet-bearing  runners  ;  leaves  several  pairs,  oblong- 
spatulate,  2.5-5  cm.  long ;  petals  5,  pale  rose-color,  much  exceeding  the  calyx. 
(Claytonia  Chamissonis  Esch.) — Moist  ground,  Minn.  ;  also  Rocky  Mts.,  etc. 

3.  M.   PERFOLIATA    (Donn)    Howell,  with  single  pair  of  cauline  leaves  con- 
nate into  a  suborbicular  disk  about  the  stem,  is  said  to  be  established  near 
Painesville,  O.     (Introd.  from  w.  N.  A.) 

2.    CLAYTdNIA    [Gronov.]    L.     SPRING  BEAUTY 

Sepals  2,  ovate,  free,  persistent.  Stamens  5,  adhering  to  the  short  claws  of 
the  petals.  Style  3-cleft  at  the  apex.  Pod  1-celled,  3-valved,  3-6-seeded.  — 
Perennials,  our  two  species  sending  up  simple  stems  in  early  spring  from  a  small 
deep  tuber,  bearing  a  pair  of  opposite  leaves,  and  a  loose  raceme  of  pretty  flow- 
ers. Corolla  rose-color  with  deeper  veins,  opening  for  more  than  one  day  ! 
(Named  in  honor  of  Dr.  John  Clayton,  one  of  our  earliest  botanists,  who  con- 
tributed to  Gronovius  the  materials  for  the  Flora  Virginica.) 

1.  C.  virginica  L.     Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  elongated  (7-15  cm.  long). — 
Moist  open  woods,  N.  S.to  Sask.,  and  southw. ;  common,  especially  westw.  and 
southw. 

2.  C.  caroliniana   Michx.     Flowers  rather  smaller  and  fewer ;  leaves  spatu- 
late-oblong  or  oval-lanceolate  (2.5-5  cm.  long).  —  N.  S.  to  Sask.  and  Minn.,  and 
southw.  along  the  Alleghenies. 

3.  TALiNUM  Adans. 

Sepals  2,  distinct  and  free,  deciduous.  Petals  5,  ephemeral.  Stamens  5-oc. 
Style  3-lobed  at  the  apex.  Pod  3-celled  at  the  base  when  young,  3-valved,  with 
many  seeds  on  a  globular  stalked  placenta.  —  Ours  perennials,  subscapose  from 
a  thickish  rootstock.  Leaves  linear,  subterete,  much  exceeded  by  the  peduncles. 
Flowers  white  or  rose-colored,  cymose.  (Derivation  obscure.) 

1.  T.  parviflbrum   Nutt.     Petals  5,  pale,  2-3  mm.  long  ;  stamens  5  ;  capsule 
ovoid.  —  Pipestone  City,  Minn.  (Sheldon)  to  Ark.,  and  southwestw. 

2.  T.  teretifblium   Pursh.     Petals  5,  roseate,  8  mm.  long  ;  stamens  15-20  ; 
anthers  oblong;  lobes  of  the  stigma  very  short;  capsule  globose. — Serpentine 
and  rarely  other  rocks,  Pa.  to  Ind.,  Minn.,  and  southw.     June-Aug. 

3.  T.  rugospSrmum  Holzinger.    Biennial  (?),  in  appearance  closely  like  the 


CERATOPHYLLACEAE   (HORNWORT   FAMILY)  889 

preceding  ;  stigma-lobes  a  fourth  to  a  third  as  long  as  the  style  ;  anthers  short, 
almost  spherical;  seeds  roughened.  —  Prairies,  Ind.,  Wise.,  and  e.  Minn. 

4.  T.  calycinum  Engelm.  Larger  ;  petals  usually  8-10  ;  stamens  30  or  more. 
—  Sandy  soil  or  rocks,  s.  Mo.  (Blankinship)  to  Neb.  and  southwestw. 

4.   PORTULACA   [Tourn.]   L.    PURSLANE 

Calyx  2-cleft ;  the  tube  cohering  with  the  ovary  below.  Petals  5,  rarely  6, 
inserted  on  the  calyx  with  the  7-20  stamens,  fugacious.  Style  mostly  3-8- 
parted.  Pod  1-celled,  globular,  many-seeded,  opening  transversely,  the  upper 
part  (with  the  upper  part  of  the  calyx)  separating  as  a  lid.  —  Fleshy  annuals, 
with  mostly  scattered  leaves.  (An  old  Latin  name,  of  unknown  meaning.) 

1.  P.  OLERAcEA   L.    (COMMON  P.)     Prostrate,  very  smooth;    leaves  obovate 
or  wedge-form  ;  flowers  sessile  (opening  only  in  sunny  mornings)  ;  sepals  keeled ; 
petals  pale  yellow  ;  stamens  7-1*2  ;  style  deeply  5-6-parted ;  flower-bud  flat  and 
acute.  —  Cultivated  and  waste  grounds ;  common.  —  Seemingly  indigenous  westw. 
and  southwestw.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  P.  neglScta  Mackenzie  &  Bush,  known  to  us  from  description  only,  appears 
to  be  a  more  luxuriant  plant  with  ascending  stems,  larger  leaves   (2.5-5  cm. 
long,  1.2-2.5  cm.  broad),  and  more  numerous  (15-18)  stamens. — Rich  bottom 
lands,  Mo.  and  Kan. 

3.  P.  retusa   Engelm.     Leaves  often  retuse ;  calyx-lobes  obtuse  in  the  bud; 
petals  small  or  minute  ;  style  shorter,  3-4-cleft ;  seeds  larger,  sharply  tubercu- 
late  ;   otherwise  like  P.  oleracea. —  Ark.  to  Tex.  and  westw.;   reported  from 
Kan.,  la.,  and  Minn. 

4.  P.  pi!6sa  L.     Ascending  or  spreading,  copiously  hairy  in  the  axils  ;  leaves 
linear-subulate,  nearly  terete,  6-12  mm.  long  ;  petals  red  or  purple.  — Barrens, 
Mo.  and  Kan.  to  Tex.,  etc. 

CERATOPHYLLACEAE     (HORNWORT  FAMILY) 

Aquatic  herbs,  with  whorled  finely  dissected  leaves,  and  minute  axillary  and 
sessile  monoecious  flowers  without  floral  envelopes,  but  with  an  8-12-cleft  invo- 
lucre in  place  of  a  calyx,  the  fertile  a  simple  1-celled  ovary,  with  a  suspended 
orthotropous  ovule  ;  seed  filled  by  a  highly  developed  embryo  with  a  very  short 
radicle,  thick  oval  cotyledons,  and  a  plumule  consisting  of  several  nodes  and 
leaves.  —  Consists  only  of  the  genus 

1.   CERATOPHYLLUM  L.     HORN  WORT 

Sterile  flowers  of  10-20  stamens,  with  large  sessile  anthers.  Fruit  an  achene, 
beaked  with  the  slender  persistent  style.  —  Herbs  growing  under  water ;  the 
sessile  leaves  cut  into  thrice-forked  thread-like  rigid  divisions  (whence  the 
name  from  K^pas,  a  horn,  and  <j>v\\ov,  leaf}. 

1.  C.  demSrsum  L.  Fruit  smooth,  marginless,  beaked  with  a  long  persistent 
style,  and  with  a  short  spine  or  tubercle  at  the  base  on  each  side.  —  Slow  streams 
and  ponds,  across  the  continent.  (Eu.,  etc.)  Var.  ECHINATUM  Gray  has  the 
fruit  mostly  larger  (6  mm.  long),  rough-pimpled  on  the  sides,  the  narrowly 
winged  margin  spiny-toothed.  —  Similar  range. 

NYMPHAEACEAE     (WATER  LILY  FAMILY) 

Aquatic  perennial  herbs,  with  horizontal  rootstocks  and  peltate  or  sometimes 
only  cordate  leaves  floating  or  emersed;  the  ovules  borne  on  the  sides  or  back 
(or  when  solitary  hanging  from  the  summit)  of  the  cells,  not  on  the  ventral 


390  NYMPH  AEACEAE    (WATER   LILY   FAMILY) 

suture ;  the  embryo  inclosed  in  a  little  bag  at  the  end  of  the  albumen  next  the 
hilum,  except  in  Nclumbium,  which  has  no  albumen.  Cotyledons  thick  and 
fleshy,  inclosing  a  well-developed  plumule.  —  Flowers  axillary,  solitary.  Verna- 
tion involute.  Rootstocks  apparently  endogenous. 

SUBFAMILY  I.     NYMPHAEOfDEAE 

Sepals  4-6,  and  petals  numerous  in  many  rows,  persistent  or  decaying  away, 
either  hypogynous  or  variously  adnate  to  the  surface  of  the  compound  8-30- 
celled  ovary,  which  is  formed  by  the  union  of  as  many  carpels ;  the  numerous 
ovules  inserted  over  the  whole  inner  face  of  the  cells,  except  at  the  ventral 
suture.  Stigmas  radiate  as  in  the  Poppy.  Fruit  baccate,  with  a  firm  rind. 
Petioles  and  peduncles  from  a  (usually  thickish)  rootstock. 

1.  Nymphaea.     Petals  (very  small  and  stamen-like)  and  stamens  inserted  under  the  ovary. 

2.  Castalia.     Petals  adnate  to  the  ovary,  large ;  the  stamens  on  its  summit. 

SUBFAMILY  II.     NELUMBONOfDEAE 

Sepals  and  petals  numerous  in  several  rows,  passing  gradually  into  each 
other,  and  with  the  indefinitely  numerous  stamens  hypogynous  and  deciduous. 
Pistils  several,  1-ovuled,  separately  immersed  in  the  obconical  receptacle, 
which  is  much  enlarged  and  broadly  top-shaped  at  maturity,  the  imbedded 
nut-like  fruits  resembling  small  acorns.  Embryo  large  ;  no  albumen.  — Petioles 
and  peduncles  all  from  the  tuberous  rootstock,  the  centrally  peltate  leaves  and 
the  flowers  large. 

3.  NelumbO.     Character  of  the  subfamily. 

SUBFAMILY  III.     CABOMBOfDEAE 

Sepals  and  petals  each  3  or  sometimes  4,  hypogynous  and  persistent.  Stamens 
definite  (3-18).  Pistils  2-18,  free  and  distinct,  coriaceous  and  indehiscent, 
1-3-seeded  on  the  dorsal  suture.  —  Stems  slender,  leafy,  coated  with  mucilage. 
Flowers  small. 

4.  Brasenia.    Stamens  12-18.    Carpels  4-18.    Leaves  all  peltate. 

5.  Cabomba.     Stamens  3-4.     Carpels  2-3.    Submersed  leaves  capillary -multifid. 

1.  NYMPHAEA   [Tourn.]  L.     YELLOW  POND  LILY.     SPATTER-DOCK 

Sepals  5,  6,  or  sometimes  more,  roundish,  concave.  Petals  numerous,  small 
and  thickish,  stamen-like  or  scale-like,  inserted  with  the  very  numerous  short 
stamens  on  the  receptacle  under  the  ovary,  not  surpassing  the  disk-like  7-24- 
rayed  sessile  stigma,  persistent  and  at  length  recurved.  Fruit  ovoid,  naked, 
usually  ripening  above  the  water.  Aril  none.  —  Rootstock  creeping,  cylindrical. 
Leaves  with  a  deep  sinus  at  the  base.  Flowers  yellow  or  sometimes  tinged 
with  purple,  produced  all  summer.  (Name  formerly  used  for  the  white-flowered 
water  lilies,  dedicated  by  the  Greeks  to  the  Water  Nymphs.)  NUPHAR  Sibth. 
&  Sm. 

1.  N.  ddvena  Ait.  (Cow  LILY).  Sepals  6,  unequal  (yellow,  mostly  tinged 
with  green  or  brown)  ;  petals  shorter  than  the  stamens  and  resembling  them, 
thick  and  fleshy,  truncate  ;  stigma  nearly  entire,  12-24-rayed,  yellow  or  pale 
red;  ovary  and  fruit  (3.5-5  cm.  long)  scarcely  contracted  above;  thin  sub- 
mersed leaves  seldom  present;  floating  or  emersed  and  erect  leaves  thick  (1.5-3 


NYMPHAEACEAE    (WATER  LILY  FAMILY)  391 

dm.  long),  from  roundish  to  ovate  or  almost  oblong,  the  sinus  open,  lobes 
subtriangular.  (Nuphar  Ait.  f.)  —  Very  common  in  still  or  stagnant  water, 
especially  from  N.  Y.,  southw.  and  westw.  Northw.  and  northeast w.  largely 
replaced  by  Var.  VARIEGATA  (Engelm.)  Fernald,  which  has  flowers  partly 
purple  and  leaves  with  a  closed  sinus  and  relatively  shorter  rounder  lobes.  (N. 
variegata  G.  S.  Miller.) 

x  ?  N.  rubrodisca  (Morong)  Greene.  More  slender ;  leaves  somewhat 
smaller  (12  dm.  long);  flowers  usually  smaller  (sepals  2.5-3  cm.  long);  stigma 
9-13-rayed,  crenately  toothed,  bright  red  or  crimson;  fruit  (2.5  cm.  long) 
decidedly  contracted  above.  (N.  hybrida  Peck;  Nuphar  advena,  var.  minus 
Morong.)  — N.  B.  to  Mich,  and  Pa.  —  Probably  a  hybrid  between  N.  advena, 
var.  variegata  and  the  next  species. 

2.  N.   microphylla  Pers.     Very  slender   and  with  slender  rootstock;    sub- 
mersed leaves  thin,  round-reniform,  the  floating  broadly  elliptical,  3.5-10  cm. 
long,  with  a  deep  narrow  sinus  ;  sepals  usually  5  ;  flowers  2.5  cm.  or  less  in 
diameter ;  petals  spatulate  or  obovate ;   stigmas   7-10-rayed,   dark  red ;  fruit 
globular  (1.2-1.8  cm.  in  diameter)  with  a  short  neck.     (N.  Kalmiana  Sims; 
Nuphar  Ait.  f.) — N.  B.  to  Pa.  and  Minn.,  and  northw.  —  Doubtfully  distinct 
from  N.  minima  Reichenb.  of  Eu. 

3.  N.  sagittifblia  Walt.     Rootstock  stout ;  leaves  narrowly  oblong  to  oblong- 
lanceolate  (1.5-3  dm.  long),  with  short  sinus ;  flowers  small,  2.5  cm.  broad. 
(Nuphar  Pursh.)  — S.  Ind.  and  111.  (Schneck),  and  southw. 

2.    CASTALIA  Salisb.    WATER  NYMPH.     WATER  LILY 

Sepals  4,  green  outside,  nearly  free.  Petals  numerous,  in  many  rows,  the 
innermost  gradually  passing  into  stamens,  imbricately  inserted  all  over  the 
ovary.  Stamens  indefinite,  inserted  on  the  ovary,  the  outer  with  dilated  fila- 
ments. Ovary  12-35-celled,  the  concave  summit  tipped  with  a  globular  projec- 
tion at  the  center,  around  which  are  the  radiate  stigmas  ;  these  project  at  the 
margin,  and  are  extended  into  linear  and  incurved  sterile  appendages.  Fruit 
depressed-globular,  covered  with  the  bases  of  the  decayed  petals,  maturing  under 
water.  Seeds  enveloped  by  a  sac-like  aril.  —  Flowers  white,  pink,  yellow,  or 
blue,  very  showy.  (Kao-ra\ta,  a  mythical  fountain  on  Parnassas,  sacred  to 
Apollo  and  the  Muses.)  NYMPHAEA  L.  in  part. 

1.  C.  odorata  (Ait.)  Woodville  &  Wood.     (SWEET-SCENTED  WATER  LILY.) 
Rootstock  with  few  and  persistent   branches;   leaves   orbicula,r    (0.5-2.2  dm. 
wide),  deeply-cordate-cleft  at  the  base,  the  margin  entire,  often  crimson  beneath  ; 
stipules  broadly   triangular  or    almost    kidney-shaped,   notched   at  the   apex, 
appressed  to  the  rootstock ;  flower  white,   very  sweet-scented  (0.5-1.3  dm.  in 
diameter,  when  fully  expanded,  opening  early  in  the  morning,  closing  in  the 
afternoon);  petals  obtuse;   anthers  blunt ;  aril  much  longer  than  the  distinctly 
stipitate  ellipsoid  seeds,  these  about  3  mm.  long.     (Nymphaea  odorata  Ait., 
including  var.  minor  Sims.) — Ponds  and  still  or  slow-flowing  water  ;  common. 
June-Sept.     Passing  to  the  somewhat  ill-defined  forma  R&SEA  (Pursh)  Britton, 
with  pink  or  bright  pink-red  flowers.  —  Shallow  ponds,  mostly  near  the  coast. 
Var.  GIGANTEA  (Tricker)  Fernald.     Larger ;  leaves  2-4  dm.  broad,  the  margins 
turned  up ;  flowers  (white  or  nearly  so)  1-1.5  dm.  in  diameter,  less  fragrant; 
sepals  greenish.     (Nymphaea  odorata,  var.  Tricker.)  —  Del.  to  Fla.    and  La. 
(Mex.,  W.  I.,  S.  A.) 

2.  C.  tuberbsa  (Paine)  Greene.     Leaves  reniform-orbicular,  mostly  larger 
(2-4  dm.  wide)  and  more  prominently  ribbed  than  in  the  last,  rarely  purplish 
beneath  ;  rootstock  bearing  numerous  spontaneously  detaching  often  compound 
tubers;  flower  scentless  (or  with  a  slight  odor  as  of  apples),  white,  never  pink, 
1-2   dm.  in   diameter,  the  petals  proportionally  broader  and  blunter  than  in 
no.l  ;  the  fruit  more  depressed,  and  with  Viewer  but   much   larger    (i.e.   twice 
as  broad)  globular-ovoid  seeds,  which  when  mature  are  barely  inclosed  by  the 
aril  and  not  stipitate.     (Nymphaea  Paine  ;  N.  reniformis  of  auth.,  not  Walt.)  — 
Slow  rivers,  etc.,  n.  Vt.  to  Del.  (Commons},  e.  Neb.,  and  Ark. 


392  RANUNCULACEAE   (CROWFOOT   FAMILY) 

3.   NELUMBO   [Tourn.]   Adans.    SACRED  BEAN 

The  only  genus  of  the  subfamily.     (Name  Ceylonese.) 

1.  N.  lutea  (Willd.)  Pers.  (YELLOW  NELUMBO,  WATER  CHINQUAPIN.) 
Leaves  usually  raised  high  out  of  the  water,  circular,  3-6  dm.  in  diameter,  with 
the  center  depressed  or  cupped  ;  flower  pale  yellow,  1.2-2.5  dm.  broad  ;  anthers 
tipped  with  a  slender  hooked  appendage.  (Nelumbium  luteum  Willd.)  —  Con- 
cord and  Osterville,  Mass.,  s.  Ct.  (probably  of  Indian  introduction)  to  L.  Ontario, 
L.  Erie,  Mich.,  Minn.,  e.  Neb.,  and  southw. ;  rare  in  the  Middle  States. — Tubers 
farinaceous  and  edible.  Seeds  also  eatable.  Embryo  like  that  of  Gastalia  on  a 
large  scale ;  cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy,  inclosing  a  plumule  of  1  or  2  well- 
formed  young  leaves,  inclosed  in  a  delicate  stipule-like  sheath. 

N.  NuclFERA  Gaertn.,  the  oriental  LOTUS,  with  pink  flowers,  has  become 
established  about  Bordentown,  N.  J.,  where  artificially  introduced. 

4.   BRASENIA  Schreb.     WATER  SHIELD 

Sepals  3  or  4.  Petals  3  or  4,  linear,  sessile.  Stamens  12-18  ;  filaments  fili- 
form ;  anthers  innate.  Pistils  4-18,  forming  little  club-shaped  indehiscent  pods  ; 
stigmas  linear.  Seeds  1-2,  pendulous  on  the  dorsal  suture  !  —  Rootstock  creep- 
ing. Leaves  alternate,  long-petioled,  centrally  peltate,  oval,  floating.  Flowers 
axillary,  small,  dull-purple.  (Name  of  uncertain  origin.) 

1.  B.  Schreb§ri  Gmel.  Leaves  entire  or  shallowly  crenate,  2-10  cm.  across. 
(B.peltata  Pursh. ;  B.  purpurea  Gasp.)  — Ponds  and  slow  streams.  June- Aug. 
(Asia,  Afr.,  Austral.) 

5.   CAB6MBA  Aublet. 

Sepals  3.  Petals  3,  oval,  bi-auriculate  above  the  very  short  claw.  Stamens 
3-6  ;  anthers  short,  extrorse.  Pistils  2-4,  with  small  terminal  stigmas.  Seeds 
3,  pendulous. — Slender,  mainly  submersed,  with  opposite  or  verticillate  capil- 
lary-dissected leaves,  a  few  floating,  alternate  and  centrally  peltate.  Flowers 
single  on  long  axillary  peduncles.  (Probably  an  aboriginal  name.) 

1.  C.  caroliniana  Gray.  Floating  leaves  linear-oblong  or  -obovate,  often  with 
a  basal  notch  ;  flowers  1.2-1.8  cm.  broad,  white  with  yellow  spots  at  base ;  sta- 
mens 6.  —Ponds,  s.  111.  (Schneck)  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  May-Sept. 

RANUNCULACEAE    (CROWFOOT  FAMILY) 

Herbs  or  sometimes  woody  plants,  with  a  colorless  and  usually  acrid  juice, 
polypetalous,  or  apetalous  with  the  calyx  often  colored  like  a  corolla,  hypogynous ; 
the  sepals,  petals,  numerous  stamens,  and  many  or  few  (rarely  single)  pistils  all 
distinct  and  unconnected.  Flowers  regular  or  irregular.  Sepals  3-15.  Petals 
2-15,  or  wanting.  Stamens  indefinite,  rarely  few.  Fruits  either  dry  pods,  or 
seed-like  (achenes),  or  berries.  Seeds  anatropous  (when  solitary  and  suspended 
the  rhaphe  dorsal),  with  hard  albumen  and  a  minute  embryo.  Leaves  often  dis- 
sected, their  stalks  dilated  at  the  base,  sometimes  with  stipule-like  appendages.  — 
A  large  family,  including  some  acrid-narcotic  poisons. 

Tribe  I.  ANEMONEAE.  Sepals  3-20,  often  petal-like,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  irostly 
numerous.  Achenes  numerous  or  several,  in  a  head  or  spike.  —  Herbs,  never  climbing ;  leaves 
alternate  or  radical,  the  upper  sometimes  opposite  or  whorled. 

*  Petals  evident ;  sepals  usually  5 ;  achenes  many. 

1.  Ranunculus.     Petals  5  (or  rarely  more),  yellow  or  white,  with  a  scale  or  gland  at  base 
Achenes  numerous,  capitate.     Seed  erect  or  ascending. 


RANUNCULACEAE    (CROWFOOT   FAMILY)  393 

'.'.  Myosurus.     Sepals  spurred.     Petals  5,  white.     Achenes  in  a  long  spike.     Sonpes  1-flowered. 
Seed  suspended. 

3.  Adonis.     Sepals  and  petals  (5-16,  crimson  or  scarlet)  flat,  unappendaged.    Seed  suspended. 

*  *  Petals  none ;  sepals  3-5,  caducous  ;  seed  erect ;  leaves  alternate. 

4.  Trautvetteria.     Achenes  numerous,  inflated,  4-angled.      Flowers  corymbose.      Filaments 

white,  clavate. 

*  *  *  Petals  none  (rarely  some  staminodia) ;  seed  suspended. 
•»-  Leaves  alternate,  compound  ;  flowers  panicled,  often  dioecious. 
f .  Thalictrum.    Sepals  usually  4,  petal-like  or  greenish.    Achenes  few. 

+-  +-  All  but  the  lower  leaves  opposite  or  whorled ;  peduncles  1-flowered. 

6.  Anemonella.     Stigrna  terminal,   broad  and  flat.     Eadical  leaves  and  involucre  compound. 

Peduncles  umbellate.     Achenes  4-15,  many-ribbed. 

7.  Hepatica.     Involucre  close  to  the  flower,  of  3  oval  bracts,  calyx-like.    Leaves  radical,  simple 

and  lobed.     Pistils  several. 

8.  Anemone.    Involucre  leaf-like,  remote  from  the  flower.     Leaves  compound  or  dissected. 

Pistils  very  many. 

Tribe  II.  CLEMATfDEAE.  Sepals  normally  4,  petal-like,  valvate  in  the  bud,  or  with  the  edges 
bent  inward.  Petals  none,  or  small.  Achenes  numerous,  tailed  with  the  feathery  or  hairy 
styles.  Seed  suspended.  Leaves  all  opposite. 

9.  Clematis.    Climbing  by  the  leafstalks,  or  erect  herbs. 

Tribe  III.  HELLEB6REAE.  Sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud,  rarely  persistent,  petal-like.  Petals 
often  nectariferous  or  reduced  to  staminodia  or  none.  Pods  (follicles)  or  berries  (in  nos.  21 
and  22)  few,  rarely  single,  few-many-seeded.  Leaves  alternate. 

*  Ovules  and  commonly  seeds  more  than  one  pair ;  herbs. 

•»-  Flowers  regular,  not  racemose ;  petals  reduced  to  inconspicuous  nectaries  or  slender  or  none ; 

sepals  tardily  deciduous. 
-H-  Follicles  separate. 

10.  Isopyrum.     Petals  (in  ours)  none.    Sepals  broad,  white.    Pods  few.     Leaves  compound. 

11.  Caltha.     Petals  none.     Sepals  broad,  yellow.     Leaves  kidney-shaped,  undivided. 

12.  Trollius.     Petals  5-20,  narrow,  pitted  above  the  base.    Pods  sessile.  Leaves  palmately  lobed. 

13.  Coptis.     Petals  5-6,  small,  hollowed  at  apex,   white.      Pods  long-stalked.     Leaves  radical, 

trifoliolate. 

14.  Helleborus.     Petals  small,  tubular,  2-lipped.     Sepals  5,  broad,  persistent  and  turning  green. 

Pods  sessile. 

15.  Eranthis.     Petals  merely  small  2-lipped  nectaries.     Sepals  5-8,  narrow,  deciduous.    Flower 

solitary,  involucrate. 

•H-  •«•  Pellicles  connate. 

16.  Nigella.     Petals  small,  unguiculate,  the  blade  bifid.     Sepals  5,  regular,  petaloid,  deciduous. 

+-  +-  Sepals  and  large  spur-shaped  petals  regular,  each  5. 

17.  Aquilegia.   Pistils  5,  with  slender  styles.     Leaves  ternately  compound. 

+•+-+-  Flowers  unsymmetrical  and  irregular ;  sepals  5. 

18.  Delphinium.     Upper  sepal  spurred.    Petals  4,  of  two  forms  ;  the  upper  pair  with  long  spurs, 

inclosed  in  the  spur  of  the  calyx. 

19.  Aconitum.     Upper  sepal  hooded,  covering  the  two  long-clawed  small  petals. 

«-  -»-  -i-  +-  Flowers  regular,  racemose ;  sepals  caducous ;  petals  very  small,  stamen-like,  or  none  ; 

leaves  decompound. 

20.  Cimicifuga.  Flowers  in  long  often  paniculate  racemes.    Pistils  1-8,  becoming  many-seeded 

pods. 

21.  Actaea.    Flowers  in  a  single  short  raceme.     Pistil  forming  a  many-seeded  berry. 

*  *  Ovules  a  single  pair ;  flowers  regular ;  rootstocks  yellow  and  bitter. 

22.  Hydrastis.     Flowers  solitary.     Sepals  3,  petal-like,  caducous.     Petals  none.     Stamens  numer- 

ous.    Pistils  several,  becoming  2-seeded  berries.     Leaves  simple,  lobed. 

23.  Zanthorhiza.     Flowers  in  compound  racemes.     Sepals  5.     Petals  5,   small,  2-lobed,  with 

claws.     Stamens  5-10.     Pods  1-seeded.    Shrub  with  pinnate  leaves. 


394  RANUNCULACEAE   (CROWFOOT   FAMILY) 

1.    RANUNCULUS  [Tourn.]  L.    CROWFOOT.     BUTTERCUP. 

Annuals  or  perennials  ;  stem-leaves  alternate.  Flowers  solitary  or  somewhat 
corymbed,  yellow,  rarely  white.  (Sepals  and  petals  rarely  oniy  3,  the  latter  often 
more  than  5.  Stamens  occasionally  few.)  —  (A  Latin  name  for  a  little  frog; 
applied  by  Pliny  to  these  plants,  the  aquatic  species  growing  where  frogs  abound. ) 

§  1.   FICARIA   Boiss.     Soots  tuberous-thickened;  sepals  3;   petals  about  8, 
yellow,  with  a  free  scale  over  the  honey  gland. 

1.  R.   FIC\RIA   L.     (LESSER  CELANDINE.)     Glabrous  and  somewhat  succu- 
lent ;  leaves  basal  on  long  stoutish  petioles,  ovate,  rounded,  deeply  cordate,  sub- 
crenate  ;  flowers  scapose,  2  cm.  in  diameter.     (Ficaria  Karst.)  —  Wet  places, 
occasional ;  Mass,  to  D.  C.     Apr.,  May.     (Introd.  from  Eurasia.) 

§2.  BATRACHIUM  DC.  Petals  with  a  spot  or  naked  pit  at  base,  white,  or 
only  the  claw  yellow;  achenes  marginless,  transversely  wrinkled ;  aquatic 
or  subaquatic  perennials,  with  the  immersed  foliage  repeatedly  dissected 
(mostly  by  threes)  into  capillary  divisions ;  peduncles  \-flowered,  opposite 
the  leaves. 

*  Receptacle  hairy. 

2.  R.   circinatus  Sibth.     (STIFF  WATER  C.)     Leaves  all  under  water  and 
sessile,  with  broad  conspicuous  stipules,  the  divisions  and  subdivisions  short, 
spreading  in  one  roundish  plane,  rigid,  not  collapsing  when  withdrawn  from  the 
water.     (R.  divaricatus  auth.,  not  Schrank  ace.   to  Hiern.)  —  Ponds  and  slow 
streams,  Vt.  to  Pa.,  la.,  northw.  and  westw.,  rather  rare.     (Eu.) 

3.  R.   aquatilis   L.,    var.    capillaceus   DC.     (COMMON   WHITE   WATER   C.) 
Leaves  all  under  water  and  mostly  petioled,  their  capillary  divisions  and  sub- 
divisions rather  long  and  soft,  usually  collapsing  more  or  less  when  withdrawn 
from  the  water;  petiole  rather  narrowly  dilated.     (R.  aquatilis,  var.  trichophyl- 
lus  Gray  ;  Batrachium  trichophyllum  Bosch  ;  B.  Jlaccidum  Rupr.  ;  B.  Drouetii 
Nym.  ;  and  B.  confervoides  auth.,  not  Fries.)  —  Common,  especially  in  slow- 
flowing  waters,  the  eastern  form  with  more  soft  and  flaccid  leaves.     June- 
Aug.     (Eu.)     Var.  CAESPiT6sus  DC.     A  dwrarf  terrestrial  variety  or  possibly 
mere  state,  rooting  at  the  nodes,  the  small  leaves  somewhat  fleshy,  with  broader 
rigid  divisions. — S.  111.  (Schneck),  and  westw.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Receptacle  glabrous  ;  no  submersed  leaves. 

4.  R.  HEDERACEUS  L.     Rooting  freely  in  shallow  water  ;  leaves  all  reniform, 
angulate-lobed.      (Batrachium    S.    F.    Gray.)  —  Fresh-water    marshes,    Nfd.  ; 
s.Md. ;  s.  e.  Va.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

§  3.   HAL6DES  Gray.     Petals  yellow,  with  nectariferous  pit  and  scale ;  carpels 
thin-walled,  striate,  in  a  subcylindric  head ;  scapose,  spreading  by  runners. 

5.  R.  Cymbalaria  Pursh.     (SEA-SIDE  C.)     Glabrous;  scapes  4-22  cm.  high, 
1-7 -flowered  ;  leaves  clustered  at  the  root  and  on  the  joints  of  the  long  rooting 
runners,  roundish-heart-shaped  or  kidney-shaped,  crenate,  rather  fleshy,  long- 
petioled  ;  petals  5-8.    (Oxygraphis  Prantl.)  — Lab.  to  N.  J.,  also  along  the  Great 
Lakes  and  in  alkaline  soil  of  the  interior.    June-Aug.     (Greenl.,  Eurasia.) 

Var.  alpinus  Hook.  Dwarf  ;  leaves  3-toothed,  only  3-6  mm.  broad.  —  Cape 
Breton  I.,  N.  S.,  e.  Que.,  and  northw. 

§4.   EURANtfNCULUS  Gray.     Petals  with  a  little  scale  at  the  base,  yellow; 

achenes  nerveless. 

*  Achenes  smooth,  or  nearly  so  ;  mostly  perennial. 
•»-  Aquatic;  immersed  leaves  filiformly  dissected;  as  in  §  Batrachium. 

6.  R.  delphinif61ius  Torr.      (YELLOW  WATER  C.)      Stems  floating  or  im- 
mersed, with  the  leaves  all  repeatedly  3-forked  into  long  filiform  divisions,  or 
sometimes  creeping  in  the  mud  (perennial  by  rooting  from  the  nodes,  if  at  all)  ; 
petals  5-8,  deep  bright  yellow,  8-12  mm.  long,  much  larger  than  the  sepals : 


RANUNCULACEAE    (CROWFOOT   FAMILY)  395 

carpels  in  a  round  head,  pointed  with  a  straight  beak,  slightly  roughened,  and 
margined  toward  the  base  with  a  conspicuous  tumid  border.  (R.  multifidus 
Pursh,  not  Forskal.)  — Quiet  water,  centr.  Me.  to  Ont  ,  s.  to  N.  C.  and  Ark.  ; 
also  B.  C.  to  Cal.  When  rooting  out  of  water  or  left  in  the  mud  of  drying  ponds 
it  becomes  the  so  called  var.  TERRESTRIS  (Gray)  Farwell  (R.  missouriensis 
Greene),  a  mere  state,  although  differing  conspicuously  in  its  firmer  less  finely 
cut  leaves  of  roundish  outline,  pubescent  petioles,  and  smaller  flowers. 

7.  R.  Purshii  Richards.     Wholly  immersed  and  glabrous  or  creeping  upon 
muddy  banks  and  sparingly  to  copiously  appressed-pubescent  ;  leaves  orbicular 
in  outline,  1-2  cm.  in  diameter  (the  submersed  somewhat  larger),  radially  3- 
cleft,  the  segments  again  cut  into  2-5  rounded  lobes  ;  flower  about  1  cm.  broad  ; 
petals  bright  yellow,  not  much  exceeding  the  broad  similarly  colored  sepals  ; 
carpels  small,  ovoid,  turgid,  smooth,  without  a  distinct  border;   style   short, 
straightish. — Shallow  pools  and  on  shores,  e.  Que.  to  Alaska,  s.  to  P.  E.  I., 
N.  S.,  N.  B.,  Mich.,  Minn.,  N.  Dak.,  and  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  N.  Mex.    June- 
Sept.     (Siber.) 

•«-  •»-  Arctic  species  barely  entering  our  northern  limits;  leaves  all  3(-5)-de/fc  or 

^-parted,  glabrous. 

8.  R.  Iapp6nicus  L.    Creeping;   leaves  deeply  3-parted,   1.5-4  cm.  broad, 
segments  obovate,  cuspidately  several -toothed  ;  scapes  6-10  cm.  high,  1-leaved 
near  the  base  ;  flower  7-12  mm.  broad  ;  petals  oblong,  yellow  with  orange  veins ; 
achenes    somewhat  fusiform.      (Anemone  nudicaulis  Gray. )  —  In  sphagnum 
bogs,  etc.,  Greenl.  and  n.  Lab.  to  the  n.  shore  of  L.  Superior,  n.  Minn.,  and 
Alaska.     (Siber.,  n.  Eu.) 

•<-•*--»-  Usually  terrestrial  but  growing  in  very  wet  places,  glabrous  or  nearly 
so  ;  leaves  entire  or  barely  toothed,  all  or  else  all  but  the  lowest  lanceolate 
or  linear  ;  carpels  forming  a  globular  head.  (SPEARWORT.) 

9.  R.  laxicaiilis  (T.  &  G.)  Darby.     (WATER  PLANTAIN  S.)     Stems  ascend- 
ing (3-6  dm.  long),  often  rooting  from  the  lower  joints  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  the 
lowest  oblong,  mostly  denticulate  (4-10  cm.  long),  contracted  into  a  margined 
half-clasping  petiole  ;  petals  5-7,  bright  yellow,  oblong  (4-6  mm.  long);  carpels 
flattened,  large  (2  mm.  long),  pointed  with  a  long  narrow-subulate  beak.     (R. 
obtusinscnlus  Raf.?;  R.  ambigens  Wats.) — Ditches  and  muddy  places,  s.  Me. 
to  Ga.  and  Tenn.,  chiefly  at  low  altitudes;  and  from  w.  N. Y.  and  s.  Ont.  to 
Minn,  and  Ark.    June-Aug.  —  An  aquatic  state  with  reduced  but  undivided 
leaves  occurs. 

10.  R.  Fldmmula  L.    (SMALLER  S.)     Stem  reclining  or  ascending,  rooting 
below ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  or  the  lowest  ovate-oblong  to  lanceolate,  en- 
tire or  nearly  so,  mostly  petioled  (2-5  cm.  long);  petals  5-7,  much  longer  than 
the  calyx,  bright  yellow ;  carpels  small,  flattish  but  turgid,  mucronate  with  a 
short  abrupt  point.  —  Nfd. ;  also  Ore.     (Eurasia.)     Passing  by  insensible  grada- 
tions through  an  undefinable  var.  INTERMEDIUS  Hook.,  into 

Var.  rSptans  (L.)  Mey.  (CREEPING  S.)  Small,  slender,  the  filiform  creep- 
ing stems  rooting  at  all  the  joints  ;  leaves  linear,  spatulate,  or  oblong  (6-25  mm. 
long);  flowers  small.  (  R.  reptans  L.)  —  Gravelly  or  sandy  shores  ;  Nfd.  to  Pa., 
north  w.  and  westw.  June-Sept.  (Eu.)  Passing  in  its  turn  into  the  still  more 
slender  var.  FILIFORMIS  (Michx.)  Hook.,  with  filiform  leaves.  —  Similar  situations. 

11.  R.  oblongif61ius   Ell.    Usually  annual  ;  stem  erect  or  ascending,  often 
pubescent  below,  slender  (3-6  dm.  high),  diffusely  branched  above  and  many- 
flowered ;  leaves  serrate  or  denticulate,  lower  long-petioled,  ovate  or  oblong 
(1-3.5  cm.  long),  uppermost  linear;  flowers  6-10  mm.  broad  ;  petals  5,  bright 
yellow  (3-6  mm.  long)  ;  stamens  12-20  ;  carpels  minute,  almost  globular,  the 
small  style  deciduous.  —  Swamps  and  low  ground,  near  the  coast,  Del.  to  Fla. 
and  Tex.,  n.  in  Miss,  basin  to  Mo.  and  111.     Apr.-Sept. 

12.  R.  puslllus  Poir.     Stem  ascending,  weak,  loosely  branching  (1.5-4.5  dm. 
long);  leaves  entire  or  obscurely  denticulate,  the  lowest  round-ovate  or  heart- 
shaped  (0.7-2  cm.  long),  long-petioled,  the  upper  oblong  or  lanceolate  (2-4  cm. 
long) ;  flowers  very  small ;  petals  1-5,  pale  yellowish,  about  2  mm.  long,  scarcely 


396  RANUKCULACEAE    (CROWFOOT  FAMILY} 

surpassing  the  sepals  ;  stamens  3-10  ;  carpels  very  turgid,  smooth  or  slightly 
papillose,  tipped  with  a  minute  sessile  stigma.  —  Wet  places,  near  the  coast, 
s.  N.  Y.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.,  n.  in  the  Miss,  basin  to  Mo.  and  Tenn.  Apr.-Sept. 

4-  H-  -i-  H-  Terrestrial,  but  often  in  wet  places  ;  leaves  mostly  cleft  or  divided. 

•+-«•  Boot-leaves    (or   most   of   them}   not   divided  to   the  very  base ;    achenes 

marginless. 

=  Carpels  in  a  globose  head,  upon  a  turgid  subglobose  receptacle. 

13.  R.  rhomboideus  Goldie.    (DWARF  B.)    Low  (1-2  dm.  high),  hairy;  root- 
leaves  roundish  or  rhombic-ovate,  rarely  subcordate,  toothed  or  crenate  ;  lowest 
stem-leaves  similar  or  3-5-lobed,  the  upper  3-5-parted,  almost  sessile,  the  lobes 
linear ;  carpels  obovate  with  a  minute  beak,  in  a  globose  head  ;  petals  large, 
deep  yellow.     (B.  ovalis  Raf.  ?)  — Prairies  and  dry  hills,  w.  Que.  to  Mich.,  la., 
and  northw.     Apr.,  May. 

=  =  Carpels  in  an  ovoid  or  cylindric  head,  on  an  elongated  receptacle. 

a.    Stigma  essentially  sessile. 
1.  Boot-leaves  all  3-parted  or  -lobed ;  the  lobes  again  lobed  or  toothed. 

14.  R.  sceleratus   L.     (CURSED  C.)     Annual,  glabrous;  root-leaves  3-lobed, 
rounded  ;  lower  stem-leaves  3-parted,  the  lobes  obtusely  cut  and  toothed,  the 
uppermost  almost  sessile,  with  the  lobes  oblong-linear  and  nearly  entire  ;  carpels 
barely  mucronulate,  very  numerous,  in  ellipsoidal  or  cylindrical  heads ;  petals 
scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx.  —  Wet  ditches  and  bogs  ;  sometimes  appearing  as  if 
introduced.    June-Aug.  —  Stem  thick  and  hollow ;  juice  acrid  and  blistering  ; 
leaves  thickish  ;  flowers  small,  pale  yellow.     (Eu.) 

2.    Most  or  all  of  the  root-leaves  merely  crenate. 

15.  R.  micranthus   Nutt.      Villous;  roots  often  fusiform-thickened,  fascicu- 
late ;  root-leaves  for  the  most  part  broadly  obovate,  scarcely  if  at  all  cordate  at 
the  base,  some  of  them  3-parted  or  pedately  3-divided  ;  the  cauline  subsessile, 
divided  into  3(-5)  narrowly  oblong  leaflets ;  flowers  very  small ;  petals  incon- 
spicuous, light  yellow  ;  receptacle  glabrous.     (B.  abortivus,  var.  Gray.)  —  Open 
deciduous  woods,  s.  Me.  to  the  Sask. ,  and  south  w. 

16.  R.  abortivus   L.    (SMALL-FLOWERED   C.)     Biennial,  slightly  succulent ; 
stem  1.5-6  dm.  high,  covered  with  a  short  sparse  sometimes  fugacious  pubes- 
cence ;   primary  root-leaves  round-heart-shaped  with  a  wide  shallow  sinus  or 

kidney-form,  barely  crenate,  the  succeeding  often   3-lobed  or 

£<b  3-parted ;  those  of  the  stem  and  branches  3-5-parted  or  divided, 

Hjjjr  subsessile,  the  divisions  oblong  or  narrowly  wedge-form,  mostly 

724.  K.  abortivus.    toothed  ;  petals  pale  yellow,  shorter  than  the  small  reflexed  calyx ; 

Carpel  x  41/        receptacle  villous  ;  carpels  minute,  merely  mucronulate.  —  Shady 

hillsides  and  along  brooks,  common.     Apr.-June.     FIG.  724. 
Var.  eiicyclus  Fernald.     Stem  slender,  flexuous,  not  succulent  ;  root-leaves 
larger  (often  5-6  cm.  broad),  orbicular,  deeply  cordate  with  a  narrow  sinus, 
thin.  —  Rich  low  woods,  N.  B.  and  Que.  to  Ct. 

b.    Stigma  borne  on  a  distinct  at  first  straightish  at  length  more  or  less  re- 
curved style. 

17.  R.  alleghenie'nsis   Britton.     Habit  and  foliage  closely  as  in  B.  aborti- 
vus; stem  glaucous;  petals  minute,  pale  yellow;   achenes  pro- 
vided with  a  distinct  recurved  beak.  —  Moist  places  in  rich  woods, 

e.  Mass,  to  Vt.,  e.  N.  Y.,  and  south  w.  to  N.  C.,  locally  abundant. 
FIG.  725. 

18.  R.  HarvSyi    (Gray)    Britton.     Also  with  the  habit   and  725' 
foliage   of   B.    abortivus;    root    a   fascicle   of    fusiform  fibers;      c    eUjB1H'4l/ 
petals  5-8,  oblong,    5-7  mm.  in  length,  much  larger  than    in 

the  related  species  preceding ;   achenes  tipped  with   a  weak  straightish  beak 
(B.  abortivus,  var.  Gray.)  — Rocky  ground,  s.  Mo.  (Bush)  and  Ark. 


RANUNCULACEAE    (CROWFOOT   FAMILY) 


397 


*•*•  -w-  Leaves  variously  cleft  or  divided;  achenes  in  globular  or  ovoid  heads,  com- 
pressed, with  an  evident  firm  margin;  hirsute  or  pubescent. 

=  Achenes  with  long  recurved  beak  ;  root-leaves  rarely  divided. 

19.  R.  recurvatus   Poir.    (HOOKED  C.)     Hirsute,  3-6  dm.  high  ;   leaves  of 
the  root  and  stem  nearly  alike,  long-petioled,  deeply  3-cleft,  large  ;  the  lobes 
broadly  wedge-shaped,   2-3-cleft,   cut  and  toothed   toward    the   apex  ;    petals 
shorter  than  the  reflexed  calyx,  pale.  —  Woods,  common.     May,  June. 

=  =  Style  long  and  attenuate,  stigmatose  at  the  tip,  persistent  or  the  upper  part 
usually  deciduous;  early  root-leaves  only  3-parted,  the  later  3-5-foliolate  ; 
petals  bright  yellow. 

20.  R.  fascicularis   Muhl.    (EARLY   C.)     Low,  ascending,  1-2.5   dm.    high, 
pubescent  with  close-pressed  silky  hairs  ;  root  a  cluster  of  thickened  fleshy  fibers  ; 

radical  leaves  appearing  pinnate,  the  long-stalked 
terminal  division  remote  from  the  sessile  lateral 
ones,  itself  3-5-divided  or  -parted  and  3-5-cleft,  the 
lobes  oblong  or  linear  ;  petals  often  6  or  7,  spatu- 
late-oblong,  twice  the  length  of  the  spreading  calyx  ; 
carpels  scarcely  margined,  lipped  with  a  slender 
straight  or  rather .  curved  beak.  —  Dry  or  moist 
hills,  e.  Mass,  to  Out.  and  southw.  Apr.,  May. 
FIG.  726. 

21.  R.  septentrionalis  Poir.    (SWAMP  B.)    Usu- 
ally villous  ;  stems  3-8  dm.  long,  erect,  ascending, 
or  in  wet  ground  some  of  them  pro- 
cumbent or  forming   long  runners;  \ 
lower  petioles  very  long ;  leaves  3-di-           JL 
vided,  the  divisions  all  stalked  (or  at          ^3 

least  the  terminal  one),  broadly  wedge-shaped  or  ovate,  unequally  TJJjF 

3-cleft  or  parted  and  variously  cut ;  petals  broadly  obovate,  much 
larger  than  the  spreading  calyx;  mature 
carpels  3-3.4  mm.  broad,  strongly  margined, 
pointed  by  a  stout  straightish  beak.  —  Moist 
or  shady  places,  etc.,  May-Aug.  FIG.  727. 

22.  R.  hispidus  Michx.  Root  a  cluster  of  stout  fibers  ; 
stem  1.5-4  dm.  high,  flexuous,  not  repent,  hirsute  or  smooth- 
ish ;  leaves  3-divided  or  the  basal  only  3-lobed  ;  divisions 
or  lobes  variously  cleft,  teeth  mostly  acutish  ;  petals  oblong, 
bright  yellow,  much  exceeding  the  spreading  sepals; 
green,  obscurely  margined, 


726.  K.  fascicularis. 
Base  of  plant  x  %. 


727.  R.  septen- 
trionalis. 
Carpel  x  4%. 


728.  R.  hispidus. 
Flower  x  B/7. 
Carpel  x  4V2. 

mature  achenes 


2-2.6  mm.  broad,  tipped  with  a  rather  slender 
beak.  —  Moist  places,  chiefly  in  upland  woods, 
Vt.,  southw.  and  westw.  FIG.  728. — A 
smooth ish  form  occurs. 

==  =  ==    Style    short,    recurved,     stigmatose 
along  the  inner  margin,  mostly  persistent. 

23.  R.  rdpens  L.  (CREEPING  B.)  Creep- 
ing, in  habit  and  foliage  closely  similar  to  the 
last  two  species;  leaves  frequently  white- 
variegated  or  spotted;  flowers  2-2.6  cm. 
broad;  sepals  not  reflexed  in  anthesis. — In 
low  grounds ;  generally  in  ditches  and  along 
water  courses,  near  the  coast  and  probably 
introduced  from  Europe,  but  indigenous 
westw.  FIG.  729. 

'24.  R.  PARVULUS  L.  Hirsute,  not  creep- 
ing, similar  to  but  much  smaller  than  the 
preceding;  leaves  rarely  over  3  cm.  broad; 


729.   R.  repens. 

Base  of  plant  x  %.     Flower  X  VT- 
Carpel  x  4^. 


398  RANUNCULACEAE   (CROWFOOT  FAMILY) 

flowers  1-1.8  cm.  in  diameter;  sepals  reflexed  in  anthesis ;  head  of  fruit  ovoid; 
achenes  small-,  flat,  strongly  margined,  the  faces  sometimes  a  little  warty  ;  style 
short,  erect.  —  Waste  places,  ballast,  etc.,  Philadelphia  and  southw.  (Adv. 
from  Eu.) 

25.  R.  pennsylvAnicus  L.  f.     (BRISTLY  C.)     Stout  and  erect  from  a  usually 
annual  root,  hirsute  with  widely  spreading  bristly  hairs,  leafy  to  the  top,  4-6  dm. 
high  ;  leaves  all  ternately  divided  or  compound,  the  stalked  leaflets  unequally 
3-cleft,  sharply  cut  and  toothed,  acute  ;  flowers  inconspicuous  ;  sepals  reflexed  ; 
carpels  obscurely  margined,  in  a short-cylindric  head;  receptacle  cylindro-conical. 
—  Wet  places.     June- Aug.     (Asia.) 

26.  R.  Macoiinii  Britton.     Resembling  the  last,  but  the  ascending  or  reclin- 
ing stems  few-leaved,  rarely  if  ever  rooting,  not  always  hirsute ;  petals  (about 

6  mm.  long)  surpassing  the  hardly  reflexed  and  soon  decidu- 
ous calyx ;  achenes  with  a  stout  straight  beak,  in  a  globose 
or  ovoid  head  ;  receptacle  thick,  obovoid.  (B.  hispidus  Man. 
ed.  6.) — Que.  to  L.  Superior,  "la.,"  and  westw.  FIG.  730. 

27.   R.  BULB6sus  L.      (BULBOUS  C.  or  B.)    Hairy;  stem 
730.  R.  Macounii.      (3  dm.  high)    erect  from   a   bulb-like   base ;    radical    leaves 
Flower  x  5/7-          3-divided  ;  the  lateral  divisions  sessile,  the  terminal  stalked 
Carpel  x  4%.          and  3-parted,  all  wedge-shaped,  cleft  and  toothed  ;  peduncles 
furrowed ;   petals    round,    wedge-shaped  at  base ;    calyx  re- 
flexed  ;  carpels  tipped  with  a  very  short  beak.  —  Fields ;  very  abundant  only  in 
e.  N.  E.  ;  rare  westw.      May-July.  —  Leaves  appearing  as  if  pinnate.     Petals 
often  6  or  7,  deep  glossy  yellow,  the  corolla  more  than  2.5  cm.  broad.     (Nat. 
from  Eu.) 

28.  R.  ACRIS  L.     (TALL  C.  or  B.)     Hairy  ;  stem  erect  (6-9dm.high)  ;  leaves 
3-divided  ;  the  divisions  all  sessile  and  3-cleft  or  parted,  their  segments  cut  into 
lanceolate  or  linear  crowded   lobes  ;    peduncles  not  furrowed  ;  petals  obovate, 
much  longer  than  the  spreading  calyx. — Fields;   common,  especially  eastw. 
June- Aug.  —  Flowers   nearly   as   large   as    the  last,  but  not  so  deep  yellow. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.)    Var.  STEVENI    (Andrz.)   Lange.     Leaf-segments  broadly  ob- 
lanceolate  or  even  obovate-cuneate.  —  Moist  meadows,  N.  E.  and  northeastw.  ; 
not  rare.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Achenes  beset  with  rough  points  or  small  prickles  ;  annuals. 

29.  R.    MURICATUS  L.      Nearly  glabrous  ;    lower  leaves  roundish  or  reniform , 
3-lobed,  coarsely  crenate  ;   the   upper  3-cleft,  wedge-form  at  the  base ;  petals 
longer  than  the  calyx;   carpels  flat,  spiny -tuber  culate  on  the   sides,  strongly 
beaked,  surrounded  with  a  wide   and  sharp  smooth  unarmed  margin.  —  Wet 
places,  e.  Va.  and  southw.     (Nat.  from  Eurasia.) 

30.  R.  ARVENSIS  L.     Similar  to  the  preceding,  but  segments  of  the  cauline 
leaves  more  narrow  and  acute  ;  carpels  armed  on  the  thick  border  as  well  as  the 
surfaces.  —  Waste  places,  N.  J.  to  O.     (Sparingly  adv.  from  Eu.) 

31.  R.  PARVIFLORTJS  L.     Hairy,  slender  and  diffuse  ;  lower  leaves  roundish- 
cordate,  3-cleft,  coarsely  toothed  or  cut ;  the  upper  3-5-parted  ;  petals  not  longer 
than  the  calyx;  carpels  minutely  hispid  and  rough,  beaked,  narrowly  margined. 
-  Waste  places,  etc.,  Md.  and  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.   MYOStRUS    [Dill.]    L.     MOUSE-TAIL 

Sepals  5,  spurred  at  the  base.  Petals  5,  small  and  narrow,  raised  on  a  slen- 
der claw,  at  the  summit  of  which  is  a  nectariferous  hollow.  Stamens  5-20. 
Achenes  numerous,  somewhat  3-sided,  crowded  on  a  very  long  and  slender  spike- 
like  receptacle  (whence  the  name,  from  /u>s,  a  mouse,  and  ovpd,  a  tail),  the  seed 
suspended.  —  Little  annuals,  with  tufted  narrowly  linear-spatulate  root-leaves, 
and  naked  1-flowered  scapes.  Flowers  small,  greenish. 

1.  M.  minimus  L.  Fruiting  spike  2-5  cm.  long  ;  achenes  quadrate,  blunt. — 
Alluvial  ground,  etc.,  111.  to  Assina.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Fla. ;  also  at  Belleville,  Ont. 
(Macoun)  ;  and  reported  from  e.  Va.  (Eu.) 


RANUNCULACEAE   (CROWFOOT   FAMILY)  399 

3.    ADdNIS    [Dill.]   L. 

Sepals  and  petals  (5-16)  flat,  unappendaged,  deciduous.  Achenes  numerous, 
in  a  head,  rugose-reticulated.  Seed  suspended.  —  Herbs  with  finely  dissected  al- 
ternate leaves  and  showy  flowers.  ("ASows,  a  favorite  of  Venus,  after  his  death 
changed  into  a  flower.) 

1.  A.  AUTUMNA.LIS  L.  (PHEASANT'S  EYE.)  Low  leafy  annual  with  scarlet 
or  crimson  corolla  darker  in  the  center.  (A.  annua  L.,  in  part.)  —  Occasional 
in  fields.  (Sparingly  introd.  from  Eu.) 

4.    TRAUTVETTERIA  Fisch,  &  Mey.     FALSE  BTJGBANE 

Sepals  3-5,  usually  4,  concave,  petal-like,  very  caducous.  Petals  none. 
Achenes  numerous,  capitate,  membranaceous,  compressed,  somewhat  4-angled 
and  inflated.  Seed  erect. — A  perennial  herb,  with  alternate  palmately-lobed 
leaves,  and  corymbose  white  flowers.  (For  Prof.  E.  R.  von  Trautvetter,  an  able 
Russian  botanist  of  the  19th  century.) 

1.  T.  carolinensis  (Walt.)  Vail.  Stems  6-9  dm.  high;  root-leaves  large, 
5-11-lobed,  the  lobes  toothed  and  cut.  (T.  palmata  Fisch.  &  Mey.)  —  Moist 
ground  along  streamlets,  Md.  and  s.  w.  Pa.  to  Mo.  and  Ga. 

5.    THALiCTRUM   [Tourn.]   L.     MEADOW  KUE 

Sepals  4-5,  petal-like  or  greenish,  usually  caducous.  Petals  none.  Achenes 
4-15,  grooved  or  ribbed,  or  else  inflated.  Stigma  unilateral.  Seed  suspended. 
—  Perennials,  with  alternate  2-3-ternately  compound  leaves,  the  divisions  and 
the  leaflets  stalked  ;  petioles  dilated  at  base.  Flowers  in  corymbs  or  panicles, 
often  polygamous  or  dioecious.  (A  Greek  name  of  an  unknown  plant,  men- 
tioned by  Dioscorides.) 

*  Flowers  perfect;  filaments  club-shaped,  erect  or  spreading. 

1.  T.  clavatum  DC.     Stem    slender,  glabrous,   3-4   dm.  high,  1-3-leaved ; 
radical  leaves  biternate  ;   leaflets  large,  thin,  glaucous  beneath,  suborbicular, 
coarsely   and  crenately  3-7-toothed ;   flowers  white,  few ;  achenes  5-10,   flat, 
falcate,  tapering  into  a  long  and  very  slender  stipe. — By  mountain  streams, 
W.  Va.  and  Va.  to  Ga.  and  Ala.     May,  June. 

*  *  Flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous. 
•«-  Achenes  sessile,  regularly  ribbed,  their  walls  of  firm  texture. 

2.  T.  confine  Fernald.     Glabrous  and  glaucous,  3-10  dm.  high,  from  a  slen- 
der elongate  caudex  ;  leaflets  often  2-4  cm.  broad,  suborbicular,  veins  scarcely 
prominulous  beneath  ;  achenes  maturing  2-5,  about  8  mm.  long  including  the 
beak.  —  Rocky  and  gravelly  banks  of   streams,  e.  N.  B.,  Que.,  and  n.  Me.  to 
n.  N.  Y.  and  Man.     June,  July. 

H-  •«-  Achenes  broadly  spindle-shaped,  conspicuously  stalked;  filaments  thread- 
like; leaves  3-4:-ternate. 

3.  T.  coriaceum    (Britton)    Small.      Hoots  stout,   bright  yellow;  common 
petioles  of  the  stem-leaves  more  or  less  developed,  the  base  much  dilated  and 
amplexicaul ;   leaflets  broadly  obovate  to  suborbicular,  3-9-toothed  or  -lobed, 
pale  and  glabrous  beneath  ;  style  nearly  as  long  as  the  achene.  —  Mts.  of  Pa.  to 
Ky.,  N.  C.,  and  Tenn. 

4  .  T.  caulophylloides  Small.  Similar;  roots  not  yellow ;  leaflets  commonly 
large,  reniform-suborbicular,  broader  than  long,  pale  beneath  ;  style  thickish, 
often  hooked,  about  half  as  long  as  the  achene.  —  Mountain  slopes  and  alluvial 
banks,  Md.  to  Ky.  and  Tenn. 


400  RANUNCULACEAE    (CROWFOOT    FAMILY) 

.*-•)-+-  Achenes  sessile  or  subsessile,  thin-walled,  the  ribs  often  connected  by 
transverse  reticulations  ;  leaves  3-4-ternate. 

•M.  Filaments  capillary,  soon  drooping ;  petioles  of  the  stem-leaves  well  devel- 
oped; vernal. 

5.  T.  diolcum  L.    (EARLY  M.)    Smooth  and  pale  or  glaucous,  3-6  dm.  high  ; 
leaves  (2-3)  all  with  general  petioles  ;  leaflets  thin,  light  green,  drooping,  sub- 
orbicular,  3-7-lobed  ;  flowers  dioecious;   sepals  purplish  or  greenish  white. — 
Rocky  woods,  etc.,  centr.  Me.,  westw.  and  southw.,  common.     Apr.,  May. 

•M-  H-V  Filaments  capillary  or  slightly  club-shaped,  soon  drooping  ;  petioles  of  the 
stem-leaves  short  or  none  ;  aestival. 

6.  T.  dasycarpum   Fisch.  &  Lall.     Stem  6-12  dm.  high,  usually  purplish  ; 
leaflets  shortly  oblong,  mostly  3-toothed,  more  or  less  veiny,  pale  and  usually 
covered  with  a  fine  non-glandular  pubescence  beneath  ;  flowers  dioecious  ;  se- 
pals and  capillary  filaments  commonly  purplish  white.    (  T.  purpurascens  Man. 
ed.  6,  in  part.)  —  Alluvial  soil,  N.  J.  to  the  Saskatchewan,  and  south  westw. 

7.  T.  revolutum  DC.     Habit  and  flowers  much  as  in  the  preceding  ;  leaHets 
thicker,  under  a  lens  finely  glandular-puberulent,  the  glands  or  waxy  globules 
sessile  or  shortly  stipitate.     ( T.  purpurascens  Man.  ed.  6,  in  part,  including 
var.   ceriferum  Aust.)  —  Rocky  upland  woods,  etc.,  also  on   river  banks,  e. 
Mass,  to  N.  J.,  s.  w.  Ont.,  s.  Ind.,  and  N.  C.  — Emitting  a  heavy  odor. 

•w  ++  +H-  Filaments  club-shaped,  ascending  or  spreading  until  after  anthesis. 

8.  T.  polygamum   Muhl.    (TALL  M.)     Glabrous  or  pubescent  but  not  glan- 
dular, 0.5-2.6  m.  high;   stem-leaves  sessile;   leaflets  rather  firm,  roundish   to 
oblong,  commonly  with  mucronate  lobes  or  tips,  sometimes  puberulent  beneath  ; 
panicles  very  compound;  flowers  white  (rarely  purplish),  the  fertile  ones  with 
some  stamens  ;  anthers  not  drooping,  small,  oblong,  blunt,  the  mostly  white 
filaments  decidedly  thickened  upwards;  achenes  glabrous.     (T.   Cornuti  Man. 
ed.  5,  not  L.)  —  Wet  meadows  and  along  rivulets,  Nfd.  to  O.  and  southw.,  com- 
mon.    July-Sept.     Var.   HEBECARPUM   Fernald.      Leaflets   usually  pubescent 
beneath  ;  achenes  pubescent.  —  Nfd.  to  s.  Ont.  and  N.  H. 

6.  ANEMONELLA  Spach. 

Involucre  compound,  at  the  base  of  an  umbel  of  flowers.  Sepals  5-10,  white 
and  conspicuous.  Petals  none.  Achenes  4-15,  ovoid,  terete,  strongly  8-10- 
ribbed,  sessile.  Stigma  terminal,  broad  and  depressed.  —  Low  glabrous  peren- 
nial ;  leaves  all  radical,  compound.  (Name  a  diminutive  of  Anemone,  to  which 
this  plant  has  sometimes  been  referred. ) 

1.  A.  thalictroides  (L.)  Spach.  (RUE  ANEMONE.)  Stem  and  slender  peti- 
ole of  radical  leaf  (1-3  dm.  high)  rising  from  a  cluster  of  thickened  tuberous 
roots ;  leaves  2-3-ternately  compound  ;  leaflets  roundish,  somewhat  3-lobed  at 
the  end,  cordate  at  the  base,  long-petiolulate,  those  of  the  2-3-leaved  1-2-ternate 
involucre  similar  ;  flowers  several  in  an  umbel ;  sepals  oval  (1.2  cm.  long,  some- 
times pinkish),  not  early  deciduous.  (Syndesmon  Hoffmannsegg. ;  Thalictrum 
anemonoides  Michx.) —  Woods,  common,  s.  N.  H.  to  Minn.,  Kan.,  Tenn.,  and 
n.  w.  Fla.  —  Rarely  the  sepals,  stamens  or  involucre  are  variously  modified. 

7.    HEPATICA  [Rupp.]  Hill.     LIVERLEAF.     HEPATICA 

Leaves  heart-shaped  and  3-lobed,  thickish  and  persistent  through  the  winter, 
the  new  ones  appearing  later  than  the  flowers,  which  are  single,  on  hairy  scapes. 
(Name  from  a  fancied  resemblance  to  the  liver  in  the  shape  of  the  leaves.) 

1 .  H.  triloba  Chaix.  Leaves  with  3  ovate  obtuse  or  rounded  lobes  ;  those 
of  the  involucre  also  obtuse ;  sepals  6-12,  blue,  purplish,  or  nearly  white ;  achenes 
several,  in  a  small  loose  head,  ovate-oblong,  pointed,  hairy.  (H.  Hepatica 
Karst.)  —  Woods,  common  from  N.  S.  to  Fla.,  Mo.,  and  Minn.;  more  abundant 
eastw.  (Alaska,  Eu.) 


RANUNCULACEAE    (CROWFOOT    FAMILY)  401 

2.  H.  acutlloba  DC.  Leaves  with  3  ovate  and  pointed  lobes,  or  sometimes 
5-lobed  ;  those  of  the  involucre  acute  or  acutish.  (//.  acuta  Britton.)  —  Woods, 
w.  Que.,  south w.  through  w.  N.  H.  to  Ga.,  Mo.,  and  Minn.,  more  abundant 
westw.  ;  York,  Me.  (Bicknell).  —  Passes  into  the  preceding. 

8.    ANEM6NE    [Tourn.]   L.   ANEMONE 

Sepals  few  or  many,  petal-like.  Petals  none,  or  in  no.  1  resembling  abortive 
stamens.  Achenes  pointed  or  tailed,  flattened,  not  ribbed.  Seed  suspended. 
—  Perennial  herbs  with  radical  leaves  ;  those  of  the  stem  2  or  3  together,  oppo- 
site or  whorled,  and  forming  an  involucre  remote  from  the  flower ;  peduncles 
1-flowered,  solitary  or  umbellate.  (The  ancient  Greek  and  Latin  name,  a  cor- 
ruption of  Namdn,  the  Semitic  name  for  Adonis,  from  whose  blood  the  crimson- 
flowered  Anemone  of  the  Orient  is  said  to  have  sprung.) 

§  1.  PULSATfLLA  Pers.  Carpels  numerous  in  a  head,  with  long  hairy  styles 
which  in  fruit  form  feathery  tails,  as  in  Clematis ;  flower  large,  usually 
with  some  minute  or  indistinct  gland-like  abortive  stamens  answering  to 
petals. 

1.  A.  patens  L.,  var.  Wolf  gang  iana  (Bess.)  Koch.    (PASQUE  FLOWER.)    Silky- 
villous  ;   flower  erect,  solitary  ;   leaves  ternately  divided,  the  lateral  divisions 
2-parted,  the  middle  one  stalked  and  3-parted  ;  segments  of  the  leaves  and  ses- 
sile involucre  deeply  cleft  into  narrowly  linear  and  acute  lobes  ;  sepals  5-7,  pur- 
plish blue  to  whitish  (15-35  mm.  long),  spreading  when  in  full  anthesis.     (Var. 
Nuttalliana  Gray  ;  Pulsatilla  hirsutissima  Britton.)  — Prairies,  Wise.,  111.,  Tex., 
north  w.  and  westw.     March,  Apr.     (Eu.,  Siber.) 

§2.    ANEM6NE  proper.     Styles  short,  not  plumose.     Staminodia  none. 
*  Achenes  densely  long-woolly,  compressed ;  involucre  far  below  the  flower. 
-H-  Rootstock  tuberous ;  sepals  usually  10-20  ;  style  filiform. 

2.  A.  caroliniana   Walt.     Stem  7-15  cm.  high ;   root-leaves  once  or  twice 
3-parted  or  cleft ;  involucre  3-parted,  its  wedge-shaped  divisions  3-cleft ;  sepals 
10-20,  oblong-linear,  purple  or  whitish;  head  of  fruit  ellipsoid. — Dak.  to  111., 
Fla.,  and  Tex.     May.     A.  DECAPETALA  Ard.,  said  to  reach  e.  Kan.,  is  doubt- 
fully distinct,  its  strongest  character  being  the  greater  prevalence  of  simply  ter- 
nate  basal  leaves  with  crenate  uncleft  leaflets. 

•*-  H-  Rootstock  not  tuberous  ;  sepals  usually  5-8  ;  styles  filiform. 

3.  A.  parviflbra  Michx.     Stem  1-3  dm.  high,  from  a  slender  rootstock,  1- 
flowered;  root-leaves  3-parted,  their  broadly  wedge-shaped  divisions  crenate- 
incised  or  lobed ;  involucre  2-3-leaved  ;  sepals  5  or  6,  oval,  white,  with  bluish 
bases ;  head  of  fruit  globular.  —  Wet  limestone  rocks,  Lab.  to  Alaska,  s.  to  e. 
Que.,  Ont.,  Minn.,  Col.,  and  Ore.     May-Sept.     (Siber.) 

4.  A.  multlfida   Poir.     Stems  from  a  branching  caudex,  silky-hairy  (1-4  dm. 
high);  principal  involucre  2-3-leaved,  bearing  one  naked  and  one  or  two  2-leaved 
peduncles  ;  leaves  of  the  involucre  short-petioled,  similar  to  the  root-leaves, 
twice  or  thrice   3-parted  and  cleft,  their  divisions  linear  ;   sepals  (sometimes 
numerous)  obtuse,  red,  greenish  yellow  or  whitish';  head  of  fruit  spherical  or 
ovoid.     (A.  Hudsoniana  Kichards.) — Gravelly  and  ledgy  (calcareous)  shores 
and  banks,   e.  Que.  to  Alaska,    s.  to  N.  B.,  n.  Me.,  n.   Vt.,  n.  N.  Y.,  Mich., 
S.  Dak.;  and  in  the  mts.  to  Ariz.    June.     (Extra-trop.  S.  A.) 

•»-•*-•«-  Taller,  commonly  branching  above  or  producing  two  or  more  peduncles  ; 
involucral  leaves  long-petioled ;  sepals  5-8,  silky  or  downy  beneath,  oval  or 
oblong;  style  subulate.  (TIIIMBLEWEEDS.) 

5.  A.  cylfiidrica  Gray.     Slender,  pubescent ;  flowers  2-6,  on  very  long  up- 
right naked  peduncles;  involucral  leaves  twice  or  thrice  as  many  as  the  pedun- 
cles, 3-divided  ;  their  divisions  wedge-lanceolate,  the  lateral  2-parted,  the  middle 
3-cleft ;   lobes  cut  and  toothed  at  the  apex ;   sepals  5,  rather  obtuse,  greenish 

GRAY'S  MANUAL — 26 


402        RANUNCULACEAE  (CROWFOOT  FAMILY) 

white  ;  head  of  fruit  cylindrical  (2-3.5  cm.  long).  — Rocky  woods  and  dry  bar- 
rens, w.  Me.  to  Sask.,  s.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  111.,  Mo.,  Kan.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Ariz. 
May-July. 

6.  A.   riparia   Fernald.      Less   conspicuously   pubescent ;    leaflets    thinner, 
greener,  less  strongly  veined  ;  those  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  cuneate  at  the 
base;  sepals  5,  large  (1.6  cm.  long)",  obtuse,  white  or  rarely  reddish,  mostly 
petaloid  ;    head  of  fruit  subcylindric,  the  styles  suberect.  —  Calcareous  river- 
banks,  etc.,  Gasp6  Co.,  Que.,  to  Alberta,  s.  to  Me.,  w.  Ct.,  e.  Pa.,  and  w.  N.  Y. 
May,  June. 

7.  A.  virginiana  L.     Loosely  pubescent  or  glabrate  ;  involucral  leaves  3,  3- 
parted  ;  their  divisions  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed,  cut-serrate,  the  lateral  2-parted, 
the  middle  3-cleft ;  peduncles  elongated,  the  earliest  naked,  the  others  with  a  2- 
leaved  involucel  at  the  middle,  repeatedly  proliferous ;  sepals  5,  acute,  greenish 
(in  one  variety  white  and  obtuse)  ;  head  of  fruit  ovoid  or  thick-cylindric,  the 
styles  divergent.  —  Woods   and    meadows,    centr.  Me.  to  Minn. ,    and  south  w. 
June-Aug.  — Plant  0.6-1  m.  high  ;  the  upright  peduncles  1.5-3  dm.  long. 

*  *  Achenes  naked,  orbicular,  compressed,  wing-margined ;  sepals  5,  obovate ; 

involucre  sessile. 

8.  A.  canad6nsis  L.     Hairy,  rather  low ;  primary  involucre  3-leaved,  bear- 
ing a  naked  peduncle,  and  soon  a  pair  of  branches  or  peduncles  with  a  2-leaved 
involucre  at  the  middle,  which  branch  similarly  in  turn  ;  their  leaves  broadly 
wedge-shaped,  3-cleft,  cut  and  toothed ;  radical  leaves  5-7-parted  or  cleft ;  se- 
pals white  (1.2-1.8  cm.  long);  head  of  fruit  spherical.     (A.  pennsylvanica  L.) 
—  River-banks  and  prairies,  e.  Que.  to  Assina.,  s.  to  N.  S.,  centr.  Me.,  w.  N.  E., 
N.  J.,  Pa.,  Great  Lake  region,  Mo.,  Kan.,  and  Col.;  escaped  from  cultivation 
elsewhere. 

*  *  *  Achenes  rather  few,  nearly  naked,  ovate-oblong  ;  stems  slender,  \-flowered; 

leaves  radical. 

9.  A.  quinquef61ia  L.  (WOOD  A.)     Low,  smoothish  ;  stem  perfectly  simple, 
from  a  thick-filiform  whitish  or  brown  rootstock  ;  involucre  of  3  long-petioled 
trifoliolate  leaves,  their  leaflets  wedge-shaped  or  oblong,  and  laciniately  toothed 
or  the  lateral  ones  2-parted  ;  a  similar  radical  leaf  in  sterile  plants  solitary  from 
the  rootstock ;  peduncle  not  longer  than  the  involucre  ;  sepals  4-7,  oval,  white, 
or  tinged  with  purple  outside  ;  carpels  only  15-20,  oblong,  with  a  hooked  beak. 
(A.  nemorosa  of   Man.  ed.  6,  not  L.)  —  Margin  of  woods.     Apr.,  May. — A 
delicate  vernal  species  ;  the  flower  2  cm.  broad. 

The  European  A.  NEMOR6SA  L.,  with  thicker  blackish  rootstock,  has  been 
found  as  an  escape  from  cultivation  in  e.  Mass.  (Sears}. 

10.  A.   trifblia  L.     Similar  in  habit,  somewhat  stouter ;  the  leaflets  of  the 
involucre  lanceolate  to  ovate,  2-3  cm.  broad,  rather  regularly  serrate,  not  in- 
cised ;  flower  2.8-3.5  cm.  in  diameter  ;  sepals  oval,  white.  —  Woods,  mts.  of  s. 
Pa.  to  Ga.     (Eu.) 

9.    CLEMATIS   L.    VIRGIN'S  BOWER 

Perennial  herbs  or  vines,  mostly  a  little  woody,  and  climbing  by  the  bending 
or  clasping  of  the  leafstalks,  rarely  low  and  erect.  (KX^aT/s,  a  name  of  Dios- 
corides  for  a  climbing  plant  with  long  and  lithe  branches.) 

§  1.  FLAMMULA  DC.  Flowers  cymose-paniculate,  rather  small,  in  our  spe- 
cies dioecious  or  the  pistillate  with  some  sterile  stamens.  Sepals  petaloid, 
whitish,  spreading,  thin.  Petals  none.  Anthers  short,  blunt. 

1.  C.  virginiana  L.  Leaves  normally  3-foliolate  ;  leaflets  ovate,  acute,  thin, 
dark  green  above,  when  young  silky-villous  beneath,  in  age  more  or  less  com- 
pletely glabrate,  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  variously  few-toothed.  —  River-banks, 
etc.,  common;  climbing  over  shrubs.  July,  Aug.  A  variation,  found  in  the 
lower  Missouri  Valley  and  having  more  persistent  pubescence  and  "  marginless  " 
achenes,  has  been  described  as  C.  missouriensis  Rydb. 


RANUNCULACEAE   (CROWFOOT   FAMILY)  403 

2.  C.  ligusticifblia   Nutt.     Very  similar,  but  the  leaves  5-foliolate  or  quinate- 
ternate  ;  leaflets  small,  1.5-4  cm.  broad,  pale  green,  thickish,  of  firm  texture.  — 
Mo.  (Bush),  Neb.,  and  w.  to  the  Pacific. 

§  2.  VIORNA  Reiehenb.  Flowers  large,  solitary  on  long  peduncles,  usually 
nodding.  Sepals  thick,  erect  and  connivent  at  base,  mostly  dull  purple. 
Petals  none.  Anthers  linear. 

*  Stems  climbing ;  leaves  at  least  in  part  pinnate  ;  calyx  (and  foliage}  gla- 

brous or  puberulent. 

t-  Tails  of  fruit  plumose. 

3.  C.  Vi6rna    L.    (LEATHER  FLOWER.)     Calyx   ovoid   and  at  length   bell- 
shaped  ;  the  purplish  sepals  (2-3  cm.  long)  very  thick  and  leathery,  wholly  con- 
nivent or  only  the  tips  recurved  ;  long  tails  of  the  fruit  very  plumose  ;  leaflets 
3-7,  ovate  or  oblong,  sometimes  slightly  cordate,  2-3-lobed  or  entire,  not  reticu- 
lated; uppermost  leaves  often  simple.     (C.  glaucophylla  and  C.  flaccida  Small.) 

—  Rich  soil,  Pa.  to  Mo.,  and  southw.     May- Aug. 

4.  C.  Addisbnii  Britton.     Suberect,  6-9   dm.  high  ;   leaves  all   or  many  of 
them  simple,  sessile,  broadly  ovate,  deep  green  above,  glaucous  beneath,  obtuse, 
the   later   ones  pinnate  with   prehensile  petiolules  and  elliptic  ovate  leaflets; 
flowers  and  fruit  as  in  C.  Viorna.  —  Alluvial  soil,  Va.  (Addison  Brown},  N.  C., 
and  Tenii.     x  C.  VIORNIOIDES  Britton   is  intermediate  between  this   and    C. 
Viorna. 

5.  C.  versfcolor   Small.     Climbing,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  ;   leaves  pinnate ; 
leaflets  oval,   reticulated;    sepals  lanceolate,    glabrous   on   the   outer  surface, 
slightly  recurved  at  the   tip;   achenes  with  plumose  tails.  —  Dry  ledges,  Mo. 
(Bush),  and  Ark.  (according  to  Small). 

-t-  H-  Tails  of  fruit  silky  or  glabrate. 

6.  C.  PitchSri  T.  &  G.     Calyx  bell-shaped  ;   the  dull  purplish  sepals  with 
narrow  and  slightly  margined  recurved  points  ;  tails  of  the  fruit  filiform  and 
naked  or  shortly  villous  ;  leaflets  3-9,  ovate  or  somewhat  cordate,  entire  or  3- 
lobed,  much  reticulated;  uppermost  leaves  often  simple.     (C.  Simsii  of  auth., 
not  Sweet  according  to  Gray.)  —  S.  Ind.  to  Neb.  and  Tex.    June. 

7.  C.  crispa  L.     Calyx  cylindrical  below,  the  upper  half  of  the  bluish-purple 
sepals  (2.5-45  cm.  long)  dilated  and  widely  spreading,  with  broad  and  wavy 
thin  margins;  tails  of  the  fruit  silky  or  glabrate;  leaflets  5-9,  thin,  varying 
from  ovate  or  cordate  to  lanceolate,  entire  or  3-5-parted.     (C.  cylindrica  Sims.) 

—  V*  near  Norfolk,  and  southw.     May- Aug. 

*  *  Low  and  erect,  mostly  simple  ;  flowers  solitary,  terminal ;  leaves  sessile  or 

nearly  so,  undivided,  strongly  reticulated. 

8.  C.  ochroleuca  Ait.     Leaves  broadly  ovate,  entire  or  sometimes  3-lobed, 
silky  beneath;  sepals  yellowish  within  ;  peduncles  long  ;  tails  of  the  fruit  tawny- 
plumose,  the  achenes  nearly  symmetrical,  3.5  mm.  broad.  —  Copses,  s.  N.  Y.  to 
Ga.;  rare.     May. 

9.  C.  ovata   Pursh.     Very  similar  in  habit ;  leaves  narrowly  ovate,  entire, 
glabrate;  sepals  purplish;    achenes  oblique,  4-5  mm.  broad,  their  silky  tails 
white  or  nearly  so.  —  Dry  slaty  hillsides,  White  Sulphur  Springs,  W.  Va.  to 
S.  C. 

10.  C.  Frem6ntii   Wats.     Leaves  crowded,  thick,    often   coarsely  toothed, 
sparingly  villous-tomentose  ;  peduncles  very  short ;  tails  villous  or  glabrate,  not 
plumose.  —  Mo.,  Neb.,  and  Kan. 

§  3.  ATRAGENE  DC.  Some  of  the  outer  filaments  enlarged  and  more  or  less 
petaloid ;  peduncles  bearing  single  large  flowers;  the  thin  sepals  widely 
spreading. 

11.  C.  verticillaris  DC.     Woody-stemmed  climber,  almost  glabrous ;  leaves 
trifoliolate,    with    slender   common    and    partial    petioles  ;    leaflets    ovate    or 
slightly  heart-shaped,  pointed;   flower  pinkish-purple,  5-7.5  cm.  across;  tails 
of    the    fruit    plumose,  5.   cm.  long.      (Atragene    americana    Sims.) — Rocky 


104  RANUNCULACEAE    (CROWFOOT    FAMILY) 

woods,  chiefly  in  calcareous  districts,  e.  Que.  to  Hudson  B.  and  L.  Winnipeg, 
locally  s.  to  Del.,  Va.,  W.  Va.,  Mich,  and  Minn.     May,  June. 

10.   ISOPYRUM  L. 

Sepals  5,  petal-like,  deciduous.  Stamens  10-40.  Pistils  3-6  or  more,  pointed 
with  the  styles.  Pods  ovate  or  oblong,  2-several-seeded.  —  Slender  smooth 
perennial  herbs,  with  2-3-ternately  compound  leaves  ;  the  leaflets  2-3-lobed. 
Flowers  axillary  and  terminal,  white.  (From  I<r6irvpoi>,  the  ancient  name  of  a- 
Fumaria.} 

1.  I.  biternatum  (Raf.)  T.  &  G.  Petals  none  ;  filaments  white,  club-shaped  ; 
pistils  3-6  (commonly  4),  divaricate  in  fruit,  2-3-seeded ;  seeds  smooth. — 
Moist  shady  places,  s.  Ont.  (Dearness)  to  Mir>n.,  and  southw.  May. — Fibers 
of  the  root  thickened  here  and  there  into  little  tubers. 

11.    CALTHA   [Rupp.]    L.     MARSH   MARIGOLD 

Sepals  5-9,  petal-like.  Pistils  5-10,  with  scarcely  any  styles.  Pods  (folli- 
cles) compressed,  spreading,  many-seeded.  —  Glabrous  perennials,  with  round 
and  heart-shaped  or  kidney-form  large  leaves.  (An  ancient  Latin  name  for 
the  common  Marigold.) 

1.  C.  palustris  L.     Stem  hollow,  furrowed,  not  creeping  ;  leaves  round  or 
kidney-shaped,  either  crunate  or  dentate  or  nearly  entire  ;  sepals  broadly  oval, 
bright  yellow.  —  Swamps  and  wet  meadows,  Nfd.  to  Sask.,  s.  to  S.  C.,  Term., 
and  Neb.     Apr.-June.     Often  called  incorrectly  Cowslips  ;  used  as  a  pot-herb 
in   spring,   when   coming   into   flower.     (Eu.)     Var.    FLABELLir6LiA    (Pursh) 
T.  &  G.  is  a  weak  slender  form  (not  creeping),  with  open  reniform  leaves  and 
smaller  flowers  (2  Cm.  broad  or  less),  occurring  in  cold  mountain  springs,  N.  Y. 
to  Md.     Var.  RADICANS  (Forst.)  Hartm.  is  a  decumbent  or  procumbent  form, 
creeping  at  the  base,  usually  more  slender  and  smaller-flowered  than  the  typi- 
cal form.  —  Arctic  Am.  and  (according  to  Rydberg)  in  swamps  near  Woodlawn 
and  W.  Hampton,  N.  Y.     (Boreal  Eurasia.) 

2.  C.  natans   Pall.     Stems  commonly  floating ;  leaves  ovate-reniform,  thin, 
subentire  ;  flowers  small    (1-1.2  cm.  broad);  sepals  white,  or  pinkish;  carpels 
numerous  (3  mm.  long),  in  a  globose  head.  —  In  ponds  or  on  muddy  shores, 
n.  Minn.,  and  north  west  w.     June-Sept. 

§• 

12.  TR6LLIUS   L.     GLOBEFLOWER 

Sepals  5-15,  petal-like.  Petals  small,  1-lipped,  the  concavity  near  the  base. 
Stamens  and  pistils  numerous.  Pods  9  or  more,  many-seeded.  —  Smooth  peren- 
nials with  palmateiy  parted  and  cut  leaves,  like  Ranunculus,  and  large  solitary 
terminal  flowers.  (Name  a  latinization  of  Troll  from  Trollblume,  the  Germanic 
vernacular  designation.) 

1.  T.  laxus  Salisb.  (SPREADING  G.)  Leaves  5-7-parted  ;  pale  greenish-yel- 
low sepals  5-6,  spreading ;  petals  15-25,  inconspicuous,  much  shorter  than  the 
stamens.  — Deep  swamps,  w.  Ct.  to  Del.,  Pa.,  and  Mich.  ;  Rocky  Mts.  May. 

13.  C6PTIS   Salisb.     GOLDTHREAD 

Sepals  5-7,  petal-like,  deciduous.  Petals  5-7,  small,  club-shaped,  hollow  at 
the  apex.  Stamens  15-25.  Pistils  3-7,  on  slender  stalks.  Pods  divergent, 
membranaceous,  pointed  with  the  style,  4-8-seeded.  —  Low  smooth  perennials, 
with  ternately  divided  root-leaves,  and  small  white  flowers  on  scapes.  (Name 
from  Kbirreiv,  to  cut,  alluding  to  the  divided  leaves.) 

1.  C.  trifblia  (L.)  Salisb.  Rootstocks  of  long  bright  yellow  bitter  fibers; 
leaves  evergreen,  shining ;  leaflets  3,  obovate-wedge-form,  sharply  toothed, 
obscurely  3-lobed  ;  scape  naked,  slender,  7-13  cm.  high,  1  (rarely  2)-flowered.  - 


RANUNCULACEAE    (CROWFOOT   FAMILY)  405 

Mossy  woods  and  swamps,  Lab.  to  Alask.,  s.  to  Md.,  rats,  of  N.  C.  and  Tenn., 
Mich.,  and  n.  e.  la.     May-July.     (Greenl.,  Eurasia.) 

14.   HELLEBORUS    [Tourn.]   L.    HELLEBORE 

Sepals  5,  petal-like  or  greenish,  persistent.  Petals  8-10,  very  small,  tubular, 
2-lipped.  Pistils  3-10,  sessile,  forming  coriaceous  many-seeded  pods.  —  Peren- 
nial herbs,  with  ample  palmate  or  pedate  leaves  and  large  solitary  nodding  early 
vernal  flowers.  (An  ancient  name  of  unknown  meaning.) 

1.  H.  vfRiois  L.  (GREEN  H.,  CHRISTMAS  FLOWER.)  Root-leaves  glabrous, 
pedate;  calyx  spreading,  greenish.  —  Has  been  found  wild  on  L.  I.,  in  Pa., 
N.  J.,  and  W.  Va.  Dec.-Apr.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

15.   ERANTHIS   Salisb.     WINTER  ACONITE 

Sepals  5-8,  petal-like,  deciduous.  Petals  small  2-lipped  nectaries.  Carpels 
few,  stipitate,  several-seeded.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  palmately  multifid  radi- 
cal leaves,  the  scape  bearing  a  single  large  yellow  flower  surrounded  by  an 
involucre  of  a  single  leaf.  (Name  from  ijp,  spring,  and  &v6os,  flower.} 

1.  E.  HYEM\LIS  (L.)  Salisb.  Dwarf  ;  flowers  cup-shaped,  shorter  than  the 
stamens.  (Cammarum  Greene.) — Often  cultivated;  established  in  e.  Pa. 
Feb.,  March.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

16.   NIGELLA   [Tourn.]   L.     FENNEL  FLOWER 

Sepals  5,  regular,  petaloid.  Petals  small,  ungeniculate,  the  blade  bifid. 
Pistils  5,  partly  united  into  a  compound  ovary,  so  as  to  form  a  several-celled 
capsule.  —  An  Old  World  genus,  with  blackish  aromatic  seeds,  noteworthy  in 
the  family  in  having  a  somewhat  compound  ovary.  (Name  a  diminutive  of 
niger,  black,  from  the  color  of  the  seeds.) 

1.  N.  DAMASOENA  L.  (LOVE-IN-A-MIST.)  Flower  bluish,  overtopped  by  a 
finely  divided  leafy  involucre. — Sometimes  cultivated,  and  occasionally  spon- 
taneous around  gardens.  (In trod,  from  Eurasia.) 

17.  AQUILEGIA    [Tourn.]  L.    COLUMBINE 

Sepals  5,  regular,  colored  like  the  petals.  Petals  5,  all  alike,  with  a  short 
spreading  lip,  produced  backward  into  large  hollow  spurs,  much  longer  than 
the  calyx.  Pistils  5,  with  slender  styles.  Pods  erect,  many-seeded.  —  Per- 
ennials, with  2-3-ternately  compound  leaves,  the  leaflets  lobed.  Flowers  large 
and  showy,  terminating  the  branches,  (Name  of  doubtful  origin.) 

1.  A.  canad6nsis  L.    (WILD  C.)     Flowers  6  cm.  long,  scarlet,  yellow  inside, 
nodding,  so  that  the  spurs  turn  upward,  but  the  stalk  becoming  upright  in  fruit ; 
spurs  nearly  straight ;  stamens  and  styles  longer  than  the  ovate  sepals.  —  Rocks, 
open  woods,  etc.     Apr.-June.     Var.  PHIPPENII  J.  Robinson  with  salmon-colored 
flowers,  and  var.  FLAVIFL6RA  (Tenney)  Britton  with  yellow  flowers,  are  color 
forms  with   paler  foliage.      A.  COCCINEA  Small  —  robust  and  with  acuminate 
sepals  13-21  mm.  long — is  a  more  or  less  marked  and  perhaps  distinct  species 
of  the  South  and  West. 

2.  A.   VULGARIS  L.    (GARDEN  C.)     Flowers   blue,  purple,  pink,  or  white; 
spurs  hooked.  —  Established  in  many  places,  especially  north w.     (Introd.  from 
Eu.) 

18.  DELPHINIUM  [Tourn.]  L.    LARKSPUR 

Sepals  5,  irregular,  petal-like  ;  the  upper  one  prolonged  into  a  spur  at  the 
base.  Petals  4  (rarely  only  2,  united  into  one),  irregular,  the  upper  pair  con- 
tinued  backward  into  long  spurs  which  are  inclosed  in  the  spur  of  the  calyx,  the 
lower  pair  with  short  claws.  Pistils  1-5,  forming  many-seeded  pods  in  fruit. 
—  Leaves  palmately  divided  or  cut.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes.  (Name 


406  RANtfNCULACEAE    (CROWFOOT   FAMILY) 

from  Delphin,  in  allusion  to  the  shape  of  the  flower,  which  is  sometimes  not 
unlike  the  classical  figures  of  the  dolphin.) 

Introduced  annuals  ;  pistil  1. 

Follicle  1  cm.  long,  glabrous 1.   D.  Consolida. 

Follicle  1.2-2  cm.  long,  pubescent 2.    D.  Ajacis. 

Indigenous  perennials;  pistils  3. 

Roots  short,  tuberous  ;  pods  strongly  divergent 3.   D.  tricorne. 

Roots  elongated,  woody  ;  pods  nearly  or  quite  erect. 
Flowers  purplish  blue. 
Petals  bearded  with  yellow  hairs ;  inflorescence  loose,  pyramidal ; 

plant  glabrous 4.   D.  Treleasei. 

Petals  bearded  with  white  hairs  ;  racemes  virgate. 

Stem  glabrous 5.   D.  eacaltatum. 

Stem  velvety-pubescent 6.    D,  Nortonianum. 

Flowers  sky-blue  ;  raceme  lax,  few-flowered 7.   D.  azureum. 

Flowers  white  or  nearly  so  ;  raceme  virgate 8.   D,  Penardi. 

1.  D.  CONSOLIDA  L.    (FIELD  L.)     Leaves  dissected  into  narrow  linear  lobes  ; 
inflorescence  loosely  paniculate  ;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  bracts  ;  pod  glabrous. 

—  Old  grain-fields,  and  sparingly  along  roadsides,  N.  J. ,  south w.  and  westw., 
rare.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  D.  AJACIS  L.   Flowers  more  numerous  and  spicately  racemose  ;  pods  pubes- 
cent.—  Fields,    roadsides,    and  wet  places,  Vt.  to  Mo.  and  N.  C.     June-Aug. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 

3.  D.  tric6rne  Michx.     (DWARF  L.)     Root  a  tuberous  cluster  ;  stem  simple, 
1.5-9  dm.  high  ;  leaves  deeply  5-parted,  their  divisions  unequally  3-5-cleft ;  the 
lobes  linear,  acutish  ;   raceme  few-flowered,  loose;  flowers  bright  blue,  some- 
times white,  occasionally  numerous ;  spur  straightish,  ascending ;  pods  strongly 
diverging.  —  W.  Pa.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  and  southw.     Apr.,  May. 

4.  D.  Treleasei    Bush.     Essentially   glabrous   throughout,    7-10   dm.   high, 
loosely  branching ;  leaf -segments  deeply  cleft,  the  lobes  long,  linear,  acute  ;  lower 
pedicels  much  elongated,  often  10-14  cm.  in  length  ;  calyx  rich  bluish  purple; 
the  lamina  of  each  sepal  more  or  less  distinctly  spotted  with  yellow  or  brown  ; 
petals  with  a  conspicuous  yellow  beard.  —  Barrens   of  s.  Mo.   (Bush).     May, 
June. 

5.  D.  exaltatum  Ait.     (TALL   L.)     Stems   slender,  6-15  dm.  high;  leaves 
deeply  3-5-cleft,  the  divisions  narrowly  wedge-form,  diverging,  3-cleft  at  the 
apex,  acute  ;  racemes  wand-like,  panicled,  many-flowered ;  flowers  purplish  blue, 
downy  ;  spur  straight ;  pods  erect.     (D.  urceolatum  of  auth.,  not  Jacq.)  —  Rich 
soil,  Fa.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  and  southw.     July. 

6.  D.  Nortonianum  Mackenzie  &  Bush.    Erect,  simple,  8  dm.  high ;  stem  leafy, 
covered  with  copious  spreading  yellowish   and   somewhat  viscid  pubescence  ; 
leaf-segments  deeply  cleft,  the  lobes  narrowly  linear,  acutish  ;  raceme  single, 
wand-like,  the  lower  pedicels  scarcely  longer  than  the   upper,'  flowers  bluish 
purple  ;  the  spur  erect  or  nearly  so.  —  Barrens  of  the  Ozark  Mts.,  s.  Mo.  (Bush). 
May,  June. 

7.  D.  azureum   Michx.      Stem  3-6  dm.   high,    finely   cinereous-pubescent ; 
leaves  deeply  3-5-parted,  the  divisions  2-3  times  cleft ;  the  lobes  all  narrowly 
linear  ;  flowers  sky-blue ;  spur  ascending  or  horizontal,  usually  curved  upward  ; 
pods  erect.      (?  D.  carolinianum  Walt.)  —  Va.,  N.  C.  and  Ga.  to  Ark.,  Mo., 
Minn.,  and  Sask.     May,  June. 

8.  D.  Penardi  Huth.     Simple,    erect,    pubescent  and   generally   glandular ; 
raceme  strict,  elongated  ;  flowers  numerous,  white  or  nearly  so,  soft-pubescent; 
the  spur  chiefly  ascending  or  erect.     (D.  camporum  Greene  ;  D.  albescens  Rydb. ) 

—  Prairies  and  open  deciduous  woods,  111.  and  Wise,  to  N.  Mex.  and  the  Rocky 
Mts. 

19.    ACONITUM  [Tourn.]  L.     ACONITE.     MONKSHOOD.     WOLFSBANE 

Sepals  5,  petal-like,  very  irregular  ;  the  upper  one  (helmet)  hooded  or  hel- 
met-shaped, larger  than  the  others.  Upper  petals  2,  consisting  of  small  spur- 
shaped  bodies  raised  on  long  claws  and  concealed  under  the  helmet;  other  petals 
6  or  fewer,  much  reduced  or  wholly  wanting.  Pistils  3-5.  Pods  several-seeded. 


RANUNCULACEAE    (CROWFOOT   FAMILY)  407 

Seed-coat  usually  wrinkled  or  scaly.  —  Perennials,  with  palmately  cleft  or  dis- 
sected leaves,  and  showy  flowers  in  racemes  or  panicles.  (The  ancient  Greek 
and  Latin  name,  of  uncertain  origin.) 

1.  A.  noveborac6nse  Gray.     Erect  from  tuberous-thickened  roots,  high,  leafy, 
the  summit  and  strict  loosely  flowered  raceme  pubescent;  leaves  rather  deeply 
parted,  the  broadly  cuneate  divisions  3-cleft  and  incised ;  flowers  blue ;  the  hel- 
met gibbous-obovoid  with  broad  rounded  summit  and  short  descending  beak.  — 
Chenango,  Orange,  and  Ulster  Cos.,  N.  Y.  ;  also  Summit  Co.,  O.  ;  and  reported 
from  Allamakee  Co.,  la.  (Pammel). 

2.  A.   uncinatum  L.    (WILD  M.)     Glabrous;  stem  slender,  from  tuberous- 
thickened  roots,  erect,  but  weak  and  disposed  to  climb ;  leaves  firm,  deeply  3-5- 
lobed,  petioled,  the  lobes  ovate-lanceolate,  coarsely  toothed ;  flowers  blue ;  hel- 
met erect,  obtusely  conical,  compressed,  slightly  beaked  in  front.  —  Rich  shady 
soil  along  streams,  Pa. ,  and  southw.  in  the  mts.  ;  Wise.     June- Aug. 

3.  A.  reclinatum  Gray.     (TRAILING  W.)     Glabrous  ;  stems  trailing,  1-3  m. 
long ;    leaves  deeply  3-7 -cleft,  petioled,  the  lower  orbicular  in  outline,    12-15 
cm.  wide  ;  the  divisions   wedge-form,  incised,   often  2-3-lobed ;  flowers  white, 
1.8  cm.  long,  nearly  glabrous,  in  very  loose  panicles ;  helmet  soon  horizontal, 
elongated-conical,  with  a  straight  beak  in  front.  — Cheat  Mt.,  Va.,  and  southw. 
in  the  Alleghenies.     Aug. 

20.    CIMICiFUGA    L.     BUGBANE 

Sepals  4  or  5,  falling  off  soon  after  the  flower  expands.  Petals,  or  rather 
transformed  stamens,  1-8,  small,  on  claws,  2-horned  at  the  apex.  Stamens  as  in 
Actaea.  Pistils  1-8,  forming  dry  dehiscent  pods  in  fruit.  —  Perennials,  with 
2-3-ternately  divided  leaves,  the  leaflets  cut-serrate,  and  white  flowers  in  elon- 
gated wand-like  racemes.  (Name  from  cimex,  a  bug,  andfugere,  to  drive  away.) 

§  1.  ACTIN6SPORA  (Turcz.)  B.  &  H.  Pistils  3-8,  stipitate ;  seeds  flattened 
laterally,  covered  with  chaffy  scales,  in  one  row  in  the  membranaceous 
pods;  style  awl-shaped;  stigma  minute. 

1.  C.  americana  Michx.  (AMERICAN  B.)  Stem  6-12  dm.  high;  racemes 
slender,  panicled ;  ovaries  mostly  5,  glabrous  ;  pods  flattened,  veiny,  6-8-seeded. 
—  Watkins,  N.  Y.  (according  to  Britton)  ;  mountains  of  s.  Pa.,  and  southw. 
Aug. -Sept. 

§  2.  MACR6TRYS  (Raf.)  T.  &  G.  (as  Macrotys).  Pistil  solitary  or  sometimes 
2-3,  sessile;  seeds  smooth,  flattened  and  packed  horizontally  in  the  pod  in 
two  rows,  as  in  Actaea  ;  stigma  broad  and  flat. 

2.  C.  racembsa  (L.)  Nutt.  (BLACK  SNAKEROOT,  BLACK  COHOSH.)  Stem 
1-2.6  m.  high,  from  a  thick  knotted  rootstock ;  leaves  2-3-ternately  and  then 
often  quinately  compound  ;  leaflets  subcuneate  to  subcordate  at  the  base  ;  racemes 
in  fruit  becoming  3-9  dm.  long;  pods  ovoid.  —  Rich  woods,  s.  N.  E.  to  Wise., 
and  southw.  ;  cultivated  and  escaped  eastw.  July.  Var.  DISSECTA  Gray. 
Leaves  irregularly  pinnately  decompound,  the  rather  small  leaflets  incised.  — 
Local,  s.  w.  Ct.  (Eames)  to  Del.  (Commons). 

Var.  cordif61ia  (Pursh)  Gray.  Leaflets  few  (about  9),  very  large  (1-2.5  dm. 
long),  at  least  the  terminal  one  deeply  cordate.  (C.  cordifolia  Pursh.)  —  Damp 
woods,  nits,  of  s.  w.  Va.  to  N.  C.  and  Tenn.  —  Said  to  flower  later  than  the 
typical  form. 

21.  ACTAEA    L.     BANEBERRY.     COHOSH 

Sepals  4  or  5,  falling  off  when  the  flower  expands.  Petals  4-10,  small,  flat, 
spatulate,  on  slender  claws.  Stamens  numerous,  with  slender  white  filaments. 
Pistil  single  ;  stigma  se'ssile,  depressed,  2-lobed.  Seeds  smooth,  flattened,  and 
packed  horizontally  in  2  rows.  —  Perennials,  with  ample  2-3-ternately  compound 
leaves,  the  ovate  leaflets  sharply  cleft  and  toothed,  and  a  short  and  thick  ter- 


408  MAGNOLIACEAE    (MAGNOLIA   FAMILY) 


rninal  raceme  of  white  flowers.     (From  djcrta,  actaea,  ancient  names  of  the  Elder, 
transferred  by  Linnaeus.) 

1.  A.  rubra  (Ait.)  Willd.     (RED  B.)     Eaceme  ovoid;  petals  rhombic-spatu- 
late,   much  shorter  than  the  stamens  ;   pedicels  slender  ;    berries  cherry-red, 
poisonous,  ovoid-ellipsoid.     (A.   spicata,   var.  Ait.)—  Rich   woods,    common, 
especially  northw.     Apr.,  May.     A  form  with  decompound  leaves  and  incised 
leaflets    is    var.    DISSECTA    Britton.  —  Lincoln    Co.,    Ont.      Forma    NEGLECTA 
(Gillman)   Robinson  has  white   berries  on  long  slender  green   pedicels.     (A. 
neglecta  Gillman;  A.  eburnea  Rydb.)  —  Not  rare.  —  Worthy  of  further  study 
and  perhaps  distinct. 

2.  A.  alba  (L.)    Mill.      (WHITE   B.)     Leaflets   more   incised   and   sharply 
toothed  ;  raceme  ellipsoid;  petals  slender,  mostly  truncate  at  the  end,  appearing 
to  be  transformed  stamens  ;  pedicels  thickened  in  fruit,  as  large  as  the  peduncle 
and  red,  the  globular-ovoid  berries  white.  —  Rich  woods,  flowering  a  week  or  two 
later  than  the  other,  and  more  common  westward  and  southward. 

22.    HYDRASTIS    Ellis.     ORANGE-ROOT.     YELLOW  PUCCOON 

Pistils  12  or  more  in  a  head,  2-ovuled-;  stigma  flat,  2-lipped.  Ovaries  becom- 
ing a  head  of  crimson  1-2-seeded  berries  in  fruit.  —  A  low  perennial  herb,  send- 
ing up  in  early  spring,  from  a  thick  and  knotted  yellow  rootstock,  a  single  radical 
leaf  and  a  simple  hairy  stem,  which  is  2-leaved  near  the  summit  and  terminated 
by  a  single  greenish  white  flower.  (Name  unmeaning.) 

1.  H.  canadensis  L.  (GOLDEN  SEAL.)  Leaves  rounded,  heart-shaped  at 
the  base,  5-7-lobed,  doubly  serrate,  veiny,  when  full  grown  in  summer  1-2  dm. 
wide.  —  Rich  woods,  w.  N.  E.  to  Minn.,  and  southw.  Apr.,  May. 

23.    ZANTHORHiZA  L'H(§r.     SHRUB  YELLOW-ROOT 

Sepals  5,  regular,  spreading,  deciduous.  Pistils  5-15,  with  2  pendulous  ovules. 
Pods  1-seeded,  oblong,  the  short  style  becoming  dorsal.  —  A  low  shrubby  plant  ; 
the  bark  and  long  roots  deep  yellow  and  bitter.  Flowers  polygamous,  brown- 
purple,  in  compound  drooping  racemes,  appearing  along  with  the  1-2-pinnate 
leaves  from  large  terminal  buds  in  early  spring.  (Name  compounded  of  £ave6s, 
yellow,  and  ptfa,  root.}  XANTHORRHIZA  Marsh.,  a  better  but  later  form. 

1.  Z.  apiifdlia  L'Her.  Stems  clustered,  3-6  dm.  high  ;  leaflets  cleft  and 
toothed.  —  Shady  banks  of  streams,  Pa.  and  s.  w.  N.  Y.  to  Ky.  and  Ga. 

MAGNOLlACEAE    (MAGNOLIA  FAMILY) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  the  leaf-buds  covered  by  membranous  stipules,  polypeta- 
lous,  hypogynous,  polyandrous,  polygynous  ;  the  calyx  and  corolla  colored  alike, 
in  three  or  more  rows  of  three,  and  imbricated  (rarely  covolute}  in  the  bud.  — 
Sepals  and  petals  deciduous.  Anthers  adnate.  Pistils  many,  mostly  packed 
together  and  covering  the  prolonged  receptacle,  cohering  with  each  other,  and 
in  fruit  forming  a  sort  of  fleshy  or  dry  cone.  Seeds  1  or  2  in  each  carpel, 
anatropous  ;  albumen  fleshy;  embryo  minute.  —  Leaves  alternate,  not  toothed, 
marked  with  minute  transparent  dots,  feather-veined.  Flowers  single,  large. 
Bark  aromatic  and  bitter. 

1.    MAGNdLIA    L. 

Sepals  3.  Petals  6-9.  Stamens  imbricated,  with  very  short  filaments,  and 
long  anthers  opening  inward.  Pistils  coherent,  forming  a  fleshy  and  rather 
woody  cone-like  red  fruit  ;  each  carpel  at  maturity  opening  on  the  back,  from 
which  the  1  or  2  berry-like  seeds  hang  by  an  extensile  thread.  (Named  for 
P.  Magnol,  professor  of  botany  at  Montpellier  in  the  17th  century.) 


CALYCANTHACEAE    (CALYCANTHUS   FAMILY  J  409 

*  Leaves  all  scattered  along  the  branches  ;  leaf-buds  silky. 

1.  M.  virginiana  L.     (SMALL  or  LAUREL  M.,  SWEET  BAY.)     Leaves  oval  to 
broadly  lanceolate,  8-15  cm.  long,  obtuse,  glaucous  beneath ;  flower  globular, 
white,  6  cm.  long,  very  fragrant ;  petals  broad;  cone  of  fruit  small,  ellipsoid. 
(M.  ylauca  L.)— Swamps,  from  near  Cape  Ann  and  N.  Y.  south w.,  near  the 
coast;  in  Pa.  as  far  w.  as  Cumberland  Co.     May-July. — Shrub  1-6  m.  high, 
with  thickish  leaves,  which  farther  south  are  evergreen. 

2.  M.  acuminata  L.     (CUCUMBER  TREE.)    Leaves  thin,  oblong, pointed,  green 
and  a  little  pubescent   beneath,    13-25   cm.   long ;   flower  slender-bell-s/iaped, 
glaucous-green  tinged  with  yellow,  5  cm.    long ;   cone  of  fruit  5-7  cm.  long, 
cylindrical.  —  Rich  woods,  w.  N.  Y.  to  111.,  Ark.  and  southw.     May,  June.  —  Tree 
18-27  m.  high ;  fruit  when  young  slightly  resembling  a  small  cucumber. 

3.  M.   macrophylla   Michx.     (GKEAT-LEAVED    M.)     Leaves  obovate- oblong, 
cordate  at  the  narrowed  base,  pubescent  and  white  beneath ;  flower  open-bell- 
shaped,  white,  with  a  purple  spot  at  base;  petals  ovate,  15  cm.  long;  cone  of 
fruit  ovoid. — Ky.,    Ark.,    and  southw.     May,   June. — Tree  6-12   m.    high; 
leaves  3-9  dm.  long,  somewhat  clustered  on  the  flowering  branches. 

*  *  Leaves  crowded  on  the  summit  of  the  flowering  branches  in  an  umbrella-like 
circle;  leaf-buds  glabrous;  flowers  white,  slightly  scented. 

4.  M.  trip6tala  L.    (UMBRELLA  TREE.)    Leaves  obovate-lanceolate,  pointed  at 
both  ends,  soon  glabrous,  3-6  dm.  long ;  petals  9-12  cm.  long.     (Jf.  Umbrella 
Desr.)  — S.  Pa.  to  Ky.,  Mo.,  and  southw.     May.  — Small  tree. 

5.  M.    Fraseri   Wait.      (EAR-LEAVED    UMBRELLA    TREE.)     Leaves    oblong- 
obovate  ~r  spatulate,  auriculate  at  the  base,   glabrous,  2-5  dm.   long;  petals 
obovate-spatulate,  with  narrow  claws,  1  dm.  long.  — Swamps  and  along  streams, 
Va.  and  Ky.,  along  the  Alleghenies,  and  southw.     May.  — A  slender  tree  9-15 
m.  high. 

2.   LIRIODENDRON    L.     TULIP  TREE 

Sepals  3,  reflexed.  Petals  6,  in  two  rows,  making  a  bell-shaped  corolla. 
Anthers  linear,  opening  outward.  Pistils  flat  and  scale-form,  narrow,  imbricating 
and  cohering  in  an  elongated  cone,  dry,  falling  away  whole,  like  a  samara  or  key, 
indehiscent,  1-2-seeded  in  the  small  cavity  at  the  base.  (Name  from  \lpiov,  lily 
or  tulip,  and  dtvdpov,  tree.) 

1.  L.  Tulipifera  L.  —  Leaves  very  smooth,  with  2  lateral  lobes  near  the  base, 
and  2  at  the  apex,  which  appears  as  if  cut  off  abruptly  by  a  broad  shallow 
notch  ;  petals  5  cm.  long,  greenish  yellow  marked  with  orange  ;  cone  of  fruit 
7.5  cm.  long. — Rich  soil,  Worcester  Co.,  Mass.,  to  Ont.,  Wise.,  and  southw. 
May,  June.  —  A  most  beautiful  tree,  sometimes  40  m.  high  and  2-3  m.  in  diam- 
eter in  the  Western  and  Southern  States,  the  timber  commonly  called  POPLAR  or 
WHITE  WOOD. 

CALYCANTHACEAE  (CALYCANTHOS  FAMILY) 

Shrubs  with  opposite  entire  leaves,  no  stipules,  the  sepals  and  petals  similar 
and  indefinite,  the  anthers  adnate  and  extrorse,  and  the  cotyledons  convolute; 
the  fruit  like  a  rose-hip.  Chiefly  represented  by  the  genus 

1.  CALYCANTHUS    L.     CAROLINA  ALLSPICE 

Calyx  of  many  sepals,  united  below  into  a  fleshy  inversely  conical  cup  (with 
some  leaf-like  bractlets  growing  from  it)  ;  the  lobes  lanceolate,  mostly  colored 
like  the  petals,  which  are  similar,  in  many  rows,  thickish,  inserted  on  the  top 
of  the  closed  calyx-tube.  Stamens  numerous,  inserted  just  within  the  petals, 
short;  some  of  the  inner  ones  sterile  (destitute  of  anthers).  Pistils  several  or 
many,  inclosed  in  the  calyx-tube,  inserted  on  its  base  and  inner  face.  —  Aromatic 
shrubs  with  brownish  purple  flowers  terminating  leafy  shoots.  (Name  com- 
posed of  K<f\v£,  a  cup  or  calyx,  and  &i>0o$,  flower.)  BUTNERIA  Duham. 


410  MENISPERMACEAE    (MOONSEED    FAMILY) 

1.  C.  fl6ridus  L.    Leaves  oval,  soft-downy  underneath ;  flowers  when  crushed 
yielding  somewhat  the  fragrance  of  strawberries.     (Butneria  Britton.) — Va. 
(?)  and  south w.,  on  hillsides  in  rich  soil  ;  common  in  gardens.     Apr.-Aug. 

2.  C.  fSrtilis  Walt.    Leaves  oblong  or  ovate,  thin,  either  -blunt  or  taper-pointed, 
bright  green  and  glabrous  on  both  sides,  or  pale  beneath  ;  flowers  inodorous. 
(C.  glaucus  and  laevigatus  Willd. ;  Butneria  fertilis  Britton.) — Franklin  Co., 
Pa.  (Porter),  and  south  w.  along  the  Alleghenies.     May- Aug. 

ANONACEAE    (CUSTARD  APPLE  FAMILY) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  naked  buds  and  no  stipules,  a  calyx  of  3  sepals,  and  a 
corolla  of  6  thickish  petals  in  two  rows,  valvate  in  the  bud,  hypogynous,  poly- 
androus.  —  Anthers  adnate,  extrorse  ;  filaments  very  short.  Pistils  several  or 
many,  separate  or  cohering  in  a  mass,  fleshy  or  pulpy  in  fruit.  Seeds  anatropous, 
large,  with  a  minute  embryo  at  the  base  of  the  ruminated  albumen.  —  Leaves 
alternate,  entire,  feather-veined.  Flowers  axillary,  solitary.  Tropical, 
excepting 

1.    ASIMINA    Adans.     NORTH  AMERICAN  PAPAW 

Petals  6,  increasing  after  the  bud  opens  ;  the  outer  set  larger  than  the  inner. 
Stamens  numerous  in  a  globular  mass.  Pistils  few,  ripening  1-4  large  thick- 
cylindric  pulpy  fruits  ;  seeds  several,  horizontal,  flat,  inclosed  in  a  fleshy  aril.  — 
Shrubs  or  small  trees  with  unpleasant  odor  when  bruised  ;  the  lurid  flowers  soli- 
tary from  the  axils  of  last  year's  leaves.  (Name  from  Asiminier,  of  the  French 
colonists,  from  the  Indian  name  assimin.') 

1.  A.  triloba  Dunal.  (COMMON  P.)  Leaves  thin,  obovate-lanceolate,  pointed  ; 
petals  dull  purple,  veiny,  round-ovate,  the  outer  ones  3-4  times  as  long  as  the 
calyx.  —  Banks  of  streams  in  rich  soil,  N.  J.  to  L.  Erie,  Mich.,  n.  e.  la.,  s.  e. 
Neb.,  and  southw.  Apr.,  May. — Tree  3-12  m.  high,  the  young  shoots  and 
expanding  leaves  clothed  with  a  rusty  down,  soon  glabrous.  Flowers  appearing 
with  the  leaves,  3-4  cm.  wide.  Fruits  7-13  cm.  long,  green  or  at  length  dark 
brown,  the  pulp  sweet  and  edible  in  autumn. 

MENISPERMACEAE    (MOONSEED  FAMILY) 

Woody  climbers,  with  palmate  or  peltate  alternate  leaves,  no  stipules,  the 
sepals  and  petals  similar,  in  three  or  more  rows,  imbricated  in  the  bud  ;  hypogy- 
nous, dioecious,  3-6-gynous;  fruit  a  l-seeded  drupe,  with  a  large  or  long  curved 
embryo  in  scanty  albumen.  —  Flowers  small.  Stamens  several.  Ovaries  nearly 
straight,  with  the  stigma  at  the  apex,  but  often  incurved  in  fruiting  so  that  the 
seed  and  embryo  are  bent  into  a  crescent  or  ring.  Chiefly  a  tropical  family. 

*  Sepals  and  petals  present ;  anthers  4-celled ;  seed  incurved. 

1.  Cocculus.     Stamens,  petals,  and  sepals  each  6. 

2.  Menispermum.     Stamens  12-24,  slender.    Petals  6-8. 

*  *  Petals  none  ;  anthers  2-celled  ;  seed  saucer-shaped. 

3.  Calycocarpum.     Stamens  in  the  sterile  flowers  12 ;  in  the  fertile  flowers  6,  abortive. 

1.   C6CCULUS    DC. 

Sepals,  petals,  and  stamens  6,  alternating  in  threes,  the  two  latter  short. 
Anthers  4-celled.  Pistils  3-6  in  the  fertile  flowers  ;  style  pointed.  Drupe  and 
seed  as  in  Menispermum.  —  Flowers  in  axillary  racemes  or  panicles.  (An  old 
name,  a  diminutive  of  coccus,  KOKKOS,  a  berry.) 

1.  C.  carolinus  (L.)  DC.  Minutely  pubescent ;  leaves  downy  beneath,  ovate 
or  cordate,  entire  or  sinuately  or  hastately  lobed,  variable  in  shape  ;  flower? 


BERBERIDACEAE   (BARBERRY   FAMILY)  411 

greenish,  the  petals  in  the  sterile  ones  auriculate-inflexed  below  around  the  fila- 
ments j  drupe  red  (as  large  as  a  small  pea).  (Cebatha  Britton.)  — River  banks, 
Va.  to  s.  111.,  Kan.,  and  southw.  July,  Aug. 

•* 

2.  MENISPERMUM  [Tourn.]    L.     MOONSEED 

Sepals  4-8.  Petals  6-8,  short.  Stamens  12-24  in  the  sterile  flowers,  as  long 
as  the  sepals  ;  anthers  4-celled.  Pistils  2-4  in  the  fertile  flowers,  raised  on  a 
short  common  receptacle  ;  stigma  broad  and  flat.  Drupe  globular,  the  mark  of 
the  stigma  near  the  base,  the  ovary  in  its  growth  after  flowering  being  strongly 
incurved  so  that  the  (wrinkled  and  grooved)  laterally  flattened  stone  takes 
the  form  of  a  large  crescent  or  ring.  The  slender  embryo  therefore  is  horseshoe- 
shaped  ;  cotyledons  filiform.  —  Flowers  white,  in  small  and  loose  axillary  pani- 
cles. (Name  from  /j,^vrj,  moon,  and  <rirtp/j.a,  seed.} 

1 .  M.  canadSnse  L.  Leaves  peltate  near  the  edge,  3-7-angled  or  -lobed.  — 
Banks  of  streams,  w.  Que.  and  w.  N.  E.,  westw.  and  southw.  June,  July. — 
Drupes  black  with  a  bloom,  ripe  in  September,  looking  like  frost  grapes. 

3.    CALYCOCARPUM    Nutt.    CUPSEED 

Sepals  6,  petaloid.  Petals  none.  Stamens  12  in  the  sterile  flowers,  short ; 
anthers  2-celled.  Pistils  3,  spindle-shaped,  tipped  with  a  radiate  many-cleft 
stigma.  Drupe  globular  ;  thin  crustaceous  putamen  hollowed  out  like  a  cup  on 
one  side.  Embryo  foliaceous,  heart-shaped. — Flowers  greenish  white,  in  long 
racemose  panicles.  (Name  from  /cdAu£,  a  cup,  and  Kapirds,  fruit.} 

I.  C.  Lybni  (Pursh)  Nutt.  Leaves  large,  thin,  deeply  3-5-lobed,  cordate  at 
the  base  ;  the  lobes  acuminate  ;  drupe  2.5  cm.  long,  black  when  ripe.  —  Rich 
soil,  Ky.  to  s.  111.,  Kan.,  and  southw.  May.  —  Climbing  to  the  tops  of  trees. 

BERBERIDACEAE     (BARBERRY  FAMILY) 

Shrubs  or  herbs,  with  the  sepals  and  petals  both  imbricated  in  the  bud,  usu- 
ally in  two  rows  of  3  (rarely  2  or  4)  each;  the  hypogynous  stamens  as  many  as 
the  petals  and  opposite  to  them  ;  anthers  opening  by  2  valves  or  lids  hinged  at 
the  top.  (Podophyllum  is  an  exception  in  having  more  numerous  stamens,  the 
anthers  opening  along  the  sides ;  Jeffersonia,  in  having  the  sepals  in  one  row.) 
Pistil  single.  —  Filaments  short.  Style  short  or  none.  Fruit  a  berry  or  a  pod. 
Seeds  few  or  several,  anatropous,  with  albumen.  Embryo  small,  except  in 
Berberis.  Leaves  alternate,  with  dilated  bases  or  stipulate. 

*  Petals  6-9  ;  stamens  8-18  ;  fruit  many-seeded  ;  herbs. 

1.  Podophyllum.    Petals  6-9.    Stamens  12-18  ;  anthers  not  opening  by  uplifted  valves.    Fruit 

a  large  berry. 

2.  Jeff  ersonia.    Petals  and  stamens  usually  8 ;  anthers  opening  by  uplifted  valves.    Pod  opening 

by  a  lid. 

*  *  Petals  and  stamens  6 ;  fruit  few-seeded. 

3.  Diphylleia.     Herb  with  white  flowers  ;  petals  much  longer  than  the  sepals.    Berry  2-4-seeded. 

4.  Caulophyllum.     Herb  with  greenish  flowers ;  petals  thick,  much  shorter  than  the  sepals. 

Ovary  soon  bursting ;  the  two  seeds  left  naked. 

5.  Berberis.    Shrubs,  with  yellow  flowers  and  wood ;  a  pair  of  glandular  spots  on  the  base  of 

each  petal.    Fruit  a  berry. 

1.   PODOPHYXLUM    L.     MAY  APPLE.     MANDRAKE 

Flower-bud  with  three  green  bractlets,  which  early  fall  away.  Sepals  6, 
fugacious.  Petals  6  or  0,  obovate.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals  in  our 
species  ;  anthers  linear-oblong,  not  opening  by  uplifted  valves.  Ovary  ovoid; 


412  BERBERIDACEAE    (BARBERRY   FAMILY) 

stigma  sessile,  large,  thick  and  undulate.  Fruit  a  large  fleshy  berry.  Seeds 
covering  the  very  large  lateral  placenta,  in  many  rows,  each  seed  inclosed  in 
a  pulpy  aril.  — Perennial  herbs,  with  creeping  rootstocks  and  thick  fibrous  roots. 
Stems  2-leaved,  1-flowered.  (Name  from  Trotfs,  a  foot,  and  (t>ti\\oi>,  a  leaf, 
probably  referring  to  the  stout  petioles. ) 

1.  P.  peltatum  L.  Stamens  12-18;  leaves  5-9-parted,  the  lobes  oblong, 
rather  wedge-shaped,  somewhat  lobed  and  toothed  at  the  apex.  — Rich  woods, 
w.  Que.  and  w.  N.  E.  to  Minn.,  and  southw.  May.  — Flowerless  stems  termi- 
nated by  a  large  round  7-9-lobed  leaf,  peltate  in  the  middle,  like  an  umbrella ; 
flowering  stems  bearing  two  one-sided  leaves,  and  a  nodding  white  flower  from 
the  fork;  fruit  ovoid,  2.5-5  cm.  long,  ripe  in  July,  sweet  and  slightly  acid, 
edible. 

2.  JEFFERS6NIA  B.  S.  Barton.     TWINLEAF 

Sepals  4,  fugacious.  Petals  8,  oblong,  flat.  Stamens  8  ;  anthers  oblong- 
linear,  on  slender  filaments.  Ovary  ovoid,  soon  gibbous,  pointed ;  stigma  2- 
lobed.  Pod  pear-shaped,  opening  halfway  round  horizontally,  the  upper  part 
making  a  lid.  Seeds  many,  in  several  rows  on  the  lateral  placenta,  with  a  fleshy 
lacerate  aril  on  one  side.  — A  perennial  glabrous  herb,  with  matted  fibrous  roots, 
long-petioled  root-leaves  parted  into  2  half-ovate  leaflets,  and  simple  naked  1- 
flowered  scapes.  (Named  in  honor  of  Thomas  Jefferson.} 

1.  J.  diphylla  (L.)  Pers.  Low;  flower  white,  2.5  cm.  broad,  the  parts 
rarely  in  threes  or  fives.  ( J.  Unata  B.  S.  Barton. )  —  Woods,  n.  N.  Y.  to  Wise. , 
n.  e.  la.,  and  southw.  Apr.,  May.  — Called  RHEUMATISM  ROOT  in  some  places. 

3.  DIPHYLLEIA    Michx.     UMBRELLA  LEAP 

Sepals  6,  fugacious.  Petals  6,  oval,  flat.  Stamens  6.  Ovary  ellipsoid  ;  stigma 
depressed,  subsessile.  Ovules  5  or  6,  attached  to  one  side  of  the  cell  below  the 
middle.  Berry  globose,  few-seeded.  Seeds  oblong,  with  no  aril.  —  Glabrous 
perennial,  with  thick  horizontal  rootstocks,  sending  up  each  year  either  a  huge 
centrally  peltate  and  cut-lobed  rounded  umbrella-like  radical  leaf,  on  a  stout 
stalk,  or  a  flowering  stem  bearing  two  similar  (but  smaller  and  more  2-cleft) 
alternate  leaves  which  are  peltate  near  one  margin,  and  terminated  by  a  cyme 
of  white  flowers.  (Name  from  dts,  double,  and  0tfXXop,  leaf.} 

1.  D.  cymbsa  Michx.  Root-leaves  3-6  dm.  in  diameter,  2-cleft,  each  division 
5-7-lobed ;  lobes  toothed ;  berries  blue.  —  Wet  or  springy  places,  mts.  of  Va. 
and  southw.  May. 

4.    CAULOPHYLLUM    Michx.     BLUB  COHOSH 

Sepals  6,  with  3  or  4  small  bractlets  at  the  base,  ovate-oblong.  Petals  6  thick 
gland-like  somewhat  kidney-shaped  or  hooded  bodies,  with  short  claws,  much 
smaller  than  the  sepals,  one  at  the  base  of  each  of  them.  Stamens  6.  Pistil 
gibbous  ;  style  short ;  stigma  minute  and  unilateral ;  ovary  bursting  soon  after 
flowering  by  the  pressure  of  the  2  erect  enlarging  seeds,  and  withering  away ; 
the  spherical  seeds  naked  on  their  thick  seed-stalks,  looking  like  drupes,  the 
fleshy  integument  turning  blue  ;  albumen  horny.  —  A  perennial  glabrous  herb, 
with  matted  knotty  rootstocks,  sending  up  in  early  spring  a  simple  and  naked 
stem,  terminated  by  a  small  raceme  or  panicle  of  yellowish  green  flowers,  and  a 
little  below  bearing  a  large  triternately  compound  sessile  leaf  (whence  the  name, 
from  *auX6s,  stem,  and  0tfXXoi>,  leaf,  the  stem  seeming  to  form  a  stalk  for  the 
great  leaf.) 

1.  C.  thalictroides  (L.)  Michx.  (PAPPOOSE  ROOT.)  Stems  3-7.5  dm.  high  ; 
leaflets  obovate-wedge-form,  2-3-lobed,  a  smaller  biternate  leaf  often  at  the  base 
of  the  panicle  ;  flowers  appearing  while  the  leaf  is  yet  small.  —  Deep  rich  woods, 
N.  B.  to  Man.,  and  southw.  Apr.,  May. — Whole  plant  glaucous  when  young, 
as  also  the  seeds,  which  are  as  large  as  peas. 


LAURACEAE    (LAUREL   FAMILY)  413 

5.   BERBERIS  [Tourn.]  L.    BARBERRY 

Sepals  6,  roundish,  with  2-6  bractlets  outside.  Petals  6,  obovate,  concave, 
with  two  glandular  spots  inside  above  the  short  claw.  Stamens  (5.  Stigma  cir- 
cular, depressed.  Fruit  a  1-few-seeded  berry.  Seeds  erect,  with  a  crustaceous 
integument. — Shrubs,  with  yellow  wood  and  inner  bark,  yellow  flowers  in 
drooping  racemes,  sour  berries,  and  1-9-foliolate  leaves.  Stamens  irritable. 
(Derived  from  Berberys,  the  Arabic  name  of  the  fruit.) 

1.  B.  canadSnsis  Mill.     (AMERICAN  B.)     Leaves  repandly  toothed,  the  teeth 
less  bristly-pointed  ;  racemes  few-flowered ;  petals  notched  at  the  apex;  berries 
ovoid;  otherwise  as  in  the  next.  —  Alleghenies  of  Va.,  south w.  and  westw.  ;  not 
in  Canada.     June.  — Shrub  3-9  dm.  high. 

2.  B.  VULGARIS  L.     (COMMON  B.)     Leaves  scattered  on  the  fresh  shoots  of 
the  season,  mostly  reduced  to  sharp  triple  or  branched  spines,  from  the  axils 
of  which  the  next  season  proceed  rosettes  or  fascicles  of  obovate-oblong  closely 
bristle-toothed  leaves  (the  short  petiole  jointed  !),  and  drooping  many-flowered 
racemes  ;  petals  entire  ;  berries  ellipsoid,  scarlet.  —  Thickets  and  waste  grounds 
in  e.  and  s.  N.  E.,  where  it  has  become  thoroughly  wild ;  elsewhere  occasionally 
spontaneous.     May,  June.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

LAURACEAE   (LAUREL  FAMILY) 

Aromatic  trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  simple  leaves  mostly  marked  with 
minute  pellucid  dots,  and  flowers  with  a  regular  calyx  of  4  or  0  colored  sepals, 
imbricated  in  2  rows  in  the  bud,  free  from  the  \-celled  and  l-ovuled  ovary,  and 
mostly  fewer  than  the  stamens;  anthers  opening  by  2  or  4  uplifted  valves. 
—  Flowers  clustered.  Style  single.  Fruit  a  1-seeded  berry  or  drupe.  Seed 
anatropous,  suspended,  with  no  albumen,  filled  by  the  large  almond-like  embryo. 

*  Flowers  perfect,  panicled  ;  stamens  12,  three  of  them  sterile,  three  with  extrorse  anthers. 

1.  Persea.    Calyx  persistent.    Anthers  4-celled.    Evergreen. 

*  *  Flowers  dioecious,  or  nearly  so  ;  stamens  in  the  sterile  flowers  9  ;  leaves  deciduous. 

2.  Sassafras.     Flowers  in  corymb-  or  umbel-like  racemes.     Anthers  4-celled,  4-valved. 

3.  Litsea.     Flowers  few  in  involucrate  umbels.    Anthers  4-celled,  4-valved. 

4.  Benzoin.    Flowers  in  umbel-like  clusters.    Anthers  2-celled,  2-valved. 

1.     PERSEA   [Plum.]    Gaertn.  f. 

Flowers  perfect,  with  a  6-parted  calyx,  persistent  at  the  base  of  the  berry-like 
fruit.  Stamens  12,  in  four  rows,  the  3  of  the  innermost  row  sterile  and  gland- 
like,  the  rest  bearing  4-celled  anthers  (i.e.  with  each  proper  cell  divided  trans- 
versely into  two),  opening  by  as  many  uplifted  valves  ;  the  anthers  of  3  stamens 
turned  outward,  the  others  introse. — Trees,  with  persistent  entire  leaves,  and 
small  panicled  flowers.  (An  ancient  name  of  some  oriental  tree.) 

1.  P.  Borbbnia    (L.)    Spreng.    (RED  BAY.)     Tree  of  medium  size  ;  branch- 
lets  early  glabrate  ;  leaves  oblong,  soon  shining  above,  pale  and  at  length  gla- 
brate  beneath  ;  common  peduncle  about  equaling  the  petiole;  berry  dark  blue, 
on  a  red  stalk.     (P.  carolinensis  Nees.)  —  Swamps,  s.  Del.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

2.  P.  pubSscens    (Pursh)   Sarg.     Small  tree  ;  branchlets  velvety  ;  lower  sur- 
face of  lance-oblong  leaves  retaining  more  or  less  pubescence  ;  peduncles  con- 
siderably longer  than  the  petioles.  — Swamps,  Fla.  to  N.  C.;  and  reported  from 
s.  Va. 

2.    SASSAFRAS  Nees 

Flowers  dioecious,  with  a  6-parted  spreading  calyx  ;  the  sterile  kind  with  9 
stamens  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  calyx  in  3  rows,  the  3  inner  with  a  pair  of 
stalked  glands  at  the  base  of  each  ;  anthers  4-celled,  4-valved  ;  fertile  flowers 


414  PAPAVERACEAE    (POPPY    FAMILY) 

with  6  short  rudiments  of  stamens  and  an  ovoid  ovary.  Drupe  ovoid  (blue) , 
supported  on  a  club-shaped  and  rather  fleshy  reddish  pedicel.  —  Trees,  with 
spicy-aromatic  bark,  and  very  mucilaginous  twigs  and  foliage  ;  leaves  decidu- 
ous, often  lobed.  Flowers  greenish  yellow,  naked,  in  clustered  and  peduncled 
corymbed  racemes,  appearing  with  the  leaves,  involucrate  with  scaly  bracts. 
(The  popular  name,  applied  by  the  early  French  settlers  in  Florida.) 

1.  S.  variif&lium  (Salisb.)  Ktze.  Trees  4-38  m.  high,  with  yellowish 
green  twigs  ;  leaves  ovate,  entire,  or  some  of  them  3-lobed,  soon  glabrous.  (S. 
offlcinale  Nees  &  Eberm. ;  8.  Sassafras  Karst.)  —  Rich  woods,  s.  Me.  (Deane, 
Parlin)  to  s.  Ont.,  Mich.,  e.  la.,  and  Kan.,  and  s.  to  the  Gulf.  Apr. 

3.  LlTSEA    Lam. 

Flowers  dioecious,  with  a  6-parted  deciduous  calyx ;  the  sterile  with  9  sta- 
mens in  3  rows ;  their  anthers  all  introrse,  4-celled,  4-valved  ;  fertile  flowers 
with  12  or  more  rudiments  of  stamens  and  a  globular  ovary.  Drupe  globular. 

—  Shrubs  or  trees,  with  entire  leaves,  and  small  flowers  in  axillary  clustered 
umbels.     (Name  of  Chinese  origin.) 

1.  L.  geniculata  (Walt.)  Nicholson.  (POND  SPICE.)  Flowers  (yellow) 
appearing  before  the  deciduous  oblong  leaves,  which  are  hairy  on  the  midrib 
beneath  ;  branches  forked  and  divaricate,  the  branchlets  zigzag ;  involucres 
2-4-leaved,  2-4-flowered  ;  fruit  red.  (Malapoenna  Coult.)  —  Swamps,  Va.  to 
Fla.  Apr. 

4.    BENZdlN   Fabric.     WILD  ALLSPICE.     FEVER  BUSH 

Flowers  polygamous-dioecious,  with  a  6-parted  open  calyx  ;  the  sterile  with 
9  stamens  in  3  rows,  the  inner  filaments  1-2-lobed  and  gland-bearing  at  base  ; 
anthers  2-celled  and  2-valved  ;  fertile  flowers  with  15-18  rudiments  of  stamens 
in  2  forms,  and  a  globular  ovary.  Drupe  obovoid,  red,  the  stalk  not  thickened. 

—  Deciduous-leaved  shrubs,  with  honey-yellow  flowers  in  almost  sessile  lateral 
umbel-like  clusters,  appearing  before  the  leaves  (in  our  species) ;  the  clusters 
composed  of  smaller  clusters  or  umbels,  each  of  4-6  flowers  and  surrounded  by 
an  involucre  of  4  deciduous  scales.     Leaf-buds  scaly.     (So  named  from  its  odor, 
which  resembles  that  of  benzoin,  an  oriental  gum.) 

1.  B.  aestivale  (L.)  Nees.     (SPICE  BUSH,  BENJAMIN  BUSH.)     Nearly  smooth 
(2-5   in.  high);   leaves  oblong-obovate,   pale  underneath.     (Lindera    benzoin 
Blume  ;  B.  Benzoin  Coult.)  — Damp  woods,  s.  Me.  to  Ont.,  Mich.,  e.  Kan.,  and 
southw.     March,  Apr. 

2.  B.  melissaefblium   (Walt.)   Nees.     Young  branches  and  buds  pubescent; 
leaves  oblong,  obtuse  or  heart-shaped  at  base,  downy  beneath ;   umbels  few. 
(Lindera  Blume.)  —  Low  grounds,  N.  C.  to  Fla.,  w.  to  s.  111.  and  Mo.     Apr. 


PAPAVERACEAE   (POPPY  FAMILY) 

Herbs  with  milky  or  colored  juice,  regular  flowers  with  the  parts  in  twos  or 
fours,  fugacious  sepals,  polyandrous,  hypogynous,  the  ovary  l-celled  ivith  two  or 
more  parietal  placentae.  — Sepals  2,  rarely  3,  falling  when  the  flower  expands. 
Petals  4-12,  spreading,  imbricated  and  often  crumpled  in  the  bud,  early  de- 
ciduous. Stamens  rarely  as  few  as  16,  distinct.  Fruit  a  dry  l-celled  pod  (in 
Papaver  imperfectly  many-celled,  in  Glaucium  2-celled).  Seeds  numerous, 
anatropous,  often  crested,  with  a  minute  embryo  at  the  base  of  fleshy  and  oily 
albumen. — Leaves  alternate,  without  stipules.  Peduncles  mostly  1-flowered. 
Juice  narcotic  or  acrid. 


PAP  AVER  ACEAE    (POPPY    FAMILY)  415 

*  Petals  8-12,  not  crumpled  in  the  bud  ;  pod  1-celled,  2-valved. 

1.  Sanguinaria.     Petals  white.    Leaves  and  1-flowered  scape  from  a  short  rootstock. 

*  *  Petals  4,  crumpled  in  the  bud  ;  pod  with  2  or  more  valves. 

•i-  Pod  2-4-valved,  the  valves  separating  to  the  base  from  the  placentae  ;  leaves  pinnately  parted : 

flowers  yellow. 

2.  Stylophorum.     Pod  bristly ;  style  distinct ;  stigmas  and  placentae  3-4. 

3.  Chelidonium.     Pod  linear,  smooth  ;  style  almost  none  ;  stigmas  and  placentae  2. 

4.  Glaucium.     Pod  rough,  long-linear,  2-celled  by  a  spongy  partition  ;  style  none. 

-H  -i-  Pod  4-20-valved,  dehiscent  only  at  the  top  or  to  the  middle. 

5.  Papaver.    Ovary  incompletely  many-celled  ;  stigmas  united  into  a  radiate  sessile  crown. 

6.  Argemone.    Stigmas  (sessile)  and  placentae  4-6.     Pod  and  leaves  prickly. 

1.    SANGUINARIA   [Dill.]   L.     BLOODROOT 

Sepals  2.  Petals  8-12,  spatulate-oblong.  Stamens  about  24.  Style  short ; 
stigma  2-grooved.  Pod  ellipsoid  or  fusiform,  turgid,  1-celled,  2-valved.  Seeds 
with  a  large  crest.  —  Low  perennial ;  its  thick  prostrate  rootstocks  (surcharged 
with  red-orange  acrid  juice)  sending  up  in  earliest  spring  a  palmate-lobed  leaf 
and  1-flowered  scape.  Flower  white,  handsome,  the  bud  erect,  the  petals  not 
crumpled.  (Name  from  the  color  of  the  juice.) 

1.    S.  canadSnsis   L.  —  Open  rich  woods  ;  common.     Apr.,  May. 

Bocc6NiA  CORDATA  Willd.,  the  PLUME  POPPY,  a  stout  plant  with  glaucous 
cordate  lobed  leaves,  and  panicles  of  small  greenish  apetalous  flowers,  is  frequent 
in  cultivation  and  has  been  found  as  an  escape  in  Madison  Co.,  O.  (Mrs.  Sharp). 
(In trod,  from  China.) 

2.    STYL6PHORUM  Nutt.    CELANDINE  POPPY 

Sepals  2,  hairy.  Petals  4.  Style  distinct,  columnar ;  stigma  2-4-lobed. 
Pods  bristly,  2-4-valved  to  the  base.  Seeds  conspicuously  crested.  —  Perennial 
low  herbs,  with  stems  naked  below  and  oppositely  2-leaved,  or  sometimes  1-3- 
leaved,  and  umbellately  1-few-flowered  at  the  summit ;  the  flower-buds  and  the 
pods  nodding.  Leaves  pinnately  parted  or  divided.  Juice  yellow.  (From 
0-TuXos,  style,  and  <f>tpetv,  to  bear,  one  of  the  distinctive  characters.) 

1.  S.  diphyllum  (Michx.)  Nutt.  Leaves  pale  beneath,  smoothish,  deeply 
pinnatifid  into  5  or  7  oblong  sinuate-lobed  divisions,  and  the  root-leaves  often 
with  a  pair  of  small  distinct  leaflets ;  peduncles  equaling  the  petioles ;  flower 
deep  yellow  (5  cm.  broad);  stigmas  3  or  4  ;  pod  ovoid.  — Damp  woods,  w. Pa.  to 
Wise.,  "  Mo.,"  and  Tenn.  May.  — Foliage  and  flower  resembling  Celandine. 

3.   CHELIDONIUM  [Tourn.]  L.     CELANDINE 

Sepals  2.  Petals  4.  Stamens  16-24.  Style  almost  none ;  stigma  2-lobed 
Pod  linear-cylindric,  smooth,  2-valved,  the  valves  opening  from  the  bottom  up- 
ward. Seeds  crested.  —  Biennial  herb  with  brittle  stems,  saffron-colored  acrid 
juice,  pinnately  divided  or  2-pinnatifid  and  toothed  or  cut  leaves,  and  small  yel- 
low flowers  in  a  pedunculate  umbel ;  buds  nodding.  (Ancient  Greek  name 
from  xe\i5(6c,  the  swallow,  because  its  flowers  appear  with  the  swallows.) 

1.  C.  MAJDS  L.— Kich  damp  soil  about  towns,  centr.  Me.  to  Ont ,  and 
south  w.,  common  from  s.  Me.  to  Pa.  May-Aug.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

4.    GLAUCIUM  [Tourn.]  Hill.     HORN  POPPY.     SEA  POPPY 

Sepals  2.  Petals  4.  Style  none  ;  stigma  2-lobed  or  2-horned.  Pod  very 
long  and  linear,  completely  2-celled  by  a  spongy  false  partition  ;  seeds  crest- 
less. —  Annuals  or  biennials,  with  saffron-colored  juice,  clasping  leaves,  and 
solitary  yellow  flowers.  (The  Greek  name,  y\aticiot>,  from  the  glaucous  foliage.) 


416  FUMARIACEAE    (FUMITORY    FAMILY) 

1.  G.  FIAVUM  Crantz.  Lower  leaves  pinnatifid  ;  upper  ones  sinuate-lobed 
and  toothed,  cordate-clasping  ;  pods  rough,  1.5-2.5  dm.  long.  (G.  luteum  Scop.  ; 
G.  Grlaucium  Karst. )  — Waste  places,  s.  e.  N.  E.,  Md.,  and  Va.;  also  about 
Syracuse,  N.  Y.  ;  not  common.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

5.    PAP  AVER    [Tourn.]    L.     POPPY 

Sepals  mostly  2.  Petals  mostly  4.  Stigmas  united  in  a  flat  4-20-rayed 
crown,  resting  on  the  summit  of  the  ovary  and  capsule  ;  the  latter  short  and 
turgid,  with  4-20  many-seeded  placentae  projecting  like  imperfect  partitions, 
opening  by  as  many  pores  or  chinks  under  the  edge  of  the  stigma. —  Herbs  with 
a  white  juice  ;  the  flower-buds  nodding.  (Derivation  obscure.) — Four  annual 
species  of  the  Old  World  are  sparingly  adventive  ;  vis.  : 

1.  P.  soMNfFERUM   L.     (COMMON   P.)     Smooth,  glaucous  ;   leaves  clasping, 
wavy,  incised  and  toothed  ;  pod  globose;  corolla  mostly  white  or  purple.  —  Near 
dwellings  in  some  places.    (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

2.  P.  RHOEAS    L.    (CORN  P.)     Bristly ;  leaves  pinnatifid  ;  pods  obovoid,  tur- 
binate  ;  corolla  bright  scarlet,  often  dark  at  center.  —  Rubbish  heaps  and  rarely 
fields.     (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

3.  P.  DUBIUM   L.     Pinnatifid  leaves  and  the  long  stalks  bristly ;  pods  club- 
shaped,  smooth;  corolla  light  scarlet. — Cultivated  fields  and  waste  grounds, 
R.  I.,  and  southw.,  rare.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

4.  P.  ARGEMONE   L.     Smaller,  with  finer-cut  leaves  and  paler  flowers  than 
the  last ;  pods  club-shaped  and  bristly.  —  Waste  grounds,  near  Philadelphia. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

6.    ARGEM6NE   L.     PRICKLY  POPPY 

Sepals  2  or  3,  often  prickly.  Petals  4-6.  Style  almost  none  ;  stigmas  3-6, 
radiate.  Pod  ellipsoid,  prickly,  opening  by  3-6  valves  at  the  top.  Seeds 
crested.  — Annuals  or  biennials,  with  prickly  bristles  and  yellow  juice.  Leaves 
sessile,  sinuate-lobed,  and  with  prickly  teeth,  often  blotched  with  white. 
Flower-buds  erect,  short-peduncled.  (Name  from  &pye/j.a,  a  disease  of  the  eye, 
for  which  the  juice  of  a  plant  so  called  by  the  Greeks  was  a  supposed  remedy.) 

1.  A.  intermedia   Sweet.     Stout,    very   glaucous;  peduncles   leafy;  corolla 
white,  8-10  cm.  in  diameter.     (A.  platyceras  Man.  ed.  6,  not  Link  &  Otto.)  — 
Meredosia,  111.  (Seymour)  to  Neb.,  southw.  and  westw. 

2.  A.  MEXICA.NA   L.    (MEXICAN  P.)     Less  glaucous  ;  flowers  smaller,  3-6  cm. 
broad,  yellow   or  rarely   cream-colored    (Var.    OCHROLELJCA    Lindl.).  —  Waste 
places  and  ballast,  southw.;  casual  north w.     (Adv.  from  Mex.) 

A.  ALBA  Lestiboudois,  a  southern  species  with  white  flowers  on  naked  pedun- 
cles, is  said  to  occur  in  Mo. 

FUMARIACEAE     (FUMITORY  FAMILY) 

Delicate  smooth  herbs,  with  watery  juice,  compound  dissected  leaves,  irregu- 
lar flowers,  with  4  somewhat  united  petals,  6  diadelphous  stamens,  and  2-merous 
pods  and  seeds  like  those  of  the  Poppy  Family.  —  Sepals  2,  small  and  scale-like. 
Corolla  flattened,  closed  ;  the  4  petals  in  two  pairs  ;  the  outer  with  spreading 
tips,  and  one  or  both  of  them  spurred  or  saccate  at  the  base  ;  inner  pair  nar- 
rower, and  their  callous- crested  tips  united  over  the  stigma.  Stamens  in  two 
sets  of  3  each,  placed  opposite  the  larger  petals,  hypogynous ;  their  filaments 
often  united  ;  middle  anther  of  each  set  2-celled,  the  lateral  ones  1-celled.  Pod 
1-celled,  either  1-seeded  and  indehiscent,  or  several-seeded  with  2  parietal  pla- 
centae and  deciduous  valves.  —  Leaves  delicate,  usually  alternate,  without  stip- 
ules. Slightly  bitter  innocent  plants. 


FUMAR1ACEAE    (FUMITORY  FAMILY)  417 

*  Corolla  bigibbous  or  2-spurred,  the  2  outer  petals  alike  ;  pod  several-seeded. 

1.  Adlumia.     Petals  united  into  a  spongy  persistent  subcordate  corolla.     Seeds  crestless. 

2.  Dicentra.     Corolla  cordate  or  2-spurred  at  base,  less  united.     Seeds  crested. 

*  *  Corolla  with  but  one  petal  spurred  at  base,  deciduous. 

3.  CorydaliS.     Tod  with  few  to  many  crested  or  ariled  seeds. 

4.  Fumaria.     Fruit  a  globular  1-seeded  nutlet.     Seed  crestless. 

1.    ADLtTMIA  Raf.     CLIMBING  FUMITORY 

Petals  all  permanently  united  into  a  cordate-ovate  corolla,  becoming  spongy 
cellular  and  persistent,  inclosing  the  small  few-seeded  pod.  Seeds  not  crested. 
Stigma  2-crested.  Filaments  monadelphous  below  in  a  tube  which  is  adherent 
to  the  corolla,  diadelphous  at  the  summit.  —  A  climbing  biennial,  with  thrice- 
pinnate  leaves,  cut-lobed  delicate  leaflets,  and  ample  panicles  of  drooping  white 
or  purplish  flowers.  (Dedicated  to  Major  J.  Adlum,  amateur  botanist.) 

1.  A.  fung6sa  (Ait.)  Greene.  —  Wet  or  recently  burned  woods;  e.  Que.  to 
Ont.,  Wise.,  and  s.  in  the  mts.  to  N.  0.  June-Oct.  {A.  cirrhosa  Raf.)  — 
Handsome  delicate  vine  climbing  by  the  slender  young  leaf-stalks  over  high 
hushes ;  often  cultivated,  and  frequently  escaping. 

2.    DICtNTRA  Bernh. 

Petals  slightly  cohering  into  a  heart-shaped  or  2-spurred  corolla,  either  de- 
ciduous or  withering-persistent.  Stigma  2-crested  and  sometimes  2-horned. 
Filaments  slightly  united  into  two  sets.  Pod  10-20-seeded.  Seeds  crested.  — 
Low  stemless  perennials  (as  to  our  wild  species)  with  ternately  compound  and 
dissected  leaves,  and  racemose  nodding  flowers.  Pedicels  2-bracted.  (Name 
from  5£s,  twice,  and  Ktvrpov,  a  spur  ;  — accidentally  printed  DICLYTRA  in  the  first 
instance,  which  by  an  erroneous  conjecture  was  changed  afterwards  into 
DIELYTRA.)  BIKUKULLA  Adans.  BICUCULLA  Millsp. 

*  Raceme  simple,  few-flowered. 

1.  D.  Cucullaria  (L.)  Bernh.     (DUTCHMAN'S  BREECHES.)     Scape  and  slen- 
der-petioled  leaves  from  a  sort  of  granulate  bulb  ;  lobes  of  leaves  linear  ;  corolla 
with  2  divergent  spurs  longer  than  the  pedicel ;  crest  of  the  inner  petals  minute. 
(Bicuculla  Millsp.)  —  Rich  woods,  N.  S.  to  L.  Huron  and  Minn.,  s.  to  N.  C. 
and  Mo.  —  A  very  delicate  plant,  sending  up  in  early  spring,  from  the  cluster 
of  grain-like  tubers  crowded  together  in  the  form  of  a  scaly  bulb,  the  finely  cut 
leaves  and  the  slender  scape,  bearing  4-10  pretty,  but  odd,  white  flowers  tipped 
with  cream-color. 

2.  D.  canadSnsis   (Goldie)  Walp.   (SQUIRREL  CORN.)     Subterranean  shoots 
bearing  scattered  grain-like  tubers  (resembling  peas  or  grains  of  Indian  corn, 
yellow) ;  leaves  as  in  no.  1  ;  corolla  merely  heart-shaped,  the  spurs  very  short  and 
rounded;  crest  of  the  inner  petals  conspicuous,  projecting.     (Bicuculla  Millsp.) 
—  Rich  woods,  N.  S.  to  Ont.  and  Minn.,  s.  to  Va.,  Ky.,  and  Mo.     Apr.,  May.  — 
Flowers  greenish  white  tinged  with  rose,  with  the  fragrance  of  hyacinths. 

*  *  Racemes  compound,  clustered. 

3.  D.  eximia   (Ker)   Torr.    Subterranean  shoots  scaly  ;  divisions  and  lobes 
of  the  leaves  broadly  oblong  ;  corolla  oblong,  2-saccate  at  the  base  ;  crest  of  the 
inner  petals  projecting.       (Bicuculla   Millsp.)  —  Rocks,    w.  N.  Y.,   rare,  and 
southw.  along  the  Alleghenies.     May-Aug.  —  Coarser-leaved  than  the  others  : 
scapes  1.5-2.5  dm.  high. 

3.    CORYDALIS    [Dill.]   Medic. 

Corolla  1-spurred  at  the  base  (on  the  upper  side),  deciduous.  Style  per- 
sistent.  Pod  many-seeded.  Seeds  crested  or  ariled.  Flowers  in  racemes. 
Our  species  are  biennial,  leafy-stemmed,  and  pale  or  glaucous.  (The  ancient 
Greek  name  for  the  crested  lark.)  CAPNOIDES  Adans.  CAPNODES  Ktze. 

GRAY'S  MANUAL — 27 


418  CRUCIFEBAE    (MUSTARD   FAMILY) 

*  Stem  strict ;  flowers  purplish  or  rose-color  with  yellow  tips. 

1.  C.  sempSrvirens  (L.)  Pers.     (PALE  C.)     Plant  1-6  dm.  high.;   racemes 
panicled  ;   spur   of  the  corolla  very  short  and   rounded  ;   pods  erect,  slender, 
elongated.     (C.  glauca  Pursh  ;   Capnoides  Borkh.) — Rocky  places  and  recent 
clearings,  e.  Que.  to  Alaska,  s.  to  Ga.,  Ky.,  Minn.,  and  Mont.     May-Aug. 

*  *  Low,  ascending  ;  flowers  yellow. 
•i-  Outer  petals  wing-crested  on  thej)ack. 

2.  C.  flavula    (Raf.)    DC.     Pedicels  slender,  conspicuously  bracted;  corolla 
pale  yellow,  0-8  mm.  long,  spur  very  short  ;  tips  of  the  outer  petals  pointed, 
longer  than  the  inner;  crest  3-4-toothed ;  pods  torulose,  pendulous  or  spread- 
ing ;  seeds  acutely  margined,  rugose-reticulated  ;  arils  loose.     (Capnodes  Ktze.) 

—  N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  Kan.  (according  to  Britton),  and  southw. 

3.  C.  micrantha    (Engelm.)    Gray.     Pedicels  short  and   bracts  small;  co- 
rolla pale  yellow,  8  mm.  long,  with  short  spur  and  entire  crest,  or  flowers  often 
cleistogamous  and  much  smaller,  without  spur  or  crest  ;  pods  ascending,  toru- 
lose;  seeds  obtuse-margined,  smooth  and  shining.     {Capnoides  Britton.) — Va. 
to  Minn.,  Kan.  (Shear,  Hitchcock},  and  southw. 

4.  C.  crystallina   Engelm.     Pedicels  short,  erect ;  corolla  bright  yellow,  1.7 
cm.  long,  the  spur  nearly  as  long  as  the  body  ;  crest  very  broad,  usually  toothed  ; 
pods  terete,  erect,  densely  covered  with  transparent  vesicles ;  seeds  acutely  mar- 
gined, tuberculate.     (Capnodes  Ktze.) — Prairies  and  fields,  s.  w.  Mo.,  Kan. 
and  Ark. 

H-  -i-  Outer  petals  merely  carinate  on  the  back,  not  crested. 

5.  C.  aiirea   Willd.    (GOLDEN  C.)     Corolla  golden-yellow,  1.2  cm.  long,  the 
slightly  decurved  spur  about  half  as  long,  shorter  than  the  pedicel ;  pods  spread- 
ing or  pendulous,  becoming  torulose  ;  seeds  obtuse-margined.     ( Capnodes  Ktze.) 

—  Rocky  (calcareous)  banks  and  recent  clearings,  e.  Que.  to  Mackenzie,  s.  to 
Vt.,  Pa.,  Wise.,  and  Mo.;  also  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  Ariz. 

Var.  occidentalis  Engelm.  Flowers  rather  larger,  the  spur  nearly  as  long 
as  the  body  ;  pods  less  torulose,  on  short  pedicels  ;  seeds  acutish  on  the  margin. 
(Capnoides  montanum  and  ?  C.  campestre  Britton.) — Rocky  barrens  and 
prairies,  Mo.,  westw.  and  southw. 

4.   FUMARIA    [Tourn.]   L.   FUMITORY 

Corolla  1-spurred  at  the  base.  Style  deciduous.  Fruit  indehiscent,  small, 
globular,  1-seeded.  Seeds  crestless.  —  Branched  and  leafy-stemmed  annuals, 
with  finely  dissected  compound  leaves,  and  small  flowers  in  dense  racemes  or 
spikes.  (Name  from  fumus,  smoke,  presumably  from  the  nitrous  odor  of  the 
roots  when  first  pulled  from  the  ground.) 

F.  OFFICINALIS  L.  (COMMON  F.)  Sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  sharply 
toothed,  narrower  and  shorter  than  the  corolla  (which  is  flesh-color  tipped  with 
crimson);  fruit  slightly  notched.  —  Waste  places,  about  dwellings.  (Adv.  from 
Eu.) 

CRUCIFERAE  (MUSTARD  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  with  a  pungent  watery  juice  and  cruciform  tetradynamous  regular 
flowers  •  fruit  a  silique  or  silicle.  Sepals  4,  deciduous.  Petals  4,  hypogynous, 
their  spreading  limbs  forming  a  cross.  Stamens  6,  two  of  them  inserted  lower 
down  and  shorter  (rarely  only  4  or  2).  Pod  usually  2-celled  by  a  thin  partition 
stretched  between  the  two  marginal  placentae,  from  which  when  ripe  the  valves 
separate,  either  much  longer  than  broad  (a  silique},  or  short  (a  silicle),  some- 
times indehiscent  and  nut-like,  or  separating  across  into  1-seeded  joints.  Seeds 
campylotropous,  without  albumen,  filled  by  the  large  embryo,  which  is  curved 
or  folded  in  various  ways  :  i.e.  the  cotyledons  accumbent,  viz.,  their  margins  on 


CRUCIFERAE    (MUSTARD   FAMILY)  419 

one  side  applied  to  the  radicle,  so  that  the  cross-section  of  the  seed  appears  thus 
O=  ;  or  else  incumbent,  viz.,  the  back  of  one  cotyledon  applied  to  the  radicle, 
thus  OIL  In  these  cases  the  cotyledons  are  plane  ;  but  they  may  be  folded  upon 
themselves  and  round  the  radicle,  as  in  Brassica,  where  they  are  conduplicate, 
thus  O».  In  Leavenworthia  alone  the  whole  embryo  is  straight.  —  Leaves 
(except  in  Lunaria)  alternate  ;  stipules  none.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes  or 
corymbs  ;  pedicels  rarely  bracted.  A  large  and  natural  family,  of  pungent  or 
acrid,  but  not  poisonous  plants.  The  pods  and  seeds  give  the  chief  characters 
of  the  genera. 

Tribe  I.  AL"f  SSEAE.  Pubescence,  at  least  in  part,  branched  or  stellate.  Pods  orbicular  to 
(rarely)  linear,  short,  dehiscent,  flattened  parallel  to  a  broad  partition.  Cotyledons  mostly 
accumbent. 

*  Fruit  oval,  short-oblong,  lanceolate,  or  rarely  linear;  seeds  wingless. 

1.  Draba.     Petals  entire,  emarginate  or  (in  §  Erophila)  bilid.     Seeds  numerous,  in  2  rows  in 

each  cell.     Pubescence  stellate. 

*  *  Fruit  orbicular  or  broadly  elliptical. 

2.  Berteroa.     Petals  bifid.      Filaments  toothed  near  the  base.     Pubescence  stellate,  not  ap- 

pressed.     Capsule-valves  flat.    Seeds  few,  winged. 

8.   Lobularia.    Petals  entire.     Filaments  toothed  near  the  base.    Hairs  2-lobed,  attached  in  the 
middle,  appressed. 

4.  Alyssum.    Petals  entire  or  retuse.    Pubescence  stellate.    Capsules  orbicular;  valves  con- 

vex ;  cells  (in  our  species)  2-seeded. 

Tribe  II.  PHYSARlEAE.  Fruit  short,  very  turgid,  subglobose  or  didymous,  dehiscent.  Coty- 
ledons accumbent.  Pubescence  stellate. 

5.  Lesquerella.    Pod  globose  or  nearly  so. 

Tribe  III.  LEPIDlEAE.  Fruit  2-celled,  dehiscent,  short,  strongly  obcompressed  (except  in  the 
aquatic  genus  Subularia).  Pubescence  of  simple  hairs  or  none. 

*  Pod  strongly  obcompressed  or  didyrnous,  with  narrow  partition  ;  flowers  white. 
+-  Seeds  several ;  cotyledons  accumbent. 

6.  Thlaspi.    Pods  orbicular,  obovate  or  obcordatev  winged. 

•*-  -t-  Seeds  solitary  in  the  cells. 

7.  Lepidium.     Pods  ovate  or  orbicular,  flat,  scale-shaped. 

8.  Coronopus.     Pods  didymous  ;  valves  rugose  or  tuberculate,  separating  at  maturity  from  the 

little  partition  as  2  closed  nutlets.    Cotyledons  incumbent,  narrow. 

*  *  Pod  ovoid  or  globular. 

9.  Subularia.    Dwarf,  aquatic.    Leaves  awl-shaped.    Flowers  minute,  white. 

Tribe  IV.  CAMELfNEAE.  Fruit  short,  scarcely  longer  than  broad.  Cotyledons  Incumbent. 
Some  or  all  of  the  hairs  branched. 

*  Pod.2-valved,  dehiscent. 

10.  Capsella.    Pod  (in  ours)  obcordate-triangular,  wingless.    Flowers  white. 

11.  Camelina.    Pod  somewhat  turgid,  obovoid.    Flowers  yellow. 

*  *  Pod  indehiscent. 

12.  Neslia.     Pod  compressed-globose.    Flowers  yellow. 

Tribe  V.  CAKfLEAE.  Fruit  transversely  2-jointed ;  cells  unequal,  each  1-seeded,  the  ovule  in 
the  upper  erect,  in  the  lower  pendulous.  Cotyledons  accumbent. 

13.  Cakile.     Corolla  white  or  purplish.    Fleshy  herbs. 

Tribe  VI.  BRASSfCEAE.  Fruit  elongated.  Cotyledons  conduplicate  (folded  about  the  radicle) 
Hairs  simple  or  none. 


420  CRUCIFERAE    (MUSTARD    FAMILY) 

*  Fruit  indehlscent,  often  moniliform,  1-celled  or  transversely  several-celled,  the  partitions  spongy 

or  pithy. 

14.  Raphanus.     Petals  large,  pale  yellow  or  purplish.    Fruit  stout,  beaked. 

*  *  Fruit  longitudinally  2-celled,  dehiscent. 

15.  Brassica.     Seeds  globose,  in  a  single  row  in  each  cell. 

16.  Diplotaxis.     Seeds  ovoid,  in  2  rows  in  each  cell. 

Tribe  VII.  SISYMBRlEAE.  Stigma,  when  lobed,  with  lobes  over  the  placentae.  Fruit  lance- 
oblong  to  linear,  2-celled,  dehiscent.  Cotyledons  incumbent. 

*  Cauline  hairs  simple  or  stellate,  not  regularly  bifid. 
-»-  Petals  small  (not  over  1  cm.  long),  yellow,  white,  or  pale  purple. 

17.  Conringia.     Glabrous.     Leaves  elliptical,  entire,  cordate,  sessile. 

18.  Alliaria.     Glabrous  or  pubescent.    Leaves  orbicular  or  reniform,  broadly  cordate,  toothed, 

petiolate. 

19.  Sisymbrium.     Pubescent.     Leaves  various  but  not  as  in  either  of  the  two  preceding.    Parti- 

tion of  fruit  1-nerved  or,  if  not  nerved,  of  thin-walled  elongated  cells. 

20.  Braya.     Pubescent.    Leaves  small,  narrowly  oblong  or  spatulate,  toothed  or  subentire,  ses- 

sile.    Partition  of  the  fruit  without  midnerve,  its  cells  thick-walled. 
•H  +-  Petals  large  (1.5-2  cm.  long),  deep  purple. 

21.  Hesperis.     Tall.     Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  denticulate,  the  lower  long-petioled.    Pods  very 

long  and  slender. 

*  *  Cauline  hairs  2-branched,  the  branches  vertical  and  appressed. 

22.  Erysimum.     Petals  yellow  or  orange.    Leaves  lanceolate  to  linear,  not  clasping,  entire  or 

toothed. 

Tribe  VIII.  ARABfDEAE.  Fruit  2-celled,  dehiscent,  globose  to  long  and  slender,  terete  or 
flattened  parallel  to  a  broad  partition.  Cotyledons  accumbent  (in  Leavemoorthia  the  embryo 
sometimes  nearly  straight). 

*  Fruit  globose  to  ovoid  or  oblong  and  terete  ;  petals  yellow  or  white. 

23.  Radicula.     Flowers  small.     Leaves  toothed,  lobed,  or  pinnate. 

*  *  Fruit  either  terete  and  elongated  or  elliptic-  or  linear-oblong  and  strongly  compressed  parallel 

to  a  broad  partition. 
-t-  Petals  yellow. 

24.  Barbarea.     Pods  slender,  terete  or  nearly  so.     Biennials. 

25.  Selenia.     Pods  broadly  elliptic-oblong,  very  flat.    Low  annual. 

+-  +-  Petals  white,  pink,  or  purple,  not  yellow  except  sometimes  near  the  bvse. 
•H-  Pods  long  and  slender,  not  at  all  compressed  parallel  to  the  partition. 

26.  lodanthus.     Lateral  sepals  somewhat  horned  on  the  back  near  the  apex.     Petals  broadly 

spatulate,  purple. 

•H-  -H-  Pods  elliptic-oblong  or  lance-elliptic,  about  2.5  cm.  broad,  very  flat. 

27.  Lunaria.     Petals  purple.     Leaves  deltoid-ovate. 

•H-  -H-  -H-  Pods  distinctly  compressed  parallel  to  the  partition,  but  not  over  1  cm.  broad. 
=  Peduncles  radical,  1-flowered. 

28.  Leavenworthia.     Pods  oblong,  sometimes  torulose.     Flowers  purple  or  white  with  a  yellow 

eye. 

=  =  Peduncles  not  radical,  several-flowered. 

29.  Dentaria.     Glabrous  or  pubescent  with  simple  hairs.     Eootstock  fleshy,  toothed,  or  monili- 

form-tuberous.     Stem  naked  below,  bearing  near  the  middle  2-3  verticillate  or  alternate 
leaves  ;  these  for  the  most  part  palmately  8-7-foliolate,  petiolate.     Seeds  wingless. 

30.  Cardamine.     Glabrous  or  pubescent  with  simple  hairs,  fibrous-rooted,  rarely  tuber-bearing. 

Stem  leafy  ;  leaves  alternate,  from  ovate  and  crenate-dentate  to  pinnate.    Seeds  wingless. 

31.  Arabis.     Usually  pubescent,  some  or  all  of  the  hairs  being  branched.     Roots  fibrous  ;  no 

tubers.     Seeds  usually  winged  or  wing-margined.     Leaves  alternate  simple  or  pinnatifid. 


CRUCIFERAE    (MUSTARD   FAMILY)  421 

ARTIFICIAL  KEY  TO  GENERA 

a,.   Petals  present,  with  yellow  blade  and  yellowish  or  whitish  claw  b. 
b.   Fruit  short,  not  more  than  3  times  as  long  as  broad. 
Pubescence  stellate. 
Pods  thick. 
Pods  globose. 

Pods  dehiscent 5.  LBSQUERELLA. 

Pods  indehiscent 12.  NESLIA. 

Pods  obovoid 11.  CAMELINA. 

Pods  thin. 

Pods  orbicular 4.   ALYSSUM. 

Pods  oblong 1.  DKABA. 

Pubescence  simple  or  none. 

Pods  subglobose  or  cylindrical 28.   KADICULA. 

Pods  very  flat  and  thin 25.   SELENIA. 

b.  Fruit  much  more  than  3  times  as  long  as  broad. 

Pods  1-celled  or  with  spongy  cross  partitions 14.   KAPHANUS. 

Pods  longitudinally  2-celled. 

Seeds  2-rowed  in  each  cell 16.  DIPLOTAXIS. 

Seeds  1-rowed  in  each  cell. 
Petals  7-15  mm.  long. 

Pods  thickish,  2-6  mm.  in  diameter 15.   BBASSIOA. 

Pods  linear,  about  1  mm.  in  diameter 19.   SISYMBRIUM, 

Petals  smaller. 

Stem-hairs  vertical,  attached  by  the  middle,  appressed    .        .    22.  ERYSIMUM. 
Stem-hairs  (if  present)  otherwise. 
Stem-leaves  lanceolate,  sessile,  subentire  ;  stem  villous  at 

base 81.  ARABIS. 

Stem-leaves  elliptical,  sessile,  entire  ;  stem  glabrous    .        .    17.  CONRINGIA. 
Stem-leaves  petiolate,  toothed  or  pinnate. 

Leaves  bipinnatifld 19.   SISYMBRIUM. 

Leaves  simple  or  pinnatifld. 

Pods  awl-shaped,  tapering,  closely  appressed         .        .    19.   SISYMBRIUM. 
Pods  linear,  cylindrical  or  compressed. 

Pods  (when  ripe)  2-5  cm.  long 24.   BARBAREA. 

Pods  (when  ripe)  7-9  cm.  long 19.   SISYMBRIUM. 

a.  Petals  (when  present)  with  blade  white  or  purplish  (sometimes  yellow 
at  the  base)  c. 

c.  Peduncles  1-flowered,  radical 28.   LEAVENWORTHIA. 

c.   Peduncles  several-flowered,  not  radical  d. 

d.  Dwarf  aquatic  with  awl-shaped  entire  leaves 9.  SUBULARIA. 

d.  Otherwise  e. 

e.   Fruit  transversely  2-celled ;  plant  fleshy 18.  CAKILE. 

e.   Fruit  longitudinally  2-celled  /. 
/.   Pods  short,  rarely  3  times  as  long  as  wide  g. 
g.   Pods  compressed  contrary  to  a  narrow  partition. 

Carpels  thickish,  tuberculate-crested  or  deeply  wrinkled      .      8.   CORONOPUS. 
Carpels  compressed,  smoothish. 
Pods  wedge-shaped  at  the  base ;  some  or  all  of  the  hairs 

branched .        .        .10.  CAPSELLA. 

Pods  not  wedge-shaped  at  the  base  ;  hairs  simple  or  none. 

Seeds  several  in  each  cell 6.   THLASPI. 

Seeds  solitary  in  each  cell 7.   LEPIDIUM. 

g.  Pods  compressed  (if  at  all)  parallel  to  the  broadish  partition. 

Pods  2-3  cm.  broad 27.  LUNARIA. 

Pods  narrower. 

Hairs  none  or  all  simple 28.  RADICULA. 

Hairs  at  least  in  part  branched  or  attached  by  the  middle. 
Hairs  vertically  2-forked,  appressed,  apparently  attached 

by  the  middle 8.  LOBULARIA. 

Hairs  otherwise. 

Seeds  2  in  each  cell ;  pods  orbicular     ....      4.  ALYSSUM. 
Seeds  several  to  many  in  each  cell. 
Petals  deeply  bifid. 

Scapose,  1  dm.  or  less  high 1.  DRABA. 

Leafy-stemmed,  3-8  dm.  high        ....      2.   BERTEROA. 

Petals  nearly  or  quite  entire 1.   DRAB.A. 

f.   Pods  4-oo  times  as  long  as  wide  h. 
h.   Hairs  simple  or  none. 

Leaves  palmately  divided 29.  DENTARIA. 

Leaves  otherwise. 

Fruit  thickish,  4-7  mm.  in  diameter 14.   EAPHANUS. 

Fruit  slender,  1-3  mm.  in  diameter. 
Petals  purple  or  rose-colored. 
Lateral  sepals  with  a  hump  (often  tufted)  just  below 

the  summit 26.   IODANTHUS. 

Lateral  sepals  unappendaged 80.   CARDAMINB. 


422 


CRUCIFERAE    (MUSTARD    FAMILY) 


23.   RAIHCULA. 
30.  CARDAMINE. 


21.   HESPERIS. 


731.  D.  verna. 


Petals  white. 
Valves  of  pod  conspicuously  keeled         ......    18.  ALLIARIA. 

Valves  of  pod  rounded  or  flat. 

Pods  terete      ......... 

Pods  more  or  less  flattened    ...... 

h.   Hairs  at  least  in  part  branched. 

Stigina  obtusely  cone-shaped  ;  petals  purple,  15-20  mm.  long  . 
Stigma  otherwise  ;   petals  smaller. 
Pods  terete  or  4-angled,  sometimes  torulose. 

Tall,  6-12  dm.  high  ;  pods  8  cm.  long  .......    31.   ARABIS. 

Not  over  3  dm.  high  ;  pods  shorter. 
Annual;  pods  not  torulose        ........    19.   SISYMBRICM. 

Perennial  ;  pods  more  or  less  torulose      ......    20.   BRAYA. 

Pods  decidedly  flattened. 

Pods  lanceolate  to  narrowly  oblong,  rarely  over  13  mm.  in  length       .      1.   DRABA. 
Pods  linear,  when  normal  and  mature  15-80  mm.  long      .        .        .81.  ARABIS. 

1.    DRABA   [Dill.]   L. 

Pod  oval,  oblong,  or  even  linear,  flat  ;  the  valves  plane  or  slightly  convex  ; 
the  partition  broad.  Seeds  several  or  numerous,  in  2  rows  in  each  cell, 
marginless.  Cotyledons  accumbent.  Filaments  not  toothed.  — 
Low  herbs  with  entire  or  toothed  leaves,  and  white  or  yellow 
flowers;  pubescence  often  stellate.  (Name  from  dpdfiy,  applied 
by  Dioscorides  to  some  cress  ;  meaning  unknown.) 

\\Ffl          §  1.     ER6PHILA  (DC.)  Reichenb.     Annual  or  biennial;  flowers 
A     7  white,  cleistogamous  ;  petals  2-cleft. 

™*  1.   D.  VERNA  L.   (WHITLOW  GRASS.)     Small  (scapes  2.5-8  cm. 

high)  ;  leaves  all  radical,  oblong  or  lanceolate  ;  racemes  elongated  in 
fruit  ;  pods  varying  from  round-oval  to  oblong-lanceolate,  smooth, 
Part  of  "fruiting  snorter  than  the  pedicels.  —  Sandy  waste  places  and  roadsides, 
raceme  x  %.    e-   Mass-  to   Minn,    and   southw.  —  A  species  remarkable  as  an 
Petal  x  1%.        aggregate  of  many  closely  related  forms  which,  from  their  cleis- 
togamy,   seldom  cross  or  intergrade.     Apr.,   May.     (Nat.   from 
Eu.)     FIG.  731. 

§  2.  DRABELLA  DC.  Winter  annuals  ;  leafy  stems  short;  leaves  oblong  or 
obovate,  hairy,  sessile;  petals  entire  or  merely  emarginate,  white  (yellow  in 
no.  4)  ;  style  none. 

2.  D.  caroliniana  Walt.  Small  (2.5-12  cm.  high)  ;  pedun- 
cles scape-like  ;  petals  usually  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx  ; 
raceme  short  or  corymbose  in  fruit  (1.2-2.5  cm.  long);  pods 
broadly  linear,  smooth,  much  longer  than  the  ascending  pedi- 
cels. —  Sandy  and  waste  fields,  e.  Mass,  to  Minn.,  Neb., 
and  southw.  March-May.  FIG.  782.  —  Petals  often  wanting 
in  the  later  racemes,  especially  in  the  var.  MICRANTIIA  (Nutt.) 

Gray,    with   minutely   rough-hairy  pods, 

which  is  found  with  the  other,  westw. 

3.  D.  cuneif61ia  Nutt.   Leaves  obovate, 
wedge-shaped,    or   the   lowest   spatulate, 
toothed  ;    raceme  somewhat  elongated  in 
fruit  (2.5-7.5  cm.),  at  length  equaling  the 
naked  peduncle;  petals  emarginate,  much 
longer  than  the  calyx  ;  pods  oblong-linear, 
minutely  hairy,  longer  than  the  spreading 
pedicels.  —  Grassy  places,  Ky.,  111.?  to  e. 
Kan.,  southw.,  and  south  westw.     March, 
Apr.     FIG.  733. 

4.  D.  brachycarpa  Nutt.     Low  (5-10 
cm.    high),    minutely    pubescent;    stems 
leafy  to  the  base  of  the  dense  at  length 

734.  D.  brachycarpa.    elongated  raceme  ;  leaves  (4-8  mm.  long) 
Inflorescence  x  2/3.       narrowly  oblong  or  the  lowest  ovate,  few- 


732.  D.  caroliniana. 
Fruiting  raceme  X  2/3. 
Fruit  with  valves  re- 
moved x  1%. 


733.  D.  cuneifolia. 
Fruiting  racem 


CRUCIFEKAE    (MUSTARD   FAMILY) 


423 


toothed  or  entire ;  flowers  small ;  pods  smooth,  narrowly 
oblong,  acutish  (4  mm.  long),  about  the  length  of  the  ascend- 
ing or  spreading  pedicels. — Open  ground,  Va.  to  Kan.,  and 
southw.  Apr.  FIG.  734.  —  Petals  sometimes  minute,  some- 
times none. 

5.   D.    nemorosa   L.     Leaves  oblong  or  somewhat  lanceo- 
late, more  or  less  toothed;  racemes  elongated  (1-2  dm.  long 
in   fruit) ;    petals    emarginate,    small ;  pods    elliptical-oblong, 
735.  D.  nemorosa.    half  the  length  of  the  horizontal  or  widely  spreading  pedi- 
Part  of  fruiting      ceZs,   pubescent  or  smooth.  —  Fort  Gratiot,  Mich.,  n.  Minn., 
raceme  x  Vs-"       northw.  and  westw.     (Eu.)     FIG.  785. 

§3.  DRABAEA  Lindblom.  Petals  not  notched  or  cleft;  perennial  or  bien- 
nial, leafy-stemmed,  leaves  finely  stellate-pubescent;  flowers  white;  style 
definite. 

Pods  pubescent. 

Style  less  than  1  mm.  long        .        . 6.  D.  stylaris. 

Style  2-4  mm.  long 7.  D.  ramofdssima. 

Pods  glabrous 8.  D.  arabisans. 

6.  D.  stylaris  J.  Gay.     Caudex  simple  or  branching  ;  flowering  stems  simple 
or  slightly  branched,  pilose,  0.5-3.5  dm.  high,  remotely  leafy ;  basal  rosettes  with 
oblanceolate  entire  or  remotely  dentate  canescent  leaves  (1-4  cm.  long),  the 
cauline  leaves  ovate  to  oblong,  usually  dentate  ;  racemes  loose ;  pedicels  short, 
ascending ;  pods  narrowly  oblong  to  lanceolate,  sometimes  twisted,  7-12  mm. 
long.     (Z>.   incana  Man.  ed.  6,   not  L.)  —  Dry   calcareous  cliffs  and  ledges, 
locally  from  Lab.  to  N.  B.  and  n.  Vt.;  Rocky  Mts.     May,  June.     (Eurasia.) 

7.  D.   ramosissima  Desv.     Darker  green,  less  pubescent;  leaves  laciniate- 
toothed ;    racemes    corymbosely-branched ;    pedicels   elongate, 

spreading;  pods  oval-oblong  or  lanceolate,  strongly  twisted, 
4-10  mm.  long.  —  Cliffs,  Va.  to  Ky.,  and  southw.  Apr.- 
June. 

8.  D.  arabisans   Michx.     Caudex  usually  much -branched, 
the  flowering  stems  simple  or  slightly  branched,  1.5-4.5  dm. 
high,  sparingly  pubescent;  basal  leaves  oblanceolate  or  spatu- 
late,  entire  or  somewhat  dentate,  thin,  green,  sparingly  stel- 
late, 1-7  cm.  long,  cauline  scattered,  serrate-dentate  ;  racemes 
loose ;  pedicels  divergent ;  pods  elliptic-lanceolate,  much  twisted, 
9-15  mm.  long;   style  about  1  mm.  long.      (D.  incana,  var. 
arabisans  Wats.)  —  Rocky  (usually  calcareous)   banks,   Nfd. 
to  Ont.,  locally   s.  to  Me.,  Vt.,  and  n.  and  w.  N.  Y.     May- 
July.     FIG.  736. 

Var.  orthocarpa  Fernald  &  Knowlton.  Low  (1-3  dm.  high) ;  pods  flat,  5-10 
mm.  long.  —  Lab.  to  N.  B.  and  n.  Vt. 

Var.  canadensis  (Brunet)  Fernald  &  Knowlton.  Low  (1-1.5  dm.  high); 
pods  elliptic-ovate  to  suborbicular,  5-7  mm.  long.  —  St.  Joachim,  Que. 

2.   BERTER6A  DC. 

Pod  elliptic ;  seeds  several,  winged.  Petals  white,  2-parted. 
Pubescence  stellate.  (Carlo  Guiseppe  Bertero,  Piedmontese 
botanist. ) 

1.  B.  INCANA  (L.)  DC.     Pale  green,  3-6  dm.  high,  branched  ; 
leaves  entire,  lanceolate ;    pods  canescent-pubescent,  plump,  2.5- 
3.5  mm.  thick.     (Alyssum  L.)  — Recently  introduced  (with  clover 
seed  ?),  becoming  common  in  N.  E. ;  occasional  in  other  Atlantic 
States,  and  extending  inland.     (Nat.  from  Eu.)     FIG.  737. 

2.  B.  MUTABILIS  (Vent.)  DC.     Similar;  pods  sparingly  pubes- 
cent   or   glabrate,  flattish,   4.5-6   mm.    broad.  —  Roadsides  and 
cultivated  ground,  Mass. ;  less  frequent  than  the  preceding.    (Adv. 
from  Eu.) 


736.  D.  arabisans. 

Part  of  fruiting 

raceme  x  %. 


737.  B.  incana. 
Petal  x  2. 
Pod  x  2* 


424 


CRUCIFERAE    (MUSTARD   FAMILY) 


3.    LOBULARIA   Desv.     SWEET  ALYSSUM 

Pod  as  in  Alyssum.  Petals  white,  entire.  Cotyledons  accumbent.  Hairs  of 
the  stem  and  leaves  2-pointed,  appressed,  attached  in  the  middle.  (Latin 
lobulus,  a  little  lobe,  probably  referring  to  the  2-lobed  hairs. ) 

1.  L.  MARITIMA  (L.)  Desv.  Slightly  hoary ;  leaves  linear ;  flowers  small, 
honey-scented.  (Alyssum  Lam. ;  Koniga  R.  Br.) — Often  cultivated,  and  occa- 
sionally spontaneous.  (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

4.   ALYSSUM    [Tourn.]    L. 

Pod  small,  orbicular,  with  only  one  or  two  wingless  seeds  in  a  cell ;  valves 

nerveless,  somewhat  convex,  the  margin  flattened.     Flowers  yellow  or  white. 

^  Cotyledons  accumbent.    Plant  stellate-pubescent.    (Greek  name 

1%s  of  a  plant  reputed  to  check  hydrophobia,  as  the  etymology 

I  denotes.) 

738    A  alyssoides          *•    A>   ALYSSOIDES  L.       Dwarf  hoary  annual,   with   linear- 
Pod  with  persistent  sPatulate  leaves,  pale  yellow  or  whitish  petals  little  exceeding 
calyx  x2/.         the  persistent  calyx,  and  orbicular  sharp-margined  4-seeded 
pod,   the  style   minute.      (A.   calycinum  L.)  —  Occasional  in 
grass-land.     (Adv.  from  Eu.)     FIG.  738. 

5.  LESQUERELLA  Wats. 

Pod  mostly  globular  or  inflated,  with  a  broad  orbicular  to  ovate  hyaline  par- 
tition nerved  to  the  middle,  the  hemispherical  or  convex  thin  valves  nerveless. 
Seeds  few  or  several,  in  2  rows,  flat.  Cotyledons  accumbent.  Filaments 
toothless.  —  Low  herbs,  hoary  with  stellate  hairs  or  lepi- 
dote.  Flowers  mostly  yellow.  (Named  for  Leo  Lesque- 
reux,  distinguished  bryologist  and  paleobotanist,  1805- 
1889.) 

1.  L.  globbsa  (Desv.)  Wats.  Minutely  hoary  all  over  • 
stems  spreading  or  decumbent  from  an  annual  or  biennial 
root ;  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  with  a  tapering  base, 
repand-toothed  or  nearly  entire  ;  raceme  at  length  elon- 
gated, with  filiform  diverging  pedicels  ;  petals  light  yellow ; 
style  filiform,  much  longer  than  the  small  globose  acutish 
about  4-seeded  pod  ;  seeds  marginless. 
(Vesicaria  Shortii  Torr. )—  Rocky  banks,  J89.  L.  globow. 
Ky.  and  Tenn.  May,  June.  FIG.  739.  Part  of  frultins raceme 

2.  L.   argentea    (Pursh)   MacM.     Bien-  x  /3> 

nial  or  perennial ;  pubescence  compact ;  leaves  linear-oblance- 
olate,  mostly  entire;  pods  pubescent,  pendulous  on  recurved  pedi- 
cels ;  style  long.  (L.  ludoviciana  Wats.) — Minn,  to  Neb.  and 
southwestw. 

3.  L.   gracilis   (Hook.)   Wats.     Annual,  slender;   pubescence 
very  fine  ;  leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate  ;  pods  glabrous,  suberect 
on  ascending  or  curved  pedicels,  stipitate ;  style  long.    (  Vesicaria 

Hook.)  —Mo.  and  Kan.  to  Tex.     FIG.  740. 

6.    THLASPI    [Tourn.]    L.     PENNY  CRESS 

Pod  orbicular,  obovate,  or  obcordate,  flattened  contrary  to  the  narrow  par- 
tition, the  midrib  or  keel  of  the  boat-shaped  valves  extended 
into  a  wing.  Seeds  2-8  in  each  cell.  Cotyledons  accumbent. 
Petals  equal.  — Low  plants,  with  root-leaves  undivided,  stem- 
leaves  arrow-shaped  and  clasping,  and  small  white  or  purplish 
flowers.  (Name  from  6\deii>,  to  crush,  from  the  flattened 
pod.) 

1.    T.  ARVENSE  L.     (FIELD  P.  or  MITHRIDATE  MUSTARD.)       741.  T.  arvense. 
Smooth  annual ;  lower  leaves  wing-petioled,  the  upper  sagit-          Pod  x  2/3. 


740.  L.  gracffls. 

Part  of  fruiting 

raceme  x  2/3. 


CRUCIFERAE    (MUSTARD   FAMILY) 


425 


tate-clasping ;  broadly  winged  pod  1.2  cm.  in  diameter,  deeply  notched  at 
top  ;  style  minute.  —  Waste  places ;  not  common,  except  along  our  northern 
borders,  where  too  abundant  and  called  "  FRENCHWEED."  (Nat.  from  EU.) 
FIG.  741. 

2.  T.  PERFOLIATUM  L.  Leaves  sessile,  the  upper  subperfoliate ;  pod 
smaller  (5mm.  broad).  —  Reported  as  occurring  near  Hamilton,  Ont.  (Adv. 
from  Eu.) 


7.    LEPIDIUM   [Tourn.]    L.     PEPPERWORT.     PEPPERGRASS 

Pod  roundish,  much  flattened  contrary  to  the  narrow  partition  ;  valves  boat- 
shaped.  Seeds  solitary  in  each  cell,  pendulous.  Cotyledons  incumbent,  or  in 
no.  1  accumbent !  Flowers  small,  white  or  greenish.  (Name  from  \eirldtov,  a 
little  scale,  alluding  to  the  fruit.)  —  Ours  are  annuals  or  biennials,  except  the 
last. 

*  Leaves  all  with  a  tapering  base,  the  upper  linear  or  lanceolate  and  entire,  the 
lower  and  often  the  middle  ones  incised  or  pinnatifld. 

t~  Stamens  2  ;  pods  orbicular  or  oval,  slightly  notched  at  top  ;  style  minute  or 
none  ;  fruiting  pedicels  slender,  widely  spreading  ;  plant  green. 


1.   L.   virginicum  L. 


(WILD   PEPPERGRASS.)     Cotyledons   accumbent  and 
seed  minutely  margined;  pod  marginless  or 
obscurely  margined  at  the  top  ;  petals  present, 
except  in  some  of  the  later 
flowers.  —  A  common  weed 
of     roadsides    and     waste 
places.      June-Sept.      FIG. 
742. 

2.  L.   APETALUM    Willd. 
Nearly    scentless  ;     leaves 
toothed  or  pinnatifid  ;  coty- 
ledons incumbent  as  in  the 
following;    pod    orbicular, 
minutely  wing-margined  at 
the  top ;  petals  usually  want- 
ing.   (L.  intermedium  Man.      743.  L.  apetalum. 
ed.  6.)— Dry  places,  espe- Leaf  and  tip  of  raceme 
cially    roadsides,    by    rail-     x  2/s. 
roads,  etc.,  perhaps  native  Pod  x  2%. 
in  the  West,  recently  introd.  Cross-section  of  seed 
eastw.       (Eurasia.)       FIG.     x4- 
743. 

3.  L.   RUDER\LE    L.       Very  fetid;    lower    leaves 
bipinnatifid ;    the   smaller   and   oval   pods  and   seeds 
marginless ;     petals    none.  —  Roadsides     and    waste 
places,  chiefly  near  Atlantic  ports.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 
FIG.  744. 

H-  H-  Stamens  6;  pods  ovate,  winged; 
style  more  evident  in  deeper  notch  / 
pedicels  thickish,  compressed,  as- 
cending /  plant  very  glaucous. 

4.  L.  SAxlvuM  L.    (GARDEN  CRESS.) 

Glabrous  annual  (3  dm.  high)  ;   lower   ^45  L  sativum 
leaves  bipinnatifid  ;   racemes  long  and 
stiff ;   petals  present.  —  Common  salad 

plant,  tending  to  escape  from  cultivation.     (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

FIG.  745.    • 


c.  a. 

742.   L.  virginicum. 

a.  Leaves  and  tip  of  raceme  x  2/3. 

b.  Septum,  pod,  and  petal  x  2%. 

c.  Cross-section  of  seed  x  4. 


744.  L.  ruderale. 

Leaf  and  tip  of  raceme  x  V3- 
Pod  x  2y3. 
Cross-section  of  seed  x  4. 


426 


CRUCIFERAE  (MUSTARD  FAMILY) 


*  *  Stem-leaves  with  a  sagittate  partly  clasping  base,  rather  crowded. 

5.  L.  CAMPESTRE  (L.)  R.  Br.    Minutely  soft  downy  ;  leaves 
arrow-shaped,  somewhat  toothed  ;  pods  ovate,  winged,  rough, 
the    style    longer    than    the    narrow    notch.— 

Fields,  roadsides,  etc.,  becoming  common.    (Nat. 
T46.  L.  campestre.    fromEu.)     FIG.  746. 

6.  L.  DR\BA  L.     Perennial,  obscurely  hoary ; 
leaves  oval  or  oblong,  the  upper  with  broad  clasp- 
ing auricles ;    flowers   corymbose ;   pods  heart- 
shaped^  ivingless,  thickish,    entire,   tipped   with  a  conspicuous 

style. —  Waste    places  and   cultivated  grounds;    not  common.     Part  of  fruiting 


Part  of  fruiting 
raceme  x  %. 


747.  L.  Draha. 


(Nat.  from  Eu.)     FIG.  747. 


raceme  x  %. 


8.    COR6NOPUS   Ludwig.     WART  CRESS.     SWINE  CRESS 

Pod  flattened  contrary  to  the  narrow  partition  ;  the  two 
cells  indehiscent,  strongly  wrinkled  or  tuberculate,  1-seeded. 
Cotyledons  narrow  and  incumbently  folded  transversely.  — 
Diffuse  or  prostrate  fetid  annuals  or  biennials,  with  ininute 
whitish  flowers.  Stamens  often  only  2.  (Name  from  Kopdv-r), 
crow,  and  TTOVS,  foot,  from  the  deeply  cleft  leaves.)  SENE- 
BIERA  Poir. 

1.  C.    DfDYMus    (L.)    Sm.      Leaves  1-2-pinnately  parted; 
pods  notched  at  the  apex,  rough-wrinkled.     (Senebiera  Pers.) 
—  Waste  places,    chiefly   near  ports.      (Adv.   from   the   Old 
World  and  now  widely  distributed  as  a  cosmo- 
politan weed.)     FIG.  748. 

2.  C.  PROCUMBENS  Gilibert.     Leaves  less  di- 
vided,  with  narrower   lobes;   pods  not  notched 
at  the  apex,  tubercled.     ( C.  Coronopus  Karst.  ; 
Senebiera  Coronopus  Poir.)  — Ballast,  infrequent, 

748.  C.  didymus.    much  rarer  than  the  preceding  species.     (Adv.  749.  C.  procumb. 
Leaf  and  pod  x  2%.  fr0m  Eu.)     FIG.  749.  Pod  x  2%. 

9.    SUBULARIA  L.     AWLWORT 

Pod  ovoid  or  globular,  with  a  broad  partition ;  the  turgid  valves  1 -nerved. 
Seeds  several.  Cotyledons  long  and  narrow,  incumbently  folded  transversely, 
i.e. ,  the  cleft  extending  to  the  radicular  side  of  the  curvature.  Style  none.  — 
A  dwarf  sternless  perennial,  aquatic  ;  the  tufted  leaves  awl-shaped  (whence  the 
name).  Scape  naked,  few-flowered,  2-8  cm.  high.  Flowers  minute,  white. 

1.  S.  aquatica  L.  The  only  species. — Margins  of  lakes  and  slow  streams, 
Nfd.  to  B.C.,  south  w.  to  centr.  N.  E.,  Wyo.,  and  Cal.  ;  local.  Aug.,  Sept. 
(Eu.,  Siber.) 

10.    CAPSELLA   Medic.    SHEPHERD'S  PURSE 

Pod  obcordate-tri angular,  flattened  contrary  to  the  narrow  partition ;  the 
valves  boat-shaped,  wingless.  Seeds  numerous.  Cotyledons  incumbent.  — 
Annuals  ;  petals  small,  white.  (Name  a  diminutive  of  capsa,  a  box.) 

1.  C.  BURSA-PASTORIS  (L.)  Medic.  Stem-leaves  arrow-shaped,  sessile. 
(Bursa  Britton.)  — Common  weed  ;  Apr.-Sept.  (Nat.  from  Eu.)  — Extremely 
variable  in  foliage  and  outline  of  pod.  Upon  these  characters  Almquist  has 
proposed  sixty-three  forms  or  elementary  species. 

11.    CAMELINA   Crantz.     FALSE  FLAX 

Pod  obovoid  or  pear-shaped,  pointed,  margined ;  partition  broad ;  valves 
1 -nerved.  Seeds  numerous,  oblong.  Cotyledons  incumbent.  Style  slender. 
Flowers  small,  yellow.  (Name  from  xa/xat,  dwarf,  and  \ivov,  flax.) 


CRUCIFERAE   (MUSTARD   FAMILY) 


427 


750.  C.  saliva. 

Part  of  fruiting 

raceme  x  %. 


751.  C.  microcarpa 

Part  of  fruiting 

raceme  x  %. 


Part  of  fruiting 
raceme  x  2/3. 

pod  x  iy3. 


1.  C.  SATIVA  (L.)  Crantz.     Annual ;  leaves 
lanceolate  and  arrow-shaped ;  pods  large  (6-7 
mm.  broad),  on  pedicels    1.2-3  cm.   long. — A 
weed  in  newly  planted  fields,  etc.     (Nat.  from 
Eu.)     FIG.  750. 

2.  C.  MICROCARPA    Andrz.      More  slender; 
racemes  long ;   pedicels  8-18  mm.    in   length ; 
pods  smaller,  4-5  mm.  broad.      (C.    silvestris 
Wallr. )  —  Roadsides,  newly  seeded  fields,  etc. 

(Nat.  from  Eu.)     FIG.  751. 

12.    NESLIA  Desv.     BALL  MUSTARD 

Pod  subglobose,  compressed,  beaked,  indehiscent,  1-celled  or 
obscurely  2-celled,  the  surface  reticulated.  Seed  1  (rarely  2). 
Cotyledons  incumbent.  Style  slender.  Flowers  small,  yellow. 
(Named  for  ,/.  A.  N.  de  Nesle  of  Poitiers.) 

1.  N.  PANIC ULATA  (L.)  Desv.  Slender  annual  or  biennial, 
somewhat  stellate-pubescent,  simple  up  to  the  inflorescence  ; 
leaves  oblong,  sagittate-clasping ;  racemes  elongate  ;  pedicels  752.  N.  paniculata. 
slender,  spreading,  5-9  mm.  long  ;  capsule  2-3  mm.  in  diameter. 
—  Grain  fields  and  waste  places,  e.  Que.  to  B.  C.,  locally  s.  to 
Pa.  (Nat.  from  Eu.)  FIG.  752. 

13.    CAKILE  [Tourn.]  Ludwig.    SEA  ROCKET 

Pod  short,  2-jointed  across,  fleshy,  upper  joint  separating  at  maturity ;  each 
joint  indehiscent,  1-celled  and  1-seeded,  or  the  lower  sometimes  seedless.  Seed 
erect  in  the  upper,  suspended  in  the  lower  joint.  Cotyledons  obliquely  accum- 
bent.  — Seaside  fleshy  annuals.  Flowers  purplish.  (An  old  Arabic  name.) 

1.  C.  edSntula  (Bigel.)  Hook.  (AMERICAN  S.)  Leaves  obovate,  sinuate  and 
toothed ;  lower  joint  of  the  fruit  obovoid,  emarginate  ;  the  upper  ovate,  flattish 
at  the  apex.  (C.  americana  Nutt.)  —  Atlantic  coast  and  shores  of  the  Great 
Lakes.  July-Sept.  — Joints  nearly  even  and  fleshy  when  fresh  ;  the  upper  one 
4-augled  and  appearing  more  beaked  when  dry. 

14.    RAPHANUS    [Tourn.]   L.     RADISH 

Pods  linear  or  oblong,  tapering  upward,  indehiscent,  several-seeded, 
continuous  and  spongy  within  between  the  seeds,  or  necklace-form  by 
i  constriction  between  the  seeds,  with  no  proper  partition.  Style  long. 
J  Seeds  spherical  and  cotyledons  conduplicate. — Annuals  or  biennials. 
f  (Name  from  pq.,  quickly,  and  <j>aive<r0ai,  to  appear,  alluding  to 
•*  the  rapid  germination.) 

1.     R.    RAPHANfsTRUM    L.        (WlLD    R.,  JOINTED    CHARLOCK.) 

Pods  2-8  seeded,  necklace-form,  slender-beaked ;  leaves  lyre- 
shaped,   rough  ;   petals  yellow,  turning 
whitish  or  purplish,  veiny.  —  A  trouble- 
some weed  in  fields,  Nfd.  to  Ont.  and 
Pa.     (Nat.  from  Eu.)     FIG.  753. 

2.  R.  SATlvus  L.  (RADISH.)  Pet- 
als pale  purple ;  pods  thick,  scarcely 
moniliform,  2-3-seeded,  with  conical 
beak.  —  Persistent  about  old  fields, 

758.  E.  Raphanistrum.    frequent.       (Introd.   from  Eu.)       FIG. 

Pod  x  a/8.    Bud  x  iy3.    764. 


V 


754.   R.  sattvus. 
Bud  xl  2/3.    Pod  x  */8. 


15.    BRASSICA    [Tourn.]    L.     MUSTARD.     TURNIP 

Pod  slender  or  thickish,  nearly  terete  or  4-sided,  with  a  stout  often  1-seeded 
beak ;  valves  1-5-nerved.    Seeds  globose,  1-rowed.     Cotyledons  conduplicate. 


428 


(MUSTAKD  FAMILY) 


—  Annuals   or  biennials,  with  yellow  flowers.      Lower  leaves  mostly   lyrate, 
incised,  or  pinnatifid.     (The  Latin  name  of  the  Cabbage.) 

*  Beak  of  the  pod  large,  flat  or  conspicuously  angled,  usually  containing  one 
seed  in  an  indehiscent  cell;  leaves  not  clasping  at  the  base. 

1.    B.  ALBA  (L.)  Boiss.     (WHITE  M.)     Pods  bristly,  ascending  on  spreading 
pedicels,  more  than  half  their  length  occupied  by  the  sivord-shaped  beak  ;  leaves 
all  pinnatifid  ;  seeds  pale.     (Sinapis  L.) — Cultivated,  and 
occasionally  spontaneous.     (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

2.  B.  ARVENSIS  (L.)  Ktze.  (CHARLOCK.)  Knotty  pods 
fully  one  third  occupied  by  a  stout  2-edged  beak;  upper 
leaves  rhombic,  scarcely  petioled,  merely  toothed;  fruiting 
pedicels  short,  thick;  pods  smooth  or  rarely  bristly,  4  cm. 
long.  (B.  Sinapistrum  Boiss. ;  Sinapis 
arvensis  L.) — Noxious  weed  in  grain- 
fields,  etc.  (Nat.  from  Eu.)  FIG.  755. 

*  *  Beak  smaller,  conical,  seedless  ;  leaves 
not  clasping. 


755.    B.  arvensis. 
Stein-leaf  and  part  of 
fruiting  raceme  x  %. 


756.   B.  juncea. 
Stem-leaf  and  part  of 
fruiting  raceme  x  %. 


3.  B.  JUNCEA  (L.)  Cosson.  Nearly 
glabrous,  somewhat  glaucous;  upper 
leaves  oblong,  subentire,  attenuate  at 
the  base ;  the  lower  lyrate ;  pedicels 
slender,  spreading  ;  pod  at  length  3.5  cm.  long.  —  Roadsides, 
grain-fields,  etc.,  recently  introduced  but  already  common. 
(Nat.  from  Asia.)  FIG.  756. 

4.  B.  JAPONIC  A   Siebold.     (CURLED  M.)     Leaves  crisped  and  much  cleft; 
otherwise  similar    to    the    last.  —  Occasionally    established    after    cultivation. 
(Introd.  from  Asia.) 

5.  B.  NIGRA  (L.)  Koch.     (BLACK  M.)     Hirsute  with  scattered  hairs,  green; 
leaves  slender-petioled,  the  lower  with  a  very  large  terminal  lobe  and  a  few 

small  lateral  ones;  pods  short,  1.5-1.8  cm.  long, 
on  short  erect  pedicels,  appressed  ;  seeds  dark,  very 
pungent.  —  Roadsides  and  waste 
places,  common.    (Nat.  from  Eu. ) 
FIG.  757. 

*  *  *  Leaves  cordate-  or  auricu- 
late-clasping  at  the  base. 

6.  B.  CAMPESTRIS  L.  (RUTA- 
BAGA.) Glaucous,  hispidulouswith 
scattered  hairs  at  least  when 
young ;  leaves  lyrately  lobed ; 
flowers  rather  large,  pale  yellow 
(FiG.  758);  also  B.  NA.PUS  L. 
(RAPE),  which  is  very  similar  but 
entirely  glabrous  ;  and  B.  RAPA 

L.  (TURNIP),  which  is  greener,  and  has  smaller  brighter  yellow 
flowers  and  a  thickened  root ;  all  tend  to  escape  from  or  persist 
after  cultivation,  and  are  often  noxious  weeds.  (Introd.  from  Eu.)  B.  OLER\CEA 
L.  (CABBAGE),  with  broad  fleshy  glaucous  leaves,  is  occasionally  found  in  a 
half -wild  state.  (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

16.   DIPLOTAXIS  DC. 

Seeds  ovoid,  in  two  rows  in  each  cell ;  other  characters  as  in  Brassica.  — 
Leaves  toothed  or  pinnatifid ;  flowers  yellow.  (Name  from  the  Greek,  alluding 
to  the  biseriate  seeds.) 

1.  D.  MURALIS  (L.)  DC.  Annual  or  biennial,  smooth  or  sparingly  hispid, 
leafy  only  near  the  branching  base ;  leaves  oblong,  toothed  or  somewhat  pin- 


757.   B.  nigra. 

Leaves  and  part  of  fruiting  raceme 
X%. 


campestris. 

Stera-]eaf  and  Part 
of  fruiting  raceme 


CRUCIFERAE    (MUSTARD   FAMILY) 


429 


natifid  with  short  lobes  ;  flowers  small ;  fruiting  pedicels  8-16  mm.  long,  spread- 
ing ;  pods  linear-terete,  erect.  —  About  Atlantic  ports,  and  rarely  inland.  (Adv. 
from  Eu.) 

2.  D.  TENUIFOLIA  (L.)  DC.  Similar  but  perennial  and  more  caulescent ; 
leaves  pinnatifid,  and  lobes  longer ;  flowers  larger,  1  cm.  long ;  pedicels  in  fruit 
2-3  cm.  long.  — Similar  localities.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


17.   CONRINGIA    [Heist.]  Link.     HARE'S-EAR  MUSTARD 

Pods  long,  linear,  4-angled,  somewhat  rigid.  Seeds  oblong,  one  row  in  each 
cell.  Cotyledons  incumbent.  — Glabrous  annuals  with  sessile  elliptic  entire  stem- 
clasping  leaves.  (Named  for  Prof.  Hermann  Conring  of  Helmstadt,  1606-1661.) 

1.  C.  ORIENTALIS  (L.)  Dumort.  Tall,  slightly  succulent ;  flowers  pale  yellow. 
(C.  perfoliata  Link.)  —  Waste  places  and  newly  seeded  ground,  becoming  more 
common.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

18.    ALL  I  ARIA  Adans.     GARLIC  MUSTARD 

Pods  long,  linear,  angled  ;  valves  keeled,  3-nerved  ;  stigina  simple,  sessile  or 
nearly  so.  Oval  sepals  caducous.  Pubescence  simple  or  none.  — Ours  biennial 
with  deltoid-ovate  cordate  dentate  petiolate  leaves  and  small  white  flowers. 
(Name  from  Allium,  onion  or  garlic,  referring  to  the  odor.) 

1.  A.  OFFICINALIS  Andrz.  Tall;  pods  2.5-5  cm.  long,  spreading,  borne  on 
short  thick  pedicels.  (A.  Alliaria  Britton.)  —Roadsides  and  near  habitations, 
eastw.,  local.  (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

19.   SISYMBRIUM  [Tourn.]  L.     HEDGE  MUSTARD 

Pod  terete,  flattish  or  4-6-sided,  the  valves  1-3-nerved.  Seeds  oblong,  margin- 
less,  in  1  or  2  rows  in  each  cell.  Cotyledons  incumbent.  Calyx  open.  —  Flowers 
small,  white  or  yellow.  Pubescence  spreading.  (Latinized  from  an  ancient  Greek 
name  for  some  plant  of  this  family.)  Ours  are  mostly  annuals  or  biennials. 

Leafy-stemmed;  leaves  pinnate  or  pinnatifid. 
Stigma  2-lobed  ;  pubescence,  when  present,  of  simple  hairs. 

Pods  awl-shaped,  1-1.5  cm.  long 1.  8.  officinal*. 

Pods  linear-cylindric,  longer. 

Pods  firm,  6-10  cm.  long 2.   S.  altissimum. 

Pods  delicate,  3-4  mm.  long 3.  S.  Irio. 

Stigma  simple  ;  pubescence  forked  or  stellate,  or  reduced  to  minute  granules  ; 
pods  delicate. 

Seeds  2-ranked  in  each  cell •        .        .        .    4.  S.  canescens. 

Seeds  1-ranked  in  each  cell. 
Leaves  pinnatifid  or  bipinnatifid  ;  pods  6-15  mm.  long      .        .        .        .    5.  S.  incisum. 

Leaves  tripinnate  ;  pods  about  2  cm.  long 6.   S.  Sophia. 

Leaves  chiefly  basal,  entire  or  barely  toothed 1.  S.  T/ialianvm. 

1.  S.   OFFICINALE    (L.)   Scop.     Leaves 
runcinate ;  flowers  small,  yellow ;  pods  thick- 
walled,  at  maturity  firm  in  texture,  pubes- 
cent or  tomentulose,   close-pressed  to    the 
few-branched    stem,     scarcely    stalked.  — 
Waste  ground,  Me.  and  Ont.,  local ;   also 
Cal.,  etc.     (Adv.  from  Eu.)     FIG.  759. 

Var.  LEIOCARPUM  DC.  Pods  essentially 
glabrous. — A  common  and  unsightly  weed. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  S.    ALTISSIMUM    L.    (TUMBLE    MUS- 
TARD.)   Tall ;  leaves  deeply  pinnatifid  with 
narrow  segments ;  flowers  pale  yellow  ;  pods 
rigid,  very  long,  divergent,  hardly  thicker 

than  the  short  thickish  pedicels.  —  Waste     760.  S.,  altissimum. 


759.   S.  officinale. 
Leaf  x  %. 


places,  roadsides,  etc.,  a  recent  immigrant,  locally  abundant    Leaf  and  part  of  fruit- 
as  a  pernicious  weed.     (Nat.  from  Eu.)     FIG.  760.  ing  raceme  x  Vg. 


430  CRUCIFERAE    (MUSTARD    FAMILY) 

3.  S.  IRIO  L.     Similar ;    leaves  runcinate-pinnatifid,   the   terminal  portion 
large ;  pods  ascending  on  slender  pedicels.  —  Meadow,  Grand   Rapids,   Mich. 
(Miss  Cole)  ;  ballast  at  Atlantic  ports.     (Adv.  from  Eu. ) 

4.  S.  canSscens  Nutt.      Leaves  pinnatitid  to   tripinnatifid,    canescent  with 
soft  short  hairs ;  flowers  yellowish,  very  small  ;  pods  in  long  racemes,  oblong- 
club-shaped   or  linear-cylindric,    shorter  than   the   horizontal    pedicels ;    seeds 
2-ranked  in  each  cell.     (Sophia  pinnata  Howell.) — Pa.  to  Fla.  and  westw. — 
Passing  by  various  intermediates  to 

Var.  brachycarpon  (Richards.)  Wats.  Green;  stems  at  most  cinereous- 
stellate  at  base,  usually  glabrous  or  glandular-pulverulent.  (Sophia  Rydb.)  — 
Que.  to  Assina.,  s.  to  Ky.,  Mo.,  Kan.,  etc. 

5.  S.  incisum  Engelm.     Similar  ;  green  or  greenish  ;  pods  more  slender,  7-15 
mm.    long,   about   equaling  the   spreading  pedicels ;     seeds    mostly   l-ranked. 
(Sophia  Greene.) — A  western  polymorphous  species,  extending  eastw.  to  Ont. 
and  Minn. 

Var.  filipes  Gray.  Pedicels  thread-like,  spreading,  much  exceeding  the 
pods.  —  Minn.,  and  westw. 

Var.  Hartwegianum  (Fourn.)  Wats.  The  very  numerous  short  pods  on 
still  shorter  suberect  pedicels.  —  Minn. ,  and  westw. 

6.  S.  S6PHIA  L.     A  similar  hoary  species,  with  decompound  leaves  ;  pods 
slender,  about  2  cm.  long,  ascending ;   seeds   l-ranked.      (Sophia  Britton.)  — 
Sparingly  in  waste  places.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

7.  S.  THALIANUM  (L.)   J.  Gay.     (MOUSE-EAR  CRESS.)     Slender,  branched, 
hairy  at  the  base  ;  leaves  obovate  or  oblong,  entire  or  barely  toothed ;  flowers 
white  ;  pods  linear,  somewhat  4-sided,  longer  than  the  slender  spreading  pedi- 
cels.    (Stenophragma  Celak.)  —  Old  fields  and  rocky  places,  Mass,  to  "Minn.," 
Kan.  and  south w.     Apr.,  May.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

20.    BRAYA   Sternb.  &  Hoppe 

Pods  cylindric  to  linear,  often  torulose,  the  septum  of  peculiar  and  charac- 
teristic structure  with  its  cells  elongated  transversely  or  obliquely.  Flowers 
white  or  purplish,  capitate  in  anthesis.  — Arctic  perennials  with  single  root  and 
branched  hairs.  (Named  for  Count  F.  Cf.  de  Bray  of  Rouen.) 

1.  B.  humilis  (C.  A.  Mey.)  Robinson.  Sparingly  pubescent,  1-2  dm.  high 
or  less  ;  leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate,  mostly  with  coarse  and  sharp  teeth  ; 
pods  narrow,  subcylindrical,  8-18  mm.  long,  ascending  on  short  pedicels,  beaked 
by  a  short  style  ;  seeds  l-ranked.  (Sisymbrium  C.  A.  Mey.)  — Limestone  cliffs, 
Willoughby  Mt.,  n.  Vt.,  Isle  Royale,  Mich.,  and  northw.  ;  and  in  the  Canadian 
Rocky  Mts.  (Siber.) 

21.   HESPERIS   [Tourn.]   L.     ROCKET 

Pod  linear,  nearly  cylindrical ;  stigma  lobed,  erect.  Seeds  in  1  row  in  each 
cell,  oblong,  marginless.  Cotyledons  incumbent.  —  Biennial  or  perennial,  with 
serrate  sessile  or  petiolate  leaves,  and  large  purple  flowers.  (Name  from 
e<nrtpa,  evening,  from  the  evening  fragrance  of  the  flowers.) 

1.  H.  MATRONA.LIS  L.  (DAME'S  VIOLET.)  Tall;  leaves  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate ;  pods  5-10  cm.  long,  spreading.  —  Sometimes  cultivated,  and  spreading  to 
roadsides,  etc.  (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

22.    ERYSIMUM    [Tourn.]   L.     TREACLE  MUSTARD 

Pod  linear,  4-sided,  the  valves  keeled  with  a  strong  midrib  ;  stigma  broadly 
lobed.  Seeds  in  1  row  in  each  cell,  oblong,  marginless.  Cotyledons  in  ours 
(often  obliquely)  incumbent. — Chiefly  biennials,  with  yellow  flowers;  the 
leaves  not  clasping.  Pubescence  of  appressed  2-3-parted  hairs.  (Name  from 
ipfaiv,  to  draw  blisters.) 


CRUCIFERAE    (MUSTARD    FAMILY) 


431 


761.  E.  cheiranthoides. 

Leaf  and  part  of  fruiting 

raceme  x  %. 


762.  E.  parviflorum. 
Leaf  and  part  of  fruit- 
ing raceme  x  %. 


1.  E.    cheiranthoides    L.       (WORM-SEED    MUSTARD.) 
Minutely  roughish,  branching,  slender  ;  leaves  lanceolate, 
scarcely  toothed  ;   flowers  small ;    pods  small  and  short 
(1-2  cm.  long),  very  obtusely  angled,  ascending  on  slender 
divergent  pedicels.  —  Banks  of  streams 

or    in   open    sterile    soil.      July,   Aug. 
(Eu.)     FIG.  761. 

2.  E.  parviflbrum  Nutt.    Perennial; 
stem  erect,  often  simple  ;  leaves  linear- 
obi  anceolate,     entire     or     the     lowest 
coarsely  toothed  ;  flowers  small  (6  mm. 
long)-,  pods  narrow,  2.5-6.2  cm.  long, 
ascending  on  short  pedicels.     {E.  incon- 
spicuum  MacM.  ;    E.   syrticolum  Shel- 
don).—  Ont.  and  Minn,  to   Kan.  and 
westw.     FIG.  762. 

3.  E.  REpANDDM  L.     Resembling  the 

last,  but  annual;  leaves  repand-denticulate  ;  flowers  7-9  mm. 
long;  pods  4-8  cm.  long,  slender,  divergent,  on  very  short 
thick  pedicels.  —  Waste  places,  O.  to  Mo.  and  Kan. ;   and 
about  Atlantic  ports.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

4.  E.  asperum  DC.  (WESTERN  WALL-FLOWER.)  Plant 
stout,  3-6  dm.  high,  minutely  roughish-hoary  ;  stem  simple  ; 
leaves  lanceolate  to  linear,  entire  or  somewhat  toothed ;  the 
bright  orange-yellow  flowers  crowded  ;  petals  1.5-2. 5  cm.  long,  orbicular,  on  very 
slender  claws  ;  pods  nearly  erect  or  widely  spreading  on  short  pedicels,  elongated 
(7-10  cm.  long),  exactly  4-sided  ;  stigma  2-lobed.  — Nfd.  (  Waghorne) ;  Mingan  I., 
Que.  (Macoun)-,  O.  (on  limestone  cliffs)  to  Ark.,  S.  Dak.,  and  common  westw. 
June,  July. 

23.   RADICULA   [Dill.]   Hill.     WATER  CRESS 

Pod  a  short  silique  or  a  silicle,  varying  from  slender  to  globular,  terete 
or  nearly  so ;  valves  strongly  convex,  nerveless.  Seeds  usually  numerous, 
small,  turgid,  marginless,  in  2  irregular  rows  in  each  cell  (except  in  E.  sylvestris). 
Cotyledons  accumbent.  — Aquatic  or  marsh  plants,  with  yellow  or  white  flowers, 
and  commonly  pinnate  or  pinnatifid  leaves,  usually  glabrous.  (Name  meaning 
a  little  radish.)  RORIPA  Scop.  NASTURTIUM  R.  Br. 

§  1.   Petals  white,  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx;  pods  linear;  leaves  pinnate. 

1.  R.  NASTURTIUM-AQU^TICUM  (L.)  Britten  &  Rendle.  (TRUE  W.)  Peren- 
nial ;  steins  spreading  and  rooting ;  leaflets  3-11,  roundish  or  oblong,  nearly 

entire ;  pods  (1.2-1.6  cm.  long)  ascending  on 
slender  widely  spreading  pedicels.  (Sisymbrium 
L. ;  Nasturtium  officinale  R.  Br.  ;  Roripa  Nas- 
turtium Rusby.)  —  Brooks,  ditches,  etc.,  origin- 
ally cultivated.  (Nat.  from  Eu.)  FIG.  763. 

§  2.  Petals  yellow  or  yellowish,  seldom  much 
exceeding  the  calyx  ;  pods  linear,  short-cylin- 
dric,  or  even  ovoid  or  globular;  leaves  mostly 
pinnatifid. 

*  Perennial  from  creeping   or  subterranean 
shoots ;  flowers  rather  large,  yellow. 


768.  E.  Nasturtium-aquaticum. 
Leaf  and  part  of  fruiting  raceme  x  %. 


2.  R.  SYLVESTRIS  (L.)  Druce.  (YELLOW  CRESS.)  Stems  ascending ;  leaves 
pinnately  parted,  the  divisions  toothed  or  cut,  lanceolate  or  linear ;  pods  (6-12 
mm.  long)  on  slender  pedicels,  linear  and  narrow,  bringing  the  seeds  into  one 
row;  style  very  short.  (Nasturtium  R.  Br.  ;  Eoripa  Bess.)  —  Wet  meadows, 
Nfd.  to  Va.,  westw.  to  Ont.,  Mich.,  and  111.  ;  becoming  more  frequent.  (Nat. 
from  Eu.) 


432 


CRUCIFEBAB    (MUSTARD   FAMILY) 


764.   R.  sinuata. 
Leaves  and  part  of 
fruiting  raceme  x  %. 


3.    R.  sinuata  (Nutt.)  Greene.     Stems  low,  diffuse;   leaves  pinnately  cleft. 
the  short  lobes  nearly  entise,  linear-oblong  ;    pods   linear-oblong  ((5-10  mini 
long),   on   slender  pedicels  ;    style   slender.      {Nasturtium 
Nutt. ;  Horipa  Hitchc.)  —  Banks   of  the   Miss,  and  westw. 
June.     FIG.  764. 

*  *  Annual  or  biennial,  rarely  perennial  (?),  with  simple 
fibrous  roots;  flowers  small  or  minute,  greenish  or 
yellowish;  leaves  somewhat  lyrate. 

4.  R.  sessilifl5ra    (Nutt.)    Greene.     Stems  erect,  rather 
simple ;    leaves    obtusely    incised   or    toothed,    obovate    or 
oblong  ;  flowers  minute,  nearly  sessile  ;  pods  elongate-oblong 
(1-1.2  cm.  long),    thick;    style  very  short.      (Nasturtium 
Nutt.;   Horipa  Hitchc.) — Richmond,   Va.    (Churchill)  to 
Neb.,  e.  Kan.  and  south w.     Apr. -June. 

5.  R.  obtusa    (Nutt.)  Greene.     Stems   much   branched, 
diffusely  spreading;  leaves  pinnately  parted  or  divided,  the 
divisions  roundish  and  obtusely  toothed  or  repand  ;  flowers 
minute,  short-pediceled  ;  pods  longer  than  the  pedicels,  vary- 
ing from  linear-oblong  to  short-oval ;  style  short.     (Nas- 
turtium Nutt.  ;  Eoripa  Britton.) — Low  ground,  n.  Mich. 
(FarwelV)  to  Tex.  and  westw. 

Var.  sphaerocarpa  (Gray)  "Robinson.  Pods  globular,  about  equaling  the 
pedicels.  (Nasturtium  Gray;  Eoripa  Britton.)  —  111.,  and  south  westw. 

6.  R.  paliistris  (L.)  Moench.   (MARSH  CRESS.)     Stem  erect, 
3-8  dm.  high,  mostly  glabrous  ;  leaves  pinnately  cleft  or  parted, 

or  the  upper  laciniate  ;  the  lobes  oblong,  cut- 
toothed  ;  pedicels  about  as  long  as  the  small 
flowers  and  mostly  longer  than  the  short-cylindric 
ellipsoid  or  ovoid  pods;  style  short.  (Nastur- 
tium DC.;  Horipa  Bess.) — Wet  places  or  in 
shallow  water  ;  common.  June-Sept.  (Eurasia.) 
FIG.  765. 

Var.  hfspida  (Desv.)  Robinson.  Hirsute ;  pods  globose  or  nearly 
so.  (Horipa  hispida  Britton;  Nasturtium  palustre,  var.  Gray.) 
_  With  the  type;  the  commoner  form  east  w.  (Eurasia.)  FIG.  766. 

§3.    Petals  white,  much  longer  than  the  calyx;  pods  ovoid  or  globular ;  leaves 
undivided,  or  the  lower  ones  pinnatifid  ;  root  perennial. 

7.  R.  aquatica  (Eat.)  Robinson.    (LAKE  CRESS.)   Aquatic;  immersed  leaves 
1-3-pinnately  dissected  into  numerous  capillary  divisions  ;  emersed  leaves  oblong, 
entire,  serrate,  or  pinnatifid  ;  pedicels  widely  spreading ;  pods  ovoid,  \-celled, 
a  little  longer  than  the  style.     (Horipa  americana  Britton  ;  Nasturtium  lacustre 
Gray.) — Lakes  and  rivers,  w.  Que.  and  n.  Vt.  to  Minn,  and  southw.     July- 
Aug. 

8.  R.  ARMORA.CIA  (L.)  Robinson.    (HORSERADISH.)     Root-leaves  very  large, 
oblong,  crenate,  rarely  pinnatifid,  those  of  the  stem  lanceolate  ;  fruiting  pedicels 
ascending;  pods  globular  (seldom  formed)  ;  style  very  short.     (Horipa  Hitchc.) 

—  Escaped  from  cultivation  into  moist  ground.     (Introd.  from  Eu.)  —  Roots 
large  and  long  ;  a  well-known  condiment. 

24.    BARBAREA  R.  Br.     WINTER  CRESS 

Pod  linear,  terete  or  somewhat  4-sided,  the  valves  being  keeled  by  a  mid- 
nerve.  Seeds  in  a  single  row  in  each  cell,  marginless.  Cotyledons  accumbent. 

—  Mostly  biennials,  resembling  Hadicula;  flowers  yellow.     (Anciently  called 
the  Herb  of  St.  Barbara.) 

1.  B.  vulgaris  R.  Br.  (COMMON  W.,  YELLOW  ROCKET.)  Smooth  perennial ; 
lower  leaves  lyrate,  the  terminal  division  round  and  usually  large,  the  lateral 
1-4  pairs  or  rarely  wanting  ;  upper  leaves  obovate,  cut-toothed,  or  pinnatifid  at 


766.  E.  palustris, 

var.  hispida. 

Part  of  fruiting 

raceme  x  %. 


765.  E.  palustris. 

Part  of  fruiting 

raceme  x  2/3. 


CRUCIFERAE    (MUSTARD    FAMILY)  433 

the  base  ;  flowers  bright  yellow,  somewhat  racemose  even  in  anthesis;  pods  erect 
or  ascending  on  spreading  pedicels.  (B.  lyrata  Asch. ;  B.  Barbarea  MaeM.) — 
Low  grounds  and  roadsides  ;  apparently  introduced  in  the  Eastern  and  Central 
States,  but  indigenous  from  L.  Superior  northw.  and  westw.  (Eu.) 

2.  B.  strlcta  Andrz.     Closely  similar  in  foliage  ;  flowers  paler,  during  anthe- 
sis corymbosely  aggregated  at  the  summit  of  the  raceme ;  pods  appressed.  — 
Shores  and  meadows,  e.  Que.  to  Alaska,  s.  to  Va.,  Great  Lake  region,  Mo. ,  and 
westw.     (Eu.) 

3.  B.  VERNA  (Mill.)  Asch.     (EARLY  W.)     Leaves  with  5-8  pairs  of  lateral 
lobes  and  pods  longer,  on  very  thick  pedicels.      (B.  praecox  Sm.)  — Somewhat 
cultivated  as  a  winter  salad,  under  the  name  of  SCURVY  GRASS,  and  naturalized 
Irom  Mass,  southw.     (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

25.    SELENIA  Nutt. 

Pod  large,  oblong-elliptical,  flat ;  the  valves  nerveless.  Seeds  in  2  rows  in 
each  cell,  rounded,  broadly  winged  ;  cotyledons  accumbent ;  radicle  short.  —  A 
low  annual,  with  once  or  twice  pinnatifid  leaves  and  leafy-bracteate  racemes  of 
yellow  flowers.  (Name  from  ffeXjv-r),  the  moon,  with  allusion  to  Lunaria,  which 
this  genus  somewhat  resembles  in  its  pods.) 

1.  S.  aurea  Nutt.  Lobes  of  the  simply  pinnatifid  leaves  entire  or  toothed  ; 
pod  1.2  cm.  long,  on  elongated  spreading  pedicels,  beaked  by  the  long  slender 
style.  —  Sandy  soil,  Mo.  and  Kan.  to  Tex. 

26.   IODANTHUS   T.  &  G. 

Pod  long,  linear,  somewhat  flattened  ;  valves  1-nerved ;  stigma  entire  but 
slightly  elongated  over  the  placentae.  Seeds  1-ranked  in  each  cell,  oblong, 
marginless.  Cotyledons  essentially  accumbent.  — Erect  perennial  with  purplish 
flowers.  (Name  from  tuSTjs,  violet-colored,  and  &v$os,  flower.) 

1.  I.  pinnatifidus  (Michx.)  Steud.  Glabrous,  3-9  dm.  high  ;  root-leaves 
round  or  heart-shaped,  on  slender  petioles  ;  stem-leaves  auricled,  ovate-oblong 
and  ovate-lanceolate,  sharply  and  often  doubly  toothed,  tapering  to  each  end, 
the  lower  into  a  winged  petiole,  rarely  bearing  a  pair  or  two  of  small  lateral 
lobes  ;  pods  1.8-3  cm.  long,  on  short  diverging  pedicels,  pointed  by  a  short  style. 
(Thelypodium  Wats.)  —  Alluvial  river-banks,  w.  Pa.  (Porter}  to  Minn.,  Mo., 
and  southwestw.  Fl.  May,  June  ;  fr.  July,  Aug. 

27.  LUNARIA  L.    MOONWORT 

Pods  very  large  and  flat.  Seeds  large,  winged.  Cotyledons  accumbent. — 
Tall  herbs  with  large  purple  flowers  and  ovate-deltoid  cordate  dentate  leaves,  of 
which  the  earliest  are  opposite.  (Name  from  luna,  the  moon,  alluding  to  the 
persistent  silvery  septum  of  the  fruit.) 

1.  L.  ANNUA   L.     (HONESTY.)    Annual   or  biennial;  pods  broadly  elliptic, 
rounded  at  each  end. — Often  cultivated,  and  escaping  in  s.  w.  Ct.  and  e.  Pa. 
(Introd.  from  Eu.) 

2.  L.  REDIVIVA  L.     Perennial;  pods  broadly  lance-oblong,  somewhat  pointed 
at  each  end.  —  Also  cultivated,  and  established,  it  is  said,  near  Niagara.    (Introd. 
from  Eu.) 

28.  LEAVENW6RTHIA  Torr. 

Pod  broadly  linear  or  oblong,  flat ;  the  valves  nerveless,  but  minutely  reticu- 
late-veined. Seeds  in  a  single  row  in  each  cell,  flat,  surrounded  by  a  thick 
wing.  Embryo  straight !  or  the  short  radicle  only  slightly  bent  in  the  direction 
which  if  continued  would  make  the  orbicular  cotyledons  accumbent. — Little 
winter  annuals,  glabrous  and  often  stemless,  with  lyrate  leaves  and  short  1-few- 
flowered  scape-like  peduncles.  (Named  for  Dr.  M.  C.  Leavenworth,  a  southern 
botanist  of  the  last  century.) 

GRAY'S  MANUAL  —  28 


434  CRUCIFERAE    (MUSTARD   FAMILY) 

1.  L.  unifldra  (Michx.)  Britton.     Scapes  5-15  cm.  high;  leaf-lobes  usually 
numerous  (7-15);  petals  purplish  or  nearly  white  with  a  yellowish  base,  obtuse  ; 
pods  not  torulose,  oblong  to  linear  (1.2-3  cm.  long);  style  short.    (L.  Michauxii 
Torr.)  —  Barrens,  s.  Ind.  to  Tenn.  and  Mo. 

2.  L.  torulbsa  Gray.     Similar,  but  pods  torulose  even  when  young,  linear ; 
style  2-4  mm.  long ;  seeds  acutely  margined  rather  than  winged  ;  petals  emargi- 
nate.  — Barrens  of  Ky.  and  Tenn. 

29.    DENTARIA   [Tourn.]    L.     TOOTHWORT.     PEPPER-KOOT 

Pod  lanceolate,  flat.  Style  elongated.  Seeds  in  one  row,  wingless,  the  funic- 
ulus  broad  and  flat.  Cotyledons  petioled,  thick,  very  unequal,  their  margins 
somewhat  infolding  each  other.  —  Perennials,  of  damp  woodlands,  with  long 
fleshy  sometimes  interrupted  scaly  or  toothed  rootstocks,  of  a  pleasant  pungent 
taste  ;  stems  leafless  below,  bearing  2  or  3  petioled  compound  leaves  about  or 
above  the  middle,  and  terminated  by  a  corymb  or  short  raceme  of  large  white 
or  purple  flowers.  (Name  from  dens,  a  tooth.) 

Stem  glabrous. 

Kootstock  continuous,  prominently  toothed 1.  D.  diphylla. 

Rootstock  interrupted  by  distinct  constrictions. 

Kootstock  elongate,  composed  of  several  fusiform  or  subcylindric  dis- 
tinctly toothed  segments. 
Cauline  leaves  with  ovate  or  obovate  petiolulate  leaflets  .        .        .        .    2.  D.  maxima. 

Cauline  leaves  with  lanceolate  sessile  leaflets 8.   D.  ineisifolia. 

Rootstock  of  readily  separable  obscurely  toothed  fusiform  tubers      .        .    4.   D.  heterophylla. 
Stem  pubescent,  at  least  above. 
Rootstock  of  readily  separable  fusiform  tubers  ;  sepals  6-9  mm.  long. 

Leaves  3-parted,  with  linear  to  oblong  segments 5.   D.  laciniata. 

Basal  leaves  with  ovate  or  rhombic  leaflets 4.   D.  heterophylla. 

Rootstock  elongate,  interrupted  by  constrictions  ;  sepals  3-4  mm.  long       .    6.  D.  anomala. 

1.  D.  diphylla  Michx.  Rootstock  long  and  continuous,  often  branched,  the 
annual  segments  slightly  or  not  at  all  tapering  at  the  ends  •  stems  in  anthesis 
1.5-3  dm.  high,  stoutish  ;  leaves  3-foliolate,  the  basal 
and  cauline  similar,  the  latter  2  (rarely  3),  opposite  or 
subopposite,  leaflets  4-10  cm.  long,  short-petiolulate, 
rhombic-ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  coarsely  crenate,  the 
teeth  bluntly  mucronate  ;  flowers  white  ;  sepals  5-8  mm. 
long,  half  the  length  of  the  petals ;  pods  rarely  maturing. 
—  Rich  woods  and  thickets,  e.  Que.  to  s.  Ont.  and  Minn., 
s.  to  S.C.  and  Ky.  Apr.,  May.  — Rootstocks  2-3  dm. 
long,  crisp,  tasting  like  Water  Cress.  FIG.  767. 

2.  D.  maxima  Nutt.  Rootstock  interrupted,  consist- 
ing of  several  elongate  strongly  toothed  segments  which 
are  constricted  at  each  end,  the  older  commonly  retaining 
shreds  of  old  steins  ;  cauline  leaves  2-3,  alternate,  often 
remote,  leaflets  2-6  cm.  long,  ovate  or  obovate,  petiolulate, 
767  D  diph  lla  more  or  less  ciliolate,  sharply  and  coarsely  toothed  and 

Cauline  leaves  and  r'oot-     fmewhat  cleft  -  flowers  white  or  purple-tinged  ;   sepals 
stock  x  V  ^~^  mm.  long,  half  as  long  as  the  petals.  —  By  streams 

in  rich  woods,  local,  s.  Me.  to  Mich,  and  Pa.    Apr.,  May. 

3.  D.  incisif61ia  Eames.     Rootstock  much  as  in  the  last ;  cauline  leaves  2 
and  opposite,  rarely  3  and  alternate,  the  leaflets  4-9  cm.  long,  lanceolate,  sessile, 
glabrous    throughout,    coarsely    incised-dentate ;    basal    leaves    similar,    with 
broader  leaflets  ;   flowers  white   or  somewhat  purple-tinged  ;   sepals  6-7  mm. 
long;  petals  1.5-2   cm.    long. — Rich  hillside  woods,  Sherman,  Ct.   (Eames). 
May. 

4.  D.  heterophylla  Nutt.     Tubers  near  the  surface ;  stems,  in  anthesis,  1.5-4 
dm.  high,  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent  above';  cauline  leaves  2-3,  variously 
disposed,  the  leaflets  1.5-5.5  cm.  long,  distinctly  petiolulate,  oblong-lanceolate  to 
linear,  ciliate,  entire  to  deeply  crenate,  rarely  laciniate  ;  basal  leaves  with  ovate 
to  rhombic-obovate  usually  lobed  leaflets;  flowers  purplish  ;  sepals  purple-tinged, 


CRUCIFERAE    (MUSTARD    FAMILY)  435 

6-9  mm.  long;  petals  1-1.8  cm.  long.  —  N.  J.  and  Pa.  to  Ky.,  and  south w. 

Apr.,  May. 

5.   D.  laciniata  Muhl.     Tubers  deep-seated;  stems  pubescent  above;  cauline 

leaves  3,  whorled  or  nearly  so,  the  lateral  leaflets  deeply  cleft,  glabrous  or 
pubescent,  the  segments  linear  to  narrowly  oblong, 
conspicuously  gash-toothed  ;  basal  leaves,  when  present, 
similar ;  flowers  white  or  purplish  ;  calyx  6-9  mm. 
long  ;  petals  1-2  cm.  long.  —  Rich  damp  woods,  w. 
Que.  and  Vt.  to  Minn.,  and  southw.  Apr.,  early  May. 
FIG.  768.  Var.  JNTEGRA  (Schulz)  Fernald.  Leaves 
strictly  ternate,  the  lateral  leaflets  entire  or  slightly 
toothed,  not  cleft.  —  N.  Y.  to  111. 

6.    D.  an6mala  Eames.     Rootstock  with  pronounced 
constrictions  between  the  fusiform  tuber-like  annual 
segments,   deep-seated;    stems  somewhat  pubescent; 
768.  D.  laciniata.  leaves  3-foliolate,  pubescent  on  both  surfaces  ;    the 

Cauline  leaves  and  tubers  x  y4.  cauline  2  (rarely  3),  subopposite,  their  leaflets  2-6.5 
cm.  long,  short-petiolulate,  ovate  to  rhombic,  coarsely 

and  irregularly  dentate  or  even   incised  or  cleft;  basal  leaves,  when  present, 

similar  ;  flowers  white,  tinged  with  purplish  ;  sepals  3-4  mm.  long  ;  petals  1-1.2 

cm.   long.  —  Rich   moist  woods,   Plainville,    Ct.   (Bissell).     May. — Perhaps  a 

hybrid  of  nos.  1  and  5,  with  which  it  grows. 

30.    CARDAMINE   [Tourn.]  L.     BITTER  CRESS. 

Pod  linear,  flattened,  usually  opening  elastically  from  the  base  ;  the  valves 
nerveless  and  veinless,  or  nearly  so  ;  placentae  and  partition  thick.  Seeds  in 
a  single  row  in  each  cell,  wingless  ;  the  funiculus  slender.  Cotyledons  accum- 
bent,  flattened,  equal  or  nearly  so,  petiolate.  —  Mostly  glabrous  perennials, 
leafy-stemmed,  growing  along  watercourses  and  in  wet  places.  Flowers  white 
or  purple.  (A  Greek  name,  used  by  Dioscorides  for  some  cress,  from  its  cordial 
or  cardiacal  qualities.) 

*  Simple-leaved  perennials  with  tuberous  base. 

1.  C.  bulb6sa   (Schreb.)  BSP.     (SPRING  CRESS.)      Stems  upright  from  a 
tuberous  base  and  slender  rootstock  bearing  small  tubers,  simple,   or  rarely 
forking,  glabrous,  in  anthesis  1.5-5  dm.  high;  root-leaves  oblong  to  cordate- 
ovate,   stem-leaves  5-8,  scattered,  the   lower  ovate   or  oblong  and  somewhat 
petioled,  the  upper  sessile,  almost  lanceolate,  all  often  toothed  ;  sepals  greenish, 
with  white  margin  ;  petals  white,  7-12  mm.  long  ;  pods  linear-lanceolate,  pointed 
with  a  slender  style  tipped  by  a  conspicuous  stigma ;  seeds  oval.     ( C.  rhom- 
boidea  DC.)  —  Wet  meadows  and  springs,  e.  Mass,  to  Minn.,   and  southw. 
May,  June. 

2.  C.  Douglassii  (Torr.)  Britton.     Similar;  stem  usually  somewhat  pubes- 
cent, in  anthesis  1-2.5  dm.  high;  root-leaves  orbicular  or  sub  orbicular ;  stem- 
leaves  2-6,  the  upper  border  (ovate  to  oblong),  more  or  less  approximate  ;  sepals 
purple-tinged  ;  petals  rose-purple,  1-1.8  cm.  long.     ((7.  rhomboidea,  var.  purpurea 
Torr.)  — Rich  low  woods,  Ct.  to  s.  Ont.  and  Wise.,  s.  to  Md.  and  Ky.     Apr., 
early  May. 

*  *  Fibrous-rooted  perennials  with  l-3-foliolate  leaves  ;  southern. 

3.  C.  rotundifblia  Michx.   (MOUNTAIN  WATER  CRESS.)     Stems  branching, 
weak  or  decumbent,  making  long  runners ;  root  flbrous  ;  leaves  all  much  alike, 
roundish,  somewhat  angled,  often  heart-shaped  at  the  base,   petioled ;   pods 
small,  linear-awl-shaped,  equaled  or  exceeded  by  the  pedicels  ;   style  slender ; 
seeds  oval-oblong.— Cool  shaded  springs,  Carrollton,  N.  Y.  (Peck)  and  Middle- 
town,  N.  J.  (  Willis)  to  Ky.,  and  southw.  along  the  mts.     May,  June.  —  Flowers 
white,  smaller  than  in  no.  1. 

4.  C.  Clematitis  Shuttlw.     Glabrous  and  lax,  with  slender  rootstock;  small 
radical  leaves  kidney-  or  heart-shaped,  with  or  without  a  pair  of  smaller  lateral 


436  CRUCIFERAE    (MUSTARD   FAMILY) 

leaflets  ;  stem-leaves  on  sagittately  appendaged  petioles ;  terminal  leaflet  mostly 
3-lobed  ;  pods  2.5-3  cm.  long,  much  exceeding  the  pedicels. — Springy  places  in 
the  mts.,  s.  Va.  and  southw. 

*  *  *  Fibrous-rooted  alpine  perennial  with  simple  leaves  ;  northern. 

5.  C.  bellidifblia  L.     Dwarf  (2-3.5  cm.  high),  densely  tufted;  leaves  ovate, 
entire,  or  sometimes  with  a  blunt  lateral  tooth,  2-10  mm.  long,  slender-petioled  ; 
flowers  1-5,  white;  pods  1.5-2  cm.  long,  upright,  linear;  style  extremely  short, 
stout.  —  Arctic  regions  and  alpine  districts  of  the  n.  hemisphere.     Represented 
with  us  by 

Var.  Idxa  Lange.  Looser  and  taller  (4-11  cm.  high)  ;  leaves  6-15  mm.  long, 
on  very  long  petioles;  pods  2-3  cm.  long. — By  alpine  brooks,  and  in  cold 
ravines,  Lab.  to  Mt.  Katahdin,  Me.,  and  Mt.  Washington,  N.  H.  ;  by  a  brook, 
W.  Baldwin,  Me.  (Miss  Furbish).  June,  July.  (Greenl.) 

*  *  *  *  Hoot  perennial ;  leaves  pinnate  ;  flowers  showy. 

6.  C.  pratSnsis  L.     (CUCKOO  FLOWER.)     Stem  ascending  from  a  short  root- 
stock,  simple ;  leaflets  numerous,  those  of  the  lower  leaves  rounded  and  stalked, 
of  the  upper  oblong  or  linear,  entire,  or  slightly  angle-toothed  ;  petals  (white 
or  rose-color)  thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx ;  pod  2-3  cm.  long,  2  mm.  broad  ; 
style  short.  —  Wet  places  and  bogs,   Lab.  to  Vt.,  N.  J.,  Minn.,  and  north w. ; 
rare.     May.     Also  introduced  or  a  local  escape  in  e.  and  s.  N.  E.      (Eu.) 

#  #  #  #  *  Hoot   mostly   biennial    or   annual;    leaves   pinnately  5-11-foliolate  ; 

flowers  small,  white. 
•i-  Stamens  4;  leaflets  strigose-hispid  upon  the  upper  surface. 

7.  C.  hirsuta  L.     Leaves  chiefly  radical,  with  short  and  broad  leaflets,  but 
those   on  the  erect   stem   reduced   and   with   narrow  leaflets ;    pods   erect,  on 
ascending  or  appressed  pedicels.  —  Moist  places,  s.  Pa.  to  N.  C.,  and  "Mich." 
(Eu.)     Perhaps  introduced.     A  doubtful  specimen  from  w.  Mass.  (Miss  Vail). 

•»-  -i-  Stamens  normally  6;  leaflets  glabrous;  stem  leafy. 

8.  C.  parviflbra  L.     Very  slender,  subsimple,  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent 
upon  the  stem  ;  leaflets  of  the  radical  leaves  oval  or  the  terminal  suborbicular  ; 
those  of  the  cauline  very  narrow,  linear,  not  confluent ;  pods  erect,  on  ascending 
pedicels.     (C.  hirsuta,  var.  sylvatica  of  some  Am.  auth.)  —  Rocky  and  barren 
soil,  Me.  to  Ga.  and  westw.     (Eu.)     A  form  more  branched  from  the  base  and 
with  leaflets  all  narrow  and  often  toothed  has  been  described  as  G.  arenicola 
Britton,  growing  in  sandy  soil   in  the  Atlantic  States  but  lacking  constant 
characters. 

9.  C.  pennsylvanica  Muhl.    Larger,  nearly  or  quite  glabrous  ;  leaflets  7-11, 
the  terminal  one  obovate,  the  lateral  oblong,  tending  to  be  confluent  along  the 
rhachis  •  pods  erect,  on  ascending  pedicels.     (C.  hirsuta  Man.  ed.  6,  in  great 
part.)  —  Moist  ground,  common.     Passes  imperceptibly  into  a  form  (C.flexuosa 
Britton,  perhaps  Withering)  with  fewer  more  flabelliform  leaflets  and  spreading 
pods.  —  Brooks,  etc. 

31.   ARABIS   L.     ROCK  CRESS 

Pod  linear,  flattened ;  placentae  not  thickened  ;  the  valves  plane  or  convex, 
more  or  less  1-nerved  in  the  middle,  or  longitudinally  veiny.  Seeds  margin- 
less  or  winged.  Cotyledons  accumbent  or  a  little  oblique. — Leaves  seldom 
divided.  Flowers  white  or  purple  (rarely  yellowish).  (Name  from  the 
country,  Arabia.) 

§  1.  SISYMBRlNA  Wats.  Seeds  oblong  or  elliptical,  very  small,  wingless,  in 
one  row;  cotyledons  often  more  or  less  oblique;  biennial  or  perennial, 
branching  from  base. 

1.  A.  lyrata  L.  Mostly  glabrous,  except  the  lyrate-pinnatifld  root-leaves ; 
stem-leaves  scattered,  spatulate  or  linear  with  a  tapering  base,  sparingly  toothed 


CRUCIFERAE    (MUSTARD   FAMILY)  437 

or  entire ;  petals  white,  much  longer  than  the  yellowish  calyx ;  pods  long  and 
slender,  flat,  ascending  or  spreading;  style  slender,  0.8  mm.  long. — On  rocks 
or  sandy  shores,  w.  N.  E.  to  Man.,  and  southw.  Apr.-July.  —  Usually  biennial, 
but  southw.  decidedly  perennial.  Var.  OCCIDENTA.LIS  Wats.  Stigma  sessile  or 
on  a  very  short  thick  style  (0.5  mm.  or  less  in  length).  — Point  Pelee,  n.  shore 
of  L.  Erie  ;  Rocky  Mts.  to  Alaska.  (Kamchatka.) 

2.  A.  dentata  T.  &  G.     Roughish -pubescent,  slender ;  leaves  oblong,  very  ob- 
tuse, unequally  and  sharply  toothed  ;  those  of  the  stem  numerous,  half-clasping 
and  auricled,  of  the  base  broader  and  tapering  into  a  short  petiole ;   petals 
(whitish)  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx  ;  pods  widely  spreading,  very  slender, 
short-stalked;  style  scarcely  any. — N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  and  southw.     May, 
June. 

3.  A.  glabra  (L.)  Bernh.     (TOWER  MUSTARD.)     Tall  (6-12  dm.  high),  glau- 
cous ;  stem-leaves  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  entire  ;  petals  yellowish  white,  little 
longer  than  the  calyx;  pods  very  narrow  (8  cm.  long)  and  pedicels  strictly  erect; 
seeds  marginless  ;  cotyledons  often  oblique.     (A.  perfoliata  Lam.)  —  Rocks  and 
fields,  N.  B.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  Great  Lake  region,  S.  Dak.,  Utah  and 
Cal.     May-July.     (Eu.) 

§  2.  TURRlTIS  [Dill.]  Gaudin.  Seeds  not  so  broad  as  the  partition,  in  two 
more  or  less  distinct  roivs  in  each  cell,  at  least  when  young  ;  strict  and  very 
leafy-stemmed  biennials  ;  cauline  leaves  partly  clasping  by  a  sagittate  base. 

Calyx  essentially  glabrous  ;  pods  erect  or  loosely  spreading. 

Pubescence  of  the  basal  rosettes  none  or  sparse  and  of  simple  or  of  2- 

pointed  hairs  attached  by  the  middle    . 4.    A.  Drummondi, 

Pubescence  of  the  basal  rosettes  dense,  stellate 5.    A.  brachycarpa. 

Calyx  stellate-pubescent ;  pods  deflexed  or  pendulous 6.    A.  Holboellii. 

4.  A.  Drumm6ndi  Gray.    Nearly  glabrous,  somewhat  glaucous,  3-9  dm.  high  ; 
stem-leaves  oblong  or  narrowly  lanceolate,  the  basal  spatulate-lanceolate;  pods 
straightish,  3.5-10  cm.  long,  1.3-2.3  mm.  broad.     (A.  conflnis  Wats.,  in  great 
part.)  — Rocky  places,  e.  Que.  to   B.C.,   s.  to  N.  S.,    s.  N.  E.,  N.  Y.,  O.,    111., 
Utah,  and  Ore. 

Var.  connSxa  (Greene)  Fernald.     Stout;  pods  3-3.3  mm.  wide.  —  Riviere  du 
Loup,  Que.  ;  and  mts.  of  w.  N.  A. 

5.  A.  brachycarpa  (T.  &  G.)  Britton.     Similar  in  stature  and  habit;  basal 
leaves  densely  pubescent  with  ^-pointed  hairs,  the  cauline  glabrous  ;  pedicels 
widely  spreading ;  pods  1.7-9  cm.  long,  1-2  mm.  broad,  widely  spreading.     (A. 
confinis  Wats.,  in  part;  Turritis  brachycarpa  T.  &  G.)  —  Sandy  woods,  rocky 
banks,  etc.,  e.  Que.  to  Sask.  and  Assina.,  s.  to  N.  B.,  n.  Vt.,  N.  Y.,  Great  Lake 
region,  Col.,  etc. 

6.  A.  HolboSllii  Hornern.     Stems  1-several,  2-9  dm.  high,  leafy,  somewhat 
closely  stellate-pubescent  at  the  base,  glabrous  or  glabrate  above ;  pedicels  soon 
deflexed;  petals  pink  or  pinkish,  7-10  mm.  long;  pods  4-8  cm.  long,  1.5-2.5 
mm.  broad,  blunt,  secund  and  strongly  deflexed.  —  Rocky  (calcareous)  or  sandy 
places,  e.  Que. ;  Thunder  Bay,  L.  Huron  (  Wheeler}  to  the  mts.  of  B.  C.  and  Cal. 
(Greenl.) 

§  3.   ARABIS  proper.     Seeds  in  one  row  in  each  cell,  orbicular  or  nearly  so, 
more  or  less  wing-margined  ;  cotyledons  strictly  accumbent. 

*  Low,  chiefly  biennials,  diffuse  or  spreading  from  the  base. 

7.  A.  virginica  (L.)  Trel.    Nearly  glabrous,  often  annual;   leaves  all  pin- 
nately  parted  into  oblong  or  linear  few-toothed  or  entire  divisions,  those  of  the 
lower  leaves  numerous  ;  pedicels  very  short ;  flowers  small,  white  ;  pods  rather 
broadly  linear,  spreading,  flat;  seeds  winged.     (A.  ludoviciana  Mey.)  —  Open 
ground,  Va.  to  Kan.,  and  southw.     Mar  .-May. 

*  *  Erect  leafy-stemmed  biennials,  with  simple  leaves,  white  or  whitish  flowers, 
narrow  but  flattened  ascending  or  erect  pods,  and  nearly  wingless  seeds. 

8.  A.  patens  Sulliv.     Downy  with  spreading  hairs,  erect  (3-6  dm.  high); 
stem-leaves  oblong-ovate,  acutish,  coarsely  toothed  or  the  uppermost  entire, 


438  CAPPARIDACEAE    (CAPER   FAMILY) 

partly  clasping  by  the  heart-shaped  base  ;  petals  (bright  white,  8  mm.  long)  the 
length  of  the  calyx ;  pedicels  slender,  spreading ;  pods  spreading  or  ascending, 
tipped  with  a  distinct  style.  —  Pa.  to  Minn,  and  south w.  Apr.,  May. 

9.  A.  hirsuta  (L.)  Scop.     Rough-hairy,  sometimes  smoothish,  strictly  erect; 
stem-leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  entire  or  toothed,  partly  clasping  by  a  some- 
what arrow-shaped   or  heart-shaped  base ;   petals  (greenish  white)  small,  but 
longer  than  the  calyx  ;  pedicels  and  pods  strictly  upright;  style  scarcely  any ; 
immature   seeds  somewhat  2-rowed.  —  Gravelly  shores  and  calcareous  rocks, 
especially  north  w.     May,  June.     (Eu.) 

*  *  *  Erect  leafy -stemmed  biennials  (3-9  dm.  high),  with  small  whitish  flowers, 
recurved-spreading  or  pendulous  flat  pods  (7-10  cm.  long},  and  broadly 
winged  seeds,  the  funiculus  adherent  to  the  partition;  root-leaves  rarely 
lyrate. 

10.  A.  laevigata  (Muhl.)  Poir.     Smooth  and  glaucous,  upright ;  stem-leaves 
partly  clasping  by  the  arrow-shaped  base,  lanceolate  or  linear,  mostly  toothed, 
sometimes  (var.  LACINIATA  T.  &  G.)  incised;  petals  scarcely  longer  than  the 
calyx;  pods  long  and   narrow,    recurved-spreading   on    ascending   or  merely 
spreading  pedicels.  — Rocky  places,  w.  Me.  to  S.  Dak.  and  southw.     May. 

Var.  Burkii  Porter.  Leaves  narrower,  those  of  the  stem  essentially  entire, 
not  auricled  at  the  base.  — Dry  hills,  Pa.  to  Va. 

11.  A.  canad6nsis  L.   (SICKLE-POD.)     Stem  upright,  smooth  above  ;  stem- 
leaves  pubescent,  pointed  at  both  ends,   oblong-lanceolate,   sessile,  the   lower 
toothed  ;   petals  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  oblong-linear ;  pods  very  flat, 
scythe-shaped  (4  mm.  wide),  hanging  on  rough-hairy  pedicels. — Rocky  woods 
and  ravines,  e.  Mass,  and  Vt.  to  Ont. ,  and  southw.    June-Aug. 

CAPPARIDACEAE   (CAPER  FAMILY) 

Herbs  (when  in  northern  regions)  with  cruciform  flowers,  but  6  or  more  not 
tetradynamous  stamens,  a  \-celled  pod  with  2  parietal  placentae,  and  kidney- 
shaped  seeds.  —  Pod  as  in  Cruciferae,  but  with  no  partition  ;  seeds  similar,  but 
the  embryo  coiled  rather  than  folded.  Leaves  alternate,  mostly  palmate.  Often 
with  the  acrid  or  pungent  qualities  of  Cruciferae  (as  in  capers,  the  flower-buds 
of  Capparis  spinosa). 

*  Pod  sessile  or  short-stiped  ;  stamens  6-00 . 

1.  Polanisia.    Petals  subequal,  emarginate. 

*  *  Pod  long-stiped ;  stamens  6. 

2.  Cleome.    Stamens  6.    Pod  linear,  many-seeded,  long-stipitate. 

1.    POLANiSIA  Raf. 

Petals  with  claws,  notched  at  the  apex.  Stamens  8-32,  unequal.  Receptacle 
not  elongated,  bearing  a  gland  behind  the  base  of  the  ovary.  Pod  linear  or 
oblong,  veiny,  turgid,  many-seeded.  —  Fetid  annuals,  with  glandular  or  clammy 
hairs.  Flowers  in  leafy  racemes.  (Name  from  TTO\V-,  many,  and  &VHTOS,  unequal, 
points  in  which  the  genus  differs  in  its  stamens  from  Cleome.} 

1.  P.  graveolens  Raf.     Leaves  with  3  oblong  leaflets;   stamens  about  11, 
scarcely  exceeding  the  petals ;    style  short ;   pod  slightly  stipitate.  —  Gravelly 
shores  and  banks,   w.  Que.  to   Chesapeake  Bay,  and  westw.     June-Aug. — 
Flowers  small  (4-6  mm.  long)  ;  calyx  and  filaments  purplish ;  petals  yellowish 
white. 

2.  P.  trachyspSrma  T.  &  G.    Flowers  larger  (8-10  mm.  long);  the  stamens 
(12-16)  long-exserted  ;  style  4-6  mm.  long  ;  pod  sessile  ;  seeds  usually  rough.  — 
la.  to  Kan.,  southw.  and  westw. ;  also  by  a  stream,  Salisbury,  Ct.  (Mrs.  Phelps, 
Weatherby} ,  where  probably  introduced. 


SAKRACENIACEAE   (PITCHER-PLANT   FAMILY)  439 

2.   CLE6ME  L. 

Petals  entire,  with  claws.  Stamens  6.  Receptacle  somewhat  produced  be- 
tween the  petals  and  stamens,  and  bearing  a  gland  behind  the  stipitate  ovary, 
Pod  linear  to  oblong,  many-seeded.  —  Our  species  annuals  with  bracteate  ra- 
cemes. (Name  of  uncertain  derivation,  early  applied  to  some  mustard-like 
plant. ) 

1.  C.  serrulata  Pursh.     (STINKING  CLOVER.)     Glabrous;  leaves  3-foliolate  ; 
leaflets  lance-oblong,  mostly  entire  ;  petals  white  or  rose-colored,  short-clawed  ; 
stipe  of  pod  as  long  as  the  pedicel.      (C.  integrifolia  T.  &  G.) — Dry  mostly 
saline  soil,  Minn,  to  n.  111.,  Mo.,  Kan.,  westw.  and  northwestw. ;  rarely  eastw. 
along  railroads.  —  Flowers  showy. 

2.  C.  SPIN6SA  L.     (SPIDER-FLOWER.)    Viscid-pubescent ;  leaflets  5-7,  lanceo- 
late,  serrulate ;    petals  white  or  rose-colored.  —  Cultivated,   and  occasionally 
escaping  to  waste  grounds.     (Introd.  from  the  tropics.) 

3.  C.  lutea  Hook.    Lower  leaves  5-foliolate  ;  flowers  yellow.  — Western  spe- 
cies, reported  from  Weeping  Water,  Neb.  (Webber). 

RESEDACEAE    (MIGNONETTE  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  with  unsymmetrical  4-7-merous  small  flowers,  a  fleshy  1-sided  hypogy- 
nous  disk  between  the  petals  and  the  (3-40)  stamens,  bearing  the  latter.  Calyx 
not  closed  in  the  bud.  Capsule  3-6-lobed,  3-6-horned,  l-celled,  with  3-6  parietal 
placentae,  opening  at  the  top  before  the  seeds  (which  are  as  in  Capparidaceae) 
are  full  grown.  —  Leaves  alternate,  with  only  glands  for  stipules.  Flowers  in 
terminal  spikes  or  racemes.  A  small  and  unimportant  family  of  the  Old 
World,  represented  by  the  Mignonette  (Reseda  odorata)  and  the  Dyer's  Weed. 

1.    RESEDA   [Tourn.]   L.     MIGNONETTE.     DYER'S  ROCKET 

Petals  4-7,  cleft,  unequal.  Stamens  12-40,  on  one  side  of  the  flower.  (Name 
from  resedare,  to  calm,  in  allusion  to  supposed  sedative  properties.) 

1.  R.  LUTEOLA  L.     (DYER'S  WEED  or  WELD.-)     Leaves  lanceolate;  calyx 
4-parted  ;  petals  4,  greenish  yellow ;  the  upper  one  3-5-cleft,  the  two  lateral 
3-clef t,  the  lower  one  linear  and  entire ;  capsule  depressed.  —  Roadsides  and 
ballast,  Mass,  to  Pa.,  local.  —  Plant  6  dm.  high,  used  for  dyeing  yellow.    (Adv. 
from  Eu.) 

2.  R.    LtiTEA  L.      Low,  decumbent;   leaves   irregularly  pinnate-parted  or 
bipinnatifld ;  flowers    pale  yellow ;    sepals    and    petals  6 ;    stamens   15-20.  — 
Meadows  and  waste  places,  Mass,  to  Pa. ;  also  Mich.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.  R.  ALBA  L.    Tall,  erect;  leaves  pinnately  and  rather  regularly  parted ; 
flowers  greenish  white ;  stamens  12-15;  petals  5-6.  —  Waste  places,  becoming 
more  common.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

SARRACENlACEAE    (PITCHER-PLANT  FAMILY) 

Polyandrous  and  hypogynous  bog-plants,  with  hollow  pitcher-formed  or 
trumpet-shaped  leaves,  —  comprising  one  plant  of  Guiana,  another  (Darling- 
tonia  Torr.)  in  California,  and  the  following  genus. 

1.   SARRACENIA   [Tourn.]  L 

Sepals  5,  with  3  bractlets  at  the  base,  colored,  persistent.  Petals  5,  oblong 
or  obovate,  incurved,  deciduous.  Stamens  numerous,  hypogynous.  Ovary 
compound,  6-celled,  globose,  crowned  with  a  short  style,  which  is  expanded  at 
the  summit  into  a  very  broad  and  petal-like  5-angled  o-rayed  umbrella-shaped 


440  DROSERACEAE    (SUNDEW   FAMILY) 

body,  the  5  delicate  rays  terminating  under  the  angles  in  as  many  little  hooked 
stigmas.  Capsule  with  a  granular  surface,  5-celled,  with  many-seeded  placentae 
in  the  axis,  loculicidally  5-valved.  Seeds  anatropous,  with  a  small  embryo  at 
the  base  of  fleshy  albumen.  —  Perennials,  yellowish  green  and  purplish;  the 
hollow  leaves  all  radical,  with  a  wing  on  one  side,  and  a  rounded  arching  hood 
at  the  apex.  Scape  naked,  1-flowered ;  flower  nodding.  (Named  for  Dr. 
Michel  Sarrasin,  physician  at  the  Court  of  Quebec  early  in  the  18th  century, 
who  sent  our  northern  species  to  Europe. ) 

1.  S.   purpurea  L.       (SIDE-SADDLE  FLOWER,   PITCHER-PLANT,   HUNTSMAN'S 
CUP.)     Leaves  pitcher-shaped,   ascending,  curved,  broadly  winged;  the  hood 
erect,   open,  round  heart-shaped,  covered  within  by  reflexed  bristles;  flower 
globose,  scapose,  deep  purple  ;  the  fiddle-shaped  petals  arched  over  the  greenish 
yellow  style.  —  Peat-bogs,  Lab.  to  Mackenzie,  s.  to  Fla.,  Ky.,  the  Great  Lake 
region,  and  s.  e.  la.    June.  —  The  curious  leaves  are  usually  half  filled  with 
water  and  drowned  insects.     Var.  HETEROPHYLLA   (Eat.)   Torr.,  has  greenish 
yellow  flowers  and  no  purple  veins  in  the  foliage.  —  With  the  typical  form. 

2.  S.  flava  L.     (TRUMPETS.)     Leaves  long  (3-10  dm.)  and  trumpet-shaped, 
erect,  with  an  open  mouth,  the  erect  hood  rounded,  narrow  at  the  base ;  wing 
almost  none  ;  flower  yellow,  the  petals  becoming  long  and  drooping.  —  Bogs,  Va. 
and  southw.    Apr. 

DROSERACEAE    (SUNDEW  FAMILY) 

Bog-herbs,  mostly  glandular-haired,  with  regular  hypogynous  flowers,  pen- 
tamerous  and  withering-persistent  calyx,  corolla,  and  stamens,  the  anthers  fixed 
by  the  middle  and  turned  outward,  and  a  l-celled  capsule  with  twice  as  many 
styles  or  stigmas  as  there  are  parietal  placentae.  —  Calyx  imbricated.  Petals 
convolute.  Seeds  numerous,  anatropous,  with  a  short  and  minute  embryo  at  the 
base  of  the  albumen.  Leaves,  in  bud,  rolled  up  from  the  apex  to  the  base  as 
in  Ferns.  Small  family  of  insectivorous  plants. 

1.    DR6SERA  L.     SUNDEW 

Stamens  5.  Styles  3,  or  sometimes  5,  deeply  2-parted  so  that  they  are  taken 
for  6  or  10,  slender,  stigmatose  above  on  the  inner  face.  Capsule  3  (rarely  5)- 
valved ;  the  valves  bearing  the  numerous  seeds  on  their  middle  for  the  whole 
length.  —  Low  perennials  or  biennials  ;  the  leaves,  in  our  species,  all  in  a  tuft  at 
the  base  (often  scattered  in  submersed  plants),  clothed  with  reddish  gland- 
bearing  bristles ;  the  naked  scape  bearing  the  flowers  (rarely  solitary)  in  a 
1-sided  simple  (or  sometimes  forking)  raceme-like  inflorescence,  which  nods  at 
the  undeveloped  apex,  so  that  the  fresh-blown  flower  (which  opens  only  in  sun- 
shine) is  always  highest.  The  plants  yield  a  purple  stain  to  paper.  The  glands 
of  the  leaves  exude  drops  of  a  clear  glutinous  fluid,  glittering  like  dew-drops 
(whence  the  name,  from  dpocrep6s,  dewy). 

Leaf-blades  linear  to  orbicular,  usually  distinct  from  the  petioles. 
Scapes  glabrous. 
Leaf-blades  as  broad  as  or  broader  than  long ;  seeds  spindle-shaped,  with 

a  loose  testa 1.  D.  rotundifolia. 

Leaf-blades  distinctly  narrower  than  long. 
Seeds  spindle-shaped,  the  testa  loose  and  produced  at  the  ends ;  stipules 

adnate 2.  D.  angUca. 

Seeds  ellipsoid  or  ellipsoid-ovoid,  with  a  close  testa. 

Leaf-blades  spatulate  or  spatulate-obovate;  stipules  nearly  free  .        .    8.  D.  longifoUa. 
Leaf-blades  linear ;  stipules  adnate  to  the  petioles         .        .        .        .    4.   D.  linearis. 

Scapes  glandular  ;  seeds  ellipsoid,  with  a  close  testa 5.   D.  brevifolia. 

Leaves  filiform,  with  no  distinction  of  blade  and  petiole 6.  D.jiliformis. 

1.  D.  rotundifblia  L.  (ROUND-LEAVED  S.)  Leaves  suborbicular  or  trans- 
versely broad-elliptic,  abruptly  narrowed  into  the  spreading  hairy  petioles,' 
scape  1-3  dm.  high,  1-25-flowered  ;  flowers  white  (rarely  pinkish),  4-7  mm. 
broad,  the  parts  sometimes  in  sixes ;  seeds  very  slender,  chaff-like.  —  Common 


CRASSULACEAE    (ORPINE  FAMILY)  441 

in  peat-bogs  and  moist  sandy  ground,  Lab.  to  Alaska,  s.  to  Pa.,  the  Great  Lake 
region,  Minn.,  and  in  the  mts.  to  Ala.,  Mont.,  and  Cal.  June-Aug.  (Eurasia.) 
Var.  com6sa  Fernald.  Dwarf  ;  inflorescence  1-few-flowered,  usually  capi- 
tate; calyx  crimson  or  roseate;  petals  greenish  or  crimson,  sometimes  folia- 
ceous  ;  carpels,  and  sometimes  other  parts  of  the  flower,  modified  to  green 
gland-bearing  leaves.  — Marly  bogs,  Gaspe"  Co.,  Que.  ;  and  Herkimer  and  Oneida 
Cos.,  N.  Y.  (Haberer}. 

2.  D.  anglica  Huds.     Leaves  erect,  linear-  to  obovate-spatulate,  with  smooth  or 
sparsely  hairy  petioles,  the  blade  1.5-5  cm.  long,  3-7  mm.  broad  ;  scapes  0.6-3 
dm.  high,  1-8-flowered ;  corolla  white  ;  seeds  blackish,  loosely  faveolate.     (D. 
longifolia  L.,  in  part.) — Marly  bogs,  Nfd.  and  e.  Que.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to  Mich., 
Ida.,  and  n.  Cal.     June-Aug.     (Eurasia,  Sandwich  I.) 

3.  D.  longifblia  L.     Leaves  spaiulate,  tapering  into  the  long  rather  erect 
naked  petioles ;  scape  0.2-2  dm.  high,  1-20-flowered  ;  flowers  white  ;  seeds  red- 
dish brown,  with  a  close  papillose  coat.     (D.  intermedia  Hayne.)  —  Bogs  and 
sandy  shores,  Nfd.  to  Fla.  and  La.  ;  and  locally  inland  to  the  Great  L.  region. 
June-Aug.     (W.  L,  Eu.) 

4.  D.  linearis  Goldie.     Leaves  linear,  obtuse,  the  blade  1-6  cm.  long,  1.5-3 
rnm.  wide,  on  naked  erect  petioles  about  the  same  length  ;  scape  2-10  cm.  long, 
1-8-flowered  ;  flowers  white  or  pinkish  ;  seeds  black,  with  a  smoothish  close  coat. 
—  Marly  bogs  and  springy  places,  e.  Que.  to  Alberta,  locally  s.  to  n.  Me.,  Mich., 
Wise.,  and  Minn.    June,  July. 

5.  D.  brevifblia  Pursh.     Leaves  spreading,  very  delicate,  cuneate-obovate, 
0.5-1.5  cm.  long  (including  the  smooth  dilated  petioles) ;  stipules  nearly  obsolete  ; 
scape  filiform,  glandular,  1-10  cm.  high,  1-7 -flowered  ;  the  white  corolla  1-1.5 
cm.  broad.  —  Wet  banks  and  ditches,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     Apr.,  May. 

6.  D.  filif6rmis  Raf.     Leaves  very  long  (1-3  dm.}  and  filiform,  erect,  glan- 
dular throughout ;  flowers  numerous,  purplish  (0.7-1.5  cm.  broad)]  seeds  spindle- 
shaped.  —  Wet  sand,  near  the  coast,  Cape  Cod,  Mass.,  to  Del.    June-Sept. 

PODOSTEMACEAE    (RIVER  WEED  FAMILY) 

Aquatics,  growing  on  stones  in  running  water,  some  with  the  aspect  of  Sea- 
weeds, or  others  of  Mosses  or  Liverworts ;  the  minute  naked  flowers  bursting  from 
a  spathe-like  involucre  as  in  Liverworts,  producing  a  2-3-celled  many-seeded 
ribbed  capsule.  —  Represented  in  North  America  by 

1.    PODOSTEMUM    Michx.     RIVER  WEED 

Flowers  solitary,  nearly  sessile  in  a  tubular  sac-like  involucre,  destitute  of 
floral  envelopes.  Stamens  2,  borne  on  one  side  of  the  stalk  of  the  ovary,  with 
their  long  filaments  united  into  one  for  more  than  half  their  length,  and  2  short 
sterile  filaments,  one  on  each  side  ;  anthers  2-celled.  Stigmas  2,  awl-shaped. 
Capsule  pedicellate,  oval,  8-ribbed,  2-celled,  2-valved.  Seeds  minute,  very 
numerous,  on  a  thick  persistent  central  placenta,  destitute  of  albumen. — Leaves 
2-ranked.  (Name  from  Trotfs,  foot,  and  O-TT^WJ/,  stamen ;  the  two  stamens  being 
apparently  raised  on  a  stalk  by  the  side  of  the  ovary.) 

1.  P.  ceratophyllum  Michx.  Leaves  rigid  or  horny,  dilated  into  a  sheathing 
base,  above  mostly  forked  into  thread-like  or  linear  lobes.  —  On  rocks  in  streams, 
N.  B.  to  Ont.,  Minn.,  and  south w.,  local.  July-Sept. —A  small  olive-green 
plant,  of  firm  texture,  resembling  a  Seaweed,  tenaciously  attached  to  loose  stones 
by  fleshy  disks  or  processes  in  place  of  roots. 

CRASSULACEAE     (ORPINE  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  succulent  (except  in  1  genus),  with  perfectly  symmetrical  flowers ; 
viz.,  the  petals  and  pistils  equaling  the  sepals  or  calyx-lobes  in  number  (3-20), 
and  the  stamens  the  same  or  double  their  number,  —  technically  different  from 


142  CRASSULACEAE    (ORPINE   FAMILY) 

Saxifrageae  only  in  this  complete  symmetry,  and  in  the  carpels  (in  most  of  the 
genera)  being  quite  distinct  from  each  other.  Also,  instead  of  a  perigynous 
disk,  there  are  usually  little  scales  on  the  receptacle,  one  behind  each  carpel. 
Fruit  dry  and  dehiscent ;  the  pods  (follicles)  opening  down  the  ventral  suture, 
many  (rarely  fe\v)-seeded.  Stipules  none.  Flowers  usually  cymose,  small. 
Leaves  mostly  sessile,  in  Penthorum  not  at  all  fleshy. 

*  Not  succulent ;  carpels  united,  forming  a  5-celled  capsule. 

1.  Penthorum.    Calyx-lobes  5.     Petals  none.    Stamens  10.    Pod  5-beaked,  many-seeded. 

*  *  Leaves,  etc.,  thick  and  succulent ;  carpels  distinct. 

2.  Tillaea.    Calyx-lobes,  petals,  stamens,  and  pistils  3-4.     Seeds  few-many. 
8.  Sedum.    Calyx-lobes,  petals,  and  pistils  4-5.     Stamens  8-10.    Seeds  many. 

4.  Sempervivum.     Calyx-lobes,  petals,  and  pistils  6-co.    Stamens  mostly  twice  as  many. 

1.   PENTHORUM  [Gronov.]  L.     DITCH  STONECROP 

Calyx-lobes  5.  Petals  rare,  if  any.  Stamens  10.  Pistils  5,  united  below, 
forming  a  5-angled  5-horned  and  5-celled  capsule,  which  opens  by  the  falling 
off  of  the  beaks,  many-seeded.  —  Upright  weed-like  perennials  (not  fleshy  like 
the  rest  of  the  family),  with  scattered  leaves,  and  yellowish  green  flowers  loosely 
spiked  along  the  upper  side  of  the  naked  branches  of  the  cyme.  (Name  from 
Trtvre,  five,  and  Spos,  a  mark,  from  the  quinary  order  of  the  flower.) 

1.  P.  sedoides  L.  Leaves  lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends.  — Open  wet  places, 
N.  B.  to  Fla.,  w.  to  Minn.,  e.  Kan.,  and  Tex.  July-Oct.— Parts  of  the  flower 
rarely  in  sixes  or  sevens. 

2.    TILLAEA  [Mich.]  L. 

Calyx-lobes,  petals,  stamens,  and  pistils  3-4.  Pods  2-many-seeded.  —  Very 
small  tufted  annuals,  with  opposite  entire  leaves  and  axillary  flowers.  (Named 
in  honor  of  Michael  Angela  Tilli,  an  early  Italian  botanist.) 

1.  T.  aquatica  L.     Rooting  at  the  base  (1-8  cm.  high);  leaves  linear-oblong  ; 
flowers  solitary,  nearly  sessile;  calyx  half  the  length  of  the  (greenish  white) 
petals  and  the  narrow  8-10-seeded  pods,  the  latter  with  a  scale  at  the  base  of 
each.     (T.  simplex  Nutt.) — Brackish  muddy  shores,  near  the  coast,  local,  Que. 
to  Md.,  and  southw  ;  also  on  the  Pacific  coast.     July-Sept.     (Eu.,  n.  Afr.) 

2.  T.  Vailldntii  Willd.     Similar ;  peduncles  slender,  about  as  long  as  the 
leaves.  — P.  E.  I.    (Churchill);     Nantucket,    Mass.     (Mrs.    M.   P.    Robinson, 
Floyd).  —  Perhaps  not  specifically  distinct  from  the  last.     (Eu.,  n.  Afr.) 

3.    SEDUM  [Tourn.]  L.     STONECROP.     ORPINE 

Calyx-lobes  and  petals  4-5.  Stamens  8-10.  Follicles  many -seeded ;  a  little 
scale  at  the  base  of  each.  —  Chiefly  perennial  smooth  and  thick-leaved  herbs, 
with  cymose  or  one-sided  inflorescence.  Petals  almost  always  narrow  and  acute 
ar  pointed.  (Name  from  sedere,  to  sit,  alluding  to  the  manner  in  which  these 
plants  fix  themselves  upon  rocks  and  walls .) 

Flowers  perfect. 

Leaves  thick  (from  linear-cylindric  to  thick-ovate). 

Leaves  closely  imbricated,  thick-ovate ;  flowers  yellow    .        .        .  1.  S.  acre. 

Leaves  not  imbricated,  linear-cylindric. 
Flowers  yellow. 
Central  flower  of  cyme  5-merous  and  10-androus,  the  others  4-merous 

and  8-androus 2.   S.  Nuttalianum. 

All  the  flowers  5-merous  and  10-androus 7.   S.  reftexum. 

Flowers  white  to  purplish 8.   S.  pulchellu-.n. 

Leaves  flat  and  broad. 
Cauline  leaves  opposite  or  whorled. 

Leaves  entire,  chiefly  in  whorls  of  3;  flowers  white      ....      4.  S.ternatum. 
Leaves  crenate,  opposite ;  flowers  pink  or  purplish       .        .        .  6.  8.  stoloniferum 

Cauline  leaves  alternate  or  spirally  arranged- 


CKASSULACEAE    (.ORPINE   FAMILY)  443 

Low  slender  plant  with  basal  rosettes ;  cyme  loose,  of  3  scorpioid 

•  branches 5-  8.  Nevii. 

Coarse  upright  plants  without  rosettes ;  flowers  in  a  dense  corymb. 

Follicles  long-attenuate 8.  S.  telephioides. 

Follicles  abruptly  pointed 9.  &  purpureum. 

Flowers  dioecious,  mostly  4-merous  and  8-androus 10.  S.  roseum, 

1.  S.  ACRE  L.    (Mossr  S.)     Spreading  on  the  ground,  moss-like  ;  leaves  very 
small,  alternate,  imbricated  on  the  branches,  ovate,  very  thick  ;  petals  yellow.  — 
Escaped  from  cultivation  to  rocky  roadsides,  etc.,  e.  Que.  to  Ont.,  and  Va. 
June,  July.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  S.  Nuttallianum.  Raf.     Annual ;  stems  simple  or  branched  from  the  base. 
5-10  cm.  high ;  leaves  flat  or  teretish,  scattered,  oblong,  4-6  mm.  long ;  petals 
rather  longer  than  the  ovate  sepals ;  carpels  at  length  widely  divergent.     (& 
Torreyi  Don.)  —  Dry  ground,  Mo.  to  Ark.  and  Tex.     May. 

3.  S.  pulchSllum  Michx.     Stems  ascending  or  trailing,  1-3  dm.  high ;  leaves 
terete,   linear-filiform,  much  crowded ;  spikes  of  the    cyme    several,  densely 
flowered;  petals  rose-purple.  —  On  rocks,  Va.  to  Ga.,  w.  to  Ind.,  e.  Kan.,  and 
Tex. ;  also  cultivated.    May,  June. 

4.  S.  ternatum  Michx.    Stems  spreading,   7-15  cm.  high ;  leaves  flat,  the 
lower  whorled  in  threes,  wedge-obovate,  the  upper  scattered,  oblong;  cyme 
3-spiked,  leafy;  petals  white.  —Rocky  woods,  Ct.  to  Ga.,  w.  to  Mich.,  Ind.,  and 
Tenn.    May. 

5.  S.  Nlvii  Gray.     Stems  spreading,  simple   (7-13  cm.   high);  leaves  all 
alternate,  those  of  the  sterile  shoots  wedge-obovate  or  spatulate,  on  flowering 
stems  linear-spatulate  and  flattish ;  cyme  about  3-spiked,  densely  flowered; 
petals  white,  pointed.  —  Rocks,  mts.  of  Va.  to  Ala.  and  111.    May,  June. 

6.  S.  sxoLONfFERUM  Gmcl.    Low  perennial,  with  stoutish  decumbent  stems, 
the  flowering  branches  ascending,  1-2  dm.  high ;  leaves  opposite,  obovate,  cre- 
nate  above  the  cuneate  base  ;  cyme  rather  dense,  the  short  branches  numerous  ; 
flowers  about  1  cm.  broad ;  petals  pink  or  purplish.  —  Roadsides  and  fields, 
local,  N.  S.  and  Me.    June,  July.     (Introd.  from  Asia.) 

7.  S.  REFLEXUM  L.     Glabrous,  erect,   3  dm.  high;   leaves  crowded,  cylin- 
dric,  subulate-tipped,  spreading,  or  reflexed;  flowers  yellow,  pediceled. — Local, 
e.  Mass,  and  w.  N.  Y.,  rare.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

8.  S.  telephioides  Michx.     Stems  ascending,  1.5-3  dm.  high,  stout,  leafy 
to  the  top ;  leaves  oblong  or  oval,  entire  or  sparingly  toothed ;  cyme  small ; 
petals  flesh-color,  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed ;  follicles  tapering  into  a  slender 
style.  —  Sandstone  knobs  and  cliffs,  from  w.  N.  Y.  to  n.  Ga.  and  111.    Aug.,  Sept. 

9.  S.  puRFtjREUM  Tausch.     (GARDEN  O.,  LIVE-FOR-EVER.)     Stems  erect,  6 
dm.  high,  stout ;  leaves  oval,  obtuse,  toothed  ;  cymes  compound  ;  petals  purple, 
oblong-lanceolate  ;  follicles  abruptly  pointed  with  a  short  style.     (S.  Telephium 
Man.  ed.  6,  not  L. ;  8.  Fabaria  Koch.)  —  Rocks  and  banks,  escaped  from  culti- 
vation in  some  places.     Aug.,  Sept.     (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

10.  S.  r&seum  (L.)  Scop.      (ROSEROOT.)      Stems  erect,  1.2-2.5  dm.  high  ; 
leaves  oblong  or  oval,  small ;  flowers  in  a  close  cyme,  greenish  yellow,  or  the 
fertile  turning  purplish.     (S.  Ehodiola  DC. ;  Bhodiola  rosea  L.)  —  Greenl.  and 
Lab.,  along  the  coast  to  cliffs  of  e.  Me. ;  also  locally  at  Chittenango  Falls,  N.  Y. 
(House)  and  on  cliffs  of  Delaware  R.,  Pa.    May,  June.     (Eu.) 

4.    SEMPERViVUM  L.     HOUSELEEK 

Calyx-lobes,  petals,  and  many-seeded  carpels  6-many.  Stamens  usually 
twice  as  numerous.  —  Succulent  perennials  with  imbricated  leaves  and  cymose- 
paniculate  yellow  or  purple  flowers.  (Semper,  ever,  and  vivus,  alive,  from  the 
tenacious  vitality.) 

1.  S.  TECTORUM  L.  (HEN-AND-CHICKENS.)  Leaves  of  the  dense  basal  and 
lateral  rosettes  (on  short  thick  offsets)  ovate,  acute,  ciliate  but  otherwise  gla- 
brous ;  those  of  the  stem  more  oblong,  clammy-pubescent ;  flowers  rose-purple. 
—  Often  planted,  and  persisting  long  after  or  escaping  from  cultivation.  (Introd. 
from  Eu.) 


444  SAXIFRAGACEAE  (SAXIFRAGE   FAMILY) 

SAXIFRAGACEAE    (SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  of  various  aspect,  distinguishable  from  Rosaceae  by  having 
copious  albumen  in  the  seeds,  opposite  as  well  as  alternate  leaves,  and  usually 
no  stipules,  the  stamens  mostly  definite,  and  the  carpels  commonly  fewer  than 
the  sepals,  either  separate  or  partly  so,  or  all  combined  into  one  compound 
pistil.  Calyx  either  free  or  adherent,  usually  persistent  or  withering  away. 
Stamens  and  petals  almost  always  inserted  on  the  calyx.  Ovules  anatropous. 

Tribe  I.    SAXIFRAGEAE.     Herbs.     Leaves  alternate  (rarely  opposite  in  nos.  4,  7,  and  8).    Fruit 
dry,  capsular  or  follicular,  the  styles  or  tips  of  the  carpels  distinct. 

*  Ovary  2(rarely  3)-celled  with  axile  placentae,  or  of  as  many  nearly  distinct  carpels. 

1.  Astilbe.     Flowers  polygamous,   panicled.    Stamens  (8  or  10)  twice  as  many  as  the  small 

petals.     Seeds  few.     Leaves  decompound. 

2.  Sullivantia.     Flowers  perfect.    Stamens  5.     Calyx  nearly  free.     Seeds  wing-margined. 

3.  Boykinia.     Flowers  perfect.    Stamens  only  as  many  as  the  petals,  which  are  convolute  in 

the  bud  and  deciduous.    Calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  ovary.     Seed-coat  close. 

4.  Saxifraga.    Flowers  perfect.     Petals  5.     Stamens  10.     Seeds  numerous,  with  a  close  coat. 

*  *  Ovary  1 -celled,  with  2  parietal  placentae  alternate  with  the  stigmas. 

5.  Tiarella.    Calyx  nearly  free  from  the  slender  ovary.     Petals  entire.    Stamens  10.     Placentae 

nearly  basal. 

6.  Heuchera.     Calyx  bell-shaped,  adherent  to  the  ovary  below.     Petals  small,  entire.      Sta- 

mens 5. 

7.  Mitella.      Calyx  partly  adhering  to  the  depressed  ovary.      Petals  small,  pinnatifld.      Sta- 

mens 10. 

8.  Chrysosplenium.     Calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  ovary.     Petals  none.    Stamens  10. 

*  *  *  Ovary  1-celled,  with  3-4  parietal  placentae  opposite  the  sessile  stigmas;  glanduliferous  scales 
alternating  with  the  stamens. 

9.  Parnassia.     Sepals,  petals,  and  proper  stamens  5.     Peduncle  scape-like,  1-flowered. 

Tribe  II.      HYDRANGEAE.     Shrubs.      Leaves  opposite,  simple.     Ovary  2-5-celled;    the  calyx 
adherent  at  least  to  its  base.       Fruit  capsular. 

*  Stamens  20-40. 

10.  Philadelphia.     Calyx-lobes  conspicuous.     Petals  4-5,  convolute  in  the  bud.     Filaments 

linear.     Styles  3-5. 

11.  Decumaria.     Calyx-lobes  small.     Petals  7-10,  valvate  in  the  b'ud.     Filaments  subulate. 

Style  1. 

*  *  Stamens  8  or  10. 

12.  Hydrangea.     Calyx -lobes  minute  in  complete  flowers.    Petals  valvate  in  the  bud. 

Tribe  III.    ESCALLONiEAE.    Shrubs.     Leaves  alternate  and  simple.     Ovary  2-5-celled.     Fruit 
capsular. 

13.  Itea.    Calyx  5-cleft,  free  from  the  2-celled  ovary,  which  becomes  a  septicidal  capsule. 

Tribe  IV.    RIBESlEAE.     Shrubs.      Leaves  alternate  and  simple,  with  stipules  adnate  to  the 
petiole  or  wanting.     Fruit  a  berry. 

14.  Ribes.     Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  1-celled  ovary.     Placentae  2,  parietal,  many-seeded. 

1.    ASTILBE   Hamilton.     FALSE  GOAT'S  BEARD 

Flowers  dioeciously  polygamous.  Calyx  4-5-parted,  small.  Petals  4-5, 
spatulate,  withering-persistent.  Ovary  almost  free,  many-ovuled  ;  styles  2, 
short.  Capsule  2-celled,  separating  into  2  follicles.  Seed-coat  loose  and  thin, 
tapering  at  each  end.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  twice  or  thrice  ternately-com- 
pound  ample  leaves,  cut-lobed  and  toothed  leaflets,  and  small  white  or  yellowish 
flowers  in  spikes  or  racemes,  which  are  disposed  in  a  compound  panicle.  (Name 
composed  of  d-  privative  and  a-r/XjS?/,  sheen,  because  the  foliage  is  not  shining.) 


SAXIFRAGACEAE    (SAXIFRAGE   FAMILY)  445 

1.  A.  biternata  (Vent.)  Britton.  Somewhat  pubescent  (1-2  m.  high);  leaf- 
lets mostly  heart-shaped  ;  petals  minute  or  wanting  in  the  fertile  flowers ; 
stamens  10.  (A.  decandra  Don.) — Mt.  woods,  s.  e.  Ky.  (Kearney)  and  s.  w. 
Va.  to  N.  C.  and  Ga.  — Closely  imitating  Aruncus  Sylvester,  but  coarser. 

2.    SULLIVANTIA    T.  &  G. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  adhering  below  only  to  the  base  of  the  ovary,  6-cleft. 
Petals  5,  oblanceolate,  entire,  acutish,  withering-persistent.  Stamens  shorter 
than  the  petals.  Capsule  2-beaked,  many-seeded,  opening  between  the  beaks  ; 
seeds  imbricated  upward. — Low  and  reclined-spreading  perennial  herbs  with 
rounded  and  cut-toothed  or  slightly  lobed  smooth  leaves  on  slender  petioles, 
and  small  white  flowers  in  a  branched  loosely  cymose  panicle  raised  on  a  nearly 
leafless  slender  stem  (1.5-4  dm.  long).  Peduncles  and  calyx  glandular  ;  pedicels 
recurved  in  fruit.  (Dedicated  to  the  distinguished  bryologist  William  Starling 
Sullivant,  who  discovered  our  species.) 

1.  S.  Sullivantii  (T.  &  G.)  Britton.  (S.  ohionis  T.  &  G.)  —  Limestone  cliffs, 
O.  and  Ind.  to  la.  and  Minn.  June. 

3.   BOYKINIA  Nutt. 

Calyx-tube  top-shaped,  adherent  to  the  2-celled  and  2-beaked  capsule.  Sta- 
mens 5,  as  many  as  the  deciduous  petals,  these  mostly  convolute  in  the  bud. 
Otherwise  as  in  Saxifraga.  — Perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  palmately  5-7-lobed 
or  cut  petioled  leaves,  and  white  flowers  in  cymes.  (Dedicated  to  the  late  Dr. 
Boykin  of  Georgia.) 

1.  B.  aconitifblia  Nutt.  Stem  glandular  (2-6  dm.  high);  leaves  deeply 
5-7-lobed.  (  Therofon  Millspaugh.)  —  Rocky  banks,  W.  Va.  (ace.  to  Millspaugh) 
and  mts.  of  Va.  to  Ga.  and  Tenn.  July. 

4.    SAXIFRAGA   [Tourn.]   L.     SAXIFRAGE 

Calyx  either  free  from  or  adhering  to  the  base  of  the  ovary,  6-cleft  or 
parted.  Petals  entire,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  commonly  deciduous.  Styles  2. 
Capsule  2-beaked,  2-celled,  opening  down  or  between  the  beaks,  or  sometimes 
2  almost  separate  follicles.  —  Chiefly  perennial  herbs,  with  the  root-leaves  clus- 
tered, those  of  the  stem  mostly  alternate.  (Name  from  saxum,  a  rock,  and 
f ranger  e,  to  break  ;  many  species  rooting  in  the  clefts  of  rocks.) 

Acaulescent,  the  principal  leaves  in  a  basal  rosette ;  scapes  naked  below 
the  inflorescence. 

Flowers  mostly  replaced  by  leafy  tufts 1.  8.  stettaris,  v.  comosa. 

Flowers  all  perfect. 
Sepals  reflexed. 
Leaves  conspicuously  and  coarsely  dentate. 

Petals  unequal ;  follicles  strongly  ribbed 2.  S.  leucanthemifolia. 

Petals  uniform  ;  follicles  obscurely  or  not  at  all  ribbed. 
Leaves  abruptly  contracted  to  long  petioles      .        .        .  8.  S.  caroliniana. 

Leaves  gradually  narrowed  to  the  base 4.   S.  micrantliidifoHa,. 

Leaves  finely  or  shallowly  crenate-dentate. 

Leaves  membranaceous,  pilose  beneath 5.   S.  JForbesii. 

Leaves  leathery,  glabrate  beneath 6.  S.  pennaylvanica. 

Sepals  ascending. 

Petals  white,  exceeding  the  sepals 7.   S.  virglnlensis. 

Petals  green,  much  shorter  than  the  sepals,  or  wanting     (T)    S.  pirginiensis,  v.  chlorantha 
Caulescent    tufted   or  matted   plants,  branching  at  base,  the  flower- 
ing branches  mostly  leafy  below  the  inflorescence. 
Leaves  with  3-5  lobes  or  coarse  teeth. 

Leaves  (basal)  rounded,  on  slender  petioles 8.   S.  rivularis. 

Leaves  gradually  narrowed  to  the  base,  rigid,  with  3  sharp  teeth      .      9.   S.  trieuspidata. 
Leaves  entire  or  with  regularly  many-toothed  or  ciliate  margins. 
Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  entire  (sometimes  sparingly  ciliate),  alter- 
nate ;  flowers  yellow 10.  S.  aieoides. 

Leaves  toothed  or  "ciliate. 
Leaves  mostly  in  basal  rosettes  ;  scapes  upright,  bearing  numerous 

whitish  flowers 11.  S.   Aittoon. 

Leaves  crowded  and  opposite  along  the  matted  branches  ;  flowers 

solitary,  purple  ,        ,        .        ,        r        ,        ,        .        .     12.   S.  oppositfolia. 


446  SAXIFKAGACEAE    (SAXIFRAGE   FAMILY) 

1.  S.   stellaris   L.,   var.  combsa  Willd.     Leaves  small,  spatulate,  wedge- 
shaped,  more   or  less  toothed ;   scape    (7-16  cm.  high)  bearing  a  contracted 
panicle ;  most  of  the  flowers  changed  into  tufts  of  green  leaves  ;  petals  unequal, 
lanceolate,  with  a  claw.     (S.  comosa  Britton.) — Arctic  Am.,  locally  s.  to  Mt. 
Katahdin,  Me.,  and  mts.  of  Col.     July.     (Eurasia.) 

2.  8.  leucanthemifdlia  Michx.     Leaves  spatulate-oblong,  coarsely  toothed  or 
cut,  tapering  into  a  petiole ;  stems  (2-5  dm.  high)  bearing  one  or  more  leaves 
or  leafy  bracts  and  a  loose  spreading  corymbose  or  paniculate  cyme ;  petals 
white,   lanceolate,  the  3  larger  ones  with  a  heart-shaped  base  and  r  pair  of 
yellow  spots,  the  2  smaller  with  a  tapering  base  and  no  spots.     (S.  Micbauxii 
Britton.)  —  Wet  cliffs,  mts.  of  Va.  to  N.  C.  and  Ga. 

3.  S.  caroliniana  Gray.     Viscid  with  glandular  hairs  ;  leaves  oval  or  ellipses! 
(2-6  cm.  broad),  coarsely  toothed,  rather  abruptly  or  somewhat  cuneately  con- 
tracted to  long  hairy  petioles;  stem  3-4  dm.  high  ;  panicle  ample  ;  petals  ovate, 
obtuse,  white  with  two  purple  spots  ;  filaments  clavate  ;  follicles  united  only 
at  the  base,  widely  spreading   (/S.  Grayana  Britton.)  —  Wet  limestone  rocks, 
mts.  of  s.  w.  Va. 

4.  S.  micranthidifMia   (Haw.)   Britton.     (LETTUCE  S.)     Leaves  oblong  or 
oblanceolate,  obtuse,  sharply  toothed,  6-14  cm.  in  length,  tapering  into  a  mar- 
gined petiole  nearly  as  long;  scape  slender,  3-9  dm.  high;  panicle  elongated, 
loosely  flowered ;  pedicels  slender ;  calyx  reflexed,  entirely  free,  nearly  as  long 
as  the  oval  obtuse  (white)  petals  ;  filaments  club-shaped  ;  follicles  nearly  separate, 
diverging,  narrow,  pointed,  4-6  mm.  long.     (S.  erosa  Pursh.) — Cold  mt.  brooks 
and  wet  rocks,  Pa.  to  N.  C.  and  Tenn. 

5.  S.  Forbdsii  Vasey.     Stem  stout,  6-12  dm.  high  ;  leaves  denticulate,  oval 
to  elongated-oblong  (1-2  dm.  long) ;  sepals  oblong ;  petals  pure  white,  consid 
erably  exceeding  the  calyx-lobes  ;  filaments  filiform ;  follicles  short,  ovate.  — 
Shaded  cliffs,  near  Makanda,  s.  111.  (Forbes};  and  (?)  e.  Mo.   (Lettermann) , 
where  showing  some  transition  to  8.  pennsylvanica. 

6.  S.  pennsylvanica  L.    (SWAMPS.)    Large  (3-6  dm.  high);  leaves  oblanceo- 
late, thickish,  obscurely  toothed  (1-2  dm.  long),  narrowed  at  base  into  a  short 
and  broad  petiole  ;  cymes  in  a  large  oblong  panicle,  at  first  clustered  ;  lobes  of 
the  nearly  free  calyx  deltoid,  about  the  length  of  the  linear-lanceolate  (green- 
ish} small  petals;  filaments   awl-shaped;  follicles  at  length  divergent.  —  Low 
meadows,  N.  E.  to  Va.,  w.  to  Minn,  and  Mo.  —  A  form  with  crimson  petals  occurs 
in  Vt.  and  N.  H.  (Miss  E.  Eobinson,  Miss  Dearborn}. 

7.  S.  virgini6nsis  Michx.     (EARLY  S.)    Low  (1-3  dm.  high);  leaves  obovate 
or  oval-spatulate,   narrowed   into  a  broad  petiole,  crenate-toothed,  thickish  ; 
flowers  in  clustered  at  length  open  and  loosely  panicled  cymes;  follicles  united 
merely  at  the  base,  divergent,  purplish.  —  Exposed  rocks  and  dry  hillsides  ;  N.  B. 
and  Que.  to  Ga.,  and  w.  to  Minn.,  Mo.,  and  Tenn.;  common,  especially  northw. 
Apr.-June.    Var.  CHLORANTHA  Oakes  is  an  anomalous  plant  of  Essex  Co.,  Mass., 
with  tiny  green  pubescent  petals  or  these  modified  to  stamens. 

S.  S.  rivularis  L.  (ALPINE  BROOK  S.)  Small ;  stems  weak,  3-5-flowered  ; 
lower  leaves  rounded,  3-5-lobed,  slender-petioled,  upper  lanceolate  ;  petals  white, 
ovate. — Arctic  Am.,  locally  s.  to  Mt.  Washington,  N.  H.;  and  in  the  Rocky 
Mts.  to  Mont.  June,  July.  (Eu.) 

9.  S.  tricuspidata  Rottb.     Stems  tufted  (4-16  cm.  high),  naked  above  ; 
flowers  corymbose ;  leaves  oblong  or  spatulate,  with  3  rigid  sharp  teeth  at  the 
summit;  petals  obovate-oblong,  yellow.  —  Rocks,  Arctic  Am.,  s.  to  L.  Superior, 
L.  Winnipeg,  and  mts.  of  B.  C.     June- Aug.     (Eu.) 

10.  S.  aizoides  L.     (YELLOW  MOUNTAIN  S.)     Low,  matted  or  ascending; 
branches  0. 5-3  dm.  long,  with  few  or  several  corymbose  flowers  ;  leaves  numer- 
ous, fleshy,  distantly  spinulose-ciliate  ;  petals  yellow,  spotted  with  orange,  oblong. 
(S.  autumnalis  L.)  —  Wet  calcareous  rocks,  Arctic  Am.,  s.  to  Gulf  of  St.  Law- 
rence, mts.  of  n.  Vt.,  w.  N.  Y.,  n.  Mich.,  Alb.,  and  B.  C.     June- Aug.     (Eu.) 

11.  S.  Aizbon  Jacq.     Scape  1-5  dm.  high  ;  leaves  persistent,  thick,  spatulate, 
with  white  cartilaginous  toothed  margins;  calyx  partly  adherent  ;  petals  obo- 
vate, cream-color,  often  spotted.  —  Calcareous  rocks,  Greenl.  and  Lab.  to  Sask., 
locally  s.  to  N.  S.,  N.  B.,  mts.  of  n.  Vt.  and  L.  Superior.    June,  July.    (Eurasia.) 


SAXIFRAGACEAE    (SAXIFRAGE   FAMILY)  447 

12.  S.  oppositifolia  L.  (MOUNTAIN  S.)  Learns  (2-4  mm.  long)  fleshy,  ovate, 
keeled,  ciliate,  imbricated  on  the  sterile  branches;  petals  purple,  much  longei 
than  the  5-cleft  calyx.  —  Calcareous  rocks,  Arctic  Am.,  s.  to  Gulf  of  St.  Law. 
rence,  ints.  of  n.  Vt.,  Mont,  and  Ida.  May,  June,  rarely  Aug.  (Eurasia.) 

5.    TIARELLA  L.     FALSE  MITERWORT 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-parted.  Petals  5,  with  claws.  Stamens  long  and  slen- 
der. Styles  2.  Capsule  membranaceous,  2-valved  ;  the  valves  unequal.  Seeds 
few,  at  the  base  of  each  parietal  placenta,  globular,  smooth.  —  Perennials  ;  flow- 
ers white.  (Name  a  diminutive  from  ridpa,  a  tiara,  or  turban,  from  the  form 
of  the  pistil,  which  is  like  that  of  Mitella,  to  which  the  name  of  Miterwort 
properly  belongs.) 

1.  T.  cordifblia  L.  Leaves  from  the  rootstock  or  summer  runners,  heart- 
shaped,  sharply  lobed  and  toothed,  sparsely  hairy  above,  downy  beneath  ;  stem 
(1-4  dm.  high)  leafless  or  rarely  with  1  or  2  leaves ;  raceme  simple  ;  petals  ob- 
long, often  subserrate.  —  Rich  rocky  woods,  N.  S.  and  N.  B.  to  Minn.,  Ind.,  and 
south w.  in  the  mts.  Apr. -June. 

6.   HEUCHERA  L.     ALUM  ROOT 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  spatulate.  Styles  2,  slender.  Capsule  1-celled, 
with  2  parietal  many-seeded  placentae,  2-beaked,  opening  between  the  beaks. 
Seeds  oval,  with  a  rough  and  close  seed-coat.  —  Perennials,  with  the  round 
heart-shaped  leaves  principally  from  the  rootstock  ;  those  on  the  stems,  if  any, 
alternate.  Petioles  with  dilated  margins  or  adherent  stipules  at  their  base. 
Flowers  in  small  clusters  borne  in  a  narrow  panicle,  greenish  or  purplish. 
(Named  for  J.  H.  Heucher,  a  German  botanist  of  the  17th  and  18th  centuries.) 

Calyx  regular  or  essentially  so. 
Calyx  in  anthesis  1.5-2  mm.  long. 
Leaves  with  prominent  triangular  lobes. 
Lower  leaf-surfaces  glabrous  or  merely  villous  along  the  nerves  .        .    1.    H.  villosa. 

Lower  leaf-surfaces  villous 2.    H.  macrorhiza. 

Leaves  reniform,  with  obscure  rounded  lobes 8.    H.  pa/rviflora. 

Calyx  in  anthesis  3-6  mm.  long 4.    H.  americana. 

Calyx  oblique,  often  very  irregular. 
Stamens  about  equaling  or  slightly  exceeding  the  calyx-lobes. 

Petioles  hairy 5.    H.  hispida. 

Petioles  at  most  granular-  or  glandular-puberulent 6.    H.  pubescens. 

Stamens  about  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx-lobes 7.    H.  MrsuUcaulis. 

1.  H.  villbsa  Michx.    Rootstock  elongate,  0.5-1  cm.  in  diameter;  stems  slen- 
der (Ir3  mm.  in  diameter  at  base),  2-9  dm.  high,  more  or  less  villous  with  rusty 
hairs,  especially  below  ;  leaves  basal,  thin,  acutely  1-9-lobed,  on  slender  rusty- 
villous  petioles ;   bracts  of  the  loose  panicle  linear ;  calyx  and  pedicels  some- 
what glandular-hispid;  petals  spatulate-linear,  about  as  long  as  the  exserted 
stamens,  soon  twisted.     (H.  crinita  Rydb.)  —  Shallow  soil  on  rocks,  Md.  to 
111.,  s.  to  Ga.  and  Tenn.     June-Aug. 

2.  H.   macrorhiza  Small.     Similar;   rootstock  stout,  woody,  1.5-2  cm.  in 
diameter;  stems  stout  (4-8  mm.  in  diameter  at  base},  sometimes  leafy,  3-10  dm. 
high,  very  densely  villous  with  sordid  hairs  ;  basal  leaves  thick,  suborbicular, 
densely  pubescent  beneath,  sparingly  so  above,  on  stout  rusty- villous  petioles ; 
bracts  of  the  panicle  oblong.  — Limestone  cliffs  and  river-bluffs,  Ky.  and  Tenn. 

3.  H.  parviflbra  Bartl.      Stems  slender,  1.2-6  drn.  high,  glandular-hirsute 
(rarely  glabrate),  as  well  as  the  petioles,  etc.;  leaves  round-reniform,  with  7-9 
short  and  broad  rounded  lobes ;  flowers  very  small  (2  mm.  long}',  petals  linear- 
spatulate,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx-lobes  ;  fruit  narrow.    (H.  Rugelii  Shuttlw.) 
—  Shaded  cliffs,  Va.  to  s.  111.,  Mo.  and  Ga. 

4.  H.  americana  L.     (COMMON  A.)     Stems  (6-9  dm.  high),  etc.,  glandular 
and  more  or  less  hirsute  with  short  hairs;  leaves  roundish,  with  short  rounded 
lobes  and  crenate  teeth  ;    calyx  very  broad,  4  mm.  long,  the  spatulate  petals 
equaling  or  slightly  longer  than  its  lobes.     (H.  lancipetala  Rydb.)  —  Rocky 


448  SAXIFRAGACEAE    (SAXIFRAGE   FAMILY) 

woodlands,  Ct.  to  N.  C.,  w.  to  Minn.,  e.  Kan.,  and  Miss.  Var.  GLAUCA  (Raf.) 
Rosendahl.  Stems,  leaves,  etc.,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  often  glaucous.  (H. 
glauca  Raf.;  H.  Curtisii  T.  &  G.  ?)  —  N.  Y.  to  Tenn.  and  N.  C. 

5.  H.   hlspida  Pursh.      Stems  5-12  dm.  high,    hispid  or  hirsute  with  long 
spreading   hairs   (occasionally   almost   glabrous),   scarcely   glandular ;    panicle 
very  narrow  ;  calyx  6-8  mm.  long  ;  leaves  rounded,  slightly  5-9-lobed  ;  stamens 
soon  exserted,  longer  than  the  spatulate  petals.  —  Mts.  of  Va.  and  N.  C.  to  Minn., 
e.  Kan.,  and  northwestw.     May,  June. 

6.  H.  pubSscens  Pursh.      Stem  (3-9  dm.  high)   and  petioles  granular-pu- 
bescent or  glandular  above,  not  hairy,  below  often  glabrous  ;  leaves  round-reni- 
form,  with  shallow  rounded  lobes ;  calyx  6-8  mm.  long  ;  stamens  shorter  than 
or  slightly  exceeding  the  lobes  of  the  calyx  and  the  spatulate  petals.     (H.  roseola 
and  H.  longiflora  Rydb.) — Rich  woods,  in  the  mts.,  from  Pa.  to  Ky.,  and 
southw.     June,  July. 

7.  H.  hirsuticaiilis  (Wheelock)  Rydb.     Stems  (5-7  dm.  high)  and  petioles 
hirsute  with  long  whitish  hairs;  leaves  reniform   or  suborbicular,  with   7-11 
shallow  rounded  crenate-toothed  lobes,   white-hirsute   on   the  veins  beneath  ; 
inflorescence  hirsute  and  glandular  ;  calyx  about  5  mm.  long ;  petals  greenish 
or  purplish,  usually  shorter  than  the  oblong  calyx-lobes  ;  stamens  long-exserted. 
—  Bluffs  and  rocky  banks,  s.  Mich,  and  Ind.  to  Mo.     May. 

7.  MITELLA    [Tourn.]    L.     MITERWORT.     BISHOP'S  CAP 

Calyx  short,  adherent  to  the  base  of  the  ovary,  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  slender. 
Stamens  5  or  10,  included.  Styles  2,  very  short.  Capsule  short,  2-beaked, 
1-celled,  with  2  parietal  or  rather  basal  several-seeded  placentae,  2-valved  at  the 
summit.  Seeds  smooth  and  shining.  —  Low  and  slender  perennials,  with  round 
heart-shaped  alternate  slender-petioled  leaves  on  the  rootstock  or  runners,  and 
naked  or  2-few-leaved  flowering  stems.  Flowers  small,  in  a  simple  slender 
raceme  or  spike.  Fruit  soon  widely  dehiscent.  (Diminutive  of  mitra,  a  cap, 
alluding  to  the  form  of  the  young  pod.) 

1.  M.  diphylla  L.     Hairy;  leaves  heart-shaped,  acute,  somewhat  3-5-lobed, 
toothed,  those  on  the  many-flowered  stem  2,  opposite,  nearly  sessile,  with  inter- 
foliar  stipules  ;  flowers  white,  in  a  raceme  (1.5-2  dm.  long)  ;  stamens  10.  —  Rich 
woods,  Que.  and  N.  E.  to  N.  C.,  w.  to  Minn.,  la.,  and  Mo.     May. 

2.  M.  prostrata  Michx.     Similar,  but  with  the  elongate  flowering  stem  bear- 
ing prominently  angulate-lobed  alternate  leaves  quite  to  the  inflorescence.  — 
L.    Champlain    (Michaux)  ;    Gaylordsville,    Ct.   (C.   K.  Averill). —  Very  little 
known  and  possibly  an  aberrant  plant. 

3.  M.  nuda  L.     Small  and  slender ;  leaves  rounded  or  kidney-form,  deeply 
and  doubly  crenate  ;  stem  usually  leafless,  few-flowered,  very  slender  (1-1,5  dm. 
high) ;   flowers  greenish  ;   stamens  10.  —  Deep  moist,  woods,  in  inoss,  Lab.  to 
Mackenzie,  s.  to  Ct.,  Pa.,  Mich.,  Minn.,  and  Mont.     May-July. 

8.  CHRYSOSPLENIUM    [Tourn.]   L.     GOLDEN  SAXIFRAGE 

Calyx-lobes  4-5,  blunt,  yellow  within.  Stamens  8-10,  very  short,  inserted  on 
a  conspicuous  disk.  Styles  2.  Capsule  inversely  heart-shaped  or  2-lobed,  flat- 
tened, very  short,  1-celled,  with  2  parietal  placentae,  2-valved  at  the  top,  many- 
seeded.  —  Low  and  small  smooth  herbs,  with  tender  succulent  leaves,  and  small 
solitary  or  leafy-cymed  flowers.  (Name  compounded  of  xpu<r6s,  gold,  and  air\-f)v, 
the  spleen;  probably  from  some  reputed  medicinal  qualities.) 

1.  C.  americanum  Schwein.     Stems  slender,  decumbent  and  forking;  leaves 
principally  opposite,  roundish  or  somewhat  heart-shaped,    obscurely  crenate- 
lobed  ;  flowers  distant,  inconspicuous,  nearly  sessile,  greenish,  tinged  with  yel- 
low or  purple.  — Cold  wet  places,  e.  Que.  to  n.  Ga.,  w.  to  Minn,  and  la. 

2.  C.    tetrandrum  Fries.     Stems  erect;   leaves  alternate,  reniform-cordate, 
doubly  crenate  or  somewhat  lobed  ;  flowers  corymbose;  stamens  4  (rarely  5-8). 
(C.  alternifolium  Man.  ed.  6,  not  L.  ;  C.  iowense  Rydb.)  — In  wet  moss,  Deco- 
rah,  la.  (Holway),  to  the  Rocky  Mts.,  and  northw.     (Eurasia.) 


SAXIFRAGACEAE   (SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY)  449 

9.    PARNASSIA    [Tourn.]    L.     GRASS  OF  PARNASSUS 

Sepals  5,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  slightly  united  at  the  base,  persistent.  Petals 
5,  spreading,  imbricated  in  the  bud  ;  a  more  or  less  cleft  gland-bearing  scale 
at  the  base  of  each.  Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  petals,  persistent.  Ovary 
1-celled,  with  4  projecting  parietal  placentae ;  stigmas  4,  sessile.  Capsule 
4-valved,  the  valves  bearing  the  placentae  on  their  middle.  Seeds  very  numer- 
ous, anatropous.  Embryo  straight;  cotyledons  very  short. — Perennial  smooth 
herbs,  with  entire  leaves,  and  solitary  flowers  on  long  scape-like  stems,  which 
often  bear  a  single  sessile  leaf.  Petals  white,  with  greenish  or  yellowish  veins. 
(Named  from  Mount  Parnassus.) 

Calyx-lobes  elongate,  herbaceous  throughout,  ascending  in  fruit;  scales  dilated 

below,  5-oo  -cleft  about  to  the  middle. 
Leaves  gradually  tapering  at  base  ;  petals  elliptic-oblong        .        .        .        .    1.  P.  parmflora. 

Leaves  cordate ;  petals  ovate 2.  P.  palustris. 

Calyx-lobes  short-oblong,  firm,  with  scarious  margins,  reflexed  in  fruit ;  scales 

3-cleft  to  the  base. 
Petals  sessile. 

Scales  shorter  than  or  barely  equaling  the  stamens 8.  P.  caroliniana. 

Scales  much  exceeding  the  stamens 4.   P.  grandifolia. 

Petals  abruptly  contracted  into  a  claw 5.   P.  asarifolia. 

1.  P.  parvifl6ra  DC.     Scapes  0.5-3  dm.  high,  slightly  angled  ;  leaves  ovate 
or  oblong,  slender-petioled  ;  petals  5-8  mm.  long,  slightly  exceeding  the  calyx- 
lobes  ;  scales  mostly  5-7-cleft ;  capsule  with  thin  firm  walls.  —  Meadows,  wet 
rocks,  etc.,  Nfd.  to  Alaska/ s.  to  Cape  Breton  I.,  Mich.,  Wise.,  S.  Dak.,  and 
Utah.     July,  Aug. 

2.  P.  palustris  L.    Scapes  subterete,  0.5-4  dm.  high ;  leaves  firm,  cordate- 
ovate,  slender-petioled  ;  petals  10-13  mm.  long,  much  exceeding  the  calyx-lobes  ; 
scales  mostly  9-lo-cleft. — Lab.  to  Alaska,  locally  s.  to  e.  Que.,  Mich.,  Minn., 
N.  Dak.,  and  Wyo.     July,  Aug.     (Eurasia.) 

3.  P.  caroliniana  Michx.    Scapes  1.5-6  dm.  high  ;  leaves  coriaceous,  ovate 
to  orbicular,  often  subcordate  ;  petals  ovate-oblong,   10-18  mm.    long,   many- 
veined,  twice  or  thrice  exceeding  the  scales.  —  Swamps  or  wet  mostly  calcareous 
rocks,  somewhat  local.     Aug.,  Sept. 

4.  P.  grandifblia  DC.     Similar  but  stouter,  with  larger  leaves  and  flowers ; 
gland-tipped  cilia  filiform,  much  exceeding  the  stamens  and  nearly  equaling  the 
petals.  — Mts.,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Mo.  (according  to  Wheelock).     Aug.,  Sept. 

6.  P.  asarif61ia  Vent.  Scapes  angled,  2-5  dm.  high  ;  leaves  coriaceous, 
reniform,  the  basal  slender-petioled  ;  petals  oblong-elliptic,  10-18  mm.  long, 
many-veined  ;  scales  mostly  shorter  than  the  stamens.  — Bogs,  wet  rocks,  etc., 
mts.  from  Va.  south w.  Aug. -Oct. 

10.   PHILADELPHUS  L.     MOCK  ORANGE  OR  SYRINGA 

Calyx-tube  top-shaped  ;  the  limb  4-5-parted,  spreading,  persistent,  valvate  in 
the  bud.  Petals  rounded  or  obovate,  large.  Styles  united  below  or  nearly  to 
the  top ;  stigmas  oblong  or  linear.  Capsule  3-5-celled,  splitting  at  length  into 
as  many  pieces.  Seeds  very  numerous,  with  a  loose  membranaceous  coat  pro- 
longed at  both  ends.  —  Shrubs,  with  opposite  often  toothed  leaves,  no  stipules, 
and  solitary  or  cymose-clustered  showy  white  flowers.  (An  ancient  name, 
applied  by  Linnaeus  to  this  genus  for  no  obvious  reason.) 

1.  P.  inodbrus  L.     Glabrous;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  pointed,  entire 
or  with  some  spreading  teeth  ;  flowers  single  or  few  at  the  ends  of  the  diverging 
branches,   pure  white,  scentless ;   calyx-lobes  acute,  scarcely   longer  than  the 
tube.  — Mts.  of  Va.  to  Ga.  and  Ala.  ;  sometimes  established  north  w. 

2.  P.  grandiflbrus  Willd.    A  tall  shrub,  like  the  last,  but  somewhat  pubescent, 
with  long  and  recurved  branches,  larger  flowers,  and  the  calyx-lobes  long  and 
taper-pointed.  —  Along  streams,  Va.  to  Fla.  — Often  cultivated. 

P.  CORONARIUS  L.,  the  common  MOCK  ORANGE  or  SYRINGA  of  cultivation, 
from  s.  Eu.,  with  racemose  cream-colored  odorous  flowers,  sometimes  escapes. 

GRAY'S  MANUAL  —  29 


450  SAXIFEAGACEAE    (SAXLFKAGE   FAMILY) 

11.    DECUMARIA  L. 

Flowers  all  fertile.  Calyx-tube  turbinate,  7-10-toothed.  Petals  oblong. 
Stamens  20-30.  Styles  united  into  one,  persistent.  Stigma,  thick,  7-10-rayed. 
Capsule  10-15-ribbed,  7-10-celled,  many-seeded,  bursting  at 'the  sides,  the  thin 
partitions  at  length  separating  into  numerous  chaffy  scales.  —  Smooth  climbing 
shrub,  with  ovate  or  oblong  entire  or  serrate  leaves,  no  stipules,  and  numerous 
fragrant  white  flowers  in  compound  terminal  cymes.  (Name  said  to  be  derived 
from  decumanus,  of  the  tenth  part,  referring  to  the  often  10-merous  flowers.) 

1.  D.  barbara  L.  Leaves  shining,  sometimes  pubescent ;  capsule  with  the 
persistent  style  and  stigma  urn-shaped,  pendulous.  — Banks  of  streams,  Dismal 
Swamp,  Va.,  to  Fla.  and  La. 

12.   HYDRANGEA   [Gronov.]   L. 

Calyx-tube  hemispherical,  8-10-ribbed,  adherent  to  the  ovary  ;  the  limb  4-5- 
toothed.  Petals  ovate,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  8-10,  slender.  Cap- 
sule 15-ribbed,  2-celled  below,  many-seeded,  opening  by  a  hole  between  the 
2-4  diverging  styles.  —  Shrubs,  with  opposite  petioled  exstipulate  leaves.  The 
marginal  flowers  of  the  compound  cymes  usually  sterile  and  radiant,  consisting 
merely  of  a  showy  membranaceous  and  colored  flat  and  dilated  calyx.  (Name 
from  v5up,  water,  and  dyye'iov,  a  vessel,  from  the  shape  of  the  capsule. )  " 

1.  H.  arborSscens  L.     (WILD  H.)     Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  3-25  dm.  high  ; 
leaves  ovate,  rarely  heart-shaped,  pointed,  serrate,  usually  somewhat  paler  green 
beneath  ;  cymes  flat ;  flowers  often  all  fertile,  rarely  all  radiant.  —  Rocky  banks, 
s.  N.  Y.  to  Fla.,  w.  to  la.  and  Mo. 

2.  H.  cinerea  Small.     Branches  cinereous-puberulent ;  leaves  densely  tomen- 
tose,  much  paler  beneath.     (H.  radiata  Man.  ed.  6,  not  Walt. )  —  S.  C.  and  Ga. 
to  Tenn.  and  Mo. 

13.   fTEA   [Gronov.]   L. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  free  from  the  ovary  or  nearly  so.  Petals  5,  lanceolate,  much 
longer  than  the  calyx,  and  longer  than  the  5  stamens.  Capsule  oblong,  2- 
grooved,  2-celled,  tipped  with  the  2  united  styles,  2-parted  (septicidal)  when 
mature,  several-seeded.  —  Shrubs,  with  simple  alternate  petioled  exstipulate 
leaves,  and  small  white  racemose  flowers  in  simple  racemes.  (Greek  name  of 
the  Willow.) 

1.  I.  virginica  L.  Leaves  deciduous,  oblong,  pointed,  minutely  ;errate.  — 
Swamps,  chiefly  on  the  coastal  plain,  N.  J.  and  Pa.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. ;  inland  in 
Miss,  basin  to  111.  and  Mo.  May,  June. 

14.    RIBES   L.     CURRANT.     GOOSEBERRY 

Calyx  5-lobed,  often  colored  ;  the  tube  adherent  to  the  ovary.  Petals  5, 
inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  calyx,  small.  Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  petals. 
Ovary  1-celled,  with  two  parietal  placentae  and  2  distinct  or  united  styles. 
Berry  crowned  with  the  shriveled  remains  of  the  calyx. — Low  sometimes 
prickly  shrubs,  with  alternate  palmately  lobed  leaves,  which  are  plaited  in  the 
bud  (except  in  one  species),  often  fascicled  on  the  branches  ;  the  small  flowers 
from  the  same  clusters,  or  from  separate  lateral  buds.  (Ribes,  the  Arabic 
name.) 

*  Peduncles  l-4(rarely  5)-flowered,  stems  mostly  bearing1  spines  at  the  base  of  the  leafstalks  or 
clusters  of  leaves,  and  often  with  scattered  bristly  prickles.  (Our  species  are  indiscriminately 
called  WILD  GOOSEBERRY.) 

Calyx-lobes  decidedly  shorter  than  the  tube ;  berries  apt  to  be  prickly. 
Calyx-tube  campanulate. 

Leaves  densely  soft-pubescent 1.   R.  Oynosbati. 

Leaves  only  sparingly  pilose  .        .        .        .        .        .     (1)  R.  Cynosbati,  v.   qlabratum. 

Calyx-tube  narrowly  cylindric    .......  2.   R.  huronense. 


SAXIFRAGACEAE    (SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY)  451 

Calyx-lobes  as  long  as  or  exceeding  the  tube. 
Stamens  at  length  equaling  or  exceeding  the  calyx-lobes ;  berry  smooth. 

Calyx  9-12  mm.  long 8.   R.  graoile. 

Calyx  5-7  mm.  long. 
Petioles  usually  bearing  only  simple  elongate  glands  ;  bracts  of  the 

raceme  mostly  rounded  at  tip 4.    R.  rottmdifolium. 

Petioles  bearing  mostly  compound  elongate  trichomes ;  bracts  of 

the  raceme  mostly  pointed. 
Principal  leaves  cuneate  to  truncate  at  base. 

Mature  leaves  glabrate  or  slightly  pilose  beneath        .        .  5.   R.  oxyacanthoidex. 

Mature  leaves  densely  soft-pubescent          .        .       (5)  R.  osoj/acanthoides,  v.  calcicola. 
Principal  leaves  subcordate  at  base          .        .        .        (5)  R.  oxyacanthoides,  v.  naxosum 
Stamens  distinctly  shorter  than  the  calyx-lobes ;  berry  hairy  or  glandular      6.   R.  Grossularia. 

*  *  Flowers  several  in  elongate  racemes.     (CURKANTS.) 
Calyx  campanulate  to  saucer-shaped. 

Leaves  sprinkled,  at  least  beneath,  with  resinous  atoms ;  calyx  cam- 
panulate ;  fruit  black. 
Calyx-tube  equaling  the  lobes. 

Bracts  shorter  than  the  pedicels 8.   R.  nigrum. 

Bracts  longer  than  the  pedicels 7.   R.floridum. 

Calyx  open-campanulate,  the  lobes  much  exceeding  the  short  tube    .      9.   R.  kudsonianwn. 
Leaves  with  no  resinous  atoms  (except  occasional  glands  on  the  pedi- 
cels) ;  calyx  flatfish. 

Stems  densely  covered  with  prickles  ;  fruit  black        .        .        .        .     10.   R.  lacustre. 
Stems  without  prickles  ;  fruit  red. 

Ovary  and  berries  glandular-bristly 11.   R.  prostratum. 

Ovary  and  berries  smooth. 

Upright  shrub  ;  middle  lobe  of  leaf  ovate  ;  pedicels  without  capi- 
tate glands  ;  calyx  yellowish 12.   R.  vulgare. 

Decumbent  shrub ;    middle  lobe  of  leaf  deltoid ;  pedicels  with 

capitate  glands ;  calyx  purplish 18.  R.  triste. 

Calyx  salver-form,  with  elongate  tube 14.  R.  aureum 

1.  R.  Cyn6sbati  L.     (PRICKLY  G.,  DOGBERRY.)    Infra-axillary  spines  slender, 
0.5-1  cm.  long;  leaves  round-ovate,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base,  soft-pubes- 
cent ;  racemes  loose,  2.5-6  cm.  long  ;  stamens  and  undivided  style  not  longer  than 
the  broadly  bell-shaped  calyx;  berries  large,  armed  with  long  prickles  or  rarely 
smooth.  —  Rocky  woods,  w.   Me.  to  the   mts.  of  N.  C.,  w.  to  Man.  and   Mo. 
Var.  GLABRA.TUM   Fernald.     Leaves  glabrate   or   only   sparingly  pilose  on  the 
nerves  beneath.  — O.  to  N.  C. 

2.  R,  huron6nse  Rydb.     Said  to  resemble  E.  Cynosbati,  but  with  shorter 
racemes,  calyx-tube  slender,  and  styles  united  only  below  the  middle. — L.  Huron. 

3.  R.  gracile  Michx.     (MISSOURI  G.)     Spines  often  long  (7-17  mm.),  stout 
and  red  ;  peduncles  long  and  slender  ;  flowers  white  or  whitish  ;  filaments  capil- 
lary, 1-1.5  cm.  long,  generally  connivent  or  closely  parallel,  soon  conspicuously 
longer  than  the  oblong-linear  calyx-lobes.     (_R.  missouriense  Nutt. ) —  Ct.  to  S. 
Dak.  and  south  w. 

4.  R.  rotundifblium  Michx.     Spines  short  (2-5  mm.  long);  leaves  rather  firm, 
sparingly  pilose  beneath,   mostly  rounded  at  base;  peduncles  short;  flowers 
greenish  or  the  lobes  dull  purplish  ;  filaments  slender,  4-7  mm.  long,  more  or 
less  exceeding  the  narrowly  oblong-spatulate  calyx-lobes.  —  Rocky  banks,  w. 
Mass,  and  N.  Y.,  s.  in  the  Alleghenies  to  N.  C. 

5.  R.  oxyacanthoides  L.   (SMOOTH  G.)     Spines  3-8  mm.  long;   leaves  thin 
but  leathery,  glabrescent,  the  petioles  often  with  some  naked  glands  among  the 
compound  trichomes ;  peduncles  very  short ;  flowers  greenish  yellow  to  dull  pur- 
plish ;  stamens  usually  equaling  the  rather  broadly  oblong  mostly  glabrous  calyx- 
lobes. —  Nfd.  to  Pa.,  w.  to  N.  Dak.  and  Man.  —  The   common   smooth-f raited 
gooseberry  of  the  North,  the  whitish  prickles  and  spines  often  numerous.     Var. 
CALcfcoLA  Fernald.     Leaves  densely  soft-pubescent;  calyx  pubescent. — Marly 
swamps  and  limestone  rocks,  e.  Que.  and  n.  Mich.     Var.  8Ax6suM  (Hook.) 
Coville.     Calyx  and  subcordate  leaves  essentially  glabrous.  —  Nfd.,  e.  Que.,  Cape 
Breton  I.,  L.  Superior,  Rocky  Mts. 

(>.  R  GROSSULA.RIA  L.  (EUROPEAN  G.)  Spines  stout,  1-1.5  cm.  long; 
peduncles  very  short,  \(rarely  ^-flowered;  valyx  hirsute,  its  lobes  oblong. 
(R.  Uva-crispa  L.)  —  Escaped  from  cultivation  and  locally  established  in  Que., 
N.  E.,  and  the  Middle  States.  (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

7.   R.    fl6ridum  L'He'r.    (WILD  BLACK   C.)      Leaves  slightly  heart-shaped^ 


452  HAMAMELIDACEAE    (WITCH-HAZEL    FAMILY) 

sharply  3-5-lobed,  doubly  serrate;  racemes  drooping,  downy,  the  elongate  bracts 
persistent ;  flowers  large,  yellow  and  whitish ;  calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  smooth, 
8-10  mm.  long.  —  Alluvial  thickets  and  rich  banks,  N.  B.  to  Assina.,  and  southw. 

8.  R.  NIGRUM  L.     (BLACK  C.  of  gardens.)     Similar,  but  the  pubescent  calyx 
5-6  mm.  long,  the  tube  broadly  campanulate,  greenish  purple  and  dull  whitish.  — 
Cultivated,  and  occasionally  escaping  to  thickets,  etc.     (Jntrod.  from.  Eu.) 

9.  R.  hudsonianutn  Richards.     Similar,  but  the  short  racemes  upright  or 
spreading,  the  short  bracts  caducous;  the  white  calyx  4-5  mm.  long,  the  tube 
much  shorter  than  the  spreadiny-ascending  lobes.  —  Swamps,  Hudson  Bay  to 
Minn.,  westw.  and  north westw. 

10.  R.  lacustre  (Pers.)  Poir.     (SWAMP  BLACK  0.)     Young  stems  clothed  with 
bristly  prickles  and  with  weak  thorns;  leaves  heart-shaped,  3-5-parted,  with  the 
lobes  deeply  cut ;  racemes  loosely  spreading  or  drooping,  the  rhachis,  pedicels, 
and  ovary  glandular-bristly ;  calyx  broad   and   flat ;   stamens  and  style  not 
longer  than  the  petals ;  fruit  bristly,  purplish  black.  — Cold  woods  and  swamps, 
Nfd.  to  B.  C.,  s.  ton.  N.  E.,  Mich.,  Minn.,  Col.,  andn.  Cal.,  and  in  the  tuts,  to  Pa. 

11.  R.   prostratum    L'HSr.     (SKUNK   C.)      Stems  reclined;   leaves  deeply 
heart-shaped,  5-7-lobed,  smooth,  the  lobes  ovate,  acute,  doubly  serrate  ;  racemes 
erect,  slender;  calyx  flattish  ;  pedicels  and  red  fruit  glandular-bristly. — Damp 
woods  and  rocks,  Lab.  to  Athabasca,  s.  to  n.  N.  E.,  Mich.,  Minn.,  and  along 
the  mts.  to  N.  C. 

12.  R.  VULGARE  Lam.  (RED  C.  of  gardens.)     Suberect;  leaves  mostly  cordate, 
slightly  pubescent  beneath  or  glabrate,  the  mature  blades  3.5-6.5  cm.  wide,  broad- 
ened upward,  3-5-lobed,  the  lobes  mostly  short-ovate ;  racemes  borne  chiefly 
among  the  leafy  shoots,  spreading  in  anthesis,  drooping  in  fruit,  3-5  (becoming 
7)  cm.  long,  the  rhachis  glabrous  though  often  glandular ;  pedicels  mostly  gland- 
less  ;  calyx  yellow-green,  its  segments  oval  and  abruptly  narrowed  below  the 
middle  ;  petals  narrowly  cuneate ;  disks  between  the  stamens  and  the  slightly 
cleft  style  a  high  narrow  ring  with  round-scalloped  margin  ;  fruit  plump  and 
juicy.     (J?.  rubrum  Man.  ed.  6,  not  L.)  —  Commonly  cultivated,  and  frequently 
escaping  to  fence-rows,  thickets,  and  open  woods.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

13.  R.  triste  Pall.   (SWAMP  RED  C.)     Straggling  or  reclining,  the  branches 
often  rooting  freely ;  leaves  somewhat  heart-shaped,  the  mature  blades  5-10  cm. 
broad,  the  sides  nearly  parallel,  the  lobes  mostly  broad- deltoid,  permanently 
white-tomentose  beneath ;  racemes  borne  on  the  old  wood  chiefly  below  the  leafy 
tufts,  drooping,  3.5-9  cm.  long;  pedicels  mostly  glandular  ;  calyx  smoke-color 
to  purplish,  the  segments  broadly  cuneate  to  subrhombic,  as  broad  as  or  broader 
than  long ;  petals  broadly  cuneate  ;   disk  a  low  broad  pentagon  ;  style  deeply 
cleft ;  fruit  mostly  small  and  hard.     ( E.  rubrum,  var.  subglandulosum  Maxim.)  — 
Cold  woods,  swamps,  and  subalpine  regions,  Nfd.  to  Alaska,  s.  to  Me.  and  Vt. 
(Asia.)     Var.  ALBINERVIUM    (Michx.)     Fernald.     Leaves  glabrous  or  glabrate 
beneath.  —  More  common,  extending  s.  to  N.  S.,  N.  H.,  Vt.,  Mich.,  Wise.,  etc. 

14.  R.  aureum  Pursh.     (MISSOURI  or  BUFFALO  C.)     Tall  spineless  shrub  ; 
leaves  3-5-lobed,  rarely  at  all  cordate,  convolute  in  bud  ;  racemes  short ;  flowers 
golden-yellow,  spicy-fragrant ;  tube  of  salver-form  calyx  3-4  times  longer  than 
the  oval  lobes  ;  stamens  short ;    berries  yellow  or  black.  —  Banks  of  streams, 
Minn,  to  Mo.,  Ark.,  and  westw. ;  also  common  in  cultivation. 


HAMAMELIDACEAE    (WITCH-HAZEL  FAMILY) 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate  simple  leaves  and  deciduous  stipules ;  flowers 
in  heads  or  spikes,  often  polygamous  or  monoecious;  the  calyx  adhering  to 
the  base  of  the  ovary,  which  consists  of  2  pistils  united  below,  and  forms  a 
2-beaked  2-celled  woody  capsule,  opening  at  the  summit,  with  a  single  bony  seed 
in  each  cell,  or  several,  only  one  or  two  of  them  ripening.  —  Petals  inserted  on 
the  calyx,  narrow,  valvate  or  involute  in  the  bud,  or  often  none  at  all.  Stamens 
twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  and  half  of  them  sterile  and  changed  into  scales,  or 


HAMAMELIDACEAE    (WTTCtt-HAZEL   FAMILY)  453 

numerous.    Seeds  anatropous.     Embryo  large  and  straight,  in  scanty  albumen  ; 
cotyledons  broad  and  flat. 

*  Flowers  with  a  manifest  calyx,  or  calyx  and  corolla,  and  a  single  ovule  suspended  from  the 

summit  of  each  cell. 

1.  Hamamelis.     Petals  4,  strap-shaped.     Stamens  and  scales  each  4,  short. 

2.  Fothergilla.     Petals  none.    Stamens  about  24,  long ;  filaments  thickened  upward. 

*  *  Flowers  naked,  with  mere  rudiments  of  a  calyx  and  no  corolla,  crowded  into  catkin-like  heads ; 

ovules  several  or  many  in  each  cell. 

3.  Liquidambar.     Monoecious  or  polygamous.    Stamens  very  numerous.     Capsules  consolidated 

by  their  bases  into  a  dense  head. 

1.   HAMAMELIS   L.     WITCH-HAZEL 

Flowers  in  little  axillary  clusters  or  heads,  usually  surrounded  by  a  scale-like 
3-leaved  involucre.  Calyx  4-parted,  and  with  2  or  3  bractlets  at  its  base.  Petals 

4.  strap-shaped,  long  and   narrow,  spirally  involute  in   the  bud.     Stamens  8, 
very  short;  the  4  alternate  with  the  petals  anther-bearing,  the  others  imperfect 
and  scale-like.     Styles  2,  short.     Capsule  opening  loculicidally  from  the  top  ; 
the  outer  coat  separating  from  the  inner,  which  incloses  the  single  large  and 
bony  seed  in  each  cell,  but  soon  bursts  elastically  into  two  pieces.  —  Tall  shrubs 
or  small  trees,  with  straight-veined  leaves,  and  yellow  perfect  or  polygamous 
flowers.     (Ancient  Greek  name  applied  to  the  Medlar,  or  some  similar  tree.) 

1.  H.  virginiana  L.  Leaves  obovate  or  oval,  wavy-toothed,  somewhat 
downy  when  young  ;  blossoming  late  in  autumn,  when  the  leaves  are  falling, 
and  maturing  its  seeds  the  next  summer.  — Damp  woods,  N.  S.  to  Fla.,  w.  to  e. 
Minn,  and  "Tex." 

2.   FOTHERGiLLA  Murr. 

Flowers  in  a  terminal  catkin-like  spike,  mostly  perfect.  Calyx  bell-shaped, 
the  summit  truncate,  slightly  5-7-toothed.  Petals  none.  Stamens  about  24, 
borne  on  the  margin  of  the  calyx  in  one  row,  all  alike  ;  filaments  very  long, 
thickened  at  the  top  (white).  Styles  2,  slender.  Capsule  adhering  to  the 
base  of  the  calyx,  2-lobed,  2-celled,  with  a  single  bony  seed  in  each  cell.  —  A 
low  shrub  ;  the  oval  or  obovate  leaves  smooth,  or  hoary  underneath,  toothed  at 
the  summit;  the  flowers  appearing  rather  before  the  leaves,  each  partly  covered 
by  a  scale-like  bract.  (Dedicated  to  the  distinguished  Dr.  John  Fothergill.) 

1.  F.  Gardeni  Murr.  (F.  Carolina  Britton.)  —  Low  grounds,  Va.  to  Ga. 
Apr.,  May. 

3.    LIQUIDAMBAR  L.     SWEET  GUM  TREE 

Flowers  usually  monoecious,  in  globular  heads  or  catkins  ;  the  sterile  arranged 
in  a  conical  cluster,  naked  ;  stamens  very  numerous,  intermixed  with  minute 
scales;  filaments  short.  Fertile  flowers  consisting  of  many  2-celled  2-beaked 
ovaries,  subtended  by  minute  scales  in  place  of  a  calyx,  all  more  or  less  cohering 
together  and  hardening  in  fruit,  forming  a  spherical  catkin  or  head ;  the  cap- 
sules opening  between  the  2  awl-shaped  beaks.  Styles  2,  stigmatic  down  the 
inner  side.  Ovules  many,  but  only  one  or  two  perfecting.  Seeds  with  a  wing- 
angled  seed-coat.  — Catkins  racemed,  nodding,  in  the  bud  inclosed  by  a  4-leaved 
deciduous  involucre.  (A  mongrel  name,  from  liquidus,  fluid,  and  the  Arabic 
ambar,  amber  ;  in  allusion  to  the  fragrant  terebinthine  juice  which  exudes  from 
the  tree.) 

1.  L.  Styraciflua  L.  (SWEET  GUM,  BILSTED.)  Leaves  rounded,  deeply 
6-7-lobed,  smooth  and  shining,  glandular-serrate,  the  lobes  pointed.  —  Swampy 
woods,  near  the  coast,  s.  Ct.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. ;  inland  in  Miss,  basin  to  Mo.  and 
111.  Apr.,  May.  (Mex.,  Centr.  Am.) — A  large  and  beautiful  tree,  with  fine- 
grained wood,  the  gray  bark  commonly  with  corky  ridges  on  the  branchlets. 
Leaves  fragrant  when  bruised,  turning  deep  crimson  in  autumn.  The  woody 
pods  filled  mostly  with  abortive  seeds,  which  resemble  sawdust. 


454  PLATANACEAE   (PLANE   TKEE   FAMILY) 

PLATANACEAE    (PLANE  TREE  FAMILY) 

Trees,  with  watery  juice,  alternate  palmately-lobed  leaves,  sheathing  stipules, 
and  monoecious  flowers  in  separate  and  naked  spherical  heads,  destitute  of  calyx 
or  corolla  ;  the  fruit  merely  club-shaped  l-seeded  nutlets,  furnished  with  a  ring 
of  bristly  hairs  about  the  base.  Only  the  following  genus  (of  uncertain  rela- 
tionship). 

1.    PLAT  ANUS    [Tourn.]   L.     SYCAMORE.     BUTTONWOOD 

Sterile  flowers  of  numerous  stamens,  with  club-shaped  little  scales  inter- 
mixed ;  filaments  very  short.  Fertile  flowers  in  separate  catkins,  consisting  of 
inversely  pyramidal  ovaries  mixed  with  little  scales.  Style  rather  lateral,  awl- 
shaped  or  thread-like,  simple.  Nutlets  coriaceous,  small,  tawny-hairy  below, 
containing  a  single  orthotropous  pendulous  seed.  Embryo  in  the  axis  of  thin 
albumen. — Large  trees,  with  the  bark  deciduous  in  broad  thin  brittle  plates; 
dilated  base  of  the  petiole  inclosing  the  bud  of  the  next  season.  (The  ancient 
name,  from  TrXartfs,  broad.) 

1.  P.  occidentalis  L.  Leaves  mostly  truncate  at  base,  angularly  sinuate- 
lobed  or  toothed,  the  short  lobes  sharp-pointed ;  fertile  heads  solitary,  hanging 
on  a  long  peduncle.  —  Rich  soil,  s.  Me.  to  n.  Vt.,  Ont.,  s.  e.  Minn.,  e.  Kan.,  and 
southw.  —  Our  largest  tree,  often  25-40  m.  high,  with  a  trunk  2-4.2  m.  in 
diameter. 

ROSACEAE   (ROSE  FAMILY) 

Plants  with  regular  flowers,  numerous  (rarely  few}  distinct  stamens  inserted 
on  the  calyx,  and  1-many  pistils,  which  are  quite  distinct,  or  (in  the  second 
tribe}  united  and  combined  with  the  calyx-tube.  Ovules  (anatropous)  l-few  in 
each  ovary  ;  seeds  almost  always  without  albumen.  Embryo  straight,  with  large 
and  thick  cotyledons.  Leaves  alternate,  with  stipules,  these  sometimes  caducous, 
rarely  obsolete  or  wanting.  —  Calyx  of  5  (3-8)  sepals  (the  odd  one  superior), 
united  at  the  base,  often  appearing  double  by  a  row  of  bractlets  outside.  Petals 
as  many  as  the  sepals  (rarely  wanting),  mostly  imbricated  in  the  bud,  and  in- 
serted with  the  stamens  on  the  edge  of  a  disk  that  lines  the  calyx-tube.  Trees, 
shrubs,  or  herbs. 

Tribe  I.  SPIRAEEAE.  Ovary  superior  and  not  inclosed  in  a  calyx-like  tube  ;  carpels  1-12,  dry  at 
maturity  and  (in  ours)  dehiscent,  2-several(rarely  l)-seeded. 

*  Carpels  inflated  ;  leaves  simple,  often  palmately  lobed. 

1.  Physocarpus.     Stamens  «> ,  in  several  rows.    Carpels  2—5,  splitting  into  2  valves.    Seeds  with 

hard  shining  coat.    Shrubs. 

*  *  Carpels  not  inflated. 

•t-  Carpels  alternate  with  (or  of  a  different  number  from)  the  sepals  or  calyx -lobes. 

2.  Spiraea.     Stamens  on  the  margin  of  a  disk-like  expansion  of  the  floral  axis.     Carpels  splitting 

chiefly  along  the  ventral  suture.     Leaves  simple.     Shrubs. 

8.   Aruncus.   Dioecious.    Stamens  borne  on  the  upper  (inner)  surface  of  a  disk -like  expansion  of 
the  floral  axis.    Leaves  compound.     Herbs. 

+-  -t-  Carpels  (normally  5)  opposite  the  5  sepals  or  calyx-lobes. 

4.  Sorbaria.    Petals  imbricated  in  bud.    Seeds  pendulous.     Flowers  small,  corymbose. 

5.  Gillenia.     Petals  convolute  in  bud.     Seeds  ascending.    Flowers  long-peduncled. 

Tribe  II.  P6MEAE.  Carpels  few,  mostly  definite  (2-5)  and  usually  connate,  borne  within  and 
adnate  to  a  cup-like  or  urn- like  depression  in  the  enlarged  summit  of  the  floral  axis  (resembling 
a  calyx-tube),  the  whole  united  to  form  a  fleshy  fruit.  Trees  and  shrubs,  with  stipules  free 
from  the  petiole. 


BOSACEAE  (ROSE  FAMILY)  455 

*  Mature  carpels  papery  or  soft-cartilaginous. 
•*-  Cells  of  the  compound  ovary  as  many  as  the  styles,  without  false  or  partial  partitions. 

6.  Pyrus.    Fruit  depressed-globose  to  ellipsoidal  or  obovoid  ;  its  carpels  enveloped  in  the  fleshy 

receptacle,  papery  or  soft-cartilaginous,  usually  2-ovuled  and  2-seeded.    Leaves  simple  or 
compound. 
«-  -t-  Cells  of  the  compound  ovary  subdivided  by  partial  partitions  projecting  inward  from  the  back. 

7.  Amelanchier.    Carpels  usually  5.    Leaves  simple.    Unarmed. 

*  *  Mature  carpels  very  hard  and  bony,  distinct  or  firmly  coherent  in  the  fleshy  fruit. 

8.  Crataegus.    Ovules  in  each  cell  either  solitary  or  if  2  unequal,  one  sessile  and  fertile,  the 

other  stalked  and  sterile.     Shrubs  and  small  trees,  usually  armed.    Leaves  simple,  mostly 
serrate  or  dentate,  thin  or  coriaceous. 

9.  Cotoneaster.    Ovules  2  in  each  cell,  equal.     Armed  shrub  with  coriaceous  oval  crenulate 

evergreen  leaves. 

Tribe  III.  POTENTfLLEAE.  Carpels  few-many,  l(-2)-ovuled,  becoming  dry  achenes,  not  in- 
closed at  maturity.  Chiefly  herbs. 

*  Styles  not  elongated  after  anthesis,  mostly  deciduous. 
•*-  Receptacle  pulpy  and  much  enlarged  in  fruit. 

10.  Fragaria.    Petals  white.    Leaves  8-foliate.    Bractlets  alternating  with  the  calyx-lobes.    Re- 

ceptacle juicy. 

11.  Duchesnea.    Petals  yellow.    Receptacle  spongy,  not  juicy. 

4-  -i-  Receptacle  dry  or  nearly  so,  not  greatly  enlarged  ill  fruit. 
•H-  Stamens  5. 

12.  Sibbaldia.    Stamens  alternate  with  the  petals.    Leaflets  mostly  3-toothed  at  the  end. 

13.  Chamaerhodos.    Stamens  opposite  the  petals.    Leaflets  cleft  into  linear  segments. 

•H-  -H-  Stamens  numerous. 
—  Carpels  1-ovuled. 

14.  Waldsteinia.    Achenes  few,  2-6,  rarely  10. 

15.  Potentilla.    Achenes  numerous.    Petals  5  (rarely  4),  conspicuous.    Calyx-lobes  as  many, 

with  an  alternating  set  of  bractlets. 

—  —  Carpels  2-ovuled. 

16.  Filipendula.    Leaves  pinnate  ;  stipules  kidney-formed. 

*  *  Styles  persistent  and  elongating  after  anthesis,  often  plumose  or  jointed. 

17.  Geum.    Calyx-lobes  usually  with  5  alternating  small  bractlets.    Stamens  and  carpels  numer- 

ous ;  styles  becoming  plumose  or  hairy  tails,  or  naked  and  straight  or  jointed. 

Tribe  IV.  RUBEAE.  Pistils  several  or  numerous,  becoming  drupelets  in  fruit.  Ovules  2  and 
pendulous,  but  seed  solitary.  Perennials,  herbaceous  or  with  biennial  soft-woody  stems. 

18.  Rubus.     Pistils  mostly  numerous,  fleshy  in  fruit,  crowded  upon  a  spongy  receptacle. 

19.  Dalibarda.    Pistils  5-10,  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx,  nearly  dry  in  fruit. 

Tribe  V.  POTERlEAE.  Pistils  1-4,  becoming  achenes,  completely  inclosed  in  the  dry  and  firm 
calyx-tube,  which  is  constricted  or  nearly  closed  at  the  throat.  Herbs  with  compound  or  lobed 
leaves.  Petals  often  none. 

20.  Alchemilla.    Calyx  urceolate,  bracteolate.     Petals  none.     Stamens  1-4.    Flowers  minute, 

clustered. 

21.  Agrimonia.    Calyx  top-shaped  or  bell-shaped,  with  a  margin  of  hooked  prickles.    Stamens 

5-12.     Flowers  yellow,  in  long  racemes. 

22.  Sanguisorba.    Calyx-lobes  petaloid  ;  tube  4-»ngled,  naked.    Petals  none.    Flowers  densely 

capitate  or  spicate. 

Tribe  VI.  R6SEAE.  Pistils  many,  becoming  bony  achenes,  inclosed  in  the  globose  or  urn-shaped 
fleshy  calyx-tube,  which  resembles  a  pome.  Petals  conspicuous.  Stamens  numerous. 

23.  Rosa.     The  only  genus.     Prickly  shrubs  with  pinnate  leaves. 

Tribe  VII.  PRtTNEAE.  Ovary  superior  and  not  inclosed  in  the  calyx-tube  at  maturity.  Calyx 
deciduous,  without  bractlets.  Pistil  solitary,  becoming  a  stone-fruit.  Ovules  2,  but  seed 
almost  always  solitary.  Style  terminal.  Trees  or  Bhrubs,  with  simple  mostly  serrate  leaves, 

24.  Primus.    Flowers  perfect.    Petals  and  calyx-lobes  5.    Stone  of  the  drupe  bony. 


456  BOSACEAE  (ROSE  FAMILY} 

1.  PHYSOCARPUS  Maxim.    NINE-BARK 

Carpels  1-5,  inflated,  2-valved ;  ovules  2-4.  Seeds  roundish,  with  a  smooth 
and  shining  crustaceous  testa  and  copious  albumen.  Stamens  30-40.  Other- 
wise as  Spiraea.  —  Shrubs,  with  simple  palmately  lobed  leaves  and  umbel-like 
corymbs  of  white  flowers.  (Name  from  0u<ra,  a  pair  of  bellows,  and  /cap?r6s, 
fruit.} 

1.  P.  opulifblius  (L.)  Maxim.  Shrub,  1-3  m.  high,  with  long  branches,  the 
old  bark  loose  and  separating  in  numerous  thin  layers  ;  leaves  roundish,  some- 
what 3-lobed  and  heart-shaped  ;  the  purplish  membranaceous  pods  usually  3, 
essentially  glabrate,  very  conspicuous.  (Spiraea  L.  ;  Opulaster  Ktze.)  —  Rocky 
banks  of  streams,  Que.  and  N.  E.  to  Fla.,  w.  to  111.  —  Often  cultivated. 

Var.  intermedius  (Rydb.)  Robinson.  Pods  permanently  pubescent.  (Opu- 
laster intermedius  Rydb.)  —  Similar  situations,  s.  Mich,  to  S.  Dak.,  Ark.,  and 
Ala. 

2.    SPIRAEA   [Tourn.]   L. 

Calyx  6-cleft,  short,  persistent.  Petals  5,  obovate,  equal,  imbricated  in  the 
bud.  Stamens  10-50.  Pods  (follicles)  5-8,  not  inflated,  few-several-seeded. 
Seeds  linear,  with  a  thin  or  loose  coat  and  no  albumen.  — Shrubs,  with  simple 
leaves,  and  white  or  rose-colored  flowers  in  corymbs  or  panicles.  (The  Greek 
name,  from  aireipav,  to  twist,  from  the  twisting  of  the  pods  in  some  of  the 
original  species.) 

flowers  in  compound  corymbs. 

Calyx-tube  top-shaped,  pubescent 1.  S.japonica. 

Calyx -tube  bell-shaped,  smoothish. 

Leaves  2.5-5  cm.  broad 2.  S.corymbom. 

Leaves  1-1.6  cm.  broad 8.  S.  virginiana. 

Flowers  racemosely  or  spicately  panicled. 
Leaves  smoothish,  scarcely  paler  beneath. 

Pedicels  fascicled,  1.5  cm.  long;  flowers  usually  double         .        .        .        .4.  8.  prunifolia. 
Flowers  densely  racemo-paniculate  ;  pedicels  2-6  mm.  long. 

Inflorescence  tomentulose 5.  S.  salicifolia. 

Inflorescence  subglabrous  or  sparingly  viilous 6.   S.  latlfolia. 

Leaves  green  above,  densely  tomentose  and  white  or  tawny  beneath       .        .    7.   8.  tomentosa. 

1.  S.  JAPONIC  A  L.  f.     Stems  1  m.  or  more  high  ;  leaves  7-9  cm.  long,  glau- 
cous beneath;  petals  pink  to  deep  rose-color. — Frequent  in  cultivation,   and 
occasionally  escaping,  s.  Ct.  (Graves')  and  e.  Pa.     (Introd.  from  Asia.) 

2.  S.  corymbbsa  Raf.     Steins  erect,  dark  purple,  simple  or  nearly  so  ;  leaves 
oval  or  broadly  oblong,  smoothish,  of  firm  texture,  toothed  from  near  the  middle 
to  the  rounded  or  obtuse  apex.  2.5-5  cm.  broad  ;  flowers  white;  corymbs  4-10 
cm.  broad.     (S.  betulifolia,  var.  Wats.)  —  In  the  Allegheny  Mts.,  N.  J.  (accord- 
ing to  Britton)  to  W.  Va.  and  Ga. 

3.  S.  virginiana  Britton.     Glabrous,  much-branched  ;  leaves  lance-oblong, 
1-1.6  cm.  broad,  often  acute  or  acutish  at  the  base  ;  flowers  white,  about  6  mm. 
broad  ;  pedicels  and  calyx  glaucous.  —  On  rocks,  W.  Va.  (Millspaugh}  to  N.  C. 
and  Tenn.  —  Not  seen  ;  description  compiled. 

4.  S.   PRUNIF6LIA  Sieb.   &  Zucc.      Finely  pubescent;  leaves  ovate-oblong, 
obtuse,  cuneate  at  the  base,  serrulate  ;  flowers  white,  often  double,  1  cm.  in 
diameter. — Persisting  after  cultivation,  and  tending  to  escape  to  roadsides,  e. 
Mass,  and  Ct.     (Introd.  from  Japan.) 

5.  S.   salicifblia  L.     (MEADOW-SWEET.)     Erect  shrub,  3-12  dm.  high,  with 
tough  yellowish-brown  stems;  leaves  finely  serrate,  lance-oblong,  5-7  cm.  long, 
1-1.8  cm.  broad,  rather  firm  in  texture  ;  inflorescence  thyrsoid,  tomentulose  ; 
flowers  6-8  mm.   in   diameter;    petals  suborbicular,    white.  —  Chiefly  in  low 
ground,  N.  Y.  to  N.  C.,  Mo.,  and  north westw.     (Asia.) 

6.  S.  latifblia   Borkh.     (MEADOW-SWEET.)     Stems  red  or  purplish-brown; 
leaves  thin,  more  coarsely  serrate,  mostly  1.5-4  cm.  broad  ;  inflorescence  smooth- 
ish ;  petals  white  or  pink.  — The  common  Meadow-sweet  in  e.  N.  A.;  in  rocky 
pastures,  etc.,  Nfd.  to  Va. 

7.  S-  tomentbsa  I,.     (HARDBACK,  STEEPLE  BUSH.)     Stems  and  lower  sur- 


ROSACEAE    (HOSE   FAMILY)  457 

face  of  the  ovate  or  oblong  serrate  leaves  very  woolly  ;  flowers  in  short  racemes 

crowded   in   a  dense  panicle,   rose-color,   rarely   white ;    pods  woolly. Low 

grounds,  N.  B.  and  N.  S.  to  the  mts.  of  Ga. ,  w.  to  Minn,  and  Kan. 

3.   ARUNCUS   [L.]   Adans.    GOAT'S  BEARD 

Dioecious.  Carpels  3-4,  splitting  at  the  ventral  suture.  Flowers  sessile  or 
nearly  so  on  the  long  spike-like  branches  of  a  large  open  panicle,  the  fertile 
flowers  reflexed  in  fruit.  Petals  small,  narrow,  white.  —  Tall,  essentially  her- 
baceous. Leaves  2-3-pinnate,  the  leaflets  rather  large,  ovate-oblong.  (Aruncus, 
a  word  used  by  Pliny  to  designate  the  beard  of  a  goat. ) 

1 .  A.  Sylvester  Kosteletzsky .  Stem  erect,  subsimple,  bearing  a  few  large  com- 
pound petiolate  leaves  and  a  large  pyramidal  spicate  panicle  ;  leaflets  6-14  cm. 
long,  green  on  both  sides,  sharply  and  somewhat  doubly  serrate,  acuminate,  the 
base  mostly  abrupt  or  subcordate,  petiolulate.  (Spiraea  Aruncus  L.;  Aruncus 
Aruncus  Karst.)  —  Rich  soil,  wooded  ravines,  etc.,  N.  Y.  to  Ga.,  I.  T.,  and 
Alaska.  (Eurasia.) 

4.    SORBARIA  A.  Br. 

Flowers  perfect,  paniculate.  Carpels  mostly  5,  opposite  the  calyx-lobes. 
Leaves  regularly  odd-pinnate,  the  leaflets  lance-oblong,  sessile,  sharply  serrate. 
(Name  from  Sorbus,  the  Mountain  Ash,  from  the  similar  foliage.) 

1.  S.  SORBIF6LIA  (L.)  A.  Br.  Suffruticose  or  nearly  herbaceous,  erect;  leaves 
1-4  dm.  long,  13-21-foliolate  ;  leaflets  caudate-acuminate,  with  many  straightish 
mostly  simple  veins  springing  from  the  midnerve  ;  panicle  ample,  pyramidal, 
terminal ;  petals  white.  (Spiraea  L.)  — Common  in  cultivation,  and  escaping 
to  waste  land  and  copses.  (Asia.) 

5.  GILLENIA  Moench.     INDIAN  PHYSIC 

Calyx  narrow,  somewhat  constricted  at  the  throat,  5-toothed ;  teeth  erect. 
Petals  5,  rather  unequal,  linear-lanceolate,  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  calyx, 
convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  10-20,  included.  Pods  6,  included,  at  first 
lightly  cohering  with  each  other,  2-4-seeded.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  almost 
sessile  3-foliolate  leaves  ;  the  thin  leaflets  doubly  serrate  and  incised.  Flowers 
loosely  paniculate-corymbed,  pale  rose-color  or  white.  (Dedicated  to  an  obscure 
German  botanist  or  physician,  A.  Grille,  or  Gillenius.}  PORTERANTHUS  Britton. 

1.  G.  trifoliata  (L.)   Moench.     (BOWMAN'S  ROOT.)    Leaflets  ovate-oblong, 
pointed,  cut-serrate ;  stipules  small,  awl-shaped,  entire  or  slightly  incised.  — 
Rich  woods,  N.  Y.  to  Ga.,  Mo.,  and  Mich. 

2.  G.  stipulata  (Muhl.)  Trel.     (AMERICAN  IPECAC.)     Leaflets  lanceolate, 
deeply  incised  ;    stipules  large  and  leaf-like,  doubly  incised.      (Gr.  stipulacea 
Nutt.;  Porteranthus  stipulatus  Britton.)  —  Moist  rich  woods,  w.  N.  Y.  to  Kan., 
La.,  and  Ala. 

6.  PYRUS   [Tourn.]   L. 

Calyx-like  receptacle  urn-shaped,  bearing  6  sepals.  Petals  roundish  or  ob- 
ovate.  Stamens  numerous.  Styles  2-5.  Fruit  a  large  fleshy  pome,  or  smaller 
and  berry-like,  the  2-5  cells  imbedded  in  the  flesh,  papery  or  cartilaginous, 
mostly  2-seeded.  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  with  showy  flowers  in  corymbed  or  umbel- 
like  cymes.  (The  classical  name  of  the  Pear-tree.)  A  large  genus,  often  sub- 
divided, but  with  sections  less  strongly  or  constantly  marked  than  our  few  species 
would  suggest. 

§  1.  PIR6PHORUM  Focke.  (PEAR.)  Leaves  simple ;  orifice  of  concave  re- 
ceptacle partially  or  almost  completely  closed  by  a  disk-like  cushion  ;  Jlesh 
of  large  obovoid  fruit  copious,  containing  sclerotic  (gritty}  cells. 

1.  P.  coMMtrNis  L.  The  common  Pear  of  cultivation.  — Stray  seedlings  with 
degenerate  fruit  occasionally  found  in  copses  or  woods  near  orchards.  (Introd. 
from  Eu.) 


458  ROSACE AE  (ROSE  FAMILY) 

§2.  MALUS  (Hill)  S.  F.  Gray.  (APPLE.)  Leaves  simple;  orifice  oj  concave 
receptacle  open;  flesh  of  large  subglobular  fruit  copious,  free  from  sclerotic 
cells.  MALUS  [Tourn.]  Hill. 

*  Leaves  and  usually  the  outer  surface  of  the  calyx-lobes  glabrate. 
i-  Calyx-lobes  deciduous  in  fruit. 

2.  P.  BACCA.TA  L.     (SIBERIAN  CRAB.)     Small  tree  ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  ser- 
rate but  not  lobed,  acuminate,  at  length  subcoriaceous  ;  petals  narrowly  oblong, 
with  cuneate-attenuate  base  ;  pedicels  slender,  fascicled  ;  pome  2-3  cm.  in  diam- 
eter, usually  yellow  with  reddish  cheek.     (Mains  Borkh.)  —  Common  in  cultiva- 
tion, and  locally  established  as  an  escape  in  borders  of  woods,  etc.,  Me.,  Ct.,  and 
doubtless  elsewhere.     (Introd.  from  Eurasia.) 

X  P.  PRUNIF6LIA  Willd.  A  highly  variable  group  of  hybrids  between  P. 
baccata  and  P.  Mains,  combining  in  differing  degrees  the  characteristics  of  the 
two  parents.  —  Cultivated  as  CRAB  APPLES,  and  not  rarely  spontaneous  by 
roadsides,  in  open  woods,  etc.  (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

3.  P.  angustifblia  Ait.     Small  tree  ;   branchlets  often  hardened  and  spine- 
like  ;    leaves  elliptic-oblong  to  lance-oblong,  serrate-dentate  to  nearly  entire, 
those  of  the  sterile  shoots  often  shallovvly  and  somewhat  pinnately  lobed,  the 
midnerve  commonly  glandular  above  ;  flowers  in  3-7-flowered  urnbel-like  cor- 
ymbs ;   petals  oblong  to  obovate,  contracted  at  the  base  to  a  cuneate  claw ; 
pome  greenish-yellow,  hard  and  sour,  2-2.6  cm.  in  diameter,  depressed-globose. 
(Malus  Michx.)  —  River  thickets,  etc.,  N.  J.  to  111.,  "•  Kan.,"  and  southw. 

H-  -i-  Calyx-lobes  persistent  in  fruit. 

4.  P.  coronaria  L.     (AMERICAN  CRAB.)     Tree,  somewhat  armed,  6-10  m. 
high  ;  leaves  ovate  or  elliptic,  usually  rounded  or  even  cordate  at  the  base ;  those 
of  the   sterile   shoots   somewhat   triangular-ovate   and  lobed,  sharply  serrate  ; 
petals  broadly  obovate,   white  or  nearly  so;  fruit  much  as  in  the  preceding. 
(Mains  Mill.) — Thickets  and  open  woods,  N.  J.  to  Ont.,  Kan.,  and  southw. 

*  *  Leaves  at  least  on  the  lower  surface  and  outer  surface  of  the  calyx-lobes 
clothed  with  a  persistent  white  or  gray  tomentum. 

5.  P.   ioSnsis    (Wood)    Bailey.      Similar  in   habit   to   the   two  preceding; 
leaves  chiefly  oblong  or  ovate-oblong,  glabrate,  dull  green,  and  somewhat  rugose 
above,  very  pale  and  densely  tomentose  beneath,  doubly  serrate  or  pinnately 
several-lobed,  usually  narrowed  at  the  base ;  petioles  woolly  ;  flowers  mostly 
2-3  in  a  corymb  ;  the  pedicels  slender,  tomentose,  becoming  2.5-3.5  cm.  long  in 
fruit ;  calyx-lobes  persistent.     (Pyrus  coronaria,  var.  Wood ;  Mains  Britton.)  — 
111.  and  Wise,  to  Minn.,  Kan.,  and  Okla. 

x  P.  Soulardi  Bailey.  A  hybrid  between  P.  ioensis  and  P.  Malus,  and 
of  intermediate  character,  is  said  to  occur  in  a  wild  state  from  Minn,  to  Tex. 
It  may  be  distinguished  from  P.  ioensis  by  its  shorter  thicker  pedicels,  usually 
about  2  cm.  long,  and  somewhat  larger  fruit. 

6.  P.  MALUS  L.     (APPLE.)     Leaves  ovate-oblong,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the 
base,  sub-equally  serrate  ;  pedicels  stout,  woolly,  2-2.8  cm.  long ;  fruit  4  cm.  or 
more  in  diameter.     (Malus  Britton.)  — The  commonest  fruit  tree  of  cultivation, 
often  escaping  to  woods.     (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

§3.  ADEN6RHACHIS  DC.  (CHOKEBERRY.)  Leaves  simple,  the  midrib 
glandular  along  the  upper  side;  cymes  compound;  styles  united  at  base, 
fruit  small,  berry-like.  ARONIA  Medic. 

7.  P.  arbutifblia  (L.)  L.  f.     Shrub,  1-2.6  m.  high  ;  leaves  oblong-oblanceo- 
late,  mostly  acute  or  acuminate,  finely  glandular-serrate,  green  and  glabrous 
or  glabrate  above,  paler  and  permanently  canescent-tomentose  below ;  pedicels, 
calyx,  and  young  fruit  canescent-tomentose;  petals  white  or  reddish  ;  ripe  fruit 
red,   about   7    mm.    in  diameter ;    cymes  numerously  (mostly  9-18-)  fruited. 
Aronia  Ell.)  — Swamps  and  low  woods,  N.  Y.  to  O.,  Ark.,  and  Fla.  — Appearing 
to  pass  without  sharp  distinction  into 

Var.   atropurpurea   (Britton)   Robinson.     Cymes  less  numerously  (mostly 


ROSACEAE  (ROSE  FAMILY)  459 

3-10-)  fruited  ;  fruit  larger,  8-10  mm.  in  diameter,  claret-colored  to  purplish- 
black.  (Aroma  Britton.)  —  Similar  habitats,  centr.  Me.,  southw.  and  westw.  ; 
common. 

8.  P.   melanocarpa  (Michx.)  Willd.     Shrub,  similar  in  habit,  generally  of 
lower  stature  ;  leaves  varying  from   rather  broadly  oblong  and  acuminate  to 
spatulate-oblanceolate  and  scarcely  pointed,  glabrous  or  early  glabrate  beneath 
as  well  as  above  ;  pedicels  and  calyx  also  nearly  or  quite  smooth  ;  fruit  very  dark 
purple  or  essentially  black.     (Aroma  nigra  Britton.) — Moist  woods,  but  also 
rocky  uplands ;  common  northw.  and  extending  southw.  in  the  Alleghenies  at 
least  to  N.  C. 

The  members  of  this  section  occasionally  form  natural  hybrids  with  those  of 
§  4.  These  may  be  recognized  usually  by  their  imperfectly  pinnate  or  pinnatifid 
leaves. 

§  4.  S6RBUS  (L.)  S.  F.  Gray.  (MOUNTAIN  ASH.)  Leaves  odd-pinnate,  with 
rather  numerous  leaflets,'  cymes  compound;  styles  distinct;  pome  berry- 
like,  small.  Trees  or  tall  shrubs.  SORBUS  [Tourn.]  L. 

9.  P.  americana  (Marsh.)  DC.     (AMERICAN  M.)     Nearly  glabrous  or  soon 
becoming  so ;   leaflets   13-15,    lanceolate,    taper-pointed,   sharply   serrate  with 
pointed  teeth,  bright  green  ;  cymes  large  and  flat ;  berries  globose,  bright  red, 
not  larger  than  peas.     (Sorbus  Marsh.)  —  Woods,  Lab.  to  Man.,  s.  to  n.  and 
w.  N.  E.,  N.  Y.,  the  Great  L.  region,  and  in  the  mts.  to  N.  C.  ;  common. 

10.  P.  sitchSnsis    (Roem.)    Piper.     Nearly  glabrous;  leaflets  oblong,  oval, 
or    lance-ovate,    mostly  obtuse   or    abruptly  pointed,    serrate    (often   doubly) 
with  more  spreading  teeth,  rather  pale  beneath,  of  firmer  texture  than  in  the 
preceding ;  flowers    (earlier)    somewhat  larger  (8-11    mm.  broad)  ;  fruit  8-10 
mm.  in  diameter.     (P.  sambucifolia  Man.  ed.  6,  not  C.  &  S.  ;  Sorbus  Roem.)  — 
River-banks  and  damp  rocky  uplands,  Lab.  to  centr.  Me.,  westw.  and  north- 
westw.  to  the  Pacific. 

11.  P.    AUCUPARIA  (L.)  Ehrh.     (EUROPEAN  M.,  ROWAN  TREE.)     Leaflets 
narrowly  oblong,  mostly  obtuse,  rather  pale  beneath,  always  more  or  less  pubes- 
cent or  tomentose  at  least  on  the  lower  surface.     (Sorbus  L. )  — Extensively 
cultivated  for  ornament,  and  now  tending  to  become  naturalized.      (Introd. 
from  Eu.) 

7.    AMELANCHIER    Medic.     JUNEBERRT 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Petals  obovate  to  oblong,  rarely  linear.  Stamens  numerous, 
short.  Styles  5,  united  below.  Ovary  5-celled,  each  cell  2-ovuled,  but  with  a 
projection  growing  from  the  back  of  each  and  forming  a  false  cartilaginous 
partition,  the  sweet  and  edible  berry-like  pome  thus  10-celled,  with  one  seed 
in  each  cell  (when  all  ripen). — Small  trees  or  shrubs,  with  simple  leaves, 
and  white  racemose  flowers.  (Name  said  to  be  barbaric,  the  derivation  not 
satisfactorily  explained.) 

Petals  narrowly  oblong,  14—25  mm.  In  length  ;  early  flowering ;  leaves  finely 

and  sharply  serrate 1.  A.  canadensis. 

Petals  oblong  to  obovate,  4-12  ram.  in  length. 
Flowers  racemed;  racemes  normally  5-o>  -flowered ;  leaves  (at  first  folded 

lengthwise)  mostly  obtuse,  sometimes  even  cordate  at  base. 
Flowering  early  (mostly  1  Apr.-15  May,  fruit  ripe  June-July) ;  leaves 

oblong  or  s'uborbicular-oblong,  finely  serrate 2.  A.  oblongifolia. 

Flowering  later  (mostly  15  May-25  June,  fruit  ripe  Aug.-Sept.);  leaves 

suborbicular-oblong,  coarsely  dentate 3.  A.  spicata. 

Flowers  solitary  or  2-4  in  terminal  fascicles ;  leaves  (flat  even  in  very  early 

stages)  acutish  or  subcuneate  at  base 4.  A.  oligocarpa. 

1.  A.  canadSnsis  (L.)  Medic.  (SHAD  BUSH,  SERVICE  BERRY.)  Tree  or 
shrub,  3-12  m.  high,  nearly  or  soon  glabrous;  leaves  (when  young  folded 
lengthwise  and  brownish-purple)  ovate  to  ovate-oblong,  usually  somewhat  cor- 
date at  base,  pointed,  finely  and  sharply  serrate,  4-9  cm.  long,  3-6  cm.  wide  ; 
bracts  and  stipules  very  long-silky-ciliate  ;  flowers  large,  in  drooping  racemes ; 


460  ROSACEAE    (ROSE   FAMILY) 

fruit  on  elongated  pedicels,  globose,  crimson  or  purplish.  — Dry  open  woodlands, 
common.  —  Dwarf  forms  with  somewhat  smaller  flowers  are  found  in  sterile 
rocky  ground. 

Var.  Botryapium  (L.  f.)  T.  &  G.  Leaves  densely  tomentose  when  young, 
retaining  a  sparing  soft  pubescence  even  in  age' or  tardily  glabrate  ;  in  other 
respects  like  the  typical  form.  —  Open  ground  and  wooded  hillsides,  s.  Me.  to 
n.  N.  H.,  Mich.,  and  southw. 

2.  A.  oblongifblia  (T.  &  G.)  Roem.     Shrub  or  small  tree,  2-6  m.  high  ;  the 
young  leaves  and  racemes  densely  white-tomentose ;    leaves  oblong,   usually 
rounded  at  each  end  or  mucronate,  finely  and  evenly  serrate,  at  length  glabrate, 
usually  pale-green  especially  beneath,  4-6  cm.  long,  1.5-2.8  cm.  broad ;  flowers 
numerous,  smaller,  in  rather  dense  racemes ;  petals  obovate  or  short-oblong ; 
fruit  similar,  but  more   juicy  and  on  shorter  pedicels.     (A.  canadensis,  var. 
T.  &  G.) — Moist  woods  and  rocky  uplands,  N.  B.  to  Va.,  Mo.,  and  Minn. — 
Highly  variable,  passing  into  forms  with  broader  elliptical  or  ovate-lanceolate 
acutish  leaves  of  deeper  green  color  (being  the  A.  spicata  of  many  auth.,  not 
C.  Koch) .     Apparently  intergrades  with  other  species.    Noteworthy  is 

Var.  micropStala  Robinson.  Dwarf,  3-9  dm.  high  ;  petals  4-7  mm.  long, 
spatulate-oblong  to  narrowly  obovate. — Exposed  ledges  of  rocky  hills  or  dry 
sandy  soil,  e.  Mass,  to  Ct.,  near  the  coast. 

3.  A.  spicata  (Lam.)  C.  Koch.     Shrub,  1-3  m.  high ;  leaves  at  first  covered 
especially  beneath  with  dense  pale  yellow  tomentum  (tardily  deciduous  as  floc- 
culent  wool),  oval  or  suborbicular,  3-8  cm.   long,  2.3-5.5  cm.  wide,  coarsely 
dentate  toward  the  end  or  more   often  nearly  to  the  base ;   veins  stronger, 
straighter,  and  more  numerous  than  in  the  other  species ;  fruit  dark  purple, 
autumnal.     (Mespilus  canadensis,  var.   rotundifolia   Michx. ;    A.  rotundifolia 
Roem.;   A.  alnifolia  of  some   auth.,  not  Nutt.) — Banks  of  streams,  e.  Que. 
to  centr.   Me.,  and  westw.  about  the   Great  Lakes  ;   s.  on   mts.  to  w.  Mass. 
(Hoffmann} . 

4.  A.  oligocarpa  (Michx.)  Roem.     Shrub,  1-3  m.  high,  early  glabrate  or  nearly 
so  ;  leaves  thin,  oblong  or  oval,  finely  serrate,   3-5  cm.  long,  usually  acute  at 
the  base  ;  flowers  few,  solitary  and  terminal  or  in  terminal  fascicle-like  racemes 
of  2-4 ;  petals  oblong-obovate  ;  fruit  often  broadly  pyriform,  at  length  usually 
subglobose,  dark  purple,  with  dense  bloom.     (A.  arguta  Nutt.)  —  Cold  swamps 
and  mt.  woods,  Lab.  to  n.  N.  E.,  and  westw.  to  L.  Superior. 

8.    CRATAEGUS   L.     HAWTHORN.     WHITE  THORN 
REVISED  BY  W.  W.  EGGLESTON 

Calyx-tube  cup-shaped  or  campanulate,  adnate  to  the  carpels,  the  limb  5-cleft. 
Petals  5,  white  (rarely  pink),  roundish,  inserted  on  the  margin  of  the  disk  in 
the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  5-25,  inserted  in  1-3  rows  ;  filaments  filiform  ; 
anthers  oblong,  white,  yellow,  or  red.  Ovary  inferior  or  its  summit  free ;  car- 
pels 1-5 ;  styles  1-5,  distinct,  persistent,  usually  surrounded  at  base  by  tomen- 
tum ;  stigmas  terminal.  Pome  small,  yellow,  red,  more  rarely  blue  or  black ; 
containing  1-5  bony  nutlets,  each  usually  1-seeded.  Seed  erect,  the  testa  mem- 
branaceous. — Thorny  shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  simple  usually  lobed  leaves 
(those  on  vigorous  vegetative  shoots  often  of  different  shape  and  more  deeply 
cut) ;  stipules  linear-lanceolate,  very  deciduous  (those  on  vegetative  shoots  much 
wider  and  often  persistent).  Flowers  in  corymbs.  (Name  from  Kpdros,  strength, 
because  of  the  hardness  and  toughness  of  the  wood.)  A  genus  of  exceptional 
taxomic  difficulty,  best  developed  in  the  great  limestone  areas  of  temperate 
eastern  America,  the  numerous  nearly  related  species  still  subject  to  widely 
different  interpretation  by  specialists  and  capable  at  the  present  time  only  of  a 
tentative  and  provisional  treatment. 


EOSACEAE  (ROSE  FAMILY)  461 

JV.  B.  —  In  this  genus,  the  figures  are  of  the  leaves  and  flowers  on  a  scale  of 
£ ,  the  whole  fruit,  lateral  and  terminal  views  of  the  fruit  with  the  upper  part  of 
the  flesh  removed,  and  in  some  cases  ventral  views  of  nutlets,  all  natural  size. 

KEY  TO  SECTIONS,  ETC. 

a.  Introduced  species ;  leaves  deeply  3-5-lobed ;  fruit  red ;  calyx-lobes  entire,  short ;  nutlet 

solitary §    \ 

«.   Native  species  b. 

b.  Nutlets  with  cavities  on  their  ventral  faces. 
Nutlets  with  shallow  cavities. 
Cavities  1  on  each  ventral  face,  often  faint  or  wanting;  fruit  red  .        .        .        .        .    §  16 

Cavities  several  on  each  ventral  face,  shallow ;  fruit  black §18 

Nutlets  with  1  deep  cavity  on  each  ventral  face         .        .        •        .        .       .        .        .§17 

b.   Nutlets  without  cavities  on  their  ventral  faces  c. 
e.  Nest  of  nutlets  without  sinuses  ;  fruit  small. 

Nutlets  2  ;  leaves  deeply  lobed  or  cut      ...•...•..§10 
Nutlets  5  ;  leaves  slightly  lobed  or  entire        .........§    9 

c.   Nest  of  nutlets  with  sinuses  ;  fruit  large  or  small  d. 

d.   Leaves  conspicuously  deltoid-cordate,  glabrous ,        .§15 

d.   Leaves  not  deltoid-cordate  e. 

e.  Calyx-lobes  foliacepus,  persistent  on  fruit ;  flowers  l-8(-6) §    7 

e.  Calyx-lobes  not  foliaceous,  often  deciduous  /. 
f.  Corymbs  3-7-flowered. 

Leaves  shprt-obovate  to  spatulate,  very  glandular §    6 

Leaves  elliptic-ovate,  slightly  glandular        .        .        .        .        .        .        .        .    §    5 

f.   Corymbs  many-flowered  g. 
g.  Leaves  obovate  or  spatulate. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  dark  green  and  shining  above §    2 

Leaves  membranaceous,  dull,  impressed-veined  above. 

Fruit  glabrous  ;  nutlets  acute  at  both  ends ;  calyx -lobes  entire  .        .        .    §    8 
Fruit  slightly  tomentose ;  nutlets  obtuse  at  the  apex  ;  calyx-lobes  serrate    no.  49 
g.  Leaves  not  obovate  or  spatulate  h. 

h.   Leaves  3-lobed  toward  the  apex          .        •        .        •        .        .        .        .        .§4 
h.  Leaves  not  3-lobed  i. 

i.  Leaves  glabrous  (when  mature)  j, 

$.  Leaves  broadest  at  the  middle. 

Fruit  firm  when  ripe. 

Nutlets  2-3 .  no.  3 

Nutlets  4-5 no.  9 

Fruit  soft  when  ripe nos.  24,  25,  26,  28 

j.  Leaves  broadest  toward  the  base. 

Fruit  firm  when  ripe §  12 

Fruit  soft. 
Leaves  small  (3-6  cm.  wide)  ;  sinuses  between  the  nutlets  shallow ; 

nutlets  usually  3-4 §  11 

Leaves  large  (4-10  cm.  wide)  ;  nutlets  3-5  ....    nos.  50,  52,  53 
i.  Leaves  pubescent  (at  least  along  the  veins  below). 

Leaves  broadest  at  the  middle nos.  23,  27,  28,  29,  §    8 

Leaves  broadest  toward  the  base. 

Mature  leaves  usually  glabrous  above  ;  young  foliage  bronze-green      .    §  18 
Mature  leaves  tomentose  above  ;  young  foliage  yellow-green        .        .    §  14 

AUXILIARY  KEY     (For  use  in  default  of  mature  fruit) 

a.    Calyx-lobes  entire  (sometimes  glandular-margined). 

Leaves  conspicuously  deltoid-cordate,  glabrous §  15 

Leaves  not  deltoid-cordate. 

Leaves  glabrous  beneath,  pubescent  above  ;  region  of  the  'upper  Great  Lakes       .       .    §  18 
Leaves  pubescent  beneath  (at  least  along  the  veins). 

Leaves  deeply  lobed  ;  introduced §1 

Leaves  entire  or  slightly  lobed  ;  native. 
Leaves  broadest  toward  the  apex. 
Leaves  obovate  to  oblong. 
Leaves  coriaceous,  dark  green  and  shining  above        .        ...        .        .        .    §    2 

Leaves  membranaceous,  dull,  impressed-veined  above §    3 

Leaves  spatulate §    9 

Leaves  broadest  at  the  middle  ;  apex  often  3-lobed §    4 

Leaves  broadest  toward  the  base,  membranaceous,  glabrous §  11 

a     Calyx-lobes  serrate  b. 

b.   Leaves  deeply  lobed „.«.•••        .§10 

b.   Leaves  entire  or  slightly  lobed  c. 
c.  Corymbs  few (l-7)-flowered. 

Calyx-lobes  foliaceous,  laciniate f   7 

Calyx-lobes  not  foliaceous,  glandular-serrate. 

Leaves  shprt-obovate,  very  glandular          . § 

Leaves  elliptical-ovate,  slightly  glandular ••«•§£> 


462 


ROSACEAE  (KOSE  FAMILY) 


c.   Corymbs  many-flowered. 

Leaves  broadest  toward  the  apex noe.  5,  10,  49 

Leaves  broadest  at  the  middle. 

Calyx-lobes  serrate ;  nutlets  plane no.  3,  §  8 

Calyx-lobes  deeply  serrate  ;  nutlets  pitted §  16,  §  IT 

Leaves  broadest  toward  the  base. 

Leaves  glabrous DOS.  32,  33,  and  §  12 

Leaves  pubescent §  13,  §  14 

§  1.  OXYACANTHAE  Loud.  Leaves  ovate,  3-15-lobed  or  -cleft,  acute  at  the 
apex,  cuneate  to  truncate  at  the  base,  serrate,  1-4  cm.  long,' 1-4. 5  cm.  wide, 
dark  green  and  glabrous  above  (when  mature),  paler  and  slightly  pubescent 
beneath  (especially  along  the  veins}  ;  corymbs  many -flowered,  glabrous  ; 
flowers  about  1.5  cm.  wide ;  calyx  lobes  deltoid,  entire,  obtuse ;  stamens  about 
20  ;  anthers  pink  ;  styles  1-2  ;  fruit  globose  or  subglobose,  red,  about  6  mm. 
thick  ;  calyx-lobes  reflexed,  persistent ;  flesh  of  fruit  yellow,  mealy  ;  nutlets 
usually  1  ;  shrubs  or  small  trees,  5-9  m.  tall,  with  strongly  ascending 
branches  and  dark  brown  scaly  bark  j  thorns  sharp,  about  1  cm.  long. 

1.  C.  OXYACANTHA  L.     (ENGLISH  H.)     Characters  of  the  section.  —  Sparingly 
escaped  from  cultivation.     Fl.  May  ;  fr.  Sept.     (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

§  2.  CRUS-GALLI  Loud.  Leaves  obovate  to  elliptical,  coriaceous,  dark  green 
and  shining  above,  acute  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  cuneate  at  the  base; 
petiole  slightly  winged  above,  glandless,  1-2  cm.  long ;  corymbs  many- 
flowered  ;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate-acuminate,  usually  entire  ;  stamens  10-20  ; 
anthers  usually  pink;  fruit  subcylindric-ovoid  to  globose,  red,,  the  calyx 
flattened  and  the  flesh  hard,  thin,  greenish  ;  nutlets  1-3  (in  no.  4  sometimes 
as  many  as  5),  strongly  ridged  on  the  back;  trees  or  shrubs,  usually  with 
spreading  branches  forming  a  broad  crown  ;  bark  dark  gray,  scaly  ;  spines 
many,  strong,  straight,  chestnut-brown,  3-18  cm.  long. 

Corymbs  and  leaves  glabrous. 

Leaves  2-10  cm.  long,  l^t  cm.  wide  ;  nest  of  1-2  nutlets  longer  than  thick  .    2.    C.  Crus-galli. 
Leaves  2-6  cm.  long,  2-5  cm.  wide. 

Nutlets  2-3  ;  nest  of  nutlets  about  as  long  as  thick 3.    C.  pralensis. 

Nutlets  3-5  ;  nest  of  nutlets  longer  than  thick 4.    C.  Canbyi. 

Corymbs  and  leaves  hairy. 

Leaves  large,  3-9  cm.  long,  2-7  cm.  wide 5.    C.  fecunda. 

Leaves  small,  2-6  cm.  long,  1-4  cm.  wide 6.    C.  berberifolia. 

2.  C.  Crus-galli  L.     Leaves  2-10  cm.  long,  1-4  cm.  wide,  sharply  serrate  ex- 
cept toward  the  base;  corymbs  glabrous  ;  flowers  about  1.5cm.  wide  ;  calyx-lobes 
glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent ;  stamens  about  10  ;  styles  1-3  ;  fruit  ellipsoidal- 
ovoid  to  subglobose,  about  1  cm.  thick,  greenish  to  dull  red  ;  flesh  hard  and  dry  ; 

nutlets  usually  2,  8-9  mm.  long,  3.5-4.5  mm. 
thick.  —  Sandy  soil,  near  Montreal,  L.  Cham- 
plain,  Nan  tucket,  Mass,  (where  probably  intro. 
duced),  Ct.,  the  lower  Hudson  Valley  to  s. 
Ont.,  s.  Mich.,  s.  e.  Kan.,  and  s.  to  Ga.  FIG. 
769.  Var.  pYRACANTHiF6LiA  Ait.  has  more 
acute  leaves  and  small  bright  red  fruit.  —  Occa- 
sional, n.  Del.  to  O.  Var.  OIJLONGA.TA  Sarg. 
Fruit  ellipsoidal,  bright  red  ;  nutlets  acute.  — 
Del.  and  e.  Pa.  Var.  CAPILLATA  Sarg.  Leaves 
thinner ;  corymbs  slightly  pubescent  ;  nutlets 
solitary.  —  Wilmington,  Del.  Var.  ExfcuA 
(Sarg.)  Eggleston.  Fruit  ellipsoidal,  bright 
crimson  ;  nutlets  solitary.  —  Ct.  Var.  PRTTNI- 
FOLIA  (Poir.)  T.  &  G.  Leaves  sometimes  7  cm. 
wide.  (C.  Bartramiana  Sarg.)  —  Occasional. 
Fl.  May,  June  ;  fr.  Oct. 

C.    Crus-galli   x   macracantha    Eggleston. 
Broad-leaved    forms  with   foliage  as  in   var. 
prunifolia,  the  corymbs  pubescent,  the  calyx- 
769.  C  Crus-galli.  lobes  serrate,  the  nutlets  2-3,  their  pits  varying 


ROSACEAE  (ROSE  FAMILY)  463 

from  shallow  to  deep,  have  all  the  appearance  of  natural  hybrids  between  these 
two  species.  (C.  persimilis  Sarg. ;  C. prunifolia  of  European  gardens,  in  part.) 
—  Occasional. 

3.  C.  pratSnsis  Sarg.     Leaves  ovate-orbicular,  2-6  cm.  long,  2-5  cm.  wide, 
coarsely  or  doubly  serrate  ;   flowers  about  1  cm.   wide  ;   calyx-lobes  remotely 
(jlandular-serrate,  glabrous  ;  stamens  about  10  ;  anthers  yellow  or  pink ;  styles 
'2-3  ;  fruit  short-ovoid  to  compressed-globose,  dull  reddish-green  ;  flesh  somewhat 
succulent,  mealy,  yellow  ;  nutlets  2-3,  about  5  mm.  long;  nest  of  nutlets  about 
5  mm.  thick.     (C.  Palmeri  Sarg.;  C.  grandis  Ashe.) — Low  rich  soil,  111.  and 
Mo.     Fl.  May  ;  fr.  Oct. 

4.  C.  Canbyi  Sarg.     Leaves  oblong-obovate,  2.5-8  cm.  long,  2-6  cm.  wide, 
doubly  serrate,  often  lobed  toward  the  apex;  corymbs  glabrous;  flowers  about 
1.5  cm.  wide;   styles  3-5;  fruit  short-ellipsoidal  to  globose,  1-1.6  cm.  long, 
dark  crimson;  flesh  bright  red,  succulent ;  the  3-5  nutlets  7-8  mm.  long;  nest 
of  nutlets  6-7  mm.  thick.     (C.  Pennypackeri  Sarg.)  —  Occasional,  e.  Pa.  and 
Md.     Fl.  May  ;  fr.  Oct. 

6.  C.  feciinda  Sarg.  Leaves  oblong-obovate  to  oval,  3-9  cm.  long,  2-7  cm. 
wide,  doubly  serrate,  the  veins  strongly  marked  ;  corymbs  slightly  villous ; 
flowers  about  2  cm.  wide;  calyx-lobes  coarsely  glandular-serrate;  stamens  about 
10 ;  anthers  purple  ;  styles  2-4  ;  fruit  short-ellipsoid  to  subglobose,  2-2.5  cm. 
long,  orange-red,  slightly  pubescent;  calyx-lobes  erect;  flesh  thick;  nutlets 
usually  2-3,  8-10  mm.  long;  nest  of  nutlets  8-10  mm.  thick.  —  Rich  bottom 
lands,  s.  w.  Ind.  to  s.  e.  Mo.  Fl.  May;  fr.  Oct. 

6.  C.  berberif&lia  T.  &  G.     Leaves  oblong-cuneiform,  spatulate,  or  obovate, 
2-6  cm.  long,  1-4  cm.  wide,  rounded  or  acute  arid  serrate  toward  the  apex, 
rough-pubescent  above,  white-pubescent  or  -tomentose  beneath;  petioles  1  cm. 
long,  densely  tomentose  ;  corymbs  densely  villous  ;  flowers  about  1.6  cm.  wide  ; 
calyx-lobes   slightly  villous;   stamens   about  20;   anthers  yellow;  styles  2-3; 
fruit  subglobose,  about  1  cm.  thick,    orange   or  red,   slightly  pubescent ;  flesh 
yellow;  nutlets  2-3,  about  6  mm.  long  ;  nest  of  nutlets  about  6  mm.  thick.  — 
Gulf  States.  —  A  specimen  from  Mercersburg,  Pa.  (Porter)  appears  intermediate 
between  this  and  the  following. 

Var.  Engelmanni  (Sarg.)  Eggleston.  Less  pubescent;  stamens  about  10; 
anthers  pink. — Va.  and  Mo.  Fl.  May;  fr.  Oct. 

§  3.  PUNCTATAE  Loud.  Leaves  obovate  to  oblong,  impressed-veined  and 
usually  rather  dull  above,  mostly  pubescent  beneath  particularly  along  the 
veins,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  sharply  ^uneate  at  the  base,  serrate, 
doubly  serrate,  or  slightly  lobed,  but  nearly  entire  toward  the  base,  subcoria- 
ceous  ;  petioles  1-2  cm.  long,  slightly  winged  above  ;  corymbs  many-flowered  ; 
calyx-lobes  lanceolate-acuminate,  entire  or  sometimes  glandular-margined; 
stamens  10-20;  styles  2-5;  fruit  green,  yellow,  or  red;  flesh  hard,  thick; 
calyx  usually  flattened ;  nutlets  2-5,  ridged  on  the  back ;  flat-topped  trees, 
3-10  m.  high,  with  grayish-brown  bark;  spines  straight,  2-7  cm.  long. 

Fruit  ellipsoidal,  glabrous  ;  nutleis  usually  8-4. 

Leaves  bright  yellow-green  above  ;  nest  of  nutlets  longer  than  thick         .      7.  C.  pausiaca. 

Leaves  dull  gray -green  above  ;  nest  of  nutlets  about  as  long  as  thick        .      8.  C.  punctata. 
Fruit  globose,  glabrous  or  pubescent ;  calyx  somewhat  prominent;  nutlets  4-5. 

Fruit  glabrous,  green  to  scarlet;  Canadian 9.  C.  ttuborliciilala. 

Fruit  villous,  red  ;  southern 10.  C.  collina. 

7.  C.  pausiaca  Ashe.     Leaves  oblanceolate-obovate,  3-6  cm.  long,  1.6-4  cm. 
wide,  dark  vivid  yellow-green  and  glabrous  above;  corymbs  pubescent ;  flowers 
1.2-1.6  cm.  wide;  calyx  glabrous,  its  lobes  slightly  pubescent  inside;  stamens 
10-15  ;  anthers  dark  pink  ;  fruit  ellipsoidal-pyriform,  about  8  mm.  thick,  dull 
brick-red;  flesh   greenish-yellow;   nutlets  usually  3,    7-10  mm.  long;   nest  of 
nutlets  6-10  mm.  thick. — Abundant  in  Pa.  —  Intermediate  between  C.  Crus- 
galli  and  C.  punctata,  and  to  be  expected  wherever  these  two  species  are  found. 
Fl.  May  ;  fr.  Oct. 

8.  C.  punctata  Jacq.    Leaves  2-8  cm.  long,  1-5  cm.  broad,  dull  gray-green 
and  strongly  impressed-veined  above  ;  corymbs  tomentose  ;  flowers  about  2  cm. 


464 


ROSACEAE  (ROSE  FAMILY) 


broad ;  calyx-tube  pubescent,  its  lobes  less  so  ;  stamens  usually  about  20 ;  an- 
thers  white  to  pink  ;  fruit  yellow  (var.  AUREA  Ait.)  or  red  (var.  ntBRA  Ait.), 
1.2-2.5  cm.  thick  ;  nutlets  usually  3-4.  8-9  mm.  long;  nest  of  nutlets  8-10  mm. 
thick.  —  Falls  of  Montmorency,  Que.,  to  s.  e.  Minn.,  s.  (through  w.  N.  E.)  to  Pa.f 

n.  111.,  and  la.,  and  along  the  mts.  to  n.  Ga. ; 

ascending  in  N.  C.  to  about  1800  m.      Fl. 

May,   June ;    fr.    Oct.      FIG.    770.      Var. 

CANESCENS    Britton    is   a    more    canescent 

form  occasionally  seen. 

9.  C.  suborbiculata  Sarg.    Leaves  ovate- 
orbicular,    2-7    cm.    long,    2-6  cm.    wide, 
membranaceous,  dull  dark  green  above,  gla- 
brous ;   petioles  winged  above,  glandular ; 
corymbs    glabrous ;    flowers    about   2    cm. 
broad  ;  calyx-lobes  slightly  glandular-mar- 
gined ;    stamens  about  20 ;    anthers    rose- 
colored  ;  styles  4-5  ;  fruit  globose  or  com- 
pressed-globose, 1-1.5  cm.  thick,  dull  green 
to    scarlet ;    calyx    somewhat    prominent ; 
flesh  yellow,  containing  commonly  5  nutlets 
(6-7.5  mm.  long) ;  nest  of  nutlets  8-10  mm. 
thick.  —  Limestone  ridges  in  the  region  of 
Montreal.     Fl.  May,  June  ;  fr.  Oct. 

10.  C.  collina  Chapm.     Leaves  obovate 
to  oval,  2-6  cm.  long,  1.5-5  cm.  wide,  yellow- 
green,   somewhat  pubescent  when  young ; 
petioles  slightly  pubescent,  winged ;  corymbs 
and   calyx  pubescent;    flowers   1.5-2    cm. 
wide ;   calyx-lobes  glabrous  or  slightly  pu- 
bescent inside,  glandular-ciliate ;  stamens 

about  20  ;  anthers  yellow  ;  styles  3-5  ;  fruit  globose  or  compressed-globose,  dull 
red,  9-12  mm.  thick;  calyx  somewhat  prominent;  calyx-lobes  persistent;  flesh 
yellow,  dry ;  nutlets  usually  5,  6-7  mm.  long ;  nest  of  nutlets  8-10  mm.  thick. 
—  Common,  s.  w.  Va.  to  centr.  Ga.  and  n.  Miss.  Fl.  May;  fr.  Oct. 

Var.  s6rdida  (Sarg.)  Eggleston.  Corymbs  rather  few-flowered;  flowers 
2.5-3.5  cm.  broad;  anthers  pink  ;  nutlets  3-4. —  Occasional,  s.  e.  Mo.  Fl.  May ; 
fr.  Oct. 

Var.  Lettermani  (Sarg.)  Eggleston.  Stamens  about  10;  fruit  subglobose  or 
pyriform,  orange-red.  —  Occasional,  s.  e.  Mo.  Fl.  May  ;  fr.  Oct. 

§  4.  Vf  RIDES  Beadle.  Leaves  oblong-ovate  to  oval,  obtuse,  acute,  or  acumi- 
nate (often  3-lobed)  at  the  apex,  cuneate  at  the  base,  serrate  or  doubly  ser- 
rate or  lobed,  dark  green,  shining,  and  glabrous  above,  paler  and  somewhat 
pubescent  along  the  veins  beneath,  usually  membranaceous  ;  petioles  1-3  cm, 
long,  slightly  winged  above;  corymbs  few-many-fl^wered,  glabrous;  calyx- 
lobes  entire  or  slightly  glandular-margined,  triangular  to  lanceolate-acumi- 
nate ;  stamens  10-20 ;  anthers  yellow ;  styles  2-5 ;  fruit  glabrous,  red, 
subglobose  to  ellipsoidal;  flesh  hard;  nutlets  3-5  (2  in  no.  11),  ridged  on 
the  back;  trees  or  large  shrubs,  6-11  m.  high,  with  ascending  or  nearly 
erect  branches,  dark  brown  bark,  and  straight  spines  2-5  cm.  long. 


770.  C.  punctata. 


Nutlets  2  ;  fruit  large,  8-15  mm.  thick  ;  lobes  of  the  leaves  crenate 
Nutlets  3-5  ;  fruit  small,  5-9  mm.  thick  ;  lobes  dentate. 

Fruit  bright  red,  glaucous,  4-6  mm.  thick        .... 

Fruit  dull  dark  red,  6-9  mm.  thick 


11.  C.  Margaretta. 

12.  C.  vimdis. 

13.  C.  niUda. 


11.  C.  Margaretta  Ashe.  Leaves  2-6  cm.  long,  2-4  cm.  wide,  obtuse  or  acute 
at  the  apex,  crenate-lobed,  slightly  pubescent  when  young,  glabrate ;  corymbs 
5-12-flowered,  slightly  pubescent  at  first;  flowers  1.5-2  cm.  wide  ;  calyx-lobes 
slightly  pubescent  inside  ;  styles  1-3  ;  fruit  dull  rusty  green  to  red,  8-15  mm. 
thick  ;  flesh  yellow,  dry  and  mealy  ;  nutlets  usually  2,  about  6  mm.  long,  about 


ROSACEAE    (ROSE   FAMILY) 


465 


771.  C.  nitida. 


3  mm.  thick  ;  a  tree,  with  a  narrow  open 
crown,  4-8  m.  high.  (G.  Brownii  Brit- 
ton  ?)  —  Woods  and  banks  of  streams,  s. 
Out.  to  centr.  la.,  s.  to  centr.  Pa.,  w.  Va., 
and  Mo.  Fl.  May  ;  fr.  Oct. 

12.  C.  viridis  L.    Leaves  2-8  cm.  long, 
2-5  cm.  wide,  serrate;  flowers  1-1.5  cm. 
wide;  calyx-lobes  slightly  pubescent  in- 
side ;    styles  4-5  ;   fruit  globose  or  de- 
pressed-globose, bright  red,  glaucous,  4-6 
mm.  thick;  nutlets  usually  5,  3.5-5  mm. 
long;  nest  of  nutlets  3.5-5.5  mm.  thick. 
—  Moist  soil  of  the  lowlands,  Chesapeake 
City,  Md.  (Ward},  Va.  (Clayton}  to  Mo., 
s.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     Fl.  May  ;  fr.  Oct. 

13.  C.  nitida  (Engelm.)  Sarg.    Leaves 
3-8  cm.  long,  2-6  cm.  wide,  coarsely  ser- 
rate; corymbs  many-flowered,  1.2-2  cm. 
wide  ;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  acuminate  ; 
fruit  globose  to  short-ellipsoidal,  dark  dull 
red,  6-9  mm.  thick;  flesh  yellow,  mealy  ; 
nutlets  3-5,  4.5-7  mm.  long  ;  nest  of  nut- 
lets 5-7  mm.  thick  ;  tree  sometimes  9  m. 
high,  with  a  broad  crown. — Rare,  s.  111. 
tos.e.  Kan.    Fl.  May  ;  fr.  Oct.    FIG.  771. 

§5.  INTRICATAE  Sarg.  (BOYNTONIANAE  Beadle;  BILTMOREANAE  Beadle.) 
Leaves  elliptic-ovate,  acute  and  varying  from  attenuate  to  truncate,  doubly 
serrate  or  lobed  »(the  teeth  gland-tipped},  sub  coriaceous,  yellow-green, 
bright  above  j  petioles  1-3  cm.  long,  glandular,  slightly  winged  above  ;  young 
foliage  usually  yellow-green;  corymbs  S-!-flowered;  bracts  very  glandular, 
deciduous;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate-acuminate  or  acute,  for  the  most  part 
strongly  toothed  toward  the  apex,  often  entire  at  the  base ;  stamens  about 
10  ;  anthers  usually  yellow  ;  styles  2-5  ;  fruit  greenish  or  reddish-yellow  to 
reddish-brovm,  globose  to  pyriform,  bluntly  angular ;  calyx  prominent,  its 
lobes  reflexed;  flesh  of  the  fruit  hard,  thick;  nutlets  usually  3-4,  strongly 
ridged  on  the  back ;  irregularly  topped  shrubs  or  small  trees,  1-8  m.  high 
(with  occasional  spines},  preferring  rocky  iqoods  and  cliffs,  more  common 
and  typical  in  the  southern  mountains.^ 

Foliage,  corymbs,  and  fruit  glabrous. 
Calyx-lobes  nearly  entire  ;  fruit  globose,  yellow-green  ;  nutlets  3-5 ;  leaves 

ovate  or  oval 14.    C.  Soyntorvi. 

Calyx-lobes  serrate ;  nutlets  usually  8-4. 

Leaves  ovate  to  oval ;  fruit  globose,  red-brown  or  orange-red  .        .        .15.    C.foetida. 
Leaves  elliptical-ovate ;  fruit  usually  pyriform,  yellow-green,  tinged  with 

red 16.   C.  apposita. 

Foliage  and  fruit  pubescent ;  corymbs  villous. 
Fruit  globose  :  anthers  yellow. 

Mature  fruit  reddish-brown  ;  nutlets  8-4 17.    C.  coccinea. 

Mature  fruit  yellow ;  nutlets  4-5 18.    C.  liltmoreana. 

Fruit  pyriform,  yellow  ;  nutlets  8-4  ;  anthers  pink 19.    C.  Stonei. 

14.  C.  Boynt&ni  Beadle.     Leaves  broadly  ovate  or  oval,  glabrous,  2-5  cm. 
long,  2-5.5  cm.  wide;   corymbs  glabrous;  flowers  about  2  cm.  broad;  calyx- 
lobes  entire,  except  near  the  apex ;  styles  3-5  ;  fruit  globose  or  depressed-glo- 
bose, yellow-green,  tinged  with  red,  1-1.5  cm.  thick  ;  nutlets  3-5,  6-8  mm.  long  ; 
nest  of  nutlets  7-9  mm.  thick.  —  In  woods  and  on  banks  of  streams,  between 
400  and  900  m.  elevation,  s.  w.  Va.,  N.  Car.,  and  Tenn.     Fl.  May ;  fr.  Oct. 

15.  C.  foStida  Ashe.     Leaves  elliptical-ovate  to  oval,  4.5-7  cm.  long,  4-6  cm. 
wide,  glabrous;  corymbs  glabrous;  flowers  about  2  cm.  wide  ;  styles  3-5;  fruit 
subglobose,  1-1.5  cm.  thick,  orange-red  or  red-brown;  nutlets  usually  3-4,  6-8 
mm.  long;    nest  of  nutlets  6-9  mm.  thick.      (C.  Baxteri  Sarg.) — Common, 
e.  Mass,  to  s.  Ont.,  s.  to  Va.     Fl.  May  ;  fr.  Oct. 

GRAY'S  MANUAL  —  30 


466 


ROSACE AE    (ROSE   FAMILY) 


772.  C.  coccinea. 


16.  C.  app6sita  Sarg.  Leaves  elliptical-ovate,  2-7  cm.  long,  1.5-5  cm.  wide, 
lobed  (the  lower  pair  of  lobes  often  deeply  cut),  glabrous;  corymbs  and  calyx 
glabrous;  flowers  1.5-2  cm.  wide;  fruit  pyriform  to  ellipsoidal,  yellow-green, 
tinged  with  red,  about  1  cm.  thick  ;  the  3-4  nutlets  5-7  mm.  long ;  nest  of  nut- 
lets 6-8  mm.  thick.  (C.  coccinea,  var.  viridis  T.  &  G.,  in  part ;  C.  coccinea 

Britton,  not  L.  ;  G.  intricata  Sarg.,  not  J. 
Lange.)  —  Rocky  woods,  s.  w.  Vt.  and  Mass. 
to  N.  Y.  and  Va.  Fl.  May,  June  ;  fr.  Oct. 

Var.  BissSllii  (Sarg.)  Eggleston.  Leaves 
more  entire  ;  anthers  pink  ;  fruit  orange-red. 
—  Ct. 

17.  C.  coccinea  L.  Leaves  rough-pubescent, 
sometimes  becoming  very  scabrous,  2-7  cm. 
long,  1.5-5  cm.  wide;  corymbs  and  calyx  vil- 
lous;  flowers  about  2.5  cm.  wide;  stamens 
about  10 ;  anthers  light  yellow  ;  fruit  sub- 
globose  to  ellipsoidal,  pubescent,  sometimes 
becoming  nearly  glabrous,  8-10  mm.  thick, 
yellow-green,  becoming  dark  reddish-brown 
when  fully  ripe  ;  nutlets  usually  3-4,  5-7  mm. 
long  ;  nest  of  nutlets  6-8  mm.  thick.  ( C.  coc- 
cinea, var.  viridis  T.  &  G.,  in  part ;  G.  intricata 
J.  Lange  ;  G.  modesta  Sarg. ;  G.  premora 
Ashe.) — Rocky  woods,  e.  Mass,  to  s.  w.  Vt., 
s.  e.  N.  Y.,  w.  Pa.,  and  N.  C.  Fl.  May,  June  ; 
fr.  Oct.,  Nov.  FIG.  772. 

18.  C.  biltmoreana  Beadle.     Leaves  ovate-elliptical  to  broadly  ovate,  2-9  cm. 
long,  2-7  cm.  wide,  pubescent  on  both  sides  ;  corymbs  and  calyx  villous  ;  flowers 
2-2.5  cm.  wide;  fruit  globose  to  subglobose,  1.2-1.5  cm.* thick,  greenish-yellow, 
yellow,  or  orange  ;  nutlets  usually  4-5,  5-7  mm.  long  ;  nest  of  nutlets  7-10  mm. 
thick.  — Mountainous  regions,  Va.  to  N.  C.  and  (?)  Mo.     Fl.  May  ;  fr.  Oct. 

19.  C.  St6nei  Sarg.    Leaves  oblong  to  oblong-ovate,  7-8  cm.  long,  4-6  cm. 
wide,  scabrate  above,  slightly  villous  along  the  veins  beneath  ;  corymbs  villous ; 
flowers  1.5-2  cm.  wide;  calyx  villous  ;    anthers  pink;  fruit  pyriform  to  short- 
ellipsoidal,  1.2-1.4  cm.    thick,    light   yellow  or  yellow-green  tinged   with   red, 
slightly  villous;  the  3-4  nutlets  6-8  mm.  long;  nest  of  nutlets  6-8  mm.  thick. 
(C.  Peckii  Sarg.)  —  Centr.  Mass,  to  Albany,  N.  Y.     Fl.  May,  June  ;  fr.  Oct. 

§  6.  FLAVAE  Loud.  (EDFLAVAE  Beadle.)  Leaves  short-obovate  to  spatulate, 
membranaceous  and  together  with  the  petioles  and  corymbs  conspicuously 
glandular;  corymbs  few-flowered;  calyx-lobes  glandular-serrate;  fruit 
usually  soft,  green,  orange,  or  red,  subglobose  to  ellipsoidal ;  calyx  promi- 
nent, its  lobes  reflexed;  nutlets  3-5,  ridged  on  the  back;  shrubs  or  small 
trees,  1-10  m.  high,  frequently  with  undulating  or  zigzag  branches,  armed 
with  straight  spines  2-6  cm.  long.  — A  group  very  abundant  both  in  species 
and  individuals  south  of  our  range. 

20.  C.  aprica  Beadle.     Leaves  obovate,  rhombic-ovate,  or  orbicular,  1.5-5  cm. 
long,  1.5  cm.  wide,  slightly  pubescent,   becoming  very  glabrous,  acute  at  the 
apex,  abruptly   cuneate  or  rounded   at  the   base, 

dentate,  crenate-dentate,  or  lobed  above  the  middle, 
dark  yellow-green  ;  petioles  7-20  mm.  long,  wing- 
margined  ;  corymbs  3-6-flowered,  pubescent ;  sta- 
mens 10  ;  anthers  yellow  ;  fruit  globose,  9-14  mm. 
thick,  red  or  orange-red  ;  nutlets  about  7  mm.  long  ; 
nest  of  nutlets  6-8  mm.  thick.  —  "  Sunny  exposures 
in  the  mountains,"  s.  Va.,  w.  N.  C.,  e.  Tenn.,  and 
n.  Ga.  Fl.  May ;  fr.  Sept.,  Oct.  FIG.  773. 

C.  FLAVA  Ait.   (described  from  English  botani- 
cal gardens)  has  oval  to  obovate  glabrous  leaves,  773.  C.  aprica. 


ROSACEAE    (ROSE   FAMILY) 


467 


10  stamens,  pink  anthers,  and  pyriform  yellow-green  fruit. 
in  s.  Va. 


It  should  be  sought 


§7.  PARVIFOLIAE  Loud.  (UNIFLORAE  Beadle.)  Leaves  rather  small,  spatu- 
late,  obovate,  or  oval,  obtuse,  rounded,  or  acute  at  the  apex,  cuneate  at 
the  base,  crenate,  crenate-dentate,  or  serrate,  subcoriaceous,  shining  above, 
very  pubescent  when  young,  becoming  scabrate  above  when  mature ;  petioles 
very  short,  pubescent,  winged  ;  corymbs  tomentose,  l^Q-flowered ;  calyx-lobes 
long  and  foliaceous,  slightly  pubescent,  laciniate ;  stamens  about  20 ; 
anthers  white ;  styles  6-7  ;  fruit  pubescent,  globose  or  pyriform,  greenish- 
yellow  or  red;  calyx  prominent,  its  lobes  reflexed ;  flesh  firm;  nutlets 
usually  5,  often  more;  shrubs,  1-4  TO.  tall,  armed  with  slender  straight 
often  foliaceous  spines  1-6  cm.  long. 


Leaves  obovate  or  spatulate,  usually  obtuse ;  corymbs  1-3-flowered 
Leaves  ovate,  usually  acute ;  corymbs  3-6-flowered 


21.  C.  tomentosa 

22.  C.  Vailiae. 


21.   C.   tomentbsa  L.    Leaves  obovate  to  spatulate,  obtuse  or  rounded  at 
the  apex,  1.5-4  cm.  long,  1-3  cm.  wide,  crenate  ;  corymbs  l-3-flowered,  flower? 
1-1.5  cm.  wide;  fruit  subglobose,  1-1.5  cm.  thick,  yellow-green,'  nutlets  7-9 
mm.  long,  grooved  on  the  back  ;  nest  of  nutlets  8-10  mm.  thick.     ( C.  uniflora 
Muench.  ;  C.  parvifolia  Ait.)  —  Sandy  soil,  L.  I.  to 
Fla. ,  w.  Ky. ,  Mo. ,  and  centr.  Tex.    Fl.  May  ;  f r.  Oct. 
FIG.  774.     Var.  SinfTHii  (Sarg.)  Eggleston.    Leaves 
serrate;  fruit  red. — Near  Philadelphia.     Fl.  May; 
fr.  Sept. 

22.  C.  Vailiae  Britton.  Leaves  2-5.5  cm.  long, 
1-4.5  cm.  wide,  oval  or  ovate,  acute  at  the  apex, 
cuneate  at  the  base,  crenate-serrate,  often  slightly 
3-5-lobed;  petioles  4-10  mm.  long;  'corymbs  3-6- 
flowered;  flowers  1-1.5  cm.  wide;  fruit  globose, 
8-10  mm.  thick,  reddish-brown;  nutlets  5-6  mm. 
long ;  nest  of  nutlets  7-8  mm.  thick.  —  Va.  to  n.  w. 
Ga.  ;  Greensboro,  Ala. 

§8.  ROTUNDIFOLIAE  Eggleston.  (COCCINEAE 
Sarg.)  Leaves  elliptical-ovate  to  orbicular, 
doubly  serrate  or  lobed.  subcoriaceous,  dark 
yellow-green  and  shining  above ;  petioles  glandu- 
lar, slightly  winged  above,  1-5  cm.  long  ;  young 
foliage  usually  yellow-green  ;  corymbs  many- 
flowered  ;  calyx-lobes  glandular-serrate,  usually 
lanceolate-acuminate ;  stamens  5-20 ;  anthers 
usually  yellow ;  styles  2-5  ;  fruit  depressed-glo- 
bose to  short-ovoid,  red;  flesh  soft;  calyx-lobes 
reflexed  ;  nutlets  usually  3-4,  ridged  on  the  back  ; 
round-topped  shrubs  and  trees,  3-10  m.  high, 
with  numerous  curved  spines  (2-7  cm.  long). 

Leaves  elliptic-ovate,  sharply  cuneate,  deeply-incised 28.    C.  columbiana. 

Leaves  ovate-orbicular,  broadly  cuneate  or  truncate  at  base. 

Calyx  prominent ;  fruit  subglobose 24.    C.  Macauleyae. 

Calyx  obscure. 

Fruit  pyriform,  yellow-red 25.   C.  Oakeaiana. 

Fruit  globose,  red. 
Fruit  angular  in  cross-section. 

Fruit  glabrous  ;  flowers  2-2.5  cm.  wide ;  leaves  slightly  lobed    .        .    26.    C.  Jackii. 
Fruit  pubescent ;  flowers  about  1.5  cm.  wide  ;  leaves  sharply  lobed  .    27.    C.  irrasa. 
Fruit  round  in  cross-section. 
Nest  of  nutlets  shorter  than   thick ;  fruit  about  1  cm.  thick,  dark 

red  ;  leaves  3-6  cm.  wide  ;  anthers  yellow 28.    C.  rotundifoUa. 

Nest  of  nutlets  longer  than  thick  ;  fruit  about  1.5  cm.  thick,  carmine- 
red  ;  leaves  4-8  cm.  wide  ;  anthers  pink         29.    C.  Jonesae. 

23.  C.  columbiana  Ho  well.     Leaves  cuneate-obovate  or  oblong,  2-6  cm.  long, 
1-5  cm.  wide,  incisely  5-9-lobed  above  the  middle,  acute  to  acuminate,  sparingly 


774.  C.  tomentosa. 


468 


ROSACEAE    (ROSE   FAMILY) 


villous  ;  corymbs  slightly  villous ;  flowers  about  1.5  cm.  broad  ;  calyx  glabrous, 
its  lobes  triangular-acuminate,  slightly  villous  inside,  often  red-tipped  ;  stamens 
about  10 ;  styles  2-5  ;  fruit  scarlet,  short-pyriform,  8-12  mm.  long ;  calyx- 
2obes  persistent ;  flesh  glutinous ;  nutlets  usually  3-4,  6-8  mm.  long ;  nesl. 
of  nutlets  6-7  mm.  thick.  —  Columbia  R.  and  tributaries,  e.  of  Cascade  Mts. 
Fl.  May;  fr.  Aug.,  Sept.  Var.  PJPEKI  (Britton)  Eggleston.  Leaves  more  pubes- 
cent ;  corymbs  varying  from  slightly  to  densely  pubescent ;  fruit  pubescent.  — 
With  the  typical  form  westward,  but  extending  e.  to  s.  Minn,  and  L.  Superior. 

Var.  Brunetiana  (Sarg.)  Eggleston.  Leaves  often  ovate,  2-9  cm.  long,  2-8 
cm.  wide ;  corymbs  slightly  pubescent ;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate-acuminate.  — 
Nfd.  to  L.  Superior.,  s.  to  N.  S.  and  centr.  Me.  Fl.  June  ;  fr.  Sept. 

X  ?  C.  laurentiana  Sarg.  Similar  to  var.  Piperi,  but  usually  with  4-5  nutlets 
with  occasional  shallow  pits  on  their  ventral  faces.  —  A  possible  hybrid,  occurring 
near  Montreal. 

24.  C.  Macauldyae   Sarg.     Leaves  ovate  or  oval,  4-6  cm.  long,  3.5-5  cm. 
wide,  acute,  abruptly  cuneate  or  rounded  at  the  base,  membranaceous,  glabrous, 
dull  dark  green ;  corymbs  glabrous;  flowers  1.6-1.8  cm.  broad  ;  calyx  glabrous, 
its  lobes  pubescent  inside  ;  stamens  about  20  ;  anthers  small,  yellow  ;  styles  4-5  ; 
fruit  subglobose  to  short-ellipsoidal,  dark  crimson,  1-1.2  cm.  thick  ;  calyx  promi- 
nent ;  flesh  thin,  yellow,  dry  ;  the  4-5  nutlets  7-8  mm.  long;  nest  of  nutlets  7-8 
mm.  thick.  —  Occasional,  w.  N.  Y.     Fl.  May  ;  fr.  Oct. 

25.  C.  Oakesiana  Eggleston.     Leaves  ovate  to  broadly  ovate,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate, gradually  or  abruptly  cuneate,  slightly  pubescent  above,  becoming  glabrate, 
3-7  cm.  long,  3-6  cm.  wide,  doubly  serrate  toward  the  apex ;  corymbs  slightly 
villous ;   flowers   about  2  cm.  wide  ;   calyx  villous,  its  lobes  glabrous  outside, 
slightly  villous   inside  ;  stamens   about  20 ;   anthers  yellow  ;  styles   3-5;  fruit 
pyriform-ellipsoidal,  slightly  angular,  yellowish-red,  about  1  cm.  thick  ;  sepals 
deciduous ;   flesh    soft,  mealy,  light  yellow ;   the  3-5  nutlets  6-7    mm.  long  ; 
nest  of  nutlets   7-8  mm.  thick.  —  Valley  of  the   Connecticut,   n.   e.  Vt.    Fl. 
May  ;  fr.  Aug.,  Sept. 

26.  C.  Jackii  Sarg.     Leaves  ovate-orbicular  to  obovate,  3-6  cm.  long,  2.5-5 
cm.  wide,  acute,  cuneate  to  rounded  at  base,  dull  dark  green  above,  slightly 

pubescent,  glabrate  ;  corymbs  slightly  villous  \  flow- 
ers 2-2.5  cm.  wide  ;  calyx  glabrous,  its  lobes  sharply 
glandular-serrate,  slightly  pubescent  inside ;  stamens 
5-10  ;  anthers  yellow  ;  styles  2-3  ;  fruit  ovoid-ellip- 
soidal, 1-1.5  cm.  thick,  dull  dark  red,  prominently 
angled;  flesh  thick,  reddish ;  the  2-3  nutlets  7-9  mm, 
long  ;  nest  of  nutlets  9-10  mm.  thick.  (C.  rotun- 
data  Sarg.)  — Isle  of  Montreal  to  s.  Ont.  Fl.  May  ; 
fr.  Sept. 

27.  C.  irrasa  Sarg.  Leaves  ovate  to  elliptical, 
acute,  broadly  cuneate,  or  truncate  at  base,  with 
4-6  pairs  of  acute  lobes,  3-6  cm.  long,  3-6  cm.  wide, 
membranaceous,  slightly  pubescent,  becoming  gla- 
brous above,  pubescent  beneath,  particularly  along 
the  veins  ;  corymbs  slightly  villous  ;  flowers  about 
1.5  cm.  wide,'  calyx  villous,  its  lobes  slightly  villous 
inside  ;  stamens  about  20  ;  styles  3-5  ;  fruit  sub- 
globose  to  short-ellipsoidal,  slightly  angled,  sparingly 
pubescent,  dull  red,  about  1  cm.  thick,  with  persistent 
calyx-lobes  and  reddish  flesh  ;  the  3-5  nutlets  6-8 
mm.  long ;  nest  of  nutlets  8-10  mm.  thick.  — Isle  of 
Montreal  and  Montmorency  Falls,  Que.  Fl.  May  ; 
fr.  Sept. 
Corymbs  more  villous  ;  fruit  scarlet ;  nutlets  usually 


?75.  C.  rotundifolia. 


Var.  divSrgens  Peck. 
3.— Near  Albany,  N.  Y. 

Var.  Blanchardi  (Sarg.)  Eggleston.     Corymbs  and  calyx  more  villous  than  in 
the  typical  form  ;  anthers  pink  ;  fruit  dark  cherry-red.  — Deerfield  Valley,  Vt. 

28.   C,   rotundifblia  Moench.     Leaves  ovate-orbicular  or  obovate,  3-5  cm, 


ROSACEAE    (ROSE  FAMILY) 


469 


long,  2-6  cm.  wide,  acute,  broadly  cuneate,  doubly  serrate  with  rather  coarse 


usually  2-3,  6-7  nun.  long  ;  nest  of  nutlets  7-9  mm.  thick.  (C.  glandulosa  Ait. ; 
C.  coccinea,  var.  rotiindifolia  Sarg.  ;  C.  Dodgei  Ashe.)  — N.  S.  to  s.  Minn.,  s.  to 
n.  111.,  and  in  the  Alleghenies  to  Va.  Fl.  May  ;  fr.  Sept.  FIG.  775. 

Var.  BicknSllii  Eggleston.  Leaves  somewhat  sharply  lobed  toward  the  apex  ; 
calyx-lobes  long,  laciniate,  persistent  on  the  fruit ;  nutlets  usually  4-5.  —  Nan- 
tucket  I.,  Mass.  Fl.  May  ;  fr.  Sept. 

Var.  Fax6ni  (Sarg.)  Eggleston.  Leaves,  corymbs,  and  fruit  pubescent.  (C. 
coccinea  Linnean  herbarium,  in  part.)  —  Completely  intergrading  with  the 
typical  form  and  of  the  same  range.  Fr.  Aug.,  Sept. 

Var.  chrysocarpa  (Ashe)  Eggleston.  Leaves  slightly  smaller  and  fruit  yel- 
low-red ;  otherwise  like  the  preceding  variety.  (C.  Sheridana  Nelson.)  — Cook 
Co.,  Minn.  (MacMillan),  to  Col.  and  Assina. 

29.  C.  Jondsae  Sarg.  Leaves  elliptical-ovate,  4-10  cm.  long,  3-8  cm.  wide, 
acute  or  obtuse,  cuneate,  glabrous  except  along  the  veins  beneath,  the  lobes  acute 
and  tips  reflexed  ;  petioles  slightly  pubescent,  3-5  cm.  long  ;  corymbs  somewhat 
villous  ;  flowers  about  2.5  cm.  wide;  calyx  villous,  its  lobes  linear,  acuminate, 
glabrous  outside,  slightly  pubescent  inside  ;  stamens  about  10  ;  anthers  large, 
pink;  styles  2-3  ;  fruit  short-ellipsoidal  to  pyriform,  about  1.5  cm.  thick,  bright 
carmine-red,  slightly  pubescent ;  flesh  thick,  yellow ;  calyx-lobes  long,  ap- 
pressed;  nutlets  usually  3,  about  9  mm.  long;  nest  of  nutlets  about  8  mm. 
thick. — Mt,  Desert  I.  and  adjacent  coast  to  Falmouth,  Me.  (Chamberlain}. 
Fl.  June  ;  fr.  Oct. 

§  9.  MICROCARPAE  Loud.  Leaves  spatulate  to  oblanceolate,  8-35  mm. 
long,  4-20  mm.  wide,  acute  or  rounded  and  sometimes  3-5-lobed  at  the  apex, 
sharply  cuneate  into  a  winged  petiole,  crenate-serrate,  dark  green  and 
slightly  villous  along  the  veins  above  when  young, 
then  glabrate,  membranaceous  ;  flowers  in  many- 
flowered  glabrous  corymbs,  about  1  cm.  wide  ;  calyx- 
lobes  deltoid,  entire  ;  stamens  about  20  ;  anthers  red  ; 
styles  3-5  ;  fruit  globose  to  subglobose,  red,  4-6  mm. 
thick,  with  reflexed  calyx-lobes  and  dry  mealy  flesh ; 
nutlets  3-5,  slightly  ridged  on  the  back,  3-4.5  mm. 
long,  bare  at  the  apex;  nest  of  nutlets  3.5-4.5  mm. 
thick;  shrub  or  small  tree,  6-8  m.  high;  branches 
upright  and  spreading  ;  bark  grayish-brown,  slightly 
scaly ;  twigs  reddish-brown,  glabrous ;  thorns  sparse, 
straight,  3-4  cm.  long. 

30.  C.  spathulata  Michx.     The  only  species  of  the 
776  C  suathulata          section.  —  Moist  rich  soil  of  the  coastal  region,   Va.  to 
Fla.  and  Tex. ;  also  s.  Ark.  and  s.  e.  Okla.     FIG.  776. 

10.  APIIF6LIAE  Loud.  Leaves  broadly  ovate  to  orbicular,  1-4  cm.  long, 
1-4  cm.  wide,  acute,  slightly  cordate  to  cuneate  at  the  base,  pinnately  5-7- 
lobed,  simply  or  doubly  serrate,  pilose  above  when  young,  often  glabrate, 
pilose  beneath,  especially  along  the  veins,  membranaceous;  petioles  2.5-5 
cm.  long,  tomentose ;  flowers  about  1.5  cm.  wide,  in  B-12-Jlowered  villous 
corymbs;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate,  glabrous  outside, 
slightly  pubescent  inside ;  stamens  about  20  ;  anthers  dark  red;  styles  1-3; 
fruit  ellipsoid  or  ovoid,  4-7  mm.  long,  scarlet,  slightly  pubescent  with  reflexed 
calyx-lobes  and  thin  firm  flesh  ;  nutlets  commonly  2,  5-6.5  mm.  long,  smooth 
on  the  back,  bare  at  the  apex;  nest  3-3.5  mm.  thick,  with  no  sinus  between 
the  nutlets ;  shrubs  or  small  trees,  2-6  m.  high,  with  nearly  horizontal 
branches  and  smooth  gray  bark;  twigs  light  red,  long-tomentose  but  gla- 
brate; thorns  few,  chestnut-brown,  2.5-4  cm.  long,  straight. 


470 


KOSACEAE    (ROSE   FAMILY) 


777.  C.  Marshallii. 


31.  C.  Marshallii  Eggleston.  The  only  species 
of  the  section.  (Mcspilus  apiifolia  Marsh. ;  C.  apii- 
folia  Michx.,  not  Medic.)  —  Along  streams  and 
about  swamps  in  the  lowlands,  s.  Va.  to  Fla.,  w.  to 
Mo.  and  Tex.  FIG.  777. 

§11.  TENUIF6LIAE  Sarg.  Leaves  ovate,  serrate, 
doubly  serrate,  or  lobed,  acute  or  acuminate, 
slightly  villous  but  glabrate,  dark  yellow-green 
above,  paler  beneath  ;  petioles  slender,  1.5-3  cm. 
long;  young  foliage  usually  bronze-green; 
corymbs  many-flowered;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate- 

?^}ffil  X"^i^X  acuminate,    usually    entire   (often    glandular- 

W^Vf1         if  margined},  slightly  pubescent  inside;  stamens 

5-20  ;  anthers  usually  pink  ;  styles  2-5  ;  fruit 
ellipsoidal,  ovoid,  or  pyriform,  red,  glabrous, 
with  rather  persistent  erect  or  spreading  calyx- 
lobes  and  succulent  edible  flesh  ;  nutlets  usually 
3-4,  strongly  ridged  on  the  back ;  shrubs  or  small  trees,  2-7  m.  high,  with 
ascending  branches  and  strong  curved  spines  2-7  cm.  long. — This  section 
is  the  most  troublesome  of  any  in  our  range,  specific  lines  being  here 
particularly  hard  to  draw. 

Fruit  ellipsoidal,  ovoid,  or  pyriform. 
Calyx-lobes  serrate. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate,  flabellate,  the  lobes  reflexed 32.    C.  crudelis. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate,  the  lobes  spreading  or  ascending    .        .        .        .    33.    C.  lucorum. 
Calyx-lobes  entire. 
Fruit  small,  6-9  mm.  thick,  with  rather  firm  flesh  ;  leaves  conspicuously 

lobed 34.    C.  roanensis. 

Fruit  large,  1-1.8  cm.  thick,  with  soft  flesh ;  leaves  not  conspicuously 

lobed 85.    C.  maerosperma. 

Fruit  compressed-globose  or  subglobose. 

Lobes  of  the  leaves  reflexed  ;  leaves  flabellate 36.    C.  Grayana. 

Lobes  of  the  leaves  spreading  or  ascending. 

Terminal  leaves  cuneate  or  rounded  at  the  base 37.    C.  alnorum. 

Terminal  leaves  cordate 38.    C.  populnea. 

32.  C.  crudSlis  Sarg.    Leaves  ovate  to  broadly  ovate,  3-7  cm.  long,  2.5-6  cm. 
broad,  sharply  lobed  (the  tips  of  the  lobes  often  recurved},  broadly  cuneate  or 
truncate,  rarely  cordate  at  the  base,  slightly  villous  above,  becoming  scabrate 
or  glabrate;  corymbs  slightly  villous  at  first;   flowers  1.5-2  cm.  wide;  calyx- 
tube  and  inside  of  the  lobes  slightly  villous  ;  stamens  about  10  ;  styles  3-5  ;  fruit 
ellipsoidal,  8-12  mm.  thick,  scarlet  or  crimson  ;  the  3-5  nutlets  6-8  mm.  long  ; 
nest  of  nutlets  6-8  mm.  thick.      (Mespilus  flabellata  Bosc,    not  C.  flabellata 
Heldreich ;  C.  blandita  Sarg. )  —  Caughnawaga  Reservation  to  Falls  of  Montmo- 
rency,  Que.    Fl.  May  ;  fr.  Sept. 

33.  C.  lucbrum  Sarg.     Leaves  oblong-ovate  to  broadly  ovate,  3-6  cm.  long, 
2-5  cm.  wide,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  broadly  cuneate  or  rounded  at 
the  base,  finely  and  doubly  serrate  or  lobed;  corymbs  slightly  villous;  flowers 
about  2  cm.  broad ;  calyx  glabrous  except  for  a  slight  pubescence  on  the  inner 
surface  of  the  lobes ;  stamens  about  20 ;  anthers  small,  deep  pink  ;  styles  4-5 ; 
fruit  pyriform-ellipsoidal,   crimson,   1.5-2  cm.   long. — Occasional,   n.  111.    and 
s.  e.  Wise.     Fl.  May  ;  fr.  Sept. 

Var.  insolens  (Sarg.)  Eggleston.  Styles  3-5  ;  fruit  ellipsoidal,  scarlet,  gla- 
brous, 1-1.2  cm.  long ;  flesh  rather  firm  ;  nutlets  usually  3-4,  6-7  mm.  long  ; 
nest  of  nutlets  6-7  mm.  thick.  —  Rare,  n.  e.  Vt. 

34.  C.  roanSnsis  Ashe.     Leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  2.5-7  cm.  long,  2-6 
cm.  wide,  with  3-6  pairs  of  acute  usually  straight  lobes,  the  base  broadly  cuneate 
to  cordate;  corymbs  glabrous  or  slightly  villous;  flowers  about  1.5  cm.  wide; 
calyx-lobes  slightly  villous  inside  ;  stamens  5-20,  usually  5-10  ;  styles  2-5  ;  fruit 
7-9  mm.   thick,  9-13  mm.  long,  crimson  ;  flesh  rather  firm  ;  nutlets  6-8  mm. 
long;  nest  of  nutlets  6-7  mm.  thick.  (C.  fluviatilis  Sarg.  ;  C.  ascendens  Sarg.  : 


KOSACEAE    (ROSE   FAMILY) 


471 


778.  C.  macrosperma. 


C.  uber  Ashe.)  —Montreal  to  Wise.,  s.  through  w.  N.  E.  to  Pa.,  and  in  the  mts. 
(ascending  to  1800  m.)  to  N.  C.  and  Tenn.    Fl.  May  ;  fr.  Sept. 

36.  C.  macrosp6rma  Ashe.    Leaves  elliptical-ovate  to  broadly  ovate,  rounded 
to  truncate  or  rarely  cordate  at  the  base,  2.5-7  cm.  long,  2-7  cm.  wide,  the  lobes 
acute;  corymbs  glabrous  or  slightly  villous ;  flowers  1.5-2  cm.  wide;  stamens 

5-10 (-20)  ;  styles  2-5  ;  fruit  ellipsoidal  or  pyri- 
form,  1-1.8  cm.  thick,  scarlet  to  crimson,  often 
glaucous ;  nutlets  usually  3-4,  6-8  mm.  long  ; 
nest  of  nutlets  6-8  mm.  thick.  —  N.  S.  and  n. 
Me.  to  n.  Mich,  and  s.  e.  Minn.,  s.  to  Pa., 
n.  111.,  and  in  the  mts.  to  N.  C.  and  Tenn.  Fl. 
May ;  fr.  Sept.  FIG.  778.  Var.  FENTANDRA  • 
(Sarg.)  Eggleston.  Leaves  sharply  cuneate  at 
the  base.  —  Vt.  to  Va.  Var.  DEMfssA  (Sarg.) 
Eggleston.  Leaves  and  fruit  smaller.  —  Occa- 
sional, w.  N.  E.  to  n.  HI.  and  w.  Va. 

Var.  pastbrum  (Sarg.)  Eggleston.  Leaves 
more  nearly  entire  ;  fruit  dark  crimson.  —  Low 
grounds,  w.  N.  E.  and  N.  Y.  Var.  MAT^RA 
(Sarg.)  Eggleston.  Lobes  of  the  leaves  acumi- 
nate, often  recurved.  —  Kange  of  the  typical 
form.  Fr.  Aug.,  Sept.  Var.  AcuTfLOBA  (Sarg.) 
Eggleston.  Lobes  of  leaves  acuminate,  re- 
curved ;  leaves  of  vegetative  shoots  often  cor- 
date. —  Coast  of  N.  S.  and  N.  E. 

36.  C.  Grayana  Eggleston.  Leaves  flabel- 
late,  2.5-8  cm.  long,  2-7  cm.  wide,  acuminate, 
broadly  cuneate  to  truncate  at  the  base,  slightly 
pubescent  above,  glabrate,  the  lobes  4-6  pairs,  often  acuminate,  their  tips 
recurved;  corymbs  slightly  villous;  flowers  about  1.5  cm.  wide;  calyx-tube 
villous  below,  the  lobes  glabrous  outside,  slightly  villous  within,  somewhat 
glandular-margined ;  stamens  about  20  ;  styles  3-5 ;  fruit  subglobose  to  short- 
ellipsoidal,  angular,  dark  cherry-red,  with  reflexed  calyx-lobes  and  thick  yellow 
mealy  flesh  ;  nutlets  usually  4-5,  6-7.5  mm.  long  ;  nest  of  nutlets  6-7  mm.  thick, 
strongly  ridged  on  the  back.  (  C.  flabellata  Sarg. ,  not  Mespilus  flabellata  Bosc. ) 
—  Montmorency  Falls  to  Montreal,  Que.,  w.  N.  E.  and  n.  e.  N.  Y.  Fl.  May  ; 
fr.  Aug.,  Sept. 

37.  C.  alnbrum  Sarg.     Leaves  ovate,  3-7  cm.  long,  2.5-6.5  cm.  wide,  broadly 
cuneate  to  truncate  ;  corymbs  glabrous  ;  flowers  1.5-2  cm.  wide  ;  stamens  about 
20  ;  fruit  subglobose,  1.2-1.5  cm.  thick,  slightly  angular,  dark  cherry-red ;  flesh 
yellow,  acid  ;  the  3-5  nutlets  7-8  mm.  long  ;  nest  of  nutlets  8-9  mm.  thick.     (C. 
Edsoni  Sarg.^—  N.  E.  to  s.  Mich,  and  Pa.    Fl.  May ;  fr.  Sept. 

38.  C.  populnea  Ashe.     Leaves  broadly  ovate  to  elliptic-ovate,  2.5-6.5  cm. 
long  and  wide,  broadly  cuneate  to  truncate  at  the  base,  those  on  vegetative  shoots 
usually  cordate;   corymbs  glabrous;  flowers  1.5-2  cm.  wide;   stamens  5-10; 
styles  2-4;  fruit  globose  to  short-ellipsoidal,  scarlet,  1-1.5  cm.  thick,  with  ap- 
pressed  or  spreading  deciduous  sepals  and  yellow  flesh ;  nutlets  usually  3-4, 
7-8  mm.  long;  nest  of  nutlets  7-8  mm.  thick.     (C7.  stolonifera  Sarg.)  —  Occa- 
sional, s.  Ont.  to  Pa.  and  Del.     Fl.  May  ;  fr.  Sept. 

§12.  PRUIN6SAE  Sarg.  (SILVICOLAE  Beadle.)  Leaves  ovate,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate at  the  apex,  broadly  cuneate  to  truncate  (occasionally  cordate)  at  the 
base,  doubly  serrate  or  lobed,  membranaceous  to  subcoriaceous,  blue-green, 
glabrous;  petioles  slightly  glandular,  1-3  cm.  long;  young  foliage  usually 
bronze-green;  corymbs  many-flowered,  glabrous;  calyx-lobes  deltoid-acu- 
minate, often  serrate  at  the  base,  glumaceous ;  stamens  10-20  ;  anthers 
usually  pink  ;  styles  3-5;  fruit  usually  depressed-globose  to  short-ellipsoidal, 
strongly  angled,  red,  pruinose,  with  prominent  spreading  persistent  calyx- 
lobes  and  hard  thick  flesh ;  nutlets  usually  4-5,  strongly  ridged  dorsally  ; 
nest  of  nutlets  shorter  than  thick,  with  deep  sinuses  between  the  nutlets; 


472 


ROSACEAE    (ROSE    FAMILY) 


shrubs  or  trees,  3-8  m.  high,  with  irregular  ascending  branches  and  numer 
ous  curved  chestnut-brown  spines  3-6  cm.  long.  —  Rocky  woods. 

Fruit  conspicuously  angled,  strongly  pruinose. 

Leaves  usually  cuneate 39.    C,  pruinom. 

Leaves  cordate 40.    C.  deltoides. 

Fruit  without  conspicuous  angles,  slightly  pruinose. 
Leaves  ovate,  cuneate  or  cordate. 

Leaves  usually  cordate 41.    C.  silwicola. 

Leaves  usually  cuneate. 

Lobes  of  leaves  shallow,  acute 42.    C.beatn. 

Lobes  of  leaves  deep,  acuminate 43.    C.  leiopJiylla. 

Leaves  elliptic-ovate,  cuneate 44.   C.  Jesupi. 

39.  C.  pruin&sa  (Wendl.)  C.  Koch.  Leaves  elliptic-ovate  to  broadly  ovate, 
2.5-6  cm.  long  and  wide,  membranaceous ;  flowers  about  2  cm.  wide  ;  stamens 

about  20  ;  anthers  pink,  rarely  yellow  ;  fruit 
apple-green,  becoming  scarlet  or  purple,  1.2- 
1.5  cm.  thick;  flesh  yellow,  sweet;  nutlets 
6-8  mm.  long  ;  nest  of  nutlets  8-9  mm.  thick. 
—  Common,  w.  N.  E.  to  s.  Wise.,  Mo.,  Va., 
and  s.  in  the  mts.  Fl.  May  ;  fr.  Oct.,  Nov. 
FIG.  779.  Forma  DfssoNA  (Sarg.)  Eggleston. 
Stamens  10.  —  With  the  typical  form. 

Var.  latisSpala  (Ashe)  Eggleston.  Leaves 
more  nearly  entire ;  fruit  reddish-brown. 
((7.  cognata  Sarg.)  —  With  the  typical  form. 
Var.  PHILADELPHIA  (Sarg.)  Eggleston. 
Leaves  with  more  acuminate  lobes,  those  on 
vegetative  shoots  usually  cordate.  (  C.  fusca 
Sarg.)  —  Range  of  typical  form. 

Var.  conjiincta  (Sarg.)  Eggleston.  Fruit 
less  angular  and  not  highly  colored  ;  anthers 
light  yellow.  —  Range  of  typical  form. 

Var.  Ported  (Britton)  Eggleston.  Fruit 
pyriform,  reddish-brown.  —  Pocono  Mt.  and 
adjacent  region,  e.  Pa. 

40.  C.  deltoides  Ashe.  Leaves  broadly 
ovate,  3-7  cm.  long  and  broad,  abruptly 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  cordate  or  truncate 
7T9.  C.  pruinosa.  at  the  base,  with  4-6  pairs  of  broad  acumi- 

nate lobes ;  flowers  about  2  cm.  broad ; 

stamens  about  10  ;  fruit  depressed-globose,  bright  red,  1-1.5  cm.  thick;  flesh 
yellow  ;  nutlets  6-7  mm.  long  ;  nest  of  nutlets  8-10  mm.  thick.  —  Dutchess  Co., 
N.  Y.,  and  e.  Pa.  Fl.  May  ;  fr.  Oct. 

41.  C.  silvicola  Beadle.     Leaves  triangular-ovate,  2-7  cm.  long,  2-6  cm.  wide, 
rounded,  truncate,  or  on  vegetative  shoots  cordate  at  the  base,  incisely  lobed ; 
flowers  about  1.5  cm.  wide;  stamens  10  ;  fruit  globose,  1-1.1  cm.  thick,  slightly 
angular,  red ;  the  3-5  nutlets  6-8  mm.  long;  nest  of  nutlets  7-8  mm.  thick.  — 
N.  Ala.  and  n.  w.  Ga. 

Var.  Beckwithae  (Sarg.)  Eggleston.  Leaves  sharply  lobed  ;  flowers  about  2 
cm.  wide  ;  fruit  subglobose  to  compressed-globose,  cherry  red,  1.2-1.5  cm. 
thick  ;  nutlets  6-8  mm.  long  ;  nest  of  nutlets  8-10  mm.  thick.  (C.  Robbinsiana 
Sarg.  ;  C.  sequax  Ashe.)  —  Frequent,  w.  N.  E.  to  s.  Mich.,  and  s.  to  Pa.  Fl. 
May  ;  fr.  Oct. 

42.  C.  beata  Sarg.     Leaves  3-8  cm.  long,  2.5-7  cm.  wide,  broadly  cuneate 
to  truncate  at  the  base,  acutely  lobed,  membranaceous,  dull ;  flowers  about  2  cm. 
wide ;    stamens   about   20 ;  fruit  short-ellipsoidal,   slightly  angular,   crimson, 
slightly  pruinose,  1-1.5  cm.  thick  ;  the  4-5  nutlets  6-8  mm.  long  ;  nest  of  nutlets 
9-11  mm.  thick.  — Occasional,  w.  N.  Y.  and  s.  Ont.     Fl.  May  ;  fr.  Oct. 

Var.  c6mpta  (Sarg.)  Eggleston.  Leaves  on  vegetative  shoots  sometimes 
subcordate,  subcoriaceous  ;  flowers  about  1.5  cm.  wide  ;  stamens  7-10  ;  nutlets 
3-4.  —  Similar  range.  Fl.  May  ;  fr.  Oct. 


ROSACEAE  (ROSE  FAMILY)  473 

43.  C.  leiophylla  Sarg.    Leaves  broadly  ovate,  3-7  cm.  long  and  wide,  broadly 
cuneate  to  truncate  at  the  base,  subcoriaceous,  dull,  with  3-5  pairs  of  acuminate 
spreading  lobes;  flowers  about  2  cm.  wide;  stamens  about  20;  anthers  yellow; 
fruit  pyriform-subglobose,  1.2-1.4  cm.  thick,  slightly  angular,  dark  green,  be- 
coming bright  red,  slightly  pruinose  ;  flesh  yellow ;  nutlets  usually  4,  7-8  mm. 
long  ;  nest  of  nutlets  8-10  mm.  thick.  — Frequent,  w.  N.  Y.     Fl.  May  ;  fr.  Oct. 

Var.  Maineana  (Sarg.)  Eggleston.     Stamens  about  10  ;  anthers  pink  ;  fruit 
globose,  dark  scarlet ;  nutlets  0-7  mm.  long.  —  Similar  range.     Fl.  May  ;  f r.  Oct. 

44.  C.  Jesupi  Sarg.     Leaves  elliptic-ovate,   3.5-7  cm.  long,  2-6.5  cm.  wide, 
broadly  cuneate  to  truncate-cordate  at  the  base,  yellow-green  above,  with  4-5 
pairs  of  acute  lobes;  flowers  about  2  cm.  wide  ;  calyx-lobes  entire;  stamens 
about  10  ;  anthers  dark  red  ;  fruit  short-ellipsoidal  to  pyriform,  dark  red,  about 
1   cm.  thick,  slightly  angled,    destitute   of   bloom   when   mature  ;  calyx-lobes 
mostly  deciduous  ;  flesh  yellow  ;  nutlets  usually  3-4,  6-8  mm.  long ;   nest   of 
nutlets  7-9  mm.  thick.  — Twin  Mts.,  W.  Rutland,  Vt.  ;  e.  Pa.;  s.  Mich.;  s.  w. 
Wise. 

§  13.  COCCfNEAE  Loud.  (FLABELLATAE  Sarg.)  Leaves  large,  ovate  (often 
broadly  so},  simply  or  doubly  serrate  or  lobed,  membranaceous  to  subcoria- 
ceous, when  young  bronze-green;  corymbs  many-flowered;  calyx-lobes 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  glandular-serrate  ;  stamens  5-^20 ;  anthers  red; 
styles  3-5  ;  fruit  usually  red  and  pubescent,  subglobose,  ellipsoidal,  or 
pyriform,  with  soft  thick  flesh  and  commonly  persistent  calyx-lobes;  nutlets 
usually  4-5,  slightly  ridged  on  the  back ;  nest  of  nutlets  usually  with  deep 
sinuses;  round-topped  trees  or  shrubs,  3-10  m.  high,  with  ascending 
branches  and  curved  spines  2-8  cm.  long.  —  In  this  section  belongs  C.  coc- 
cinea  Mill. ;  T.  &  G. 

Fruit  yellow ;  western 45.   G.  Kdloggii. 

Fruit  red. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate. 
Leaves  sharply  lobed  ;  eastern. 

Corymbs  nearly  glabrous 46.    (7.  JTolmesiana. 

Corymbs  very  pubescent  .        .        . 47.    (7.  anomala. 

Leaves  subentire  ;  southwestern. 
Corymbs  and  fruit  very  tomentose    .        .        .        .        .        .        .        .    48.    C.  lanuginosa. 

Corymbs  and  fruit  nearly  glabrous 49.    C.  pyriformis. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate. 

Corymbs  and  fruit  glabrous  ;  stamens  about  20 50.    C.  coccinioides. 

Corymbs  and  fruit  pubescent  or  tomentose. 
Leaves  on  vegetative  shoots  cuneate. 

Leaves  concave,  3-8  cm.  long,  3-7  cm.  wide 61.    C.  Pringlei. 

Leaves  plane,  3-10  cm.  long,  3-9  cm.  wide 52.    C.  pedicellata. 

Leaves  on  vegetative  shoots  cordate 68..  C.  polita. 

45.  C.  Kell6ggii  Sarg.     Leaves  broadly  ovate  to  suborbicular,  3-7  cm.  long, 
2.5-7  cm.  wide,  rounded  at  the  apex,  broadly  cuneate  or  truncate  at  the  base, 
lobed  above  the  middle,  dark  yellow-green,    slightly  pubescent  but  glabrate 
above,  pubescent  along  the  veins  beneath  ;  petioles  2-3  cm.  long,  slender,  villous 
when  young;   corymbs  pubescent;  flowers  about  1.5  cm.  wide;  calyx  slightly 
pubescent,   its  lobes  glabrous  on  the  outer  surface,   slightly  villous  within  ; 
stamens  about  20  ;   styles  5  ;  fruit  subglobose  to  short-ovoid,  bright  yellow, 
2-2.5  cm.  thick,  with  spreading  calyx-lobes  and  yellow  mealy  flesh;  nutlets  5, 
slightly  grooved  on  the  back,  about  8  mm.  long  ;  nest  of  nutlets  9-10  mm.  thick  ; 
tree  6-8  m.  high,  with  nearly  erect  branches,  dark  furrowed  bark,  and  occa- 
sionally straight  chestnut-brown   spines  about  3  cm.   long.  —  St.  Louis,  Mo., 
uncommon.     Fl.  Apr. ;  fr.  Sept. 

46.  C.  Holmesiana  Ashe.     Leaves  elliptic-ovate,   2.5-9  cm.  long,  2-6  cm. 
wide,  membranftceous,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  cuneate  at  the  base, 
pubescent  at  length  scabrous  above,  pubescent  along  the   veins  beneath,  the 
4-6  pairs  of  acute  or  acuminate  lobes  often  with  reflexed  tips;  petioles  2-3  cm. 
long,  slightly  pubescent ;  corymbs  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent ;  flowers  about 
1.5  cm.  wide;  stamens  5-10  ;  styles  3-5  ;  fruit  pyriform  to  ellipsoidal,  crimson, 
about  1.2  cm.  thick,  with  enlarged  erect  persistent  .calyx-lobes  and  yellow  mealy 
acid  flesh ;  nutlets  usually  3-4,  7-9  mm.  long ;  nest  of  nutlets  6-8  mm.  thick ; 


474 


ROSACEAE    (ROSE   FAMILYJ 


sinuses  shallow  ;  tree  sometimes  9  m.  high,  with  ascending  branches,  gray -brown 
scaly  bark,  and  occasional  spines  4-6  cm.  long. —  Moist  hillsides,  Montreal, 
centr.  Me.,  R.  I.,  Pa.,  s.  Mich.,  and  s.  in  the  mts.  to  s.  N.  C.  Fl.  May  ;  fr.  Aug., 
Sept.  The  form  occurring  from  Pa.  south  w.,  var.  vf  LLIPES  Ashe  ( C.  tenuifolia 
Britton),  has  the  corymbs  more  pubescent. 

47.  C.  an6mala  Sarg.     Leaves  oblong  to  ovate,  3-9  cm.  long,  2-8  cm.  wide, 
acute  at  the  apex,  broadly  cuneate  to  truncate  at  base,  acutely  lobed,  slightly 
pubescent  becoming  scabrous  above,  densely  villous  along  the  veins  beneath, 
yellow-green  ;  petioles  pubescent,  1-2  cm.  long  ;  corymbs  and  calyx  villous,  the 
inside  of  the  calyx-lobes  but  slightly  so  ;  flowers  about  1.5  cm.  wide  ;  stamens 
about  10  ;  styles  4-5  ;  fruit  pyriform- ellipsoidal,  1.5-2  cm.  thick,  crimson,  with 
prominent  calyx,  persistent  spreading  slightly  pubescent  calyx-lobes  and  light 
yellow  juicy  flesh  ;   nutlets  7-9.5  mm.    long ;    nest  of  nutlets  8-9  mm.    thick. 
(C.  oblongifolia  Sarg.) — Montreal  I.  to  centr.  Me.,  North  Adams,  Mass.,  and 
Albany,  N.  Y.     Fl.  May  ;  fr.  Oct. 

48.  C.  lanuginbsa  Sarg.     Leaves  ovate  to  suborbicular,  2.5-7  cm.  long,  2-6 
cm.  wide,  acute  at  the  apex,  broadly  cuneate  to  truncate  at  the  base,  coarsely 
and   doubly   serrate,    appressed-pubescent    becoming   scabrous   above,  densely 
white-tomentose  beneath;  petioles  5-25  mm.  long,  tomentose;  corymbs  white- 
tomentose  ;  flowers  about  2  cm.  wide  ;  calyx  densely  white-tomentose,  its  lobes 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute  ;  stamens  about  20  ;  styles  5  ;  fruit  subglobose  to  short- 
ellipsoidal,  about  1.5  cm.  thick,  bright  cherry-red,  tomentose,  with  prominent 
calyx,  spreading  calyx-lobes,  and  orange  dry  and  mealy  flesh  ;  nutlets  5,  6-8  mm. 
long  ;  nest  of  nutlets  8-11  mm.  thick  ;  tree  with  spreading  and  erect  branches, 
armed  with  many  straight  thorns  3-9  cm.  long,  the  young  thorns  often  bear- 
ing undeveloped  leaves. — Common  near  Webb  City,    s.    w.   Mo.      Fl.   May; 
fr.  Sept. 

49.  C.  pyrif6rmis  Britton.     Leaves  broadly  oval  to  obovate-oval,  3-7  cm. 
long,  2-6  cm.  broad,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  cuneate  at  the  base,  sharply  and  some- 
times doubly  serrate,  slightly  pubescent 
but  glabrate  above,  pubescent  especially 
along  the  veins   beneath,   yellow-green, 
membranaceous;  petioles  1-3  cm.  long, 
winged   above,    tomentose  to   scabrous ; 
corymbs  villous  ;  flowers  about  2.5  cm. 
broad ;  calyx  villous,  the  lobes  slightly 
pubescent ;  stamens  about  20  ;  styles  4-5  ; 
fruit  ellipsoidal-pyriform,  about  1.2  cm. 
thick,  bright   cherry-red,    with   reflexed 
calyx-lobes  and  light  yellow  juicy  flesh  ; 
nutlets  ear-shaped,  about  8  mm.    long ; 
nest  of  nutlets  about  1  cm.  thick.     (G. 
dispessa    Ashe.)— Rich    bottom    lands, 
s.  e.  Mo.     Fl.  May  ;  fr.  Sept. 

50.  C.  coccinioides  Ashe.  Leaves 
broadly  ovate,  acute  at  the  apex,  rounded 
or  truncate  at  the  base,  doubly  serrate 
and  with  several  pairs  of  broad  acute 
lobes,  4-9  cm.  long,  3.5-8  cm.  wide,  dark 
green  above,  paler  and  slightly  tomen- 
tose along  the  veins  beneath,  membrana- 
ceous ;  petioles  glandular,  2-3  cm.  long  ; 
corymbs  5-7 -flowered,  glabrous  ;  flowers 
about  2  cm.  wide ;  calyx-lobes  ovate, 
780.  C.  coccinioides.  acute,  glandular-serrate  ;  stamens  about 

20  ;  styles  3-5  ;  fruit  subglobose,  obtusely 

angled,  1.5-2  cm.  thick,  dark  crimson,  with  prominent  calyx,  spreading  sepals, 

and  subacid  red-tinged  flesh  ;  nutlets  usually  4-5,  7-9  mm.  long,  4.5-5.5  mm. 

thick,  grooved  on  the  back.     (C.  Eggertii  Britton.) —Occasional,  s.  w.  Ind.  to 

e.  Kan.     FIG.  780. 


EOSACEAE   (ROSE  FAMILY)  475 

Var.  dilatata  (Sarg.)  Eggleston.  Corymbs  7-12-flowered ;  flowers  about 
2.5  cm.  broad  ;  fruit  with  less  prominent  calyx,  the  calyx-lobes  more  deciduous. 
(C.  speciosa  Sarg.)  — Montreal  I.  to  R.  I.,  and  w.  to  Mo.  Fl.  May  ;  fr.  Sept. 

51.  C.  Pringlei  Sarg.    Leaves  concave,  ovate  to  oval,  3-8  cm.  long,  2.5-7  cm. 
wide,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  abruptly  cuneate  at  the  base,  very  shallowly 
lobed,  pubescent  but  glabrate  above,  pubescent  along  the  veins  beneath,  bright 
yellow-green;  petioles  1-3  cm.  long,  pubescent;   corymbs  pubescent;  flowers 
about  2  cm.  wide  ;  stamens  about  10  ;  styles  3-5  ;  fruit  short-ellipsoidal  to  pyri- 
form,  red,  pubescent,  about  1.5  cm.  thick,  with  persistent  spreading  calyx-lobes 
and  yellow  acid  edible  flesh  ;  nutlets  7-9  mm.  long ;  nest  of  nutlets  7-9  mm. 
thick.  —  Common,  w.  N.  E.  to  n.  111.,  s.  to  Pa.     Fl.  May  ;  f r.  Sept.     Var.  BX- 
CLtisA  (Sarg.)  Eggleston.     Leaves  less  concave  ;  corymbs  densely  pubescent. — 
Vt.  and  n.  e.  N.  Y.     Var.  LOBULATA  (Sarg.)  Eggleston.     Leaves  more  deeply 
cut.     (C.  cristata  Ashe.)  —  With  the  typical  form. 

52.  C.  pedicellata  Sarg.     Leaves  broadly  ovate,  3-10  cm.  long,  3-9  cm.  wide, 
acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  broadly  cuneate  to  truncate  at  base,  slightly 
pubescent  becoming  scabrous  above,  nearly  glabrous  beneath,  membranaceous ; 
corymbs  glabrous  or  slightly  villous  ;  flowers  1.5-2  cm.  wide  ;  calyx  glabrous, 
its  lobes  slightly  villous  on  the  upper  side  ;  stamens  10-20  ;  styles  3-5  ;  fruit 
pyriform  to  short-ellipsoidal,  scarlet,  glabrous,  1.5-2  cm.  thick,  with  rather  per- 
sistent erect  or  spreading  calyx-lobes  and  dry  mealy  flesh  ;  nutlets  usually  4-5, 
7-8  mm.  long ;  nest  of  nutlets  8-10  mm.  thick.  —  Frequent,  s.  Ct.  to  s.  Ont.  and 
n.  111.,  s.  to  Pa.  and  Del.     Fl.  May;  fr.  Sept.     Var.  ELLWANGERI\NA  (Sarg.) 
Eggleston  has  densely  villous  corymbs,  fruits  slightly  villous,  and  nutlets  3-5.  — 
Similar  range. 

53.  C.  polita  Sarg.     Leaves  broadly  ovate  to  oblong-ovate,  cordate,  truncate, 
or  broadly  cuneate  at  the  base,  3-9  cm.  long  and  wide,  membranaceous,  gla- 
brous when  mature,  yellow-green;  corymbs  glabrous;  flowers  1.5-2  cm.  wide; 
calyx  glabrous,  its  lobes  slightly  pubescent  above  ;  stamens  5-10  ;  styles  3-4 ; 
fruit  subglobose  to  short-ellipsoidal-pyriform,  glabrous,  cherry-red,  1-1.5  cm.. 
thick,  with  deciduous  calyx-lobes  ;  nutlets  sharply  ridged  on  the  back,  6-8  mm. 
long;  nest  of  nutlets  6-8  mm.  thick.  —  Occasional,  w.  N.  E.  to  s.  Mich.,  s.  to 
Del.      Fl.    May  ;    fr.    Sept.     Var.    TATNALLIANA    (Sarg.)    Eggleston.      Leaves 
slightly  pubescent ;  corymbs,  calyx,  and  fruit  villous  ;  nutlets  3-5.  —  With  the 
typical  form. 

§  14.  M6LLES  Sarg.  Leaves  large,  ovate,  pubescent  or  tomentose  becoming 
scabrate  above,  acute  at  the  apex,  broadly  cuneate  to  cordate  at  base,  doubly 
serrate  or  lobed,  yellow-green,  subcoriaceous  or  membranaceous ;  petioles 
2-4  cm.  long,  pubescent  or  tomentose;  young  foliage  yellow-green;  corymbs 
many-flowered,  densely  tomentose  ;  calyx-lobes  glandular-serrate,  somewhat 
tomentose ;  stamens  10-20 ;  anthers  yellow ;  styles  3-5 ;  fruit  large,  red, 
pubescent,  globose,  ellipsoidal,  or  pyriform,  with  swollen  erect  or  spreading 
calyx-lobes  and  thick  soft  edible  flesh;  nutlets  usually  4-5,  slightly  ridged 
on  the  back ;  nest  of  nutlets  with  deep  sinuses ;  round-topped  trees,  some- 
times 13  m.  high,  with  curved  spines  3-5  cm.  long. 

Leaves  on  vegetative  shoots  cuneate  at  the  base. 

Lobes  of  the  leaves  shallow,  broad,  acuminate ;  Mass,  and  Ct.      .        .    54.   (7.  Amoldiana. 
Lobes  deep,  narrow,  acute. 

Fruit  globose  or  nearly  so  ;  calyx  rather  prominent ;  leaves  subcori- 
aceous        55.    (7.  canadensis. 

Fruit  ellipsoidal-pyriform  ;  calyx  obscure  ;  leaves  membranaceous    .    56.    C.  submollis. 
Leaves  on  the  vegetative  shoots  cordate. 

Leaves  4-13  cm.  long,  4-10  cm.  wide,  rugose,  membranaceous ;  western    57.    C.  mollis. 
Leaves  8-11  cm.  long,  8-9  cm.  wide,  plane,  subcoriaceous ;  Champlain 

Valley 58.    C.  champlainenns. 

54.  C.  Arnoldiana  Sarg.     Leaves  broadly  ovate  to  oval,  3-10  cm.  long,  2.5- 
8.5cm.  wide,  broadly  cuneate  to  truncate  at  the  base,  with  broad  shallow  acu- 
minate lobes;  flowers  about  2  cm.  wide  ;   stamens  about  10  ;  fruit  globose  or 
subglobose,  1.5-2  cm.  thick,  bright  crimson,  with  scarcely  enlarged  spreading 


476 


&OSACEAE  (ROSE  FAMILY) 


781.  C.  Arnoldiana. 


calyx-lobes  ;  flesh  yellow,  acid  ;  nutlets  8-9 
cm.  long  ;  nest  of  nutlets  9-10  mm.  thick. — 
Rare,  e.  Mass,  and  w.  Ct.  Fl.  May  ;  fr. 
Aug.  FIG.  781. 

55.  C.  canadensis  Sarg.     Leaves  ovate, 
broadly  cuneate  to  truncate   at  the  base, 
acutely  lobed  toward  the  apex,  3-8  cm.  long, 
2.5-7.5  cm.    wide,  subcoriaceous  ;   flowers 
about  2  cm.  wide  ;  stamens  about  20  ;  fruit 
short-ellipsoidal    to    subglobose,    crimson, 
1-1.5  cm.  thick,  with  rather  prominent  calyx, 
spreading  persistent  calyx-lobes  and  yellow 
mealy  flesh  ;  nutlets  usually  5,  about  7  mm. 
long  ;    nest  of  nutlets  9-10  mm.  thick.  — 
Region  of  Montreal.   Fl.  May ;  f r.  Sept. ,  Oct. 

56.  C.  subm611is  Sarg.      Leaves  ovate, 
broadly  cuneate,    acutely   lobed,  4-11  cm. 
long,  3-9  cm.  wide,  membranaceous,  yellow- 
green  ;  flowers  about  2.5  cm.  wide  ;  stamens 
about  10  ;    fruit  short-ellipsoidal   to  pyri- 
form,    orange-red,    1.5-2   cm.    thick,    with 
persistent  calyx  and  yellow  subacid  flesh  ; 
nutlets  strongly  ridged  on  the  back,  6-8 
mm.  long ;  nest  of  nutlets  7-9  mm.  thick. 
—  Falls  of  Montmorency,  Que. ,  to  s.  Ont., 

s.  to  Me.,  Mass.,  and  Albany,  N.  Y.     Fl.  May  ;  fr.  Sept. 

67.  C.  m611is  (T.  &  G.)  Scheele.  Leaves  broadly  ovate,  4-13  cm.  long, 
4-10  cm.  wide,  cordate  to  truncate  at  the  base,  slightly  rugose,  membranaceous, 
densely  tomentose  below,  with  narrow  acute  lobes;  flowers  about  2.5  cm.  wide  ; 
stamens  about  20  ;  fruit  short-ellipsoidal  to  subglobose,  scarlet,  1.5-2.5  cm.  thick, 
with  deciduous  calyx-lobes  and  yellow  flesh  ;  nutlets  usually  5,  7-8  mm.  long ; 
nest  of  nutlets  9-10  mm.  thick.  (C.  coccinea,  var.  T.  &  G.)  —  Common,  s.  Ont. 
to  e.  S.  Dak.,  e.  Kan.,  and  s.  to  Ky.  Fl.  May ;  fr.  Aug.,  Sept. 

Var.  sera  (Sarg.)  Eggleston.  Leaves  oblong-ovate  ;  fruit  pyriform-ellipsoidal, 
dull  dark  red.  — Occasional,  s.  Ont.,  s.  Mich.,  and  n.  111.  Fl.  May  ;  fr.  Oct. 

58.  C.  champlainensis  Sarg.  Leaves  3-11  cm.  long,  3-9  cm.  wide,  subcori- 
aceous; stamens  about  10;  fruit  short-ellipsoidal  to  pyriform,  bright  scarlet; 
calyx  rather  prominent,  its  lobes  spreading,  persistent;  nutlets  strongly  ridged 
on  the  back,  7-8  mm.  long  ;  nest  of  nutlets  8-10  mm.  thick.  —  Montreal  I. ,  s. 
through  the  Champlain  Valley.  Fl.  May  ;  fr.  Sept.,  Oct. 

§  15.  CORDATAE  Beadle.  Leaves  ovate- 
triangular,  simply  or  doubly  serrate 
{often  conspicuously  3-5-lobed),  acu- 
minate at  the  apex,  rounded  to  cordate 
at  the  base,  2-8  cm.  long  and  wide, 
bright  green  above,  paler  beneath,  gla- 
brous ;  petioles  1.5-5  cm.  long,  slender  ; 
corymbs  many-flowered,  glabrous ; 
flowers  about  1  cm.  wide;  calyx-lobes 
deltoid,  entire,  pubescent  on  the  mar- 
gin; stamens  about  20;  anthers  pink  ; 
styles  4-5 ;  fruit  depressed-globose, 
4-6  mm.  thick,  scarlet,  with  deciduous 
calyx-lobes  and  thin  firm  flesh ;  nut- 
lets 5,  3-4  mm.  long,  2-2.5  mm.  thick, 
smooth  on  the  back;  apex  bare;  si- 
nuses between  the  nutlets  shallow ;  shrubs  or  small  trees,  5-9  m.  tall,  with 
nearly  erect  branches  and  grayish-brown  scaly  bark  ;  twigs  chestnut-brown  ; 
thorns  2-5  cm.  long. 


.  C.  phaenopyrum. 


ROSACEAE  (ROSE  FAMILY)  477 

59.  C.  phaenopyrum  (L.  f.)  Medic.     Only  species  of  the  section.     (Mespilus 
L.  f. ;    C.   cordata  Ait.,  not  Mespilus  cordata  Mill.) — Along  streams  in  the 
Appalachian  Mts.,  Va.  to  n.  Ga.  and  n.  Ala.;  s.  111.,  s.  Mo.,  and  n.  w.  Ark.; 
naturalized  northw.  to  e.  Pa.  and  s.  N.  J.     Fl.  June  ;  fr.  Oct.     FIG.  782. 

§  16.  AN6MALAE  Sarg.  Leaves  elliptical  to  ovate,  finely  and  doubly  serrate 
or  lobed,  acute  at  the  apex,  abruptly  cuneate  to  rounded  at  the  base,  subcori- 
aceous  or  membranaceous,  bright  green  above,  pubescent  (particularly  along 
the  veins  beneath) ;  petioles  slightly  winged  above,  1-4  cm.  long ;  corymbs 
many-flowered ;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  acuminate,  glabrous  outside,  slightly 
pubescent  ivithin,  glandular-serrate;  stamens  5-20;  anthers  pink;  styles 
2-5 ;  fruit  subglobose  to  short-ellipsoidal,  red,  with  reflexed  calyx-lobes  and 
thin  succulent  or  glutinous  flesh;  nutlets  usually  2-4 ,  commonly  having  a 
shallow  pit.  on  the  ventral  face  (a  feature  often  lacking  in  individual  nut- 
lets}. —  Species  appearing  as  if  natural  hybrids  between  the  Macracanthae 
and  Tenuifoliae,  but  seeming  now  to  be  thoroughly  established  as  species. 
Many  of  the  group  are  still  in  need  of  careful  study. 

Fruit  and  corymbs  pubescent ;  calyx-lobes  sharply  glandular-serrate     .        .    60.   C.  pertomentosa. 
Fruit  and  corymbs  glabrous  ;  calyx-lobes  remotely  glandular-serrate     .        .61.    C.  Brainerdi. 

60.  C.  pertomentbsa  Ashe.     Leaves  oblong  to  ovate,  3-7  cm.  long,  2-6  cm. 
wide,  slightly  villous  but  glabrate  above,  villous  beneath  particularly  along  the 
veins,  vivid  dark  green,    subcoriaceous ;   petioles   about  1  cm.    long,  villous ; 
corymbs  and  calyx  densely  villous ;  flowers  about  2  cm.  wide  ;  calyx-lobes  deeply 
serrate;  stamens  10-15  ;   styles  2-3;  fruit  globular  or  nearly  so,  cherry-red, 
8-13  mm.  thick,  villous  when  young ;   flesh  yellow,  succulent,  mealy  ;  nutlets 
2-3,  5-6.5  mm.    long,   2.5-3   mm.    thick.      (C.  campestris  Britton.)  —  Rocky 
barrens  in  the  prairies,  centr.  la.,  w.  Mo.,  and  e.  Kan.     Fl.  May  ;  fr.  Sept. 

61.  C.  , Brainerdi  Sarg.     Leaves  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  3-9  cm.  long, 
2-6  cm.  wide,  membranaceous,  glabrate;   corymbs  glabrous;  flowers  about  2 
cm.  wide  ;   calyx-lobes  remotely  glandular-serrate  ;   stamens  about  20  ;   styles 
2-4  ;  fruit  short-ellipsoidal  to  subglobose,  about  1  cm.  thick,  cherry-red  ;  flesh 
yellow,  mealy,  succulent,  acid  ;  nutlets  usually  3-4,  5-7  mm.  long,  2.5-3.5  mm. 
thick.     ( C.  Schuettei  Ashe.)  — N.  E.  to  s.  Wise.,  s.  to  Pa.  and  la.    Var.  SCABRIDA 
(Sarg.)  Eggleston.    Leaves  oval  to  obovate,  sharply  cuneate,  scabrate  on  the 
upper  surface,  pale  yellow-green  ;  stamens  5-20.  —  Range  of  typical  form. 

Var.  Egglestbni  (Sarg.)  Robinson.  Leaves  oval  to  orbicular,  dark  green 
and  shining  above,  subcoriaceous  ;  flesh  of  the  fruit  rather  glutinous ;  nutlets 
usually  2-3.  —  N.  S.  and  N.  E.  to  Wise,  and  Pa.  Var.  ASPERIFOLIA  (Sarg.) 
Eggleston.  Leaves  oval,  acute  or  acuminate,  subcoriaceous,  scabrate  ;  stamens 
10  ;  fruit  bright  scarlet ;  flesh  of  the  fruit  rather  firm.  —  Range  of  typical  form. 

§  17.  MACRACANTHAE  Loud.  (TOMENTOSAE  Sarg.)  Leaves  rhombic-ellip- 
tical, acute  at  the  apex,  cuneate  at  the  base,  doubly  serrate  with  fine  sharp 
teeth,  subcoriaceous  to  coriaceous,  pubescent  when  young  and  at  least  along 
the  veins  beneath  at  maturity  ;  petioles  slightly  winged  above,  1-2  cm.  long  ; 
corymbs  many-flowered,  pubescent;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
glandular-laciniate,  villous  ;  stamens  10-20  ;  anthers  pink  ;  styles  2-4  ;  fruit 
globose,  short-ellipsoidal,  or  pyriform,  red,  with  reflexed  calyx-lobes  and 
thin  glutinous  mealy  flesh;  nutlets  usually  2-3,  dorsally  ridged  and  with  a 
deep  pit  on  the  ventral  face  ;  trees  or  shrubs,  with  ascending  branches  and 
numerous  curved  spines  3-10  cm.  long. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  dark  green  and  shining  above 62.    C.  macracantha. 

Leaves  thin,  dull  green,  pubescent,  and  with  impressed  veins  above. 
Leaves  4-11  cm.  long,  8-8  cm.  wide;  fruit  and  pits  small;  corymbs 

many-flowered 63.    C.  Chapman*. 

Leaves  2-7  cm.  long,  1.5-5  cm.  wide;  fruit  and  pits  large;  corymbs  8-8- 

flowered 64.   C.  missouriensis. 

62.  C.  macracantha  Lodd.     Leaves  rhombic-ovate  to  obovate,  3-8  cm.  long, 
2.5-6   cm.  wide,  coriaceous,  dark  green  and  shining  above;  corymbs  slightly 
villous  ;  flowers  about  2  cm.  wide  ;  stamens  about  10  ;  anthers  large  ;  styles  2-4 ; 


178 


KOSACEAE   (ROSE   FAMILY^) 


783.  C.  macracantha. 


fruit  subglobose,  about  8  mm.  thick,  dark  cherry-red,  shining,  villous  ;  nutlets 
usually  2-3,  5-7  mm.  long,  2.5-3.5  mm.  thick.     (C.  coccinea,  var.  Dudley.)  — 

N.  S.  (C.  B.  Robinson}  to  Minn.,  s.  in  the  mts.  to 
Va.  Fl.  May  ;  fr.  Sept.  FIG.  783.  Var.  RIIO.V- 
Bir6LiA  (Sarg.)  Eggleston  is  a  form  with  more 
villous  corymbs  and  smaller  fruit.  —  With  the  typi- 
cal form.  Var.  OCCIDENTALS  (Britton)  Eggleston. 
Leaves  ovate  to  broadly  oval,  sometimes  8  cm. 
wide.  (  C.  Colorado  Ashe  ;  C.  coloradensis  Nelson.  ) 

—  Frequent,  s.  Man.  to  e.  Kan.,  Col.,  and  Ida. 
Var.  succul£nta  (Schrad.)  Eggleston.    Stamens 

about  20  ;  fruit  larger  than  in  the  typical  form. 

—  Occasional,  with  the  typical  form. 

Var.  neofluvialis  (Ashe)  Eggleston.  Stamens 
10-20;  anthers  small;  fruit  small.  —  Occasional, 
w.  N.  E.  to  Wise,  and  Pa.  ,  and  s.  in  the  mts. 

63.  C.  Chapman!  (Beadle)  Ashe.  Leaves 
rhombic-ovate,  4-11  cm.  long,  3-8  cm.  wide,  acute 
or  acum^na^ei  those  on  vegetative  shoots  obtuse 
an(^  more  entire  than  the  others,  pubescent  on  both 
sides,  becoming  scabrate  above,  sub  coriaceous,  dull 
Sreen  5  petioles  pubescent  ;  corymbs  white-tomen- 
^ose  '  flowers  about  1.5  cm.  wide;  stamens  10-20, 
usuany  about  20  ;  anthers  small  ;  styles  2-4  ;  fruit 
globose  or  subglobose,  8-10  mm.  long,  bright  red; 
flesh  yellow  ;  nutlets  usually  2-3,  about  5  mm. 
long,  2.5  mm.  thick,  slightly  ridged  on  the  back. 
(C.  tomentosa,  var.  microcarpa  Chapm.  ;  C.  tomen- 

tosa,  var.  Chapmani  Beadle.)  —  Frequent,  s.  Ky.  (C.  L.  Boynton)  and  Va.  to  n. 

Ga.     Fl.  May  ;  f  r.  Sept. 

Var.  Plukenetii   Eggleston.     Fruit  pyriform  to  ellipsoidal,  1-1.5  cm.  long, 

orange-red,  villous  ;   flesh  yellow  ;    nutlets   usually  2-3,  more  strongly  ridged 

on  the  back,  5-7  mm.  long,  2.5-3  mm.  thick. 

(  C.  leucophleos  Moench  ?    C.  tomentosa  of  the 

Linnean  herbarium  and  auth.,  not  of  the  Lin- 

nean  description.)  —  Common,    s.  Ont.  to   w. 

N.  J.  ,  w.  to  s.  Minn,  and  e.  Kan.  ;  and  in  the 

mts.  to  Ga.     Fl.  June  ;  fr.  Sept. 

64.  C.  missourignsis  Ashe.     Leaves  ellipti- 

cal-ovate^ 2-7  cm.  long,  1.5-5  cm.  wide,  sub- 

coriaceous,  simply   or   doubly    serrate,  rough 

pubescent  and  shining  above,  pale-tomentose 

beneath;  petioles  5  mm.   long;  corymbs  3-8- 

flowered,    densely    white-tomentose  ;    flowers 

1.2-1.5  cm.  wide;  stamens  about  20;  anthers 

pink  ;  styles  3-5  ;  fruit  subglobose  or  pyriform, 

about  1  cm.  thick,  bright  red,  slightly  villous  ; 

flesh  sweet;  nutlets   5.5-6.5   mm.    long,  with 

large  deep  pits  on  the  ventral  faces  ;   nest  of 

nutlets  6-7  mm.  thick  ;  thorns  straight,  slender, 

4-7   cm.    long.  —Rocky  bluffs,  s.  Mo.;  Tenn. 

(Ashe).     Fl.  May;  fr.  Septr 

§  18.  DOUGLASlANAE  [Loud.]  Sarg.  Leaves 
ovate  to  obovate,  acute  or  obtuse  at  the 
apex,  cuneate  at  the  base,  doubly  serrate 

and  lobed  except  near  the  base,  dark  green  784  c  Douff]asil 

and  pubescent    above   (particularly  along 

the  veins'),  glabrous  below,  subcoriaceous  ;  petioles  slightly  winged,  pubescent 
and  glandular;  corymbs  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  flowers  about  1.5  cm.  wide; 


ROSACEAE   (ROSE   FAMILY)  479 

calyx-lobes  acute  or  acuminate,  entire,  vtllous  above,  tinged  with  red : 
stamens  10-20;  anthers  light  yellow ;  styles  3-5 ;  fruit  short-ellipsoidal, 
black,  8-10  mm.  thick'  flesh  yellow,  sweet;  nutlets  3-5,  5-6  mm.  long, 
2.5-3.5  mm.  thick,  ear-shaped,  ridged  on  the  dorsal  and  roughly  pitted 
on  the  ventral  face;  trees  or  shrubs,  3-13  m.  high,  with  ascending  branches 
and  dark  brown  scaly  bark  ;  twigs  reddish  ;  thorns  usually  1-2  cm.  long. 

65.  C.  Douglasii  Lindl.  The  only  species  of  this  section  within  our  range. 
(C.  glandulosa,v&r.  ft  brevispina  Nutt.)  —  Common  on  Keweenaw  Peninsula, 
Mich.  ;  Michipicoten  I.,  L.  Superior;  Thunder  Bay  L,  L.  Huron;  and  far 
north westw.  Fl.  May ;  fr.  Aug.,  Sept.  FIG.  784. 

9.   COTONE ASTER   [Rupp.]   Medic. 

Calyx  small,  adherent  to  the  2-5  carpels,  the  5  lobes  short,  persistent  as  teeth. 
Styles  free,  stigmatic  at  the  slightly  enlarged  summit.  Carpels  at  maturity 
bony,  1-seeded.  Fruit  small,  berry-like,  mealy.  —  Much  branched  shrubs  with 
small  alternate  usually  coriaceous  and  often  evergreen  leaves,  and  small  white 
cymose  flowers.  (Name  New  Latin  implying  resemblance  to  the  quince.) 

1.  C.  PYRACANTHA  (L.)  Spach.  (FIRE  THORN.)  Shrub,  armed  with  slender 
spreading  purple  spines  ;  leaves  elliptic-oblanceolate,  crenate-serrate,  coriaceous, 
3-6  cm.  long  ;  fruit  globose,  scarlet.  (Pyracantha  coccinea  Roem.)  —  Attrac- 
tive shrub,  used  for  formal  hedges,  etc.,  said  to  have  escaped  from  cultivation 
and  become  established  in  thickets,  s.  Pa.,  and  south w.  (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

10.   FRAGARIA  [Tourn.]    L.     STRAWBERRY 

Flowers  nearly  as  in  Potentilla,  but  in  varying  degrees  polygamo-dioecious. 
Styles  deeply  lateral.  Receptacle  in  fruit  much  enlarged  and  conical,  becoming 
pulpy  and  scarlet,  bearing  the  minute  dry  achenes  scattered  over  its  surface.  — 
Stemless  perennials,  with  runners,  and  with  white  cymose  flowers  on  scapes. 
Leaves  radical ;  leaflets  3,  obovate- wedge- form,  coarsely  serrate  ;  stipules  coher- 
ing with  the  base  of  the  petioles,  which  with  the  scapes  are  usually  hairy. 
Flowering  in  spring  and  early  summer.  (Name  from  the  fragrance  of  the  fruit.) 

*  Inflorescence  umbelliform  or  a  flatfish-topped  cyme  with  subequal  primary 

branches  ;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  tending  to  be  appressed  or  connivent  about 
the  young  fruit;  achenes  in  pits  of  the  pulpy  receptacle. 

1.  F.  virginiana  Duchesne.    Leaves,  peduncles,  and  runners  from  a  subsim- 
ple  caudex  at  the  end  of  a  simple  thickish  rhizome  ;  leaflets  of  a  firm  slightly 
coriaceous  texture  ;  the  hairs  of  the  villous  (rarely  glabrate)  scapes  subappressed 
or  widely  spreading  ;  pedicels  silky.  —  Moist  rich  woodlands,  fields,  etc. ;  com- 
mon.   The  typical  form  is  a  rather  slender  plant  with  the  hairs  of  the  scape 
loosely  appressed  or  more  or  less  spreading.     A  form  with  the  pubescence  gen- 
erally more  sparing,  the  hairs  on  the  scapes  being  subappressed,  is  sometimes 
distinguished.  (F.  canadensis  Michx.,  in  part.)  —  Common  northw.     Another 
scarcely  separable  form  has  the  hairs  on  both  scapes  and  petioles  sparse  and 
subappressed.     (F.  terrae-novae  Rydb.)  —  Northeastw.  and  less  frequent. 

Var.  illinoensis  (Prince)  Gray.  Coarser  and  larger ;  scapes  and  pedicels 
tomentose  with  somewhat  spreading  to  divaricate  hairs.  (F.  illinoensis  Prince ; 
F.  virginiana,  var.  Qrayana  Rydb.)  —  Rich  soil,  w.  N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  and  south- 
westw. 

*  *  Inflorescence  soon  irregular  and  somewhat  raceme-like,  the  primary  branches 

of  the  cyme  distinctly  unequal ;  calyx-lobe^  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate, 
loosely  spreading  or  reflexed,  much  shorter  than  the  early  exposed  fruit ; 
achenes  superficial  or  nearly  so,  slightly  smaller  than  in  the  preceding. 

2.  F.  v6sca   L.     Usually  stoutish  ;  leaflets  rather  deeply  toothed,  strongly 
veined  above ;  pubescence  of  the  petioles  and  stipe  mostly  wide-spreading,  that 


480  ROSACEAE    (ROSE  FAMILY) 

of  the  pedicels  appressed ;  receptacle  broadly  ovoid-conic  or  subglobose.  — 
Dooryards,  old  fields,  dry  open  woods,  etc.;  chiefly  from  N.  K.  to  Fa.,  often  ap- 
pearing as  if  introduced,  but  apparently  passing  without  sharp  limit  into  the 
following  clearly  indigenous  var.  americana.  (Introd.  from  Eurasia  ?)  Var. 
ALBA  (Ehrh.)  Rydb.  Receptacle  white.  —  N.  E.,  N.  Y.,  and  Pa. 

Var.  americana  Porter.  Slender,  thin-leaved  ;  pubescence  of  the  scapes  as 
well  as  of  the  pedicels  and  sometimes  also  of  the  petioles  more  or  less  closely 
appressed,  often  sparse  ;  receptacle  more  narrowly  conical  or  subcylindric-ovoid. 
(F.  americana  Britton.)  —  Common,  chiefly  in  open  rocky  woods. 

11.   DUCHESNEA  Sm.     INDIAN  STRAWBERRY 

Calyx  5-parted,  the  lobes  alternating  with  much  larger  foliaceous  spreading 
3-toothed  appendages.  Petals  5,  yellow.  Receptacle  in  fruit  spongy  but  not 
juicy.  Flowers  otherwise  as  in  Fragaria.  —  Perennial  herb  with  leafy  runners 
and  3-foliolate  leaves  similar  to  those  of  the  true  strawberries.  (Dedicated  to 
Antoine  Nicolas  Duchesne,  an  early  monographer  of  Fragaria.) 

1.  D.  INDICA  (Andr.)  Focke.  Fruit  red,  insipid.  (Fragaria  Andr.)  —  Waste 
ground,  grassy  places,  etc.,  s.  N.  Y.  and  e.  Pa.  to  Fla.,  Ark.,  and  Mo.  (Introd. 
from  Eurasia.) 

12.   SIBBALDIA  L. 

Calyx  flattish,  5-cleft,  with  5  bractlets.  Petals  5,  linear-oblong,  minute. 
Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  petals,  inserted  into  the  margin  of  the  woolly  disk 
which  lines  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Achenes  5-10  ;  styles  lateral.  —  Low  and 
depressed  perennials.  (Dedicated  to  Dr.  Robert  /Sibbald,  professor  at  Edin- 
burgh at  the  close  of  the  17th  century.) 

1.  S.  procumbens  L.  Leaflets  3,  wedge-shaped,  3-toothed  at  the  apex  ;  petals 
yellow. — Arctic  Am.,  s.  to  mts.  of  e.  Que.,  White  Mts.,  N.  H.  ;  and  in  the 
Kooky  Mts.  to  Utah.  (Eurasia.) 

13.  CHAMAERHODOS  Bunge. 

Calyx  top-shaped,  5-cleft,  without  bractlets.  Petals  5,  obovate,  white  or 
purplish,  about  as  long  as  the  calyx-lobes.  Stamens  5,  opposite  the  petals. 
Carpels  5-20;  styles  decidedly  lateral  or  basilar,  articulated  near  the  base. 
Ovule  solitary,  ascending.  — Erect  pubescent  essentially  herbaceous  plants  with 
3-foliolate  leaves  ;  the  leaflets  cleft  into  linear  segments.  (Name  from  xafj-a^  on 
the  ground,  low,  dwarf,  and  p68ov,  a  rose.) 

1.  C.  er6cta  (L.)  Bunge.  Glandular-pubescent ;  root  woody  ;  stem  erect, 
1-3  dm.  high,  often  with  ascending  branches,  leafy ;  flowers  small,  crowded  in 
small  rounded  cymes. — Sandy  soil,  arid  prairies,  etc.,  n.  w.  Minn,  to  Col., 
Mont.,  and  Assina.  (Siber.) 

14.   WALDSTEINIA  Willd. 

Calyx-tube  inversely  conical  ;  the  limb  6-cleft,  with  5  often  minute  and  de- 
ciduous bractlets.  Petals  5.  Stamens  many,  inserted,  into  the  throat  of  the 
calyx.  Achenes  2-6,  minutely  hairy ;  the  terminal  slender  styles  deciduous 
from  the  base  by  a  joint.  Seed  erect ;  radicle  inferior.  —  Low  perennial  herbs, 
with  chiefly  radical  3-5-lobed  or  divided  leaves,  and  small  yellow  flowers  on 
bracted  scapes.  (Named  in  honor  of  Francis  Adam,  Count  of  Waldstein-Warten- 
burg,  a  German  botanist.) 

1.  W.  fragarioides  (Michx.)  Trattinick.  (BARREN  STRAWBERRY.)  Low; 
leaflets  3,  broadly  wedge-form,  cut-toothed ;  scapes  several-flowered  ;  petals 
mostly  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes. — Wooded  hillsides,  Carlton  Co.,  N.  B. 
(Hay}  ;  w.  N.  E.  to  Ga.,  Ind.,  and  Minn.  A  form  with  narrow  petals  about 
equaling  the  calyx-lobes  has  been  distinguished  as  W.  parviftora  Small. 


ROSACEAE    (ROSE   FAMILY)  481 

15.   POTENTILLA  L.    CINQTJEFOIL.     FIVE-FINGER 

Calyx  flat,  deeply  5-cleft,  with  as  many  bractlets  at  the  sinuses,  thus  appear- 
ing 10-cleft.  Petals  5,  usually  roundish.  Stamens  many.  Achenes  many,  col- 
lected in  a  head  on  the  dry  mostly  pubescent  or  hairy  receptacle  ;  styles  lateral 
or  terminal,  deciduQus. :  Radicle  superior.  —  Herbs,  or  rarely  shrubs,  with  com- 
pound leaves,  and  solitary  or  cymose  flowers  ;  their  parts  rarely  in  fours.  (Name 
a  diminutive  from  potens,  powerful,  originally  applied  to  P.  Anserina,  from  its 
once  reputed  medicinal  powers.) 

a.    Petals  reddish-purple 14.  P.  palustris. 

a.    Petals  yellow  or  white   b. 

b.   Stems  shrubby 15.  P.fruticosa. 

b.   Stems  herbaceous  c.  ; 

c.  Flowers  solitary,  on  naked  peduncles  from  the  axils  of  the  foliage- 
leaves  or  on  the  stolons. 

Leaves  pinnate,  of  numerous  leaflets 17.   P.  Anserina. 

Leaves  palmate,  of  3-5  leaflets. 

Tufted  alpine  plant 11.  P.  Robbinsiana. 

Plants  with  elongate  slender  stems. 
Earliest  flower  from  the  node  above  the  first  well-developed 

internode 18.  P.  pumila. 

Earliest  flower  from  the  node  above  the  second  or  third  well- 
developed  internode. 

Stems  ascending  or  procumbent,  not  repent      .        .        .  •  19.  P.  canadensis. 
Stems  repent. 
Leaflets  mostly  5,  spatulate-oblong,  finely  crenate-den- 

tate  nearly  to  the  base 20.   P.  reptans. 

Leaflets    mostly  3,   cuneate-obovate,  coarsely  incised 

chiefly  above  the  middle 21.  P.  procumbens. 

c.  Flowers  cymose,  or  if   solitary  in  the  axils  of  reduced  upper 

leaves  d. 
d.  Leaves  pinnate. 

Inflorescence  glandular-viscid 1.   P.  aryuta. 

Inflorescence  not  glandular. 
Leaves  white-pubescent  above. 
Pubescence  of  the  leaves  lustrous  and  silky       .        .        .12.   P.  Hippiana. 

.      Pubescence  a  dull  tomentum 18.   P.  effusa. 

Leaves  green  or  greenish  above. 
Leaves  definitely  pinnate,  the  leaflets  essentially  uniform  ; 

cyme  very  leafy 4.  P.  paradoxa. 

Leaves  seemingly  palmate,  the  leaflets  crowded  and  the 
lower  ones  much  smaller  than  the  others. 

Cyme  very  leafy  ;  petals  minute 8.   P.  rivalis. 

Cyme  scarcely  leafy ;  petals  showy          .        .        .  6.  P.  pennsylvanica. 

d.  Leaves  palmate  e. 

e.   Petals 'white  ;  leaflets  toothed  only  at  tip 16.   P.  tridentata. 

e.   Petals  yellow  ;  leaflets  toothed  along  the  sides  /. 

/.  Tufted  alpine  plant  with  1-2-flowered  short  branches  .        .    11.   P.  Robbinsiana. 
f.   Leafy-stemmed  plants  with  cymose  flowers  g. 
g.   Petioles  and  lower  part  of  stem  hirsute. 

Leaflets  3  ;  petals  about  as  long  as  the  calyx-lobes         .      2.  P.  monspeliensis. 
Leaflets  5-7  ;  petals  much  exceeding  the  calyx-lobes    ' .    10.   P.  recta, 
g.   Petioles  and  stems  woolly  or  tomentulose  h. 

h.   Leaves  silvery-white  beneath 7.  P.  argentea. 

h.   Leaves  green  or  at  most  slightly  grayish  beneath  ?'. 
i.   Plants  loosely  branched,  with  very  leafy  diffuse  cymes. 

Perennial ;  petals  obcordate 8.   P.  intermedia. 

Annual  or  biennial ;  petals  narrowly  cuneate. 

Achenes  strongly  gibbous  on  the  ventral  side       .      5.   P.  Nicolletii. 
Achenes  not  gibbous  on  the  ventral  side       .  8.  P.  rivalis. 

i.  Plants  with  simple  stems  and  scarcely  leafy  corymbi- 

form  cymes 9.  P.  Nuttallii. 

§  1.    Styles  thickened  and  glandular  toward  the  base ;  achenes  glabrous,  numer- 
ous ;  inflorescence  cymose. 

*  Style  nearly  basal ;  stamens  25-30  ;  perennial  glandular-villous  herbs,  with 
pinnate  leaves,  and  rather  large  white  or  yellow  petals. 

1.  P.  arguta  Pursh.  Stems  erect,  usually  stout,  3-10  dm.  high,  brownish- 
hairy,  clammy  above  ;  leaflets  7-11,  oval  or  ovate,  cut-serrate,  downy  beneath  ; 
cyme  strict  and  rather  close  ;  stamens  mostly  30,  on  a  thick  glandular  disk. 
(Drymocallis  Rydb.) — Rocky,  gravelly,  or  alluvial  soils,  e.  Que.  to  D.  C.,  and 
westw.  June,  July. 

GRAY'S  MANUAL  —  31 


482  ROSACEAE  (KOSE  FAMILY) 

*  *  Style  terminal ;  flowers  small ;  petals  yellow. 

t-  Annual  or  biennial;  leaflets  incisely  serrate,  not  white-tomentose ;  stamens 

5-20. 

2.  P.  monspeliSnsis  L.     /Stout,  erect,  hirsute,  2-9  dm.  high  ;  leaves  ^-folio- 
late  ;  leaflets  obovate  to  oblanceolate,  those  of  the  uppermost  leaves  toothed 
nearly  the  whole  length  ;  cyme  rather  close,  leafy  ;  calyx  large  ;  stamens  15-20. 
—  Open  soil,  Nfd.  to  Alaska,  s.  to  D.  C.,  Mo.,  Kan.,  and  N.  Mex.     May-Aug. 
(E.  Asia.) 

Var.  norvSgica  (L.)  TCydb.  Less  hirsute;  leaflets  more  narrowly  oblong, 
those  of  the  uppermost  leaves  mostly  3-5-toothed  near  the  end ;  inflorescence 
looser.  (P.  norvegica  L.)  —  Similar  situations,  e.  Que.  to  n.  N.  E.,  L.  Superior, 
and  north westw. ;  occasional  on  ballast  southw.  (Eurasia.) 

Var.  Iabrad6rica  (Lehm.)  Fernald.  Low  (1-3  dm.  high,  in  exposed  situations 
acaulescent) ;  stem  glabrous  or  sparingly  silky-villous  ;  leaves  smoothish.  —  Lab. 
to  the  alpine  regions  of  the  White  Mts.,  N.  H. 

3.  P.  rivalis  Nutt.     More  slender  and  branched,  softly  villous ;  leaves  pin- 
nate, with  two  pairs  of  closely  approximate  leaflets,  or  a  single  pair  and  the 
terminal  leaflet  ^-parted;  leaflets  cuneate-obovate  or  -oblong  ;  cyme  loose,  often 
diffuse,  less  leafy;  calyx  small;  petals  minute;   stamens  10-20  (rarely  5). — 
Neb.  to  Mo.,  N.  Mex.,  and  westw.     May-Aug. 

Var.  millegrana  (Engelm.)  Wats.  Leaves  all  3-foliolate  ;  lateral  leaflets  not 
divided  ;  stems  erect,  or  weak  and  ascending  ;  achenes  often  small  and  light- 
colored.  (P.  leucocarpa  Rydb.)  —  Minn,  to  Mo.,  westw.  and  south  westw. 

Var.  pentkndra  (Engelm.)  Wats.  Leaves  digitately  3-foliolate,  the  lateral 
leaflets  of  the  lower  leaves  parted  nearly  to  the  base  ;  stamens  5,  opposite  the 
sepals.  (P.  pentandra  Engelm.)  —  Minn,  to  Mo.  and  Ark. 

4.  P.  parad6xa  Nutt.     Stems  decumbent  at  base  or  erect,  often  stout,  leafy, 
subvillous  ;  leaflets  pinnately  5-11,  obovate  or  oblong;  cyme  loose,  leafy ;  stamens 
20;  achenes  strongly  gibbous  on   the  ventral  side.     (P.  supina  of  auth.,  not 
L.)— Prairies  and  river  banks,  w.  N.  Y.  and  Ont.  to  111.,  Mo.,  N.  Mex.,  and 
B.  C.     June-Aug.     (Asia.) 

5.  P.  Nicolletii  (Wats.)  Sheldon.     Slender;  leaflets  mostly  3 ;  inflorescence 
much  elongated,  leafy,  falsely  racemose.    (P.  supina,  var.  Wats.)  —  Sandy  soil, 
Mo.  (Bush')  to  N.  Dak. 

•*-  -t-  Herbaceous  perennials,   more  or  less  white-tomentose ;   leaflets   incisely 
pinnatifid ;  bractlets  and  sepals  nearly  equal ;  stamens  20-25. 

6.  P.  pennsylvanica  L.     Stems  erect  or  decumbent  at  base,  2-6  dm.  high  ; 
leaflets  5-9,  white-tomentose  beneath,  short-pubescent  and  greener  above,  ob- 
long, obtuse,  the  linear  segments  slightly  or  not  at  all  revolute  ;  cyme  fastigi- 
ate  but  rather  open.     (P.  litoralis  Rydb.)  —  Coast  of  N.  H.,  Me.,  and  the  lower 
St.  Lawrence,  L.  Superior,  and  westw.     June-Aug. 

§  2.   Styles  flliform,  not  glandular  at  base  ;  inflorescence  cymose. 

*  Style  terminal;  achenes  glabrous;  stamens  20  ;  herbaceous  perennials,  with 
rather  large  yellow  petals. 

-»-  Leaves  palmate. 
•M.  Flowers  in  loose  leafy  cymes. 

7.  P.  argSntea  L.     (SILVERY  C.)     Stems  ascending  or  depressed,  1-5  dm. 
long,  paniculately  branched  at  the  summit,  many-flowered,  white-woolly ;  leaf- 
lets 5,  wedge-oblong,  almost  pinnatifid,  entire  toward  the  base,  with  revolute 
margins,  green   above,  white  with  silvery  wool  beneath  ;   calyx  white-tomen- 
lose. — Dry  barren  fields,  etc.,  N.  S.  to  Dak.   and  southw.  to   D.  C.     June- 
Sept.     (Eu.) 

8.  P.  INTERMEDIA  L.     Coarser  ;  the  stout  upright  grayish-tomentulose  stems 
3-7   dm.  high  ;   leaflets  3-5,  the  lateral  and  often   the   terminal  deeply  cleft, 
oblanceolate  to  narrowly  obovate,  coarsely  dentate,  green  above,  grayish-villous 
and    tomentulose   beneath;   cyme  somewhat  leafy  and  diffuse;   calyx  mllous- 


ROSACEAE    (ROSE    FAMILY)  483 

hirsute.  —  Roadsides  and  waste  places,  local,  Mass,  to  N.  J.  and  Mich.     (Adv. 
from  Eu.) 

•«-«•  •*-*•  Flowers  in  rather  compact  scarcely  leafy  cymes  (stems  only  1-2-flowered 

in  n.  11). 

=  Leaves  b-Q-foliolate ;  flowers  numerous. 

9.  P.  Nuttallii  Lehm.     Stems  several,  ascending  from  a  stoutish  base,  2-7 
din.  high,  somewhat  villous  or  glabrate ;  leaflets  oblanceolate  or  spatulate,  the 
narrow  divergent  teeth  extending  halfway  to  the  midrib,  green  above,  glabrous 
or  glabrate  and  scarcely  paler  beneath ;  cyme  with  few  upright  branches.  — 
Meadows  and  banks  of  streams,  Minn.,  Man.,  and  westw.     June-Aug. 

10.  P.  RECTA  L.     Stems  upright,  very  leafy,  3-7  dm.  high,  loosely  hirsute ; 
leaflets  oblanceolate,  with  narrowly  deltoid  divergent  teeth,  more  or  less  hirsute 
on  both  surfaces,  paler  beneath  ;  calyx  hirsute  ;  the  showy  yellow  corolla  2  cm. 
broad.     (P.  sulphurea  Lam.) — Fields  and  roadsides,  Me.  to  Ont.,  111.,  and 
D.  C.    June-Aug.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

=  =  Leaves  3-foliolate  ;  flowers  1  or  2. 

11.  P.  Robbinsiana  Oakes.    Dwarf,   tufted,   villous  when  young;    leaflets 
broadly  cuneate-obovate,  deeply  3-5-toothed  at  summit,  nearly  glabrous  above  ; 
flowers  mostly  solitary,  small,  on  very  slender  stems  ;  bractlets  and  sepals  sub- 
equal.     (P.frigida  Man.  ed.  6,  not  Vill.)  —  Alpine  summits  of  the  White  Mts., 
N.  H.    June,  early  July. 

•»-  •<-  Leaves  pinnate. 

12.  P.  Hippiana  Lehm.  Densely  white- tomentose  and  silvery-silky  throughout, 
the  upper  surfaces  of  the  leaves  a  little  darker ;   stems  ascending,  1.5-6  dm. 
high,   slender,  branching  above   into   a  diffuse  cyme  ;   leaflets  5-11,  cuneate- 
oblong,  incisely  toothed  at  least  toward  the  apex,  diminishing  uniformly  down 
the  rhachis  ;  carpels  10-30.  —  Prairies  and  banks  of  streams,  w.  Minn,  to  Sask. 
and  N.  Mex.     June-Aug. 

13.  P.   effusa  Dougl.      Tomentose  throughout  and  with  scattered  villous 
pubescence  ;  stems  ascending,  1-3  dm.  high,  diffusely  branched  above  ;  leaves 
interruptedly  pinnate,  the  leaflets  5-11,   the  alternate  ones  smaller,  cuneate- 
oblong,  coarsely  incised-serrate  or  dentate  ;  carpels  10.  —  Dry  plains,  w.  Minn, 
to  Assina.  and  N.  Mex. 

*  *  Style  lateral ;  purple  petals  {shorter  than  the  broad  calyx}  somewhat  per- 
sistent ;  disk  thick  and  hairy ;  achenes  glabrous ;  hairy  receptacle  becoming 
large  and  spongy. 

14.  P.  palustris  (L.)  Scop.     (MARSH  F.)     Stems  stout,   ascending  from  a 
decumbent  rooting  perennial  base,  1-6  dm.  long,  glabrous  below  ;  leaves  pinnate  ; 
leaflets  5-7,  oblong,  serrate,  lighter  colored  and  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath  ; 
flowers  few  in  an  open  cyme  ;   calyx  2-2.5  cm.  broad,  dark  purple  inside. 
(Comarum  L.)  —  Cool  bogs,  Lab.  to  Alaska,  s.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  Great  L.  region,  n. 
la.,  Wyo.,  and  Cal.    June-Aug.     (Eurasia.) 

***  Style  attached  below  the  middle;  achenes  and  receptacle  densely  villous; 

woody  perennials. 

15.  P.  fruticbsa  L.     (SHRUBBY   C.)     Stem  erect,  shrubby,  1-8  dm.  high, 
much  branched  ;  leaves  pinnate  ;  leaflets  5-7,  crowded,  oblong-lanceolate,  entire, 
silky,  usually  whiter  beneath  and  the  margins  revolute  ;  petals  yellow,  orbicular. 
(Dasiphora  Rydb.)  —  Wet  or  dry  open  ground,  Lab.  to  Alaska,  s.  to  N.  J.,  Pa., 
Great  L.  region,  n.  la.,  Ariz.,  and  Cal.     June-Sept.     (Eurasia.) 

16.  P.  tridentata  Ait.     (THREE-TOOTHED  C.)     Stems  low  (3-22  cm.  high), 
rather  woody   at  base,   tufted,    ascending,  cymosely   several-flowered ;   leaves 
palmate;  leaflets  3,  wedge-oblong,  nearly  smooth,  thick,  coarsely  ^-toothed  at 
the  end;   petals  white;  achenes  and  receptacle  very   hairy.     (Sibbaldiopsis 
Rydb.) — Lab.  to  e.  N.  E.,  where  common  in  exposed  rocky  or  gravelly  situa- 
tions, N.  J.,  and  southw.  on  the  upper  Alleghenies ;  also  westw.  chiefly  along 
the  Great  Lakes.     June-Aug. 


484  KOSACEAE    (EOSE   FAMILY) 

§  3.   Styles  filiform,  lateral;  peduncles  axillary,  solitary,  \-flowered;  achenes 
glabrous;  receptacle  very  villous  ;  herbaceous  perennials,  with  yellow  petals. 

17.  P.  Anserina  L.     (SILVER  WEED.)     Spreading  by  slender  many-jointed 
runners,  white-tomentose  and  silky -villous  ;  leaves  all  radical,  pinnate  ;  leaflets 
7-21,  with  smaller  ones  interposed,  oblong,  sharply  serrate,  silky -tomentose  at 
least  beneath  ;  bractlets  and  stipules  often  incisely  cleft ;  peduncles  elongated. 
{Argentina   Rydb.)  —  Brackish   marshes,  river-banks,  etc.,  Arctic  Am.,  s.  to. 
N.  J.,  Great  L.  region,  la.,  N.  Dak.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Cal.    June-Aug.     (Eurasia.) 
P.  Egedii  Worrnsk.,  at  least  as  to  forms  in  our  range,  appears  to  be  a  dwarf 
state  common  on  exposed  rocks.     Var.  grandis  T.  &  G.,  is  merely  a  luxuriant 
state  in  rich  meadows. 

Var.  c6ncolor  Ser.  Leaflets  silky-canescent  above  as  well  as  beneath. — 
Common  in  the  Rocky  Mts.,  and  in  less  pronounced  form  from  n.  N.  Y.  to  n.  Me. 
and  e.  Que. 

18.  P.  pftmila  Poir.    Stems  very  slender,  soon  prostrate  and  repent,  appressed- 
villous,  flowering  from  the  node  above  the  first  well-developed  internode  ;  leaves 
3-foliolate  but  apparently  5-foliolate  by  the  parting  of  the  lateral  leaflets  ;  leaflets 
cuneate-obovate,    incisely   dentate,    obscurely   appressed-villous    above,    silky- 
canescent  beneath.  — Dry  soil,  common,  coast  of  Me.  to  Md.     Apr.-early  June. 
—  A  loosely  spreading-villous  doubtfully  distinct  plant  from  Mo.  and  southeastw. 
may  well  be  P.  CAROLINIANA  Poir. 

19.  P.  canadensis  L.      Suberect  (2-7  dm.  high)  or  procumbent,  at  length 
often  rooting  at  the  tip  ;  stem  spreading-hirsute,  flowering  from  the  node  above 
the  second  well-developed  internode ,  leaves  divided  as  in  the  preceding  ;  leaflets 
commonly  more  oblong,  serrate  rather  than  dentate,  obscurely  villous  or  entirely 
glabrate  above,  canescent-silky  to  green  and   merely  appressed-villous  on  the 
veins  beneath. — Dry  sandy  soil,  s.  Me.  to  Vt.,  along  the  Great  Lakes  to  Minn., 
Kan.,  and  south w.     May-July. 

Var.  simplex  (Michx.)  T.  &  G.  Stem  covered  with  shorter  appressed  or  sub- 
appressed  hairs  or  glabrate;  leaflets  (apt  to  be  oblanceolate)  rather  shortly 
appressed-villous  on  the  veins  beneath.  {P.  simplex  Michx.) — Chiefly  in  dry 
sandy  soil,  very  common  ;  N.  S.,  southw.  and  westw. 

20.  P.  REPTANS  L.     Stems  almost  filiform,  sparingly  pubescent  or  glabrate, 
prostrate  and  usually  repent ;  leaves  much  as  in  P.  pumila ;  the  leaflets  green 
on   both  faces,  sparingly  strigose-pubescent  or  glabrate,    cuneate-oblanceolate, 
crenate-dentate  nearly  or  quite  to  the  base;  stipules  usually  small  and  incon- 
spicuous ;   bractlets   ovate-lanceolate,    about   equaling  the    calyx-lobes ;   petals 
broadly  obcordate,  half  longer  than  the   calyx-lobes.  —  Grass-land  and   waste 
places,  local,  Mass,  to  N.  J.  and  O.    June.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

21.  P.  PHOCUMBENS  Sibth.     Similar,  strigose-pubescent;  leaflets  3  (rarely  5), 
cuneate-obovate,  coarsely  incised  chiefly  above  the  middle  ;  stipules  conspicuous  ; 
bractlets  linear-lanceolate.     (P.  nemoralis  Nestler.)  —  Grassy  and  waste  places, 
Cape  Breton  I.,  N.  S.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

16.   FILIPENDULA  [Tourn.]  Hill. 

Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous.  Calyx  (4-)  5-parted.  Petals  (4-)  5,  short- 
clawed.  Stamens  20  or  more,  almost  hypogynous,  the  disk  obscure.  Carpels 
6-15,  free,  2-ovuled,  mostly  1-seeded,  indehiscent,  compressed,  sometimes 
twisted.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  pinnate  leaves  and  panicled  cymose  flowers. 
Stipules  kidney-shaped.  (Name  from  filum,  a  thread,  and  pendulus,  hanging, 
in  allusion,  it  is  said,  to  the  roots.) 

1.  F.  rubra  (Hill)  Robinson.  (QUEEN  or  THE  PRAIRIE.)  Glabrous,  6-25 
dm.  high  ;  leaves  interruptedly  pinnate,  green  and  scarcely  paler  beneath ; 
terminal  leaflet  large,  7-9-parted,  the  lobes  lance-oblong,  incised  and  toothed  ; 
lateral  leaflets  also  cut ;  petals  deep  peach-blossom-color.  (Spiraea  lobata 
Gronov. ;  Ulmaria  rubra  Hill.)  —  Meadows  and  prairies,  Pa.  to  Mich.,  la.,  Ky., 
and  Ga.  ;  also  locally  established  northeast  w.  June,  July. 


ROSACEAE    (ROSE   FAMILY)  485 

2.  F.  ULM\RIA  (L.)  Maxim.  (QUEEN  OF  THE  MEADOW.)  Leaves  canescent- 
tomentose  beneath;  terminal  leaflet  3-5-lobed,  lobes  ovate,  doubly  serrate  ;  the 
lateral  leaflets  mostly  unlobed  ;  petals  white.  (Spiraea  L. ;  Ulmaria  Barnhart.) 

—  Commonly  cultivated  ;  established  at  several  places  in  N.  E.  and  Que.    July. 
(Introd.  from  Eurasia.) 

17.    GEUM  L.     AVENS 

Calyx  bell-shaped  or  flattish,  deeply  6-cleft,  usually  with  5  small  bractlets  at 
the  sinuses.  Petals  5.  Stamens  many.  Achenes  numerous,  heaped  on  a  coni- 
cal or  cylindrical  dry  receptacle,  the  long  persistent  styles  forming  hairy  or 
naked  and  straight  or  jointed  tails.  Seed  erect;  radicle  inferior. — Perennial 
herbs,  with  pinnate  or  lyrate  leaves.  (A  plant  name  used  by  Pliny.) 

§  1.  EUGEUM  T.  &  G.  Styles  jointed  and  bent  near  the  middle,  the  upper 
part  deciduous  and  mostly  hairy,  the  lower  naked  and  hooked,  becoming 
elongated  ;  head  of  fruit  sessile  in  the  calyx  ;  calyx-lobes  reflexed. 

*  Petals  white  or  pale  greenish-yellow,  small,  spatulate  or  oblong  ;  stipules  small. 
•*-  Seceptacle  of  the  fruit  densely  hairy. 

1.  G.  canadSnse  Jacq.     Stem  (0.6-1.1  m.  high)  and  petioles  sparingly  hairy; 
leaves  soft-pubescent  beneath  or  glabrate,  the  basal  of  3-5  leaflets  or  undivided, 
those  of  the  stem  mostly  3-divided  or  -lobed,  rather  sharply  toothed  ;  stipules 
ovate-oblong,  1-1.5  cm.  long,  subentire  ;  petals  white.     ((•?.  album  J.  F.  Ginel.) 

—  Borders  of  woods,  etc.,  widely  distributed. 

2.  G.  flavum  (Porter)  Bicknell.     Stem  and  petioles  hirsute  ;  leaves  much  as 
in  the  preceding  but  more  bluntly  toothed ;  stipule's  ovate  or  obovate,  usually 
about  2  cm.  long,  conspicuously  cleft;  petals  greenish-yellow.  —  Dry  woods,  Ct. 
to  O.  and  Va. 

•*-  -*-  Eeceptacle  of  the  fruit  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

3.  G.  virginianum  L.     Bristly-hairy,  especially  the  stout  stem;  lower  and 
root-leaves  pinnate,  very  various,  the  upper  mostly  3-parted  or  divided,  incised ; 
petals  inconspicuous,  shorter  than  the  calyx ;   heads  of  fruit  larger,  the  short 
stout  peduncles  hirsute  with  reflexed  hairs  ;  receptacle  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  — 
Borders  of  woods  and  low  grounds ;  common.     June-Aug. 

**  Petals  golden-yellow,  conspicuous,  broadly  obovate,   exceeding  the  calyx; 
stipules  larger,  and  all  deeply  cut. 

H-  Terminal  segment  of  leaves  suborbicular,  finely  crenate-dentate. 

4.  G.  macrophyllum  Willd.    Bristly-hairy,  stout,  3-9  dm.  high  ;  root-leaves 
lyrately  and  interruptedly  pinnate,  with  the  terminal  leaflet  very  large  and  round- 
heart-shaped  ;  lateral  leaflets  of  the  stem-leaves  2-4,  minute,  the  terminal  round- 
ish, 3-cleft,  the  lobes  wedge-form  and  rounded;  receptacle  nearly  naked.  —  Rich 
soil,  Nfd.  to  Alaska,  s.  to  mts.  of  n.  N.  E.  and  N.  Y.,  Mich.,  n.  Wise.,  Minn., 
Col.,  and  Cal.     (N.  E.  Asia.) 

-«-  H-  Terminal  segment  of  leaves  cuneate-obovate  or  oblanceolate. 
•w  Leaves  incisely  toothed;  body  of  ripe  achene  1-2  mm.  long. 

5.  G.  strictum  Ait.      Somewhat  hairy,  9-16  dm.   high  ;    root-leaves   inter- 
ruptedly pinnate,   the  leaflets  wedge-obovate  ;   leaflets  of  the  stem-leaves  3-5, 
rhombic-ovate  or  oblong,  acute;  receptacle  downy. — Moist  meadows,  thickets, 
etc.,  Nfd.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  111.,  Mo.,  and  N.  Mex.    July,  Aug.     (Asia.) 

++  •*-*•  Leaves  bluntly  toothed ;  body  of  ripe  achene  4-5  mm.  long. 

6.  G.  URBANUM  L.     Smoothish,  loosely  branched  ;  segments  of  stem-leaves 
mostly  rhombic-obovate  ;  petals  yellow,  about  equaling  the  calyx.  —  Established 
in  Cambridge,  Mass.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


486  ROSACEAE  (ROSE  FAMILY) 

§2.  STYLIPUS  (Raf.)  T.  &  G.  Styles  smooth;  head  of  fruit  conspicuously 
stalked  in  the  calyx;  bractlets  of  the  calyx  none;  otherwise  nearly  as  §  1. 

7.  G.  vSrnum  (Raf.)  T.  &  G.     Somewhat  pubescent ;  stems  ascending,  few- 
leaved,  slender ;  root-leaves  roundish-heart-shaped,  3-5-lobed,  or  some  of  them 
pinnate,  with  the  lobes  cut ;  petals  yellow,  about  the  length  of  the  calyx ;  recep- 
tacle smooth.  — Thickets,  Ont.  to  Tenn.,  Tex.,  and  Kan. 

§  8.  CARYOPHYLlATA  [Tourn.]  Ser.  Style  jointed  and  bent  in  the  middle, 
the  upper  joint  plumose  ;  flowers  large  ;  calyx  erect  or  spreading  ;  petals  erect. 

8.  G.  rivale  L.     (WATER  or  PURPLE  A.)     Stems  nearly  simple,  several-flow- 
ered, 6  dm.  high  ;  root-leaves  lyrate  and  interruptedly  pinnate,  those  of  the  stem 
few,  3-foliolate  or  3-lobed  ;  flowers  nodding  ;  calyx  purplish,  campanulate,  the 
lobes  in  anthesis  6-10  mm.  long ;  petals  dilated-obovate,  refuse,  contracted  into 
a  claw,  purplish-orange  ;  head  of  fruit  stalked,  its  pedicel  erect.  — Bogs  and  wet 
meadows,  Nfd.  to  Sask.,  s.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  Mich.,  and  Col.     (En.) 

x  G.  pulchrum  Fernald.  Hirsute,  6-8  dm.  high  ;  in  habit  and  foliage  similar 
to  the  preceding ;  flowers  smaller  ;  lobes  of  the  purple  calyx  4-5  mm.  long, 
widely  spreading  ;  petals  clear  golden  yellow,  obovate,  less  contracted  at  base  ; 
styles  rich  carmine.  — Boggy  meadows,  Bic,  Rimouski  Co.,  Que.  ;  also  Mendon, 
Vt.  (Eggleston}  ;  Alberta.  —  Apparently  a  hybrid  of  G.  macrophyllum  and 
G.  rivale. 

§4.  SIEVERSIA  (Willd.)  T.  &  G.  Style  not  jointed,  wholly  persistent  and 
straight ;  head  of  fruit  sessile ;  flowers  large ;  calyx  erect  or  spreading. 
(Flowering  stems  simple,  and  bearing  only  bracts  or  small 


9.  G.  triflbrum  Pursh.    Low,  softly  hairy  ;  root-leaves  interruptedly  pinnate  ; 
leaflets  numerous  and  crowded,  oblong- wedge-form,  deeply  cut-toothed  ;  flowers 
3  or  more  on  long  peduncles  ;    bractlets  linear,  longer  than  the  purple  calyx, 
as  long  as  the  oblong  purplish  erect  petals  ;  styles  very  long  (5  cm.)  strongly 
plumose  in  fruit.     (G.  ciliatum  Pursh  ;  Sieversia  ciliata  G.  Don.)  —  Calcareous 
soil,  Lab.,  Nfd.,  Watertown,  N.  Y.  (Crawe),  Ont.,  Wise.,  111.,  and  westw. 

10.  G.  PSckii  Pursh.    Smoothish  ;  root-leaves  rounded-kidney-shaped,  radiate- 
veined,  5-12  cm.  broad,  doubly  or  irregularly  cut-toothed  and  obscurely  5-7- 
lobed,  with  a  set  of  minute  leaflets  down  the  long  petiole  ;  stems  1.5-4  dm.  high, 
1-5-flowered  ;  bractlets  minute ;  petals  yellow,  round-obovate  and  more  or  less 
obcordate,  exceeding  the  calyx  (1  cm.  long),  spreading  ;  styles  naked  except  at 
the  base.     (G.  radiatum,  var.  Gray;   Sieversia  R.  Br.)  —  Exposed  slopes,  Me., 
and  alpine  summits  of  White  Mts. ,  N.  H. 

18.    RtBUS    [Tourn.]    L.     BRAMBLE 

Calyx  5 (3-7) -parted,  without  bractlets.  Petals  5,  deciduous.  Stamens  nu- 
merous. Achenes  usually  many,  collected  on  a  spongy  or  succulent  receptacle, 
becoming  small  drupes  ;  styles  nearly  terminal.  —  Perennial  herbs,  or  somewhat 
shrubby  plants,  with  white  (rarely  reddish)  flowers,  and  usually  edible  fruit. 
(The  Roman  name,  kindred  with  ruber,  red.) 

§  1.  IDAE6BATUS  Focke.  Prickly-stemmed  shrubs;  fruit  falling  off  whole 
from  a  dryish  receptacle  when  ripe  ;  leaves  pinnately  3-7 -foliolate.  RASP- 
BERRY. 

1.  R.  idadus  L.  Stems  upright,  and  with  the  stalks,  etc.,  beset  with  stiff 
straight  bristles  (or  a  few  becoming  weak  hooked  prickles),  glandular  when 
young,  somewhat  glaucous  ;  leaflets  3-5,  oblong-ovate,  pointed,  cut-serrate, 
whitish-downy  underneath,  the  lateral  ones  sessile  ;  petals  as  long  as  the  sepals ; 
the  latter  velvety,  with  or  without  a  few  scattered  setiform  prickles  ;  fruit  light 
red.  — Thickets,  e.  Que.,  L.  Superior  region,  and  Rocky  Mts.  (Eurasia.) 

Var.  aculeatissimus  [C.  A.  Mey.]  Regel  &  Tiling.  (WILD  RED  R.)  Calyx 
bristly-hispid  with  setiform  prickles.  ( R.  strigosus  Michx.)  —  Thickets  and 
hills,  Lab.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  Great  L.  region,  and  along  the  rats. to  N.  C., 


ROSACEAE  (ROSE  FAMILY)  487 

N.  Mex.,  and  Ariz.     Forma  ALBUS  (Fuller)  Fernald  has  white  or  amber-colored 
fruit. 

Var.  an6malus  Arrhenius.  Dwarf  (1-3  dm.  high),  scarcely  or  not  at  all 
armed ;  leaves  simple,  broadly  ovate  and  shallowly  3-lobed,  or  3-foliolate  with 
rounded  ovate  obtuse  leaflets  ;  calyx  somewhat  hispid.  —  Limestone  ledges, 
Cavendish,  Vt.  (Eggleston);  and  (?)  woods,  Clarke,  Ind.  (Umbach),  the  latter 
recently  described  as  Batidaea  heterodoxa  Greene. 

x  ?  R.  neglSctus  Peck.  Habit  and  glaucous  canes  of  no.  3,  the  stems  and 
branches  often  rooting  at  the  tip,  but  with  slender  straightish  prickles  of  the  pre- 
ceding species  ;  calyx  somewhat  setose  ;  fruit  purplish-red.  —  Rocky  woods, 
gravelly  banks,  etc.,  N.  E.  to  Out.,  Pa.,  and  O.  — Probably  a  self-perpetuating 
hybrid  between  R.  occidentalis  and  E.  idaeus,  var.  aculeatissimus. 

2.  R.  pHOENicoiAsius  Maxim.     (WINEBERRY.)     Leaflets  3,  broadly  ovate, 
obtusish  ;  inflorescence  crowded  and  with  the  petioles,  branches,  and  even  the 
main  stems  covered  with  long  soft  densely  crowded  reddish  or  purple  gland- 
tipped  hairs;  prickles  scattered,  slender;    fruit  broadly  ovoid,  cherry-red.— > 
Sometimes  cultivated,  and  now  established  at  Fairfield,  Ct.  (flames')  ;  Paines- 
ville,  O.  (Hacker},  etc.     (In trod,  from  Japan.) 

3.  R.   occidentalis  L.     (BLACK  R.,   THIMBLEBERRY.)     Glaucous  all  over; 
stems  recurved,  rooting  at  tips,  armed  like  the  stalks,  etc.,  with  hooked  prickles, 
not  bristly;  leaflets  3  (rarely  5),  ovate,  pointed,  coarsely  double-serrate,  whit- 
ened-downy  underneath,  the  lateral  ones  somewhat  stalked  ;  petals  shorter  than 
the  sepals ;  fruit  purple-black,  ripe  early  in  July.  —  Copses,  fence  rows,  etc., 
N.  B.  and  s.  w.  Que.,  southw.  and  westw.     Forma  PALLIDUS  (Bailey)  Robinson 
has  yellow  or  amber  fruit. 

§  2.  ANAPL6B ATUS  Focke.  Unarmed  shrubs ;  leaves  simple,  3-5-lobed  or 
angled;  flowers  large  and  showy;  fruit  large,  hemispherical,  red.  Ru- 
BACER  Rydb. 

4.  R.   odoratus  L.     (PURPLE   FLOWERING    R.)     Shrubby,    1-1.6   m.   high; 
branches,  stalks,  and  calyx  bristly  with  glandular-clammy  hairs ;  leaves  3-5- 
lobed,   the   lobes  pointed  and   minutely  toothed,  the  middle  one  prolonged  ; 
peduncles  many-flowered  ;  flowers  showy  (3-6  cm.  broad)  ;  calyx-lobes  tipped 
with  a  long  narrow  appendage  ;  petals  rounded,  purple  rose-color  ;  fruit  scarcely 
edible.  — N.  S.  to  Ga.,  w.  to  Mich.     Var.  COLUMBIANUS  Millspaugh  has  been  dis- 
tinguished by  the  narrower  more  lanceolate  doubly  serrate  lobes  of  the  leaves, 
smaller  flowers  (2-3   cm.  in  diameter)   and    musky  fruit.      (H.   columbianus 
Rydb.)— W.  Va. 

5.  R.  parviflbrus  Nutt.      (SALMON  BERRY.)      Glandular,   scarcely  bristly  ; 
leaves  almost  equally  5-lobed,  coarsely  toothed  ;  peduncles  few-flowered  ;  petals 
oval,  white.     (R.  nutkanus  Mocino.)  —  Rocky  woods,  shores,  etc.,  w.  Ont.,  n. 
Mich.,  Minn.,  and  westw. 

§  3.  CHAMEM6RUS  (Ehrh.)  Focke.  Unarmed  creeping  herbs,  with  upright 
branches,  few  orbicular  simple  leaves,  and  solitary  terminal  monoecious  or 
dioecious  flowers;  fruit  amber-colored,  becoming  yellow  and  separating 
from  the  dryish  receptacle. 

6.  R.  Chamaem6rus  L.     (CLOUDBERRY,  BAKED-APPLE  BERRY.)     Low  (1-3 
dm.  high);   branches  simple,  2-3-leaved;  leaves  roundish -kidney-form,  some- 
what 5-lobed,  serrate,  wrinkled  ;  calyx-lobes  pointless  ;  petals  obovate,  white  ; 
fruit  about  2  crn.  in  diameter,  very  juicy  when  ripe.  —  In  sphagnous  bogs,  Arctic 
Am.,  southw.  in  the  coastal  region  to  e.  Me.;  also  on  mountain  tops,  w.  Me.  and 
n.  N.  H.     (Eurasia.) 

§4.  CYLACTIS  (Raf.)  Focke.  Low,  essentially  herbaceous  (soft-woody  at 
base};  leaves  3(-5)-foliolate  ;  fruit  red,  not  separating  easily  from  the 
receptacle. 

7.  R.  trifl&rus  Richards.     (DWARF  R.)     Stems  ascending,  1-4  dm.  high,  or 
trailing  and  more  elongated  ;  leaves  3(or  pedately  6)-foliolate  ;  leaflets  rhombic- 
ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends,  coarsely  and  doubly  serrate,  thin, 


488 


ROSACEAE  (ROSE  FAMILY) 


smooth  ;  peduncles  1-3-flowered  ;  petals  small,  erect,  white  or  pink  ;  fruit  of 
rather  large  juicy  but  acid  drupelets.  (JR.  americanus  Britton.)  —  Wet  woods, 
etc.,  Lab.  to  Alaska,  south  w.  to  N.  J.,  the  Great  L.  region,  n.  la.,  and  Neb.  — 
Sepals  and  petals  often  6-7. 

8.  R.  arcticus  L.  Stems  suberect,  5-20  cm.  high,  filiform;  leaflets  3(-5), 
cuneate-obovate,  rounded  at  the  tip,  somewhat  firm,  glossy  above,  coarsely  ser- 
rate-dentate ;  petals  rather  large,  spreading,  rose-colored  (rarely  white)  ;  fruit 
as  in  the  preceding.  —  Boggy  places,  Arctic  Am.,  south  w.  to  e.  Que.  and  n. 
Minn.  (Boreal  and  Arctic  Eurasia.) 

§5.  EtlBATUS  Focke.  Armed  (rarely  unarmed)  shrubs;  stems  biennial; 
leaves  on  the  first  year's  growth  mostly  5-foliolate  (pedate~),  on  the  flower- 
ing canes  chiefly  3-foliolate  ;  fruit  not  separating  from  the  juicy  receptacle, 
blackish  when  ripe  (reddish  in  no.  34).  BLACKBERRY.  —  A  group  of  great 
taxonomic  difficulty,  in  which  many  species  have  been  recently  proposed. 
Of  these,  the  better  marked  have  been  here  freely  included,  but  without 
entire  confidence  that  future  intensive  study  may  not  show  them  to  be 
intergradient  and  perhaps  in  some  cases  hybrid  forms. 

a.    Canes  erect  or  arched-ascending  b. 

b.   Pedicels  habitually  unarmed,  often  pubescent  or  glandular-hispid, 

rarely  with  a  few  weak  bristles   c. 
c.  Pedicels  copiously  glandular-hispid. 

Leaflets  appressed-villous  above  ;  prickles  of  the  stem  stoutish       9.  R.  allegheni&nsis. 
Leaflets  glabrous  above  ;  prickles  of  the  stem  setiform  rather 

than  thorn-like. 

Petioles  of  the  5-foliolate  leaves  scarcely  or  not  at  all  glandu- 
lar, copiously  armed  with  hooked  prickles  ;  leaflets  rhom- 
bic-lanceolate or  narrowly  ovate. 

Lower  surface  of  the  leaflets  velvety  to  the  touch          .        .    10. 
Lower  surface  of  the  leaflets  essentially  glabrous  .        .        .     11. 
Petioles  of  the  5-foliolate  leaves  copiously  glandular-pubes- 

cent, weakly  armed. 
Fruit  of  30-60  small  drupelets         ......    12. 

lets     .......    13. 


R.flavinanus. 
R.junceus. 


16. 


17. 


Fruit  of  few  large  drupelets 

c.   Pedicels  glandless  or  with  only  occasional  gland-tipped  hairs  d. 
d.   Lower  surface  of  leaflets  even  at  maturity  downy  to  the  touch   6. 
e.   Inflorescence  numerously  flowered,  at  length  elongated  and 

more  or  less  cylindrical. 

Inflorescence  provided  with  4-6  unifoliolate  petioled  bracts 
Inflorescence  with  1-2  unifoliolate  petioled  bracts         .        . 
«.   Inflorescence  mostly  fewer-flowered,  corymbiform. 

Canes  erect  or  nearly  so  ;  teeth  of  the  leaflets  deltoid-ovate, 
mucronulate-acuminate  ;  prickles  of  stem  few,  wqak, 
1-2  mm.  long     ......... 

Canes  commonly  recurved  and  often  rooting  at  tip  ;  teeth 
of  leaflets  lanceolate,  narrowly  acuminate  ;  prickles  of 
stem  mostly  3-5  mm.  long       .        .        .        .        .        . 

d.  Lower  surface  of  leaflets  glabrous,  glabrate,  or  nearly  so. 

Internodes  of  main  stem   and   petioles  of  5-foliolate  leaves 

armed  with  numerous  slender  or  bristle-formed  prickles. 

Prickles  chiefly  or  exclusively  on  the  angles  ;  leaflets  of  the 

mature  3-foliolate  leaves  small,  rarely  over  5  cm.  long   . 

Prickles  on  the  faces  as  well  as  the  angles  of  the  stem  ;  leaf- 

lets of  the  3-foliolate  leaves  larger,  often  6-8  cm.  long  . 

Internodes  and  petioles  with  few  prickles  or  unarmed. 

Inflorescence  corymbiform       ....... 

Inflorescence  racemiform,  subcylindric  .        .        .        .        .    21. 

b.   Pedicels  armed  with  stoutish  or  slender  but  pungent  bristle-formed 

prickles  /. 
/.   Leaflets  laciniate-cleft  ;  introduced  .......    22. 

f.  Leaflets  not  laciniate-cleft  g. 
g.   Lower  surfaces  of  the  leaflets  velvety  to  the  touch. 

Leaflets  white-tomentose  beneath      ......    23. 

Leaflets  green  or  merely  grayish  beneath. 
Prickles  of  the  first  year's  growth  rigid. 
Pedicels  copiously  glandular-pubescent      .        .        .        .    24. 

Pedicels  tomentulose  but  not  glandular. 

Stems  rigid,  not  rooting  at  the  tip  ;    prickles   on   the 

first  year's  growth  5-7  mm.  long      .        .        .        .25. 

Stems  flexuous,  often  rooting  at  the  tip  ;   prickles  on 

the  first  year's  growth  2-5  mm.  long        .        .        .26. 
Prickles  on  the  first  year's  growth  numerous,  weak,  bristle- 

formed,  on  the  surfaces  as  well  as  the  angles  of  the  stem    £7. 


R.  glandicaulis. 
R.frondisentis. 


R.frondoxus. 
R.  pergratus. 


R.  saUvus. 
R.  recwrvans. 


18. 
19. 


20. 


R.  elegantulus. 
R.  peculiaris. 


R.  Randii. 
R.  canadensis. 


R.  laciniatus. 
R.  cuneifolius. 
R.  Andrewsianus. 


R.floricormts. 
R.  Jeckylanuf 
R.  abbrevians. 


ROSACEAE    (ROSE   FAMILY)  489 

g.  Lower  surface  of  the  leaflets  green  and  essentially  glabrous. 

Canes  armed  with  few  firm  prickles  mixed  with  numerous 

setae ;  pedicels  with  gland-tipped  setae      .        .        .        .    28.   R.  biformispinua. 
Canes  armed  with  nearly  uniform  and  very  numerous  setae. 
Pedicels  and  sepals  with  numerous  and  conspicuous  gland- 
tipped  setae 29.   R.  setosus. 

Pedicels  and  sepals  minutely  and  obscurely  glandular-pu- 
bescent or  glandless,  their  bristles  free  from  glandularity    80.  R.  nigricans, 
*.    Canes  trailing  or  at  least  with  a  decided  tendency  to  be  prostrate 

toward  the  end  h. 

h.   Pedicels  covered  with  copious  gland-tipped  setae. 
Sepals  dorsally  glandular-hispid. 
Stem  and  petioles  of  the  first  year's  growth  with  numerous 

glandular  bristles  among  the  abundant  prickles    .        .        .81.   JR.  permixtus. 
•   Stem  and  petioles  of  the  first  year's  growth  less  copiously  armed 

and  without  glandular  bristles 82.   R.  tardatus. 

Sepals  not  dorsally  glandular-hispid 33.   R.  jacens. 

h.   Pedicels  not  glandular  or  at  most  finely  and  obscurely  glandular- 

tomentulose. 

Fruit  red  or  reddish,  small ;  leaflets  subcoriaceous,  shining ;  flow- 
ers several,  in  corymbiform  racemes  ...  .    84.   R.  hisnidus. 
Fruit  black. 

Prickles  much  broadened  at  base ;  those  of  the  pedicels  numer- 
ous, strong. 

Petioles,  pedicels,  etc.,  scarcely  or  not  at  all  glandular ;  pe- 
duncles 1-3-flowered 35.   R.  trivialis. 

Petioles,    pedicels,  etc.,  covered  with  reddish  gland-tipped 

hairs  ;  peduncles  3-several-flowered 36.   R.  rubrisetus. 

Prickles  merely  acicular ;  those  of  the  pedicels  few  and  weak,  or 

none. 

Leaflets  of  first  year's  growth  finely  and  doubly  serrate  .        .    87.   R.  villosus. 
Leaflets  of  first  year's  growth  coarsely  and  simply  serrate       .    88.  R.  inmsus. 

9.  R.  allegheniSnsis  Porter.      Shrubby,   1-2  m.  tall ;   old  canes  purplish, 
armed  with  stout  straightish  prickles ;  leaflets  appressed-villous  above,  velvety 
beneath;   branchlets,  pedicels   (unarmed),   etc.,   glandular-pubescent;   flowers 
2.5-3.5   cm!   broa.d,    racemose,  only  the  lower   leafy-bracted  ;  petals  narrowly 
obovate;  fruit  (rarely  pale)  generally  subcylindric,  of  manyv  rather  small  drupe- 
lets, of  good  flavor.     (R.  villosus  Man.  ed.  6,  in  large  part, 'not  Ait.;  R.  nigro- 
baccus  Bailey.)  —  Dry  open  thickets  and  recent  clearings,  N.  S.  to  Ont.  and  N. 
C.,  common.     Forma  ALBINOS   (Bailey)   Fernald   (WHITE  BLACKBERRY)   has 
amber-colored  fruit.     Var.  CALYc6sus  Fernald.     Sepals  elongated  and  leaf-like  ; 
fruit  dry,  abortive.  — A  local  sport,  N.  H.  to  Va. 

Var.  Gravdsii  Fernald.     Unarmed ;   canes  paler,  mostly  greenish ;  inflores- 
cence much  elongated  (2-3  dm.)  —  Ct.  (Graves'). 

10.  R.  flavinanus  Blanchard.    Erect,   6-10  dm.   high^  old  canes  reddish, 
abundantly  armed  with  slender  curved  prickles;  leaflets  glabrous  above,  velvety 
beneath;  pedicels  (unarmed)   glandular-pubescent;    flowers  2-2.5  cm.  broad; 
petals  oblong-spatulate  ;  fruit  poor,  with  few  drupelets.  —  Stratton,  Vt.    . 

11.  R.  junceus   Blanchard.      Erect  or  at  length  reclining;    canes  slender, 
weak,  6-9  dm.  high,  with  weak  recurved  prickles;   leaflets  incisely  toothed, 
glabrous  above,  essentially  glabrous  beneath  ;  racemes  short,  becoming  6-8  cm. 
long;  pedicels  (unarmed)  glandular-hispid;   flowers  2-2.5  cm.  broad;   petals 
oblong-spatulate  ;  fruit  globose,  of  few  drupelets.  — Dry  open  places,  York  Co., 
Me. 

12.  R.  glandicaiilis  Blanchard.     Strict ;  canes  (purplish  in  age)  1-2  m.  high, 
glandular-hispid  and  with  numerous  stout  straightish  prickles;  leaflets  glabrous 
above,  velvety  beneath  ;  racemes  rather  short ;  rhachis  and  pedicels  glandular- 
hispid;  flowers  2.5-3  cm.  broad  ;  petals  narrowly  obovate  ;  fruit  cylindrical,  of 
30-60  small  drupelets,  of  good  quality.  — Dry  open  places,  N.  S.  to  s.  Me.,  near 
the  coast. 

13.  R.  frondisSntis  Blanchard.     Erect ;  old  canes  (purplish)  slender,  9-15 
dm.  high,  closely  covered  with  fine  prickles  and  stalked  glands;  leaflets  mostly 
large,  glabrous  above,  velvety  beneath;  racemes  short,  somewhat  corymbiform; 
rhachis  and  pedicels  very  glandular-hispid ;  flowers  2-3  cm.  broad  ;  petals  nar- 
rowly obovate  ;  fruit  small,  short-cylindric,  of  few  rather  large  drupelets. —  Dry 
open  soil,  s.  w.  N.  H.  and  s.  e.  Vt. 

14.  R.    frondbsus   Bigel.       Canes  arched-recurving,   with  stout  straightish 


490  ROSACEAE  (ROSE  FAMILY) 

prickles ;  leaflets  subglabrous  above,  velvety  beneath  ;  racemes  cylindrical, 
somewhat  elongated,  provided  for  more  than  half  their  length  with  nearly  uni- 
form unifoliolate  ovate-oblong  petiolate  very  persistent  bracts;  pedicels  scarcely 
or  not  at  all  glandular;  flowers  2.5-3  cm.  broad;  petals  broadly  obovate  ; 
fruit  subglobose,  falling  before  the  bracts;  drupelets  rather  few.  (R.  villosus, 
var.  Torr. ;  E.  philadelphicus  Blanchard.)  — Dry  rocky  hillsides,  e.  Mass,  to  D.  C. 

15.  R.  pergratus  Blanchard.     Erect,   1-2  m.  high  ;  old  canes  strongly  fur- 
rowed, purplish,  with  stout  broad-based  straightish  subremote  prickles ;  leaflets 
sparingly  villous  (at  length  for  the  most  part  glabrate)  above,  velvety  beneath  ; 
racemes  short-cylindric ;    rhachis  and  pedicels  villous,    essentially  glandless ; 
flowers  2.5-3.5  cm.  broad;  petals  broadly  obovate;  fruit  short-cylindric,  with 
numerous  juicy  drupelets.     (It.  orarius  and  R.  amnicolus  Blanchard.) — Open 
ground,  N.  B.  to  Vt.  and  Mass.,  common. 

16.  R.  sativus  (Bailey)  Brainerd.     Erect  or  nearly  so,  3-7  dm.  high  ;  canes 
rather  weak,  greenish,  unarmed  or  with  few  small  prickles;  leaves  even  on  the 
first  year's  shoots  chiefly  3-foliolate ;  leaflets  short,  broadly  ovate,  glabrous  or 
nearly  so  above,  velvety  beneath,  with  deltoid  teeth;  inflorescence  a  few-flowered 
small  corymb,  leafy  at  base  ;  flowers  1.5-2  cm.  broad  ;  petals  narrowly  obovate  ; 
fruit  subglobose,  of  few  large  juicy  drupelets.     (It.  villosus,  var.  Bailey  ?     R. 
nigrobaccus,  var.  Bailey '?) — Alluvial  soil,  w.  Vt.  (Brainerd,  Eggleston),  and 
presumably  westw. 

R.  ARGtrxus  Link,  of  this  group,  an  American  species,  described  from 
specimens  cultivated  in  Berlin,  has  been  variously  interpreted,  but  cannot  now 
be  certainly  identified  from  the  flowering  material  preserved. 

17.  R.  reciirvans  Blanchard.     Erect  or  recurving,  often  rooting  at  the  tip; 
canes  firm,  obtusely  5-angled,  often  much  elongated  (2-4  m.  long),  purplish, 
remotely  armed  along  the  angles  with   strong  straightish   prickles;    leaflets 
smoothish  above,  velvety  beneath,  sharply  and  irregularly   toothed;   racemes 
short,   leafy  toward  the  base,   corymbiform;  flowers  2-2.5  cm.   broad;   petals 
obovate ;    fruit  short-cylindric,   with  rather   numerous  large  juicy   drupelets. 
(R.  arundelanus  Blanchard.) — Open  soil,  in  thickets,  etc.,  N.  E.,  common. 

18.  R.  elegdntulus  Blanchard.    Erect,  6-12  dm.  high  ;  canes  slender,  glabrous, 
armed  chiefly  on  the  angles  with  slender  straightish  prickles;  leaflets  of  the 
mature  8-foliolate  leaves  small,  glabrous  on  both  surfaces,  rather  firm,  sharply 
toothed;  inflorescence  of  slender  sometimes  compound  leafy-bracted  racemes; 
pedicels  filiform,   sometimes  bearing  scattered  setae,   obscurely  tomentulose ; 
flowers  2.5-3  cm.  broad  ;  petals  oblong-spatulate ;  fruit  globose,  with  few  large 
drupelets. — Uplands,-  s.  w.  N.  H.  and  s.  e.  Vt. 

19.  R.  peculiaris  Blanchard.     Erect  or  slightly  recurving  ;  old  canes  purple, 
5-angled,  armed  on  the  faces  as  well  as  the  angles  with   numerous  setiform 
prickles  ;  leaflets  of  the  mature  3-foliolate  leaves  large,  glabrous  on  both  surfaces, 
rather  coarsely  serrate-dentate;  inflorescence  a  short  raceme,  leafy-bracted  at 
base  ;  flowers  2.8-3  cm.  broad  ;  petals  oblong-obovate  ;  fruit  subglobose,  of  few 
rather  large  drupelets.  —Dry  ground,  York  Co.,  Me. 

20.  R.  Randii  (Bailey)  Rydb.     Slender  weakly  armed  reddish  or  greenish 
canes  sub  erect  or  recurved,  sometimes  elongated  and  rooting  at  the  tip,  subterete  ; 
leaflets  thin,  glabrous  on  both  surfaces,  sharply  and'  irregularly  toothed;  inflo- 
rescence  a  few-flowered  corymbiform  raceme,  leafy-bracted  at  base  ;  pedicels 
filiform,    nearly   unarmed,   often   glabrate,  flexuous ;  flowers  2-3   cm.   broad; 
petals  narrowly  obovate  ;  fruit  subglobose,  of  few  drupelets.     (R.  argutus,  var. 
Bailey;  R.  recurvicaulis  Blanchard.)  —  River  banks,  alluvial  soil,  etc.,  Nfd. 
to  Vt.  and  Ct. 

21.  R.  canadSnsis  L.     Erect  or  recurving,  often  stout;  old  canes  glabrous, 
unarmed  or  with  rare  prickles  ;  leaflets  glabrous  on  both  surfaces,  finely,  evenly, 
and  sharply  toothed,  those  of  the  b-foliolate  leaves  caudate-acuminate ;  racemes 
cylindric,   rather  long,   leafy-bracted   at  base  ;  pedicels  filiform,  tomentulose, 
not  glandular;   flowers  2.5-4  cm.  broad;   petals  obovate;  fruit  subglobose  to 
short-cylindric,  of  large  and  juicy  but  somewhat  acid  drupelets.     (R.  amabilis 
Blanchard.)  —  Rocky  soil,  in  thickets,  etc.,  Nfd.  to  L.  Superior,  s.  chiefly  in 
the  uplands  to  N.  C. 


KOSACEAE    (ROSE   FAMILY)  491 

R.  MILLSPAT^GHI  Britton,  a  robust  plant  of  W.  Va.,  is  but  little  known. 
In  technical  characters  it  scarcely  differs  from  the  preceding  species,  of  which 
it  may  well  prove  a  luxuriant  form. 

22.  R.  LAcmiXxus  Willd.    Readily  recognized  by  its  laciniate-cleft  leaflets, 
prickly  calyx,  and  broad-based  pale  prickles.  —  Sometimes  cultivated  and  now 
locally  established,  s.   N.  Y.,  e.  Pa.,  and  Del. — A  plant  of  unknown  origin, 
perhaps  only  a  cut-leaved  form  of  the  European  It.  fruticosus  L. 

23.  R.  cuneifblius  Pursh.     (SAND  B.)     Shrubby,  3-12  dm.  high,  upright  or 
ascending,  armed  with  stout  recurved  prickles ;  branchlets  and  lower  surface 
of  leaves  white-tomentose ;  leaflets  wedge-obovate,  thickish,  serrate  above  the 
middle ;  peduncles  l-4-flowered  ;  corolla  2-3  cm.  broad.  —  Rocky  or  sandy  soil, 
Ct.  to  Fla.,  La.,  and  Mo. 

24.  R.  Andrewsianus  Blanchard.     Erect  or  arched-ascending,  not  rooting  at 
the  tip,  9-15  dm.  high ;  old  canes  stout  and  stiff,    prominently  angled  and 
furrowed,  purplish,  strongly  armed  with  broad-based  straight  prickles;  leaflets 
sparingly  pubescent  above,  velvety  beneath,  rather  finely  and  sharply  serrate ; 
racemes  short ;  rhachis  and  pedicels  tomentose  and  glandular-hispid,  the  latter 
bearing  slender  hooked  prickles  j  calyx  somewhat  glandular;  flowers  2.5-3  cm. 
broad  ;  petals  obovate,  abruptly  narrowed  at  base  to  a  long  claw ;  fruit  short- 
cylindric,  large,  of  about  30  juicy  drupelets.  —  Sandy  plains  near  the  coast, 
Mass,  to  Va. 

25.  R.  floricomus  Blanchard.    Erect  and  somewhat  rigid,  8-14  dm.  high ; 
canes  strongly  angled  and  grooved,  greenish  or  purplish,  stoutly  armed  with 
long  firm  straightish  needle-pointed  prickles ;  branchlets  somewhat  tomentose, 
and   as  well  as  the  pedicels,  petioles,  and  often  midnerves  beset  with   stout 
hooked   prickles ;   leaves  firm,    glabrate  above,   rusty-velvety  beneath ;  leaflets 
coarsely  and  sharply  toothed;    raceme   7-12-flowered,    corymbiform  ;   pedicels 
widely  spreading ;  rhachis,  pedicels,  and  calyx  softly  villous-tomentose ;  fruit 
subglobose,  with  few  rather  large  drupelets.  —  Southington,  Ct. ;    (?)  Jaffrey, 
N.  H.,  and  (?)  Weybridge,  Vt.  (Srainerd). 

26.  R.  Jeckylanus  Blanchard.     Eecurved-ascending,  the  branches  often  root- 
ing at  the  tip ;  canes  subterete,  sparingly  armed  with  short  slender  prickles  ; 
leaves  glabrate  above,  velvety  beneath,  those  of  the  flowering  branches  over- 
topping the  corymbiform  few-flowered  inflorescence;  rhachis  and  pedicels  softly 
tomentose,  not  glandular,  the  latter  sparingly  beset  with  very  fine  straight 
prickles ;  leaflets  sharply  and  unequally  dentate ;  flowers  about  3  cm.  broad  ; 
petals  elliptical ;  fruit  globose,  of  few  large  drupelets.  —  Open  places,  York 
Co.,  Me. 

27.  R.  abbr&vians  Blanchard.    Erect,  3-6  dm.  high  ;  the  slender  terete  canes 
flrm,  reddish  brown,  closely  beset  with  fine  straight  prickles  and  gland-tipped 
bristles ;  leaves  rather  small,  smoothish  above,  velvety  beneath  ;  leaflets  on  the 
fruiting  canes  broadly  obovate,  coarsely  dentate  ;  racemes  short,  subcorymbi- 
form,  leafy-bracted  at  base  ;  rhachis  and  pedicels  glandular-hispid  and  setulose; 
flowers  2.5  cm.  broad;  petals  narrowly  obovate  ;  fruit  short-cylindric,  of  few 
large  finally  sweet  drupelets.  —Uplands  of  Windham  Co.,  Vt. 

28.  R.  biformispinus  Blanchard.     Reclining ;  the  elongate  terete  purplish 
flexuous  canes  armed  with  scattered  straightish  prickles  and  numerous  smaller 
in  part  gland-tipped  bristles  ;  leaves  glabrous  on  both  surfaces  ;  racemes  short, 
leafy-bracted  at  base  ;  rhachis  and  pedicels  glandular-hispid  and  with  scattered 
hooked  prickles;  flowers  2-2.5  cm.  broad;  fruit  globose,  of  few  drupelets. — 
Dry  open  ground,  York  Co.,  Me. 

29.  R.  setbsus  Bigel.    Ascending  ;  the  terete  canes  (in  age  purplish)  densely 
covered  with  retrorse  bristles  and  shorter  gland-tipped  hairs;  leaves  rather 
large,  glabrous  on  both  surfaces,  usually  equaling  or  surpassing  the  corymbi- 
form several-flowered  racemes  ;   petioles  often  setulose  ;   rhachis  and  pedicels 
densely  glandular-hispid  and  mostly  setose ;  flowers  1.5-2.5  cm.  broad;  petals 
oblong-spatulate  ;  fruit  subglobose.     (B.  nigricans  Rydb.,  in  part.)  —  Meadows 
and  swamps,  P.  E.  I.  to  Vt.  and  Ct. 

30.  R.  nigricans  Rydb.    Similar,  more  upright,  6-12  dm.  high  ;  canes  armed 
with  numerous  fine  prickles,  but  without  glands;  leaflets  glabrous  on  both 


492  ROSACE AE    (ROSE    FAMILY) 

surfaces  ;  pedicels  and  sepals  obscurely  or  not  at  all  glandular.  (R.  hispidus, 
var.  suberectus  Peck  ;  It.  setosus  of  auth.,  in  part,  not  Bigel.;  R.  vermontanus 
Blanchard  ;  R.  semisetosus  Blanchard?)  —  Open  places,  e.  Que.  to  N.  Y.  and 
Mich. 

31.  R.  permfxtus  Blanchard.     Recurving  and  soon  prostrate  ;  stems  (as  well 
as  petioles,  rhachis,  pedicels,  etc.}  densely  glandular-hispid   and  armed  with 
scattered  stronger  straightish  or  more  often  curved  prickles;   leaflets  glabrous 
above,  velvety  beneath,  rather  small,  those  of  the  flowering  canes  2-6  cm.  long; 
racemes  few-flowered,  short;  flowers  1.5-2  cm.  broad  ;  calyx  glandular-hispid  ; 
petals  oblong-spatulate  ;  fruit  short-cylindric,  with  few  large  drupelets,  sweet.  — 
Dry  soil  in  open  places,  s.  e.  Vt. 

32.  R.  tardatus  Blanchard.     Decumbent,  becoming  prostrate ;  the  subterete 
slender  stems  with  numerous  straightish  prickles,  but  with  few  or  no  glands; 
petioles  smooth  or  sparingly  prickly  ;  leaflets  smooth  on  both  surfaces,  those  of 
the  flowering  stems  4-10  cm.  long  ;  racemes  somewhat  compound,  coryinbiform  ; 
pedicels  glandular-hispid,  occasionally   setulose  ;   flowers  2  cm.  broad  ;  petals 
narrowly   obovate  ;  fruit  globose,  of   few  large   sour  drupelets.  —  Sandy   soil, 
York  Co.,  Me.  — Perhaps  merely  a  form  of  the  next. 

33.  R.  jacens  Blanchard.     Similar,  but  the  stem  more  glandular  ;  leaflets  of 
the  flowering  stems  2-5  cm.  long  ;  sepals  dorsally  free  from  glands'  fruit  globose, 
of  a  few  sweet  drupelets.  —  Dry  open  places,  s.  w.  N.  H. 

34.  R.  hispidus  L.     Prostrate  or  nearly  so  ;  the  slender  terete  often  elongated 
stems  more  or  less  beset  with  retrorse  prickles  ;  the  branches  suberect,  5-30  cm. 
high  ;  leaflets  glabrous  on  both  surfaces,  of  firm  texture,  subcoriaceous,  rather 
dark  green  and  somewhat  shining  above ;  racemes  few-flowered,  corymbiform ; 
rhachis  and  pedicels  occasionally  setulose  ;  flowers  1.5-2  cm.  broad;  fruit  small, 
reddish-purple,  of  few  small  sour  drupelets.  — Low  woods  and  swampy  meadows, 
N.  S.  to  s.  w.  Ont.  and  N.  C.,  common. 

35.  R.  trivialis  Michx.     Prostrate;  stems  terete,  elongated,  slender,  armed 
(as  are  also  the  petioles  and  often  the  peduncles}  with  broad-based  flatfish  short 
hooked  retrorse  prickles,  not  conspicuously  glandular ;  leaflets  coriaceous,  ever- 
green, elliptical,  rather  sharply  serrate  ;  peduncles  1-3-flowered ,  flowers  3-4  cm. 
broad;  petals  broadly  obovate;  fruit  cylindrical,   of  many  drupelets.  —  Dry 
soil,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. ,  near  the  coast. 

36.  R.  rubrisdtus  Rydb.     Similar  ;   the  stems,  petioles,  and  especially  the 
pedicels  glandular-hispid  with  reddish  or  purplish  hairs  ;  corymbs  3-9-flowered  ; 
flowers  1.5-2.5  cm.  broad;  petals  oblong-spatulate.  —  Sandy   soil,  Mo.  to  La. 
and  Fla. 

37.  R.  villbsus  Ait.     (DEWBERRY.)      Becoming  prostrate;  stems  elongate, 
subterete,  rather  woody,  armed  with  stout  slender  retrorse  straightish  prickles; 
fruiting  branches  upright,  1-3  dm.   high,   (I-}3-l5-flowered;  leaflets  rhombic- 
obovate,  doubly  and  rather  finely  serrate,  acutish,  membranaceous,  smooth  or 
sparingly  villous  beneath  ;  flowers  in  leafy  corymbiform  racemes,  2-3  cm.  broad  ; 
sepals  not  foliaceous  ;  fruit  subglobose  to  short-cylindric,  with  few-many  large 
juicy  drupelets.     (R.  canadensis  of  auth.,  not  L.;  R.  procumbens  Muhl.) — Dry 
open  places,  s.  Me.,  westw.  and  southw.,  common.     Var.  RORIBA.CCUS  Bailey. 
(LUCRETIA  D.)     A  large-flowered  extreme,  with  elongated  pedicels;  the, flowers 
4  cm.  broad;  sepals  often  foliaceous.  —  W.  Va.,  where  doubtfully  native;  and 
in  cultivation. 

Var.  humifiisus  T.  &  G.  Stems  slender,  less  woody;  flowering  branches 
chiefly  l-flowered  ;  flowers  large,  3-4  cm.  broad.  (R.  Enslenii  Trattinick' ;  R. 
Baileyanus  Britton  ;  R.  subuniflorus  Rydb.) — Chiefly  near  the  coast,  from  e. 
Mass,  southw. 

(Several  recently  proposed  species  are  obviously  related  to  and  not  very  clearly 
distinct  from  R.  villosus  and  await  further  study. ) 

38.  R.  invisus  (Bailey)  Britton.     Similar,  but  stouter  ;  the  canes  less  pro- 
cumbent ;  leaflets,  especially  those  of  the  vegetative  shoots,  simply  and  rather 
coarsely  toothed;  pedicels  long  (becoming  1.5  dm.  in  length)  ;   sepals  large, 
foliaceous.  —  N.  Y.  to  Kan.  and  southw.  —  The  original  of  several  cultivated 
Dewberries. 


KOSACEAE  (KOSE  FAMILY)  493 

19.    DALIBARDA  Kalm. 

Calyx  deeply  5-6-parted,  3  of  the  divisions  larger  and  toothed.  Petals  5,  ses- 
sile, deciduous.  Stamens  many.  Ovaries  6-10,  becoming  nearly  dry  seed-like 
drupes;  styles  terminal,  deciduous. — Low  unarmed  perennials,  with  creeping 
and  densely  tufted  stems  or  rootstocks,  and  roundish-heart-shaped  crenate  leaves 
on  slender  petioles.  Flowers  of  2  kinds,  a  few  upright  long-peduncled  usually 
sterile  ones  with  white  petals,  and  numerous  fertile  apetalous  ones  on  short 
curved  peduncles.  (Named  for  Thomas  Francois  Dalibard,  a  French  botanist 
of  the  time  of  Linnaeus.) 

1.  D.  repens  L.  Downy ;  sepals  of  the  petaliferous  flowers  spreading,  of  the 
cleistogamous  ones  converging  and  inclosing  the  fruit.  —  Woods,  N.  B.  to  Ont., 
s.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  O.,  Mich.,  and  Minn.  June-Aug. 

20.  ALCHEMlLLA  L.     LADY'S  MANTLE 

Calyx-tube  inversely  conical,  contracted  at  the  throat ;  limb  4-parted  with  as 
many  alternate  accessory  lobes.  Petals  none.  Stamens  1-4.  Pistils  1-4  ;  the 
slender  style  arising  from  near  the  base  ;  achenes  included  in  the  tube  of  the 
persistent  calyx.  — Low  herbs,  with  palmately  lobed  or  compound  leaves,  and 
small  corymbed  greenish  flowers.  (From  Alkemelyeh,  the  Arabic  name,  having 
reference  to  the  silky  pubescence  of  some  species.) 

1.  A.  ARVENSIS  Scop.     (PARSLEY  PIERT.)      Small  annual,   4-20  cm.  high  ; 
leaves  3-parted,  with  the  wedge-shaped  lobes  2-3-cleft,  pubescent ;  flowers  fasci- 
cled opposite  the  axils.  —  N.  S.  (according  to  Lawson)  ;  D.  C.  (where  said  to  be 
extinct)  ;  Va.  to  Tenn.  and  Ga.     (Adv.  from  Eurasia.) 

2.  A.    PRATENSIS   F.  W.   Schmidt.      Perennial,  1-3  dm.  high,  from  a  stout 
caudex  ;  leaves  orbicular,  2-10  cm.  in  diameter,  deeply  cordate,  finely  serrate, 
shallowly  b-^-lobed;  inflorescence  paniculate;    pedicels  filiform. — Dry  road- 
sides, etc.,  N.  S.,  where  locally  abundant  near  coast;  also  casual  at  Westford, 
Mass.  (Miss  Fletcher}.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

21.   AGRIM6NIA   [Tourn.]   L.     AGRIMONY 

Calyx-tube  top-shaped  or  hemispherical,  the  throat  beset  with  hooked  bristles, 
indurated  in  fruit  and  inclosing  2  achenes ;  the  limb  5-cleft,  closed  after  flower- 
ing. Petals  5,  yellow.  Stamens  6-15.  Styles  terminal.  —  Perennial  herbs, 
with  interruptedly  pinnate  leaves,  crenate-serrate  leaflets,  and  small  spicate- 
racemose  flowers.  Bracts  3-cleft.  (Name  a  corruption  of  Argemone. ) 

a.    Fruiting  calyx  more  or  less  top-shaped,  deeply  furrowed  6. 

6.   Leaflets  (exclusive  of  the  little  intermediate  ones)  chiefly  5-9,  ovate  to 

obovate  or  elliptic-oblong. 

Khachis  of  inflorescence  covered  with  minute  glandular  puberulence 
interspersed  with  long  widely  spreading  hairs  ;  leaves  sparingly 

pubescent  beneath  ;  roots  not  thickened 1.  A.  gryposepala. 

Rhachis    appressed-villous    or   glandular-puberulent,   without   long 

widely  spreading  hairs. 

Koots  not  thickened  ;  lower  surface  of  leaflets  conspicuously  resin- 
ous-dotted, only  the  veins  villous 2.   A.  striata. 

Boots  fusiform-thickened  toward  the  end ;  lower  surface  of  leaflets 

velvety-tomentose,  scarcely  or  not  at  all  resinous-dotted. 
Larger  leaflets  5-9,  oblong  or  elliptical ;  fruiting  calyx  4-5  mm. 

wide  (exclusive  of  spreading  hooks) 3.  A.  mollis. 

Larger  leaflets  3-5,  obovate ;  fruiting  calyx  about  3  mm.  wide 

(exclusive  of  hooks) 4.  A.  microcarpa. 

b.   Leaflets  (exclusive  of  little  intermediate  ones)  11-13,  lanceolate  to  nar- 
rowly lance-oblong       5.   A .  parviflora. 

a.    Fruiting  calyx  hemispherical,  striped  but  scarcely  furrowed       .        .        .6.   A.  rostellata. 

1.  A.  gryposSpala  Wallr.  Tall  (7-12  dm.);  stem  hirsute;  leaflets  large, 
thin,  smoothish,  scarcely  paler  beneath  ;  fruiting  calyx  nearly  1  cm.  long  ;  hooks 
long,  widely  spreading,  the  outer  deflexed.  (A.  Eupatoria  Man.  ed.  6,  in  part, 
not  L.;  A.  hirsuta  Bicknell.)  — Thickets,  ravines,  etc.,  s.  N.  S.  and  centr.  Me. 
to  Va.,  and  westw. ;  frequent. 


494  ROSACEAE    (ROSE    FAMILY) 

2.  A.  striata  Michx.     Erect,  subsimple  up  to  the  inflorescence,  3-15  dm.  high, 
softly  pubescent,  the  hairs  inclining  to  be  appressed  ;  leaflets  mostly  narrowed 
to  a  point,  somewhat  costate  ;  fruiting-calyx  strongly  deflexed  ;  the  hooks  rela- 
tively short  and  connivent  or  scarcely  spreading.     (A.  Eupatoria  Man.  ed.  6,  in 
part,  not  L.;  A.  Brittoniana  Bicknell.) — Damp  woods,  alluvial  soil,  etc.,  Nfd. 
to  Sask.,  s.  to  W.  Va.,  111.,  Neb.,  S.  Dak.,  and  N.  Mex.     (Eurasia.) 

3.  A.  m611is  (T.  &  G.)  Britton.     Grayish-pubescent,  6-15  dm.  high ;  leaflets 
oblong,  mostly  obtuse,  soft  to  the  touch  on  both  surfaces ;  fruit  broadly  top- 
shaped,  the  hooks  borne  on   a  broad  disk,  the  outer  widely  spreading.      (A. 
pubescens  Wallr.  ?)  — Open  woods,  dry  ground,  etc.,  Mass,  to  N.  C.,  and  westw. 

4.  A.  microcdrpa  Wallr.     Small,  subsimple,  mostly  3-5  dm.  high  ,   leaflets 
obovate,  soft-tomentose  beneath,  sparingly  appressed-pubescent  or  subglabrous 
above  ;    fruiting  calyx  much  as  in  the  last  but  smaller.      ( A.  pumila  Muhl., 
inadequately  characterized.)  —  Woods,  etc.,  Pa.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

5.  A.  parviflbra  Ait.     Stem  hirsute,  7-12  dm.  high,  leafy  ;  leaflets  numerous, 
narrow,  with  many  smaller  intermediate  ones  of  2  or  3  different  sizes  ;  fruiting 
calyx  small  (4-5  mm.  long),  abruptly  deflexed  at  maturity  from  an  ascending 
pedicel ;  outer  hooks  widely  spreading.  —  Chiefly  in  sandy  and  alluvial  soil,  Ct. 
to  Ga.,  westw.  to  Ont.,  Kan.,  and  La. 

6.  A.  rostellata  Wallr.     Slender,  4-8  dm.  high  ;  stem  nearly  glabrous,  rough- 
ish  ;  leaflets  few,  obovate  ;  fruiting  calyx  small,  almost  hemispherical,  not  deeply 
furrowed,  the  hooks  small,  the  longest  shorter  than  the  connivent  calyx-lobes. 
(A.  striata  Bicknell,  not  Michx.)  — Rocky  woods,  alluvium,  etc.,  Ct.  to  Ga.,  and 
westw. 

22.   SANGUIS6RBA    [Rupp.]   L.     BURNET 

Calyx  with  a  top-shaped  tube,  constricted  at  the  throat,  persistent ;  the  4 
broad  petal-like  spreading  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud,  deciduous.  Petals  none. 
Stamens  4-12  or  more,  with  flaccid  filaments  and  short  anthers.  Pistils  1-3  ; 
the  slender  terminal  style  tipped  with  a  tufted  or  brush-like  stigma.  Achene 
(commonly  solitary)  inclosed  in  the  4-angled  dry  and  thickish  calyx-tube.  Seed 
suspended. — Chiefly  perennial  herbs,  with  unequally  pinnate  leaves,  stipules 
adherent  to  the  petiole,  and  small  often  polygamous  or  dioecious  flowers 
crowded  in  a  dense  head  or  spike  at  the  summit  of  a  long  and  naked  peduncle, 
each  bracteate  and  2-bracteolate.  (Name  from  sanguis,  blood,  and  sorbere, 
to  drink  up,  to  absorb,  from  reputed  styptic  properties  in  folk-medicine.)  POTE- 
RIUM  L. ,  in  part. 

*  Stamens  4  ;  leaflets  2-5  cm.  long. 

1.  S.  canadSnsis  L.     (CANADIAN  B.)      Stamens  long-exserted,  club-shaped, 
white,  as  is  the  whole  of  the  elongated  and  cylindrical  spike;  stem  3-16  dm. 
high  ;  leaflets  numerous,  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  coarsely  serrate,  obtuse, 
heart-shaped  at  base,  as  if  stipellate ;   stipules  serrate.     (Poterium  Gray.)  — 
Bogs  and  wet  meadows,  Lab.  to  mts.  of  Ga.,  w.  to  Mich. 

2.  S.  OFFICINA.LIS  L.     In   habit    similar    to  the   preceding;   spikes   dense, 
ovoid,  brownish- or  purplish-red.  —  Established  in  low  fields  near  coast  of  Me.; 
also  reported  from  Minn.     (Adv.  from  Eurasia.) 

*  *  Stamens  numerous  j  leaflets  8-15  mm.  long. 

3.  S.  MINOR  Scop.     (GARDEN  B.)     Stamens  12,  or  more  in  the  lower  flowers 
of  the  globular  greenish  head,  with  drooping  capillary  filaments,  the  upper  flow- 
ers pistillate  only  ;  stems  3-6  dm.  high  ;  leaflets  small,  ovate,  deeply  cut.     (Po- 
terium  Sanguisorba    L.)  —  Locally  established    in    grassy   places,    cultivated 
grounds,  etc.,  Me.  to  Md.  and  w.  N.  Y.     (Adv.  from  Eurasia.) 

23.   R6SA    [Tourn.]    L.     ROSE 

Calyx-tube  urn-shaped,  contracted  at  the  mouth,  becoming  fleshy  in  fruit. 
Petals  5,  obovate  or  obcordate,  inserted  with  the  many  stamens  into  the  edge 
of  the  hollow  thin  disk  that  lines  the  calyx-tube  and  within  bears  the  numerous 


ROSACEAE  (ROSE  FAMILY)  495 

pistils  below.  Ovaries  hairy,  becoming  bony  achenes  in  fruit.  — Shrubs,  usually 
prickly,  with  odd-pinnate  leaves,  and  stipules  adnate  to  the  petiole  ;  stalks,  foli- 
age, etc.,  often  bearing  aromatic  glands.  Many  of  the  species  highly  variable 
and  often  indeterminable  from  imperfect  specimens.  (The  ancient  Latin  name.) 

a.    Styles  coherent  in  a  protruding  column,  as  long  as  the  stamens       .        .      1.   JR.  setigera. 
a.    Styles  distinct  b. 

b.   Sepals  connivent  after  flowering,  persistent ;  pedicels  and  receptacle 

naked  c. 

c.   Prickles  scattered  or  none,  the  infra-stipular  when  present  not  en- 
larged. 

Leaf-rhachis  glandular-puberulent  or  -bristly. 

Fruit  pyriforrn,  obovoid  or  oblong,  top-shaped  at  base       .  2.   R.  adcularis. 

Fruit  subglobose,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  base         (2)    R.  acicularis,  v.  Hourgeauiana. 
Leaf-rhachis  softly  and  finely  villous  or  tomentulose ;  glandular 
hairs  merely  occasional  or  none. 

Prickles  numerous,  scattered  ;  leaflets  7-11 8.  R.  pratincola. 

Prickles  occasionally  present  on  main  stem  but  mostly  few  or 

none;  leaflets 5-7 4.  R.blanda. 

c.   Prickles  not  wholly  uniform,  the  infra-stipular  somewhat  stouter. 
Calyx-lobes  essentially  entire. 
Calyx-lobes  1-1.5  cm.  long. 
Leaves  6-10  cm.  long  ;  leaflets  pubescent  beneath ;  stem  armed 

chiefly  near  the  nodes 5.  R.  Woodsii. 

Leaves  2-4  cm.  long ;  leaflets  essentially  glabrous ;  stem  ex- 
cessively spiny  throughout 6.  R.  spinosissima. 

Calyx-lobes  2-2.5  cm.  long 7.   R.  cinnamomea. 

Outer  calyx-lobes  conspicuously  pinnatifid 8.    R.  canina. 

6.   Sepals  spreading  after  flowering,  deciduous  from  the  mature  fruit ; 

receptacle  and  pedicels  more  or  less  hispid  or  tomentose. 

Leaflets  thick,  evergreen  or  nearly  so ;  receptacle  tomentose    .  9.   R.  bracteata. 

Leaflets  membranaceous  ;  receptacle  not  tomentose. 
Leaf-rhachis  very  glandular. 

Prickles  strong,  hooked  ;  leaflets  rarely  2  cm.  long     .        .        .10.   R.  rubiginosa. 
Prickles  weak,  acicular,  often  gland-tipped  ;  leaflets  8-6  cm. 

long 11.    .R.  gallica. 

Leaf-rhachis  puberulent  or  glabrous,  scarcely  if  at  all  glandular. 
Young  growth  densely  covered,  even  into  the  inflorescence, 

with  needle-like  prickles 12.   R.  nitida. 

Young  growth  armed  at  the  nodes  or  not  at  all. 
Stipules  narrowly  linear,  their  free  auricles  merely  short- 
lanceolate  teeth  ;  leaflets  serrulate  ;  infra-stipular  prickles 
short,  2-4  (rarely  6)  mm.  long,  broad-based  and  decidedly 

curved 13.   R.  cwoUna. 

Stipules  more  dilated,  oblanceolate,  their  auricles  somewhat 
deltoid  ;  serratures  of  the  leaflets  coarser  and  deeper ; 
infra-stipular  prickles  longer. 

Prickles  decidedly  curved  ;  leaflets  somewhat  shining  above    14.  R.  virginiana. 
Prickles  straight  or  nearly  so ;  leaflets  dull  above         .        .     15.   R.  humilis. 

1.  R.  setigera  Michx.     (CLIMBING  or  PRAIRIE  R.)     Stems  climbing,  armed 
with  stout  nearly  straight  scattered  prickles,  not  bristly  ;  leaflets  3-5,  ovate, 
acute,  sharply  serrate,  smooth  or  downy  beneath  ;  stalks  and  calyx  glandular ; 
flowers  corymbed  ;  sepals  pointed  ;   petals  deep  rose-color  changing  to  white  ; 
fruit  globular.  —  Borders  of  prairies  and  thickets,  Ont.  to  Fla.,  w.  to  Wise.,  Neb., 
and  Tex.;  also  an  escape  from  cultivation  in  Ct.     July.  —  Strong  shoots  growing 
3-6  m.  in  a  season. 

2.  R.  acicularis  Lindl.     Stems  3-12  dm.  high,  very  prickly ;  stipules  usually 
dilated,  glandular-ciliate  and  resinous  ;  leaflets  3-7,  broadly  elliptical  to  oblong- 
lanceolate,  sessile  and  obtuse  or  subcordate  at  base,  usually  pale  and  somewhat 
resinous-puberulent  beneath,  the  teeth  serrulate;  flowers  large,  solitary  (very 
rarely  2-3)  ;  outer  sepals  usually  with  1-2  narrow  lateral  lobes,  not  hispid  ;  fmit 
obovoid  or  ellipsoid,  top-shaped  at  base.      (J?.  Engelmanni   Wats.)  —  Sandy 
thickets,  L.  Huron  to  Minn.,  Col.,  and  Ida.     (Siber.) 

Var.  Bourgeauiana  Crepin.  Fruit  globose,  rounded  at  base  ;  leaves  some- 
times smoothish  but  more  often  soft-pubescent  and  resinous-pulverulent  beneath. 
—  Ledges,  rocky  woods,  etc.,  Anticosti  to  s.  Vt.,.n.  Mich.,  centr.  111.,  Col.,  and 
northw. 

3.  R.  pratincola  Greene.     Stems  low,  very  prickly ;  stipules  narrow,  more  or 
less  glandular-toothed  above  (or  even  glandular-ciliate)  ;  leaflets  7-11,  broadly 
elliptical  to  oblong-oblanceolate,  subcuneate  at  base,  somewhat  firm  and  strongly 


496  ROSACEAE  (KOSE  FAMILY) 

veined,  simply  toothed,  not  resinous ;  flowers  corymbose  ;  sepals  rarely  hispid, 
the  outer  lobed.  (jR.  arkansana  of  auth.,  not  Porter.)  —  Prairies,  etc.,  Man.  to 
Mont.,  s.  to  Mo.  and  Tex. 

4.  R.  blanda  Ait.     Stems  3-15  dm.  high,  wholly  unarmed   or  occasionally 
covered  with  numerous  prickles  ;  stipules  dilated,  naked  and  entire  or  slightly 
glandular-toothed ;    leaflets   5-7,  usually   oblong-lanceolate,    thinner   and    less 
strongly  veined  than  in  the  preceding,  cuueate  at  base  and  petiolulate,  simply 
serrate,  not  resinous ;  flowers  usually  large,  corymbose  or  solitary  ;  sepals  his- 
pid, entire.  —  On  rocks  and  shores,  Nfd.  to  N.  E.,  and  westw.  chiefly  in  the 
region  of  the  Great  Lakes  to  Mo.  and  Assina. 

5.  R.  Wo6dsii  Lindl.     Stems  usually  low  (1-9  dm.  high) ,  with  slender  straight 
or  recurved  prickles,  or  wholly  unarmed  above  ;  leaflets  5-7,  obovate  to  oblong 
or  lanceolate,  more  or  less  toothed  ;  flowers  corymbose  or  solitary  ;  sepals  naked 
or  hispid,  the  outer  usually  lobed  ;  fruit  globose,  with  a  short  neck.  —  Minn,  to 
Mo. ,  westw.  and  north  westw. 

6.  R.  spiNOsfssiMA  L.     (SCOTCH  R.)     Low  spreading  shrub;  stems  densely 
covered  with  long  straightish  prickles  and  innumerable  shorter  ones  ;   leaflets 
7-13,  small,  broadly  elliptic  to  suborbicular,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  ;  stipules  very 
small;   fruit  globular,  black. — Often  cultivated,  and  inclined  to  spread  from 
old  gardens,  N.  E.,  Ont.,  etc.     (Iritrod.  from  Eurasia.) 

7.  R.  CINNAM6MEA  L.    (CINNAMON  R.)    Stems  flexuous,  reddish  brown,  armed 
with  pairs  of  light-colored  broad-based  slightly  recurved  infra-stipular  prickles  ; 
leaflets  rather  narrowly  elliptical,  2-3  cm.   long,  paler  beneath,  sharply  and 
finely  serrate;    flowers  commonly  double. —  Once   much  cultivated,  and  now 
established  in  hedgerows,  etc.     (Introd.  from  Eurasia.) 

8.  R.  CANINA  L.     (Doc  R.)     Stems  armed  with  stout  recurved  prickles,  the 
branches  sometimes  unarmed  ;  leaflets  5-7,  elliptical  or  oblong-ovate,  glabrous 
or  somewhat  pubescent,  simply  toothed,  not  resinous-puberulent ;  flowers  soli- 
tary (or  2-4)  on  usually  naked  pedicels  ;  sepals  pinnatifld;  fruit  ovoid  or  nearly 
globular.  —  A  casual  escape  from  cultivation,  Mass,  to  Tenn.;  thoroughly  natu- 
ralized on  river-banks  in  Pa.  (Porter}.     (Introd.  from  Eurasia.) 

9.  R.  BRACTEATA   Wendl.      (MACARTNY  R.)      Leaflets  mostly  7,   narrowly 
obovate,   rounded  at  the   apex,    thick,    shining,    evergreen,  glabrous;   flowers 
large;  calyx  densely  villous-tomentose ;  petals  mostly  white.  — Cultivated  from 
China,  extensively  naturalized  in  parts  of  the  Southern  States,  extending  to  Va. 
(Introd.  from  Asia.) 

10.  R.   RUBiGm6sA   L.      (SWEETBRIER,   EGLANTINE.)      Armed   with   strong 
hooked  mostly  infra-stipular  prickles  (with  or  without  scattered  smaller  ones)  ; 
leaflets  densely  resinous  beneath  and  aromatic,  doubly  serrate ;  the  short  pedi- 
cels and  pinnatifid  sepals  hispid  ;  flowers  pink,  mostly  3-4  cm.  in  diameter ;  fruit 
obovate.  —  Rocky  pastures,  etc.,  common.     (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

Var.  MICRANTHA  (Sm.)  Lindl.  Leaves  less  glandular,  nearly  scentless,  flow- 
ers smaller  (about  2-2.5  cm.  in  diameter)  and  paler;  fruit  somewhat  flask- 
shaped.  —  Along  roadsides,  etc.,  e.  Mass.  (Introd.  from  Eng.)  —  Inconstant  and 
suggesting  relationship  to  no.  8. 

11.  R.  GALLIC  A  L.     Erect,  1-1.6  m.  high  ;  stem  glandular-hispid  and  armed 
with  straightish  slender  prickles;  leaflets  3-5,  broadly  elliptic,  cordate  at  base, 
rounded  or  obtusish  at  apex,  doubly  glandular-serrate;  flowers  large,  mostly 
deep  red  and  double.  —  Often  cultivated,  and  now  well  established  in  roadside 
thickets,  N.  E.,  O.,  and  probably  elsewhere.     (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

12.  R.  nftida  Willd.     Low,  nearly  or  quite  glabrous  throughout,  the  straight 
slender  infra-stipular  prickles  scarcely  stouter  than  those  which  usually  thickly 
cover  the  stem  and  branches ;  stipules  mostly  dilated ;  leaflets  bright  green  and 
shining,  usually  narrow-oblong  and  acute  at  each  end  ;  flowers  solitary  (rarely 
2-3) ;  sepals  entire.  —  Margins  of  swamps,  Nfd.  to  N.  E. 

13.  R.  Carolina  L.     Stems  .usually  tall  (3-25  dm.  high),  with  stout  straight 
or  usually  more  or  less  curved  prickles  ;  stipules  long  and  very  narrow  ;  leaflets 
6-9  (mostly  7),  finely  serrate,  dull  green,  usually  narrow-oblong  and  acute  at 
each  end  and  petiolulate,  but  often  broader,  usually  pubescent  beneath.  —  Bor- 
ders of  swamps  and  streams,  N.  S.  to  Fla.,  w.  to  Minn,  and  Miss. 


KOSACEAE  (ROSE  FAMILY) 


497 


14.  R.  virginiana  Mill.     Stems  often  tall  and  stout  (2-20  dm.  high),  with  at 
length  stout  and  usually  more  or  less  hooked  prickles  ;  stipules  usually  naked. 
more  or  less  dilated;  leaflets  (mostly  7)  dark  green,  rather  thick,  smooth  and 
often  shining  above  ;  flowers  corymbose  or  solitary  ;  outer  sepals  frequently  with 

1  or  2  small  lobes.     (E.  lucida  Ehrh.)  —  Margins  of  swamps  and  rocky  shores, 
Nfd.  and  e.  Que.  to  N.  Y.  and  e.  Pa. 

15.  R.   humilis   Marsh.     Stems  usually   low  (3-9  dm.   high),  slender,  with 
straight  slender  prickles  (spreading  or  sometimes  reflexed)  ;   stipules  narrow, 
rarely  somewhat  dilated  ;  leaflets  as  in  the  last,  but  usually  thinner  and  duller  ; 
flowers  very  often  solitary  ;  outer  sepals  always  more  or  less  lobed.  —  Mostly  in 
dry  soil  or  on  rocky  slopes,  N.  S.  to  Fla.,  w.  to  Minn.,  Mo.,  Okla.,  and  La. 

24.    PRtTNUS    [Tourn.]   L.    PLUM,  CHERRY,  ETC. 

Calyx  5-cleft  ;  the  tube  bell-shaped,  urn-shaped,  or  tubular-obconical,  decidu- 
ous after  flowering.     Petals  5,  spreading.     Stamens  15-20.     Pistil  solitary,  with 

2  pendulous  ovules.     Drupe  fleshy,  with  a  bony  stone.  —  Small  trees  or  shrubs, 
with    mostly  edible  fruit.      (The  ancient  Latin    name.)      CERASUS   B.  Juss. 
AMYGDALUS  L. 


a.    Ovary  glabrous  ;  stone  smpothish  or  shallowly  sculptured  5. 

b.   Flowers  racemose  ;  pedicels  much  shorter  than  the  floriferous  part 

of  the  rhachis. 

Leaves  oblong,  thickish,  crenate-serrulate,  the  teeth  incurved        . 

Leaves  mostly  obovate,  thin,  sharply  serrate  ;   teeth  somewhat 

spreading     ........... 

o.   Flowers  umbellate  or,  if  racemose,  with  pedicels  exceeding  the  flo- 

riferous part  of  the  rhachis  c. 
c.   Flowers  small;  petals  mostly  4-6  mm.  long  d. 
d.   Leaves  broad  or,  if  narrow,  serrulate  practically  to  the  base  e. 
e.  Leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong,  ovate,  or  obovate  /. 
/.   Petioles  tomentose  at  least  on  the  upper  side. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  attenuate. 
Petioles  15-38  mm.  long    ....... 

Petioles  5-8  mm.  long       ....... 

Leaves  ovate-  or  obovate-oblong  to  elliptical. 
Leaves  obovate,  thinnish,  mostly  cuneate  at  base,  1-2.5 
cm.  wide,  somewhat  doubly  serrate  ;  pedicels  1-3 
in  a  fascicle         ........ 

Leaves    ovate-    or   obovate-oblong,    thickish,    rugose, 
mostly  obtuse  at  base,  usually  3-4  cm.  broad,  sim- 
ply serrate  ;  pedicels  2-6  in  a  fascicle        .        . 
f.   Petioles  essentially  glabrous. 

Teeth  of  the  ovate-lanceolate  mostly  falcate-acuminate 
leaves  unequal        ........ 

Teeth  of  the  lance-elliptical  acute  or  obtusish  leaves  equal 
e.  Leaves  suborbicular,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base. 

Teeth  of  leaves  fine,  obtuse;  the  sinuses  glandular      .        . 

Teeth  of  leaves  coarser,  bristle-tipped  ;    the  sinuses  not 

glandular    .......... 

d.  Leaves  relatively  narrow,  spatulate-linear  or  -oblong,  subentire 

at  the  cuneate  base. 
Erect  shrub  ;  leaves  spatulate-oblong        ..... 

Prostrate  ;  leaves  linear-  or  oblanceolate-spatulate  .        .        . 
C.   Flowers  large  ;  petals  8-16  mm.  long. 

Teeth  of  leaves  obtusish,  some  or  all  glandular. 
Calyx-lobes  entire  or  nearly  so. 

Inner  scales  of  the  flowering  buds  subherbaceous,  ligulate 
spreading  ......... 

Inner  scales  not  very  unlike  the  outer,  subappressed  . 
Calyx-lobes  conspicuously  glandular-serrulate. 
Leaves  thin,  obovate  ;  petals  12-14  mm.  long        .        . 
Leaves  thickish,  firm  in  texture  ;  petals  about  8  mm.  long 
Teeth  of  leaves  acute  or  acuminate,  bristle-tipped,  not  glandular 
a.    Ovary  and  fruit  velvety-tornentose  ;  stone  deeply  sculptured  and  pitted 


1.  P.  serotina. 

2.  P.  virginiana. 


15.  P.  hortulana. 
4.  P.  alleghaniensis. 


5.   P.  Inxtttttia. 


6.  P.  maritima. 

8.  P.  pennsylvanica. 

7.  P.  angustifolia. 

8.  P.  Mahaleb. 

9.  P.  Gravesii*, 


10.  P.  cuneata. 

11.  P.pumila. 


12.   P.  avium. 
18.  P.  Cerasus. 

14.  P.  nigra. 

15.  P.  hortulana. 

16.  P.  americana. 

17.  P.  Pervica. 


§  1.  PADUS  [L.]  Reichenb.  Drupe  small,  globose,  without  bloom  ;  the  stone 
turgid-ovate,  marginless  •  flowers  in  racemes  terminating  leafy  branches, 
therefore  appearing  after  the  leaves,  late  in  spring.  PADUS  Mo'ench. 

1.    P.  ser6tina  Ehrh.     (WILD  BLACK  or  RUM  C.)    A  large  tree,  with  reddish- 
brown  branches,  the  inner  bark  aromatic;  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate-oblong. 

GRAY'S  MANUAL  —  32 


498  ROSACEAE  (ROSE  FAMILY) 

taper-pointed,  serrate  with  incurved  short  and  callous  teeth,  thickish,  shining 
above  ;  racemes  elongated  ;  petals  obovate  ;  fruit  purplish-black.  —  Woods,  N.  S. 
to  Fla. ,  w.  to  Dak.  and  Ariz.  —  Fruit  slightly  bitter,  but  with  a  pleasant  vinous 
flavor. 

2.  P.  virginiana  L.     (CHOKE  C.)     A  tall  shrub  or  small  tree,  with  grayish 
bark,  the  inner  layers  with  a  rank  disagreeable  odor;  leaves  oval,  oblong,  or 
obovate,   abruptly  pointed,   very   sharply    (often  doubly}  serrate  with  slender 
teeth,  thin;  petals  roundish;  fruit  red  turning  to  dark  crimson,  austere   and 
astringent;  stone  smooth.  — Nfd.  to  Ga.,  and  westw.     Var.  LEUCOCARPA  Wats., 
with  short  dense  racemes  and  sweeter  yellowish  fruit,   has  been   found  at 
Dedham,  Mass. 

§2.  PRUN6PHORA  (Neck.)  Endl.  Drupe  smooth;  the  stone  smooth  or 
somewhat  rugged;  flowers  (usually  white}  from  separate  lateral  scaly  buds 
in  early  spring,  preceding  or  developing  with  the  leaves ;  pedicels  few  or 
several  in  simple  umbel-like  clusters. 

3.  P.  pennsylvanica  L.  f.     (WILD  RED,  BIRD,  FIRE  or  PIN  C.)    Tree,  6-10 
m.  high,  with  light  red-brown  bark  ;  leaves  oblong -lanceolate,  pointed,  finely  and 
sharply  serrate,  shining,  green  and  smooth  both  sides ;  flowers  many  in  a  cluster, 
on  long  pedicels  ;  fruit  globose,  light  red,  very  small,  with  thin  and  sour  flesh  ; 
stone  globular.  —  Rocky  woods  and  recent  clearings,  Lab.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to  Pa., 
Great  L.  region,  centr.  la.,  and  along  the  mts.  to  N.  C.,  Tenn.,  and  Col. 

4.  P.  alleghaniensis  Porter.     (SLOE.)     A  low  straggling  shrub  or  small  tree 
(1-5  m.  high),  seldom  thorny;  leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong-ovate,  often  long- 
acuminate,  finely  and  sharply  serrate,  softly  pubescent  when  young,  glabrate 
with  age  ;  fruit  globose-ovoid,  very  dark  purple,  with  a  bloom,  less  than  12  mm. 
in  diameter ;  stone  turgid,  a  shallow  groove  on  one  side  and  a  broad  flat  ridge 
on  the  other.  —  Thickets,  s.  Ct.  (Eames,  Graves}  to  the  Allegheny  Mts.  of  Pa. 

5.  P.    iNSTixfTiA    L.    (BULLACE   P.)     Somewhat    thorny ;    leaves    obovate, 
mostly  obtusish  at  the  apex  and  narrowed  at  base,  sharply  and  somewhat 
doubly  serrate,  soft-pubescent  beneath ;   fruit  small,   globular,  black,  with  a 
bloom.      (P.  spinosa,  var.  Gray.) — Roadsides  and  waste  places,    N.  E.    and 
perhaps  occasionally  in  the  Middle  States.     (Adv.  from  Eurasia.) 

6.  P.  maritima  Wang.     (BEACH  P.)     Low  and  straggling  (3-15  dm.  high); 
leaves  ovate  or  oval,  finely  serrate,  softly  pubescent  underneath  ;  pedicels  short, 
pubescent ;  fruit  globular,  purple  or  crimson  (rarely  paler),  with  a  bloom,  13-25 
mm.  in  diameter  ;  the  stone  very  turgid,  acute  on  one  edge,  rounded  and  minutely 
grooved  on  the  other.  —  Sea-beaches,  dunes,  etc.,  s.  Me.  to  Va. 

7.  P.  angustifblia  Marsh.     (CHICKASAW  P.)     Scarcely  thorny,  2-5  m.  high  ; 
leaves  membranaceous,  elliptic-lanceolate,  finely  serrulate,  glabrous ;  fruit  glob- 
ular, red,  nearly  destitute  of  bloom,   thin-skinned,    12-16  mm.  in  diameter ; 
the  ovoid  stone  almost  as  thick  as  wide,  rounded  at  both  sutures,  one  of  them 
mimitely  grooved.     (P.   Chicasa  Michx.) — Del.  to  Fla.,  and  westw.  to  Tex. 
and  Kan. 

Var.  Wats&ni  (Sarg.)  Waugh.  (SAND  P.)  Dwarf  (1-1.3  m.  high);  stems 
much  branched  and  somewhat  rigid  ;  leaves  smaller  and  rather  firm  in  texture  ; 
fruit  small,  red,  thick-skinned.  (P.  Watsoni  Sarg.)  —  Kan.  and  Neb. 

8.  P.    MA.HALEB   L.     (PERFUMED  C.)     Shrub   or  small   tree    (7   m.    high), 
glabrous  or  nearly  so  ;  leaves  ovate-orbicular,  short-pointed  or  obtuse,  slender- 
petioled,  crenulate-denticulate,  glandular  between  the  teeth  ;  flowers  corymbose  ; 
fruit  ovoid  to  subglobose,  black  or  nearly  so,  7-10  mm.  long.  —  Roadsides,  river- 
banks,  open  woods,  etc.,  spreading  from  cultivation,  Ct.  to  Del.,  and  westw. 
(In trod,  from  s.  Eu.) 

9.  P.    Gravesii  Small.     Unarmed  shrub,    1-1.3   m.    high;    leaves    obovate- 
orbicular,  finely  pubescent  on  both  surfaces,  serrate-dentate,  rounded  or  even 
retuse  at  the  apex,  2-3  cm.  in  diameter ;  flowers  1-3  in  a  fascicle,  the  pedicels 
pubescent ;  fruit  globose,  bluish-black,  12-15  mm.  in  diameter ;  stone  about  9 
mm.  long,  subglobose  but  with  one  sharp  edge. — Gravelly  ridge,  Groton,  Ct. 
(  Graves. ) 

10.  P.  cuneata  Raf.      Low  erect  shrub,  obscurely  puberulent  to  entirely 


LEGUMINOSAE    (PULSE  FAMILY)  499 

glabrous ;  leaves  spatulate-oblong  or  more  rarely  lance-oblong,  obtuse  or  acute, 
serrate  above  the  middle,  entire  toward  the  cuneate  base,  pale  beneath  ;  flowers 
2-4  in  a  fascicle ;  fruit  globose,  without  bloom,  nearly  black,  about  1  cm. 
in  diameter.  (P.pumila,  var.  Bailey.) — Thickets,  sandy  soil,  s.  Me.  to  N.  C. 
and  Minn. 

11.  P.   pumila  L.    (SAND  C.)    Prostrate,   spreading  and  creeping;  leaves 
linear-spatulate  to  oblanceolate,  usually  acute  or  acutish,  pale  beneath,  sub- 
entire  or  toothed  above  the  middle  ;  flowers  as  in  the  preceding ;  fruit  globose, 
pendulous,   dark    claret-color,   without    bloom,   about  1   cm.    in  diameter. — 
Sandy  and  rocky  shores,  e.  Que.  to  Pa.,  n.  Ind.,  Wise.,  and  Man. 

12.  P.    AVIUM   L.     (SWEET   C.,  MAZZARD.)     Tree  of  pyramidal  form  and 
reddish-brown  bark;  flowers  large;  petals  mostly  12-15  mm.  long  ;  inner  bud- 
scales  at  the  base  of  the  pedicels  greenish,  large,  widely  spreading,  very  hairy 
on  the  inner  surface  and  conspicuously  glandular-serrate ;  fruit  depressed-glo- 
bose, yellow  or  red,  sweet  and  juicy. — Often  escaping  from   cultivation  and 
forming  thickets  in  hedgerows,  etc.      (Introd.  from  Eurasia.) 

13.  P.   CERASUS  L.     (SouR   or  MORELLO  C.)     Tree   of  lower  growth  and 
rounder  head  than  the  preceding ;  bark  gray  ;  flowers  as  in  the  preceding  but 
inner  bud-scales  small,  not  conspicuously  spreading;  fruit  depressed-globose, 
red,   acid.  —  Commonly  cultivated,  and    occasionally  escaping  to  hedgerows, 
woods,  etc.     (Introd.  from  s.  Eu.) 

14.  P.  nigra  Ait.    (WILD  or  CANADA  P.)    Shrub  or  small  tree  (2-8  m.  high), 
armed  ;  leaves  thin,  broadly  obovate,  subcaudately  acuminate,  doubly  crenate- 
serrate,  the  teeth  usually  gland-tipped;  petioles  mostly  with  2  glands  at  the 
summit ;  calyx-lobes  glandular-serrate,  glabrous  within ;  petals  white,  broadly 
obovate,  12-14  mm.  long;  fruit  orange-red  or  yellow,  2.5  cm.  long,  compressed- 
ovoid  to  subglobose,  almost  without  bloom.  —  River-banks  and  roadside  thickets, 
Nfd.  to  s.  N.  E.  and  westw.  along  the  Great  Lakes. 

15.  P.  hortulana  Bailey.     (WILD  GOOSE  P.)     Small  unarmed  tree;  leaves 
ovate-    or    lance-oblong,    caudate-acuminate,    glabrous    on   both    surfaces,    at 
maturity  9-15  cm.  long,  rounded  at  base,  finely  and  somewhat  unevenly  crenate- 
serrate ;  the  teeth  mostly  gland-tipped ;  flowers  2-4  in  a  fascicle  ;  pedicels  gla- 
brous ;  calyx-lobes  glandular-serrate  ;  petals  obovate,  about  8  mm.  long ;  fruit 
globular,  thin-skinned,  light  yellow  to  red.  —  Rich  bottom  lands,  111.  and  Mo. 

16.  P.  americana  Marsh.     (WILD  P.)     Tree,  3-10  m.  high,  armed  ;  leaves 
rather  narrowly  obovate,  long-acuminate,  sharply  and  doubly  serrate,  the  teeth 
not  glandular;  petioles  with  or  without  glands  ;  petals  narrowly  obovate,  about 
1  cm.  long ;  calyx-lobes  entire,  hairy  on  the  inner  surface  ;  fruit  subglobose, 
becoming  red  at  full  maturity,  about  2  cm.  in  diameter.  —  River-banks  and 
borders  of  woods,  Ct.  to  Fla.,  and  westw.  to  Col. 

Var.  m611is  T.  &  G.  Leaves  permanently  soft-pubescent  or  tomentose 
beneath.  —  la.  to  La.  and  Tex. 

§3.  AMYGDALUS  (L.)  B.  &  H.  Drupe  velvety-tomentose  ;  the  stone  deeply 
sculptured  and  pitted;  flowers  subsessile,  from  a  scaly  bud,  opening 
before  the  leaves  appear;  the  latter  conduplicate  in  bud.  AMYGDALUS 
[Tourn.]  L.  PERSICA  [Tourn.]  Borkh. 

17.  P.   PERSICA  (L.)   Stokes.    (PEACH.)     Small  tree;   leaves  lance-oblong, 
attenuate,  serrate  ;  flowers  pink;  fruit  subglobose.     (Amygdalus  L.)  —  Abun- 
dantly cultivated,  and  tending  to  become  established  in  thickets,  etc.,  N.  Y., 
and  southw.     (Introd.  from  Asia.) 

LEGUMINOSAE   (PULSE  FAMILY) 

Plants  with  papilionaceous  or  sometimes  regular  flowers,  10  (rarely  5  and 
sometimes  many}  monadelphous,  diadelphous,  or  rarely  distinct  stamens,  and 
a  single  simple  free  pistil  becoming  a  legume  in  fruit,  /Seeds  mostly  without 
albumen*  Leaves  alternate,  with  stipules,  usually  compound.  One  of  the 


500  LEGUMINOSAE    (PULSE   FAMILY) 

sepals  inferior  (i.e.  next  the  bract);  one  of  the  petals  superior  (i.e.  next  the 
axis  of  the  inflorescence).  — A  very  large  family. 

SUBFAMILY  I.     MIMOSOfDEAE 

Flowers  regular,  small.  Corolla  valvate  in  aestivation,  often  united  into  a 
4-5-lobed  cup,  hypogynous,  as  are  the  (often  very  numerous)  exserted  stamens. 
Embryo  straight.  Leaves  twice  pinnate. 

*  Stamens  numerous. 

1.  Acacia.     Filaments  distinct.     Pod  and  stem  (in  ours)  unarmed. 

2.  Abizzia.     Filaments  united  into  a  tube  at  base.     Unarmed  shrubs  or  trees. 

*  *  Stamens  5-10. 

3.  Desmanthus.    Petals  distinct.    Stamens  5  or  10.    Pods  smooth,  flat.     Herbaceous  or  nearly 

so. 

4.  Schrankia.     Petals  united  below  into  a  cup.    Stamens  8  or  10.     Pod  covered  with  small 

prickles  or  rough  projections. 

SUBFAMILY  II.     CAESALPINIOfDEAE 

Corolla  imperfectly  or  not  at  all  papilionaceous,  sometimes  nearly  regular, 
imbricated  in  the  bud,  the  upper  or  odd  petal  inside  and  inclosed  by  the  others. 
Stamens  10  or  fewer,  commonly  distinct,  inserted  on  the  calyx.  Seeds  anatro- 
pous,  often  with  albumen.  Embryo  straight. 

*  Flowers  not  at  all  papilionaceous,  polygamous  or  dioecious ;  trees. 

5.  Gymnocladus.     Unarmed.    Leaves  doubly  pinnate.    Calyx-tube  elongated,  at  its  summit 

bearing  5  petals  resembling  the  calyx-lobes.     Stamens  10. 

6.  Gleditsia.     Thorny.      Leaves  simply  and  doubly  pinnate.      Calyx-tube  short;  its  lobes, 

as  well  as  the  petals  and  stamens,  3-5. 

*  *  Flowers  not  at  all  papilionaceous,  perfect ;  calyx  5-parted  ;  herbs. 

7.  Cassia.    Leaves  simply  and  abruptly  pinnate. 

*  *  *  Flowers  imperfectly  papilionaceous,  perfect ;  trees. 

8.  CerciS.     Calyx  campanulate,  5-toothed.     Pod  flat,  wing-margined.     Leaves  simple. 

SUBFAMILY  III.     PAPILIONOlDEAE 

Calyx  of  5  sepals,  more  or  less  united,  often  unequally  so.  Corolla  inserted 
into  the  base  of  the  calyx,  of  5  irregular  petals  (or  very  rarely  fewer),  more 
or  less  distinctly  papilionaceous,  i.e.  with  the  upper  or  odd  petal  (vexillum  or 
standard)  larger  than  the  others  and  inclosing  them  in  the  bud,  usually  turned 
backward  or  spreading ;  the  two  lateral  ones  (wings)  oblique  and  exterior  to 
the  two  lower,  which  last  are  connivent  and  commonly  more  or  less  coherent 
by  their  anterior  edges,  forming  the  carina  or  keel,  which  usually  incloses  the 
stamens  and  pistil.  Stamens  10,  very  rarely  5,  inserted  with  the  corolla,  mona- 
delphous,  diadelphous  (mostly  with  9  united  into  a  tube  which  is  cleft  on  the 
upper  side,  and  the  tenth  or  upper  one  separate),  or  occasionally  distinct. 
Ovary  1-celled,  sometimes  2-celled  by  an  intrusion  of  one  of  the  sutures,  or 
transversely  2-many-celled  by  cross-division  into  joints  ;  style  simple  ;  ovules 
amphitropous,  rarely  anatropous.  Cotyledons  large,  thick  or  thickish  ;  radicle 
incurved. — Leaves  simple  or  simply  compound,  the  earliest  ones  in  germina- 
tion usually  opposite,  the  rest  alternate ;  leaflets  almost  always  quite  entire. 
Flowers  perfect. 


LEGUMINOSAE    (PULSE   FAMILY)  501 

I.    Stamens  (10)  distinct. 
*  Leaves  paluiately  3-foliolate  or  simple  ;  calyx  4-5-lobed  ;  herbs. 

9.  Baptisia.    Tod  inflated. 

10.  Thermopsis.    Pod  flat,  linear. 

*  *  Leaves  pinnate ;  calyx-teeth  short. 

11.  Cladrastis.    Flowers  panicled,  white.    Pod  flat.    A  tree. 

12.  Sophora.     Flowers  racemose,  white.     Pod  terete,  moniliform.     Herbaceous. 

II.    Stamens  monadelphous,  or  diadelphous  (9  and  1,  rarely  5  and  5),  nearly 

distinct  in  no.  25. 

*  Anthers  of  two  forms  ;  stamens  monadelphous  ;  leaves  digitate,  simple,  or  rarely  phyllodial. 
-H  Calyx  5-lobed  ;  pod  inflated. 

13.  Crotalaria.    Herbs  with  simple  leaves. 

•i-  -i-  Calyx  2-lipped ;  pod  flat. 
•H-  Shrubs  with  simple  leaves. 

14.  Genista.     Seeds  estrophiolate.     Corolla  yellow. 

•H-  -H-  Shrubs  with  1-3-foliate  leaves. 

15.  CytiSUS.     Seeds  strophiolate.     Corolla  yellow. 

•H-  +>  -H-  Shrubs ;  leaves  reduced  to  pungent  petioles. 

16.  Ulex.     Seeds  strophiolate.    Corolla  yellow. 

•H-  -H-  -H-  -H-  Herbs  ;  leaves  (in  ours)  7-11-foliolate. 

17.  Lupinus.     Seeds  estrophiolate.     Corolla  (in  ours)  blue,  roseate,  or  rarely  white. 

*  *  Anthers  uniform  (except  in  nos.  24  and  40). 

+-  Leaves  digitateiy  (rarely  pinnately)  3-foliolate  ;   leaflets  denticulate  or  serrulate ;  stamens  diadel- 
phous ;  pods  small,  1-few-seeded,  often  inclosed  in  the  calyx  or  curved  or  coiled. 

18.  Trifolium.    Flowers  capitate.     Pods  membranaceous,  1-6-seeded.    Petals  adherent  to  the 

stamen-tube. 

19.  Melilotus.    Flowers  racemed.     Pod  coriaceous,  wrinkled,  1-2-seeded. 

20.  Medicago.     Flowers  racemed  or  spiked.     Pods  curved  or  coiled,  1-few-seeded. 

-i-  +-  Leaves  unequally  pinnate   (or  digitate  in  no.  24) ;  leaflets  entire ;  pod  not  jointed ;  neither 

twining  nor  climbing  (except  in  no.  31). 

•H-  Herbage  not  resinous-dotted  ;  flowers  umbellate,  loosely  capitate  or  solitary  and  axillary  ;  herbs. 

=  Filaments  all  connate. 

21.  Anthyllis.    Leaves  odd-pinnate  (the  basal  sometimes  1-foliolate).    Flowers  loosely  capitate. 

Pod  subindehiscent,  included  in  the  calyx. 

=  =  One  filament  free,  the  others  connate. 

22.  Hosackia.    Leaflets  (in  ours)  1-3.     Flowers  (in  ours)  solitary  on  leafy-bracted  peduncles. 

23.  Lotus.    Leaflets  (in  ours)  5,  the  lower  pair  simulating  foliaceous  stipules.     Flowers  (in 

ours)  umbellate. 

•H-  -H-  Herbage  glandular-dotted ;  stamens  mostly  monadelphous ;  pod  small,  indehiscent,  mostly 
1-seeded  ;  leaves  pinnate  (except  in  no.  24). 

24.  Psoralea.     Corolla  truly  papilionaceous.    Stamens  10,  half  of  the  anthers  often  smaller  or 

less  perfect.     Leaves  mostly  palmate,  8-5-foliolate: 

25.  Amorpha.    Corolla  of  one  petal !    Stamens  10,  monadelphous  at  base. 

26.  Dalea.    Corolla  imperfectly  papilionaceous.    Stamens  9  or  10 ;  the  cleft  tube  of  filaments 

bearing  4  of  the  petals  about  its  middle. 

27.  Petalostemum.     Corolla  scarcely  at  all  papilionaceous.    Stamens  5;  the  cleft  tube  of  fila- 

ments bearing  4  of  the  petals  on  its  summit. 

*+  +*  -H-  Herbage  not  glandular-dotted  (except  in  no.  84) ;   stamens  mostly  diadelphous ;  pod  2- 
valved,  several-seeded ;  leaves  pinnately  several-foliolate ;  flowers  racemose. 
•=  Wings  cohering  with  the  keel ;  pod  flat  or  4-angled  ;  hoary  perennial  herbs. 
28    Tephrosia.     Standard  broad.     Pod  flat.    Leaflets  pinnately  veined. 


502  LEGtJMlNOSAE    (PULSE   FAMILY) 

=  ==  Flowers  large  and  showy  ;  standard  broad  ;  wings  free. 

29.  Sesbania.     Leaves  even-pinnate.    Ours  herbs. 

30.  Robinia.     Pod  flat,  thin,  margined  on  one  edge.     Trees  or  shrubs. 

81.  Wisteria.     Pod  tumid,  marginless.     Woody  twiners.     Leaflets  obscurely  stipellate. 
=  =  =  Standard  narrow,  erect ;  pod  turgid  or  inflated  ;  perennial  herbs. 

32.  Astragalus.     Keel  not  tipped  with  a  point  or  sharp  appendage.     Pod  with  one  or  both  the 

sutures  turned  in,  sometimes  dividing  the  cell  lengthwise  into  two. 

33.  Oxytropis.     Keel  tipped  with  an  erect  point ;  otherwise  as  Astragalus. 

34.  Glycyrrhiza.     Flowers,  etc.,  of  Astragalus.    Anther-cells  confluent.     Pod  prickly  or  muri- 

cate,  short,  nearly  indehiscent. 

<-  -f-  +-  Herbs  ;    no  tendrils  ;    pod  transversely  2-several-jointed,  the  reticulated  1-seeded  joints 
indehiscent,  or  sometimes  reduced  to  one  such  joint. 
•H-  Leaves  pinnate,  with  several  leaflets,  not  stipellate. 
85.  Aeschynomene.     Stamens  equally  diadelphous  (5  and  5).     Calyx  2-lipped.     Pod  several- 

jointed ;  joints  square. 
36.   Coronilla.     Stamens  unequally  diadelphous  (9  and  1).     Calyx  5-toothed.     Joints  subcylin- 

dric,  4-angled.    Flowers  umbellate. 

87.  Hedysarum.     Stamens  unequally  diadelphous  (9  and  1).    Calyx  5-cleft.     Pod  several-jointed ; 
joints  roundish. 

-H-  -n-  Leaves  pinnately  3-foliolate,  rarely  1-foliolate. 
38.   Desmodium.     Stamens  diadelphous  (9  and  1)  or  monadelphous  below.     Calyx  2-lipped.     Pod 

several-jointed.     Flowers  all  of  one  sort  and  complete.     Leaflets  stipellate. 

89.   Lespedeza.     Stamens  diadelphous  (9  and  1) ;  anthers  uniform.    Pod  1-2-jointed.     Flowers 
often  of  2  sorts,  the  more  fertile  ones  apetalous.     Leaflets  not  stipellate. 

40.  Stylosanthes.     Stamens  monodelphous ;  anthers  of  2  sorts.     Pod   1-2-jointed.     Calyx  de- 

ciduous, the  tube  narrow  and  stalk-like.    Leaflets  not  stipellate. 
++  -H-  -H-  Leaves  digitately  2-  or  4-foliolate. 

41.  Zornia.     Flowers  spicate,  each  enveloped  by  2  veiny  leaf-like  bracts. 

-t-  +-  +-  +-  Herbs  with  abruptly  pinnate  leaves,  terminated  by  a  tendril  or  bristle ;  stamens  diadel- 
phous; pod  continuous,  2-valved,  few-several-seeded. 

42.  Vicia.     Wings  coherent  with  the  keel.    Style  filiform,  bearded  with  a  tuft  or  ring  of  hairs  at 

the  apex. 

43.  Lathyrus.     Wings  nearly  free.     Style  somewhat  dilated  and  flattened  upwards,  bearded 

down  the  inner  face. 

+-  +-  +-  +-  +-  Twining  (sometimes  only  trailing)  herbs  ;  leaves  pinnately  3(rarely  1  or  5-7)-foliolate; 

no  tendrils  ;  peduncles  or  flowers  axillary  ;  pod  not  jointed,  2-valved. 

-H-  Leaves  pinnately  5-many-foliolate. 

44.  Apios.     Herbaceous  twiners  ;  leaflets  5-9.    Keel  slender  and  much  incurved  or  coiled. 

•H-  -H-  Leaves  3-foliolate  ;  ovules  and  seeds  several% 
=  Style  bearded  lengthwise  on  the  upper  surface. 

45.  Phaseolus.     Keel  spirally  coiled  ;  standard  recurved-spreading.     Flowers  racemose.    Corolla 

(in  ours)  purple.     Seeds  round-reniform. 

46.  Vigna.     Keel  strongly  curved  but  not  forming  a  spiral.    Flowers  few  in  pedunculate  heads 

or  very  short  racemes.     Corolla  (in  ours)  pale  yellow. 

47.  Strophostyles.     Keel  long,   strongly  incurved  but  not  forming  a  spiral.     Flowers  few  in 

pedunculate  heads.     Corolla  purple.    Seeds  oblong,  mostly  pubescent. 

48.  Clitoria.    Keel  scythe-shaped  ;  standard  spurred  at  the  base,  large  and  showy,  pale  blue. 

=  =  Style  bearded  at  the. summit  about  the  stigma. 

49.  Centrosema.     Standard  much  longer  than  the  other  petals.     Pod  linear,  narrow ;  the  valves 

spirally  twisted  after  dehiscence. 

50.  Dolichos.     Standard  little  exceeding  the  other  petals  in  length.     Pod  lunate-oblong ;    the 

valves  broad,  not  spirally  coiled  in  dehiscence. 

=  -=  =  Style  beardless. 

61.   Amphicarpa.     Calyx   tubular,   4-5-toothed.    Standard   erect;   keel   almost   straight.     Some 
apetalous  especially  fertile  flowers  at  the  base  of  the  plant.     Bracts  persistent. 


LEGUMINOSAE    (PULSE   FAMILY)  503 

52.  Galactia.    Calyx  deeply  4-cleft;  the  upper  lobe  broadest  and  entire.    Bract  and  bractlets 

mostly  minute  and  deciduous. 

-n-  -H-  -H-  Leaves  1-3-foliolate  ;  ovules  and  seeds  1-2 ;  flowers  yellow. 

53.  Rhynchosia.    Keel  scythe-shaped.    Calyx  4-5-parted.    Pod  short. 

1.   ACACIA  [Tourn.]  Mill. 

Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous,  regular,  small,  capitate  or  spicate.  Sepals 
4-5,  nearly  distinct  or  united  into  a  4-5-toothed  campanulate  cup.  Petals  as 
many,  narrow.  Stamens  oo  ,  exserted.  Pod  oblong  to  linear,  compressed  or 
turgid.  —  Shrubs  or  trees  (mostly  armed),  with  bipinnate  or  (in  certain  Aus- 
tralian species)  vertically  expanded  phyllodial  leaves.  (Ancient  Greek  name  of 
an  Egyptian  species.) 

1.  A.  angustlssima .  (Mill.)  Ktze.,  var.  hirta  (Nutt.)  Robinson.  Unarmed 
hirsute  undershrub  ;  pinnae  8-14  pairs  and  leaflets  mostly  18-40  pairs  (both  less 
numerous  in  young  shoots)  ;  flowers  in  yellow  or  salmon-colored  paniculate  glo- 
bose heads.  (A.  hirta  Nutt.;  A.  filicioides  Trel.)  — Dry  bluffs,  McDonald  Co., 
Mo.  (Bush},  Kan.  (Hitchcock),  and  south w. — The  typical  form  (Mimosa  an- 
gustissima  Mill.)  of  Mex.  has  fewer  pinnae  and  more  numerous  leaflets. 

2.  ALBlZZIA  Durazzini. 

Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous.  Calyx  tubular,  6-dentate.  Petals  united  for 
more  than  half  their  length  into  a  tubular  somewhat  salver-formed  corolla.  Sta- 
mens numerous  ;  the  filaments  much  elongated.  Pod  narrowly  oblong,  the 
valves  neither  twisted  nor  elastically  spreading.  —  Unarmed  trees  with  bipinnate 
leaves.  (Dedicated  to  the  Albizzi,  a  noble  Italian  family,  one  of  whom  is  said 
to  have  introduced  this  genus  into  European  cultivation.) 

1.  A.  juLiBRfssiN  Durazzini.  Flowers  in  tassel-like  clusters  at  the  end  of 
slender  naked  peduncles. — Frequently  cultivated  in  the  Southern  States,  and 
locally  established  as  far  n.  (according  to  Small)  as  Va.  (Introd.  from  Asia 
and  Air.) 

3.    DESMiNTHUS  Willd. 

Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous,  regular.  Calyx  campanulate,  6-toothed. 
Petals  6,  distinct.  Stamens  5  or  10.  Pod  flat,  membranaceous  or  somewhat 
coriaceous,  several-seeded,  2-valved,  smooth.  — Herbs,  with  twice-pinnate  leaves 
of  numerous  small  leaflets,  and  with  one  or  more  glands  on  the  petiole,  setaceous 
stipules,  and  axillary  peduncles  bearing  a  head  of  small  greenish-white  flowers. 
(Name  composed  of  dta-M,  a  bundle,  and  Avdos,  flower.) 

1.  D.  illmoe*nsis  (Michx.)  MacM.  Nearly  glabrous  perennial,  erect, 
3-24  dm.  high;  pinnae  6-15  pairs;  leaflets  20-30  pairs;  peduncles  2.5-7.5 
cm.  long ;  stamens  5 ;  pods  numerous  in  dense  globose  heads,  oblong  or  lanceo- 
late, curved,  scarcely  2.5  cm.  long,  2-6-seeded.  (Mimosa  Michx.;  Acuan  Ktze.; 
D.  brachylobus  Benth. )  —  Prairies  and  alluvial  banks,  O.  and  Ky.  to  S.  Dak., 
Mo.,  Tex.,  and  Fla. 

4.    SCHRANKIA  Willd.     SENSITIVE  BRIER 

Flowers  polygamous,  regular.  Calyx  minute,  5-toothed.  Petals  united  into 
a  funnel-form  5-cleft  corolla.  Stamens  10-12,  distinct,  or  the  filaments  united 
at  base.  Pods  long  and  narrow,  rough-prickly,  several-seeded,  4-valved,  i.e. 
the  two  narrow  valves  separating  on  each  side  from  a  thickened  margin.  — Per- 
ennial herbs,  nearly  related  to  the  true  Sensitive  Plants  (Mimosa)  ;  the  pro- 
cumbent stems  and  petioles  recurved-prickiy,  with  twice  pinnate  sensitive  leaves 
of  many  small  leaflets,  and  axillary  peduncles  bearing  round  heads  of  small  rose- 
colored  flowers.  (Named  for  Franz  von  Paula  von  Schrank,  a  German  botan- 
ist, 1747-1836.)  MORONGIA  Britton. 


504  LEGUMINOSAE    (PULSE    FAMILY) 

1.  S.  uncinata  Willd.     Prickles  hooked  ;  pinnae  4-6  pairs  ;  leaflets  elliptical, 
reticulated  with  strong  veins  beneath  ;  pods  oblong-linear,  nearly  terete,  short- 
pointed,  densely  prickly,  5  cm.  long.     (Morongia  Britton.)  — Dry  prairies  and 
open  woods,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.;  north w.  in  Miss,  basin  to  la.  and  111.     June, 
July. 

2.  S.  angustata  T.  &  G.     Leaflets  oblong-linear,  scarcely  veined  ;  pods  slen- 
der, taper-pointed,  sparingly  prickly,  1  dm.  long.     {Morongia  Britton.) — Dry 
sandy  soil,  s.  Va.  to  Fla.,  Tenn.,  and  Tex.     June- Aug. 

5.    GYMN6CLADUS   Lam.     KENTUCKY   COFFEE-TREE 

Flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous,  regular.  Calyx  elongated-tubular  below, 
5-cleft.  Petals  5,  oblong,  equal,  inserted  on  the  summit  of  the  calyx-tube. 
Stamens  10,  distinct,  short,  inserted  with  the  petals.  Pod  oblong,  flattened, 
hard,  pulpy  inside,  several-seeded.  Seeds  flattish. — A  tall  unarmed  tree, 
with  rough  bark,  stout  branchlets,  and  large  unequally  twice-pinnate  leaves. 
Flowers  whitish,  in  terminal  racemes.  (Name  from  yvfji.v6s,  naked,  and  /cXdSos, 
a  branch,  alluding  to  the  stout  branches  for  many  months  destitute  of  spray.) 

1.  G.  diolca  (L.)  Koch.  Leaves  6-9  dm.  long,  with  several  large  partial 
leafstalks  bearing  7-13  ovate  stalked  leaflets,  the  lowest  pair  with  single  leaflets  ; 
stipules  wanting;  pod  1.5-2.5  dm.  long,  3-4  cm.  broad;  seeds  over  1.3  cm. 
across.  (G.  canadensis  Lam.)  —  Rich  woods,  centr.  N.  Y.  and  Pa.  to  Minn.,  e. 
Neb.,  Okla.,  and  Tenn.  May,  June. 

6.   GLEDiTSIA  L.     HONEY  LOCUST 

Flowers  polygamous.  Calyx  short,  3-5-cleft,  the  lobes  spreading.  Petals 
as  many  as  the  sepals  and  equaling  them,  the  two  lower  sometimes  united. 
Stamens  3-10,  distinct,  inserted  with  the  petals  on  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Pod 
flat,  1-many-seeded.  Seeds  flat.  —  Thorny  trees,  with  abruptly  once  or  twice 
pinnate  leaves,  and  inconspicuous  greenish  flowers  in  small  spikes.  Thorns 
above  the  axils.  (Simplified  and  Latinized  name  of  J.  G.  G-leditsch,  a  botanist 
contemporary  with  Linnaeus.) 

1.  G.  triacanthos  L.     (HONEY   LOCUST.)     Thorns  stout,  often  triple  or  com- 
pound ;   leaflets   lanceolate-oblong,  somewhat  serrate  ;  pods  linear,   elongated 
(2-4.5  dm.  long),  often  twisted,  filled  with  sweet  pulp  between  the  seeds.  —  Rich 
woods,  w.  N.  Y.   and  Pa.  to  Ga.,  w.  to  e.  Neb.,  Kan.,  and  Tex.;  common  in 
cultivation,  and  establishing  itself  northeastw.     May,  June. 

2.  G.  aquatica  Marsh.     (WATER  LOCUST.)     Thorns  slender,  mostly  simple  ; 
leaflets  ovate  or  oblong ;  pods  oval,  \-seeded,  pulpless.  —  Deep  swamps,  S.  C.  to 
Fla.  and  Tex.;  north  w.  in  Miss,  basin  to  Ky.,  Ind.,  111.,  and  Mo.  —  A  smaller 
tree,  8-12  m.  high. 

7.    CASSIA   [Tourn.]  L.     SENNA 

Sepals  5 ,  scarcely  united  at  base.  Petals  5,  little  unequal,  spreading.  Sta- 
mens 5-10,  unequal,  and  some  of  them  often  imperfect,  spreading  ;  anthers 
opening  by  2  pores  or  chinks  at  the  apex.  Pod  many-seeded,  often  with  cross 
partitions.  —  Herbs  (in  the  United  States),  with  simply  and  abruptly  pinnate 
leaves,  and  mostly  yellow  flowers.  (An  ancient  name  of  obscure  derivation.) 

*  Leaflets  large ;  stipules  deciduous ;  the  three  upper  anthers  deformed  and 
imperfect;  flowers  in  short  axillary  racemes,  the  upper  ones  panicled; 
herbage  glabrous. 

1.  C.  marilandica  L.  (WILD  S.)  Root  perennial  ;  stem  9-12  dm.  high  ; 
stipules  linear-setaceous,  caducous  ;  leaflets  5-9  pairs,  lanceolate-oblong,  obtuse; 
petiole  with  a  slender  club-shaped  gland  near  the  base  ;  pods  linear,  slightly 
curved,  flat,  at  first  hairy,  6.5-11  cm.  long,  their  segments  as  long  as  broad; 
seed  flat,  quadrate- orbicular. — Alluvial  soil,  N.  E.  to  O.,  Tenn.,  and  N.  C. 
July,  Aug. 


LEGUMTNOSAE    (PULSE  FAMILY)  505 

2.  C.  MedsgSri  Shafer.     (WILD    S.)     Similar;    root  biennial   (?);    stipules 
linear-lanceolate;  petiolar  gland  short-cylindric  to  conic-ovoid;  leaflets  7-10 
pairs ;  pods  thickish,  6-9  cm.  long,   their  segments  much  shorter  than  broad; 
seed  plump,  oblong -obovoid,  twice  as  long  as  thick.     (C.  marilandica  Man.  ed. 
6,  in  part;  C.  acuminata  Moench  ?) — Dry  gravelly  soil,  Pa.  to  la.  and  Kan., 
s.  to  Ga.  and  Tex.     Aug. 

3.  C.  T6ra  L.     Annual ;   leaflets  3  or  rarely  2  pairs,  obovate,  obtuse,  with 
an  elongated  gland  between  those  of  the  lower  pairs  or  lowest  pair  ;  pods  slender, 
1.5  dm.  long,  curved.  (C.  obtusifolia  L.)  —  River-banks,  etc.,  s.  Va.  to  Fla.  and 
Tex.;   north w.    in   Miss,   basin  to   Kan.,  Mo.,   and  Ind.     July-Sept.     (Trop. 
regions. ) 

4.  C.  OCCIDENTALS  L.    Annual ;  leaflets  4-6  pairs,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute ; 
an  ovoid  gland  at  the  base  of  the  petiole ;  pods  long-linear  (12  cm.  long),  with 
a  tumid  border,  glabrous.  —  Waste  places  and  shores,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.; 
northw.  in  Miss,  basin  to  Mo.  and  Ind.     Aug.,  Sept.     (Nat.  from  the  tropics.) 

*  *  Leaflets  small,  somewhat  sensitive  to  the  touch ;  stipules  striate,  persistent ; 
a  cup-shaped  gland  beneath  the  lowest  pair  of  leaflets  ;  anthers  all  perfect ; 
flowers  in  small  clusters  above  the  axils;  pods  flat. 

5.  C.    Chamaecrista  L.     (PARTRIDGE  PEA.)     Annual,  suberect;   branches 
usually  simple,  ascending ;  pubescence  subappressed,  usually  scanty  ;   leaflets 
10-15  pairs,  linear-oblong,  oblique  at  the  base  ;  flowers  (large}  on  slender  pedi- 
cels, 2  or  3  of  the  showy  yellow  petals  often  with  a  purple  spot  at  base  ;  anthers 
10,  elongated,  unequal  (4  of  them  yellow,  the  others  purple) ;  style  slender.  — 
Sandy  fields,  Mass,   to  Minn.,  and  south  w.,   except  in  the  upland  regions. 
July-Sept. 

Var.  robusta  Pollard.  Stouter,  hirsute  with  spreading  hairs. — Ky.  (Short), 
111.  (McDonald),  and  southw. 

6.  C.  depr6ssa  Pollard.    /Slender procumbent  perennial  (?)  ;  branches  starting 
from  near  the  base,  usually  again  branched;   leaflets  (4-10  pairs)  smaller  and 
less  numerous  and  flowers   larger  and  later  than  in  the  otherwise  similar  <7. 
Chamaecrista.  — Potosi,  Mo.  (Pech)  to  Miss,  and  Fla.     July-Sept. 

7.  C.  nictitans  L.     (WILD  SENSITIVE  PLANT.)     Leaflets  10-20  pairs,  oblong- 
linear  ;  flowers  very  small,  on  very  short  pedicels;  anthers  5,  nearly  equal; 
style  short.  —  Sandy  fields,  N.  E.  to  Fla.,  w.  to  Kan.  and  Ariz.     July-Sept. 

8.   CERCIS   L.     REDBUD.     JUDAS  TREE 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  imperfectly  papilionaceous  ;  standard  smaller  than 
the  wings,  and  inclosed  by  them  in  the  bud  ;  the  keel-petals  larger  and  not 
united.  Stamens  10,  distinct,  declined.  Pod  oblong,  flat',  many-seeded,  the 
upper  suture  with  a  winged  margin.  Embryo  straight. — Trees,  with  rounded 
heart-shaped  simple  leaves,  caducous  stipules,  and  red-purple  flowers  in  umbel- 
like  clusters  along  the  branches  of  the  last  or  preceding  years,  appearing  before 
the  leaves,  acid  to  the  taste.  (The  ancient  name  of  the  oriental  Judas  Tree.} 

1.  C.  canadensis  L.  (REDBUD.)  Leaves  pointed;  pods  nearly  sessile  above 
the  calyx.  —  Rich  soil,  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  to  Fla.,  w.  to  s.  Ont.,  e.  Neb.,  and  Tex.  — 
A  small  ornamental  tree,  often  cultivated. 

9.   BAPTiSIA  Vent.    FALSE  INDIGO 

Calyx  4-5-toothed.  Standard  not  longer  than  the  wings,  its  sides  reflexed ; 
keel-petals  nearly  separate,  and,  like  the  wings,  straight.  Stamens  10,  distinct. 
Pods  stalked  in  the  persistent  calyx,  roundish  or  subcylindric,  inflated,  pointed, 
many-seeded. — Perennial  herbs,  with  palmately  3-foliolate  (rarely  simple) 
leaves,  which  generally  blacken  in  drying,  and  racemed  flowers.  (Name  from 
paiTTlfav,  to  dye,  from  the  economical  use  of  some  species,  which  yield  a  poor 
indigo.) 


506  LEGUMINOSAE    (PULSE    FAMILY) 

*  Racemes  many,  short  and  loose,  terminal,  often  leafy  at  base ;  flowers  yellow. 

1.  B.  tinctbria  (L.)  R.  Br.     (WILD  INDIGO.)     Smooth  and  slender,  3-9  dm. 
high,   rather  glaucous;   leaves  almost  sessile;   leaflets  wedge-obovate,  1.5-2.6 
cm.  long ;  stipules  and  bracts  minute  and  deciduous ;  pods  ovoid-globose,  on  a 
stalk  longer  than  the  calyx.  —  Dry  woods  and  plains,  s.  N.  H.  to  Fla. ,  locally 
westw.  to  Ky.  and  Minn.     June-Sept. 

*  *  Racemes  fewer,  opposite  the  leaves. 
-t-  Flowers  yellow. 

2.  B.  vill&sa  (Walt.)  Ell.     Sometimes  soft-hairy,  usually  minutely  pubescent 
when   young,  erect,   6-9   dm.    high,   with   divergent  branches ;   leaves  almost 
sessile  ;    leaflets  wedge-lanceolate  or   obovate ;    lower  stipules   lanceolate  and 
persistent,  on  the  branchlets  often  small  and  subulate  ;  racemes  many-flowered  , 
pedicels  short ;  bracts  subulate,  mostly  deciduous  ;  pods  ovoid-ellipsoid,  taper- 
pointed,  minutely  pubescent.  —  Va.  to  N.  C.  and  Ark.     May,  June. 

•»-  •»-  Flowers  white  or  cream-color. 

3.  B.    bracteata   (Muhl.)    Ell.     Hairy,    low  (3  dm.  high),  with  divergent 
branches ;  leaves  almost  sessile ;  leaflets  narrowly  oblong-obovate  or  spatulate ; 
stipules  and  bracts  large  and  leafy,  persistent;   racemes  long  (often   3   dm.), 
reclined  ;  flowers  on  elongated  pedicels,  cream-color  ;  pods  pointed  at  both  ends, 
hoary.     (B.  leucophaea  Nutt.)  —  Prairies,  Mich,  to  Minn.,  s.  to  Tex.     May. 

4.  B.  leucantha  T.  &  G.     Smooth,  tall,  and  stout ;   leaflets  oblong-wedge- 
form,  obtuse;   stipules  early  deciduous;   flowers  white;  pods  ovoid-ellipsoid, 
on  a  stalk  fully  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx.  —  Alluvial  soil,  Ont.  and  0.  to 
Minn.,  s.  to  Fla.  and  La.    June,  July. 

5.  B.  alba  (L.)  R.  Br.     Smooth,  3-9  dm.  high,  the   branches  slender  and 
widely  spreading ;  petioles  slender ;  stipules  and  bracts  minute  and  deciduous ; 
leaflets   oblong  or  oblanceolate  ;   racemes  slender,  on  a  long  naked   peduncle  ; 
pods  linear-oblong,  2.5-4  cm.  long,  short-stalked. — Dry  soil,  N.  C.  to  Fla.  and 
Ala.;  and  reported  from  Ind.,  Mo.,  etc.     May. 

H-  -i-  •<-  Flowers  indigo-blue. 

6.  B.  australis  (L.)  R.  Br.     (BLUE  F.)  —  Smooth,  tall  and  stout  (1.2-1.6  m. 
high);  leaflets  oblong-wedge-form,  obtuse;   stipules  lanceolate,  as  long  as  the 
petioles,  rather  persistent ;   raceme   elongated  (3-6  dm.)  and  many-flowered, 
erect ;  bracts  deciduous  ;  stalk  of  the  ovoid-ellipsoid  pods  about  the  length  of 
the  calyx.  —  Alluvial  soil,  Pa.  to  Ga.,  w.  to  s.  Ind.,  Kan.  and  Ark.;  cultivated 
eastw.,  and  established  on  alluvium  of  Ct.  R.  and  tributaries,  Vt.     May,  June.  — 
Hybridizes  with  B.  bracteata,  according  to  Hitchcock. 

10.    THERM6PSIS   R.  Br. 

Pod  sessile  or  shortly  stipitate  in  the  calyx,  flat,  linear,  straight  or  curved. 
Otherwise  nearly  as  Baptisia.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  palmately  3-f oliolate 
leaves  and  foliaceous  stipules,  not  blackening  in  drying,  and  yellow  flowers  in 
terminal  racemes.  (Name  from  dtppos,  the  lupine,  and  fl^ts,  appearance.} 

1.  T.  m611is  (Michx.)  M.  A.  Curtis.  Finely  appressed-pubescent,  4-6  dm. 
high;  leaflets  rhombic-lanceolate,  2.5-7.5  cm.  long;  stipules  narrow,  mostly 
shorter  than  the  petiole  ;  raceme  elongated ;  pods  narrow,  short-stipitate,  some- 
what curved,  5-10  cm.  long.  — Mts.  of  s.Va.,  N.  C.,  and  Tenn.  May. 

11.    CLADRASTIS   Raf.     YELLOW  WOOD.    VIRGILIA 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Standard  large,  roundish,  reflexed  ;  the  distinct  keel-petals 
and  wings  straight,  oblong.  Stamens  10,  distinct ;  filaments  slender,  incurved 
above.  Pod  short-stalked  above  the  calyx,  linear,  flat,  thin,  marginless,  4-6- 
seeded,  at  length  2-valved.  —  A  handsome  tree,  with  yellow  wood  (yielding  a 
dye),  smooth  bark,  nearly  smooth  pinnate  leaves  of  7-11  oval  or  ovate  leaflets, 
and  ample  panicled  racemes  (2.5-5  dm.  long)  of  showy  white  flowers  drooping 


LEGUMINOSAE  (PULSE  FAMILY)  507 

from  the  ends  of  the  branches.  Stipules  obsolete.  Base  of  the  petioles  hollow, 
inclosing  the  leaf-buds  of  the  next  year.  Bracts  minute  and  fugacious.  (Name 
from  /cXciSoj,  a  branch,  and  fy>au<rr6s,  brittle.^) 

1.  C.  lutea  (Michx.  f.)  Koch.  Sometimes  15  m.  high ;  pods  7.5-10  cm.  long. 
(C.  tinctoria  Haf.) — Rich  woods  and  calcareous  bluffs,  Ky.  to  N.  C.,  n.  Ala., 
and  Mo. ;  also  in  cultivation.  May. 

12.    SOPHORA  L. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  shortly  5-toothed.  Standard  rounded;  keel  nearly 
straight.  Stamens  distinct  or  nearly  so.  Pod  coriaceous,  stipitate,  terete, 
more  or  less  constricted  between  the  seeds,  indehiscent.  Seeds  subglobose.  — 
Shrubby  or  ours  an  herbaceous  perennial,  the  leaves  pinnate  with  numerous 
leaflets,  and  flowers  white  or  yellow  in  terminal  racemes.  (Said  by  Linnaeus 
to  be  the  ancient  name  of  an  allied  plant.) 

1.  S.  sericea  Nutt.  Silky-canescent,  erect,  3  dm.  high  or  less ;  leaflets 
oblong-obovate,  6-12  mm.  long;  flowers  white;  pods  few-seeded. — Prairies, 
Neb.  and  Kan.  to  Col.,  Tex.,  and  Ariz.  Apr.,  May.  (Mex.) 

13.    CROTALARIA   [Dill.]    L.     RATTLE-BOX 

Calyx  5-cleft,  scarcely  2-lipped.  Standard  large,  heart-shaped  ;  keel  scythe- 
shaped.  Sheath  of  the  monadelphous  stamens  cleft  on  the  upper  side  ;  5  of 
the  anthers  smaller  and  roundish.  Pod  inflated,  subcylindric,  many-seeded.  — 
Herbs  with  simple  leaves.  Flowers  yellow.  (Name  from  Kp6ra\ov,  a  rattle; 
the  loose  seeds  rattling  in  the  coriaceous  inflated  pods.) 

*  Pubescence  spreading-ascending,  prominent. 

1.  C.  sagittalis  L.     Annual,  hairy,  suberect,  7.5-25  cm.  high  ;  leaves  oval 
or  oblong-lanceolate,   scarcely  petioled,  narrowed  to  each  end;  stipules  often 
conspicuous,  united  and  decurrent  on  the  stem,  so  as  to  be  inversely  arrow- 
shaped  ;  peduncles  few-flowered  ;  corolla  not  longer  than  the  calyx ;  pod  black- 
ish.—  Sandy  soil,  e.  Mass,  and  s.  Vt.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.,  chiefly  coastal;   and 
northw.  in  Miss,  basin  to  Ind.  and  S.  Dak.     June-Sept.     (Mex.) 

2.  C.  rotundifblia   (Walt.)   Poir.     Thick-rooted  perennial;   stems  several, 
prostrate  or  nearly  so;  leaves  suborbicular  or  oval,  rounded  at  each  end; 
stipules  few  or  wanting.    (C.  ovalis  Pursh.)  —  Sandy  soil,  s.  Va.  to  Fla.  and 
La.     May-July. 

*  *  Pubescence  appressed  and  inconspicuous. 

3.  C.  Purshii  DC.     Perennial ;  stems  several,  erect  or  ascending ;  leaves 
linear  to  oblong ;  stipules  usually  large  and  conspicuous.  —  Sandy  soil,  s,  Va. 
to  Fla.  and  Tex.     May-July. 

14.    GENiSTA  L.     WOAD-WAXEN.     WHIN 

Calyx  2-lipped.  Standard  oblong-oval,  spreading ;  keel  oblong,  straight, 
deflexed.  Stamens  monadelphous,  the  sheath  entire ;  6  alternate  anthers 
shorter.  Pod  mostly  flat  and  several-seeded.  —  Shrubby  plants,  with  simple 
leaves,  and  yellow  flowers.  (Name  from  the  Celtic  gen,  a  bush.) 

1.  G.  TINCT6RIA  L.  (DYER'S  GREENWEED.)  Low,  not  thorny,  with  striate- 
angled  erect  branches ;  leaves  lanceolate ;  flowers  in  spiked  racemes.  —  Estab- 
lished on  sterile  hills  and  roadsides,  s.  Me.  to  Mass,  and  e.  N.  Y.  June,  July. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 

15.   CYTISUS    [Tourn.]   L.     BROOM 

Calyx  campanulate,  with  2  short  broad  lips.  Petals  broad,  the  keel  obtuse 
and  slightly  incurved.  Stamens  monadelphous.  Pod  flat,  much  longer  than 
the  calyx.  Seeds  several,  with  a  strophiole  at  the  hilum.  —  Shrubs,  with  stiff 


508  LEGUM1NOSAE    (PULSE  FAMILY) 

green  branches,  leaves   mostly  digitately  3-foliolate,  and  large  bright  yellow 
flowers.     (The  ancient  Roman  name  of  a  plant,  probably  a  Medicago.) 

1.  C.  SCOPARIUS  (L.)  Link.  (SCOTCH  B.)  Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  about  1 
m.  high;  leaflets  small,  obovate,  often  reduced  to  a  single  one  ;  flowers  solitary 
or  in  pairs,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  the  axils  of  the  old  leaves,  forming  leafy 
racemes  along  the  upper  branches ;  style  very  long  and  spirally  incurved. 
(Sarothamnus  Wimmer.)  —  Sandy  barrens,  etc.,  N.  S. ;  s.  e.  Mass,  to  Va.,  and 
southw.  May,  June.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

16.    tTLEX  L.     FURZE.     GORSE 

Calyx  deeply  2-lipped.  Standard  ovate  ;  wings  and  keel  oblong,  of  about 
equal  length.  Stamens  monadelphous.  Pod  short-oblong.  —  Low  densely 
branched  shrubs  with  spine-like  phyllodial  leaves.  (An  ancient  name,  used 
by  Pliny  for  some  not  certainly  identified  plant.) 

1.  U.  EUROPAEUS  L.  Calyx  large,  yellow,  tomentulose.  —  Sometimes  culti- 
vated as  a  sand-binder  and  now  somewhat  extensively  established  locally  near 
the  coast  from  Nantucket  to  Va.  (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

17.   LUPiNUS    [Tourn.]   L.     LUPINE 

Calyx  very  deeply  2-lipped.  Sides  of  the  standard  reflexed ;  keel  scythe- 
shaped,  pointed.  Sheath  of  the  monadelphous  stamens  entire ;  anthers 
alternately  oblong  and  roundish.  Pod  oblong,  flattened,  often  knotty  by  con- 
strictions between  the  seeds.  Cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy.  —  Herbs,  with 
palmately  1-15-foliolate  leaves,  stipules  adnate  to  base  of  the  petiole,  and  showy 
flowers  in  terminal-  racemes  or  spikes.  (Name  from  lupus,  a  wolf,  because 
these  plants  were  thought  to  devour  the  fertility  of  the  soil.) 

1.  L.  perSnnis  L.  (WILD  L.)  Perennial,  somewhat  hairy;  stem  erect, 
3-6  dm.  high;  leaflets  7-11,  oblanceolate ;  flowers  in  a  long  raceme,  showy, 
purplish-blue  (rarely  pale);  pods  broad,  very  hairy,  5-6-seeded. — Sandy  soil, 
s.  w.  Me.  to  Minn.,  and  s.  to  the  Gulf.  May,  June.  Var.  OCCIDENTALS  Wats. 
has  stems  and  petioles  more  villous.  — Mich.,  n.  Ind.  (C.  P.  Smith),  and  Wise. 

18.    TRIF6LIUM    [Tourn.]    L.     CLOVER.     TREFOIL 

Calyx  persistent,  5-cleft,  the  teeth  usually  bristle-form.  Corolla  mostly 
withering  or  persistent ;  the  claws  of  all  the  petals,  or  of  all  except  the  oblong 
or  ovate  standard,  more  or  less  united  below  with  the  stamen-tube  ;  keel  short 
and  obtuse.  Tenth  stamen  more  or  less  separate.  Pods  small  and  membranous, 
often  included  in  the  calyx,  1-6-seeded,  indehiscent,  or  opening  by  one  of  the 
sutures. — Tufted  or  diffuse  herbs.  Leaves  mostly  palmately  (sometimes  pin- 
nately)  3-foliolate ;  leaflets  usually  toothed.  Stipules  united  with  the  petiole. 
Flowers  in  heads  or  spikes.  (Name  from  tres,  three,  and  folium,  a  leaf.) 

a.   Flowers  sessile  in  dense  heads. 

Calyx-teeth  silky-plumose,  surpassing  the  corolla        .        .        .  1.    T.  arvense. 

Calyx-teeth  cilia'te,  villous,  or  glabrous,  surpassed  by  the  corolla. 

Heads  cylindrical ;  corolla  scarlet  to  deep  red 2.    T.  incarnatum. 

Heads  globose  or  ovoid  ;  corolla  magenta  or  purple  (rarely  white). 

Calyx  soft-hairy 3.    T.  pratense. 

Calyx  nearly  glabrous 4.    T.  medium. 

a.  Flowers  pedicellate,  in  looser  heads  ;  pedicels  reflexed  in  age  6. 
6.   Corolla  white,  roseate,  or  purple  c, 
c.  Calyx-teetli  bristle-tipped. 
Calyx  villous  or  hispid. 

Leaflets  narrowly  oblong 5.    T.  virginieum. 

Leaflets  obovate 6.    T.  reflexum. 

Calyx  essentially  glabrous. 
Stoloniferous. 
Flowers  1-1.8  cm.  long;  corolla  red  ;  peduncles  rarely  more 

than  twice  the  length  of  the  head 7.    T.  stoloniferum. 


LEGUMINOSAE    (PULSE   FAMILY)  509 

Flowers  6-9  mm.  long ;  corolla  white  or  pink ;  peduncles 

mostly  3-many  times  the  length  of  the  heads  .        .  8.  T.  repens. 

Not  stoloniferous 9.  T.  hybridum. 

c.   Calyx- teeth  deltoid-lanceolate,  herbaceous 10.  T.  carolinianum. 

b.   Corolla  yellow. 

Corolla  conspicuously  striate-sulcate  in  age. 

Leaflets  all  sessile 11.  T.  agrarium. 

Terminal  leaflet  stalked 12.  T.  procumbem. 

Corolla  not  striate-sulcate 18.  T.  dubium. 

1.  T.  ARVENSE   L.     (RABBIT-FOOT  or  STONE  C.)     Silky   branching  annual, 
1-4  dm.  high  ;  leaflets  oblanceolate  ;  heads  becoming  very  soft-silky  and  grayish, 
ovoid-cylindrical.  —  Dry  sandy  or  gravelly  soil,  roadsides,  etc.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  T.  INCARNATUM    L.     (CRIMSON  or  ITALIAN  C.)     Suberect   soft-pubescent 
animal,  3-5  dm.  high  ;  heads  cylindrical,  often  5  cm.  long ;  leaflets  obovate.  — 
Often  cultivated,  and  sparingly  escaping.     (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

3.  T.  PRATENSE  L.     (RED  C.)     Perennial ;  stems  ascending,  somewhat  hairy  ; 
leaflets  oval  or  obovate,  often  notched  at  the  end  and  marked  on  the  upper  side 
with  a  pale  spot ;  stipules  broad,  bristle-pointed  ;  heads  ovoid,  sessile  or  not  rarely 
pedunculate;  corolla  magenta  to  whitish  ;  calyx  soft-hairy. — Fields  and  mead- 
ows ;  extensively  cultivated.     (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

4.  T.  MEDIUM  L.     (ZIGZAG  C.)     Stems  zigzag,  smoothish  ;  leaflets  oblong, 
entire,  and  spotless;  heads  mostly  stalked;  flowers  deeper  purple;  calyx-tube 
nearly  or  quite  glabrous  ;  teeth  slightly  rigid,  scarcely  ciliate.  —  Dry  hills,  e. 
Mass. ;  several  reports  from  other  Am.  localities  appear  to  refer  to  the  preceding 
species.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

5.  T.  virginicum  Small.    Low  villous  perennial,  not  stoloniferous  ;  leaflets 
narrowly  oblong,  denticulate  ;  flowers  nearly  white,  in  large  heads  ;  short  calyx 
canescent-pubescent.  — Rocky  slopes,  Kate's  Mt.,  W.  Va. 

6.  T.  reflSxum  L.      (BUFFALO  C.)      Annual  or  biennial ;   stems  ascending, 
downy;  leaflets  obovate-oblong,  finely  toothed;  stipules  thin,  ovate;  standard 
rose-red;    wings   and   keel  whitish;    calyx-teeth   hairy;    pods    3-5-seeded. — 
Borders  of  fields  and  woods,  w.  N.  Y.  and  Ont.  to  la.,  "Neb.,"  Kan.,  and 
southw. 

7.  T.  stoloniferum  Muhl.     Smooth  perennial;  stems  with  long  runners  from 
the  base  ;  leaflets  broadly  obovate  or  obcordate,  minutely  toothed ;  heads  loose  ; 
flowers  white*,  tinged  with  purple  ;  pods  2-seeded. — Open  woodlands  and  prai- 
ries, O.  and  Ky.,  w.  to  la..  "Neb.,"  and  Kan. 

8.  T.  rdpens  L.     ( WHITE  C.)     Smooth  perennial;  the  slender  stems  spread- 
ing and  creeping;  leaflets  inversely  heart-shaped  or  merely  notched,  obscurely 
toothed  ;  stipules  scale-like,  narrow  ;  petioles  and  especially  the  peduncles  very 
long  ;  heads  small  and  loose  ;  calyx  much  shorter  than  the  white  corolla ;  pods 
about  4-seeded.  —  Fields  and  copses,  everywhere  ;  indigenous  only  in  the  north- 
ern part  of  our  range,  if  at  all.     (Eurasia.) 

9.  T.  H^BRIDUM  L.     (ALSIKE  C.)     Resembling  T.  repens,  but  the  stems 
erect  or  ascending,  not  rooting  at  the  nodes ;  leaflets  ovate,  rounded  at  apex  ; 
flowers  rose-tinted.  —  Generally  common.     (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

10.  T.  carolinianum  Michx.      Somewhat  pubescent  small  perennial,  pro- 
cumbent, in  tufts;  leaflets  wedge-obovate  and  slightly  notched  ;  stipules  ovate, 
foliaceous  ;    heads  small,  on  slender  peduncles ;   calyx-teeth  lanceolate,  nearly 
equaling  the  purplish  corolla;  standard  pointed  ;  pods  4-seeded.  —  Rocky  places, 
Va.  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  and  Kan.;  introd.  on  waste  ground  near  Philadelphia. 

11.  T.  AGRARIUM  L.     (YELLOW  or  HOP  C.)     Smoothish  annual,  somewhat 
upright,  1-3  dm.  high;  leaflets  obovate-oblong,  all  three  from  the  same  point 
(palmate)  and  nearly  sessile  ;  stipules  narrow,  cohering  with  the  petiole  for  more 
than  half  its  length;  corolla  yellow,  persistent,  becoming  dry  and  brown  in  age. 
(T.  aureum  at  least  of  Am.  auth.)  — Sandy  fields  and  roadsides  ;  N.  S.  to  Va.  ; 
also  in  w.  N.  Y.,  Ont.,  and  la.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

12.  T.  PROCUMBENS  L.     (Low  HOP  C.)     Similar;  stems  spreading  or  ascend- 
ing, pubescent,  1-1.5  dm.  high  ;  leaflets  wedge-obovate,  notched  at  the  end,  the 
lateral  at  a  small  distance  from  the  other  (pinnately  3-foliolate)  ;  stipules  ovate, 
short.  —  Sandy  fields  and  roadsides,  common.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 


510  LEGUMINOSAE    (PULSE   FAMILY) 

13.  T.  DtjBiuM  Sibth.  Similar  to  the  preceding  but  smaller  throughout ; 
head?  loosely  few-flowered;  standard  4  mm.  long,  about  11-nerved,  scarcely  or 
not  at  all  striate  in  age.  ( T.  procumbens,  var.  minus  Man.  ed.  6.)  —  Similar 
situations,  Mass,  to  Va.  and  Tenn. ;  also  locally  established  westw.  (Nat.  from 
Eu.) 

19.   MELIL6TUS  [Tourn.]  Hill.     MELILOT.     SWEET  CLOVER 

Flowers  much  as  in  Trifolium,  but  in  spike-like  racemes,  small.  Corolla  de- 
ciduous, free  from  the  stamen-tube.  Pod  ovoid,  coriaceous,  wrinkled,  longer 
than  the  calyx,  scarcely  dehiscent,  1-2-seeded.  —  Annual  or  biennial  herbs,  fra- 
grant in  drying,  with  pinnately  3-foliolate  leaves.  (Name  from  //.At,  honey,  and 
Xorros,  some  leguminous  plant.) 

1.  M.  OFFICINA.LIS  (L.)  Lam.     (YELLOW  M.)     Upright,  usually  tall ;  leaflets 
obovate-oblong,  obtuse,  closely  serrate  ;  petals  yellow,  of  nearly  equal  length,  6-9 
mm.  long  ;  pod  2.5-3.5  mm.  long,  glabrous  or  glabrate,  prominently  cross-ribbed. 

—  Waste  or  cultivated  ground,  common.     (Nat.  from  Eu. ) 

2.  M.  ALxfssiMA  Thuill.     Similar  ;  leaflets  linear-  to  lance-oblong,  subentire  or 
remotely  toothed ;  pod  gibbous,  4.5-6  mm.  long,  pubescent,  obscurely  reticulate. 

—  Ballast  about  Atlantic  ports.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.  M.   fNDicA   (L. )    All.      Low;   leaflets  cuneate-oblanceolate  or  -obovate, 
truncate  or  emarginate,  toothed  above  the  middle  ;  corolla  yellow,  2-2.5  mm. 
long;  pod  gibbous,  about  2  mm.   long,  alveolate. — Ballast  and  waste  places 
about  Atlantic  ports.     (Adv.  from  Eurasia.) 

4.  M.  ALBA  Desr.     (WHITE  M.)     Tall ;  leaflets  narrowly  obovate  to  oblong, 
serrate,  truncate  or  emarginate  ;  corolla  white,  4-5  mm.  long,  the  standard  longer 
than  the  other  petals  •  pod  3-4  mm.  long,  somewhat  reticulate. —  Rich  soil,  road- 
sides, etc.,  common.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

20.  MEDICAGO   [Tourn.]  L.     MEDICK 

Flowers  nearly  as  in  Melilotus.  Pod  1 -several-seeded,  scythe-shaped,  in- 
curved, or  variously  coiled.  —  Leaves  pinnately  3-foliolate;  leaflets  toothed; 
stipules  often  cut.  (MTjdt^,  the  name  of  the  Alfalfa,  because  it  came  to  the 
Greeks  from  Media.) 

*  Perennials  ;  pods  straighiish  or  loosely  coiled,  unarmed. 

1.  M.  SATIVA  L.     (LUCERNE,  ALFALFA.)     Upright,  smooth,  perennial ;  leaf- 
lets obovate-oblong,  toothed  ;  flowers  bluish-purple,  racemed  ;  pods  twisted.  — 
Cultivated  for  green  fodder  and  often  spontaneous.     (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

2.  M.  FALCATA  L.     Similar  ;  leaflets  linear  ;  flowers  yellow ;  pod  straightish 
or  scarcely   coiled.  —  Waste  ground,   eastw.,   rare  and  casual ;    perhaps  not 
persisting.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Annuals  /  pods  (often  armed}  reniform  or  tightly  coiled. 

3.  M.    LUPULINA   L.      (BLACK   M.,    NONESUCH.)      Procumbent,    pubescent, 
annual ;  leaflets  wedge-obovate,  toothed  at  the  apex  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  short 
spikes;  pods  kidney-form,  1-seeded. — Waste  places,  common.      (Adv.   from 
Eu.) 

4.  M.  ARABICA  Huds.     (SPOTTED  M.)  Spreading  or  procumbent  annual,  some- 
what pubescent ;    leaflets  obcordate,  with   a  purple   spot,  minutely   toothed  ; 
peduncles  3-5-flowered  ;  flowers  yellow  ;  pods  compactly  spiral,  of  2  or  3  turns, 
compressed,  furrowed  on  the  thick  edge,  and  fringed  with  a  double  row  of 
curved  prickles.     (M.  maculata  Sibth.) —Middle  Atlantic  States  to  N.  B.,  on 
waste  ground,  not  common.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

5.  M.  nfspiDA  Gaertn.     (BUR  CLOVER.)     Nearly  glabrous ;  pods  deeply  re- 
ticulated, and  with  a  thin  keeled  edge  ;  otherwise  as  the  last.     ( M.  denticulata 
Willd.)  — Waste  places,  frequent;  a  fodder  plant  westw.     (Introd.  from  Eu.) 


LEGUMINOSAE    (PULSE   FAMILY)  511 

21.   ANTHYLLIS    [Rivinius]  L. 

Calyx  5-toothed,  loose,  persistent  and  somewhat  vesicular  in  age.  Corolla 
yellow  to  crimson.  Keel  blunt  or  short-pointed.  Pod  mostly  stalked,  included 
in  the  calyx,  nearly  or  quite  indehiscent,  2-several-seeded.  —  Herbs,  with 
pinnate  leaves  and  large  loose  clover-like  heads.  (An  ancient  plant-name 
employed  by  Dioscorides. ) 

1.  A.  VULNERA.RIA  L.  Pubescent,  2-3  dm.  high;  leaflets  mostly  5-13  (on 
the  basal  leaves  often  fewer  and  sometimes  reduced  to  a  solitary  enlarged 
terminal  leaflet);  heads  ovoid  or  subglobose,  involu,crate. — In  clover  fields, 
Oxford  Co.,  Out.  (Burgess};  also  occasional  as  a  ballast  plant  about  Atlantic 
ports.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

22.  HOSACKIA  Dougl. 

Calyx-teeth  nearly  equal.  Petals  free  from  the  diadelphous  stamens  ;  stand- 
ard ovate  or  roundish,  its  claw  often  remote  from  the  others;  wings  obovate 
or  oblong  ;  keel  incurved.  Pod  linear,  compressed  or  somewhat  terete,  sessile, 
several-seeded.  —  Herbs,  with  pinnate  leaves  (in  ours  1-3-foliolate,  with  gland- 
like  stipules),  and  small  yellow  or  reddish  flowers  in  umbels  (ours  solitary) 
upon  axillary  leafy-bracteate  peduncles.  (Named  for 'Dr.  David  Hosack,  1769- 
1835,  professor  of  botany  and  materia  medica  in  Columbia  College.) 

1.  H.  americana  (Nutt.)  Piper.  Annual,  more  or  less  silky-villous  or  sub- 
glabrous,  often  3  dm.  high  or  more  ;  leaves  nearly  sessile,  the  1-3  leaflets  ovate 
to  lanceolate  (0.6-1.8  cm.  long);  peduncles  often  short,  bracteate  with  a  single 
leaflet.  (Lotus  Bischoff ;  H.  Purshiana  Benth.) — Dry  soil,  w.  Minn,  to  Ark., 
and  westw. ;  also  introduced  in  Greene  Co.,  111.  (according  to  McDonald). 

23.    LOTUS    [Tourn.]  L.     BIRD'S-FOOT  TREFOIL 

Similar  to  the  preceding  genus  but  with  pinnately  5-foliolate  leaves,  the 
basal  pair  of  leaflets  simulating  stipules.  (Ancient  Greek  plant-name.) 

L.  coRNicuiAxus  L.  Diffuse  many -stemmed  perennial ;  flowers  yellow  in 
slender-peduncled  capitate  umbels. — Dry  meadows,  Washington,  D.  C.  (Pech), 
and  on  ballast,  etc.,  to  N.  S.  (Adv.  from  Old  World.) 

24.   PSORALEA  L. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  persistent,  the  lower  lobe  longest.  Stamens  diadelphous  or 
sometimes  monadelphous.  Pod  seldom  longer  than  the  calyx,  thick,  often 
wrinkled,  indehiscent,  1-seeded. — Perennial  herbs,  usually  sprinkled  all  over 
or  roughened  (especially  the  calyx,  pods,  etc.)  with  glandular  dots  or  points. 
Leaves  mostly  3-5-foliolate.  Flowers  spiked  or  racemed,  white  or  mostly 
blue-purplish.  Root  sometimes  tuberous  and  farinaceous.  (Name,  f  w/>a\6>s, 
scurfy,  from  the  glands  or  dots.) 

*  Leaves  pinnately  3-foliolate. 

1.  P.  On6brychis  Nutt.    Nearly  smooth  and  free  from  glands,  erect,  1-2  m. 
high;   leaflets    lanceolate-ovate,   taper-pointed,    7-8    mm.    long;  stipules    and 
bracts  awl-shaped ;   racemes  elongated ;    peduncles   shorter  than  the  leaves ; 
pods  roughened  and  wrinkled.  —  River-banks  and  deciduous  woods,  O.  to  111. 
and  Mo.;  also  s.  and  e.  to  S.  C. 

2.  P.  stipulita  T.  &  G.    Nearly  smooth  and  glandless  ;  stems  diffuse  ;  leaflets 
ovate- elliptical,  reticulated ;  stipules  ovate ;  flowers  in  heads  on  rather  short 
peduncles  ;  bracts  broadly  ovate,  sharp-pointed.  —  Limestone  ledges,  Ohio  B. 
above  Louisville,  Ky.,  and  New  Albany,  Ind. ;  very  local.     June. 

3.  P.  peduncuiata  (Mill.)  Vail.     Somewhat  pubescent,  more  or  less  glandu- 
lar; stems  erect,  3-6  dm.  high,  slender;  leaflets  lanceolate  or  narrowly  oblong; 
spike  cylindrical,  long-peduncled ;  stipules  awl-shaped ;  bracts  ovate  or  lanceo- 
late,  taper-pointed ;    pods  strongly  wrinkled    transversely.      (P.  melilotoides 


512  LEGUMINOSAE    (PULSE   FAMILY) 

Michx.) — Dry  soil,  Fla.  to  Tenn.,  Sandusky,  O.  (Moseley),  s.  Ind.,  and  Kan. 
June. 

*  *  Leaves  palmately  3-5-foliolate  ;  roots  not  tuberous. 

i-  Fruit  more  or  less  compressed,  ovate. 

4.  P.  tenuifl6ra   Pursh.     Slender,    erect,  much  branched   and   bushy,   6-12 
dm.  high,  minutely  hoary-pubescent  when  young  ;  leaflets  varying  from  lineal1 
to  obovate-oblong,  1.2-3.6  cm.  long,  glandular-dotted  ;  flowers  (4-6  mm.  long) 
in  loose  racemes  ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  and  bracts  ovate,  acute  ;  pod  glandular.  — 
Prairies,  111.  to  Minn.,  Tex.,  and  westw.     June-Sept. 

Var.  floribunda  (Nutt.)  Rydb.  Flowers  more  numerous,  slightly  larger  and 
in  denser  racemes.  (  P.  floribunda  Nutt. )  —  Same  range. 

5.  P.    argophylla  Pursh.     Silvery   silky-white   all   over,    erect,    divergently 
branched,  3-9  dm.  high  ;  leaflets  elliptical-lanceolate;  spikes  interrupted ;  flowers 
8-10  mm.    long ;  lobes  of   the   calyx  and  bracts  lanceolate.  —  High  plains,  n. 
Wise,  to  la.,  Mo.,  and  westw.    June. 

6.  P.  digitata  Nutt.     More  slender  and  less  hoary,  3-6  dm.  high  ;  leaflets 
linear- oblanceolate  ;    bracts  of  the   interrupted  spike   obcordate;    calyx-lobes 
oblong,  acute. — Sandy  soil,  Kan.  to  Col.  and  Tex.     June,  July. 

•*-  H-  Fruit  globose. 

7.  P.   lanceolata   Pursh.     Glabrous  or   nearly  so,   yellowish-green,  densely 
punctate  ;  leaflets  3,  linear  to  oblanceolate  ;  flowers  small,  in  very  short  spikes ; 
calyx  2  mm.   long,   with  short   broad  teeth.     (P.  micrantha  Gray.) — la.  and 
Kan.  to  the  Sask.,  and  westw. 

*  *  *  Leaves  palmately  5-foliolate  ;  root  tuberous  ;  spike-like  racemes  dense. 

8.  P.  esculenta  Pursh.     Roughish  hairy  all  over;  stern  stout,  1-4  dm.  high, 
erect,  from  a  tuberous  or  turnip-shaped  farinaceous  root ;  leaflets  obovate-  or 
lanceolate-oblong ;    spikes  ellipsoid,    long-peduncled ;   lobes  of  the   calyx  and 
bracts  lanceolate,  nearly  equaling  the   corolla  (1.2  cm.  long). — High  plains, 
Wise,  to  Tex.,  and  north  westw.     May-July.  —  The  POMME  BLANCHE,  or  POMME 
DE  PRAIRIE,  of  the  voyageurs. 

25.   AM6RPHA  L. 

Calyx  inversely  conical,  5-toothed,  persistent.  Standard  (the  other  petals 
entirely  wanting!)  wrapped  around  the  stamens  and  style.  Stamens  10,  mona- 
delphous  at  the  very  base,  otherwise  distinct.  Pod  oblong,  longer  than  the 
calyx,  1-2-seeded,  roughened,  tardily  dehiscent.  —  Shrubs,  with  odd-pinnate 
leaves  ;  the  leaflets  marked  with  minute  dots,  usually  stipellate,  the  midvein 
excurrent.  Flowers  violet  or  purple,  crowded  in  clustered  terminal  spikes. 
(Name,  d/iop</>os,  deformed,  from  the  absence  of  four  of  the  petals.) 

*  Leaflets  small  (1.2  cm.  long  or  less),  crowded. 

1.  A.  canescens  Pursh.   (LEAD  PLANT.)      Whitened  with  hoary  down,  3-14 
dm.  high  ;  leaflets  31-51,  oblong-elliptical,  becoming  smoothish  above  ;  spikes 
usually  clustered  at  the  summit.  —  Hills  and  prairies,  Ind.  to  Man.,  and  southw. 
June-Aug. 

2.  A.  microphy"lla  Pursh.     Nearly  glabrous  throughout,  3  dm.  high  or  less  ; 
leaflets  rather  rigid ;   spikes   usually  solitary.  —  Prairies,  Minn,    and  Man.    to 
Kan.    June,  July. 

*  *  Leaflets  larger,  scattered. 

3.  A.    frutic6sa   L.     (FALSE    INDIGO.)     A  tall  shrub,  rather  pubescent  or 
smoothish  ;  leaflets  9-25,  oblong  to  broadly  elliptical.  —  River-banks,  s.  Pa.  to 
Fla.,  w.  to  Sask.,  Tex.,  and  the  Rocky  Mts.;   often  cultivated,  and  escaping 
eastw.     May,  June.     (Mex.)  —  Very  variable. 

Var.  angustifolia  Pursh.  Leaflets  narrower,  lance-oblong  or  lance-elliptic, 
of  firmer  texture  ;  fruit  somewhat  smaller,  6-8  mm.  long.  (A.  angustifolia 
Boynton.)  —Banks  of  streams,  la.,  westw.  and  south  westw. 


LEGUMINOSAE    (PULSE   FAMILY)  513 

26.   DALEA  Juss. 

Calyx  5-cleft  or  -toothed.  Corolla  imperfectly  papilionaceous  ;  petals  all  on 
claws  ;  the  standard  heart-shaped,  inserted  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx  ;  the 
keel  and  wings  borne  on  the  middle  of  the  monadelphous  sheath  of  filaments, 
which  is  cleft  down  one  side.  Stamens  10,  rarely  9.  Pod  membranaceous, 
1-seeded,  indehiscent,  inclosed  in  the  persistent  calyx.  —  Mostly  herbs,  more 
or  less  glandular-dotted,  with  minute  stipules  ;  the  small  flowers  in  terminal 
spikes  or  heads.  (Named  for  Samuel  Dale,  1659-1739,  an  English  botanist.) 
PAROSELA  Cav. 

1.  D.  alopecuroides  Willd.     Erect  annual,  3-6  dm.  high;  leaflets  19-35,  gla- 
brous, linear-oblong  ;  flowers  light  rose-color  or  whitish,  in  cylindrical  spikes ; 
bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  deciduous  ;   calyx   very  villous,  with  long 
slender  teeth.     (Parosela   Dalea   Britton.)  —  Alluvial  soil,  111.  to   Minn,  and 
Ala.,  w.  to  the  Rocky  Mts.     Aug.,  Sept.     (Mex.) 

2.  D.  enneandra  Nutt.     Erect  perennial,  3-12  dm.  high,  branching;  leaflets 
5-13,  linear,  4-6  mm.  long ;  spikes  loosely  flowered  ;  bracts  conspicuous,  per- 
sistent, almost  orbicular  and  very  obtuse  ;   petals  white  ;  calyx  densely  villous, 
the  long  teeth  beautifully  plumose.     (D.  laxiflora  Pursh.)  —  Dry  soil,  la.  and 
Mo,  to  Tex.  and  Col.     May-Aug. 


27.   PETALOSTEMUM  Michx.     PRAIRIE  CLOVER 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  indistinctly  papilionaceous ;  petals  all  on  thread- 
shaped  claws,  4  of  them  nearly  alike  and  spreading,  borne  on  the  top  of  the 
monadelphous  and  cleft  sheath  of  filaments,  alternate  with  the  6  anthers ;  the 
.fifth  (standard)  inserted  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx,  heart-shaped  or  oblong. 
Pod  membranaceous,  inclosed  in  the  calyx,  indehiscent,  1-2-seeded. — Chiefly 
perennial  herbs,  upright,  glandular-dotted,  with  crowded  odd-pinnate  leaves, 
minute  stipules,  and  small  flowers  in  very  dense  terminal  and  peduncled  heads 
or  spikes.  (Name,  often  but  not  originally  spelled  Petalostemon,  combined  of 
the  two  Greek  words  for  petal  arid  stamen,  alluding  to  the  peculiar  union  of 
these  organs  in  this  genus.)  KUHNISTERA  Lam. 

*  Corolla  rose-colored. 

1.  P.  purpureum  (Vent.)  Rydb.     Smoothish ;   leaflets  5,  narrowly  linear; 
heads  globose-ovoid  or  short-cylindrical  when  old  ;    bracts  pointed,  not  longer 
than  the  silky -hoary  calyx.     (P.  violaceum  Michx.  ;  Kuhnistera  MacM.) — Dry 
prairies,  Ind.  to  Man.  and  La.,  w.  to  the  Rocky  Mts.    June-Aug. 

2.  P.  villbsum  Nutt.     Soft-downy  or  silky  all  over;  leaflets  13-17,  linear  or 
oblong,   small    (8-10  mm.    long);   spikes   cylindrical,   2.5-12   cm.   long,  short- 
peduncled,  soft-villous.     (Kuhniastera  Ktze.)  —  Sandy  soil,  Wise,  to  Sask.  and 
Tex.,  w.  to  Rocky  Mts.     July. 

3.  P.  fpli6sum  Gray.     Smooth,  very  leafy;   leaflets   15-29,   linear-oblong; 
spikes  cylindrical,   short-peduncled  ;   bracts   slender-awned   from  a  lanceolate 
base,   exceeding  the  glabrous  calyx.     (Kuhniastera  Ktze.)  —  River-banks  and 
rocky  hills,  111.  and  Tenn.     July-Sept. 

*  *  Corolla  white. 

4.  P.  multiflbrum  Nutt.     Glabrous  throughout,  erect,   branching ;  leaflets 
3-9,   linear   to   oblong;    heads    globose,    the    subulate-setaceous    bracts    much 
shorter  than  the  acutely  toothed   calyx.     (Kuhnistera    Heller.) — Prairies,  w. 
la.  (Pammel}  to  Ark.  and  Tex.     Aug. 

5.  P.  candidum  Michx.     Smooth;  leaflets  7-9,  lanceolate  or  linear-oblong ; 
heads  short-cylindrical;  bracts  awned,  longer  than  the  nearly  glabrous  calyx. 
(Kuhniastera  Ktze.)  — Dry  prairies,  Ind.  to  Man.,  La.,  and  w.  to  the  Rocky 
Mts.    June,  July. 

GRAY'S  MANUAL  —  33 


514  LEGUMINOSAE    (PULSE  FAMILY) 

28.   TEPHR6SIA  Pers.     HOARY  PEA 

Calyx  about  equally  5-cleft.  Standard  roundish,  usually  silky  outside,  turned 
back,  scarcely  longer  than  the  coherent  wings  and  keel.  Stamens  monadelphous 
or  diadelphous.  Pod  linear,  flat,  several-seeded,  2-valved.  —  Hoary  perennial 
herbs,  with  odd-pinnate  leaves,  and  white  or  purplish  racemed  flowers.  Leaflets 
mucronate,  veiny.  (Name  from  re0/>6s,  ash-colored  or  hoary.}  CRACCA  L. 

1.  T.  virginiana  (L.)  Pers.     (GOAT'S   RUE,  CATGUT.)     Silky-villous  with 
whitish  hairs  when  young ;  stem  erect  and  simple,  3-6  dm.  high,  leafy  to  the 
top  ;  leaflets  17-29,  linear-oblong ;  flowers  large  and  numerous,  clustered  in  a 
terminal  ellipsoid  dense  raceme  or  panicle,  yellowish-white  marked  with  pur- 
ple.    (Cracca  L.) — Dry  sandy  soil,  s.  N.  H.  to  Minn.,  and  southw.,  chiefly 
at  low   altitudes.    June,  July.  —  Roots  long  and  slender,  very  tough.     Var. 
HOLOSERICEA  (Nutt.)  T.  &  G.  has  more  copious  or  even  woolly  pubescence  and 
usually  narrower  leaflets.  —  With  the  typical  form,  westw. 

2.  T.  spicata  (Walt.)  T.  &  G.     Villous  with  rusty  hairs;  stems  branched 
below,  straggling  or  ascending,  6  dm.  long,  few-leaved;  leaflets  9-15,  obovate 
or  oblong-wedge-shaped,  often  notched  ;  flowers  few,  in  a  loose  and  interrupted 
very  long-peduncled  spike,  reddish.     (Cracca  Ktze.)  — Dry  soil,  Del.  and  Va.  to 
Fla.  and  La.     May-July. 

3.  T.  hispidula  (Michx.)  Pers.     Hairy  with  some  long  and  rusty  or  only 
minute  and  appressed  pubescence ;   stems  slender,  2-6  dm.  long,  divergently 
branched,  straggling  ;   leaflets  5-17,  oblong,  varying  to  obovate-wedge-shaped 
and  oblanceolate  ;  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves,  2-4-flowered ;  flowers  red- 
dish-purple.    (Cracca  Ktze.)  — Dry  sandy  soil,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.    May-July. 

29.    SESBiNIA  Scop. 

Calyx  campanulate,  equally  toothed.     Standard  large,  round.     Stamens  dia- 
delphous.    Ovary  many-ovuled ;  pod  long.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs  with  long  even- 
E innate  leaves.     Flowers  on   axillary   peduncles  or  lateral  racemes.     (Name 
itinized  from  the  earlier  SESBAN  Adans.,  said  to  be  of  Arabic  origin.) 

1.  S.  macrocarpa  Muhl.  Erect  annual,  0.7-3  m.  high  ;  leaflets  12-25  pairs, 
narrowly  oblong ;  corolla  pale  yellow,  often  spotted  ;  pods  2  dm.  in  length, 
narrow,  with  thickened  margins.  —  Mo.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  ;  introd.  in  s.  Pa. 

30.    ROBINIA  L.     LOCUST 

Calyx  short,  5-toothed,  slightly  2-lipped.  Standard  large  and  rounded,  turned 
back,  scarcely  longer  than  the  wings  and  keel.  Stamens  diadelphous.  Pod 
linear,  flat,  several-seeded,  at  length  2-valved.  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  often  with 
spines  for  stipules.  Leaves  odd-pinnate,  the  ovate  or  oblong  leaflets  stipellate. 
Flowers  showy,  in  hanging  axillary  racemes.  (Named  for  John  Robin,  herbalist 
to  Henry  IV.  of  France,  and  his  son  Vespasian  Hobin,  who  first  cultivated  the 
Locust-tree  in  Europe.) 

1.  R.  Pseudo-Acacia  L.     (COMMON  L.,  FALSE  ACACIA.)     Branches  glabrous 
or  glabrate;  racemes  slender,  loose;  flowers  white,  fragrant;   pod  smooth.— 
Along  the  mts.,  Pa.  to  Ga.,  and  in  the  Ozark  Mts.  of  Mo.,  Ark.,  and  Okla.  ; 
commonly  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree,  and  for  its  valuable  timber,  and 
naturalized  in  many  places.     May,  June. 

2.  R.  viscbsa  Vent.     (CLAMMY   L.)     .Branchlets  and  leaf-stalks  clammy; 
flowers  crowded  in  short  racemes,  tinged  with   rose-color,  nearly  inodorous  ; 
pod  glandular-hispid.  —  Va.  to  Ga.,  in  the  mts.  ;  cultivated,  like  the  last,  and 
often  escaping.     May,  June. 

3.  R.  hlspida   L.     (BRISTLY   L.,    ROSE   ACACIA.)     Shrub,  1  to  3  m.  high; 
branchlets  and  stalks  bristly ;  flowers  large  and  deep  rose-color,  inodorous ; 
pods  glandular-hispid.  —  Mts.  of  Va.  to  Ga.  ;  cultivated  and  established  northw. 
May,  June. 


LEGUMINOSAE    (PULSE   FAMILY)  515 

31.   WISTARIA  Nutt. 

Calyx  carapanulate,  somewhat  2-lipped  ;  upper  lip  of  2  short  teeth,  the  lower 
of  3  longer  ones.  Standard  roundish,  large,  turned  back,  with  2  callosities 
at  its  base  ;  keel  scythe-shaped ;  wings  doubly  auricled  at  the  base.  Stamens 
diadelphous.  Pods  elongated,  thickish,  knobby,  stipitate,  many-seeded,  at 
length  2-valved.  Seeds  large.  —  Ovate-lanceolate  leaflets  9-13  ;  racemes  of  large 
and  showy  lilac-purple  flowers.  (Dedicated  to  Professor  Caspar  Wistar,  dis- 
tinguished anatomist  of  Philadelphia.)  KRAUNHIA  Raf.  WISTARIA  Spreng.  (a 
later  spelling). 

1.  W.  frutSscens  (L.)  Poir.     Downy  or  smoothish  when  old,  without  club- 
shaped  hairs;  racemes  short  and  dense;  calyx-teeth  very  short.     (Kraunhia 
Raf.  ;    Bradleya  Britton.  )  — Alluvial  grounds,  Va.  to  Fla.     May.  —  Sometimes 
cultivated  for  ornament  as  is  the  still  handsomer  and  more  showy  Chinese 
species,  W.  chinensis  DC. 

2.  W.  macrostachya  Nutt.     Racemes  1.5-2  dm.  long  ;  pubescence  of  the  pedi- 
cels and  calyx  mixed,  including  club-shaped  hairs;  calyx-teeth  half  to  three 
fourths  the  length  of  the  tube  ;  standard  less  strongly  auricled  than  in  the  pre- 
ceding.    (Kraunhia  macrostachys  Small ;  Bradleya  Small.)  —  Rich  soil,  swamps, 
etc.,  Ind.  (?)  to  Mo.,  Kan.(?),  and  La.    May. 

32.  ASTRAGALUS    [Tourn.]   L.     MILK  VETCH 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  usually  long  and  narrow  ;  standard  narrow,  equal- 
ing or  exceeding  the  wings  and  blunt  keel,  its  sides  reflexed  or  spreading.  Sta- 
mens diadelphous.  Pod  several-many-seeded,  various,  mostly  turgid,  one  or 
both  sutures  usually  projecting  into  the  cell,  either  slightly  or  so  as  to  divide  the 
cavity  lengthwise  into  two.  — Chiefly  herbs  (ours  perennials),  with  odd-pinnate 
leaves  and  spiked  or  racemed  flowers.  Mature  pods  are  usually  necessary  for 
certain  identification  of  the  species.  (The  ancient  Greek  name  of  a  leguminous 
plant,  as  also  of  the  ankle-bone.) 

§  1.    Pod  turgid,  completely  or  imperfectly  ^-celled  by  the  intrusion  of  the  dorsal 
suture,  the  ventral  suture  being  not  at  all  or  less  deeply  inftexed. 

*  Pod  plum-shaped,  succulent,  becoming  thick  and  fleshy,  indehiscent,  not  stipi- 
tate, completely  ^-celled. 

1.  A.  caryocarpus  Ker.     (GROUND  PLUM.)     Pale  and  minutely  appressed- 
pubescent ;    leaflets  narrowly  oblong ;    flowers  in   a  short  spike-like  raceme  ; 
corolla  violet-purple;  fruit  glabrous,  ovoid-globular,  more  or  less  pointed,  about 
1.6  cm.  in  diameter,  very  thick-walled,  cellular  or  corky  when  dry.     (A.  crassi- 
carpus  Nutt.) — Prairies,  Sask.  and  Minn,  to  Mo.,  s.  w.  and  w.  to   Tex.  and 
Col.     Apr.,  May. 

2.  A.  mexicanus  A.  DC.     (GROUND  PLUM.)     Smoother,  or  pubescent  with 
looser  hairs,  larger ;  leaflets  roundish,  obovate,  or  oblong  ;  flowers  larger  (2-2.5 
cm.  long)  ;  calyx  softly  hairy  ;  corolla  cream-color,  bluish  only  at  the  tip ;  fruit 
globular,  very  obtuse  and  pointless,  2.5  cm.  or  more  in  diameter  ;  otherwise  like 
the  last.  —  Prairies  and  open  plains,  111.  to  Kan.,  s.  to  La.  and  Tex.     Apr.,  May. 
— The  unripe  fruits  of  this  and  the  preceding  species  resemble  green  plums 
(whence  the  popular  name)  and  are  eaten  raw  or  cooked. 

3.  A.  plattSnsis  Nutt.    Loosely  villous  ;  leaflets  oblong,  often  glabrous  above  ; 
flowers  crowded  in  a  short  spike  or  head,  cream-color,  often  tinged  or  tipped 
with  purple  ;  fruit  ovoid,  pointed,  1.2-1.6  cm.  long,  with  surface  even;  calyx 
villous.  —  Gravelly  or  sandy  banks,  Minn,  to  Col.  and  Tex.     Apr.-June. 

4.  A.  tennesseSnsis  Gray.     Hirsute  ;  stipules  large ;  leaves  and  flowers  as  in 
the  last ;  fruit  2.4-2.8  cm.  long,  pointed,  strongly  wrinkled,     (A.  plattensis,  var. 
Gray.)  —  111.,  Morris  (Vasey},  Ogle  Co.  (£ebb)  ;  Tenn.  and  Ala.;  reported  also 
from  Mo.     Apr.,  May. 


516  LEGUMINOSAE    (PULSE  FAMILY) 

*  *  Pod  dry,  coriaceous,  cartilaginous  or  membranous,  dehiscent. 
•*-  Pod  completely  ^-celled,  sessile. 

5.  A.  canadensis  L.     Tall  and  erect,  3-16  dm.  high,  somewhat  pubescent  or 
glabrate;  leaflets  21-27,  oblong  ;  flowers  greenish  cream-color,  very  numerous, 
in  long  dense  spikes  ;   pods  crowded,  oblong  (1.2  cm.  long),  glabrous,  terete, 
scarcely  sulcate  and  only  on  the  back,  nearly  straight.     (A.  carolinianus  L.)  — • 
Dry  or  gravelly  soil,  w.  Que.,  shores  of  L.  Champlain,  Vt.  (Brainerd),  N.  Y.  to 
n.  Ga.,  and  far  westw.     July,  Aug. 

6.  A.  adsurgens  Pall.     Ascending  or  decumbent,  1-4.5  dm.  high,  cinereous 
with  minute  appressed  pubescence  or  glabrate  ;  leaflets  about  21,  narrowly  ob- 
long ;  spike  dense,  with  medium-sized  pale  or  purplish  flowers ;  pubescence  of 
calyx  appre'ssed;  pod  oblong,  8-10  mm.  long,  finely  pubescent,  triangular-com- 
pressed, with  a  deep  dorsal  furrow,  straight.  —  Keewatin  to  Minn.,  w.  Kan.,  and 
westw.     (Asia.) 

7.  A.  hypog!6ttis  L.     Slender;  stems  1.5-6  dm.  long,  diffusely  procumbent 
or  ascending,  with  a  rather  loose  pubescence  or  nearly  glabrous  ;  leaflets  15-21, 
oblong,  obtuse  or  retuse  ;  flowers  violet,  capitate ;  calyx  loosely  pubescent ;  pod 
as  in  the  last,  but  ovate  and  silky -villous. —  Minn,  to  centr.  Kan.,  and  north- 
westw.    May-July.     (Eurasia.) 

•*-  -t-  Pod  not  completely  ^-celled. 
-M-  Pod  stipitate,  pendent. 

8.  A.  alpinus  L.     Diffuse,  from  a  very  loosely  forking  base,  the  prostrate  or 
decumbent  branches  0.5-1.5  dm.  long,  smooth  or  slightly  hairy  ;  leaflets  11-23  ; 
flowers  violet-purple,  or  at  least  the  keel  tipped  with  violet  or  blue  ;  calyx  cam- 
panulate  ;  pod  narrowly  oblong,  short-acuminate,  intensely  black-pubescent  with 
long  slightly  spreading  hairs,  triangular-turgid,  deeply  grooved  on  the  back, 
straight  or  curved,  its  stipe  usually  rather  exceeding  the  calyx. — -Rocky  banks 
and  gravelly  shores,  Arctic  Am.,  s.  to  Nfd.,  e.  Que.,  and  Col.     (Eurasia.) 

Var.  Brunetianus  Fernald.  Commonly  larger,  the  branches  mostly  2-6  dm. 
long  ;  leaflets  usually  15-29  ;  mature  pods  greenish  or  pale  brown,  strigose  with 
shorter  black  or  even  whitish  hairs.  —  Limestone  ledges  and  gravelly  shores,  e. 
Que.  to  Hudson  B.,  s.  to  s.  N.  B.,  centr.  Me.,  and  Vt.;  also  in  the  Rocky  Mts. 
May-Sept. 

9.  A.  Robbinsii  (Oakes)  Gray.     Nearly  smooth  and  erect,  3  dm.  high,  slender ; 
leaflets  7-11  ;  calyx  more  oblong;  flowers  white;  pod  oblong  (1.2  cm.  long), 
obtuse  or  acutish,  minutely  darkish-pubescent,  somewhat  laterally  compressed, 
not  dorsally  sulcate  or  obsoletely  so,  straight  or  somewhat  incurved,  rather  ab- 
ruptly narrowed  at  base  into  the  often  included  stipe.  —  Rocky  ledges  of  the 
Winooski  R.,  Vt.  (station  now  extinct). 

10.  A.  Blakei  Eggleston.     Habit  and  foliage  nearly  as  in  the  preceding,  more 
robust ;  corolla  larger,  bluish-purple  ;  pod  triangular  in  section,  sulcate  dorsally. 
(A.  Robbinsii,  var.  occidentalis  Wats.,  var.  Jesupi  Eggleston  &  Sheldon  ;  A. 
Jesupi  Britton  ;  A.  occidentalis  Jones.) — Rocky  banks,  n.  Me.  to  Vt.;  also  in 
Rocky  Mts. 

11.  A.  racemosus  Pursh.     Stout,  3-6  dm.  high,  erect  or  ascending,  appressed- 
pubescent  or  glabrate  ;  leaflets  13-25  ;  flowers  numerous,  white,  pendent ;  calyx 
campanulate,  gibbous,  white-pubescent ;  pod  straight,   narrow,  2.5  cm.  long, 
acute  at  both  ends,  triangular-compressed,  deeply  grooved  on  the  back,  the  ven- 
tral edge  acute. — Neb.  to  Mo.,  westw.  and  northwestw. 

++  ••-«•  Pod  sessile. 

12.  A.  parviflbrus  (Pursh)  MacM.     Subcinereous,  slender,  3  dm.  or  more 
high  ;  leaflets  11-17,  linear-filiform,  1.4-2  cm.  long,  obtuse  or  retuse  ;  racemes 
loose;   flowers  small  (6  mm.  long);  pod  pendent,  4-6  mm.  long,  coriaceous, 
elliptic-ovate,  concave  on  the  back,  the  ventral  suture  prominent,  white-hairy,  at 
length  glabrous,  transversely  veined.     (A.  gracilis  Nutt.)  —  Minn,  to  Mo.,  and 
westw.     A.  microlobus  Gray,  with  leaflets  linear-oblong,  retuse,  1-1.2  cm.  long, 
said  to  have  been  collected  in  Mo.,  is  scarcely  more  than  a  variety  of  this. 


LEGUMINOSAE    (PULSE   FAMILY)  517 

13.  A.  dist6rtus  T.  &  G.     Low,  diffuse,  many-stemmed,  subglabrous  ;  leaflets 
17-25,  oblong,  ernarginate  ;  flowers  in  a  short  spike,  pale  purple ;  pod  ovate-  or 
lance-oblong,  curved,  1.2-1.8  cm.  long,  glabrous,  thick-coriaceous,  somewhat 
grooved  on  the  back,  the  ventral  suture  nearly  flat.— "  W.  Va."  and  Miss,  to 
111.,  la.,  arid  Tex. 

14.  A.  lotiflbrus  Hook.     Hoary  or  cinereous  with  appressed  hairs  ;  stems  very 
short ;  leaflets  7-13,  lance-oblong  ;  flowers  yellowish,  in  few-flowered  heads,  with 
peduncles  exceeding  the  leaves  or  very  short ;  calyx  campanulate,  the  subulate 
teeth  exceeding  the  tube  ;  pod  oblong-ovate,  1.8-2.4  cm.  long,  acuminate,  acute  at 
base,  canescent,  the  back  more  or  less  impressed,  the  acute  ventral  suture  nearly 
straight.  — Man.  to  Mo.  (Bush},  Tex.,  and  B.  C. 

§  2.    Pod  1-celled,  neither  suture  being  inflexed  or  the  ventral  more  intruded 

than  the  dorsal. 

*  Pod  sessile  in  the  calyx  ;  valves  strongly  convex. 

15.  A.  neglSctus  (T.  &  G.)  Sheldon.     Nearly  smooth,  erect,  3-6  dm.  high; 
leaflets  11-21,  elliptical  or  oblong,  somewhat  retuse,  minutely  hoary  beneath  ; 
flowers  white,  rather  numerous,  in  a  short  spike ;  calyx  dark-pubescent ;  pod 
coriaceous,  inflated,  ovoid-globose,  1.2-1.8  cm.  long,  acute,  glabrous,  slightly  sul- 
cate  on  both  sides,  cavity  webby.     (A.  Cooperi  Gray.)  —  Cliffs  and  clayey  banks, 
e.  Que.  (according  to  Macoun) ;  Ont.,  and  w.  N.  Y.  to  Minn,  and  la. 

16.  A.  flexubsus  Dougl.     Ashy-puberulent,  ascending,  3  to  6  dm.  high  ;  leaf- 
lets 11-21,  mostly  narrow  ;  flowers  small,  in  loose  racemes  ;  pod  thin-coriaceous, 
cylindric,  1.6-2.2  cm.  long,  4  mm.  broad,  pointed,  straight  or  curved,  puberulent, 
very  shortly  stipitate.  —  Minn,  to  Col.,  and  north  w. 

17.  A.  euc6smus  Robinson.     Decumbent,  ashy-puberulent,  3-6  dm.   high  ; 
leaflets  13-15,  oblong,  1.2-2.8  cm.  long,  glabrous  above  ;  long-peduncled  racemes 
at  length  loose  ;  flowers  small,  pale  blue  or  purple ;  pod  sessile,  ovate-oblong, 
strongly  compressed.      (A.  oroboides,  var.  americanus  Gray ;  A.  elegans  Britton, 
not  Bunge.)  — Gravelly  banks,  Lab.  to  n.  Me. ;  Rocky  Mts. 

*  *  Pod  slender -stiped  ;  valves  flattish. 

18.  A.  ten611us  Pursh.    Slender,  decumbent,  branched  from  the  base,  2-4  dm. 
high;  leaflets  11-15,  narrowly  oblong  to  linear,  obtuse,  pale  green;  racemes 
axillary,  short-peduncled  ;  flowers  small,  7-9  mm.  long ;  petals  ochroleucous, 
sometimes  pink-tinged  ;  pod  lance-oblong,  1-1.2  cm.  long,  thin.     (A  multiflorus 
Gray  ;  Homalobus  tenellus  Britton.) — Dry  sandy  plains,  w.  Minn,  to  N.  Mex. 
and  B.  C. 

33.    OXYTROPIS  DC. 

Keel  tipped  with  a  sharp  projecting  point  or  appendage  ;  otherwise  as  in 
Astragalus.  Pod  often  more  or  less  2-celled  by  the  intrusion  of  the  ventral 
suture.  —  Our  species  low  nearly  acaulescent  perennials,  with  tufts  of  numerous 
very  short  stems  from  a  hard  and  thick  root  or  rootstock,  covered  with  scaly 
adnate  stipules  ;  pinnate  leaves  of  many  leaflets ;  peduncles  scape-like,  bearing 
a  head  or  short  spike  of  flowers.  (Name  from  6&s,  sharp,  and  rp6iris,  keel.) 
SPIKSIA  Neck.  ARAGALLUS  Neck. 


Leaves  simply  pinnate. 


1.  0.  camp6stris  DC.,  var.  johannSnsis  Fernald.    Villous,  3-5  dm.  high  ;  leaf- 
lets lanceolate  or  oblong  ;  flowers  showy,  rose-colored,  drying  purplish-blue  ;  pods 
2-2.5  cm.  long,  ovate-  or  oblong-lanceolate,  thin  and  papery.     (Var.  caerulea 
Man.  ed.  6,  not  Koch  ;  Spiesia  campestris  Britton,  in  part ;  Aragallus  johan- 
nensis  Rydb.)  —  Gravelly  shores,  Gaspe"  Co.  to  Isle  of  Orleans,  Que.,  s.  to  the 
Restigouche R.,  N.  B.,  and  the  Aroostook  R.,  Me. 

2.  0.   Lamblrti  Pursh.      Silky  with  fine  appressed  hairs;  leaflets  mostly 
linear  ;  flowers  larger,  purple,  violet,  or  sometimes  white  ;  pods  cartilaginous 
or  firm* coriaceous  in  texture,   silky-pubescent,   strictly   erect,    cylindraceous- 
lanceolate  and  long-pointed,  almost  2-celled  by  intrusion  of  the  ventral  sutura 


518  LEGUMINOSAE    (PULSE   FAMILY) 

(Spiesia  Ktze.  ;  Aragallus  Greene.)  — Dry  plains,  Sask.  and  Minn,  to  Mo.  and 
Tex.,  w.  to  the  mts. 

*  *  Leaflets  numerous,  mostly  in  fascicles  of  3-4  along  the  rhachis. 

3.  0.  splendens  Dougl.  Silky-villous,  1.5-3  dm.  high  ;  scape  spicately  several- 
many-flowered  ;  flowers  erect-spreading ;  pod  ovate,  erect,  2-celled,  hardly  sur- 
passing the  very  villous  calyx.  {Spiesia  Ktze.  ;  Aragallus  Greene.)  — Plains  of 
Sask.  arid  w.  Minn,  to  N.  Mex.  and  the  Rocky  Mts. 

34.    GLYCYRRHiZA    [Tourn.]    L.     LIQUORICE 

Calyx  with  the  two  upper  lobes  shorter  or  partly  united.  Anther-cells  con- 
fluent at  the  apex,  the  alternate  ones  smaller.  Pod  ovate  or  oblong-linear, 
compressed,  scarcely  dehiscent,  few-seeded.  The  flower,  etc.,  otherwise  as  in 
Astragalus.  —  Long  perennial  root  sweet  (whence  the  name,  from  y\vK6s,  sweet, 
and  plfa,  root)  ;  herbage  glandular-viscid ;  leaves  odd-pinnate,  with  minute 
stipules  ;  flowers  in  axillary  spikes,  white  or  bluish. 

1.  G.  Iepid6ta  (Nutt.)  Pursh.  (WILD  L.)  Tall  (6-9  dm.  high)  ;  leaflets 
15-19,  oblong-lanceolate,  mucronate-pointed,  sprinkled  with  little  scales  when 
young,  and  with  corresponding  dots  when  old  ;  spikes  peduncled,  short ;  flowers 
whitish  ;  pods  oblong,  beset  with  hooked  prickles.  —  Hudson  B.  and  Minn,  to 
Mo.,  N.  Mex.,  and  westw. ;  also  sporadically  on  waste  land,  etc.,  eastw. 

35.   AESCHYN6MENE  L.     SENSITIVE   JOINT   VETCH 

Calyx  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  2-,  the  lower  3-cleft.  Standard  roundish  ;  keel 
boat-shaped.  Stamens  diadelphous  in  two  sets  of  5  each.  Pod  flattened,  com- 
posed of  several  easily  separable  joints.  —  Leaves  odd-pinnate,  with  several  pairs 
of  leaflets,  sometimes  sensitive,  as  if  shrinking  from  the  touch  (whence  the  name, 
from  alcrxwo^v-r),  being  ashamed). 

1.  A.  virginica  (L.)  BSP.  Erect  bristly  annual;  leaflets  37-61,  linear; 
racemes  few-flowered  ;  flowers  yellow,  reddish  externally  ;  pod  stalked,  6-10- 
jointed.  (A.  hispida  Willd.)  — Along  rivers,  N.  J.  and  s.  Pa.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

36.   CORONILLA  L. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Standard  orbicular  ;  keel  incurved.  Stamens  diadelphous,  9 
and  1 .  Pod  terete  or  4-angled,  jointed  ;  the  joints  subcylindric.  —  Glabrous  herbs 
or  shrubs,  with  pinnate  leaves,  and  the  flowers  in  umbels  terminating  axillary 
peduncles.  (Diminutive  of  corona,  a  crown,  alluding  to  the  inflorescence.) 

1.  C.  VARIA  L.  A  perennial  herb  with  ascending  stems  ;  leaves  sessile  ;  leaf- 
lets 15-25,  oblong  ;  flowers  rose-color  ;  pods  coriaceous,  3-7 -jointed,  the  4-angled 
joints  6-8  mm.  long.  — Roadsides  and  waste  places,  N.  E.  to  N.  J.  (Nat.  from 
Eu.) 

37.   HEDYSARUM   [Tourn.]   L. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  the  lobes  awl-shaped  and  nearly  equal.  Keel  nearly  straight, 
obliquely  truncate,  not  appendaged,  longer  than  the  wings.  Stamens  diadel- 
phous, 9  and  1.  Pod  flattened,  composed  of  several  equal-sided  separable 
roundish  joints  connected  in  the  middle.  —  Perennial  herbs  ;  leaves  odd-pinnate. 
(Name  composed  of  r)8fc,  sweet,  and  dpu/j-a,  smell.) 

1.  H.  boreale  Nutt.  Leaflets  13-21,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  nearly  glabrous  ; 
stipules  scaly,  united  opposite  the  petiole  ;  raceme  of  many  deflexed  magenta  to 
white  flowers;  standard  shorter  than  the  keel;  joints  of  the  pod  3-4,  smooth, 
reticulated.  (H.  americanum  Britton.)  —  Rocky  or  gravelly  banks,  Nfd.  and 
Lab.  to  Alaska,  s.  to  St.  John  Valley,  N.  B.  and  Me.,  mts.  of  n.  Vt.,  n.  shore 
of  L.  Superior,  S.  Dak.,  and  Rocky  Mts.  to  Col.  June-Aug. 


LEGUMINOSAE   (PULSE  FAMILY)  519 

38.   DESM6DIUM  Desv.     TICK  TREFOIL 

Calyx  usually  2-lipped.  Standard  obovate  ;  wings  adherent  to  the  straight 
or  straightish  and  usually  truncate  keel,  by  means  of  a  little  transverse  append- 
age on  each  side  of  the  latter.  Stamens  diadelphous,  9  and  1,  or  monadelphous 
below.  Pod  flat,  deeply  lobed  on  the  lower  margin,  separating  into  flat  reticu- 
lated joints  (mostly  roughened  with  minute  hooked  hairs).  —  Perennial  herbs, 
with  pinnately  3-foliolate  (rarely  1-foliolate)  leaves,  stipellate.  Flowers  in  axil- 
lary or  terminal  racemes,  often  panicled,  and  2  or  3  from  each  bract,  purple  or 
purplish,  often  turning  green  in  withering.  Stipules  and  bracts  scale-like,  often 
striate.  (Name  from  dce/mbs,  a  bond  or  chain,  from  the  connected  joints  of  the 
pods.)  MEIBOMIA  Adans. 

N.B.  —  In  this  genus  the  figures  of  the  loments  are  on  a  scale  of  1£. 

§  1.    Pod  raised  on  a  stalk  (stipe}  many  times  longer  than  the  slightly  toothed 
calyx  and  nearly  as  long  as  the  pedicel,  straightish  on  the  upper  margin,  deeply 

sinuate  on  the  lower;  the  1-4  joints  mostly 
half-obovate  and  concave  on  the  back;  sta- 
mens monadelphous  below;  plants  nearly 
glabrous;  stems  erect  or  ascending;  raceme 
terminal,  panicled ;  stipules  bristle-form, 
deciduous. 


1.  D.  nudifl6rum  (L.)  DC.  Leaves  all  crowded 
at  the  summit  of  sterile  stems;  leaflets  broadly 
ovate,  bluntish,  whitish  beneath  ;  raceme  elon- 
gated on  an  ascending  mostly  leafless  stalk  or  scape 
6-10  dm.  high.  (Meibomia  Ktze.)  — Dry  woods, 

786.  D.  nudiflorum.  !'  Me'  tO  W'  QU6''  Onfc''  Minn'  and  SOUthw'     FlG' 

785. 

2.  D.  grandiflbrum  (Walt.)  DC.     Leaves  all  crowded  at  the  summit  of  the 
stem  from  which  arises  the  elongated  naked  raceme  or  panicle  ;  leaflets  round- 
ovate,  taper-pointed,  green  both  sides,  the 

end  one  round  (1-1.3  dm.  long).  (D.  acu- 
minatum  DC. ;  Meibomia  grandiflora  Ktze.) 
—  Rich  woods,  centr.  Me.  to  Ont.,  S.  Dak., 
and  southw.  FIG.  786. 

3.  D.  paucifl&rum  (Nutt.)  DC.     Leaves 
scattered   along   the    low    (2-4   dm.    high) 

ascending    stems ;    leaflets    rhombic-ovate,  m  D         djflorum. 

bluntish,  pale  beneath  ;  raceme  few-flowered, 

terminal.     (Meibomia  Ktze.)  —  Woods,  Ont.  to  Pa.,  Mich.,  Kan.,  and  southw. 

§  2.   Pod  raised  on  a  stalk  (stipe)  little  if  at  all  surpassing  the  deeply  cleft  calyx  ; 
stems  long  and  prostrate  or  decumbent ;  racemes  axillary  and  terminal. 

*  Stipules  conspicuous,  ovate,  attenuate,  striate,  persistent ;  racemes  mostly  simple. 

4.  D.  rotundifdlium  (Michx.)  DC.     Soft-haii'y  all  over,  truly  prostrate  ;  leaf- 
lets orbicular,  or  the  odd  one  slightly  rhomboid ;  flowers  purple  ;  pods  almost 

equally  sinuate  on  both  edges,  3-5-jointed  ; 
the  joints  rhomboid-oval.  (Meibomia  Mich- 
auxii  Vail.)  —  Dry  woods,  e.  Mass,  to  Fla., 
w.  to  Minn.,  Mo.,  and  La.  —  A  form  with 
ovate  leaflets  occurs  in  Va.  (Curtiss"). 

5.  D.  ochroleucum  M.  A.  Curtis.  Stems 
sparsely  hairy,  decumbent ;  leaflets  nearly 
glabrous,  ovate,  acute  or  obtuse,  transversely 

787.  D.  ochroleucum.  reticulated  beneath,  the  lateral  ones  smaller 

or  sometimes  wanting  ;  racemes  much  elon- 
gated ;  corolla  whitish ;  pods  twisfed,  2-4-jointed,  the  large  rhomboid  joints 
smooth  and  reticulated  but  the  margins  downy.  (Meibomia  Ktze.)  —  Wood- 
lands, N.  J.  and  Del.  to  Ga.  and  Mo.  FIG.  787. 


520 


LEGUMINOSAE    (PULSE   FAMILY^ 


*  *  Stipules  smaller,  lanceolate  and  awl-shaped,  less  persistent ;  racemes panicled. 

6.  D.  glabaium  (Michx.)  DC.  Glabrous 
or  nearly  so,  procumbent ;  leaflets  ovate  or 
ovate-oblong,  rather  obtuse,  much  smaller 
than  in  the  two  preceding  (3-6  cm.  long)  ; 
corolla  purple  ;  pods  2-4-jointed,  flat,  the  oval- 
rhomboid  joints  minutely  scabrous  through- 
out. (D.  humifusum  Beck  ;  Meibomia  gla- 
bella  Ktze.)  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Mass,  to  s.  Pa., 
Md.,  and  south w.  FIG.  788. 


D.  glabellum. 


§  3.   Pod  slightly  if  at  all  stalked  in  the  calyx;  racemes  panicled. 

*  Stems  tall  (1-2  m.  high}  and  erect;  the  persistent  stipules  and  deciduous  bracts 
large  and  conspicuous,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed  ;  flowers  rather 
large. 

H-  Pods  of  4-7  unequal-sided  rhombic  joints,  which  are  considerably  longer  than 
broad  (about  1.2  cm.  long}. 

7.  D.  canSscens  (L.)  DC.  Stem  loosely  branched,  hairy,  branches  clothed 
with  both  minute  and  hooked  as  well  as  longer  spreading  rather  glutinous 
hairs ;  leaflets  ovate,  bluntish,  about  the  length  of  the  petioles,  whitish  and 


789.  D.  canescens. 

reticulated  beneath,  both  sides  roughish  with  a  close  fine  pubescence;  joints 
of  the  pod  very  adhesive.  (Meibomia  Ktze.)  —  Dry  chiefly  sandy  soil,  Mass,  to 
Minn,  and  southw.  FIG.  789.  Var.  nmstiTUM  (Hook.)  Robinson.  Panicle 
and  upper  part  of  the  stem  very  villous  ;  leaflets  oblong-ovate.  (D.  canadense, 
var.  Hook.  ;  D.  canescens,  var.  villosissimum  T.  &  G.;  Meibomia  canescens, 
var.  hirsuta  Vail.) — 111.  and  Mo.  to  Tenn. 

8.  D.  bractebsum  (Michx.)  DC.      Very  smooth  except  the  panicle  ;    stem 
straight ;  leaflets  lanceolate-ovate  and  taper-pointed,  green  and  glabrous  on  both 
sides,  longer  than 

the  petiole ;  the 
conspicuous  bracts 
and  stipules  1-1.5 
cm.  long  ;  joints  of 
the  pod  rhomboid- 
oblong,  smoothish. 
(D.  cuspidatum 
Hook.  ;  Meibomia 
bracteosa  Ktze.) — 
Thickets,  s.  N.  H. 
to  Minn.,  and 
southw.  FIG.  790. 

Var.  longifblium  (T.  &  G.)  Robinson.  Stem  with  some  persisting  pubes- 
cence ;  leaflets  scabrous  above,  villous  beneath.  (D.  canadense,  var.  T.  &  G.  ; 
Meibomia  longifolia  Vail.)  — Mich,  to  Kan.  and  Ark. 

,    -i-  -H-  Pods  of  3-5  oval  joints  (n,ot  over  6  mm.  long}. 

9.  D.  illinoSnse  Gray.     Erect,  1-2   m.  high;   stem   and  leaves  with  short 
rough  pubescence  ;  leaflets  ovate-oblong  or  -lanceolate,  5-10  cm.  long,  obtuse, 


790.   D.  bracteosum. 


LEGUMINOSAE    (PULSE  FAMILY) 


521 


791.  D.  illinoense. 


793.  D.  viridiflorum. 


subcoriaceous,  cinereous  beneath,  veins  and  vein- 
lets  prominent,  strongly  reticulated,  the  lower 
leaflets  nearly  equaling  the  petiole  ;  pods  scarcely 
over  2. 5  cm.  long,  sinuate  on  both  margins  (more 
deeply  below).  (Meibomia  Ktze.)  — Dry  ground, 
Lakeside,  0.  (Moseley)  ;  Jackson  Co.,  Mich. 
(Wheeler)',  111.  to  Neb.,  Kan.,  and  Okla.  FIG.  791. 

*  *  Stem  6-15  dm.  high,  erect ;  stipules  and  bracts  mostly  deciduous,  small  and 

inconspicuous,'  joints  of  the  pod  3-5,  triangular  or  half-rhombic  or  very 
unequal-sided  and  rhomboidal,  longer  than  broad,  6  mm.  or  less  in  length  ; 
flowers  middle-sized. 

10.  D.  laevigatum  (Nutt.)  DC.  /Smooth  or  nearly,  so  throughout ;  stem 
straight ;  leaflets  ovate,  bluntish,  pale  beneath,  5-7.5  cm.  long,  thin  and 
without  prominulous  reticulation  ;  panicles  mi- 
nutely rough-pubescent.  (Meibomia  Ktze.) — Pine 
woods,  s.  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  to  Fla.,  Mo.,  and  Tex. 
FIG.  792.  From  Va.  southw.  passing  to  D.  RHOM- 
BiF6nuM  (Ell.)  DC.,  a  more  pubescent  plant, 
with  thickish  leaves,  the  veins 
prominulous  beneath.  (Mei- 
bomia Vail.) 

11.    D.    viridifl6ram    (L.)  792   D  laevigatum. 

Beck.  Stem  very  downy,  rough 

at  the  summit ;  leaflets  broadly  ovate,  very  obtuse,  rough 
above,  whitened  with  a  soft  velvety  down  underneath, 
6-7.5  cm.  long.  (Meibomia  Ktze.) — Dry  open  woods, 
common,  s.  N.  Y.  to  Fla.,  Mich.,  Mo.,  and  Tex.  FIG. 
793. 

12.  D.  Dilldnii  Darl.      Stem  pubescent ;    leaflets  oblong  or  oblong-ovate, 
commonly  bluntish,  pale  beneath,  softly  and  finely  pubescent,  mostly  thin,  5-7.5 
cm.  long.    (Meibomia  Ktze.)  —  Open  woodlands,  centr.  Me. 

to  Ont.,  Minn.,  and  southw.    FIG.  794. 

13.  D.    paniculatum    (L.)    DC.       Essentially    smooth 
throughout ;  stem  slender,  tall ;    leaflets  oblong-lanceolate, 

tapering    to     a    blunt 

point,     thin,    7.5-12.5 

cm.     long ;      racemes 

much  panicled.     (Mei- 
bomia Ktze.)  —  Copses, 

s.    w.    Me.    to    Ont., 

Minn.,     and     southw. 

FIG.  795. 

Var.   angustifblium  T.   &  G.     Leaflets 

narrower,  lance-linear.      (Meibomia  pani- 
culata,  var.  Chapmani  Britton.) — Va.,  Ky.,  and  southw. 

Var.  pubens  T.  &  G.     Stem  puberulent ;  leaves  sparingly  pubescent  beneath. 
(Meibomia paniculata,  var.  Vail.) — N.  J.  to  Kan.,  and  southw. 

14.  D.  strictum   (Pursh)   DC.      Stem  very  straight  and  slender,   simple, 
6-9  dm.   high,  the   upper  part  and  narrow  panicle   rough- 
glandular  ;  leaflets  linear,  blunt,  strongly  reticulated,  thickish, 

very  smooth,  *  2.5-5  cm.  long,  6  mm.  wide  ;  joints  of  the 
pod  1-3,  semi-obovate  or  very  gibbous,  only  4  mm.  long. 
(Meibomia  Ktze.) — Pine  woods,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  La. 
FIG.  796. 

*  *  *  Stipules  small  and  inconspicuous,  mostly  deciduous  ;  pods  of  few  roundish 

or  obliquely  oval  or  sometimes  roundish-rhomboidal  joints  3-5  mm.  long. 

•*-  Stems  erect;  bracts  before  flowering  conspicuous  ;  racemes  densely  flowered. 

15.  D.   canadense  (L.)  DC.     Stem  hairy,  5-15  dm.  high  ;    leaflets  oblony- 


794.   D.  Dillenii. 


795.  D.  paniculatum. 


796.  D.  strictum. 


522 


LEGUMLNOSAE    (PULSE   FAMILY) 


D.  canadense. 


lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse,  with  numer- 
ous  straightish  veins,  much  longer  than  the  petiole, 
3.7-7.5  cm.  long  ;  flowers  showy,  larger  than  in  any 
of  our  other  species,  8-12  mm.  long.  (Meibomia 
Ktze.) — Open  woods  and  banks  of  streams,  N.  B. 
to  N.  C.,  L.  Winnipeg,  Kan.,  and  Okla.  FIG.  797. 

16.  D.  sessilifolium  (Torr.)  T.  &G.  Stem  pubes- 
cent, 6-12  dm.  high;  leaves  nearly  sessile;  leaflets 
linear  or  linear-oblong,  blunt,  thickish,  reticulated, 
rough  above,  downy  beneath ;  branches  of  the 
panicle  long  ;  flowers  small.  (Meibomia  Ktze.)  — 

Sandy  soil,  s.  e.  Mass,  to  Pa.  ;  and  from  O.  and  Mich,  to  111.,  s.  to  Miss. 

and  Tex. 

•<-  -t-  Stems  ascending,  3-9  dm.  high  ;  bracts  small ;  racemes  or  panicles  elon- 
gated and  loosely  flowered  ;  flowers  small. 

17.  D.  rigidum  (Ell.)  DC.     Stem  branching,  somewhat  hoary,  like  the  lower 
surface  of  the  leaves,  with  a  close  roughish  pubescence  ;  leaflets  ovate-oblong, 
blunt,  thickish,  reticulated-veiny,  rather  rough  above,  the  lateral  ones  longer 
than  the  petiole.     (Meibomia  Ktze.)  — Dry  hillsides,  s.  N.   H. 

and  e.  Mass,  to  Fla.,  Mich.,  Neb.,  and  La.     FIG.  798. 

18.  D.  obtusum  (Muhl.)  DC.     Stem  slender,  hairy  or  rough- 
pubescent;  leaves  crowded,  on  very  short  hairy  petioles  ;  leaflets 
round-ovate  or  oval,  thickish,  more  or  less  hairy  on  the  margins 

and  underneath,  1.2-2.5  cm.  long.     (D.  ciliare  DC.  ;  Meibomia      

obtusa  Vail.) — Dry  hills  and  sandy  fields,  Mass,  to  Fla.,  w.  to    790   r>  ruridum 
Ont.,  Mich.,  Mo.,  and  Tex. 

19.  D.  marildndicum  (L.)  DC.     Nearly  smooth  throughout,  slender;  leaflets 
ovate  or  roundish,  very  obtuse,  thin,  the  lateral  ones  about  the  length  of  the 

slender  petiole;  otherwise  resembling  the  preceding.    (Meibomia 
Ktze.)  — Copses,  Mass,  to  Fla.,  w.  to  Minn.,  Mo.,  and  La. 

•*-  4-  -i-  Stems  reclining  or  prostrate  ;  racemes  loosely  flowered. 

20.    D.  lineatum  (Michx.)  DC.      Stem  minutely  pubescent, 
striate-angled ;    leaflets  orbicular,    smoothish,    1-2.5    cm.    long, 
much  longer  than  the  petiole  ;  pod  scarcely  stalked  in  the  calyx. 
(Meibomia  arenicola  Vail.)  — Dry  soil,  Md.  and  Va.  to  Fla.  and 
La. ;  also  (?)  Erie  Co.,  O.  (Moseley).     FIG.  799. 


799.  D.  lineatum. 


39.    LESPEDEZA   Michx.    BUSH  CLOVER 


Calyx  5-cleft ;  the  lobes  nearly  equal,  slender. 
1)  ;  anthers  all  alike.    Pods  of  a  single 
the  lower  joint  empty  and  stalk-like),  oval  or    roundish,   flat,  reticulated.— 


Stamens  diadelphous  (9  and 
Pods  of  a  single  1-seeded  joint  (sometimes  2-jointed,  with 


Herbs  with  pinnately  3-foliolate  leaves,  not  stipellate.  Flowers  often  polyga- 
mous, in  summer  and  autumn.  (Dedicated  to  Lespedez,  the  Spanish  governor  of 
Florida  in  the  time  of  Michaux.) 

a.   Stipules    subulate-setaceous;    bracts    minute;    calyx-lobes    attenuate; 

perennials  6. 

6.  Flowers  of  2  kinds;  the  larger  (violet-purple)  perfect  but  seldom 
fruitful,  racemose  or  panicled  ;  the  smaller  pistillate  and  fertile 
but  mostly  apetalous,  in  small  sessile  clusters  or  intermixed  with 
the  others  c. 

c.   Petaliferous  flowers  1-6,  on  elongate  filiform  peduncles,  which  are 
mostly  2-4  times  as  long  as  their  subtending  leaves. 

Stems  soft-downy  with  short  spreading  hairs 1.   L.  procumbens, 

Stems  glabrate  or  sparingly  appressed-pubescent. 

Stems  prostrate  or  trailing  ;  stipules  mostly  2-4.5  mm.  long       .      2.   L.  repens. 
Stems  upright ;  stipules  mostly  5-8  mm.  long       .        .        .  3.   L.  violacta. 

c.    Petaliferous  flowers  few-many ;  peduncles    stouter,   some  or  all  of 

them  shorter  than  the  leaves  d. 

d.   Many  of  the  peduncles  elongate  and  exceeding  their  subtending 
leaves. 


long  as  the  poo. 

Leaflets  densely  woolly  or  velvety  beneath 
Leaflets  glabrate  or  appressed-pubescent  be 

Leaflets  linear  to  linear-oblong;  petalife 


LEGUMINOSAE    (PULSE  FAMILY)  523 

Calyx  4-5  mm.  long,  much  shorter  than  the  pod. 

Leaflets  densely  velvety  beneath 4.    L.  Briltonii. 

Leaflets  appressed-pubescent  or  sparingly  villous  beneath        .      5.   L.  Nuttallii. 
Calyx  6-9  mm.  long,  about  equaling  the  pod          .        .        .  6.   L.  Manniana. 

d.  Few  if  any  of  the  peduncles  exceeding  the  leaves  e. 

e.  Calyx  of  the  petaliferous  flowers  3-5  mm.  long,  rarely  half  as 
long  as  the  pod. 

beneath         .        .        .        .     7.  L.  Stuvei. 
ascent  beneath. 
_  ;  petaliferous  inflorescences 

mostly  sessile  or  subsessile 8.   Z.  virginica 

Leaflets  oval  to    oblong ;    petaliferous  inflorescences  often 

short-peduncled 9.   Z.  frutescens. 

e.  Calyx  of  the  petaliferous  flowers  6-8  mm.  long,  two  thirds  as 

long  as  the  pod 10.  Z.  simulata. 

b»  Flowers  all  alike  and  perfect,  in  close  spikes  or  heads  ;  corolla  whitish 
or  cream-color,  with  a  purple   spot  on  the  standard,  about  the 
length  of  the  calyx  /. 
f.   Peduncles  mostly  shorter  than  the  dense  subglobose  heads  ;  flowers 

closely  appressed-ascending. 
Stem  pubescent  with  long  spreading  or  loosely  ascending  hairs, 

rarely  glabrate  ;  calyx  8-12  mm.  long 12.   Z.  capitata. 

Stem   short-pubescent  with  chiefly  appressed  hairs  or  glabrate ; 

calyx  5-7  mm.  long 18.   Z.  angustifolia. 

f.  Peduncles  elongate,  chiefly  equaling  the  cylindric  or  subcylindric 

spikes. 

Spikes  thick-cylindric,  1-1.5  cm.  thick. 

Stems  with  long  spreading  or  loosely  ascending  pubescence ; 
leaflets  oblong  to  orbicular;    flowers  spreading  or  loosely 

ascending 11.  Z.  Mrta. 

Stems  chiefly  appressed-pubescent  or  glabrate;  leaflets  linear  to 

linear-oblong ;  flowers  appressed-ascending   .        .        .        .18.    L.  angustifolia. 
Spikes  slender-cylindric,  5-8  mm.  thick    .        <,        .        .        .        .    14.   L.  leptostachya. 
a.   Stipules  and  bracts  broad  and  scarious  ;  calyx-lobes  broad  ;  annual          .    15.  Z.  striata. 

1.  L.  prociimbens  Michx.     Stem  trailing,  prostrate  or  nearly  so,  soft-downy 
with  short  spreading  hairs  ;  leaflets  downy,  oval  or  obovate-elliptical,  6-18  mm. 
long  ;  peduncles  very  slender,  few-flowered  ;  keel  equaling  the  wings  ;  pod  small, 
roundish. — Dry  sandy  soil,  chiefly  near  the  coast,  s.  N.  H.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  ; 
inland  in  Miss,  basin  to  Mo.,  111.,  and  Ind.     Fl.  late  Aug.,  Sept. 

2.  L.   rdpens  (L.)  Bart.     Like  the  preceding  but  more  slender  and  glabrous 
or  finely   appressed-pubescent;    stipules   subrigid,    mostly   2-4.5   mm.    long. — • 
Sandy  or  rocky  soil,  chiefly  near  the  coast,  Ct.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.,  inland  in 
Miss,  basin  to  Ky.,  Ind.,  and  Minn. ;  common  and  said  to  flower  earlier  than 
the  preceding. 

3.  L.  violacea  (L.)  Pers.     Stems  upright  or  spreading,  slender,  branched, 
2-7  dm.  high,  rather  sparsely  leafy  and  sparingly  pubescent ;  stipules  setaceous, 
mostly  5-8  mm.  long;  leaflets  thin,  broadly  oval  or  oblong,  finely  appressed- 
pubescent  beneath,  those  of  the  stem-leaves  mostly  2-5  cm.  long,  1.2-2.2  cm. 
broad;  peduncles  very  slender,  loosely  few-flowered,  mostly  longer  than  the 
leaves  ;  petals  6-8  mm.  long,  the  keel  often  the  longest ;  pod  ovate,  4-6  mm. 
long,  minutely  strigose. — Dry  copses,  s.  N.  H.  and  Vt.  to  Minn.,  e.  Kan.,  La., 
and  Fla.,  chiefly  at  low  altitudes.     July-Sept.      Var.  PRA^EA   Mackenzie  & 
Bush.     Principal  leaflets  1-2  cm.  long,  0.5-1  cm.  broad.     (L.  prairea  Britton.) 
- — Dry  prairies,  Mo.  and  Kan.,  southw. 

4.  L.  Brittbnii    Bicknell.     Densely  cinereous-velvety   or  -tomentose;    stems 
loosely  ascending  or  arching,  6-13  dm.  long  ;  leaves  mostly  short-petioled,  the 
thick  oblong  or  lance-elliptic  leaflets  velvety  beneath,  cinereous-pilose  or  glabrate 
above,  the  principal  ones  1.5-4  cm.  long;  inflorescences  numerous  along  the 
upper  half  of  the  stem  or  on  short  lateral  branches  ;  peduncles  various,  some 
shorter  than  the  leaves,  others  elongate  ;  calyx  4-5  mm.  long  ;  corolla  6-8  mm. 
long,  pink  and  purple,  the  standard  deeper  purple   at  base  ;  pod  tomentose, 
sharply  acute  or  acuminate.  —  Dry  soil,  near  the  coast,  e.  Mass,  to  Md. ;  local 
and  little  known. 

5.  L.  Nuttallii  Darl.     Stems  erect,  stoutish,  6-12  dm.  high,  villous;  leaves 
mostly  long(l-3  cm.)-petioled,  the   oval  leaflets  glabrous  or  glabrate   above, 
appressed-pubescent  or  sparingly  villous  beneath,  the  principal  ones  2.5-4  cm. 
long ;  peduncles  of  various  lengths;  calyx  4-6  mm.  long,  much,  shorter  than  the 


624  LEGUMtNOSAE    (PULSE   FAMILY) 

narrowly  oval  strigose  pod.  —  Dry  rocky  woods,  s.  N.  H.  to  Mich.,  s.  to  N.  C. 
and  Ky. 

6.  L.  Manniana  Mackenzie  &  Bush.     Erect  or  ascending,  3-7  dm.  high,  the 
rather  slender  stems  appressed-pubescent  or  slightly  pilose  ;  leaves  mostly  short 
(0.5-1.5  cm.)-petioled,    the    linear-oblong  to   narrowly  elliptic  thick    leaflets 
strigose-pubescent  beneath ;  peduncles  various,  many  of  them  elongate  ;   calyx 
6-9  mm.  long,  about  equaling  the  corolla  and  the  strigose  pod.  —  Barrens  and 
dry  open  woods,  Mich,  to  Kan.  and  Ark. 

7.  L.   Stuvei  Nutt.      Stem  upright-spreading,   3-12   dm.   high,   very  leafy, 
downy  with  spreading  pubescence,  simple  or  with  few  densely  flowered  wand- 
like  branches ;  leaves  crowded,  short-petioled  ;  the  elliptical  firm  leaflets  woolly 
or  velvety  beneath  and  sometimes  above,  mostly  1-2.5  cm.  long ;  peduncles  all 
short,  the  crowded  racemes  appearing  sessile  or  subsessile  ;  calyx  3-5  mm.  long, 
much  shorter  than  the  villous-canescent  pod.  —  Dry  soil,  e.  Mass,  and  s.  Vt.  to 
Mich.,  and  south w.     Var.  NEGLECTA  Britton.     Leaflets  linear  or  linear-oblong. 
—  N.  J.  to  Mo.,  and  southw. 

8.  L.  virginica  (L.)  Britton.     Stems  upright,  3-11  dm.  high,  wand-like  or 
with  few  erect  branches,  minutely  appressed-pubescent  or  glabrate  ;  leaves  very 
crowded  ;   the  principal  cauline   ones  with  slender  rather  long  petioles,  their 
thickish  linear  or  linear-oblong  leaflets  1.5-4  cm.  long,  3-7  mm.  broad,  finely 
appressed-pubescent;  flowers  on  very  crowded  short  peduncles  ;  keel  shorter  than 
the  standard  ;  calyx  3-5  mm.  long,  shorter  than  the  strigose  pod.     (L.  reticulata 
Pers.)  — Barrens  and  dry  open  woods,  s.  N.  H.  to  Fla.  ;  and  from  s.  Ont.  to 
Kan.,  La.,  and  Tex. 

9.  L.  frutSscens  (L.)  Britton.     Stems  erect,  slender,  1.5-7  dm.  high,  slightly 
appressed-pubescent  or  glabrate;  leaves  mostly  with  slender  long  (1.5-3  cm.) 
petioles  ;  the  oval  to  oblong  firm  leaflets  finely  appressed-pubescent  or  glabrate, 
those  of  the  cauline  leaves  1.5-4  cm.  long ;  peduncles  of  various  lengths,  mostly 
very  short,  a  few  sometimes  nearly  equaling  the  leaves ;  calyx  3-5  mm.  long, 
much  shorter  than  the  strigillose  pod.     (L.  Stuvei,  var.  intermedia  Wats.)  — 
Open  rocky  woods,  etc.,  s.  Me.  to  Minn.,  and  southw. 

L.  ACUTICARPA  Mackenzie  &  Bush,  described  from  Mo.  and  Ark.,  but  unknown 
to  us,  seems  from  its  description  to  resemble  no.  9,  but  to  have  more  elongate 
peduncles. 

10.  L.  simulata  Mackenzie  &  Bush.     Sterns  erect,  with  few  upright  branches, 
rather  stout,  3-9  dm.  high,  short-pubescent  or  glabrate  ;  leaves  short-petioled, 
the  linear-oblong  to  elliptic  firm  leaflets  appressed-pubescent,  often  silvery,  those 
of  the  cauline  leaves  1.5-4  cm.  long  ;  petaliferous  flowers  in  subcapitate  sessile 
or  short-peduncled  clusters;  calyx  6-8  mm.  long,  nearly  equaling  the  corolla 
and  the  strongly  pubescent  pod.  —  Dry  open  woods  and  plains,  Ct.  to  0.,  Mo., 
and  southw.  —  Resembling  no.  12. 

11.  L.  hirta  (L.)  Hornem.     Stem  with  mostly  spreading  pubescence  ;  petioles 
4-12  mm.  long ;  leaflets  from  orbicular  to  oblong-ovate,  hairy  ;   spikes  thick- 
cylindric,  on  elongated  peduncles ;  pod  (at  maturity)  oblong-ovate,  pubescent, 
nearly  6  mm.  long,  hardly  shorter  than  the  calyx.     (L.  polystachya  Michx.)  — 
Dry  hills  and  plains,  s.  Me.  to  Ont.,  Minn.,  and  southw.     Var.  OBLONGIFOLIA 
Britton.     Leaflets  narrowly  oblong.  —  Pine  barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla. 

12.  L.  capitata  Michx.     Stems  rigid,  tomentose  (rarely  glabrous  or  glabrate), 
0.6-1.2  m.  high;  petioles  very  short;  leaflets  oblong  to  narrowly  elliptical,  thick- 
ish, reticulated  and  smooth^  or  silky  above,  silky  beneath  ;   heads  of  flowers 
globular,  on  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  pod  oblong-ovate,  pubescent,  much 
shorter  than  the  calyx.  —  Dry  and  sandy  soil,  N.  E.  to  Fla.,  w.  to  Minn.,  Neb., 
and  La.     Passing  gradually  to 

Var.  velutina  (Bicknell)  Fernald.  Stems  and  both  faces  of  the  leaves  velvety 
with  short  dull  ashy  tomentum.  (L.  velutina  Bicknell ;  L.  Bicknellii  House.)  — 
N.  H.  to  N.  J. 

Var.  longifblia  (DC.)  T.  &  G.  Leaflets  narrower,  lance-oblong  to  linear, 
acute,  glabrous  above.  —  111.  and  Mo.  to  Ky.  and  La. 

13.  L.  angustif&lia  (Purah)  Ell.     Like  the  last,  but  mostly  appressed-silky ; 
leaflets  linear;  the  smaller  often  short-cylindric  heads  on  distinct  and  sometimes 


LEGUMINOSAE   (PULSE   FAMILY)  525 

slender  peduncles ;  the  pod  round-ovate,  acutish,  3-4  mm.  long,  hardly  shorter 
than  the  calyx.  —  Sandy  barrens,  e.  Mass,  to  Fla.  and  La. 

14.  L.    leptostachya   Engelm.     Clothed   with   appressed   silky  pubescence ; 
stems  often  branched,  slender;  leaflets  linear  to  narrowly  oblong ;  spikes  slen- 
der, somewhat  loosely  flowered,  on  peduncles  as  long  as  the  leaves  ;  pod  ovate, 
small  (3  mm.  long),  about  equaling  the  calyx,  densely  pubescent.  —  111.,  Wise., 
Minn.,  and  la. 

15.  L.   STRiATA    (Thunb.)    H.  &  A.      Diffusely  branched  decumbent  sub- 
pubescent  annual;  petioles  very  short;  leaflets  oblong-obovate,  1.2  cm.  long  or 
less  ;  peduncles  very  short,  1-5-flowered  ;  pod  small,  little  exceeding  the  calyx.  — 
Roadsides  and  open  soil,  D.  C.  to  Mo.,  and  southw.     (Nat.  from  e.  Asia.) 

40.    STYLOSANTHES   Sw. 

Calyx  early  deciduous  ;  tube  slender  and  stalk-like  ;  limb  unequally  4-5-cleft, 
the  lower  lobe  more  distinct.  Corolla  and  monadelphous  stamens  inserted  at 
the  summit  of  the  calyx-tube  ;  standard  orbicular  ;  keel  incurved.  Anthers  10, 
in  two  series.  Style  filiform,  its  upper  part  deciduous,  the  lower  incurved  or 
hooked,  persistent  on  the  1-2-jointed  short  reticulated  pod  ;  the  lower  joint  when 
present  empty  and  stalk-like.  —  Low  perennials,  branched  from  the  base,  with 
wiry  stems,  pinnately  3-foliolate  leaves,  and  small  yellow  flowers  in  terminal 
heads  or  short  spikes.  (Name  composed  of  <rrOXos,  a  column,  aud  &v6os,  a  flower, 
from  the  stalk-like  calyx-tube. ) 

1.  S.  bifldra  (L.)  B  SP.    Erect  or  spreading,  pubescent  and  tawny-setose  about 
the  few-flowered  heads;  leaflets  narrowly  lanceolate,  mostly  acute  at  both  ends; 
uppermost  floral  bracts  entire  ;  style  not  quite  apical  on  the  fruit.     (S.  elatior 
Sw.) — Pine  barrens  and  dry  soil,  near  the  coast,  L.  I.  and  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and 
Tex.  ;  north w.  in  Miss,  basin  to  Kan.,  Mo.,  111.,  and  Ind.    June-Aug. 

Var.  hispidissima  (Michx.)  Pollard  &  Ball.  Stems  covered  with  tawny 
setose  pubescence.  ( S.  elatior,  var.  T.  &  G. )  —  Va. ,  Okla.,  and  southw. 

2.  S.  riparia  Kearney.     More  slender  and  decumbent,  scarcely  setose  ;  stems 
tomentulose  in  lines  ;  leaflets  oval  or  elliptical,  obtuse,  mucronulate  ;  uppermost 
bracts  cleft ;  terminal  joint  of  the  loment  symmetrical.  —  Del.  to  Ala.     July, 
Aug. 

41.    Z6RNIA  Gmel. 

Calyx  bilabiate,  5-toothed,  the  tube  not  elongated.  Corolla  yellow.  Stamens 
monadelphous.  Ovary  sessile.  —  Prostrate  wiry-stemmed  perennials  with  long 
tough  root.  (Named  presumably  for  Johann  Zorn,  a  German  apothecary  of  the 
18th  century.) 

1.  Z.  bracteata  (Walt.)  Gmel.  Leaves  4-foliolate.  —  Sandy  fields,  s.  e.  Va. 
(Heller),  and  southw.  (Mex.) 

42.   viCIA   [Tourn.]   L.     VETCH.     TARE 

Calyx  5-cleft  or  5-toothed,  the  2  upper  teeth  often  shorter,  or  the  lowest 
longer.  Wings  of  the  corolla  adhering  to  the  middle  of  the  keel.  Stamens  more 
or  less  diadelphous  (9  and  1)  ;  the  orifice  of  the  tube  oblique.  Style  filiform, 
hairy  all  round  or  only  on  the  back  at  the  apex.  Pod  flat,  2-valved,  2-several- 
seeded.  Seeds  globular.  Cotyledons  very  thick,  remaining  under  ground  in 
germination.  —  Herbs,  mostly  climbing  more  or  less  by  the  tendril  at  the  end  of 
the  pinnate  leaves.  Stipules  half-sagittate.  Flowers  or  peduncles  axillary. 
(The  classical  Latin  name.) 

Peduncle  very  short  or  wanting ;  flowers  few,  1-3  cm.  long. 
Annuals  ;  calyx-teeth  nearly  equaling  the  tube. 

Flower  2-8  cm.  long 1.    V.  sattva. 

Flower  1-1.8  cm.  long 2.    V.  angustifolia* 

Perennial ;  calyx-teeth  much  shorter  than  the  tube 8.   V.  sepium. 


526  LEGUMINOSAE    (PULSE   FAMILY) 

Peduncle  well  developed. 
Flowers  1-6,  tiny  (2-4  mm.  long) ;  seeds  2-4 ;  annuals. 

Pods  glabrous,  4-seeded 4.    V.  tetrasperma. 

Pods  hairy,  2-seeded 5.    V.  hirsuta. 

Flowers  usually  more  numerous,  larger ;  perennials  except  no.  10. 
Smooth  or  merely  appressed-pubescent  perennials. 
Flowers  6-12  mm.  long. 

Flowers  '2-8 ;  seeds  4-6 6.    V.  ludoviciana. 

Flowers  more  numerous  ;  seeds  6-12. 

Flowers  1-1.2  cm.  long,  blue  and  purple 7.    V.  Cracca. 

Flowers  barely  1  cm.  long,  white,  the  keel  tipped  with  blue  .  8.    V.  caroliniana. 

Flowers  1.5-1.8  cm.  long 9.    V.  americana. 

Villous  annual  or  biennial 10.    V.  mlloaa. 

1.  V.  SATIVA  L.  (SPRING  V.)     Annual  (or  winter-annual),  pubescent,  becom- 
ing glabrate  ;  the  stem  simple  or  branched  at  base  ;  leaves  essentially  uniform  ; 
leaflets  4-8  pairs,  oblong  to  oblong-obovate,  truncate  to  emarginate  and  inucro- 
nate  at  apex,  1.5-3  cm.  long,  5-13  mm.  broad;  flowers  chiefly  in  twos  in  the 
upper  axils,  2-3  cm.  long,  showy,  purple  and  rose-color;  calyx  1-1.5  cm.  long; 
pod  pubescent  when  young,  torulose,  4-8  cm.  long,  7-8  mm.  wide.  — Cultivated 
for  forage  in  eastern  Canada  and  occasionally  elsewhere,  and  sometimes  persist- 
ing or  spreading  to  waste  ground.     July,  Aug.     (Introd.  from  Eurasia.) 

2.  V.  ANGUSTIF6LIA    (L.)  Reichard.     (COMMON   V.)     Similar,    glabrous  or 
glabrate;  leaflets  2-5  (rarely  6)  pairs,  those  of  the  lower  leaves  .oblong  and  trun- 
cate, of  the  upper  linear-  to  lance-attenuate,  mucronate,  1.5-3  cm.  long.  1-4  mm. 
broad;  flowers  smaller  (1-1.8  cm.  long}  ;  calyx  7-11  mm.  long;  pod  4-5.5  cm. 
long,  5-7  mm.  wide,  less  torulose.  —  Gravelly  waste  places,  chiefly  eastw.    May- 
Sept.     (Nat.  from  Eu.)    Var.  SKGETA.LIS  (Thuillier)  Koch.     Leaflets  of  the  upper 
leaves  truncate  or  emarginate  and  mucronate  at  apex,  oblong  to  oblong-obovate, 
2-8  mm.  broad.     (V.  sativa  Man.  ed.  6,  not  L.)  —  Roadsides,  waste  places,  etc., 
common.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

3.  V.   SEPIUM  L.    Perennial ;  leaflets  5-8  pairs,  elliptic-ovate  ;  flowers  3-4,  in 
subsessile  racemes;  pod  oblong,  obliquely  acuminate,  many-seeded. — Locally 
in  fields  and  waste  places,  Me.  to  Out.     June,  July.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

4.  V.    TETRASPERMA    (L.)    Moench.      Peduncles   l-2-flowered ;    leaflets  4-6 
pairs,  linear-oblong,  obtuse  ;  calyx-teeth  unequal ;  corolla  bluish  ;  pods  narrow, 
4-seeded,  smooth.  —  Waste  places,  e.  Que.  to  Ont.,  Fla.,  and  Miss.     May-Sept. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 

5.  V.  HiRstiTA  (L.)  S.  F.  Gray.     Peduncles  3-6-flowered ;  leaflets  6-8  pairs, 
truncate  ;  calyx-teeth  equal ;  corolla  whitish ;   pods  oblong,  2-seeded,  hairy.  — • 
Waste  places,  e.  Que.  to  Ont.  and  Ga.     May-Aug.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

6.  V.  ludoviciana  Nutt.     Peduncles  f-l|  times  as  long  as  the  leaves,  2-8- 
flowered;  leaflets  7-11,  elliptical  to  oblong  ;  flowers  6-8  mm.  long,  blue  or  pur- 
ple.—  Greene  Co.,  Mo.  (Blankinship} ,  and  southw.     Apr.,  May. 

7.  V.    Cracca    L.      Appressed-pubescent;    leaflets   8-24,    oblong-lanceolate, 
strongly  mucronate;   racemes  densely   many-flowered,    1 -sided ;    flowers  blue, 
turning  purple  (rarely  white),  1-1.2  cm.  long,  reflexed  ;  calyx-teeth  shorter  than 
the  tube.  —  Borders  of  thickets  or  in  fields,  Nfd.  to  N.  J.,  w.  to  Ky.,  la.,  and 
Minn.    June-Aug.     (Eu.) 

8.  V.   caroliniana   Walt.      Nearly  smooth ;    leaflets   8-24,   oblong,   obtuse, 
scarcely  mucronate;  peduncles  loosely  flowered ;  flowers  small,  more  scattered 
than  in  the  preceding,  whitish,  the  keel  tipped  with  blue  ;  calyx-teeth  very  short. 
—  River-banks,  Ont.  to  Ga.,  Minn.,  and  Kan.     Apr. -June. 

9.  V.  americana  Muhl.     Glabrous ;  leaflets  10-14,  elliptical  or  ovate-oblong, 
very  obtuse,  many-veined  ;  peduncles  4-8-flowered  ;  flowers  purplish  (1.5-1.8  cm. 
long).  — Moist  soil,  N.  Y.  to  Va. ,  Minn.,  Kan.,  and  westw.     May,  June.     Var. 
TRUNCATA  (Nutt.)  Brewer.     Leaflets  conspicuously  truncate. — Reported  from 
e.  Kan.     Var.  ANGUST^LIA  Nees.     Leaflets  linear.     (Var.  linearis  Wats.)  — 
Minn.,  westw.  and  southw. 

10.  V.  VILLOSA  Roth.     (HAIRY  or  WINTER  V.)     Resembling  V.  Cracca,  but 
annual  or  biennial ;   the  stems,  peduncles,  and  leaves  villous ;  the  violet  and 
white  flowers  larger.  —  Frequently  planted  for  fodder,  and  inclined  to  persist  or 
escape  into  dry  open  soil.     May-Sept.     (Introd.  from  Eurasia.) 


LEGUMINOSAE    (PULSE   FAMILY)  527 

43.   LATHYRUS  [Tourn.j  L.     VETCHLING.     EVERLASTING  PEA 

Style  dilated  and  flattish  (not  grooved)  above,  hairy  along  the  inner  side 
(next  the  free  stamen).  Sheath  of  the  filaments  scarcely  oblique  at  the  apex. 
Otherwise  nearly  as  in  Vicia. — Our  species  perennial  and  mostly  smooth  plants. 
(Adflvpos,  a  leguminous  plant  of  Theophrastus.) 

Stipules  broadly  ovate,  regularly  halberd-shaped 1.  Z.  maritimus. 

Stipules  semi-cordate,  serni-sagiltate,  or  with  unequal  sides. 
Flowers  purple  or  purplish  to  pink  or  white. 
Leaflets  4-12. 

Principal  leaves  with  4-8  leaflets  ;  flowers  2-8 2.  Z.  palustris. 

Principal  leaves  with  8-12  leaflets  ;  flowers  10-25  (rarely  as  few  as  6)     .    3.  L.  venosus. 
Leaflets  2. 

Steins  and  petioles  winged 5.  L.  latifolius. 

Stems  and  petioles  slender  and  wingless 6.   Z.  tuberosus. 

Flowers  yellow  or  yellowish. 

Leaflets  4-6 ;  flowers  yellowish-white 4.   Z.  ochroleucus. 

Leaflets  2 ;  flowers  bright  yellow .        .        .    7.  Z.  pratensis. 

1.  L.  marftimus  (L.)  Bigel.     (BEACH  PEA.)    Stout,  trailing  or  climbing,  0.3- 
1  m.  high ;  stipules  nearly  as  large  as  the  leaflets,  the  lower  lobe  larger  and 
usually  coarsely  toothed  ;  leaflets  mostly  6-10,  thick,  ovate-oblong,  2-6  cm.  long  ; 
peduncles  a  little  shorter  than  the  leaves,  6-10-flowered  ;  flowers  large  (1.8-2.5 
cm.  long),  purple.  — Seashores  from  N.  J.  and  Ore.  to  the  Arctic  Sea;  also  on 
Oneida  L.,  N.  Y.,  and  the  Great  Lakes.     June-Sept.     (Eurasia.) 

2.  L.  palustris  L.      Slender,  glabrous,  the  usually  winged  stems  0.5-1  m. 
high  ;  stipules  obliquely  lanceolate  to  ovate,  sharp-pointed  at  both  ends;  leaflets 
3-4  (rarely  5)  pairs,  mostly  3.5-7  cm.  long,  lanceolate  to  elliptic,  rather  firm  ; 
peduncles  3-5(rarely  S~)-flowered;  flowers  purple,  1.6-2.5  cm.  long.  —  Banks  of 
rivers  and  lakes,  Que.  to  Alaska,  s.  to  Me.,  Vt.,  w.  N.  Y.,  and  the   Great  L. 
region.     June-Aug.     (Eurasia.)     Var.  piL6sus  (Cham.)  Ledeb.    Lower  surface 
of  leaves,  peduncles,  calyces,  etc. ,  pubescent.     (L.  myrtifolius,  var.  macranthus 
T.  G.  White.)  — Nfd.  and  e.  Que.  to  e.  Me.     (E.  Asia.) 

Var.  linearifblius  Ser.  Stems  winged,  2-7  cm.  high  ;  leaflets  2-3  (rarely  4) 
pairs,  linear  to  lanceolate,  firm;  peduncles  2-5-flowered ;  flowers  1.4-1.7  cm. 
long.  —  Meadows  (often  brackish),  shores,  and  open  woods,  Nfd.  to  Alaska,  s.  to 
R.  I.,  w.  N.  Y.,  and  Minn. 

Var.  myrtifblius  (Muhl.)  Gray.  Stems  very  slender,  wingless,  0.3-1  m.  high ; 
stipules  sometimes  broader;  leaflets  2-3  pairs,  elliptical,  thinner,  mostly  2- 
4  cm.  long;  peduncles  3-9-flowered  ;  flowers  1-1.6  cm.  long.  (L.  myrtifolius 
Muhl.)  —  By  lakes  and  streams,  w.  Que.  to  Man.,  s.  to  N.  C.  and  Tenn. 

3.  L.  venbsus  Muhl.     Stout,  climbing,  usually  somewhat  downy  ;  stipules 
very  small  and  mostly  slender ;  leaflets  4-6  pairs,  oblong-ovate,  mostly  obtuse, 
about  5  cm.  long;  peduncles  many-flowered;  flowers  1.2-1.6  cm.  long.  —  Shady 
banks,  N.  J.  and  Pa.  to  the  Sask.,  and  south  w.     May-July. 

4.  L.  ochroleucus  Hook.     Stem  slender,  3-9  dm.  high ;  stipules  semicordate, 
half  as  large  as  the  thin  ovate  leaflets;  peduncles  7-10-flowered  ;  flowers  1.5-1.8 
cm',  long,  yellowish-white.  —  Hillsides,  w.  Que.  to  Sask.,  s.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  Great 
L.  region,  la.,  S.  Dak.,  and  Wyo.     May-July. 

5.  L.  LATIF6LJUS  L.     (EVERLASTING   or  PERENNIAL   PEA.)     Tall  perennial 
with  broadly  winged  stems ;  leaves  and  stipules  coriaceous  and  veiny ;  petioles 
mostly  winged;  the  2  elliptic  to  lanceolate  leaflets  0.5-1  dm.  long;  peduncles 
stiff,    many-flowered;    flowers    showy,    pink,   purple,   or  white. — Frequently 
cultivated,   and  escaping  to  roadsides  and  thickets,   Ct.  to  I).  C.      (Introd. 
from  Eu.) 

6.  L.  TUBER6sus  L.     Slender  perennial ;  the  rootstocks  bearing  numerous 
tubers  ;  stems  glabrous  ;  leaves  and  stipules  thin;  petioles  and  tendrils  filiform ; 
the  2  oblong  leaflets  2-3.5  cm.  long  ;  peduncles  filiform,  3-6-flowered  ;  the  fra- 
grant violet  flowers  about  1.5  cm.  long.  —  Fields  and  meadows,  locally  established 
in  Vt.  and  Ont.    June-Aug.     (Introd.  from  Eurasia.) 

7.  L.  PRATENSIS  L.    Low  and  straggling  ;  the  2  bright  green  leaflets  narrowly 


528  LEGUMINOSAE   (PULSE  FAMILY) 

lanceolate  to  linear,  acute;   peduncles  4-9-flowered ;   the  yellow  flowers  1.5-2 

cm.  long. Fields  and  waste  places,  local,  N.  B.  to  N.  Y.  and  Out.     June- Aug. 

(Nat.  from  Eu.) 

44.   APIOS  [Boerh.]   Ludwig.     GROUNDNUT.     WILD  BEAN 

Calyx  somewhat  2-lipped,  the  2  lateral  teeth  being  nearly  obsolete,  the  upper 
very  short,  the  lower  one  longest.  Standard  very  broad,  rerlexed  ;  the  long 
scythe-shaped  keel  strongly  incurved,  at  length  coiled.  Stamens  diadelphous. 
Pod  straight  or  slightly  curved,  linear,  elongated,  thickish,  many-seeded.— 
Perennials,  twining  and  climbing  over  bushes;  the  rootstocks  with  tuberous 
enlargements.  Leaflets  3-9,  ovate-lanceolate,  obscurely  stipellate.  Flowers 
in  dense  and  short  often  branching  racemes.  (Name  from  #7rioj>,  a  pair,  from 
the  shape  of  the  tubers.) 

1.  A.  tuberbsa  Moench.     Eootstocks  moniliform,  the  tuberous  enlargements 
numerous  ;  flowers  brown-purple,  violet-scented;  standard  unappendaged  at  the 
summit.     (A.  Apios  MacM.) — Thickets,  N.  B.  to  Fla.,  Minn.,  Kan.,  and  La. 
July-Sept. 

2.  A.  Priceana  Robinson.       Tuber  solitary,  very  large;  flowers  pale  rose- 
color;    standard  bearing   a  fleshy  knob  at  the  apex.  —  Woods   and  thickets, 
Warren  Co.,  Ky.  (Miss  S.  F.  Price}.    July-Sept. 

45.    PHASEOLUS    [Tourn.]    L.     KIDNEY  BEAN 

Calyx  5-toothed  or  5-cleft,  the  two  upper  teeth  often  shallower.  Stamens 
diadelphous.  Stigma  oblique  or  lateral.  Pod  scythe-shaped,  several-many- 
seeded,  tipped  with  the  hardened  base  of  the  style.  Cotyledons  thick  and 
fleshy,  rising  out  of  the  ground  nearly  unchanged  in  germination. — Twining 
herbs,  with  pinnately  3-foliolate  stipellate  leaves.  Flowers  racemose,  produced 
in  sum  trier  and  autumn.  (The  ancient  name  of  the  Kidney  Bean.) 

1.  P.  polystachyus  (L.)  BSP.  (WILD  BEAN.)  Perennial;  leaflets  round- 
ish-ovate, short-pointed  ;  flowers  purple,  handsome,  but  small  ;  pods  drooping, 
4_5_seeded.  (P.perennis  Walt.) — Copses,  chiefly  near  the  coast,  Ct.  to  Fla. 
and  La.;  north w.  in  Miss,  basin  to  Mo.,  111.,  and  Ind.;  reported  northw.  to 
Minn,  and  Neb.  July-Sept. 

46.    viGNA  Savi 

Habit  and  floral  characters  nearly  as  in  Phaseolus,  but  the  keel  merely  arcu- 
ate not  spirally  coiled  at  the  tip. — Twining  herbs,  with  pinnately  3-foliolate 
leaves.  (Dedicated  to  Dominico  Vigna,  Italian  scientist  of  the  17th  century.) 

1.  V.  siNENSis  (L.)  Endl.  (Cow  PEA.)  Annual ;  leaflets  broadly  ovate, 
often  very  oblique  or  sometimes  slightly  contracted  above  an  obtusely  hastate 
base  ;  flowers  few,  loosely  subcapitate  at  the  end  of  the  long  stiffish  peduncle ; 
pods  1-2  dm.  long.  (V.  Catjang  Walp.)  —  Cultivated,  and  tending  to  escape, 
Mo.  (Bush),  s.  to  the  Gulf.  (Introd.  from  Asia.) 

47.  STROPHOSTYLES  Ell. 

Keel  of  the  corolla  with  the  included  stamens  and  style  elongated,  strongly 
incurved,  not  spirally  coiled.  Pod  linear,  terete  or  flattish,  straight  or  nearly 
so.  Seeds  quadrate  or  oblong  with  truncate  ends,  mealy-pubescent  or  glabrate  ; 
hilum  linear.  Otherwise  as  Phaseolus.  —  Stems  prostrate  or  climbing,  more  or 
less  retrorsely  hairy.  Stipules  and  bracts  striate.  (Name  from  <n-/>o0^,  a  turn- 
ing, and  o-rOXos,  a  style.} 

1.  S.  h61vola  (L.)  Britton.  Annual;  stems  branched,  0.3-2  m.  long;  leaf- 
lets ovate  to  oblong-ovate  (rarely  linear-oblong),  with  a  more  or  less  prominent 
rounded  lobe  toward  the  base  (the  terminal  2-lobed),  or  some  or  all  often  entire, 


LEGUMINOSAE   (PULSE  FAMILY)  529 

1.2-4  cm.  long  ;  corolla  greenish-white  and  purplish ;  pod  terete,  5-7.5  cm.  wide, 
4-8-seeded,  nearly  glabrous ;  seeds  oblong,  about  6  mm.  long,  usually  very  pu- 
bescent. (8.  angulosa  Ell.)  —  Sandy  shores  and  river-banks,  coast  of  Mass,  and 
south w.;  along  the  Great  Lakes  to  Minn.,  and  s.  to  Kan.  and  Tex.  June-Sept. 
Var.  missouriSnsis  (Wats.)  Britton.  Climbing  high  (3-10  m.)  ;  leaflets  often 
8  cm.  long,  rhombic-ovate,  rarely  at  all  lobed  ;  seeds  6-8  mm.  long.  —  River  bot- 
toms, D.  C.,  111.,  Mo.,  and  Kan.  Flowering  somewhat  later. 

2.  S.  umbellata  (Muhl.)  Britton.     Steins  more  slender,  6-12  dm.  long,  from 
&  perennial  rootstock;   leaflets  ovate  to  oblong-linear,  rarely  at  all  lobed,  2.5 
cm.  long  or  less  ;  pod  3.5-5  cm.  long,  scarcely  4  mm.  wide;  seeds  much  smaller, 
short-oblong  to  quadrate.     (S.  peduncularis  Ell.) — Damp  sandy  ground,  L.  I. 
to  Fla.  and  Tex.;  north  w.  in  Miss,  basin  to  s.  Ind.     Sept.,  Oct. 

3.  S.  pauciflbra  (Benth.)  Wats.    Annual,  slender,  low-climbing,  pubescent ; 
leaflets  oblong-lanceolate  or  ovate-oblong  to  linear,  not  lobed,  2.5  cm.  long;  pod 
pubescent,  2-3  cm.  long,  flattish  ;  seeds  as  in  the  last,  very  finely  mealy,  'soon 
glabrate. —  River-banks,  Ind.  to  Minn.,  Kan.,  Tex.,  and  Miss.     July,  Aug. 

48.  CLIT6RIA  L.     BUTTERFLY  PEA 

Standard  much  larger  than  the  rest  of  the  flower,  erect,  rounded,  notched  at 
the  top,  not  spurred  on  the  back  ;  keel  small,  shorter  than  the  wings,  incurved, 
acute.  Stamens  monadelphous  below.  Pod  linear-oblong,  flattish,  knotty,  sev- 
eral-seeded, pointed  with  the  base  of  the  style.  —  Erect  or  twining  perennials, 
with  mostly  pinnate  3-foliolate  stipellate  leaves,  and  very  large  flowers.  Pedun- 
cles 1-3-flowered  ;  bractlets  opposite,  striate.  (Derivation  recondite.) 

1.  C.  mariana  L.  Low,  ascending  or  twining,  smooth  ;  leaflets  oblong-ovate 
or  ovate-lanceolate  ;  stipules  and  bracts  awl-shaped  ;  peduncles  short  ;  the  showy 
pale  blue  flowers  5  cm.  long.  — Dry  banks,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.,  northw.  in 
Miss,  basin  to  111.  and  Mo.  June- Aug. 

49.  CENTROSEMA   (DC.)   Benth. 

Corolla,  etc. ,  much  as  in  Clitoria,  but  the  spreading  standard  with  a  spur- 
shaped  projection  on  the  back  near  the  base  ;  keel  broad.  Pod  long  and  linear, 
flat,  pointed  with  the  awl-shaped  style,  many-seeded,  thickened  at  the  edges, 
the  valves  marked  with  a  raised  line  on  each  side  next  the  margin. —  Twining 
perennials,  with  3-foliolate  stipellate  leaves,  and  large  showy  flowers.  (Name 
from  K^vrpov,  a  spur,  and  cr^ua,  a  standard.}  BRADBURYA  Raf. 

1.  C.  virginianum  (L.)  Benth.  Rather  rough  with  minute  hairs;  leaflets 
varying  from  oblong-ovate  to  lanceolate  and  linear,  very  veiny,  shining  ;  pedun- 
cles 1-4-flowered;  calyx-teeth  linear-awl-shaped;  corolla  violet,  2.5  cm.  long; 
pods  straight,  1-1.2  dm.  long.  —  Sandy  woods,  "  N.  J."  and  Md.  to  Fla.,  Ark., 
and  Tex.  July,  Aug. 

50.    D6LICHOS  L. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  with  deltoid  teeth,  the  upper  pair  united  nearly  or  quite 
to  the  apex.  Standard  orbicular,  with  incurved  auricles  at  base.  Flowers  fas- 
ciculate-racemose. Pods  linear  and  falcate,  or  oblong-lunate,  compressed  ;  seeds 
several.  (The  Greek  do\ixfa,  long,  a  word  also  employed  by  Theophrastus  as 
the  name  of  some  kind  of  pulse.) 

1.  D.  LABLAB  L.  (HYACINTH  BEAN.)  Stoutish  twining  annual,  3-6  m.  in 
length  ;  leaflets  large,  deltoid-ovate  ;  flowers  purple  ;  pods  2  cm.  broad.  — Often 
cultivated  for  ornament  and  in  tropical  countries  for  its  seeds  ;  tending  to  escape, 
D.  C.  to  O.  (Introd.  from  India.) 

51.   AMPHICARPA  Ell.     HOG  PEANUT 

Flowers  of  2  (or  3)  kinds ;  those  of  the  racemes  from  the  upper  branches 
perfect ;  those  near  the  base  and  on  filiform  creeping  branches  with  the  corolla 

GRAY'S  MANUAL  —  34 


530  LEGUMINOSAE   (PULSE  FAMILY) 

none  or  rudimentary,  and  few  free  stamens,  but  fruitful ;  reduced  flowers  of 
slightly  different  form  sometimes  also  on  aerial  racemes.  Calyx  about  equally 
4 (rarely  5) -toothed.  Stamens  diadelphous.  Pods  of  the  upper  flowers,  when 
formed,  somewhat  scimiter-shaped,  stipitate,  3-4-seeded ;  of  the  lower  ones 
commonly  subterranean  and  fleshy,  obovate  or  pear-shaped,  ripening  usually 
but  one  large  seed.  —  Low  and  slender  perennials  ;  the  twining  stems  clothed 
with  brownish  hairs.  Leaves  pinnately  3-foliolate  ;  leaflets  rhombic-ovate,  sti- 
pellate.  Petals  purplish.  Bracts  persistent,  round,  partly  clasping,  striate,  as 
well  as  the  stipules.  (Name  from  a^L,  both,  and  Kapirbs,  fruit,  in  allusion  to  the 
two  kinds  of  pods.)  FALCATA  Gmel. 

1.  A.  monoica  (L.)  Ell.     Leaflets  thin,  1.3-5  cm.  long;  racemes  nodding; 
calyx  of  the  upper  flowers  4  mm.  long ;  the  ovary  glabrous  except  the  mostly 
appressed  hairy  margin  ;  pod  2.5  cm.  long ;  ovary  and  pod  of  the  rudimentary 
flowers  hairy.     (Falcata  comosa  Am.  auth.;  Glycine  comosa  L.  ?)  — Rich  damp 
woodlands,  common.     Aug.,  Sept. 

2.  A.  Pitchdri  T.  &  G.    Leaflets  usually  5-10  cm.  long ;  rhachis  of  the  ra- 
cemes usually  villous ;  calyx  6  mm.  long,  the  teeth  acuminate  ;  pod  sometimes 
hairy  on  the  valves,  the  margins  retrorse-hispid.     (Falcata  Ktze.)  — Rich  woods 
and  thickets,  near  the  coast,  Mass,  to  D.  C.;  and  from  w.  N.  Y.  to  S.  Dak.,  s.  to 
La.  and  Tex.     July-Sept. 

52.    GALACTIA  P.  Br.     MILK  PEA 

Keel  scarcely  incurved.  Stamens  diadelphous  or  nearly  so.  Pods  linear,  flat, 
several-seeded  (a  few  of  them  rarely  subterranean  and  fleshy  or  deformed).  — 
Low  mostly  prostrate  or  twining  perennial  herbs.  Leaflets  usually  3,  stipellate. 
Flowers  in  somewhat  interrupted  or  knotty  racemes,  purplish  ;  in  summer. 
(Name  from  yd\a,  milk;  some  species  being  said  to  yield  a  milky  juice,  which 
is  unlikely. ) 

1.  G.  regularis  (L.)  B  S  P.    Stems  nearly  smooth,  prostrate ;  leaflets  elliptical 
or  ovate-oblong,  sometimes  slightly  hairy  beneath  ;  racemes  short,  4-8-flowered  ; 
pods  somewhat  hairy.     (G.  glabella  Michx.) — Sandy  woods,  near  the  coast, 
s.  N.  Y.  to  Fla.  and  Miss. ;  locally  northw.  in  Miss,  basin  to  Kan.     July,  Aug. 

2.  G.  volubilis  (L.)  Britton.      /Stems  decumbent   and   somewhat  twining, 
hoary-pubescent;  leaves  glabrous  above,  soft-downy  and  hoary  beneath;  leaflets 
oval;  racemes  many-flowered;  pods  very 'downy.     (G-.  pilosa  Ell.) — Dry  soil, 
near  the  coast,  L.  I.  to  Fla.   and  Tex.     Var.  MISSISSIPPIENSIS  Vail.     Leaves 
pubescent  above.  —  Miss,  basin,  from  Mo.  southw. 

53.    RHYNCH6SIA  Lour. 

Stamens  diadelphous.  Ovules  only  2.  Pod  1-2-seeded,  flat,  2-valved. — 
Perennial  herbs,  with  leaves  pinnately  3-foliolate,  or  with  a  single  leaflet,  not 
stipellate.  Flowers  yellow,  racemose  or  clustered.  (Name  from  pi?7xos,  a  beak, 
from  the  shape  of  the  keel.) 

*  Stem  elongated,  trailing  or  twining  ;  leaflets  3. 

1.  R.  tomentosa  (L.)  H.  &  A.     Trailing  and  tivining ;  the  stem  and  leaves 
more  or  less  pubescent  with  spreading  hairs  ;  leaflets  3,  roundish  or  round-rhom- 
bic, acute  or  acutish  ;  racemes  short,  few-flowered,  almost  sessile;  calyx  8-10 
mm.  long,  about  equaling  the  corolla,  4-parted,  the  upper  lobe  2-cleft ;    pod 
oblong.  — Dry  soil,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

2.  R.  latif&lia  Nutt.     Soft-pubescent ;  leaflets  large,  ovate,  rounded  at  the 
base ;  racemes  long,  many-flowered,  equaling  or  usually  exceeding  the  leaves  ; 
calyx-lobes  lance-linear,  1.1-1.3  cm.  long,  equaling  the  corolla. — Mo.  (Bush) 
to  La.  and  Tex. 

*  *  Erect ;  stem  shorter. 

3.  R.  er6cta  (Walt.)  DC.     Stem  (3-6  dm.  high)  and  leaves  more  or  less  to- 
mentose ;   leaflets  3,   oval  to   oblong,   obtuse  or  acutish ;   racemes  short  and 
shortly  pedunculate.  —  Dry  soil,  Del.  to  Fla.  and  Miss. 


LINACEAE  (FLAX  FAMILY)  531 

4.  R.  simplicifblia  (Walt.)  Wood.  Dwarf  (1-2  dm.  high)  ;  pubescence 
spreading  ;  leaflets  solitary  (rarely  3),  round- renif arm,  very  obtuse  or  apiculate  ; 
racemes  few-flowered,  sessile  in  the  axils.  (R.  reniformis  DC.)  —  Va.  to  Fla. 
and  Miss. 

LINACEAE    (FLAX  FAMILY) 

Herbs  (rarely  shrubs')  with  the  regular  and  symmetrical  hypogynous  flowers 
4-Q-mcrous  throughout,  strongly  imbricated  calyx  and  convolute  petals,  5  sta- 
mens monadelphous  at  base,  and  an  8-lQ-seeded  pod  having  twice  as  many  cells 
as  there  are  styles. 

1.  Linum.     Flowers  5-merous. 

2.  Millegrana.    Flowers  4-merous. 

1.    LiNUM    [Tourn.]   L.     FLAX 

Sepals  (persistent),  petals,  stamens,  and  styles  5,  regularly  alternate  with 
each  other.  Pod  of  5  united  carpels  (into  which  it  splits  in  dehiscence), 
5-celled,  with  2  seeds  hanging  from  the  summit  of  each  cell,  which  is  partly  or 
completely  divided  into  two  by  a  false  partition  projecting  from  the  back  of  the 
carpel,  the  pod  thus  becoming  10-celled.  Seeds  anatropous,  mucilaginous,  flat- 
tened, containing  a  large  embryo  with  plano-convex  cotyledons.  — Herbs,  with 
tough  fibrous  cortex,  simple  and  sessile  entire  leaves,  without  stipules,  but  often 
with  glands  in  their  place,  and  with  corymbose  or  panicled  flowers.  Corolla 
usually  ephemeral.  (The  classical  name  of  the  Flax.) 

Petals  blue,  large   (1  cm.  or  more  in  length);    capsule  10-12  mm.  In 

diameter. 

Annuals ;  stigmas  elongated. 
False  septa  of  the  capsule  not  ciliate        .        .        .        .        .        .  1.  L.  usitatisnimum. 

False  septa  of  the  capsule  ciliate 2.   L.  humile. 

Perennial ;  stigmas  scarcely  longer  than  broad 8.    L.  Lewisii. 

Petals  yellow  or  white  ;  capsule  3-6  mm.  in  diameter. 

Petals  more  than  1  cm.  long;  western 4.  L.rigldum. 

Petals  4-S  mm.  long. 

False  septa  very  incomplete,  conspicuously  ciliate. 
Petals  white ;  leaves  chiefly  opposite ;  fruiting  pedicels  4-10  mm. 

long 5.  L.  catharticum. 

Petals  yellow  ;  leaves  chiefly  alternate  ;  pedicels  1-3  mm.  long  .  6.  L.  sulcatum. 

False  septa  nearly  complete,  not  ciliate. 

Stern-leaves  chiefly  opposite ;  branches  striate-angulate      .        .  7.   L.  striatum. 

Stem -leaves  chiefly  alternate  ;  branches  subterete. 
Capsule  depressed-globose. 
Leaves  oblong  or  lance-oblong,  deep  green ;  flowering  branches 

filiform,  flexuous,  ascending-spreading 8.   Z.  virginianum. 

Leaves    narrowly  lanceolate,    dull    or    pale    green ;    flowering 

branches  slightly  rigid  and  fastigiate 9.   Z.  medium. 

Capsule  globose-ovoid 10.   L.floridanum. 

1.  L.  usiTATfssiMUM  L.     (COMMON  F.)     Erect  annual;  stem  3-5  dm.  high, 
corymbosely   branched  at  top;  sepals  acute,  ciliate;  fruit  nearly  indehiscent, 
its  septa  not  ciliate. — Occasionally  spontaneous  in  fields  and  on  roadsides. 
(Introd.  from  Eu.) 

2.  L.  HtiMiLE    Mill.     Similar  but  of  lower  growth  ;   capsule  dehiscent,  its 
septa  ciliate.  —  Similar  situations.     (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

3.  L.  Lewisii   Pursh.     Perennial,   glabrous   and   glaucous,    3-9   dm.   high  ; 
leaves  linear,  acute  ;  flowers  rather  few  on  long  peduncles  ;   sepals  obtuse  or 
acutish,  not  glandular-serrulate ;  styles  distinct ;  pod  ovoid.  —  Plains,  Wise, 
to  Tex.  and  Alaska. 

4.  L.  rigidum   Pursh.     Glaucous,  sometimes  slightly  puberulent,  often  low 
and  cespitose,  the  rigid  branches  angled;  leaves  narrow,  erect,  usually  with 
stipular  glands;  flowers  large;  sepals  lanceolate,  glandular-serrulate;    styles 
united ;   capsule  ovoid,   5-valved.  —  Dry   soil,  Sask.    and   Minn,  to  Kan.,  and 
south  west  w.     (Mex.) 


632  OXALIDACEAE    (WOOD    SORKEL   FAMILY) 

5.  L.  CATHARTICUM  L.    Delicate  annual,  1-2  dm.  high,  corymbosely  bran ched  ; 
leaves  small  (3-8)  mm.  long),  elliptiooblanceolate,  obtuse. — Old  fields,  etc., 
N.  S.  and  Ont.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

6.  L.  sulcatum   Riddell.      Annual;    branchlets  grooved;    leaves    linear  or 
subulate,  commonly  with  dark  glands  in  the  place  of  stipules ;  sepals  ovate- 
lanceolate,   conspicuously  pointed,    glandular-ciliate.  —  Dry   or  sandy  soil,    e. 
Mass,  and  Vt.  to  Man.,  and  southwestw. 

7.  L.  striatum  Walt.     Erect  from  a  slightly  decumbent  base  ;  flowers  small, 
somewhat  crowded  on  the  stiffish  spreading-ascending  angulate  branches.  —  Wet 
woods,  sandy  shores,  etc.,  Mass,  to  Ga.,  Mo.,  and  Tex.  — The  fruiting  plant  has 
much  the  habit  of  LecTiea. 

8.  L.  virginianum   L.     Tall,  3-5  dm.  high;   stem  and   branches  subterete~ 
leaves  thin,  deep  green,  elliptic-lanceolate  or  narrowly  oblong,  the  lower  spatu- 
late  and  often  opposite,  chiefly  spreading-ascending ;  flowers  scattered  on  a  few 
often  subsimple  branches ;  sepals  ovate,  short-pointed,  nearly  or  quite  entire ; 
capsule  depressed-globose.  —  Dry  woods  and  barrens,  s.  Me.  to  Ga.,  Ky.,  and  s. 
Ont. 

9.  L.  medium  (Planch.)  Britton.     Leaves  of  firm  texture,  acute,  erect  or 
ascending ;  pedicels  short  (1-7  mm.  long);  the  inner  sepals  commonly  erose  or 
somewhat  glandular-ciliolate ;  capsule  depressed-globose. — Dry  or  sandy  soil^ 
Vt.  to  Ont.  and  Mich.,  southw.  and  southwestw. 

10.  L.  floridanum   (Planch.)   Trel.      Similar  to  the  preceding,  perennial ' 
leaves  firm,  erect,  pale,  narrowly  lanceolate  to  oblong,  acute  ;   branches  few, 
slender,    arched-ascending;   sepals  glandular-ciliate  on  the   covered  margins; 
capsule  ovoid,  pointed. — Bogs  and  sterile  soil,  e.  Mass,  to  Fla. 

2.    MILLEGRANA    Adans.     ALL-SEED 

Sepals  (toothed),  petals,  stamens,  and  styles  4.  Pod  of  4  almost  2-celled 
carpels,  each  carpel  4-seeded.  Seeds  without  albumen.  —  A  minute  annual 
with  filiform  simple  stems  or  forking  branches,  opposite  leaves,  and  tiny  coryrn- 
biform  cymes.  Corolla  fugacious.  (Name  from  mille,  thousand,  and  granum, 
seed.)  RADIOLA  Roth. 

1.  M.  RADIOLA  (L.)  Druce.  The  only  species.  (Radiola  Linoides  Roth.) 
—  Ditches,  Louisburg,  Cape  Breton  (Macoun).  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 


OXALIDACEAE    (Wooo  SORREL  FAMILY) 

Plants  with  regular  5-merous  W-15-androus  flowers.  Ovary  superior, 
5-celled,  the  carpels  2-co  -ovuled,  usually  distinct  above,  loculicidal.  —  Ours 
low  herbs  with  sour  watery  juice  and  delicate  impunctate  palmate  alternate  or 
radical  leaves  with  3  obcordate  leaflets. 


1.   6XALIS   L.     WOOD  SORREL 

Sepals  5,  persistent.  Petals  5,  sometimes  united  at  base,  withering  after 
expansion.  Stamens  10,  usually  monadelphous  at  base,  alternately  shorter. 
Styles  5,  distinct.  Pod  prismatic,  cylindric,  or  awl-shaped,  inembranaceous ; 
valves  persistent,  being  fixed  to  the  axis  by  the  partitions.  Seeds  pendulous 
from  the  axis,  anatropous,  their  outer  coat  loose  and  separating.  Embryo  large 
and  straight  in  fleshy  albumen  ;  cotyledons  flat.  —  Several  species  produce  small 
peculiar  flowers,  precociously  fertilized  in  the  bud  and  particularly  fruitful ;  and 
the  ordinary  flowers  are  often  dimorphous  or  even  trimorphous  in  the  relative 
length  of  the  stamens  and  styles.  (Name  from  d&s,  sour.) 

N.  B.  —  In  this  genus  the  figures  are  on  the  scale  of  f . 


OXALIDACEAE   (WOOD   SORREL  FAMILY) 


583 


Stemless  ;  petals  white  or  purple. 

Rootstock  creeping ;  scapes  1 -flowered 1.   O.  Acetosella. 

liulbose  ;  scapes  umbellately  several-flowered '2.    O.  violacea. 

Caulescent;  petals  yellow. 
Flowers  large  ;  petals  1.4-2  cm.  long  ;  Pa.  and  southward. 

Petals  hairy  on  the  margin  ;  leaflets  8-15  mm.  broad 3.    O.  Priceae. 

Petals  essentially  glabrous ;  leaflets  2-4  cm.  broad 4.    O.  grandis. 

Flowers  smaller ;  petals  8-12  mm.  long. 
Stems  erect  or  decumbent  but  not  extensively  creeping. 
Peduncles  mostly  2-flowered ;  pedicels  appressed-pubescent  or  strigillose, 
deflexed  in  fruit. 

Stem  covered  with  closely  appressed  short  hairs 5.    0.  stricta. 

Stem  covered  with  loose  spreading  woolly  pubescence    .        .        .        .    6.    0.  filipes. 
Peduncles  mostly  several-flowered ;  pedicels  ascending  or  widely  dive.  • 

gent,  their  pubescence  sparse,  spreading 1.0.  corniculata. 

Stems  prostrate,  elongated,  rooting  at  the  nodes 8.    O.  repens. 


1.  0.    Acetos611a    L.      (COMMON  W.)      Creeping;    leaves  radical;    scapes 
l-flowered,  5-15  cm.  high  ;  petals  white,  with  rose-colored  or  purple  veins.  — 
Deep  woods,  N.  S.  and  e.  Que.  to  Sask.,  s.  to  N.  E.,  N.  Y.,  and  in  the  mts.  to 
N.  C.     (Eu.)     Var.  SUBPURPURASCENS  DC.,  with  petals  rose-colored  or  purple, 
has  been  found  at  Chesterville,  Me.  (Miss  Eaton} ,  and  at  Manchester,  Vt. 
(Grout).     (Eu.) 

2.  0.  violacea  L.     (VIOLET  W.)     Nearly  glabrous;    base  bulbous,   scaly; 
leaves  radical;   scapes  umbellately  several-flowered,  1.2-2.5  dm.  high,  exceeding 
the  leaves ;  petals  violet.  —  Rocky  places  and  open  woods,  e.  Mass  to  Minn, 
and  southw. 

3.  0.  Priceae  Small.     Caulescent;   stems  erect,  soft-villous,   from  a  long 
slender  dark-colored  rootstock ;  leaflets  8-12  mm.  broad  ;  pedicels  in  2's  or  3's 
at  the  ends  of  long  slender  peduncles,  deflexed  in  fruit ;  petals  yellow,  ciliate.  — 
Bowling  Green,  Ky.  (Miss  Price) ;  and  Ala. 

4.  0.     grandis     Small.       Tall 
(3-4.6   dm.    high),   smoothish    or 
covered  with,  soft    spreading    pu- 
bescence  ;     leaflets    large    (often 
3.5-4.1     cm.     broad),     frequently 
brownish-purple    at   the    margin ; 
long-peduncled    inflorescences    3- 
several-flowered ;    petals     yellow, 
1.4-1.8  cm.    long,    not    ciliate. — 
Sandy  woods  and  alluvial  soil,  Pa. 
to  111.  and  southw.    May-Aug. 

5.  0.    stricta  L.      Pale  green, 
appressed-pubescent    or    strigose ; 
stems  usually  several,  decumbent, 
stoutish ;    stipules    evident ;    pedi- 
cels 1-4  (mostly  2),  subumbellate 

at  the  end  of  the  peduncle,  at  length  deflexed  ;  the  fruit  large,  columnar, 
short-pointed,  15-23  mm. 
long.  —  Dry  or  sandy  soil, 
s.  Me.  to  Dak.  and  southw., 
common.  —  The  petals  pale 
yellow,  often  with  a  reddish 
spot  near  the  base.  FIG.  800. 
6.  0.  filipes  Small.  Very 
slender,  pubescence  of  the 
stem  loose  and  spreading; 
petioles  and  peduncles  fili- 
form, elongated ;  umbels 
chiefly  2-flowered  ;  petals 
yellow.  (  O.  Brittonae Small.) 
— Sandy  soil,  s.  Me.  ( Cham- 
berlain  &  Collins)  to  n.  N.  Yn 


O.  stricta. 


Ct.,  Fla. ,  and  Tex.   FIG.  801, 


801.  O.  filipes. 


534 


GERANIACEAE    (GERANIUM    FAMILY) 


7.    0.  corniculata  L.      (LADY'S  SORREL.)     Erect  or  decumbent,  apparently 
flowering  the  first  year  but  perennial  by  numerous  slender  pale  runners  ;  leaflets 

green  or  often  purplish  ;  pedicels 
subumbellately  or  at  length  cy- 
mosely  arranged  at  the  summit  of 
the  peduncle,  ascending,  sparingly 
pubescent,  the  hairs  spreading; 

Y\  petals  yellow.  (0.  cymosa,  Bushii, 

&  rufa  Small ;   0.  stricta  of  many 


802.   O.  corniculata. 

auth.,  not  L.) — Dry  or  moist  open  soil,  a 
very  common  weed.     (Eu.)     FIG.  802. 

8.    0.  rdpens  Thunb.     Stems  several,  pros-  f  '  ? 

trate    and    creeping,    the    numerous    erect  g()3>  Q       ens> 

branches   low,  seldom  1   dm.    high ;    leaflets 

small ;  flowers  small,  2-5  on  very  short  at  length  de/texed  pedicels.  (O.  corni- 
culata of  L.,  in  part,  and  of  many  later  authors.)  —  A  weed,  chiefly  in  and 
about  greenhouses.  (Cosmopolitan.)  FIG.  803. 


GERANlACEAE    (GERANIUM  FAMILY) 

Plants  with  perfect  regular  5-merous  hypogynous  flowers.  Sepals  imbricated 
in  the  bud,  persistent.  Glands  of  the  disk  5,  alternate  with  the  petals.  Stamens, 
counting  the  sterile  filaments,  as  many  or  commonly  twice  as  many  as  the  sepals. 
Ovary  deeply  lobed;  carpels  2-ovuled,  l-seeded,  separating  elastically  with  their 
long  styles,  when  mature,  from  the  elongated  axis.  Cotyledons  plicate,  incum- 
bent on  the  radical.  —  Our  species  herbs  with  lobed  or  divided  stipulate  leaves, 
and  astringent  roots. 

1.  Geranium.    Stamens  with  anthers  10,  rarely  5.    The  recurving  bases  of  the  styles  or  tails  of 

the  carpels  in  fruit  naked  inside. 

2.  Erodium.    Stamens  with  anthers  only  5.    Tails  of  the  carpels  in  fruit  bearded  inside,  often 

spirally  twisted. 

1.    GERANIUM    [Tourn.]   L.     CRANESBILL 

Stamens  10  (rarely  5),  all  with  perfect  anthers,  the  5  longer  with  glands  at 
their  base  (alternate  with  the  petals).  Styles  smooth  inside  in  fruit  when  they 
separate  from  the  axis. —  Stems  forking.  Peduncles  1-3-flowered.  (An  old 
Greek  name,  from  ytpavos,  a  crane;  the  long  fruit-bearing  beak  thought  to 
resemble  the  bill  of  that  bird.) 

Perennials  with  stoutish  caudex  and  tough  fibrous  roots. 
Petals  more  than  1  cm.  long. 

Pedicels  puberulent  but  not  glandular ;  petals  light  purple 

Pedicels  glandular-puberulent ;  petals  deep  purple 
Petals  less  than  1  cm.  long. 

Sepals  strongly  awned ;  flowers  mostly  solitary 

Sepals  merely  pointed  ;  flowers  in  pairs  .... 
Annuals  or  biennials  ;  flowers  small ;  petals  not  over  1  cm.  long 
Petals  about  1  cm.  long,  twice  the  length  of  the  sepals. 

Petals  entire  ;  leaves  ternately  dissected 

Petals  deeply  retuse  ;  leaves  palmately  lobed 
Petals  less  than  1  cm.  long,  1-1%  times  the  length  of  the  sepals. 

Fertile  part  of  the  carpel  pubescent. 


1.  G.  maculatum. 

2.  G.pratense. 

8.  G.  sibiricum. 

5.  G.  pyrenaicum. 


4.  G.  Robertianum. 

5.  G.  pyrenaicum. 


GERANIACEAE    (GERANIUM    FAMILY) 


535 


Fruit  1.7-2.4  cm.  long ;  seeds  pitted. 

Flowers  crowded 6.  O.  carolinianum. 

Inflorescence  lax 7.  G.  Bicknellii. 

Fruit  1-1.5  cm.  long. 

Seeds  pitted ;  sepals  short-awned      .                8.  G.  rotundifolium. 

Seeds  smooth  ;  sepals  awnless 9.  G.  pusillum. 

Fertile  part  of  the  carpel  essentially  glabrous. 

Pedicels  8-15  mm.  long 10.  G.  molU. 

Pedicels  8-6  cm.  long 11.  G.  columbinum. 

1.  G.  macuiatum  L.     (WILD  C.)     Erect,  hairy;  leaves  about  5-parted,  the 
wedge-shaped  divisions  lobed  and  cut  at  the  end  ;  sepals  slender-pointed  ;  pedi- 
cels and  beak  of  fruit  hairy  but  not  glandular;  petals  entire,   light  purple, 
bearded  on  the  claw.  —  Open  woods  and  fields,  centr.  Me.  to  Man.,  and  southw. 
Apr.-July. 

2.  G.  PRATENSE  L.     Tall  (7  dm.  high)  ;  leaves  mostly  7-parted,  the  narrow 
lobes  incised ;  pedicels  and  beak  glandular-pubescent ;  petals  deep  purple.  — 
Fields  and  meadows,  n.  e.  Me.,  N.  B.,  and  Que. ;  also  locally,  e.  Mass.     (Introd. 
from  Eu.) 

3.  G.   siBfRicuM  L.     Weak,  diffusely  branched ;  stem  leafy  ;  leaves  3(-6)- 
parted,  the  segments  broadly  lanceolate  or  rhombic,  sharply  cut-toothed,  acute ; 
carpels  finely  pubescent ;  seeds  lineolate.  —  Said  to  be  established  on  Manhattan 
I.     (Adv.  from  Eurasia.) 

4.  G.  Robertianum  L.     (HERB  ROBERT.)     Sparsely  hairy,  diffuse,  strong- 
scented  ;  leaves  3-divided  or  pedately  5-divided,  the  divisions  twice  pinnatifid ; 
sepals  awned ;  petals  red-purple,  long-clawed  ;  carpels  wrinkled  ;  seeds  smooth. 
—  Moist  woods  and  shaded  ravines,  e.  Que.  to  Minn.,  s.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  and  Mo. 
June-Oct.     (Eu.) 

6.  G.  PYRENAICUM  Burui.  f .    Soft-pubescent  and  somewhat  glandular,  2-6  dm. 
high ;  leaves  orbicular,  5-7-cleft  two  thirds  of  the  way  to  the  base,  the  lobes 

obovate-oblong,  again  toothed ;  sepals  puberulent, 
merely  pointed,  not  awned  ;  petals  rose-colored,  deeply 
notched  ;  carpels  puberulent ;  seeds  smooth.  —  Road- 
sides and  waste  places,  about  Quebec  ;  also  at  Bethle- 
hem, Pa.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

6.  G.  carolinianum  L.  Diffusely  branched,  hairy  ; 
leaves  about  5-parted,  the  divisions  cut  and  cleft  into 
many  oblong-linear  segments ;  flowers  glomerate- 
cymose ;  sepals  ovate,  about  as  long  as  the  whitish  or 
very  pale  pink  petals;  beak  of  fruit  tipped  with  a 
short  filiform  style;  seeds  ovoid,  minutely  reticulated. 
—  Rocky  places,  etc.,  mostly  in  poor  soil,  e.  Mass., 
southw.  and  westw.,  common  ;  May-June.  FIG.  804. 

7.  G.  Bicknellii  Britton.    Diffusely  branched  ;  leaves  somewhat  angular  in 
contour,   deeply  cleft    into  narrow  segments  and  lobes ; 

flowers  in  pairs,  the  peduncles  scattered ;  petals  rose-  \  .V 
colored,  somewhat  exceeding  the  sepals  ;  beak  of  fruit 
tipped  with  a  prolonged  filiform  style  (4-6  mm.  in  length)  ; 
seeds  nearly  black,  finely  reticulated.  —  Open  woods,  clear- 
ings, etc.,  Nfd.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to  N.  E.,  N.  Y.,  Mich.,  Utah,  etc. 
FIG.  805. 

8.  G.  ROTUNDIF6LIUM  L.    Weak,  diffusely  branched,  vil- 
lous  with  gland-tipped  hairs  ;   leaves  orbicular  in  outline, 
cleft  half  to  two  thirds  the  way  to  the  base,  the  broadish 
segments    crenate-toothed    or    lobed ;     petals    rose-color, 
entire  ;  seeds  finely  reticulated.  — Waste  places  about  New 
York  City,  Philadelphia,  etc.,  rare.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

9.  G.  pusfLLUM  Burm.  f.     Similar  to  the  preceding  in 

habit  and  foliage  ;   flowers   very   small ;    petals  purplish,    g05.  G.  Bicknellii.  x  y2. 
about  equaling  or  li.ttle  exceeding  the  awnless  sepals  ;  sta- 
mens 5;  fruit  pubescent;  seed  smooth. — Waste  places  and  cultivated  ground, 
Mass.,  southw.  and  westw.,  casual.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


804.  G.  carolinianum.    x 


536  ZYGOPHYLLACEAE    (CALTROP   FAMILY) 

10.  G.  MOLLE  L.     Weak,  spreading,  soft-pubescent ;  leaves  orbicular,  cleft 
to  the  middle,  the  segments  crenate  or  incised ;  sepals  ovate-oblong,  not  awned_ 
villous  ;  petals  rose-colored,  notched  ;  stamens  10  ;  carpels  transversely  wrinkled, 
glabrous.  — Recently  seeded  lawns,  etc.,  casual  but  not  rare.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

11.  G.    COLUMBINUM  L.     (LONG-STALKED  C.)     Minutely  hairy,  with  slender 
decumbent  stems;  leaves  5-7 -parted,  and  cut  into  narrow  linear  lobes,'  pedun- 
cles and  pedicels  filiform,  much  elongated ;   sepals  awned,  about  equaling  the 
retuse  purple  petals  ;  carpels  subglabrous  ;  seeds  minutely  reticulated.  — Borders 
of  fields,  etc., -N.  J.  and  Pa.  to  Va.  ;  also  Dak.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.   ER6DIUM   L'HSr.     STORKSBILL 

The  5  shorter  stamens  sterile  or  wanting.  Styles  in  fruit  twisting  spirally, 
bearded  inside.  Otherwise  as  Geranium.  (Name  from  <?/>u>5i6s,  a  heron.) 

1.  E.    CICUTARIUM    (L.)    L'HSr.      Annual,    hairy;   stems   low,    spreading; 
stipules  acute  ;  leaves  pinnate,  the  leaflets  sessile,  1-2-pinnatifid  ;  sepals  bristle- 
tipped;  filaments  not  toothed.  — About  cities,  not  rare.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  E.  MOSCHATUM  (L.)  L'H6r.     Similar,  but  stouter;  leaflets  less  divided; 
sepals  not  bristle-tipped ;  antheriferous  filaments  2-toothed.  —  Waste  ground, 
etc.,  eastw.,  infrequent.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

ZYGOPHYLLACEAE     (CALTROP  FAMILY) 

Herbs  (or  southward  woody  plants'),  with  opposite  (or  alternate)  in  our  spe- 
cies abruptly  pinnate  undotted  leaves,  and  perfect  regular  mostly  5-merous  fioiuers. 
Stamens  free,  essentially  hypogynous,  in  ours  twice  as  many  as  the  petals.  Pistil 
of  several  united  l-few-ovuled  carpels.  Ovules  anatropous  with  superior  micro- 
pyle  and  large  straightish  embryo.  —  Chiefly  tropical. 

1.  Tribulus.     Carpels  5,  several-ovuled,  prickly. 

2.  Kallstroemia.    Carpels  10,  one-ovuled,  tuberculate. 

1.  TRiBULUS    [Tourn.]   L. 

Sepals  and  petals  (4-)  5.  Filaments  slender,  unappendaged  ;  those  before  the 
petals  sometimes  slightly  united  with  them,  the  alternate  ones  subtended  by 
glands.  Cells  of  ovary  as  many  as  the  petals,  3-5-ovuled. — Ours  spreading 
annuals.  (The  Latin  name  of  the  caltrop,  which  in  form  its  prickly  fruit  suggests.) 

1.  T.  TERRESTRIS  L.  (CALTROP.)  Branched  from  the  base  ;  leaflets  5-7  pairs  ; 
flowers  small,  short-peduncled  ;  petals  pale  yellow  ;  mature  carpels  crested  and 
armed  with  2-4  spreading  prickles. — Occasional  in  Atlantic  States;  also  111., 
Neb.,  and  Kan.  ;  chiefly  on  dumps.  (Adv.  from  Old  World.) 

2.  KALLSTROEMIA  Scop. 

Sepals,  petals,  and  stamens  as  in  Tribulus.  Cells  of  the  ovary  twice  as  many 
as  the  petals,  each  1-ovuled,  becoming  1-seeded  nutlets,  dorsally  rounded, 
smooth  or  tuberculate  but  not  prickly,  at  maturity  falling  away  from  the  per- 
sistent stylar  axis.  —  Diffuse  annuals.  (Name  unexplained,  given  presumably 
in  honor  of  some  obscure  botanist.) 

1.  K.  MAXIMA  (L.)  T.  &  G.  Prostrate,  grayish-hirsute;  leaflets  4-6  pairs, 
oblong,  obtuse,  about  1  cm.  long ;  flowers  9-15  cm.  in  diameter ;  petals  yellow ; 
fruit  depressed-ovoid,  beaked  with  a  stoutish  columnar  style.  —  Railroad  yards, 
etc.,  w.  Mo.  and  e.  Kan.,  where  presumably  adventive  from  the  Southwest 
CTrop.  Am.)'  ' 


RUTACEAE    (RUE   FAMILY)  537 

RUTACEAE   (RuE  FAMILY) 

Plants  with  simple  or  compound  leaves,  dotted  with  pellucid  glands  and 
abounding  with  a  pungent  or  bitter-aromatic  acrid  volatile  oil,  producing  hypogy- 
nous  almost  always  regular  3-5-merows  flowers,  the  stamens  as  many  or  twice 
as  many  as  the  sepals  (rarely  more  numerous)  ;  the  2-5  pistils  separate  or  com- 
bined into  a  compound  ovary  of  as  many  cells,  raised  on  a  prolongation  of  the 
receptacle  (gynophore)  or  glandular  disk.  Embryo  large,  usually  in  fleshy 
albumen.  Styles  commonly  united  or  cohering.  Fruit  usually  capsular.  Leaves 
in  ours  alternate.  Stipules  none.  —  A  large  family,  chiefly  of  the  Old  World 
and  the  southern  hemisphere. 

1.  Zanthoxylum.    Flowers  dioecious ;  ovaries  3-5,  separate,  forming  fleshy  pods. 

2.  Ptelea.     Flowers  polygamous  ;  ovary  2-celled,  forming  a  samara,  like  that  of  Elm. 

3.  Ruta.     Flowers  perfect ;  ovary  4-5-lobed,  forming  a  several-seeded  capsule. 

1.    ZANTH6XYLUM  L.     PRICKLY  ASH 

Flowers  dioecious.  Sepals  4  or  5,  obsolete  in  one  species.  Petals  4  or  5, 
imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4  or  5  in  the  sterile  flowers,  alternate  with  the 
petals.  Pistils  2-6,  separate,  but  their  styles  conniving  or  slightly  united.  Pods 
thick  and  fleshy,  2-valved,  1-2-seeded.  Seed-coat  crustaceous,  black,  smooth 
and  shining.  Embryo  straight,  with  broad  cotyledons.  —  Shrubs  or  trees,  with 
mostly  pinnate  leaves,  the  stems  and  often  the  leafstalks  prickly.  Flowers  small, 
greenish  or  whitish.  (From  ^av06s,  yellow,  and  ^6\ov,  wood.) 

1.  Z.  americanum   Mill.     (NORTHERN   P.,  TOOTHACHE-TREE.)     Leaves  and 
flowers  in  sessile  axillary  umbellate  clusters  ;  leaflets  2-4  pairs  and  an  odd  one, 
ovate-oblong,   downy  when  young;  calyx  none;  petals  4-6;   pistils  3-5,  with 
slender  styles;  pods  short-stalked.     (Xanthoxylum  of  auth.).  — Rocky  woods 
and  river-banks,  w.  Que.  to  Minn.,  s.  to  Va.,  Ky.,  Mo.,  and  e.  Kan.    Apr,  May. 
—  An  aromatic  shrub,  with  yellowish-green  flowers  appearing  before  the  leaves. 

2.  Z.  Clava-H6rculis  L.     (SOUTHERN  P.)     Glabrous;  leaflets  3-8  pairs  and 
an  odd  one,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  oblique,  shining  above  ;   flowers  in  an 
ample  terminal  cyme  ;  sepals  and  petals  5  ;  pistils  2-3,  with  short  styles  ;  pods 
sessile.     (Z.  carolinianum  Lam.)  —  Sandy  coast  of  Va. ,  and  southw.    June.  — 
A  small  tree  with  very  sharp  prickles. 

2.    PTELEA  L.     SHRUBBY  TREFOIL.     HOP  TREE 

Flowers  polygamous.  Sepals  3-6.  Petals  3-5,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Sta- 
mens as  many.  Ovary  2-celled  ;  style  short ;  stigmas  2.  Fruit  a  2-celled  and 
2-seeded  samara,  winged  all  round,  nearly  orbicular.  — Shrubs,  with  3-foliolate 
leaves,  and  greenish-white  small  flowers  in  compound  terminal  cymes.  (The 
Greek  name  of  the  Elm,  here  applied  to  a  genus  with  similar  fruit.) 

1.  P.  trifoliata  L.  Leaflets  ovate,  pointed,  downy  when  young.  —  Rocky 
places,  L.  I.  to  Out.,  Minn.,  and  southw. ;  cultivated  and  often  established  else- 
where. June.  — A  tall  shrub.  Fruit  bitter,  used  as  a  substitute  for  hops.  Odor 
of  the  flowers  disagreeable. 

Var.  m611is  T.  &  G.  Branchlets,  petioles,  and  both  surfaces  of  the  somewhat 
thickish  leaflets  densely  and  permanently  velvety.  —  Shore  of  L.  Mich.,  Sauga- 
tuck,  Mich.  (Wheeler);  also  Tex.,  etc. 

3.   RtTTA    [Tourn.]   L.     RUE 

Flowers  perfect,  4-5-merous.  Calyx  persistent.  Petals  yellow,  the  sides 
and  apex  strongly  inrolled,  the  margin  denticulate  or  ciliate-dentate.  Stamens 
8-10,  inserted  about  the  base  of  the  torus,  the  alternate  ones  smaller.  Capsule 
4-5-k>bed,  dehiscent  at  the  summit,  many-seeded.  —  Heavy-scented  herbs  or 


538  SIMAKUBACEAE    (QUASSIA   FAMILY) 

undershrubs  with  alternate  simple  or  variously  compound  leaves.     (The  ancient 
name.) 

1.  R.  GRAVEOLENS  L.  (COMMON  R.)  Suffruticose,  glaucous,  8-6  dm.  high  ; 
leaves  thickish,  2-3-pinnatifid,  ultimate  lobes  or  divisions  obovate-cuneate  ; 
petals  denticulate.  —  Formerly  much  cultivated  for  aromatic  qualities  and  sup- 
posed medicinal  value  ;  now  locally  established  in  pastures,  Weybridge,  Vt. 
(Brainerd),  Peaks  of  Otter,  Va.  (Curtiss),  and  very  likely  elsewhere.  (Introd. 
from  Eu.) 

SIMARUBACEAE     (QUASSIA  FAMILY) 

Trees  and  shrubs  with  floral  structure  much  as  in  the  Rutaceae  but  the  foliage 
destitute  of  pellucid  dots.  —  Chiefly  tropical. 

1.   AILANTHUS  Desf.     TREE  OP  HEAVEN 

Flowers  polygamous.  Calyx  regular,  5-parted,  the  lobes  imbricated.  Petals 
5,  infolded-valvate.  Stamens  in  staminate  flowers  10,  in  perfect  flowers  2-3,  in 
pistillate  flowers  none.  Disk  lobed.  Ovary  2-5-parted,  becoming  in  fruit  1-5 
narrowly  oblong  membranaceous  samaras  (1-seeded  in  the  middle).  —  Handsome 
trees  of  rapid  growth.  Leaves  odd-pinnate.  Flowers  small,  green  or  yellowish, 
in  ample  terminal  panicles,  especially  the  staminate  of  unpleasant  odor.  (Name 
said  to  be  from  a  vernacular  Moluccan  designation,  meaning  tree  of  heaven,  in 
allusion  to  the  height  in  the  native  habitat. ) 

1.  A.  GLANDUL6SA  Desf.  Leaves  3-6  dm.  long,  11-23-foliolate ;  leaflets 
ovate,  acuminate,  entire  or  sparingly  toothed  toward  the  base.  —  Extensively 
cultivated  as  a  shade  tree,  freely  spreading  by  suckers,  and  locally  self-sown. 
(Introd.  from  Asia.) 

POLYGALACEAE    (MILKWORT  FAMILY) 

Plants  with  irregular  hypogynous  flowers,  4-8  diadelphous  or  monadelphous 
stamens,  their  l-celled  anthers  opening  at  the  top  by  a  pore  or  chink'  the  fruit 
a  2-celled  and  2-seeded  pod. 

1.   POLYGALA    [Tourn.]  L.     MILKWORT 

Flower  very  irregular.  Calyx  persistent,  of  5  sepals,  of  which  3  (the  upper- 
most and  the  2  lowest)  are  small  and  often  greenish,  while  the  two  lateral  or 
inner  (called  wings)  are  much  larger  and  colored  like  the  petals.  Petals  3, 
hypogynous,  connected  with  each  other  and  with  the  stamen-tube,  the  middle 
(lower)  one  keel-shaped  and  often  crested  on  the  back.  Stamens  6  or  8  ;  their 
filaments  united  below  into  a  split  sheath,  or  into  2  sets,  cohering  more  or  less  with 
the  petals,  free  above  ;  anthers  l-celled.  Ovary  2-celled,  with  an  anatropous 
ovule  pendulous  in  each  cell ;  style  prolonged  and  curved  ;  stigma  various. 
Fruit  a  small  loculicidal  2-seeded  pod,  usually  rounded  and  notched  at  the  apex, 
much  flattened  contrary  to  the  very  narrow  partition.  Seeds  carunculate. 
Embryo  large,  straight,  with  flat  and  broad  cotyledons,  in  scanty  albumen.  — 
Bitter  plants  (low  herbs  in  temperate  regions),  with  simple  entire  often  dotted 
leaves,  arid  no  stipules.  (An  old  name  composed  of  TroXtfs,  much,  and  yd\a,  milk, 
applied  by  Dioscorides  to  some  low  shrub  reputed  to  increase  lactation.) 
*  Perennial  or  biennial;  flowers  purple  or  white;  leaves  alternate. 

+-  Flowers  showy,    commonly  rose-purple,   conspicuously  crested;    also  some 

inconspicuous  colorless  cleistogamous  flowers  on  subterranean  branches. 
1.  P.  paucifblia  Willd.  (FRINGED  POLYGALA,  FLOWERING  WINTERGREEN.) 
Perennial ;  flowering  stems  short  (7-10  cm.  high)  ;  lower  leaves  small  and 
scale-like,  scattered,  the  upper  ovate,  petioled,  crowded  at  the  summit ;  flowers 
1-3,  large,  peduncled  ;  wings  obovate,  rather  shorter  than  the  fringe-crested 
keel;  stamens  6 ;  caruncle  of  2  or  3  awl-shaped  lobes  longer  than  the  seed. — 


POLYGALACEAE    (MILKWOET   FAMILY)  539 

Woods,  in  light  soil,  e.  Que.  to  Man.,  s.  to  Ga.,  111.,  and  Minn.     May,  June.  — 
A  delicate  plant,  its  handsome  flowers  1.8  cm.  long,  rarely  white. 

2.  P.    polygama  Walt.     Stems  numerous  from   the    biennial   root,   mostly 
simple,  ascending,  very  leafy,  1.5-2.5  dm.  high;  leaves  oblanceolate  or  oblong ; 
terminal  raceme  loosely  many-flowered,  the  broadly  obovate  wings  longer  than 
the  keel ;  stamens  8  ;  radical  flowers  racemed  on  short  subterranean  runners ; 
lobes   of  the  caruncle  2,  scale-like,  shorter  than  the  seed. — Dry  sandy  soil, 
N.  S.,  westw.  and  south w.     July. 

t-  4-  Flowers  white,  in  a  solitary  close  spike  ;  none  cleistogamous. 

3.  P.   Senega  L.     (SENECA  SNAKEROOT.)     Stems   several   from   thick  and 
hard  knotty  rootstocks,  simple,  1.5-3  dm.  high  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  with  rough  margins ;  wings  round-obovate,  concave ;    crest  short ; 
caruncle  nearly  as  long  as  the  seed.  —  Rocky  soil,  N.  B.  to  Hudson  Bay,  Alberta, 
and  south  w.     May- July. 

Var.  latifblia  T.  &  G.     Taller,  sometimes  branched  ;  leaves  ovate  or  lanceo- 
late, 5-10  cm.  long,  tapering  to  each  end.  —  Md.  to  L.  Huron,  Dak.,  and  Tenn. 

*  *  Annuals,  with  all  the  leaves  alternate  ;  flowers  in  terminal  spikes,  heads,  or 

racemes,  chiefly  purple  or  rose-color,  in  summer  ;  none  subterranean. 

4-  Keel  conspicuously  crested ;  claws  of  the  true  petals  united  into  a  long  and 

slender  cleft  tube  much  surpassing  the  wings. 

4.  P.  incarnata  L.     Glaucous ;    stem  slender,  sparingly   branched  ;   leaves 
minute  and  linear-awl-shaped  ;  spike  cylindrical ;  flowers  flesh-color ;  caruncle 
longer  than  the  narrow  stalk  of  the  hairy  seed.  —  Dry  soil,  N.  J.  to  s.  Ont., 
Wise.,  Neb.,  and  southw.,  rather  rare. 

4-  •«-  Keel  minutely  or  inconspicuously  crested;  the  true  petals  not  longer  but 
mostly  shorter  than  the  wings  ;  seed  pear-shaped. 

5.  P.  sangulnea  L.      Stem  sparingly  branched  above,   leafy  to  the   top ; 
leaves  oblong-linear'  heads  globular,  at  length  oblong,  very  dense  (8-10  mm. 
thick),  bright  red-purple  (rarely  paler  or  even  white)  ;  pedicels  scarcely  any; 
icings  broadly  ovate,  closely  sessile,  longer  than  the  pod  ;  the  2-parted  caruncle 
almost  equaling  the  seed.     (P.  viridescens  L.) — Sandy  and  moist  ground; 
common,  N.  E.,  westw.  and  southw. 

6.  P.  mariana  Mill.     Stem  slender,  at  length  corymbosely  branched  ;  leaves 
narrowly  linear,  acute,  6-16  mm.  long ;  spikes  short  and  dense  (6  mm.  in  diam- 
eter); the  small  rose-purple  flowers  on  pedicels  of  about  the  length  of  the  pod; 
wings  obovate-  or  oval-oblong,  narrowed  at  the  base,  scarcely  exceeding  the 
pod  ;  bracts  deciduous  with  the  flowers  or  fruits  ;  caruncle  as  long  as  and  nearly 
enveloping  the  stalk-like  base  of  the  minutely  hairy  seed.     (P.  fastigiata  Nutt.) 
—  Pine  barrens  of  N.  J.  to  Ky.,  Fla.,  and  Tex. 

7.  P.  Nuttallii  T.  &  G.     Resembling  the  last,  but  usually  lower;  spikes 
cylindrical,  slender  ;  flowers  duller  or  greenish-purple,  on  very  short  pedicels; 
the  awl-shaped  scaly  bracts  persistent  on  the  axis  after  the  flowers  or  fruits  fall ; 
seed  very  hairy,  the  caruncle  smaller.  — Dry  sandy  soil,  coast  of  Mass,  to  Del., 
Md.,  and  southw.  —  Spike  sometimes  rather  loose. 

8.  P.  Curtissii  Gray.    Slender,  2.5  dm.  high;  leaves,  etc.,  as  in  the  two 
preceding  ;  flowers  rose-purple,  in  usually  short  racemes  ;  pedicels  about  equal- 
ing or  exceeding  the  persistent  bracts  ;  the  narrow  oblong  erect  wings  fully  twice 
the  length  of  the  pod;  caruncle  small,  on  one  side  of  the  stalk-like  base  of 
the  very  hairy  seed,  which  is  conspicuously  apiculate  at  the  broader  end. —  Md. 
to  Ky.,   Ga.,   and  Ala. — Founded  upon  an  abnormal  form  with  elongated 
racemes  and  pedicels. 

*  *  *  Annuals  with  at  least  the  lower  stem-leaves  whorled  in  fours  or  fives; 

spikes  terminating  the  stem  and  branches  ;  flowering  summer  and  autumn. 

•»-  Spikes  short  and  thick  (8-18  mm.  in  diameter}  ;  bracts  persisting  after  the 

fall  of  the  middle-sized  rose-  or  greenish-purple  flowers  ;  crest  small. 

9.  P.  cruciata  L.     Stems  1-2.5  dm.   high,  almost  winged  at  the  angles, 
with  spreading  opposite  branches  ;  leaves  nearly  all  in  fours,  linear  and  some- 


540  EUMOEfelACEAE   (sfURGE   FAMILY) 

what  spatulate  or  oblanceolate  ;  spikes  sessile  or  nearly  so ;  wings  broadly 
deltoid-ovate,  slightly  heart-shaped,  tapering  to  a  bristly  point  or  rarely  point- 
less ;  caruncle  nearly  as  long  as  the  seed.  —  Margins  of  swamps,  and  occasionally 
in  drier  places,  s.  Me.  to  S.  C.,  mostly  near  the  coast ;  and  from  Mich,  to  Minn, 
and  Neb. 

10.  P.  brevif61ia  Nutt.     Rather  slender,  branched  above  ;   leaves  scattered 
on  the  branches,  narrower  ;  spikes  peduncled;  wings  lanceolate-ovate,  pointless 
or  barely  mucronate.  —  Margins  of  sandy  bogs,  R.  I.,  N.  J.,  and  south w. 

M_  -H_  Spikes  slender  (about  4  mm.  thick),  the  bracts  falling  with  the  flowers, 
which  are  small,  greenish-white  or  barely  tinged  with  purple,  the  crest  of  the 
keel  larger. 

11.  P.  verticillata  L.     Slender,  8-25  cm.  high,  much  branched;  stem-leaves 
all  whorled,  those  of  the   mostly   opposite  branches   scattered,  linear,  acute  ; 
spikes  peduncled,  usually  short  and  dense,  acute  ;    wings  round,  clawed  ;  the 
2-lobed  caruncle  half  the  length   of  the  seed. — Dry  soil,  N.  E.,  westw.  arid 
south  w. 

Var.  ambigua  (Nutt.)  Wood.  Usually  taller  (2-3.5  dm.  high)  ;  leaves  (and 
branches)  all  scattered  or  the  lowest  in  fours;  spikes  long-peduncled,  more 
slender,  the  flowers  often  purplish  and  scattered.  (P.  ambigua  Nutt.)  — Me.  to 
Mich.,  and  southw. 

*  *  *  *  Biennials  or  annuals,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  yellow  flowers,  which 
are  disposed  to  turn  greenish  in  drying  ;  crest  small ;  flowering  all  summer. 

12.  P.  lutea  L.     Low ;  flowers  bright  orange-yellow,  in  solitary  ovoid  or  sub- 
cylindric  heads  (1.8  cm.  thick)  terminating  the  stem  or  simple  branches ;  leaves 
2-5  cm.  long,  obovate  or  spatulate  ;  lobes  of  the  caruncle  nearly  as  long  as  the 
seed.  —  Sandy  swamps,  L.  I.  to  s.  e.  Pa.,  and  southw.  near  the  coast. 

13.  P.   ramdsa  Ell.     Flowers  lemon-yellow,  in  numerous  short  and  dense 
spike-like  racemes  collected  in  a  flat-topped  compound  cyme ;  leaves  oblong- 
linear,  the  lowest  spatulate  or  obovate  ;  seeds  ovoid,  minutely  hairy,  twice  the 
length  of  the  caruncle. — Damp  pine  barrens,  Del.,  and  southw.    June-Sept. 

14.  P.  cym&sa  Walt.     Stem  short,  naked  above,  the  numerous  racemes  in  a 
usually  almost  simple  cyme;  leaves  narrow,  acuminate;  seeds  globose,  without 
caruncle.  —  Del.,  and  southw. ;  fl.  midsummer. 

EUPHORBlACEAE     (SPURGE  FAMILY) 

Plants  usually  with  a  milky  acrid  juice,  and  monoecious  or  dioecious  flowers, 
mostly  apetalous,  sometimes  achlamydeous  (occasionally  polypetalous  or  gamo- 
petalous} ;  the  ovary  free  and  usually  ^-celled,  with  one  or  sometimes  two  ovules 
hanging  from  the  summit  of  each  cell ;  stigmas  or  branches  of  the  style  as  many 
or  twice  as  many  as  the  cells  •  fruit  commonly  a  '3-lobed  capsule,  the  lobes  or 
carpels  separating  elastically  from  a  persistent  axis  and  elastically  2-valved  ; 
seed  anatropous;  embryo  straight,  almost  as  long  as  and  the  flat  cotyledons 
mostly  as  wide  as  the  fleshy  or  oily  albumen.  Stipules  often  present.  — A  vast 
family  in  the  warmer  parts  of  the  world  ;  most  numerously  represented  in 
northern  countries  by  the  genus  Euphorbia,  which  has  very  reduced  flowers 
within  a  calyx-like  involucre. 

*  Flowers  with  a  calyx,  without  involucre. 

-H  Seeds  and  ovules  1  in  each  cell. 
•H-  Flowers  apetalous,  in  cymose  panicles  (2-3-chotomous) ;  stamens  10,  erect  in  the  bud. 

1.  Jatropha.    Calyx  corolla-like,  the  staminate  salver-form.     Armed  with  stinging  hairs. 

•H-  -H-  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes  or  spikes  ;  stamens  inflexed  in  the  bud  ;  stellate-downy  or  scurfy, 
or  hairy  and  glandular ;  leaves  mostly  entire. 

2.  Croton.     Flowers  spiked  or  glomerate.     Ovary  and  fruit  3 (rarely  2-4) -celled. 

3.  Crotonopsis.     Flowers  scattered  on  the  branchlets.     Ovary  and  fruit  1 -celled. 


EUPHORBIACEAE    (SPURGE   FAMILY)  541 

...  *+++  Flowers  in  axillary  spikes  or  racemes  (except  no.  7),  apetalous  (except  no.  4) ;  stamens  8  or 
more  ;  anthers  erect  in  the  bud. 

4.  Argythamnia.    Petals  and  sepals  5.    Stamens  10-15,  united.    Styles  bifid,  linear. 

5.  Mercurialis.     Sepals  8  or  calyx  3-parted.     Stamens  8-20 ;  anther-cells  attached  at  tip,  pen- 

dulous.   Styles  (slightly  united  at  the  base)  strongly  papillose,  undivided. 

6.  Acalypha.     Calyx  4(3-5)-parted.     Stamens  mostly  8.    Fertile  flowers  in  the  axils  of  leafy 

bracts.     Stigmas  finely  dissected. 

7.  Ricinus.     Racemes  terminal,  subpanicled.     Calyx  3-5-parted.      Stamens  very  numerous ; 

the  filaments  repeatedly  branched.     Styles  2-parted. 
•H-  -M-  -H-  -M-  Flowers  apetalous,  in  racemes  or  spikes  pistillate  at  base  ;  stamens  2  or  3  ;  styles  simple. 

8.  Tragia.     Flowers  racemose.     Calyx-lobes  valvate  in  bud.     Hirsute  or  pubescent. 

9.  Stillingia.     Flowers  spicate.     Calyx-lobes  imbricate  in  bud.     Fertile  bracts  glanduliferous. 

Glabrous. 

-»-  -«-  Seeds  and  ovules  2  in  each  cell ;  flowers  monoecious. 

10.  Phyllanthus.     Flowers  axillary.    Stamens  8,  united. 

11.  Andrachne.    Stamens  5  or  6.     Flowers  axillary,  the  staminate  petaliferous. 

*  *  Flowers  all  without  calyx,  included  in  a  cup-shaped  calyx-like  involucre,  —  the  whole  liable  to 
be  mistaken  for  a  single  flower. 

12.  Euphorbia.     Involucre  surrounding  many  staminate  flowers  (each  of  a  single  naked  stamen) 

and  one  pistillate  flower  (a  3-lobed  pistil). 

1.   JATROPHA  L. 

Flowers  monoecious,  rarely  dioecious,  in  a  terminal  open  forking  cyme  ;  the 
fertile  ones  usually  in  the  lower  forks.  Calyx  corolla-like,  in  the  staminate 
flowers  often  salver-shaped,  5-lobed  ;  in  the  pistillate  5-parted,  imbricated  or 
convolute  in  the  bud.  Glands  of  the  disk  opposite  the  calyx-lobes.  Stamens 
10-30,  monadelphous  at  base.  Ovary  mostly  3-celled  ;  styles  3,  united  below 
their  summits  once  or  twice  forked.  Capsule  separating  into  3  two-valved  car- 
pels. Seed  carunculate. —  Perennial  herbaceous  or  shrubby  plants,  chiefly 
tropical,  with  alternate  mostly  long-petioled  palmately-veined  leaves,  and  stip- 
ules. Our  species  has  apetalous'  flowers,  the  staminate  corolla  salver-form,  and 
is  armed  with  stinging  bristles.  (Name  said  by  Linnaeus,  without  entire  clear- 
ness or  classical  accuracy,  to  be  formed  of  larpbv,  a  remedy,  and  (frdya),  I  eat.} 

1.  J.  stimu!6sa  Michx.  (TREAD-SOFTLY,  SPURGE  NETTLE.)  Herbaceous, 
from  a  long  perennial  root,  branching,  1.5-6  dm.  high;  leaves  roundish-heart- 
shaped,  3-5-lobed  nearly  to  the  base,  on  long  petioles ;  the  divisions  entire  or 
acutely  toothed,  cut,  or  even  pinnatifid,  often  discolored ;  flowers  white,  fra- 
grant, 1.8  cm.  long  or  more;  filaments  10,  monadelphous  only  at  the  woolly 
base,  the  outer  set  almost  distinct.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La. 
June-Sept. 

2.    CR6TON  L. 

Flowers  monoecious,  rarely  dioecious,  mostly  in  terminal  spike-like  racemes 
or  spikes.  Ster.  FL  Calyx  6(rarely  4-6)-parted  ;  the  divisions  lightly  imbri- 
cated or  nearly  valvate  in  the  bud.  Petals  usually  present,  as  many,  but  mostly 
small  or  rudimentary,  hypogynous.  Glands  or  lobes  of  the  disk  as  many  as  and 
alternate  with  the  petals.  Receptacle  usually  hairy.  Stamens  5  or  more ;  fila- 
ments with  the  anthers  inflexed  in  the  bud.  Pert.  Fl.  Calyx  5-10-cleft  or 
-parted,  nearly  as  in  the  staminate  flowers  ;  but  petals  none  or  minute  rudiments. 
Ovary  3(rarely  2-4)-celled,  with  a  single  ovule  in  each  cell ;  styles  as  many, 
from  once  to  thrice  2-cleft.  Capsule  separating  into  as  many  2-valved  1-seeded 
carpels.  Seeds  carunculate. — Stellate-downy,  scurfy,  or  hairy  and  glandular 
plants,  mostly  strong-scented  ;  the  fertile  flowers  usually  at  the  base  of  the 
sterile  spike  or  cluster.  Leaves  alternate,  or  sometimes  imperfectly  opposite, 
with  or  without  obvious  stipules.,  (Kooruv,  the  Greek  name  of  the  Castor-oil 
Plant,  of  this  family.) 


542  EUPHORBIACEAE    (SPURGE    FAMILY) 

*  Sterile  flowers  with  ^-parted  calyx,  as  many  petals,  a  4-rayed  disk,  and  8 

stamens;  fertile  flowers  with  ^-parted  calyx,  very  minute  rudimentary  petals, 
and  the  3  styles  2-cleft. 

1.  C.  glandul&sus  L.,   var.   septentrionalis  Muell.   Arg.      Annual,   rough- 
hairy  and   glandular,  3-6   dm.  high,  somewhat  umbellately  branched;   leaves 
oblong  or  linear-oblong,  obtusely  toothed,  the  base  with  a  saucer-shaped  gland 
on  each  side  ;  fertile  flowers  captitate-clustered  at  the  base  of  the  sterile  spike, 
sessile  in  the  forks  and  terminal. —  Open  waste  places  and  sandy  barrens,  Va. 
to  Fla.,  and  Tex. ;  northw.  in  Miss,  basin  to  Kan.,  la.,  111.,  and  Ind. ;  rarely  on 
ballast  northeastw. 

*  *  Sterile  flowers  with  ^-parted  calyx,  as  many  glands  alternating  with  the  petals, 

and  10-14  stamens  ;  fertile  flowers  with  1-12-parted  calyx,  no  petals,  and 
the  3  styles  twice  or  thrice  2-parted. 

2.  C.  capitatus  Michx.     Annual,  densely  soft-woolly  and  somewhat  glandu- 
lar, 2-6  or  more  dm.  high,   branched  ;    leaves  long-petioled,  lance-oblong  or 
elongated-oblong,  rounded  at  base,  entire ;   petals   obovate-lanceolate,  densely 
fimbriate  ;  fertile  flowers  several,  capitate-crowded  at  the  base  of  the  short  ter- 
minal sterile  spike.  —  Barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  ;  northw.  in  Miss,  basin  to 
Ind.,  111.,  Mo.,  and  Kan.     July-Sept. 

*  *  *  Sterile  flowers  with  unequally  3-5-parted  calyx,  as  many  petals  and  scale- 

like  glands,  and  3-8  stamens;  fertile  flowers  with  equally  5-parted  calyx,  no 
petals,  5  glands,  and  2  sessile  2-parted  stigmas. 

3.  C.  monanth6gynus  Michx.     Annual,  whitish-stellate-pubescent  and  rusty- 
glandular  ;  stems  1.4-6  dm.  high,  slender,  erect,  below  often  umbellately  3-4- 
forked,  then  repeatedly  2-3-forked  or  alternately  branched  ;  leaves  oblong-ovate 
or  narrowly  oblong,  entire,  often  acutish,  1.5-3  dm.  long,  about  twice  the  length 
of  the  petioles ;  flowers  in  the  forks,  the  sterile  few  on  the  summit  of  a  short 
and  erect  peduncle,  the  fertile  few  and  clustered  or  mostly  solitary  on  short 
recurved  peduncles ;    ovary  2-celled ;    fruit  often  by  abortion  1-celled  and  1- 
seeded ;  the  seed  broadly  oval.  —  Barren  and  dry  prairies,  s.  Ind.  to  N.  C.  and 
Fla.,  w.  to  la.,  e.  Kan.,  and  Tex. ;  occasionally  adv.  northeastw.     June-Sept. 

****  Dioecious;  calyx  equally  5-parted;  petals  none;  stamens  10  or  more; 
styles  twice  or  thrice  dichotomously  2-parted. 

4.  C.  texSnsis  (Klotzsch)  Muell.  Arg.    Annual,  covered  with  a  close  canescent 
stellate  pubescence,  dichotomously  branched  or  spreading,  3-6  dm.  high ;  leaves 
narrowly  oblong-lanceolate  to  linear ;  staminate  spikes  or  racemes  very  short, 
often  sessile  ;  capsule  stellate-tomentose  and  somewhat  muricate.  —  Sandy  soil, 
Del.  (Commons)  ;  and  from  Ala.  to  Wyo.,  Col.,  Ariz.,  and  Mex.  ;  rarely  on 
ballast  northw. 

3.    CROTON6PSIS    Michx. 

Flowsrs  monoecious,  in  very  small  terminal  or  lateral  spikes  or  clusters,  the 
lower  fertile.  Ster.  Fl.  Calyx  equally  5-parted.  Petals  5,  spatulate.  Sta- 
mens 5,  opposite  the  petals ;  filaments  distinct,  inflexed  in  the  bud,  enlarged 
at  the  apex.  Pert.  Fl.  Calyx  unequally  3-5-parted.  Petals  none.  Glands 
(petal-like  scales)  5,  opposite  the  sepals.  Ovary  1-celled,  simple,  1-ovuled, 
bearing  a  twice  or  thrice  forked  style.  Fruit  dry  and  indehiscent,  1-seeded. 
Seed  without  caruncle. — A  slender  low  annual,  with  short-petioled  linear  or 
elliptical-lanceolate  leaves,  which  are  green  and  smoothish  above,  but  silvery- 
hoary  with  stellate  hairs  and  scurfy  with  brownish  scales  underneath.  (Croton 
and  ft/as,  appearance,  from  likeness  to  Croton.') 

1.  C.  linearis  Michx.  Fruit  about  2  mm.  long. — Dry  sandy  soil,  s.  Ct. 
(Eames}  to  Pa.,  south  w.  near  the  coast  to  Fla.  and  Tex.;  inland  in  Miss, 
basin  to  111.,  Mo.,  and  Kan.  July-Sept. 


EUPHORBIACEAE    (SPUKGE    FAMILY)  548 

4.  ARGYTHAMNIA   P.  Br. 

Flowers  monoecious.  Calyx  5-parted,  valvate  in  the  staminate  flowers,  im- 
bricate in  the  pistillate.  Petals  alternate  with  the  calyx-lobes  and  with  the 
prominent  lobes  of  the  glandular  disk.  Stamens  5-15,  united  into  a  central 
column  in  1-3  whorls.  Styles  1-3-cleft.  Capsule  depressed,  3-lobed.  Seeds 
subglobose,  roughened  or  reticulated,  not  carunculate.  —  Erect  herbs  or  under- 
shrubs,  with  purplish  juice,  and  alternate  usually  stipulate  leaves.  (Name  from 
tipyvpos,  silver,  and  Odftvos,  bush,  from  the  hoariness  of  the  original  species.) 

1.  A.  mercurialina  Muell.  Arg.  Stem  erect,  nearly  simple,  3-6  dm.  high, 
sericeous ;  leaves  sessile,  oblong-ovate  to  lanceolate,  entire,  pubescent  with 
appressed  hairs  or  glabrate,  somewhat  rigid  ;  raceme  many-flowered,  exceeding 
the  leaves  ;  spatulate  petals  of  the  sterile  flowers  as  long  as  the  calyx-lobes  ; 
ovary  sericeous ;  capsule  appressed-pubescent,  8-10  mm.  in  diameter.  (Ditaxis 
Coult.)  —  Kan.  to  Ark.  and  Tex. 

5.   MERCURIALIS    [Tourn.]   L.     MERCURY 

Dioecious  or  monoecious.  Flowers  apetalous,  in  interrupted  axillary  spikes. 
Stamens  8-20,  distinct.  Calyx  small,  green,  globose  in  bud,  3-parted.  Carpels 
2  (-3).  —  Herbs,  with  opposite  pinnately  veined  leaves.  (A  plant-name  used 
by  Pliny  and  meaning  belonging  to  the 'god  Mercury.) 

1.  M.  ANNUA  L.  Weak  erect  leafy-stemmed  annual ;  leaves  lanceolate  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  crenate-serrate  ;  carpels  hispid.  —  Waste  places  and  ballast 
ground,  N.  S.  to  S.  C.  and  O.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

6.   ACALYPHA  L.     THREE-SEEDED  MERCURY 

Flowers  monoecious ;  the  sterile  very  small,  clustered  in  spikes ;  the  few  or 
solitary  fertile  flowers  at  the  base  of  the  same  spikes,  or  sometimes  in  separate 
ones.  Calyx  of  the  sterile  flowers  4-parted  and  valvate  in  bud ;  of  the  fertile, 
3-5-parted.  Corolla  none.  Stamens  8-16;  filament  short,  monadelphous  at 
base ;  anther-cells  separate,  long,  often  worm-shaped,  hanging  from  the  apex 
of  the  filament.  Styles  3,  the  upper  face  or  stigmas  cut-fringed  (usually  red). 
Capsule  separating  into  3  globular  2-valved  carpels,  rarely  of  only  one  carpel.  — 
Herbs  (ours  annuals),  or  in  the  tropics  often  shrubs,  resembling  Nettles  or 
Amaranths  ;  the  leaves  alternate,  petioled,  with  stipules.  Clusters  of  sterile 
flowers  with  a  minute  bract ;  the  fertile  surrounded  by  a  large  and  leaf-like 
cut-lobed  persistent  bract.  ('AKaX^Tj,  an  ancient  name  of  the  Nettle.) 

*  Fruit  smooth  or  merely  pubescent ;  seeds  nearly  smooth. 

1.  A.  virglnica  L.     Smoothish  or  hairy,  3-6  dm.  high,  often  turning  purple  ; 
leaves   ovate  or   oblong-ovate,   obtusely   and    sparsely  serrate,  long-petioled ; 
sterile  spike  rather  few-flowered,  mostly  shorter  than  the  large   leaf-like  pal- 
mately  5-9-cleft  fruiting    bracts'  fertile    flowers  1-3  in  each  axil. — Fields 
and  open  places,  N.  S.  to  Ont.  and  Minn.,  s.  to  the  Gulf.     July-Sept. 

2.  A.  gracilens  Gray.     Finely  pubescent  and  often  villous  ;  leaves  lanceolate 
or  even  linear,  less   toothed   and   shorter-petioled  ;    the   slender  sterile  spike 
often  2  cm.  long,  and  much  surpassing  the  less  cleft  or  few-toothed  fruiting 
bracts.     (A.  virginica,  var.  Muell.  Arg.)  —  Sandy  or  dry  soil,  s.  N.  H.  to  Fla., 
w.  to  e.  Kan.  and  Tex.  —  Carpels  by  abortion  sometimes  reduced  to  one  (A. 
monococca  Engelm.). 

*  *  Fruit  echinate  with  soft  bristly  green  projections;  seeds  rough-wrinkled. 

3.  A.  ostryaefblia  Riddell.     Leaves  thin,  ovate-cordate,  sharply  and  closely 
serrate-toothed,  abruptly  acuminate,  long-petioled  ;  sterile  spikes  short,  axillary  ; 
the  fertile  ones  mostly  terminal  and  elongated,  their  bracts  deeply  cut  into 
many  linear  lobes.     (A.  caroliniana  Ell.,  not  Walt.)  —  N.  J.  to  Fla.,  w.  to  O., 
Kan.,  and  Tex. 


544  EtTPHORBIACEAE    (SPURGE   FAMILY) 

7.   RICINUS    [Tourn.]  L.     CASTOR-OIL   PLANT 

Flowers  in  racemose  or  panicled  clusters,  the  fertile  above,  the  staminate 
below.  Calyx  5-parted.  Stamens  very  numerous,  with  repeatedly  branching 
filaments.  Styles  3,  united  at  base,  each  bifid,  red.  Capsule  large,  3-lobed, 
with  3  large  seeds.  —  A  tall  stately  annual,  with  very  large  alternate  peltate 
and  palrnately  7-11-cleft  leaves  often  3-6  dm.  broad.  (Ancient  Roman  name.) 

1.  R.  COMMENTS  L. — Cultivated  for  ornament,  and  sometimes  spreading  to 
waste  ground.  (Introd.  from  the  tropics.) 

8.  TRiGIA   [Plumier]  L. 

Flowers  monoecious,  in  racemes,  apetalous.  Ster.  Fl.  Calyx  3-5 (chiefly 
3) -parted,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  2  or  3 ;  filaments  short ;  anther-cells 
united.  Fert.  Fl.  Calyx  3-8-parted,  persistent.  Style  3-cleft  or  3-parted ; 
the  branches  3,  simple.  Capsule  3-celled,  3-lobed,  bristly,  separating  into  three 
2-valved  1-seeded  carpels.  Seeds  not  carunculate.  —  Erect  or  climbing  plants 
(ours  perennial  herbs),  pubescent  or  hispid,  sometimes  stinging,  with  mostly 
alternate  stipulate  leaves ;  the  small-flowered  racemes  terminal  or  opposite 
the  leaves  ;  the  sterile  flowers  above,  the  few  fertile  at  the  base,  all  with  small 
bracts.  (Named  for  the  early  herbalist  Bock,  latinized  Tragus.} 

1.  T.  urens  L.     Erect,  paniculate-branched,    softly  hairy,  1.6-3  dm.  high  ; 
leaves  varying  from  obovate-oblong  to  narrowly  linear,  acute  at  base,  obtusely 
or  sinuately  few-toothed  or  lobed,   sometimes  entire,  short-petioled  or  sessile, 
paler  beneath  ;  sterile  calyx  usually  4-parted  ;  stamens  2.    (  T.  innocua  Walt.)  — 
Dry  sandy  soil,  e.  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.     May-Aug.  —  Not  stinging. 

2.  T.   nepetaefblia   Cav.     Erect  or  reclining  or   slightly   twining,   hirsute 
with  stinging  hairs ;   leaves   ovate-lanceolate   or   triangular-lanceolate,    or  the 
lower  ovate,  all  somewhat  cordate  or  truncate  at  base,  coarsely  cut-toothed, 
short-petioled;  sterile  calyx  usually  3-parted  and  stamens  3.     (T.  urticaefolia 
Michx.) — Va.   (Pursh},  and  common  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.;  Mo.,  Kan., 
and  westw.     T.  RAM6SA  Torr.   (T.  stylaris  Muell.  Arg.),  with  4-6-parted  sterile 
calyx,  4-6  stamens,  and  elongated  styles,  is  probably  only  a  variety.  —  Mo.  to 
Kan.  and  southwestw. 

3.  T.  macrocarpa    Willd.     Twining,  somewhat  hirsute ;   leaves  deeply  cor- 
date, ovate,  mostly  narrowly  acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  6-11  cm.  long,  all  but 
the  uppermost  long-petioled ;  pod  1.3  cm.  broad.     (Z7.  cordata  Michx.)  —  Ky. 
and  Mo.  to  Ga.,  Fla.,  and  Tex. 

9.  STILLINGIA  Garden. 

Flowers  monoecious,  aggregated  in  a  terminal  spike.  Petals  and  glands  of 
the  disk  none.  Calyx  2-3-cieft  or  -parted  ;  the  divisions  imbricated  in  the  bud. 
Stamens  2  or  3  ;  anthers  adnate,  turned  outward.  Style  thick ;  stigmas  3, 
diverging,  simple.  Capsule  3-celled,  3-lobed,  3-seeded.  Seed  carunculate. — 
Smooth  upright  plants,  with  the  alternate  leaves  mostly  2-glandular  at  base  ; 
the  fertile  flowers  few  at  the  base  of  the  dense  sterile  spike  (rarely  separated)  ; 
the  bract  for  each  cluster  with  a  large  gland  on  each  side.  (Named  for  Dr.  B. 
Stilling  fleet,  English  naturalist  of  the  18th  century.) 

1.  S.  sylvatica  L.  Herbaceous,  3-9  dm.  high  ;  leaves  almost  sessile,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  serrulate  ;  glands  of  the  spike  saucer-shaped.  —  Sandy  and  dry  soil, 
Va.  to  Fla.,  w.  to  Kan.  and  Tex.  May-Oct.  — Sometimes  called  QUEEN'S -ROOT 
or  QUEEN'S-DELIGHT. 

10.   PHYLLAWTHUS   L. 

Flowers  monoecious,  axillary.  Calyx  usually  5-6-parted,  imbricated  in  the 
bud.  Petals  none.  Stamens  mostly  3,  erect  in  the  bud,  often  united.  Ovules 
2  in  each  cell  of  the  ovary.  Capsule  depressed  ;  each  carpel  2-valved,  2-seeded. 
Seeds  not  carunculate.  —  Leaves  alternate,  2-ranked,  with  small  stipules.  (Name 


EUPHORBIACEAE   (SPUKGE  FAMILY)  545 

composed  of  <pt\\oi>,  Ip.af,  and  &v0os,  blossom,  because  the  flowers  in  a  few  species 
are  borne  upon  leaf -like  dilated  branches.) 

1.  P.  carcliniSnsis  Walt.  Annual,  low  and  slender,  branched  ;  leaves  obovate 
or  oval,  short-petioled  ;  flowers  commonly  2  in  each  axil,  almost  sessile,  one 
starninate,  the  other  fertile  ;  calyx  6-parted  ;  stamens  3  ;  styles  3,  each  2-cleft ; 
glands  of  the  disk  in  the  fertile  flowers  united  into  a  cup.  —  Gravelly  banks, 
e.  Pa.  to  centr.  111.,  s.  e.  Mo.,  and  southw. 

11.    ANDRACHNE  L. 

Flowers  monoecious,  pedicellate,  the  sterile  petaliferous,  fasciculate,  the 
fertile  often  petaliferous,  usually  solitary  in  the  axils.  Stamens  and  calyx- 
segments  5-6.  Pod  dry,  splitting  into  three  2-valved  carpels.  —  Shrubs  and 
undershrubs,  with  many  ascending  leafy  branches.  Leaves  oval  or  obovate, 
entire.  (From  dvdpdxvr],  classic  Greek  for  the  purslane.) 

1.  A.  phyllanthoides  (Nutt.)  Muell.  Arg.  Nearly  glabrous  shrub  ;  stems  and 
ascending  simple  branches  lithe  ;  leaves  broadly  obovate,  membranaceous,  1.5 
cm.  long,  shortly  petiolate ;  pedicels  capillary,  7-14  cm.  long ;  petals  in  the 
sterile  flowers  about  as  long  as  the  obovate  calyx-segments,  in  the  fertile  obsoles- 
cent.—  Rocky  and  gravelly  places,  s.  Mo.  to  Tex. 

12.   EUPH6RBIA  L.     SPURGE 

Flowers  monoecious,  included  in  a  cup-shaped  4-5-lobed  involucre  {flower  of 
older  authors)  resembling  a  calyx  or  corolla,  and  usually  bearing  large  thick 
glands  (with  or  without  petal-like  margins)  at  its  sinuses.  Sterile  flowers  nu- 
merous and  lining  the  base  of  the  involucre,  each  from  the  axil  of  a  little  bract, 
and  consisting  merely  of  a  single  stamen  jointed  on  a  pedicel  like  the  filament ; 
anther-cells  globular,  separate.  Fertile  flower  solitary  in  the  middle  of  the 
involucre,  soon  protruded  on  a  long  pedicel,  consisting  of  a  3-lobed  and  3-celled 
ovary  with  no  calyx  (or  a  mere  vestige) .  Styles  3,  each  2-cleft ;  the  stigmas 
therefore  6.  Pod  separating  into  three  1-seeded  carpels,  which  split  elastically 
into  2  valves.  Seed  often  caruncled  (ours  only  in  §§  5  and  6). — Plants  (ours 
essentially  herbaceous)  with  a  milky  acrid  juice.  Peduncles  terminal,  often 
umbellate-clustered ;  in  the  first  section  mostly  appearing  lateral,  but  not  really 
axillary.  (Named  for  Euphorbus,  physician  to  King  Juba.) 

A.    Glands  of  the  involucre  with  petal-like  usually  white  or  rose-colored  margins 
or  appendages  ;  these  almost  obsolete  in  no.  1. 

§  1.  ANISOPHYLLUM  Roper.  Leaves  all  opposite,  short-petioled,  small,  oblique 
at  base;  stipules  awl -shaped  or  scaly  and  often  fringed,  persistent ;  stems 
much  branched,  spreading  or  usually  procumbent ;  involucres  solitary  in  the 
forks  or  in  terminal  or  pseudo-lateral  clusters,  small,  with  4  glands; 
annuals. 

*  Seeds  smooth  and  even  ;  leaves  entire  ;  whole  plant  glabrous. 

•»-  Leaves  oblong  to  linear,  6-20  mm.  long  ;  pod  2-3  mm.  in  length. 

•*-*  Appendages  of  the  involucral  glands  minute  or  none. 

1.  E.  polygonifblia  L.     (SEASIDE  S.)     Prostrate-spreading;   leaves  oblong- 
linear,  obtuse,  mucronate,  slightly  cordate  or  obtuse  at  base,  8-16  mm.  long; 
stipules  setaceously  divided ;    peduncles  in   the  forks,  as  long  as  the  petioles ; 
lobes  of  the  involucre  longer  than  the  minute  not  appendaged  glands;  pods 
obtusely  angled  ;  seeds  ovate,  over  2  mm.  long,  the  largest  of  this  section. — 
Sandy  shores  of  the  Atlantic  (from  N.  S.  southw.)  and  of  the  Great  Lakes  ;  also 
reported  from  centr.  la.  and  westw. 

2.  E.   Geydri   Engelm.     Procumbent ;   leaves  oblong-ovate,   obtuse,  slightly 
mucronate,  mostly  acutish  at  base,  lowermost  cordate,  6-12  mm.  long  ;  stipules 
setaceously  divided  ;  peduncles  as  long  as  the  petioles,  at  length  in  loose  foli- 
aceous  lateral   clusters ;  glands  with   narrow  white  or  red  appendages  ;  pods 

GRAY'S  MANUAL  —  35 


546  EUPHORBIACEAE    (SPURGE   FAMILY) 

acutely  angled  ;  seeds  ovate,  acute  at  one  end,  1  mm.  long.  — Sandy  soil,  HI.  to 
Wise.,  Minn.,  and  Kan.     June-Sept. 

•w-  -M-  Appendages  of  the  involucral  glands  broad  and  conspicuous,  white  and 

petaloid. 

3.  E.  petaloidea  Engelm.     Half -erect  and  spreading ;  leaves  narrowly  oblong, 
retuse  or  emarginate ;  peduncles  2  mm.  in  length,  longer  than  the  petioles  ;  pod 
obtusely  angled;   seeds  nearly  2  mm.  long. —  la.  arid  Mo.,  westw.  and  south- 
westw.    June-Sept. 

4.  E.  zygophylloides  Boiss.     Habit  of  the  preceding  but  taller  and  more 
slender;  leaves  linear;  peduncles  capillary,  5  mm.  long ;  capsule  deeply  3-sul- 
cate,  the  lobes  carinate  ;   seeds  obscurely  4-angled.     (E.  Nuttallii  Small.)  — 
Limestone  barrens,  Greene  Co.,  Mo.  (Blankinship)  to  Kan.,  and  southwestw. 

I-  -»-  Leaves  suborbicular,  1-3  mm.  long  ;  pod  1-1.5  mm.  long. 

5.  E.  sSrpens   HBK.     Stems  filiform,  prostrate,  and  often  rooting;   leaves 
round-ovate,  obtuse  or  cordate  at  base,  only  1-3  mm.  long  ;  stipules  membrana- 
ceous,  triangular ;  peduncles  much  longer  than  the  petioles,  at  length  in  loose 
foliaceous  lateral  clusters  ;  glands  of  the  very  small  involucre  with  minute  crenu- 
late  appendages;  pods  acutely  angled;  seeds  obtusely  angled,  1  mm.  long  or 
less.  —  Rich  soil,  s.  w.  Ont.,  111.,  and  la.  to  Kan.,  and  south w. ;  rarely  adv.  eastw. 

*  *  Seeds  minutely  roughened  or  transversely  wrinkled;  leaves  more  or  less 

serrulate. 

•»-  Glabrous  or  nearly  so. 
•w-  Seeds  acutely  angled  ;  leaves  4-12  mm.  long. 

6.  E.  serpyllifblia  Pers.     Glabrous,  prostrate-spreading ;  leaves  obovate-ob- 
long,  narrowed  at  the  very  oblique  base,  sharply  serrulate  toward  the  obtuse  apex, 
6-12  mm.  long,  often  with  a  red  spot ;  stipules  lanceolate,  fimbriate ;  peduncles 
as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  petioles,  at  length,  in  loose  foliaceous  lateral  clus- 
ters ;  glands  of  the  small  involucre  with  narrow  somewhat  toothed  appendages  ; 
pods  sharply  angled ;  seeds  acutely  quadrangular,  slightly  cross-wrinkled,  often 
pitted,  nearly  1.5  mm.  long.  —  Sandy  and  alluvial  soil,  n.  Mich.  (Farwell)  to  Mo., 
Tex.,  and  westw. 

7.  E.  glyptosp6rma  Engelm.     Glabrous  (or  very  rarely  puberulent),  erect- 
spreading;  leaves  linear-oblong,  mostly  falcate,  very  unequal  at  base,  slightly 
serrulate  toward  the  obtuse   apex,  4-10  mm.  long ;   stipules  lanceolate,  seta- 
ceously  divided  ;  peduncles  as  long  as  the  petioles,  in  dense  foliaceous  lateral  clus- 
ters ;   glands  of  the  very  small  involucre  with  narrow  crenulate  appendages  ; 
pods  sharply  angled ;  seeds  sharply  4-angled  and  with  5  or  6  sharp  transverse 
wrinkles,  1  mm.  long.  —  Oxford  Co.,  Me.  (Parlin,  Miss  Furbish)  ;  Fisher's  I., 
N.  Y. ;  Ont.  to  Wise.,  Mo.,  and  westw. 

•w-  -H-  Seeds  obtusely  angled;  leaves  1-3  cm.  long. 

8.  E.  PrSslii  Guss.     Stem  often  subsimple  below,  erect  or  obliquely  ascend- 
ing, 2-10  dm.  high  ;  leaves  oblique  at  the  obtuse  or  slightly  cordate  base,  ovate- 
oblong  or  oblong-linear,  sometimes  falcate,  serrate,  1-3  cm.  long,  usually  with  a 
red  spot  or  red  margins ;  stipules  triangular  ;  peduncles  longer  than  the  petioles, 
collected  in  loose  leafy  terminal  cymes  ;  appendages  entire,  larger  and  white,  or 
smaller  and  sometimes  red  ;  pod  glabrous ;  seeds  ovate,  obtusely  angled,  wrinkled 
and  tubercled,  I  mm.  long,  blackish.    (E.  hypericifolia  Man.  ed.  5,  not  L.?  E. 
nutans  Lag.)  — Dry  open  soil/Mass,  to  Ont.,  Wise.,  Neb.,  and  southw. 

i-  •*-  Puberulent  to  hirsute. 

9.  E.  hirsuta  (Torr.)  Wiegand.     Of  lower  stature  and  more  procumbent  than 
the  preceding ;  stems  hirsute,  copiously  branched  from  near  the   base  ;  leaves 
smaller,  8-14  mm.  long,  oblong  to  ovate ;  seeds  black  with  pale  semi-transparent 
envelope,  sharply  4-angled,  the  flattish  or  concave  sides  obscurely  wrinkled. 
(E.  hypericifolia,  var.  Torr.) — Dry  sandy  soil,  e.  Que.  to  w.  Ont.,  s.  to  N.  J., 
Pa.,  O.,  and  111.,  common. 


EUPHORBIACEAE    (SPURGE  FAMILY)  547 

10.  E.    maculata   L.     (MILK  PURSLANE.)     Prostrate ;  stems  puberulent  or 
hairy  ;  leaves  oblong-linear,  very  oblique  at  base,  serrulate  upward,  more  or  less 
pubescent  or  sometimes  smoothish,  8-12  mm.  long,  usually  with  a  brown-red 
spot  in  the  center  ;  stipules  lanceolate,  fimbriate  ;  peduncles  as  long  as  the  peti- 
oles, in  dense  foliaceous  lateral  clusters  ;  glands  of  the  small  involucre  minute, 
with  narrow  slightly  crenate  usually  red  appendages  ;  pods  acutely  angled,  pu- 
berulent; seeds  0.4  mm.  long,  red,  with  pale  envelope,  sharply  4-angled  and  with 
about  4  shallow  grooves  across  the  concave  sides.  — Open  places,  roadsides,  etc., 
common. 

11.  E.   humistrata    Engelrn.      Procumbent,   puberulent  or    hairy  ;    leaves 
elliptical  or  obovate,  very  oblique  at  base,  serrulate  toward  the  apex,  sparsely 
hairy  underneath,  8-18  mm.  long,  sometimes  with  a  brown  spot  above  ;  stipules 
lanceolate,  fimbriate ;   peduncles  rather  shorter    than  the   petioles,    in  dense 
scarcely  foliaceous  lateral  clusters ;  involucre  cleft  on  the  back,  its  red  or  white 
appendages  truncate  or  crenate  ;  pods  sharply  angled,  puberulent ;  seeds  ovate, 
red,  with  pale  envelope,  obtusely  angled,  minutely  roughened,  1  mm.  long.  — 
Rich  soil,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  and  southw. 

12.  E.  stict6spora  Engelin.     Similar  in  habit  and  pubescence  ;  leaves  mostly 
shorter,   oval  or  suborbicular,  not  spotted  ;   seeds  at  maturity  reddish-gray, 
finely  and  distinctly  pitted.  —  Kan. ,  westw.  and  southwestw. 

§  2.  ZYGOPHYLLtDIUM  Boiss.  Leaves  opposite,  on  short  petioles,  not 
oblique,  with  stipular  glands  ;  stems  dichotomously  branched,  erect,'  cymes 
terminal,  involucres  with  5  glands ;  seeds  tuberculate. 

13.  E.  hexagona  Nutt.     Somewhat  hairy,  3-15  dm.  high  ;  branches  striate- 
angled  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  entire  ;  involucre  hairy  without  and  within  ; 
glands  with  green  ovate-triangular  appendages  twice  their  length  ;  capsule  smooth ; 
seeds  ovate.  —  la.  to  Tex.,  w.  to  Col.  and  Mont.;  also  on  waste  ground,  Wil- 
mington, Del.  (Commons). 

§  3.  PETAL.6MA  Boiss.  Uppermost  leaves  with  conspicuous  white  petal-like 
margins,  whorled  or  opposite,  the  others  scattered,'  erect  annuals,  with 
leaves  equal  at  base  and  entire,  and  with  lanceolate  deciduous  stipules; 
involucres  b-lobed,  in  an  umbel-like  inflorescence. 

14.  E.  marginata  Pursh.     (SNOW-ON-THE-MOCNTAIN.)     Stem  stout,  3-9  dm. 
high,  erect,  hairy  ;  leaves  sessile,  ovate  or  oblong,  acute ;  umbel  with  three 
dichotomous  rays ;  glands  of  the  involucre  with  broad  white  appendages.  — 
Minn,  to  Mo.,  Col.,  Tex.,  and  S.  C.;   spreading  eastw.  to  O.,  and  frequently 
escaping  from  flower-gardens. 

§  4.   TITHYMAL6PSIS   (Klotzsch  &  Garcke)   Boiss.  Only  the  uppermost 

leaves  whorled  or  opposite;   erect  perennials,  with  entire  leaves  equal  at 

base;    stipules    none;    involucres    mostly    5-lobed,  in   the  forks    of  the 
branches  and  terminal ;  inflorescence  umbelliform. 

15.  E.  cprollata  L.    (FLOWERINGS.)    Glabrous  or  sometimes  sparingly  hairy, 
4-10  dm.  high  ;  root  deep ;  stem  usually  simple  for  more  than  half  its  length  ; 
leaves  ovate,  lanceolate,  or  linear,  entire,  obtuse';  umbel  5 (3-7) -forked,  and  the 
forks  again  2-3(or  rarely  5)-forkcd;    involucres  long-peduncled,  with  showy 
white  appendages  (appearing  like  petals),  the  lobes  minute  and  incurved  ;  pod 
slender-pediceled,  smooth  ;  seeds  thick,  2  mm.  long  or  more,  ash-colored,  slightly 
uneven.  — Rich  or  sandy  soil,  N.  Y.  to  Fla.,  w.  to  Minn,  and  La. ;  also  locally 
naturalized  in  N.  E.     July-Oct. 

16.  E.  marilandica  Greene.     Pale  green  ;  root  or  rootstock  horizontal,  near 
the  surface;  stem  3  dm.  high,  trichotomous  from  near  the  base;  leaves  lance- 
linear,  whorled  below,  the  upper  opposite,  and  floral  reduced  to  subulate  bracts. 
—  Sand   hills,    Anne    Arundel    Co.,  Md.    (#reewe).  —  Not  seen;    description 
compiled. 


548  ETJPHORBIACEAE    (SPURGE   FAMILY) 

AA.   Glands  of  the  involucre  without  petaloid  appendages. 

§  5.  POINSETTIA  (Graham)  Baill.  Involucres  in  terminal  clusters,  4-5-lobed, 
with  few  (or  often  solitary)  cup-shaped  glands;  erect  annuals,  with  entire, 
dentate,  or  sinuate  leaves,  all  or  only  the  upper  ones  opposite,  the  uppermost 
often  colored,  especially  at  base  ;  stipules  reduced  to  small  glands. 

17.  E.  dentil ta  Michx.     Erect  or  ascending,  hairy,  2.5-12  dm.  high;  leaves 
ovate,  lanceolate,  or  linear,  petioled,  coarsely  toothed,  4-8  cm.  long,  only  the 
lowest  alternate,  the  upper  often  paler  at  base  ;  involucres  almost  sessile,  with 
5  oblong  dentate  lobes,  and  one  or  sometimes  more  short-stalked  glands ;  seeds 
ovoid-globular,  slightly  tubercled.  —  Rich  soil,  Pa.  to  Wyo.  and  Tex.    July-Sept. 

18.  E.   heterophylla  L.     (PAINTED  LEAP.)     Erect,  3-9  dm.  high,  glabrous  ; 
leaves  alternate,  petioled,  ovate-fiddle-shaped  and  sinuate-toothed,  or  lanceolate 
or  linear  and  entire,  often  only  those  of  the  branches  linear ;  the  upper  usually 
with  a  red  base  ;  involucres  about  the  length  of  the  peduncle,  with  5  ovate  incised 
lobes  and  one  or  few  almost  sessile  glands;  seeds  nearly  globular,  tubercled. — 
Slopes  and  rocky  soil,  Minn,  to  w.  111.,  Kan.,  Tex.,  and  Fla. 

§  6.  TITHYMALUS  [Tourn.]  Pers.  Involucres  in  a  terminal  dichotomous  or 
commonly  umbelliform  inflorescence,  5-  or  usually  4-lobed,  with  as  many 
flat  or  convex  entire  or  crescent-shaped  glands ;  seeds  carunculate  (except 
in  no.  19)  ;  ours  ascending  or  erect,  and  mostly  glabrous,  without  stipules. 

*  Perennials  with  entire  leaves,  all  or  only  the  upper  opposite ;  involucres  long- 
peduncled  in  a  dichotomous  inflorescence,  mostly  with  5  transversely  oblong 
seeds  without  caruncle. 


19.  E.  Ipecacuanhae  L.     Stems  many  from  a  very  long  perpendicular  root, 
erect  or  diffusely  spreading,    1-2.5  dm.   long,    forking  from   near  the  base  ; 
leaves  varying  from   obovate   or   oblong  to   narrowly   linear,   almost  sessile, 
glabrous;  peduncles  elongated  (1.3-2.5  cm.  long)  ;  pod  long-pediceled,  obtusely 
angled,  nearly  smooth  ;  seed  ovoid,  white,  sparsely  marked  with  impressed  dots. 
—  Sandy  soil,  near  the  coast,  Ct.  to  Fla. ;  also  barrens  of  s.  Ind. 

*  *  Leaves  scattered,  only  the  floral  in  the  umbelliform  inflorescence  whorled  or 
opposite  and  of  a  different  shape;  glands  mostly  4. 

•<-  Leaves  serrulate  or  rarely  entire  ;  glands  transversely  oval,  obtuse. 
•w-  Seeds  smooth  and  even  ;  pod  warty  or  rough. 

20.  E.  Darlingtbnii  Gray.      Tall  perennial,  6-12  dm.  high  ;    leaves  entire, 
minutely  downy  beneath;  those  of  the  stem  lanceolate-oblong  from  a  narrow 
base ;  the  floral  oval,  very  obtuse ;  the  upper  roundish-dilated  with  a  truncate 
base ;  umbel  5-8-rayed,  then  simply  forked  ;  pod  minutely  warty  ;  large  globular 
seed  with  a  small  caruncle.  —  Copses,  Pa.  to  the  mts.  of  N.  C.     July-Sept. 

21.  E.    obtusata  Pursh.    Erect  annual,  3-6  dm.  high  ;  leaves  oblong-spatulate, 
minutely  serrulate,  smooth,  all  obtuse  ;  upper  ones  cordate  at  base ;  floral  ones 
ovate,  dilated,  barely  mucronate ;  umbel  once  or  twice  divided  into  3  rays,  then 
into  2  ;  involucre  with  snaked  lobes  and  small  stipitate  glands ;  styles  distinct, 
longer  than  the  ovary,  erect,  2-cleft  to  the  middle ;  pod  beset  with  long  warte.  — 
Damp  woods,  Pa.  to  S.  C.,  w.  to  la ,  Kan.,  and  (?)  Tex. 

22.  E.  PI.ATYPHYLLA  L.     Erect  annual,  2-4.5  dm.  high  ;  upper  stem-leaves 
lanceolate-oblong,  acute,  cordate  at  base,  minutely  serrulate,  mostly  with  scat- 
tered hairs  beneath ;  floral  ones  triangular-ovate,  subcordate  ;  umbel  5-rayed  ; 
involucre  with  ciliate  lobes  and  large  sessile  glands ;   styles  longer  than  the 
ovary,  united  at  base,  slightly  2-cleft;  pod  covered  with  depressed  warts. — 
L.  Chainplain  to  w.  Pa.  and  Man.     June- Aug.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

•H.  -H-  Seeds  rugose  or  reticulated ;  leaves  serrulate ;  annuals. 

23.  E.  dictyospSrma  Fisch.  &  Mey.     Stem   erect,  2-4.5  dm.   high  ;   leaves 
oblong-  or  obovate-spatulate,  smooth,  all  obtuse   and  obtusely  serrate;  upper 
ones  cordate    at  base  ;   floral  ones  roundish-ovate  or  obscurely  heart-shaped, 
slightly  mucronate  ;  umbels  once  or  twice  3-forked,  then  2-forked ;  involucre 


CALLITRICHACEAE    (WATER   STARWOKT   FAMILY)         549 

with  nearly  naked  lobes  and  small  almost  sessile  glands;  styles  shorter  than 
the  ovary,  spreading  or  recurved;  pod  warty;  seeds  delicately  reticulated. 
(E.  arkansana  and  var.  mitssouriensis  Norton.) — Prairies  and  roadsides,  Mo. 
to  Ala.,  and  westvv.  May-July. 

24.  E.  HELIOSCOPIA  L.     (WARTWEED.)     Stems  ascending,  1.5-3.5  dm.  high, 
stout ;  leaves  all  obovate  and  very  rounded  or  retuse  at  the  end,flnely  serrate, 
smooth  or  a  little  hairy,  those  of  the  stem  wedge-shaped  ;  umbel  divided  into  5 
rays,  then  into  3,  or  at  length  simply  forked  ;  glands  orbicular,  stalked;  pods 
smooth  and  even  ;  seeds  with  coarse  honeycomb-like  reticulations.  —  Waste  places, 
and  dry  open  soil,  e.  Que.  to  Ont.,  abundant ;  locally  s.  to  Pa.,  O.,  and  111.     (Nat. 
from  Eu.) 

H-  •*-  Leaves  entire  ;  glands  crescent-shaped  or  2-horned. 
•w  Seeds  smooth  and  dark-colored;  perennials,  with  running  rootstocks. 

25.  E.  ESULA  L.     Stems  clustered,  3-4  dm.  high  ;  leaves  lanceolate  to  linear, 
the  floral  (yellowish)  broadly  heart-shaped,  mucronate  ;  umbel  divided  into  many 
rays,  then  forking ;  glands  short-horned  (brown)  ;  pods  smoothish  and  granular. 

—  Sandy  banks,  s.  Me.  (Parlin)  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  and  Mich.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

26.  E.  CvpARfssiAs  L.     (CYPRESS  S.)     Stems  densely  clustered,  1.2-3  dm. 
high  ;  stem-leaves  linear,  Crowded,  the  floral  heart-shaped;  umbel  many-rayed  ; 
glands   crescent-shaped;    pods    granular. — Escaped    from    gardens,    common. 
(Introd.  from  Eu.) 

27.  E.  LtciDA  Waldst.  &  Kit.     Stout  and  tall  glabrous  perennial ;  leaves 
oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  the  floral  broadly  heart-shaped,  mucronate  ;  termi- 
nal umbel  many-rayed,   the  rays  forking ;    glands   short-horned  ;  pods  finely 
wrinkled.     (E.  nicaeensis  Man.   ed.  6,  not  All.) — Field  and  roadsides*  Sus- 
quehanna  Valley,  N.  Y.  and  Pa.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

•w  ++  Seeds  sculptured,  ash-colored  ;  pod  smooth  ;  annuals  or  biennials. 

28.  E.  PEPLUS  L.     (PETTY  S.)     Erect  or  ascending,  1.5-3  dm.  high  ;  leaves 
round-obovate,  the  upper  floral  ones  ovate  ;  umbel  3-rayed,  then  forking  ;  glands 
long-horned  ;  lobes  of  the  pod  ^-wing-crested  on  the  back  ;  seeds  ^-grooved  on 
the  inner  face,  pitted  on  the  back,  scarcely  over  1  mm.  long.  —  Waste  places 
and  cultivated  ground,  N.  B.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  and  la.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

29.  E.  commutata  Engelm.     Stems  branched  from  a  commonly  decumbent 
base,  1.5-3  dm.  high  ;  leaves  obovate,  obtuse,  the  upper  all  sessile,  the  upper 
floral  ones  roundish-dilated,  broader  than  long ;  umbel  3-forked ;  glands  with 
slender  horns  ;  capsule  obtusely  angled;  seeds  ovoid,  pitted  all  over,  2  mm.  long. 

—  Along  streams  and  shady  slopes,  Pa.  to  Fla.,  Mo.,  and  Minn. 

*  *  *  Glabrous  annual  or  biennial  with  entire  opposite  and  decussate  leaves,  an 
umbelliform  inflorescence,  and  short-horned  glands. 

30.  E.  LATHYRUS  L.    (CAPER  S.,  MOLE  PLANT.)     Stem  stout,  3-9  dm.  high  ; 
leaves  thick,  linear  or  oblong,  the  floral  oblong-ovate  and  heart-shaped  ;  umbel 
4-rayed,  then  forking.  —  Sparingly  escaped  from  gardens,  Ct.  and  N.  Y.  to  N.  C. 
(Introd.  from  Eu.) 

CALLITRICHACEAE   (WATER  STARWORT  FAMILY) 

Low  slender  and  usually  tufted  chiefly  aquatic  herbs  (glabrous  or  beset  with 
microscopic  stellate  scales),  with  entire  spatulate  or  linear  leaves,  monoecious 
flowers  (solitary  or  2  or  3  together  in  the  axil  of  the  same  leaf)  wholly  naked  or 
inclosed  by  a  pair  of  membranaceous  bracts.  Sterile  flower  a  single  stamen, 
the  filament  bearing  a  heart-shaped  4-celled  anther,  which  by  confluence  becomes 
1-celled,  and  opens  by  a  single  slit.  Fertile  flower  a  single  4-celled  ovary,  bear- 
ing 2  distinct  filiform  stigmas.  Fruit  nut-like,  compressed,  4-lobed,  4-celled, 
separating  at  maturity  into  as  many  closed  1-seeded  portions.  Seeds  pendulous  ; 
embryo  slender,  straight  or  slightly  curved,  nearly  the  length  of  the  oily  albumen 


550  BUXACEAE    (BOX   FAMILY) 

1.   CALLfTRICHE  L.     WATER  STARWORT 

The  only  genus.  (Name  from  /ca\6s,  beautiful,  and  dpl£,  hair,  from  the 
slender  stems.) 

*  Small  annuals,  forming  tufts  on  moist  soil,  destitute  of  stellate  scales;  leaves 

uniform,  very  small,  obovate  or  oblanceolate,  S-nerved,  crowded;  bracts 
none. 

1.  C.  deflSxa  A.  Br.,  var.  Austin!  (Engelm.)  Hegelm.    Stems  1-2.5  cm.  high  ; 
fruit  0.7  mm.  wide,  broader  than  high,  deeply  notched  above  and  below,  on  a 
pedicel  often  nearly  of  its  own  length  or  almost  sessile  ;  lobes  of  the  fruit  nar- 
rowly winged  and  with  a  deep  groove  between  them ;  persistent  stigmas  shorter 
than  the  fruit,  spreading  or  reflexed  ;  leaves  2-4  mm.  long.     (C.  Austini  Engelm.) 
—  Damp  soil,  Ct.  to  Del.;  also  from  Tenn.  to  Mo.  and  Tex.     (Mex.,  S.  A.) 

**  Amphibious  perennials  ;  leaves  with  stellate  scales,  the  floating  ones  obovate 
and  %-nerved,  the  submersed  linear  (all  uniform  and  narrowly  oblong  in 
terrestrial  forms)  ;  flowers  usually  between  a  pair  of  bracts. 

2.  C.  paliistris  L.     Fruit  1  mm.  long,  higher  than  broad,  obovate,  slightly 
obcordate,  usually  thickest  at  the  base,  sessile,  its  lobes  sharply  keeled  or  very 
narrowly  winged  above,  and  with  a  wide  groove  between  them  ;  stigmas  shorter 
than  the  fruit,  almost  erect,  usually  deciduous ;  floating  leaves  crowded  in  a 
tuft,  obovate,  narrowed  into  a  petiole.     (C.verna  L.,  in  part.) — Common  in 
quiet  waters.     (Eu. ) 

3.  C.  heterophylla  Pursh.     Fruit  smaller,  as  broad  as  or  broader  than  high, 
deeply  emarginate,  thick,  almost  ventricose,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  Us  lobes  obtusely 
angled,  with  a  small  groove  between  them  ;  stigmas  as  long  as  the  fruit,  erect, 
persistent ;  floating  leaves  crowded  in  a  tuft,  broadly  spatulate,  often  retuse, 
abruptly  narrowed  into  a  long  petiole. — Quiet  water,  Nfd.  to  Md.,  La.,  and 
westw. 

*  *  *  /Submersed perennial,  with  numerous  uniform  linear  l-nerved  leaves;  flow- 

ers without  bracts ;  carpels  separate  nearly  to  the  axis. 

4.  C.  autumnalis  L.     Stems  7-15  cm.  high  ;   fruit  large   (2  mm.  wide  or 
more),  flattened,  circular,  deeply  and  narrowly  notched,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  its 
lobes  broadly  winged,  and  with  a  very  deep  and  narrow  groove  between  them  ; 
stigmas  very  long,  reflexed,  deciduous  ;  leaves  all  linear  from  a  broader  base, 
retuse  or  notched  at  the  tip,  4-12  mm.  long.     (C.  biflda  Morong.)  —  Lakes  and 
cold  streams,  w.  Mass.,  L.  Champlain,  and  w.  Que.  to  L.  Superior,  and  westw. 
(Eu.) 

BUXACEAE   (Box  FAMILY) 

Perennial  herbs  or  more  often  trees  or  shrubs,  with  simple  opposite  or  alter- 
nate usually  evergreen  leaves,  watery  juice  and  small  greenish  monoecious  or 
dioecious  apetalous  flowers;  sepals  imbricated  or  none;  stamens  opposite  the 
sepals  or  indefinite  ;  carpels  3  ;  ovary  ^-celled  ;  styles  3,  simple  ;  ovules  (in  ours) 
geminate  in  the  cells,  suspended,  the  rhaphe  dorsal.  —  A  small  family,  often 
united  with  the  Euphorbiaceae. 

1.   PACHYSANDRA  Michx. 

Flowers  monoecious,  in  naked  spikes.  Calyx  4-5-parted.  Petals  none. 
Ster.  Fl.  Stamens  4,  separate  ;  filaments  long-exserted,  thick  and  flat ;  anthers 
oblong-linear.  Pert.  Fl.  Styles  thick,  awl-shaped,  recurved,  stigmatic  down 
their  whole  length  inside.  Capsule  deeply  3-horned,  3-celled,  splitting  into  3  at 
length  2-vaived  2-seeded  carpels.  —  Nearly  glabrous  low  and  procumbent  peren- 
nial herbs,  with  matted  creeping  rootstocks,  and  alternate  ovate  or  obovate 
coarsely  toothed  leaves  narrowed  at  base  into  a  petiole.  Flowers  each  1-3- 
bracted,  the  upper  staminate,  a  few  fertile  ones  at  base,  unpleasantly  scented  ; 


LIMNANTHACEAE   (FALSE  MERMAID   FAMILY)  551 

sepals  greenish  or  purplish  ;  filaments  white  (their  size  and  thickness  giving  the 
name,  from  iraxvs,  thick,  and  dv^p,  used  for  stamen). 

1.  P.  procumbens  Michx.  Stems  1.5-2.3  dm.  long,  bearing  several  approxi- 
mate leaves  at  the  summit  on  slender  petioles,  and  a  few  many-flowered  spikes 
along  the  base  ;  the  intervening  portion  naked,  or  with  a  few  small  scales.  — 
Woods,  mts.  of  Ky.,  W.  Va.,  and  southw. ;  adv.  north w.  March-May. 

EMPETRACEAE   (CROWBERRY  FAMILY) 

Low  shrubby  evergreens,  with  the  foliage,  aspect,  and  compound  pollen  of 
Heaths,  and  the  drupaceous  fruit  of  Arctostaphylos,  but  the  divided  or  laciniate 
stigmas,  etc.,  of  some  Euphorbiaceae.  —  Probably  only  an  apetalous  and  degen- 
erate form  of  Ericaceae,  and  comprising  three  genera,  two  within  the  limits  of 
this  work,  the  third  farther  south. 

1.  Empetrum.    Flowers  scattered  and  solitary  in  the  axils.    Sepals  8,  petaloid. 

2.  Corema.    Flowers  collected  in  terminal  heads.    Calyx  none. 

1.  EMPETRUM   [Tourn.]   L.     CROWBERRY 

Flowers  polygamous,  scattered  and  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  incon- 
spicuous, scaly-bracted.  Calyx  of  3  spreading  and  somewhat  petal-like  sepals. 
Stamens  3.  Style  very  short ;  stigma  6-9-rayed.  Fruit  a  berry-like  drupe,  with 
6-9  seed-like  nutlets,  each  containing  an  erect  anatropous  seed.  (An  ancient 
name,  from  tv,  upon,  and  -n-trpos,  a  rock.} 

1.  E.  nigrum  L.  (BLACK  C.)  Procumbent  and  spreading ;  branchlets  and 
scattered  linear-oblong  leaves  glabrous  or  merely  pulverulent ;  fruit  black.  — 
Arctic  Am.,  s.  to  the  coast  of  e.  Me.,  mts.  of  n.  N.  E.  and  N.  Y.,  n.  Mich.,  and 
coast  of  Ore.  (Eurasia.)  Var.  puRptREUM  (Raf.)  DC.  Fruit  red  or  purple. — 
Less  common. 

Var.  andinum  (Philippi)  DC.  Branchlets  and  young  leaves  tomentose  ;  ber- 
ries reddish  or  plum-colored,  larger  and  more  juicy.  —  Nfd.,  and  mts.  of  Me.  and 
N.  H.  (Chili.) 

2.  COREMA  D.  Don.    BROOM  CROWBERRY 

Flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous,  in  terminal  heads,  each  in  the  axil  of  a  scaly 
bract,  and  with  6  or  6  scarious  imbricated  bractlets,  but  no  proper  calyx.  Sta- 
mens 3,  rarely  4.  Style  slender,  3(or  rarely  4-5)-cleft ;  stigmas  narrow,  often 
toothed.  Drupe  small,  with  3  (rarely  4-5)  nutlets.  —  Diffusely  branched  little 
shrubs,  with  subverticillate  narrowly  linear  heath-like  leaves.  (Name  KbprjfjLa,  a 
broom,  from  the  bushy  aspect.) 

1.  C.  Conradii  Torr.  Shrub,  1.5-6  dm.  high,  diffusely  branched,  nearly 
smooth  ;  drupe  very  small,  dry  and  juiceless  when  ripe. — Sandy  pine-barrens 
and  dry  rocky  places,  N.  J.  and  L.  I.  (?),  Shawangunk  Mts.,  N.  Y.,  coast  of 
s.  e.  Mass,  and  Me.  to  Nfd.  —  The  sterile  plant  is  handsome  in  flower,  on  account 
of  the  tufted  purple  filaments  and  brown-purple  anthers. 

LIMNANTHACEAE    (FALSE  MERMAID  FAMILY) 

Herbaceous  plants  with  perfect  regular  3-6-merous  slightly  perigynous  sym- 
metrical flowers,  the  persistent  sepals  valvate.  Glands  alternate  with  the  petals. 
Stamens  distinct.  Carpels  nearly  distinct,  with  a  common  style,  1-ovuled,  at 
length  fleshy  and  indehiscent,  not  beaked,  separating  from  a  very  short  axis. 
Embryo  straight;  cotyledons  very  thick;  radicle  very  short.  —  Low  tender 
animals,  with  alternate  pinnate  exstipulate  leaves. 


552  ANACARDIACEAE   (CASHEW   FAMILY) 

1.    FLOERKEA  Willd.     FALSE  MERMAID 

Sepals  3.  Petals  3,  shorter  than  the  calyx,  oblong.  Stamens  6.  Ovaries  3, 
opposite  the  sepals,  united  only  at  the  base ;  the  style  rising  in  the  center  ;  stig- 
mas 3.  Fruit  of  3  (or  1-2)  roughish  fleshy  achenes.  Seed  anatropous,  erect.  — 
Small  and  inconspicuous  herbs,  with  minute  solitary  flowers  on  axillary  pedun- 
cles. (Named  for  Gustav  Heinrich  Fldrke,  a  German  botanist.) 

1.  F.  proserpinacoides  Willd.  Leaflets  3-5,  lanceolate,  sometimes  2-3-cleft. 
—  Marshes  and  river-banks,  w.  Que.  to  Del.,  Ky.,  and  westw.  Apr. -June. — 
Taste  slightly  pungent. 

ANACARDIACEAE    (CASHEW  FAMILY) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  resinous  or  milky  acrid  juice,  dotless  alternate  leaves, 
and  small  often  polygamous  regular  5-merous  flowers,  but  the  ovary  l-celled  and 
l-ovuled,  with  3  styles  or  stigmas.  —  Petals  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Fruit  mostly 
drupaceous.  Seed  without  albumen,  borne  on  a  curved  stalk  that  rises  from  the 
base  of  the  cell.  Stipules  none.  Some  species  pervaded  by  an  exceedingly  ac- 
tive poisonous  principle. 

1.   RHUS  L.    SUMACH 

Calyx  small,  5-parted.  Petals  5.  Stamens  5,  inserted  under  the  edge  or  be- 
tween the  lobes  of  a  flattened  disk  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx.  Fruit  small  arid 
indehiscent,  a  sort  of  dry  drupe. — Leaves  usually  compound.  Flowers  green- 
ish-white or  yellowish.  (The  old  Greek  and  Latin  name. ) 

§  1.  SljMAC  DC.  (in  part).  Flowers  polygamous,  in  a  terminal  thyrsoid  pan- 
icle ;  fruit  globular,  symmetrical,  clothed  with  acid  crimson  hairs;  stone 
smooth;  leaves  odd-pinnate.  (Not poisonous.} 

1.  R.  typhina  L.     (STAGHORN  S.)     Shrub  or  tree,  1-10  m.  high,  with  orange- 
colored  wood;    branches  and  stalks  densely  velvety-hairy;  leaflets  11-31,  pale 
beneath,  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed,   serrate.     (E.  hirta  Sud  worth.) — Dry  or 
gravelly  soil,  e.  Que.  to  Out.,  s.  to  Ga. ,  Ind.,  and  la.    June,  July.  —  Apparently 
hybridizes  with  the  next  species.     Forma  LACINIATA  (Wood)  Rehder.     Leaflets 
and  bracts  more  or  less  deeply  and  laciniately  toothed.  —  A  frequent  form,  at 
least  in  some  cases  pathological  and  with  inflorescence  transformed  in  part  into 
contorted  bracts  (the  Datisca  hirta  of  L.).     Forma  DISSECTA  Rehder.     Leaves 
bipinnatifid  to  bipinnate.  — An  occasional  form,  now  in  cultivation. 

2.  R.   glabra   L.     (SMOOTH  S.)     Smooth  glaucous  shrub,  6-30  dm.  high; 
leaflets  11-31,  whitened  beneath,  lanceolate-oblong,  pointed,  serrate.  —  Common 
in  dry  soil,  'centr.  Me.,  westw.   and   southw.      June,  July.     Forma   LACINI\TA 
(Carr.)  Robinson.     Leaves  laciniately  bipinnatifid  to  bipinnate.  — Pa.  and  Del. 

3.  R.  copallina   L.     (!)VVARF  S.)     Shrub,  0.3-2   or  (especially  southward) 
even  10  m.  high  ;  branches  and  stalks  downy ;  petioles  wing-margined  between 
the  9-21  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate  often  entire  leaflets,  which  are  oblique  or 
unequal  at  the  base,  smooth  and  shining  above.  —  Rocky  hills,  s.  Me.,  southw. 
and  westw.    July. 

§2.  VENENATAE  Engl.  Flowers  polygamous,  in  loose  and  slender  axillary 
panicles;  fruit  symmetrical,  globular,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  whitish  or 
dun-colored;  the  style  terminal;  stone  striate ;  leaves  odd-pinnate  or  3-foli- 
olate,  thin.  (Poisonous.)  TOXICODENDRON  Mill. 

4.  R.  VSrnix  L.     (POISON  S.  or  DOGWOOD.)     Shrub,  2-5  m.  high,  smooth  or 
nearly  so  ;  leaflets  7-13,  ob ovate-oblong,  entire.     ( E.  venenata  DC.)  —  Swamps, 
w.   Me.  to  w.   Ont.,  and  southw.     June. — Our  most  poisonous  species;   also 
called  POISON  ELDER. 

5.  R.  Toxicodendron  L.     (POISON  IVY,  POISON  OAK.)     Suberect  and  bushy, 


CYRILLACEAE  (CYRILLA   FAMILY)  553 

scrambling  over  fences,  walls,  etc.,  or  in  woods  climbing  by  rootlets  to  consid- 
erable heights  (var.  RADICANS  (L.)  Torr.),  sparingly  pubescent  or  glabrate  ; 
leaves  pinnately  %-foliolate,  leaflets  ovate  to  rhombic,  mostly  acuminate,  entire, 
crenulate,  or  irregularly  and  coarsely  few-toothed,  paler  and  with  some  persist- 
ent or  tardily  deciduous  pubescence  beneath  ;  berries  whitish  or  cream-colored, 
subglobose,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  5-6  mm.  in  diameter,  in  age  sulcate.  — 
Abundant  in  hedgerows,  thickets,  and  woods.  June,  July.  —  To  many  persons 
poisonous  to  the  touch.  Passing  on  our  western  limits  to  a  thicker-leaved 
smoother  form  (R.  Bydbergi  Small). 

Var.  microcarpa  Michx.  Similar ;  fruit  3-4  mm.  in  diameter.  (It.  micro- 
carpa  Steud.) — Apparently  local,  w.  Que.  to  Fla.,  and  westw. 

(3.  R.  quercifblia  (Michx.)  Steud.  (POISON  OAK.)  Erect,  3-5  dm.  high; 
leaflets  broadly  rhombic-ovate,  conspicuously  3-1-lobed,  permanently  and  some- 
what copiously  pubescent  beneath,  rather  firm  in  texture  and  somewhat  veiny  ; 
fruit  4-5  mm.  in  diameter,  at  first  pubescent,  in  maturity  glabrate  lout  papillose. 
—  Woods  and  barrens,  Va.,  southw.  and  south  westw. 

§3.  LOBADIUM  (Raf.)  DC.  Flowers  poly gamo-dioecious,  in  small  solitary 
or  clustered  spikes  or  heads  which  develop  in  spring  before  the  leaves  ;  leaves 
3-foliolate;  fruit  as  in  the  first  group.  SCHMALTZIA  Desv. 

7.  R.  canadensis  Marsh.     Leaves  soft-pubescent  when  young,  becoming  gla- 
brate;  leaflets  rhombic-obovate  or  ovate,  unequally  cut-toothed,  2.5-7.5  cm. 
long,  the  terminal  one  cuneate  at  base  and  sometimes  3-cleft ;  flowers  pale  yel- 
low.    (R.  aromatica  Ait.) — Dry  rocky  banks,  w.  Vt.  to  Minn.,  and  southw.— 
A  straggling  bush,  1-2  in.  high  ;  the  crushed  leaves  not  unpleasantly  scented. 

Var.  illinoSnsis  (Greene)  Fernald.  Branchlets  and  petioles  tomentulose  ; 
leaves  permanently  appressed -pubescent  above,  velvety  beneath.  (Schmaltzia 
illinoensis  Greene.)  — Dry  sandy  banks,  centr.  111. 

Var.  trilobata  (Nutt.)  Gray.  With  smaller  somewhat  flabelliform  and  ob- 
tusish  leaflets,  1.5-2.5  cm.  long,  crenately  few-lobed  or  incised  toward  the  sum- 
mit. —  111.  (Hall},  and  common  westw.  — Unpleasantly  scented. 

§  4.  COTINUS  (Adans.)  DC.  Ovary  becoming  very  gibbous  in  fruit,  with  the 
remains  of  the  styles  lateral ;  flowers  in  loose  ample  panicles,  the  pedicels 
elongating  and  becoming  plumose  ;  leaves  simple,  entire. 

8.  R.  cotinoides  Nutt.    A  tree,  8-12  m.  high,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  ;  leaves 
thin,  oval,  7-15  cm.  long.     (Cotinus  Britton.)  —  Wooded  calcareous  banks,  s.  e. 
Mo.  to  Tenn.,  and  southw.,  rare  and  local.  — Flowers  and  fruit  much  as  in  the 
cultivated  SMOKE-TREE  (R.  Cotinus  L.),  which  is  an  occasional  escape  within 
our  range. 

CYRILLACEAE    (CYRILLA  FAMILY) 

Shrubs  or  small  trees  with  alternate  entire  thickish  leaves,  no  stipules,  and 
(4-)5-parted  small  regular  and  perfect  flowers.  Stamens  hypogynous,  5  or  10, 
when  5  alternate  with  the  petals.  Ovary  2-5-celled ;  cells  1-4-ovuled.  Petals 
(white  or  roseate)  imbricated  or  convolute  in  bud,  sessile  or  unguiculate. 
Fruit  a  small  corky  drupe  or  tardily  dehiscent  pod.  Flowers  racemose-spicate. 

1.    CYRiLLA  Garden.     LEATHERWOOD.     BLACK  TI-TI 

Petals  sessile.  Stamens  5,  attached  with  the  petals  under  a  disk ;  anthers 
somewhat  sagittate.  Ovary  2-3-celled  ;  ovules  anatropous  or  half-anatropous  ; 
cotyledons  terete,  small ;  radicle  superior.  —  Leaves  oblanceolate,  coriaceous, 
evergreen  or  nearly  so.  (Named  in  honor  of  Dominica  Cyrillo,  professor  of 
medicine  at  Naples.) 

1.  C.  racemiflbra  L.  Glabrous  shrub,  with  shining  somewhat  veiny  leaves 
and  innumerable  small  flowers  in  clustered  racemes.  —  Edges  of  swamps,  s.  e. 
Va.,  and  southw.  (W.  I.;  S.  A.) 


§54  AQUIFOLIACEAE   (HOLLY   FAMILY) 

AQUIFOLlACEAE   (HOLLY  FAMILY) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  small  axillary  4-8-merows  flowers,  a  minute  catyx  free 
from  the  4-8-celled  ovary  and  the  4:-8-seeded  berry-like  drupe;  the  stamens  as 
many  as  the  divisions  of  the  almost  or  quite  4-8-petaled  corolla  and  alternate 
with  them,  attached  to  their  very  base.  Corolla  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Anthers 
opening  lengthwise.  Stigmas  4-8,  or  united  into  one,  nearly  sessile.  Seeds 
suspended  and  solitary  in  each  cell,  anatropous,  with  a  minute  embryo  in  fleshy 
albumen.  Leaves  simple,  mostly  alternate.  Flowers  white  or  greenish,  mostly 
poly gamo -dioecious.  —  Small  family,  related  to  the  Ebenaceae. 

1.  Ilex.    Petals  or  corolla-lobes  oval  or  obovate.    Stamens  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  corolla. 

2.  Nemopanthus.    Petals  linear,  free  from  each  other  and  from  the  stamens. 

1.   ILEX  L.     HOLLY 

Calyx  4-6-toothed.  Petals  4-6,  separate  or  united  only  at  the  base,  oval  or 
obovate,  obtuse,  spreading.  Stamens  4-6.  The  berry-like  drupe  containing 
4-6  little  nutlets.  —  Leaves  alternate.  Fertile  flowers  inclined  to  be  solitary, 
and  the  sterile  or  partly  sterile  flowers  to  be  clustered  in  the  axils.  (The  ancient 
Latin  name  of  the  Holly  Oak,  rather  than  of  the  Holly.) 

§  1.  AQUIFOLIUM  [Tourn.]  Gray.  Parts  of  the  flower  commonly  in  4's, 
sometimes  in  5's  or  6's ;  drupe  red  or  yellow,  its  nutlets  ribbed,  veiny,  or 
l-grooved  on  the  back  ;  leaves  mostly  smooth,  coriaceous  and  evergreen. 

*  Leaves  armed  with  spiny  teeth  ;  trees. 

1.  I.  opaca  Ait.     (AMERICAN  H.)     Leaves  oval,  flat,  the  wavy  margins  with 
scattered  spiny  teeth  ;  flowers  in  loose  clusters  along  the  base  of  the  young 
branches  and  in  the  axils ;   calyx-teeth   acute ;   fruit  red.  —  Moist  woodlands,. 
Mass,  to  N.  J.,  near  the  coast,  w.  to  s.  Mo.,  and  southw.    June. — Tree,  6-12 
m.  high  ;  the  deep  green  foliage  less  glossy  than  in  the  European  Holly.     Forma 
XANTHOCARPA  Kehdcr.    Fruit  bright  yellow. — New  Bedford,  Mass.  (Hervey}. 

*  *  Leaves  serrate  or  entire,  not  spiny  ;  shrubs. 

2.  I.  vomitbria  Ait.     (CASSENA,  YAUPON.)     Leaves  lance-ovate  or  elliptical, 
crenate,   2.5-3.8  cm.  long;  flower-clusters  nearly  sessile,  smooth;   calyx-teeth 
obtuse.     (I.  Cassine  Man.  ed.  6,  not  L.)  — Va.  to  Fla.,  Ark.,  and  Tex.     May. 
—  Leaves  used  for  tea  by  the  people  along  the  coast,  as  they  were  also  to  make 
the  celebrated  black  drink  of  the  North  Carolina  Indians.     (W.  I.) 

3.  I.  Cassine  L.     (DAHOON  H.)     Leaves  oblanceolate  or  oblong,  entire,  or 
sharply  serrate  toward  the  apex,  with  revolute  margins,  5-7.5  cm.  long,   the 
midrib  and  peduncles  pubescent;    calyx-teeth  acute.      (I.  Dahoon  Walt.)  — 
Swamps,  s.  Va.,  and  southw.     May,  June. 

Var.  myrtifblia  (Walt.)  Sarg.  Leaves  smaller  (2.5  cm.  long  or  less)  and 
narrower.  (7.  myrtifolia  Walt.) — Same  range.  May. 

§  2.  PRINOlDES  Gray.  Parts  of  the  polygamous  or  dioecious  flowers  in  4V 
or  5's  (rarely  6's)  ;  drupe  red  or  purple;  nutlets  striate-many-ribbed  on  the 
back  ;  leaves  deciduous  ;  shrubs. 

4.  I.  decldua  Walt.    Leaves  wedge-oblong  or  lance-obovate,  obtusely  serrate, 
downy  on  the  midrib  beneath,  shining  above,  becoming  thickish  ;  peduncles  of 
the  sterile  flowers  longer  than  the  petioles,  of  the  fertile  short ;   calyx-teeth 
smooth,  acute.  —  Wet  grounds,  Va.  to  Mo.,  Kan.,  and  southw.     May. 

5.  I.  monticola  Gray.     Leaves  ovate  or  lance-oblong,  ample  (6-12  cm.  long), 
taper-pointed,   thin-membranaceous,    smooth,   sharply  serrate;    fertile  flowers 
very  short-peduncled  ;  calyx  ciliate.  —  Damp  woods,  Taconic  and  Catskill  Mts., 
and  Cattaraugus  Co.,  N.  Y.,  and  southw.  along  the  Alleghenies.    May. 


AQUIFOLIACEAE    (HOLLY   FAMILY)  555 

Var.  m611is  (Gray)  Britton.  Leaves  soft-downy  beneath.  (7.  mollis  Gray.) 
—  Taconic  Mts.,  Mass.  (Hoffmann)  to  N.  C.  At  the  South  appearing  to  pass 
without  clear  limits  into  a  form  with  shorter  rounder  leaves  and  tomentose 
calyx  (/.  Beadlei  Ashe). 

§  3.  PRlNOS  Gray.  Parts  of  the  sterile  flowers  commonly  in  4's,  5's,  or  6's, 
those  of  the  fertile  flowers  commonly  in  6's  (rarely  in  5's,  7's,  or  8's)  ;  nut- 
lets smooth  and  even  ;  shrubs. 

*  Leaves  deciduous  ;  fruit  red  or  yellow. 

6.  I.  verticillata  (L.)  Gray.     (BLACK  ALDER,  WINTERBERRY.)     Leaves  3-7 
cm.  long,  oval,  obovate,  or  wedge-lanceolate,  pointed,  acute  at  base,  serrate, 
downy  chiefly   on  the  veins  beneath ;  flowers  all  very  short-peduncled ;  calyx- 
lobes  ciliate  on  the  margins;  fruit  red.  —  Low  grounds,  common.     May,  June. 
Forma    CHRYSOCARPA    Robinson.      Fruit  yellow.  —  Georgetown,    Mass.  ( Mrs. 
Homer). 

Var.  tenuifblia  (Torr.)  Wats.  Leaves  thinner,  smoother,  pellucid-puncticu- 
late  under  a  lens  ;  fertile  flowers  more  inclined  to  be  solitary.  (/.  bronxensis 
Britton.)  —  A  northeastern  woodland  form,  N.  S.  to  Ont.,  Mich.,  and  N.  J. 

Var.  cyclophylla  Robinson.  Leaves  small,  suborbicular,  finely  pubescent 
upon  the  veins  beneath,  tending  to  be  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  branchlets. 
(Var.  padifolia  Britton,  not  T.  &  G.)  —Shores  of  L.  Erie  ;  a  similar  form  with 
small  and  clustered  but  narrower  leaves  on  Mt.  Desert  I.,  Me.  (Band). 

Var.  padif61ia  (VVilld.)  T.  &  G.  Leaves  5-12  cm.  long,  as  in  the  typical 
form,  but  tomentulose  on  the  surface  (as  well  as  the  veins)  beneath.  —  Mass,  to 
Minn.,  and  southw. 

7.  I.   laevigata  (Pursh)  Gray.     (SMOOTH  WINTERBERRY.)    Leaves  lanceolate 
or  oblong-lanceolate,  appressed-serrulate,  shining  above,  mostly  glabrous  be- 
neath ;  sterile  flowers  long-peduncled ;  calyx-lobes  not  ciliate. —  Wet  grounds, 
N.  H.  to  the.mts.  of  N.  C.      June.  —  Fruit  larger  than  in  the  last,  ripening 
earlier.      Forma  HERV:EYI   Robinson.     Fruit  bright  yellow. — New  Bedford, 
Mass.  (Hervey). 

*  *  Leaves  coriaceous,  evergreen,  shining,  often  dotted  beneath  /  fruit  black. 

8.  I.  glabra  (L.)  Gray.     (INKBERRY.)     Shrub,  6-9  dm.  high,  the  twigs  ashy- 
puberulent ;  leaves  wedge-lanceolate  or  oblong,  sparingly  toothed,  toward  the 
apex,  smooth,  1.4-4.8  cm.  long,  8-15  mm.  wide  ;    peduncles  (1.2  cm.  long)    of 
the   sterile  flowers  3-6-flowered,    of  the  fertile  1-flowered  ;   calyx-teeth  rather 
blunt.  —  Low  sandy  grounds,  s.  w.  N.  S. ;   and  from  Cape  Ann,  Mass.,  to  Fla. 
and  La.,  near  the  coast.     June. 

9.  I.  liicida  (Ait.)  T.  &  G.     Larger  shrub,  with  glabrous  or  viscid-pub erulent 
branchlets  ;  leaves  obovate  to  oblanceolate,  coriaceous,  entire  or  remotely  toothed, 
short-acuminate,  mostly  3-7.5  cm.  long,  1.6-2.8  cm.  wide,  on  thickish  petioles 
6-10  mm.  in  length.  —  Swamps,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La. 


2.  NEMOPANTHUS   Raf.     MOUNTAIN  HOLLY 

Flowers  polygamo-dioecious.  Calyx  in  the  sterile  flowers  of  4-5  minute 
deciduous  teeth,  in  the  fertile  ones  obsolete.  Petals  4-5,  oblong-linear,  spread- 
ing, distinct.  Stamens  4-6  ;  filaments  slender.  Drupe  with  4-5  bony  nutlets, 
light  red.  —  A  much  branched  shrub,  with  ash-gray  bark,  alternate  deciduous 
entire  or  slightly  toothed  smooth  leaves  on  slender  petioles.  Flowers  on  Ion5 
slender  axillary  peduncles,  solitary  or  sparingly  clustered.  (Name  said  by 
the  author  to  mean  "flower  with  a  filiform  peduncle,"  presumably  from 
vT}fj.a,  a  thread,  TTOI/S,  foot,  and  &v6o<i,  flower.) 

1.  N.  mucronata  (L.)  Trel.  Erect,  0.3-3  m.  high  ;  bark  gray;  leaves  ellip- 
tic-oblong, thin,  slightly  paler  beneath.  —  (Nemopanthes  fascicularis  Raf.; 
Ilicioides  mucronata  Britton.) — Damp  cool  woods,  from  the  mts.  of  Va.  to 
Nfd.,  Ind.,  Wise.,  and  north  w. 


556  CELASTRACEAE    (STAFF   TKEE   FAMILY) 

CELASTRACElE    (STAFF  TREE  FAMILY) 

Shrubs  with  simple  leaves,  and  small  regular  flowers,  the  sepals  and  the 
petals  both  imbricated  in  the  bud,  the  4  or  5  perigynous  stamens  as  many  as 
the  petals  and  alternate  with  them,  inserted  on  a  disk  which  Jills  the  bottom 
of  the  calyx  and  sometimes  covers  the  ovary.  Seeds  arilled.  Ovule  anatropous  ; 
styles  united  into  one.  Fruit  2-5-celled,  free  from  the  calyx.  Embryo  large, 
in  fleshy  albumen  ;  cotyledons  broad  and  thin.  Stipules  minute  and  fugacious. 
Pedicels  jointed. 

*  Leaves  opposite  ;  flowers  in  axillary  cymes  or  solitary. 

1.  Evonymus.    Erect  shrubs.     Leaves  deciduous.    Fruit  3-5-lobed,  3-5-valved.    Aril  red. 

2.  Pachistima.     Dwarf  evergreen   shrub.     Flowers  very  small.     Fruit  oblong,  2-valved.    Aril 

white. 

*  *  Leaves  alternate  ;  flowers  in  terminal  racemes. 

3.  Celastrus.    A  shrubby  climber.     Fruit  globose,  orange,  3-valved.    Aril  scarlet. 

1.   EV6NYMUS    [Tourn.]    L.     SPINDLE  TREE 

Flowers  perfect.  Sepals  4  or  5,  united  at  the  base,  forming  a  short  and  flat 
calyx.  Petals  4-5,  rounded,  spreading.  Stamens  short,  borne  on  the  edge  or 
face  of  a  broad  and  flat  4— 5-angled  disk,  which  coheres  with  the  calyx  and  is 
stretched  over  the  ovary,  adhering  to  it  more  or  less.  Style  short  or  none. 
Pod  3-5-lobed,  3-5-valved,  loculicidal.  Seeds  1-4  in  each  cell,  inclosed  in  a 
red  aril.  —  Shrubs,  with  4-sided  branchlets,  opposite  serrate  leaves,  and  loose 
pedunculate  cymes  of  small  flowers  on  axillary  peduncles.  (Name  from  eS, 
good,  and  &vo^a,  name,  but  used  ironically,  the  plants  having,  had  the  bad 
reputation  of  poisoning  cattle.) 

1.  E.  atropurpureus  Jacq.      (BURNING  BUSH,   WAAHOO.)      Tree-like  shrub, 
2-4  m.    high ;  leaves  petioled,  oval-oblong,  pointed  ;  parts  of  the  dark-purple 
flower  commonly  in  fours;  pods  smooth,  deeply  lobed.  —  N.  Y.  to  Wise.,  Neb.; 
south w.  and  westw.;  also  cultivated,  and  locally  establishing  itself  northeastw. 
June. — Ornamental  in  autumn,  its  copious   crimson  fruit  drooping  on  long- 
peduncles. 

2.  E.  EUROPAEUS    L.,  the   EUROPEAN   SPINDLE   TREE,    with    similar  foliage 
but  less  numerous  greenish  or  yellowish-white  flowers,  occasionally  escapes  from 
cultivation  in  the  Atlantic  States.     (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

3.  E.  americanus  L.  "(STRAWBERRY  BUSH.)     Shrub,  low,  upright   or   strag- 
gling, 1-2  m.  high  ;  leaves  almost  sessile,  thickish,  bright  green,  ovate  to  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acute  or  pointed;  parts  of  the  greenish-purple  flowers  mostly  in  6's  ; 
petals  distinctly  clawed ;  pods  rough-warty,  depressed,  crimson  when  ripe ;  the 
aril  and   dissepiments  scarlet.  —  Wooded  river-banks,  N.  Y.  to  111.,  Fla.  and 
Tex.    June. 

4.  E.  obovatus  Nutt.     Trailing,  with  rooting  branches ;  flowering  stems  3-6 
dm.  high;   leaves  thin    and   dull,   obovate  or  oblong,  obtuse;  petals  without 
distinct  claw.     (E.americanus,\&r.  T.  &  G.)  —  Low  or  wet  places,  w.  Ont.  to 
Pa.,  Ky.,  and  111.;  commoner  than  the  preceding. 

2.   PACHfSTIMA    Raf. 

Flowers  perfect.  Sepals  and  petals  4.  Stamens  4,  on  the  edge  of  the  broad, 
disk  lining  the  calyx-tube.  Ovary  free  ;  style  very  short.  Pod  small,  oblong, 
2-celled,  loculicidally  2-valved.  Seeds  1  or  2,  inclosed  in  a  white  membrana- 
ceous  many-cleft  aril.  —  Low  evergreen  shrubs,  with  smooth  serrulate  coria- 
ceous opposite  leaves  and  very  small  green  flowers  solitary  or  fascicled  in  the 
axils.  (Name  from  iraxfa,  thick,  and  ffrijfjia,  stigma.) 


ACEBACEAE    (MAPLE   FAMILY)  557 

1.  P.  CAnbyi  Gray.  Leaves  linear  to  linear-oblong  or  oblong-obovate,  obtuse, 
6-25  ram.  long ;  pedicels  very  slender,  often  solitary,  shorter  than  the  leaves  ; 
fruit  4  mm.  long.  —  Steep  rocky  slopes,  mts.  of  s.  Va.  and  W.  Va. 

3.    CELASTRUS   L.     STAFF  TREE.     SHRUBBY  BITTER-SWEET 

Flowers  polygamo-dioecious.  Petals  (crenulate)  and  stamens  5,  inserted  on 
the  margin  of  a  cup-shaped  disk  which  lines  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Pod  globose, 
orange-color  and  berry-like,  3-celled,  3-valved,  loculicidal.  Seeds  1  or  2  in 
each  cell,  erect,  inclosed  in  a  pulpy  scarlet  aril.  —  Leaves  alternate.  Flowers 
small,  greenish,  in  raceme-like  clusters  terminating  the  branches.  (An  ancient 
Greek  name  for  some  evergreen.) 

1.  C.  scdndens  L.  (WAXWORK,  CLIMBING  BITTER-SWEET.)  Twining 
shrub;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  finely  serrate,  pointed.  —  Along  streams  and  in 
thickets,  Me.  to  Man.,  and  southw.  June. — The  opening  orange-colored  pods, 
displaying  the  scarlet  covering  of  the  seeds,  are  very  ornamental  in  autumn. 

STAPHYLEACEAE     (BLADDER  NUT  FAMILY) 

Shrubs  or  small  trees  with  opposite  chiefly  pinnate  stipulate  leaves  and  perfect 
flowers.  Stamens  as  many  as  and  alternate  with  the  petals,  borne  outside  a 
large  disk.  Fruit  (in  ours)  a  bladdery  inflated  2-3-horned  capsule.  Seeds  (in 
ours)  with  scanty  albumen  and  straight  embryo.  —  Chiefly  Asiatic. 

1.   STAPHYLEA  L.     BLADDER  NUT 

Calyx  deeply  5-parted,  the  lobes  erect,  whitish.  Petals  5,  erect,  spatulate. 
Pistil  of  3  several-ovuled  carpels,  united  in  the  axis,  their  long  styles  lightly 
cohering.  Pod  large,  inflated,  3-celled,  at  length  bursting  at  the  summit ;  the 
cells  containing  1-4  bony  anatropous  seeds.  Cotyledons  broad  and  thin.  — Up- 
right shrubs,  with  opposite  pinnate  leaves  of  3  or  5  serrate  leaflets,  and  white 
flowers  in  drooping  raceme-like  clusters  terminating  the  branchlets.  Stipules 
and  stipels  deciduous.  (Name  from  crra0vX?7,  a  cluster.) 

1.  S.  trif61ia  L.  (AMERICAN  B.)  Leaflets  3,  ovate,  pointed.— Thickets,  in 
moist  soil,  w.  Que.  and  w.  N.  E.  to  Minn.,  and  southw.  May. — Shrub,  3  m. 
high,  with  greenish  striped  branches. 

ACERACEAE     (MAPLE  FAMILY) 

Trees  and  shrubs  with  watery  saccharine  sap,  opposite  simple  and  palmately 
lobed  or  more  rarely  palmately  or  pinnately  divided  leaves,  small  regular  mostly 
polygamous  or  dioecious  sometimes  apetalous  flowers.  Ovary  2-celled,  2-lobed ; 
ovules  2  in  each  cell.  Embryo  coiled  or  folded  ;  cotyledons  long  and  thin.  — 
Chiefly  trees  of  temperate  regions. 

1.    ACER  [Tourn.]  L.     MAPLE 

Flowers  polygamo-dioecious.  Calyx  colored,  5 (rarely  4-12)-lobed  or -parted. 
Petals  either  none  or  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  equal,  with  short  claws 
if  any,  inserted  on  the  margin  of  a  perigynous  or  hypogynous  disk.  Stamens  3- 
12.  Ovary  2-celled,  with  a  pair  of  ovules  in  each  cell ;  styles  2,  long  and  slender, 
united  only  below,  stigmatic  down  the  inside.  From  the  back  of  each  carpel 
grows  a  wing,  converting  the  fruit  into  two  1-seeded  at  length  separable  samaras 
or  keys.  —  Trees  or  sometimes  shrubs,  with  opposite  palmately  lobed  leaves,  and 
small  flowers.  Pedicels  not  jointed.  (The  classical  name,  from  the  Celtic  ac, 
hard.) 


558  ACERACEAE    (MAPLE   FAMILY) 

§  1.    ACER  proper.     Disk  usually  present.     Leaves  in  ours  simple,  palmately 
lobed  or  cleft. 

*  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes,  greenish,  appearing  after  the  leaves ;  stamens 

6-8. 

1.  A.  pennsylvdnicum  L.     (STRIPED  M.,  MOOSEWOOD.)     Leaves  3-lobed  at 
the  apex,  finely  and  sharply  double-serrate,  the  short  lobes  taper-pointed  and 
also  serrate;  racemes  drooping,  loose;  petals  obovate ;  fruit  with  large  diverg- 
ing wings. — Rich  woods,  e.  Que.  to  w.  Ont.,   s.    to  N.  E.,  N.  Y.,  Great  L. 
region,  and  in  the  mts.  to  Ga.     June.  —  A  small  and  slender  tree,  with  light 
green  bark  striped  with  dark  lines,  and  greenish  flowers  and  fruit. 

2.  A.    spicatum   Lam.      (MOUNTAIN    M.)      Leaves    downy    beneath,   3(or 
slightly  5) -lobed,  coarsely  serrate,  the  lobes  taper-pointed;    racemes  upright, 
dense,  somewhat  compound  ;  petals  linear-spatulate ;  fruit  with  small  erect  or 
divergent  wings.  — Moist  woods,  Nfd.  and  Lab.  to  Hudson  B.  and  Man.,  s.  to 
N.  E.,  N.  Y.,  Great  L.  region,  e.  la.,  and  in  the  mts.  to   Ga.    June. — A  tall 
shrub  or  small  tree,  with  reddish  fruit. 

*  *  Flowers  in  nearly  sessile  terminal  and  lateral  umbellate-corymbs,  greenish- 

yellow,  appearing  with  the  leaves. 

3.  A.  saccharum  Marsh.     (SUGAR  or  ROCK  M.)     Leaves  3-5-lobed,   with 
rounded  sinuses  and    pointed   sparingly   sinuate-toothed    lobes,   either  heart- 
shaped  or  nearly  truncate  at  the  base,  whitish  and  smooth  or  a  little  downy  on 
the  veins  beneath ;  flowers  from  terminal  leaf-bearing  and  lateral  leafless  buds, 
drooping  on  very  slender  hairy  pedicels  ;  calyx  hairy  at  the  apex  ;  petals  none ; 
wings  of  the  fruit  broad,  usually  slightly  diverging.     (A.  saccharinum  Wang., 
not  L.) — Rich  woods,  especially  north  w.  and  along  the  mts.  southw.     Apr., 
May.  —  A  large  and  handsome  tree. 

Var.  nigrum  (Michx.  f.)  Britton.  (BLACK  SUGAR  M.)  Leaves  green  and 
scarcely  paler  but  usually  downy  beneath,  the  lobes  wider,  often  shorter  and 
entire,  the  sinus  at  the  base  commonly  closed;  stipules  often  conspicuous. 
—  Rich  soil,  w.  Que.  and  w.  N.  H.,  southw.  and  westw.  ;  sometimes  appearing 
distinct. 

*  *  *  Flowers  in  umbel-like  clusters  arising  from  separate  lateral  buds,  and  much 

preceding  the  leaves  ;  stamens  3-6. 

4.  A.  saccharinum  L.     (WHITE  or  SILVER  M.)     Leaves  very  deeply  5-lobed, 
with  the  sinuses  rather  acute,  silvery-white  (and  when  young  downy)  under- 
neath, the  divisions  narrow,  cut-lobed  and  toothed;  flowers  on  short  pedicels; 
petals  none ;  fruit  woolly  when  young,  with  large  divergent  wings.     (A.  dasy- 
carpum  Ehrh.)  —  River-banks.     March,  Apr.  —  A  fine  ornamental  tree. 

6.  A.  rubrum  L.  (RED  or  SWAMP  M.)  Leaves  broadly  ovate  to  suborbicular, 
truncate  or  cordate  at  base,  tonientose  when  young,  soon  glabrate,  whitened 
beneath,  8-15  cm.  long ;  the  3-5  acuminate  lobes  irregularly  serrate  and  notched, 
the  middle  one  oblong  at  base  ;  petals  linear-oblong  ;  flowers  (scarlet,  crimson, 
or  sometimes  yellowish)  on  very  short  pedicels ;  but  the  smooth  fruit  on  pro- 
longed drooping  pedicels.  —  Swamps  and  wet  woods,  e.  Que.  to  w.  Ont.,  and 
southw.  Apr.  —  A  medium-sized  tree,  with  reddish  twigs;  the  leaves  varying 
greatly  in  shape,  turning  bright  crimson  in  early  autumn. 

Var.  Drummondii  (H.  &  A.)  T.  &  G.  Leaves  large  and  firm,  permanently 
tomentose  beneath.  (A.  Drummondii  H.  &  A.)  —  Mo",  and  southw. 

Var.  tridens  Wood.  Leaves  small  (5-10  cm.  long),  obovate,  narrowed  or 
rounded  and  subentire  or  sparingly  toothed  below  the  3  short  lobes  ;  the  middle 
lobe  broadly  triangular.  (A.  carolinianum  Britton,  perhaps  Walt.) — Local, 
Mass,  to  Fla.,  Mo.,  and  Tex. 

§  2.  NEGtfNDO  (Moench)  Koehne.     Flowers  strictly  dioecious.     Disk  none. 
Leaves  pinnate.     NEGUNDO  Moench. 

6.  A.  Negiindo  L.  (Box  ELDER.)  Leaflets  3-5  (-9),  smoothish  when  old, 
very  veiny,  ovate,  pointed,  toothed;  petals  none;  fruit  smooth,  with  large 


SAPINDACEAE   (SOAPBERRY   FAMILY)  559 

rather  incurved  wings.  (Negundo  aceroides  Moench.)  —  River-banks,  w.  N.  E. 
to  Man. ,  south  w.  and  westw. ;  extensively  cultivated  and  frequently  seeding 
itself  eastw.  Apr.  —  A  small  but  handsome  tree,  with  light-green  twigs,  and 
very  delicate  drooping  clusters  of  small  greenish  flowers  rather  earlier  than  the 
leaves. 

SAPINDACEAE  (SOAPBERRY  FAMILY) 

Trees,  shrubs,  rarely  herbaceous  climbers,  with  exstipulate  chiefly  alternate  and 
compound  leaves.  Flowers  often  polygamous,  mostly  unsymmetrical.  Stamens 
commonly  more  numerous  than  the  petals,  rarely  twice  as  many.  Embryo 
curved  or  convolute,  rarely  straight ;  cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy.  —  Large 
family,  chiefly  woody  climbers  in  the  tropics. 

1.  Sapindus.     Flowers  subregular.    Leaves  alternate,  pinnate. 

2.  Aesculus.    Flowers  irregular.    Leaves  opposite,  palmate. 

1.    SAPfNDUS    [Tourn.]   L.     SOAPBERRY 

Flowers  regular,  polygamous.  Sepals  4-5,  imbricated  in  2  rows.  Petals 
4-5,  with  a  scale  at  the  base.  Stamens  8-10,  upon  the  hypogynous  disk.  Ovary 
3-celled,  with  an  ascending  ovule  in  each  cell.  Fruit  a  globose  or  2-3-lobed 
berry,  1-3-seeded.  Seed  crustaceous,  globose.  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate 
abruptly  pinnate  leaves,  and  small  flowers  in  terminal  or  axillary  racemes  or 
panicles.  (Name  a  contraction  of  sapo  indicus,  Indian  soap,  having  reference 
to  the  saponaceous  character  of  the  berries.) 

1.  S.  Drumm6ndi  H.  &  A.  Tree,  6-18  m.  high ;  leaflets  4-9  pairs,  obliquely 
lanceolate,  sharply  acuminate,  entire,  3.7-7.5  cm.  long;  the  rhachis  of  the  leaf 
not  winged  ;  flowers  white,  in  a  large  panicle  ;  fruit  mostly  globose,  1.2  cm.  in 
diameter.  ($.  acuminatus  Man.  ed  6,  not  Raf.)  —  Kan.  to  La.  and  Mex. 


CARDIOSPERMUM  HALICACABUM.  L.,  the  BALLOON  VINE  of  cultivation,  an 
herbaceous  climber  with  bi-ternate  leaves  and  bladdery  pods,  is  occasionally 
spontaneous.  (In trod,  from  Tropics.) 

2.   AESCULUS  L.     HORSE-CHESTNUT.     BUCKEYE 

Calyx  tubular,  5-lobed,  often  oblique  or  gibbous  at  base.  Petals  4-5,  more  or 
less  unequal,  with  claws,  nearly  hypogynous.  Stamens  7  (rarely  6  or  8)  ;  fila- 
ments long,  slender,  often  unequal.  Style  1 ;  ovary  3-celled,  with  2  ovules  in 
each  cell.  Fruit  a  leathery  pod,  3-celled  and  3-seeded,  or  usually  by  abortion 
1-celled  and  1-seeded,  loculicidally  3-valved.  Seed  very  large,  with  thick  shin- 
ing coat,  and  a  large  round  pale  scar.  Cotyledons  very  thick  and  fleshy,  their 
contiguous  faces  coherent,  remaining  under  ground  in  germination  ;  plumule 
2-leaved  ;  radicle  curved.  —  Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  opposite,  digitate  ;  leaf- 
lets serrate,  straight- veined,  like  a  Chestnut  leaf.  Flowers  in  a  terminal  thyrse 
or  dense  panicle,  often  polygamous,  most  of  them  with  imperfect  pistils  and 
sterile ;  pedicels  jointed.  Seeds  farinaceous,  but  imbued  with  a  bitter  and  nar- 
cotic principle.  (The  ancient  name  of  some  Oak  or  other  mast-bearing  tree.) 

§  1.  EUAESCULUS  Pax.     Fruit  covered  with  prickles  when  young. 

1.  A.  HippocAsTANUM  L.     (COMMON  H.)     Corolla  spreading,  white,  spotted 
with  purple   and  yellow,   of  6  petals;    stamens  declined;    leaflets   7. — Com- 
monly planted  and  occasionally  self-sown.     (Introd.  from  Asia  via  Eu.) 

2.  A.  glabra  Willd.     (FETID  or  OHIO  B.)     Stamens  curved,  longer  than  the 
pale  yellow  corolla  of  4  upright  petals  ;  leaflets  usually  5.  —  River-banks,  w.  Pa. 
to  Mich.,  Mo.,  Kan.,  and  southw.    June.— A  large  tree ;  the  bark  exhaling  an 
unpleasant  odor,  as  in  the  rest  of  the  genus.    Flowers  small,  not  showy. 


560  BALSAMINACEAE    (TOUCH-ME-NOT  FAMILY) 

Var.  arguta  (Buckley)  Robinson.  Leaflets  mostly  6  or  7,  lanceolate,  attenu- 
ate, sharply  serrate.  {A.  arguta  Buckley.)  — la.  (Mills),  Mo.  (Bush),  to  Kan. 
and  Tex. 

§2.  PAVIA  [Boerh.]  Pers.  Fruit  smooth;  petals  4,  conniving;  the  2  upper 
smaller  and  longer  than  the  others,  with  a  small  rounded  blade  on  a  very 
long  claw. 

3.  A.  octandra  Marsh.     (SWEET  B.)    Stamens  included  in  the  yellow  corolla ; 
calyx  oblong-campanulate ;  leaflets  5,  sometimes  7,  glabrous,  or  often  minutely 
downy  underneath.     (A.  flava  Ait.)  —  Rich  woods,  Pa.  to  Wise. ,  la.,  and  southw. 
May.  —  A  large  tree  or  a  shrub. 

Var.  hybrida  (DC.)  Sarg.  Calyx  and  corolla  tinged  with  flesh-color  or  dull 
purple  ;  leaflets  commonly  downy  beneath.  (A.  flava,  var.  purpurascens  Gray.) 

—  W.  Va. ,  southw.  and  westw. 

4.  A.  Pa  via  L.     (BED  B.)     Stamens  not  longer  than  the  corolla,  which  is 
bright  red,  as  well  as  the  tubular  calyx;  leaflets  glabrous  or  soft-downy  beneath. 

—  Fertile  valleys,  Va.,  Ky.,  Mo.,  and  southw.     May.  —  A  shrub  or  small  tree. 

BALSAMINACEAE.     (TOUCH-ME-NOT  FAMILY) 

Herbs  or  undershrubs  with  bland  watery  juice,  alternate  simple  exstipulate 
leaves,  irregular  flowers,  and  petaloid  imbricated  spurred  calyx.  Stamens  5, 
with  short  flat  filaments  and  introrse  more  or  less  connivent  anthers.  Ovary 
5-celled.  Seeds  without  albumen;  embryo  straight.  —  Ours  glaucous  succulent 
annuals. 

1.   IMPATIENS    [Rivinius]    L.     BALSAM.     JEWELWEED 

Sepals  apparently  only  4 ;  the  anterior  one  notched  at  the  apex  (probably 
two  combined)  ;  the  posterior  one  (appearing  anterior  as  the  flower  hangs  on  its 
stalk)  largest,  and  forming  a  usually  spurred  sac.  Petals  2,  2-lobed  (each  a  pair 
united).  Filaments  appendaged  with  a  scale  on  the  inner  side,  the  5  scales  con- 
nivent over  the  stigma  ;  anthers  introrse.  Pod  with  evanescent  partitions,  and 
a  thick  axis  bearing  several  anatropous  seeds;  valves  5,  coiling  elastically  and 
projecting  the  seeds  in  dehiscence.  —  Leaves  in  ours  ovate  or  oval,  coarsely 
toothed,  petioled.  Flowers  axillary  or  panicled,  often  of  two  sorts,  viz.,  the 
larger  ones  which  seldom  ripen  seeds  ;  and  very  small  ones  which  are  fertilized 
early  in  the  bud,  their  floral  envelopes  never  expanding  but  forced  off  by  the 
growing  pod  and  carried  upward  on  its  apex.  (Name  from  the  sudden  bursting 
of  the  pods  when  touched,  whence  also  the  popular  appellation.) 

1.  I.  pallida  Nutt.     (PALE  TOUCH-ME-NOT.)     Flowers  pale-yellow,  sparingly 
dotted  with  brownish-red  ;  sac  dilated  and  very  obtuse,  broader  than  long,  tipped 
with  a  short  incurved  spur.     (/.  aurea  Muhl.  ?)  —  Moist  shady  places  and  along 
rills,  in  rich  soil,  n.  Me.  and  w.  N.  E.,  westw.  and  southw.    July-Sept.  —  Larger 
and  greener  than  the  iiext,  with  larger  flowers.     A  form  with  unspotted  flowers 
occurs. 

2.  I.  biflbra  Walt.    (SPOTTED  TOUCH-ME-NOT.)    Flowers  orange-color,  thickly 
spotted  with  reddish  brown  ;  sac  longer  than  broad,  acutely  conical,  tapering  into 
a  strongly  inflexed  spur  half  as  long  as  the  sac.     (/.  fulva  Nutt. )  —  Rills  and 
shady  moist  places.     June-Sept.  —  Plant  6-8  dm.  high.     Forms  with  spotless, 
whitish,  or  roseate  flowers  have  been  found. 

I.  N6LI-TANGERE  L.,  of  Eurasia  and  n.  w.  Am.,  with  pale  yellow  flowers  and 
the  sac  much  longer  than  broad,  is  reported  from  Ottawa,  Out.  (Macoun). 

RHAMNACEAE    (BUCKTHORN  FAMILY) 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  simple  leaves,  small  and  regular  flowers  (some- 
times apetalous),  with  the  4  or  5  perigynous  stamens  as  many  as  the  valvate 
sepals  and  alternate  with  them,  accordingly  opposite  the  petals  I  Drupe  or  pod 


EHAMNACEAE    (BUCKTHORN   FAMILY)  561 

with  only  one  erect  seed  in  each  cell,  not  drilled.  Petals  folded  inwards  in  the 
bud,  hooded  or  concave,  inserted  with  the  stamens  into  the  edge  of  the  fleshy 
disk  which  lines  the  short  tube  of  the  calyx  and  sometimes  unites  it  to  the 
lower  part  of  the  2-5-celled  ovary.  Ovules  solitary,  anatropous.  Stigmas  2-5. 
Embryo  large,  with  broad  cotyledons,  in  sparse  fleshy  albumen.  Flowers  often 
polygamous,  sometimes  dioecious.  Leaves  mostly  alternate  ;  stipules  small  or 
obsolete.  Branches  often  thorny.  —  Slightly  bitter  and  astringent ;  the  fruit  often 
mucilaginous,  commonly  rather  nauseous  or  drastic. 

*  Calyx  and  disk  free  from  the  ovary.         * 

1.  Berchemia.     Petals  sessile,  entire,  as  long  as  the  calyx.    Drupe  with  thin  flesh  and  a  2-celled 

bony  putamen. 

2.  Rhamnus.    Petals  small,  short-clawed,  notched,  or  none.    Drupe  berry-like,  with  2-4  sepa- 

rate seed-like  nutlets. 

*  *  Calyx  with  the  disk  adherent  to  the  base  of  the  ovary. 

3.  Ceanothus.    Petals  long-clawed,  hooded.    Fruit  dry,  at  length  dehiscent. 

1.    BERCHEMIA  Neck.     SUPPLE-JACK 

Calyx  with  a  very  short  and  roundish  tube  ;  its  lobes  equaling  the  5  oblong 
sessile  acute  petals,  longer  than  the  stamens.  Disk  very  thick  and  flat,  filling 
the  calyx-tube  and  covering  the  ovary.  Drupe  ellipsoid,  with  thin  flesh  and  a 
bony  2-celled  putamen.  —  Woody  high-climbing  twiners,  with  the  pinnate  veins 
of  the  leaves  straight  and  parallel,  the  small  greenish-white  flowers  in  small 
panicles.  (Name  unexplained,  probably  personal.) 

1.  B.  scandens  (Hill)  Trel.  Glabrous  ;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  acute,  scarcely 
serrulate  ;  style  short.  (B.  volubilis  DC.)  — Damp  soils,  Va.  to  Mo.,  and  south w. 
June.  —  Stems  tough  and  very  lithe,  whence  the  popular  name. 

2.   RHAMNUS    [Tourn.]   L.    BUCKTHORN 

Calyx  4-5-cleft;  the  tube  campanulate,  lined  with  the  disk.  Petals  small, 
short-clawed,  notched  at  the  end,  wrapped  around  the  short  stamens,  or  some- 
times none.  Ovary  free,  2-4-celled.  Drupe  berry -like  (black),  containing  2-4 
separate  seed-like  nutlets,  of  cartilaginous  texture.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with 
loosely  pinnate-veined  leaves,  and  greenish  perfect,  polygamous,  or  dioecious 
flowers,  in  axillary  clusters.  (The  ancient  Greek  name.) 

§  1.  EURHAMNUS  Griseb.  Flowers  usually  dioecious;  nutlets  and  seeds 
deeply  grooved  on  the  back;  rhaphe  dorsal;  cotyledons  foliaceous,  the  mar- 
gins revolute. 

*  Calyx-lobes  and  stamens  6  ;  petals  wanting. 

1.  R.  alnifblia  L'He"r.     A  low  shrub;  leaves  oval,  acute,  serrate,  nearly 
straight- veined  ;  fruit  3-seeded.  —  Swamps,  Nfd.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  111., 
Neb.,  Wyo.,  etc.    June. 

*  *  Calyx-lobes,  petals,  and  stamens  4. 

2.  R.  CATHARTICA  L.     (COMMON  B.)     Leaves  ovate,  minutely  serrate  ;  fruit 
3-4-seeded ;  branchlets  rigid,  often  spine-like.  —  Cultivated  for  hedges ;  locally 
naturalized  eastw.     May,  June.     (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

3.  R.  lanceolata  Pursh.    Tall  unarmed  shrub  ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  and 
acute,  or  on  flowering  shoots  oblong  and  obtuse,  finely  serrulate,  smooth  or 
minutely  downy  beneath  ;  the  yellowish-green  flowers  of  two  forms  on  distinct 
plants,  both  perfect ;  one  with  short  pedicels  clustered  and  with  a  short  included 
style  ;  the  other  with  pedicels  oftener  solitary,  style  exserted  ;  petals  deeply 
notched  ;  fruit  ^-seeded.  —  Hills  and  rivtr-banks,  Pa.  to  Neb. ,  south  w.   and 
west  w.    May . 

GRAY'S  MANUAL  —  36 


562  RHAMNACEAE    (BUCKTHORN    FAMILY) 

§  2.  FIlANGULA  S.  F.  Gray.    Flowers  perfect ;  mitlets  and  seeds  not  furrowed ; 
cotyledons  flat,  thick;  rhaphe  lateral. 

4.  R.   caroliniana  Walt.     Thornless  shrub  or  small  tree  ;  leaves  7-13  cm. 
long,  oblong,  obscurely  serrulate,  nearly  glabrous,  deciduous ;  flowers  5-merous, 
in  one  f orin  solitary  in  the  axils,  in  another  in  short-peduncled  umbels ;  drupe 
globose,  3-seeded.  —  Swamps  and  river-banks,  rarely  on  dry  rocky  hills,  N.  J.  to 
Kan.,  and  south w.     June. 

5.  R.  FRANGULA  L.,  with  sessile  umbels,  is  established  in  Ont.,  on  L.  I.,  and 
in  n.  N.  J.     (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

3.    CEAN6THUS  L.    RED-ROOT 

Calyx  5-lobed,  incurved  ;  the  lower  part  cohering  with  the  thick  disk  to  the 
ovary,  the  upper  separating  across  in  fruit.  Petals  hooded,  spreading,  on  slender 
claws  longer  than  the  calyx.  Filaments  elongated.  Fruit  3-lobed,  dry  and  split- 
ting into  its  3  carpels  when  ripe.  —  Shrubby  plants  ;  flowers  in  little  umbel-like 
clusters,  forming  dense  panicles  or  corymbs  at  the  summit  of  naked  flower- 
branches  ;  calyx  and  pedicels  colored  like  the  petals.  (An  obscure  name  used 
by  Theophrastus,  probably  misspelled. ) 

1.  C.  americanus  L.     (NEW  JERSEY  TEA.)     Leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate, 
2.4-5.5  cm.  broad,  acutish  to  acuminate,  3-ribbed,  serrate,  more  or  less  pubes- 
cent, often  slightly  heart-shaped  at  base ;  common  peduncles  elongated.  —  Dry 
woodlands  and  gravelly  shores,  centr.  Me.  to  w.  Ont.,  and  south  w.    July.  — 
Stems  3-9  dm.  high  from  a  dark  red  root ;  branches  downy.     Flowers  in  pretty 
white  clusters,  on  leafy  shoots  of  the  same  year.    The  leaves  were  used  for  tea 
during  the  American  Revolution. 

2.  C.  ovatus  Desf.    Leaves  narrowly  oval  or  elliptical-lanceolate,  7-22  (-26) 
mm.  broad,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  finely  glandular-serrate,  glabrous  or 
nearly  so,  as  well  as  the  short  common  peduncles.  —  Dry  rocky  or  sandy  soil, 
w.  Vt.  and  e.  Mass,  to  Man.,  Minn.,  111.,  and  south westw. ;  rare  eastw.     May. 
Var.  PUBESCENS  T.  &  G.  has  leaves  permanently  sordid-tomentose.  —  la.  and 
southwestw. 

VITACEAE     (VINE  FAMILY) 

Shrubs  with  watery  acid  juice,  usually  climbing  by  tendrils,  with  small  regular 
greenish  commonly  polygamous  flowers,  a  minute  or  truncated  calyx,  its  limb 
mostly  obsolete,  and  the  stamens  as  many  as  the  valvate  petals  and  opposite 
them !  Berry  '2-celled,  usually  ^-seeded.  '  Petals  4-5,  very  deciduous,  hypogy- 
nous  or  perigynous.  Filaments  slender  ;  anthers  introrse.  Style  short  or  none  ; 
stigma  slightly  2-lobed  ;  ovary  2-celled,  with  2  erect  anatropous  ovules  from  the 
base  of  each  cell.  Seeds  bony,  with  a  minute  embryo  at  the  base  of  the  hard 
albumen.  Stipules  deciduous.  Leaves  alternate,  palmately  veined  or  com- 
pound ;  tendrils  and  flower-clusters  opposite  the  leaves. 

*  No  distinct  hypogynous  disk  ;  some  or  all  the  tendril-branches  with  dilated  adhesive  tips. 

1.  Psedera.    Corolla  expanding.    Leaves  digitate. 

*  *  Ovary  surrounded  by  a  nectariferous  or  glanduliferous  disk  ;  tendrils  coiling,  naked-tipped. 

2.  Cissus.     Corolla  expanding.     Disk  cupular.     Berry  with  scanty  pulp,  inedible.    Leaves 
simple  or  pinnately  compound. 

3.  Vitis.    Corolla  caducous  without  expanding.    Hypogynous  glands  5,  alternate  with  the 
stamens.    Fruit  pulpy.    Leaves  simple. 

1.   PSEDERA  Neck.     VIRGINIA  CREEPER.     WOODBINE 

Calyx  slightly  5-toothed.  Petals  concave,  thick,  expanding  before  they  fall. 
Disk  none.  —  Woody  climbers,  with  digitate  leaves ;  leaflets  5  (3-7) ,  oblong- 


VITACEAE  (VINE  FAMILY)  563 

lanceolate,  rather  coarsely  serrate.  Flower-clusters  cymosely  compound.  Ten- 
drils branched,  their  tips  twining  or  affixing  themselves  by  enlarged  terminal 
adhesive  disks.  (Name  supposedly  intended  as  a  contraction  of  i/'eOSos,  false, 
and  Hedera,  the  Ivy.)  AMPELOPSIS  Michx. ,  in  part.  PARTHENOCISSUS  Planch. 

1.  P.   quinquefblia   (L.)   Greene.     Glabrous  even  upon  the  young  shoots ; 
leaflets  dull  green,  decidedly  paler  beneath,  distinctly  petiolulate  ;  tendrils  with 
5-12  rather  long  branches  mostly  ending  in  adhesive  disks  ;  peduncles  1-4  cm. 
long ;  inflorescence  paniculate,  its  main   branches  unequal ;   fruit  subglobose, 
scarcely  fleshy,  about  6-7  mm.  in  diameter.     (Ampelopsis  Michx.;    Partheno- 
cissus  Planch.)  —  Copses,  etc.,  s.  N.  H.,  westw.  and  south w.,  common.     (Mex., 

Var.  hirsuta  (Donn)  Eehder.  Branchlets,  tendrils,  petioles,  and  to  some 
extent  the  leaflets  pubescent  at  least  when  young  ;  aerial  rootlets  often  present ; 
otherwise  like  the  typical  form.  (Ampelopsis  quinquefolia,  var.  pubescens 
Bailey.)  — Vt.  to  la.,  south  w.  and  south  westw. 

Var.  Saint-Paulii  (Koehne  &  Graebner)  Rehder.  Somewhat  pubescent  upon 
the  younger  parts  ;  aerial  rootlets  more  prevalent  than  in  the  other  forms  of 
the  species;  leaflets  cuneate  to  a  sessile  or  scarcely  petiolulate  base;  cymules 
somewhat  racemosely  arranged,  rendering  the  elongated  main  branches  of  the 
inflorescence  subcylindric.  —  la.,  111.,  and  south  westw. 

2.  P.  vitacea  (Knerr)  Greene.     Glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent;   leaflets 
deep  green,  thin,  somewhat  shining  above,  scarcely  paler  beneath  ;  tendrils  with 
2-5  long  twining  branches,  these  only  exceptionally  ending  in  adhesive  disks ; 
aerial  rootlets  none  ;  peduncles  mostly  4-8  cm.  long ;   inflorescence  regularly 
dichotomous,   the  primary  branches  nearly  equal ;   fruit  somewhat  obovoid, 
6-10  mm.  in  diameter,  more  fleshy  than  in  the  preceding  species.     (Ampelopsis 
quinquefolia  of  auth.,  in  part,  not  Michx.;   Parthenocissus  vitacea  Hitchc.)  — 
Moist  woods,  alluvial  thickets,  etc.,  centr.  Me.  to  Assina.  and  Tex.,  common. 

2.  CtSSUS  L. 

Flowers  perfect  or  sometimes  polygamous,  4-merous  or  (in  ours)  5-merous. 
Petals  expanding.  Disk  cup-shaped,  surrounding  the  base  of  the  ovary.  Berry 
inedible,  with  scanty  pulp.  Seeds  usually  triangular-obovate.  Tendrils  in  our 
species  few  and  mostly  in  the  inflorescence.  — A  vast  genus,  mainly  tropical. 
(Greek  name  of  the  Ivy.)  AMPELOPSIS  Michx.,  in  part. 

1.  C.  Ampel6psis  Pers.     Nearly  glabrous  ;  leaves  heart-shaped  or  truncate  at 
the  base ;  coarsely  and  sharply  toothed,  acuminate,  not  lobed ;  panicle  small 
and  loose ;  style  slender ;  berries  of  the  size  of  a  pea,  1-3-seeded,  bluish  or 
greenish.     (Ampelopsis  cordata  Michx.,  not  G.  cordata  Roxb.)  —  River-banks, 
Va.  to  Neb.,  Tex.,  and  Fla.    June. 

2.  C.  arborea  (L.)  Des  Moulins.    (PEPPER-VINE.)    Nearly  glabrous,  bushy  and 
rather  upright ;  leaves  twice  pinnate  or  ternate,  the  leaflets  cut-toothed  ;  flowers 
cymose  ;  calyx  5-toothed  ;  disk  very  thick,  adherent  to  the  ovary  ;  berries  black, 
obovoid.     (C.  stans  Pers.;  Ampelopsis  arborea  Rusby.) — Rich  soils,  Va.  to 
Mo.,  and  southw. 

3.  C.  incisa  (Nutt.)  Des  Moulins.     A  stout  vine,  with  somewhat  succulent 
deeply  ^-parted  or  pinnately  3-foliolate   leaves,  the  leaflets  ovate  or  obovate, 
cuneate,  coarsely  and  irregularly  toothed  ;  inflorescence  suggesting  a  compound 
umbel.  —  Open  sandy  or  rocky  woods,  "Mo."  and  Kan.  to  Tex.  and  Fla. 

3.   ViTIS  [Tourn.]  L.     GRAPE 

Flowers  polygamo-dioecious  (some  plants  with  perfect  flowers,  others  stami- 
nate  with  at  most  a  rudimentary  ovary),  5-merous.  Calyx  very  short,  usually 
with  a  nearly  entire  border  or  none  at  all.  Petals  separating  only  at  base  and 
falling  off  without  expanding.  Hypogynous  disk  of  5  nectariferous  glands 
alternate  with  the  stamens.  Berry  pulpy.  Seeds  pyriform,  with  beak-like 
base.  —  Plants  climbing  by  the  coiling  of  naked-tipped  tendrils.  Flowers  in  a 


564  VITACEAE  (VINE  FAMILY) 

compound  thyrse,  very  fragrant  ;  pedicels  mostly  umbellate-clustered.     Leaves 
simple,  rounded  and  heart-shaped.     (The  classical  Latin  name.) 

Lower  surface  of  leaves  velvety-tomentose  or  covered  with  flocculent  wool. 

Berries  large,  14-18  mm.  in  diameter        ........     1.    V.  labrusca. 

Berries  smaller,  rarely  over  12  mm.  in  diameter. 
Branchlets  terete  or  nearly  so,  glabrous,  glabrate,  or  retaining  only  floccu- 

lent remnants  of  wool. 
Branchlets,  petioles,  and  lower  surface  of  leaves  covered  with  somewhat 

persistent  reddish  flocculent  wool       .......    2.    V.  aestivalis. 


Branchlets  even  when  young  glabrous  or  nearly  so  ;  lower  surface  of 

leaves  very  pale  and  glaucous,  at  length  nearly  smooth 
Branchlets  distinctly  angled,  covered  with  a  fine  dense  and  persistent 


h    .        .        .    3.    V.  bicolor. 


gray  tomentum         ...........    4.    V.  cinerea. 

Lower  surface  of  the  leaves  merely  pubescent  (chiefly  along  or  in  the  axils  of 

the  nerves)  or  glabrous. 
Leaves  very  glaucous  or  even  whitened  beneath     ......    8.    V.  bicolor. 

Leaves  green  beneath. 

Bark  of  stem  loose  and  shredding  ;  berries  7-10  mm.  in  diameter. 
Leaves  ovate  to  suborbicular  ;  berries  mostly  acid  ;  tall  climbers. 
Teeth  of  leaves  narrowly  deltoid  or  even  lanceolate,  sharply  acumi- 

nate, and  often  slightly  falcate  ;  berries  blue,  with  copious  bloom     6.    V.  vulpina. 
Teeth  of  leaves  broadly  deltoid,  cuspidate  ;  berries  black  or  dark 

purple,  with  little  or  no  bloom. 
Leaves  scarcely  or  not  at  all  3-lobed  ;  the  basal  sinus  mostly  rather 

deep,  narrow,  and  acutish     ........    5.    V.  cordifolia. 

Leaves  habitually  and  rather  incisely  3(-5)-lobed;  the  basal  sinus 

mostly  wide,  shallow,  and  rounded      ......    7.    V.  palmata. 

Leaves  reniform  or  depressed-ovate,  broader  than  long  ;  berries  sweet  ; 

bushy  or  sprawling        .........     8.    V.  rupestris. 

Bark  of  stem  close  and  firm  ;  berries  12-18  mm.  in  diameter      .        .        .    9.    V.  rotund  if  olia. 

§  1.   EUVTTIS  Planch.     Bark  loose  and  shreddy  ;  tendrils  forked;  nodes  solid. 
*  A  tendril  (or  inflorescence)  opposite  each  of  several  successive  leaves, 

1.  V.  labriisca  L.     (NORTHERN  Fox  G.)     Branchlets  and  young  leaves  very 
woolly  ;  leaves  large,  entire  or  deeply  lobed,  slightly  dentate,  continuing  rusty- 
woolly  beneath  ;  fertile  panicles  compact  ;  berries  large.  —  Moist  or  dry  thickets, 
N.  E.  to  the  Allegheny  Mts.,  and  s.  to  Ga.;  also  n.  w.  Ind.  —  Fruit  ripe  in  Sept. 
or  Oct.,  dark  purple  or  amber-color,  with  a  tough  musky  pulp.     Improved  by 
cultivation,  it  has  given  rise  to  the   Isabella,  Catawba,  Concord,  and  other 
varieties. 

*  *  Tendrils  intermittent  (none  opposite  each  third  leaf}. 
•i-  Leaves  pubescent  andfloccose,  especially  beneath  and  when  young. 

2.  V.  aestivalis  Michx.     (SUMMER  or  PIGEON  G.)     Branchlets  terete,  loosely 
pubescent  ;  leaves  large,  unlobed  or  more  or  less  deeply  and  obtusely  3-5-lobed, 
with  short  broad  teeth,  very  woolly  and  mostly  red  or  rusty  when  young,  tawny- 
flocculent  even  in  age  ;  petioles  rather  short,  pubescent  ;  berries  middle-sized, 
black,  with  a  bloom,  in  compact  bunches.  —  Thickets,  s.  N.  H.  to  Fla.,  w.  to 
Kan.  and  Tex.     May,  June.  —  Berries  pleasant,  ripe  in  Sept. 

3.  V.  bicolor  Le  Conte.     (SUMMER  G.)     Branchlets  terete,  glabrous  or  nearly 
so  ;  petioles  long,  glabrous  ;  leaves  thickish,  very  glaucous  and  early  glabrate 
beneath  ;   teeth   less  salient  ;   otherwise  resembling  the  preceding.  —  N.  H.  to 
N.  C.,  and  westw. 

4.  V.  cindrea  Engelm.     (SWEET  WINTER  G.)     Branchlets  angular;  pubes- 
cence whitish  or  grayish,  persistent  ;  leaves  entire  or  slightly  3-lobed  ;  inflores- 
cence large  and  loose  ;  berries  small,  black,  without  bloom.  —  Centr.  111.  to  Kan. 
and  Tex. 

•fr-  •*-  Leaves  glabrous  and  mostly  shining,  or  short-hairy  especially  on  the  ribs 
beneath,  incisely  lobed  or  undivided. 

5.  V.  cordifblia  Michx.     (FROST  or  CHICKEN  G.)     Leaves  7.5-10  cm.  wide, 
unlobed  or  slightly  3-lobed,  cordate  with  a  deep  acute  sinus,  acuminate,  coarsely 
and  sharply  toothed  ;  stipules  small  ;  inflorescence  ample,  loose  ;  berries  small, 
black  and  shining,  very  acerb,  ripening  after  frosts  ;  seeds  1  or  2,  with  promi- 
nent rhaphe.     (V.  Baileyana  Munson.}  —  Thickets  and  stream-banks,  Pa.,  s. 


TILIACEAE    (LINDEN   FAMILY)  565 

N.  Y.  ?  to  centr.  111.,   Mo.,  Neb.,  and  south w.    May,  June.     Var.  FOETIDA 
Engelm.,  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,  has  unpleasantly  aromatic  fruit. 

6.  V.  vulpina  L.     (RIVER-BANK  or  FROST  G.)     Differing  from  the  last  in  the 
larger  and  more  persistent  stipules  (4-6  mm.  long),  more  shining  and  usually 
3-lobed  leaves  with  a  broad  rounded  or  truncate  sinus  and  large  acute  or  acumi- 
nate teeth  ;  smaller  compact  inflorescence  ;  berries  8-10  mm.  in  diameter,  blue, 
with  a  bloom,  acid  and  very  juicy,  ripening  from  Sept.  to  Nov. ;  rhaphe  indistinct. 
(  V.  riparia  Michx.)  — Stream-banks  or  near  water,  N.  B.  to  W.  Va.,  N.  Dak., 
and  Kan.     Var.  PRAECOX  Bailey  has  small  sweet  early  fruit.  —  Mo. 

7.  V.  palmata  Vahl.     (RED  or  CAT  G.)     Branches  bright  red;  leaves  dark 
green  and  dull,  3-5-lobed,  with  a  broad  sinus,  the  lobes  usually  long-acuminate  ; 
inflorescence  large  and  loose  ;  berries  black,  without  bloom,  ripening  late  ;  seeds 
very  large  and  rounded  ;  otherwise  like  no.  6.     (V.  rubra  Michx.) — 111.,  Mo., 
and  south  w. 

8.  V.  mpSstris  Scheele.     (SAND  or  SUGAR  G.)     Usually  low  and  bushy,  often 
icithout  tendrils  ;  leaves  rather  small,  shining,  broadly  cordate,  abruptly  pointed, 
with  broad  coarse  teeth,  rarely  a  little  lobed  ;  berries  rather  small,  sweet,  in 
very  small  close  bunches,  ripe  in  Aug.  —  Sandy  banks,  hills,  etc.,  s.  Pa.  (Porter} 
to  Mo.,  and  south  w.      Var.   DISSECTA  Eggert  has  more  ovate  and  somewhat 
laciniately  toothed  leaves.  —  Mo. 

§  2.  MUSCADlNIA  Planch.  Bark  closely  adherent  on  the  branches  ;  pith  con- 
tinuous through  the  nodes ;  tendrils  simple,  intermittent ;  seeds  with  trans- 
verse wrinkles  on  both  sides. 

9.  V.  rotundifblia  Michx.     (MUSCADINE,  BULLACE,  or  SOUTHERN  Fox  G.) 
Leaves  shining  both  sides,  small,  rounded,  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  with  broad 
and  bluntish  teeth,  seldom  lobed  ;   panicles  small,  densely  flowered  ;  berries 
large  (1.2-1.8  cm.  in  diameter),  musky,  purplish,  without  a  bloom,  with  a 
thick  and  tough  skin,  ripe  early  in  autumn.     (  V.  vulpina  Man.  ed.  5,  not  L.)  — 
River-banks,  Del.  (Commons)  to  Ky.,  Mo.,  Kan.,  and  south  w.     May.  — Branch- 
lets  minutely  warty.     This  is  the  original  of  the  Scuppernong  Grape,  etc. 

TILlACEAE     (LINDEN  FAMILY) 

Trees  (rarely  herbs),  with  the  mucilaginous  properties,  fibrous  bark,  valvate 
calyx,  etc.,  of  the  Mallow  Family  ;  but  the  sepals  deciduous,  petals  imbricated  in 
the  bud,  the  stamens  usually  polyadelphous,  and  the  anthers  ^-celled.  —  Repre- 
sented in  northern  regions  by  the  single  genus 

1.   TILIA   [Tourn.]   L.     LINDEN.     BASSWOOD 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  spatulate-oblong.  Stamens  numerous ;  filaments  coher- 
ing in  5  clusters  with  each  other  (in  European  species),  or  with  the  base  of  a 
spatulate  petal-like  body  placed  opposite  each  of  the  real  petals.  Pistil  with 
a  5-celled  ovary,  and  2  half-anatropous  ovules  in  each  cell,  a  single  style,  and  a 
5-toothed  stigma.  Fruit  dry  and  woody,  indehiscent,  globular,  becoming  1-celled 
and  1-2-seeded.  Embryo  in  hard  albumen  ;  cotyledons  broad  and  thin,  5-lobed, 
crumpled.  —  Fine  trees,  with  soft  and  white  wood,  very  fibrous  and  tough  inner 
bark,  more  or  less  heart-shaped  and  serrate  alternate  leaves  (oblique  and  often 
truncate  at  the  base),  deciduous  stipules,  and  small  cymes  of  flowers  hanging 
on  an  axillary  peduncle  which  is  united  to  a  ligulate  membranaceous  bract. 
Flowers  cream-color,  honey-bearing,  fragrant.  (The  classical  Latin  name.) 

1.  T.  americana  L.     (BASSWOOD.)     Leaves  large,  green  and  glabrous  or 
nearly  so  ;  floral  bract  usually  tapering  or  stalked  at  base  ;  fruit  ovoid,  obscurely 
ribbed.  —  Rich  woods.      May,  June.  —  Here  rarely  called  LIME-TREE,   oftener 
WHITE  WOOD,  commonly  BASSWOOD  ;  the  last  name  now  obsolete  in  England. 

2.  T.  Michaiixii  Nutt.     Leaves  smaller  (5-7.5  cm.  long),  rather  densely  pu- 
bescent and  grayish-green  beneath;  floral  bract  usually  rounded  at  base;  fruit 


566  MALVACEAE   (MALLOW   FAMILY) 

globose,  smaller,  6  mm.  thick.     (T7.  pubescens  Man.  ed.  6,  not  Ait.) — Ct.  to 
Fla.,  and  westw. 

3.  T.  heterophylla  Vent.  (WHITE  B.)  Leaves  larger,  smooth  and  bright 
green  above,  silvery-whitened  with  a  fine  down  underneath;  bract  usually  taper- 
ing at  base.  — Chiefly  on  limestone,  s.  N.  Y.  and  nits,  of  Pa.  to  s.  111.,  and 
southw. 

MALVACEAE   (MALLOW  FAMILY) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  stipulate  leaves  and  regular  flowers,  the  calyx 
valvate  and  the  corolla  convolute  in  the  bud,  numerous  stamens  monadelphous 
in  a  column  and  united  at  base  with  the  short  claws  of  the  petals,  1-celled 
anthers,  and  kidney-shaped  seeds.  Sepals  5,  united  at  base,  persistent,  often 
involucellate  with  a  whorl  of  bractlets  forming  a  sort  of  exterior  calyx.  Petals 

5.  Anthers  kidney-shaped,  opening  along  the  top.     Pistils  several,  the  ovaries 
united  in  a  ring  or  forming  a  several-celled  pod.     Seeds  with  little  albumen  ; 
embryo  curved,  the  leafy  cotyledons  variously  doubled  up.  —  Mucilaginous  in- 
nocent plants,  with  tough  bark  and  palmately-veined  leaves.      Flower-stalks 
with  a  joint,  axillary. 

Tribe  I.     MALVEAE.     Column  of  stamens  anther-bearing  at  the  top.     Ovaries  and  carpels  5-20 
or  more,  closely  united  in  a  ring  around  a  central  axis,  from  which  they  separate  after  ripening. 
*  Stigmas  terminal,  capitate  ;  carpels  1-few-seeded,  usually  dehiscent. 

1.  Abutilon.     Involucel  none.     Seeds  3-9  in  each  cell. 

2.  Sphaeralcea.     Bractlets  3.     Seeds  2  or  3  in  each  cell. 

3.  Modiola.     Bractlets  3.     Seeds  2  in  each  cell,  with  a  transverse  partition  between  them. 

4.  Malvastrum.     Involucel  of  3  bractlets  or  none.    Seed  solitary,  filling  the  cell,  ascending. 

5.  Sida.     Involucel  none.    Seed  solitary  in  each  cell,  pendulous. 

*  *  Stigmas  occupying  the  inner  face  of  the  styles  ;  carpels  1-seeded,  falling  away  separately. 

6.  Althaea.     Involucel  of  6-9  bractlets. 

T.   Malva.     Involucel  of  3  bractlets.     Petals  obcordate.    Carpels  rounded,  beakless. 

8.  Callirhoe.     Involucel  of  1-3  bractlets  or  none.     Petals  truncate.    Carpels  beaked. 

9.  Napaea.     Involucel  none.     Flowers  dioecious.    Stamens  few  (15-20).     Carpels  beakless. 

Tribe  II.  HIBfSCEAE.  Column  of  stamens  anther-bearing  for  a  considerable  part  of  its  length, 
naked  and  5-toothed  at  the  very  apex.  Pod  mostly  5-celled,  loculicidal,  leaving  scarcely  any 
axis  in  the  center  after  opening. 

10.  Kosteletzkya.     Involucel  of  several  bractlets.     Pod  5-celled,  5-seeded. 

11.  Hibiscus.     Involucel  of  many  bractlets.    Pod  5-celled,  many-seeded. 

1.   ABtTILON  [Tourn.]  Mill.    INDIAN  MALLOW 

Carpels  2-9-seeded,  at  length  2-valved.  Radicle  ascending  or  pointing  in- 
ward. Otherwise  as  in  Sida.  (Name  of  unknown  origin. ) 

1.  A.  THEOPHBASTI  Medic.  (VELVET  LEAF.)  Tall  annual,  6-12  dm.  high  ; 
leaves  roundish-heart-shaped,  taper-pointed,  velvety  ;  peduncles  shorter  than 
the  leaf-stalks  ;  corolla  yellow ;  carpels  12-15,  hairy,  beaked.  (A.  Avicennae 
Gaertn.;  A.  Abutilon  Rusby.)  —  Waste  places,  vacant  lots  in  cities,  etc.  (Nat. 
from  India.) 

2.    SPHAERALCEA  St.  Hil. 

Ovules  and  seeds  usually  2  or  3  in  each  cell.  Characters  otherwise  as  in 
Malvastrum.  (Name  from  o-faipa,  a  sphere,  and  dX^a,  a  mallow  —  from  the 
commonly  spherical  fruit.) 

1.  S.  rembta  (Greene)  Fernald.  Perennial,  erect,  bushy-branched,  1-2  m. 
high,  densely  and  stellately  pubescent ;  leaves  maple-shaped,  5-7-cleft ;  flowers 
clustered  in  the  upper  axils  and  subspicate  ;  calyx  densely  pubescent,  its  cau- 
date-acuminate lobes  1-1.5  cm.  long  ;  petals  rose-color.  (S.  acerifolia  Man.  ed. 

6,  not  Nutt.)  — Known  only  from  a  gravelly  island  in  the  Kankakee  R.,  111. 


MALVACEAE    (MALLOW   FAMILY)  567 

3.   MODlOLA  Moench. 

Calyx  with  a  3-leaved  involucel.  Petals  obovate.  Stamens  10-20.  Stigmas 
capitate.  Carpels  14-20,  kidney-shaped,  pointed,  and  at  length  2-valved  at  the 
top  ;  the  cavity  divided  into  two  by  a  cross  partition,  with  a  single  seed  in  each 
cell.  —  Humble  procumbent  or  creeping  annuals  or  biennials,  with  cut  leaves 
and  small  purplish  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils.  (Name  from  modiolus,  the  broad 
and  depressed  fruit  resembling  in  shape  the  Roman  measure  of  that  name.) 

1.  M.  caroliniana  (L.)  G.  Don.  Hairy  ;  leaves  3-5-cleft  and  incised  ;  fruit 
hispid  at  the  top.  (M.  multifida  Moench.)  —  Low  grounds,  Va.  and  southw. 
(Trop.  Am.) 

4.    MALVASTRUM  Gray.     FALSE  MALLOW 

Calyx  with  an  involucel  of  2  or  3  bractlets,  or  none.  Petals  notched  at  the 
end  or  entire.  Styles  5  or  more  ;  stigmas  capitate.  Carpels  as  in  Malva,  or  else 
as  in  Sida,  but  the  solitary  kidney-shaped  seed  ascending  and  the  radicle  point- 
ing downward,  as  in  the  former.  (Name  altered  from  Malva.} 

1.  M.  angustum  Gray.     (YELLOW  F.)     Annual,  slightly  hairy,  erect,  1.5-3 
dm.  high  ;    leaves  lance-oblong  or  linear,  with  scattered  fine   callous  teeth ; 
flowers  in  the  upper  axils,  on  short  peduncles  ;  bractlets  and  stipules  setaceous  ; 
petals  yellow,  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx  ;  carpels  5,  kidney-shaped,  smooth, 
at  length  2-valved.  —  Gravelly  and  rocky  hills,  centr.  Tenn.  to  la.  and  Kan. 
Aug. 

2.  M.  coccfneum    (Pursh)    Gray.     (RED  F.)     Perennial,   low  and  hoary  ; 
leaves  5-parted   or  pedate  ;  flowers  in  short  spikes  or  racemes,  the  pink-red 
petals  very  much  longer  than  the  calyx ;  carpels  10  or  more,  reticulated  on  the 
sides  and  indehiscent.  —  Man.  and  w.  la.  to  Tex.,  and  westw. 

5.    StDA  L. 

Calyx  naked  at  the  base,  6-cleft.  Petals  entire,  usually  oblique.  Styles  5 
or  more,  tipped  with  capitate  stigmas ;  the  ripe  fruit  separating  into  as  many 
1-seeded  carpels,  which  are  closed,  or  commonly  2-valved  at  the  top,  and  tardily 
separate  from  the  axis.  Seed  pendulous.  Embryo  abruptly  bent ;  the  radicle 
pointing  upward.  (A  name  used  by  Theophrastus. ) 

1.  S.  hermaphrodita  (L.)  Rusby.    A  smooth  tall  (1.2-3  m.  high)  perennial ; 
leaves  3-7 '-cleft,  the  lobes  oblong  and  pointed,  toothed  ;  flowers  white,  umbellate- 
corymbed,  2.5  cm.  wide;  carpels  10,  pointed.     (S.  Napaea  Cav.)  —  Glades  and 
river-banks,  Pa.  to  Tenn.,  rare  ;  cultivated  in  old  gardens. 

2.  S.  Elli6ttii  T.  &  G.     A  smooth  erect  perennial,  3-12  dm.  high  ;  leaves 
linear,  serrate,   short-petioled ;   peduncles    axillary,  1-flowered,  short ;  flowers 
yellow,   rather  large ;   carpels  9-10,  slightly  and  abruptly  pointed,   forming  a 
depressed  fruit.  — Sandy  soil,  s.  Va.  to  s.  Mo.,  and  southw.     May-Aug. 

3.  S.  SPIN6SA  L.     Annual  weed,  minutely  and  softly  pubescent,  low  (2.5-5 
dm.  high),  much  branched ;   leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong,  serrate,  rather 
long-petioled  ;  peduncles  axillary,  1-flowered,  shorter  than  the  petiole  ;  flowers 
yellow,  small ;  carpels  5,  combined  into  an  ovoid  fruit,  each  splitting  at  the  top 
into  2  beaks.  —  Waste  places,  Mass,  to  Mich.,  Kan.,  and  southw.,  where  com- 
mon.—  A  little  tubercle  at  the  base  of  the  leaves  on  the  stronger  plants  gives 
the  specific  name,  but  it  cannot  be  called  a  spine.     (Nat.  from  the  Tropics.) 

6.   ALTHAEA  L.     MARSH  MALLOW 

Calyx  surrounded  by  a  6-9-cleft  involucel.  Otherwise  as  in  Malva.  (Old 
Greek  and  Latin  name,  from  &\6eiv,  to  cure,  in  allusion  to  its  healing  properties.) 

1.  A.  OFFICINALIS  L.  (MARSH  MALLOW.)  Stem  erect,  6-12  cm.  high  ;  leaves 
ovate  or  slightly  heart-shaped,  toothed,  sometimes  3-lobed,  velvety-downy ; 
peduncles  axillary,  many-flowered ;  flowers  pale  rose-color.  —  Salt  marshes, 


568  MALVACEAE    (MALLOW    FAMILY) 

coast  of  N.  E.  and  N.  Y.,  also  locally  westw.  to  Mich,  and  Ark.     Aug.,  Sept.  — 
Perennial  root  thick,  abounding  in  mucilage.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

A.  CANNABINA  L. ,  with  digitately  5-parted  leaves,  is  said  to  be  somewhat 
established  at  Washington,  D.  C.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

A.  R6SEA  Cav.,  the  HOLLYHOCK  of  gardens,  sometimes  persists  after  culti- 
vation. 

7.   MALVA   [Tourn.]   L.     MALLOW 

Calyx  with  a  3-leaved  involucel  at  the  base,  like  an  outer  calyx.  Petals 
obcordate.  Styles  numerous,  stigmatic  down  the  inner  side.  Fruit  depressed, 
separating  at  maturity  into  as  many  1-seeded  and  indehiscent  round  kidney- 
shaped  blunt  carpels  as  there  are  styles.  Radiele  pointing  downward.  (An  old 
Latin  name,  from  the  Greek  name,  yuaXdxr;,  having  allusion  to  the  emollient 
leaves.) 

*  Flowers  fascicled  in  the  axils. 

1.  M.  ROTUNDIF6LIA  L.     (COMMON  M.,  CHEESES.)     Stems  procumbent  from 
a  deep  biennial  root ;  leaves  round-heart-shaped,  on  very  long  petioles,  crenate, 
obscurely  lobed ;  petals  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  whitish  ;  carpels  pubes- 
cent, even. —  Waysides  and  cultivated  grounds,  common.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  M.  VERTICILIATA  L.     Erect  annual,  with  round  crenately  5-7-lobed  leaves  ; 
flowers  small,  pale,  sessile,  crowded  in  the  axils ;  carpels  slightly  reticulated.  — 
Roadsides,  waste  places,  etc.,  N.  S.,  Que.,  and  w.  Vt. ;  Pa.     (Nat.  from  Asia.) 
M.  CRfspA  L.  (the  CLTRLED  M.),  which  scarcely  differs  save  in  its  crisped  leaves, 
is  occasionally  spontaneous  about  gardens,  etc.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.  M.  SYLVESTRIS  L.     (HIGH  M. )     Biennial;  stem  erect,  branched,  6-9  dm. 
high  ;   leaves  sharply  5-7 -lobed ;  petals  thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  large, 
purple  and  rose-color  ;  carpels  wrinkled- veiny.  —  Waysides  and  about  gardens, 
rarely  escaped  from  cultivation.     (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Flowers  only  in  the  upper  axils,  somewhat  racemose  or  paniculate. 

4.  M.    MOSCH\TA    L.     (MosK   M.)     A  low  perennial,    with   mostly   simple 
pubescence;  stem-leaves  5-parted,  and  the  divisions  once  or  twice  parted  or  cleft 
into  linear  lobes,  faintly  musky-scented  ;  flowers  rose-color  or  white,  large,  on 
short  peduncles  crowded  on  the  stem  and  branches  ;  fruit  downy.  —  Fields  and 
roadsides,  abundant  in  e.  Canada  and  n.  N.  E.,  occasional  elsewhere.     (Nat. 
from  Eu.) 

5.  M.  ALCEA  L.     Similar,  with  short  stellate  pubescence ;  stem-leaves  only 
once  5-parted  or  -cleft,  the  lobes  incised  ;  large  flowers  as  in  the  last ;    fruit 
smooth  ;  bractlets  of  the  involucel  ovate.  —  Escaped  from  gardens  in  N.  E.,  Pa., 
and  Mich.     (Introd.  from  Eu. ) 

8.    CALLiRHOE  Nutt.     POPPY  MALLOW 

Calyx  either  naked  or  with  a  3-leaved  involucel  at  its  base.  Petals  wedge- 
shaped  and  truncate  (usually  red-purple).  Styles,  etc.,  as  in  Malva.  Carpels 
10-20,  straightish,  with  a  short  empty  beak,  separated  within  from  the  1-seeded 
cell  by  a  narrow  projection,  indehiscent  or  partly  2-valved.  Eadicle  pointing 
downward.  (Name  drawn  from  Greek  mythology.) 

*  Involucel  3-leaved. 

1.  C.  triangulata  (Leavenw.)  Gray.     Stellate-pubescent;  stems  nearly  erect, 
6  dm.  high,  from  a  fusiform  root ;  leaves  triangular  or  halberd-shaped,  or  the 
lowest  rather  heart-shaped,  coarsely  crenate;  the  upper  incised  or  3-5-cleft ; 
flowers  panicled,  short-pediceled,  purple  ;  involucel  as  long  as  the  5-cleft  5-nerved 
calyx  ;  carpels  not  rugose.  — Dry  prairies,  Ind.  to  Minn.,  and  southw. 

2.  C.  involucrata  (T.  &  G.)  Gray.     Hirsute  or  hispid,  procumbent;   leaves 
rounded,  5-7-parted  or  -cleft,  the  segments  incisely  lobed ;  peduncles  elongated, 
1-flowered ;   calyx  5-parted,  the  lanceolate  3-5-nerved  sepals  twice  as  long  as 
the  involucel ;  petals  red  or  purplish  ;  carpels  indehiscent,  rugose-reticulated.  — 
Minn,  to  Tex.,  and  westw. 


MALVACEAE    (MALLOW   FAMILY)  569 

*  *  Involucel  none;  calyx  ^-parted;  carpels  strongly  rugose. 

3.  C.  alcaeoides  (Michx.)  Gray.     Strigose-pubescent ;  stems  slender,  3  dm. 
high,  erect  from  a  perennial  root ;  lower  leaves  triangular-heart-shaped,  incised, 
the  upper  6-7-parted,  laciniate,  the  uppermost  divided  into  linear  segments ; 
flowers  rose-color  or  white,  corymbose,  on  slender  peduncles.  —  Barren  oak 
lands,  s.  Ky.  to  Neb.  and  Tex. 

4.  C.  digitata  Nutt.     Sparsely  hirsute  or  glabrous,  erect ;  leaves  few,  round- 
cordate,  5-7-parted,  the  cauline  commonly  with  linear  divisions  ;  peduncles  sub- 
racemose,  long,  filiform  ;  flowers  red-purple  to  white.  —  111.  to  Kan.  and  Tex. 

9.   NAPAEA   [Clayt.]   L.     GLADE  MALLOW 

Calyx  naked  at  the  base,  5-toothed.  Petals  entire.  Flowers  dioecious  ;  the 
staminate  destitute  of  pistils,  with  15-20  anthers ;  the  fertile  with  a  short  col- 
umn of  usually  antherless  filaments.  Styles  8-10,  stigmatic  along  the  inside. 
Fruit  depressed-globular,  separating  into  as  many  kidney-shaped  1-seeded  beak- 
less  scarcely  dehiscent  carpels  as  styles.  Radicle  pointing  downward.  —  Tall 
roughish  perennial  herb,  with  very  large  9-11-parted  lower  leaves,  the  pointed 
lobes  pinnatifid-cut,  and  small  white  panicled  flowers.  (Named  from  vdwv},  a 
glade,  or,  poetically,  a  nymph  of  the  glades.) 

1.  N.  diolca  L.  Stems  nearly  simple,  1.5-3  m.  high. — Pa.  to  Va.,  w.  to 
la.  and  Minn.,  rare.  July. 

10.    KOSTELETZKYA  Presl. 

Pod  depressed,  with  a  single  seed  in  each  cell.  Otherwise  as  Hibiscus. — 
Shrubs  or,  as  in  the  case  of  our  single  species,  perennial  herbs,  chiefly  of  tropical 
America.  (Named  for  V.  F.  Kosteletzky,  a  Bohemian  botanist.) 

1.  K.  virginica  (L.)  Presl.  Roughish-hairy  perennial,  6-12  dm.  high  ;  leaves 
halberd-shaped  and  heart-shaped,  the  lower  3-lobed ;  corolla  5  cm.  wide,  rose- 
color  ;  column  slender.  —  Marshes  on  the  coast,  N.  Y.,  and  southw.  Aug. 

11.   HIBISCUS  L.     ROSE  MALLOW 

Calyx  involucellate  at  the  base  by  a  row  of  numerous  bractlets,  5-cleft.  Col- 
umn of  stamens  long,  bearing  anthers  for  much  of  its  length.  Styles  united, 
stigmas  5,  capitate.  Fruit  a  5-celled  loculicidal  pod.  Seeds  several  or  many  in 
each  cell.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs,  usually  with  large  and  showy  flowers.  (An  old 
Greek  and  Latin  name  of  unknown  meaning.) 

a.  Calyx  herbaceous,  not  inflated  about  the  capsule ;  perennials  6. 

b.  Shrub,  with  rhombic-ovate  glabrous  leaves 1.  H.  syriacus. 

b.  "Herbs  c. 
c.   Stems  and  lower  surfaces  of  leaves  pubescent. 

Capsule  smooth  ;  leaves  glabrous  or  glabrate  above. 

Corolla  rose-color ;  capsule  depressed-globose,  abruptly  beaked      .    2.   ff.  Moscheutoa. 
Corolla  white,   with    crimson    center;    capsule   ovoid,    gradually 

pointed 8.   H.  oculiroseus. 

Capsule  hirsute  ;  leaves  pubescent  above. 

Leaves  minutely  stellate-canescent ;  capsule  beaked         .        .        .    4.  H.  incanus. 
Leaves  loosely  and  coarsely  stellate-tomentose ;  capsule  rounded 

or  truncate  at  tip 5.  H.  lasiocarpos. 

c.   Stems  and  leaves  glabrous 6.   ff.  militaris. 

a.  Calyx  bladdery-inflated,  soon  becoming  scarious ;  annual      .        .        .        .    7.  H.  Trionum. 

1.  H.  SYR.IACUS  L.    (SHRUBBY  ALTHAEA  of  gardens.)     Tall  shrub,  smooth', 
leaves  rhombic-  or  wedge-ovate,  pointed,  cut-toothed  or  lobed  ;  corolla  usually 
rose-color.  —  Established  in  thickets  and  by  roadsides,  N.  J. ,  Pa. ,  and  southw. 
July-Sept.     (Introd.  from  Asia.) 

2.  H.  Moscheutos   L.     (SWAMP  R.)     Tall  perennial  (1-2.5  m.  high);   the 
stem  puberulent  above  ;  leaves  ovate,  pointed,  toothed,  the  lower  and  sometimes 


570       TERNSTROEMIACEAE    (TEA    OR   CAMELLIA   FAMILY) 

the  upper  3-lobed,  downy -whitened  underneath,  glabrous  or  slightly  downy 
above;  calyx  and  bracts  densely  stellate-puberulent ;  calyx  in  anthesis  2-3  cm. 
long,  its  lobes  ovate  or  ovate-oblong  ;  petals  6-12  cm.  long,  rose-color  ;  capsule 
glabrous,  subglobose,  abruptly  beaked.  —  River-banks  and  fresh  or  brackish 
marshes,  near  the  coast,  e.  Mass.,  south w. ;  also  lake-shores  and  swamps 
(especially  near  salt  springs)  westw.  to  Ont.  and  Mo.  July-Sept. 

3.  H.  oculirdseus  Britton.     (CRIMSON-EYED  or  WHITE  HIBISCUS.)     Similar ; 
calyx  in  anthesis  3-4  cm.  long,  its  lobes  ovate-lanceolate  ;  petals  white,  with  a 
crimson  blotch  at  base;  capsule  ovoid,  gradually  pointed.  —  Marshes  near  the 
coast,  N.  J.,  and  south  w.     July-Sept. 

4.  H.  incanus  Wendland.    Resembling  the  preceding ;  leaves  ovate  to  lanceo- 
late,   toothed,  rarely  lobed;  calyx  in  anthesis  2.5-3  cm.  long;   petals   white, 
yellowish,  or  pink,   crimson-blotched  at  base ;   capsule  ovoid,  beaked,  closely 
stellate-tomentose  and  loosely  hirsute. — Swamps,  Md.,  and  southw. 

6.  H.  lasiocarpos  Cav.  Leaves  broadly  to  narrowly  ovate,  soft-pubescent 
upon  both  surfaces,  the  upper  surface  bearing  many  simple  or  subsimple  hairs  ; 
bractlets  ciliate ;  petals  white  or  rose-color,  crimson-blotched  at  base ;  capsule 
short-cylindric,  subtruncate,  densely  villous-hirsute.  —  Marshes,  Ga.  to  Tex., 
north  w.  in  Miss,  basin  to  Ky.,  Ind.,  111.,  and  Mo.  July-Sept. 

6.  H.  militaris  Cav.     (HALBERD-LEAVED   R.)     Smooth  throughout;   lower 
leaves  ovate-heart-shaped,  toothed,  3-lobed;  upper  leaves  commonly  halberd- 
form;  peduncles  slender  ;  corolla  5-7.5  cm.  long,  flesh-color,  with  purple  base  ; 
fruiting  calyx  inflated  ;  seeds  hairy.  —  River-banks,  Pa.  to  Minn.,  and  southw. 

7.  H.  TRi6NUM  L.     (FLOWER-OF-AN-HOUR.)     A  low  rather  hairy  annual; 
upper  leaves  3-parted,  with  lanceolate  divisions,   the  middle   one   much   the 
longest ;  fruiting  calyx  inflated,  membranaceous,  5-winged,  with  numerous  dark 
ciliate  nerves;  corolla  sulphur-yellow,  with  a  blackish  eye,  ephemeral.  —  Culti- 
vated and  waste  ground,  rather  local.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

TERNSTROEMlACEAE  (TEA  OR  CAMELLIA  FAMILY) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  simple  feather-veined  leaves  and  no  stipules, 
the  regular  flowers  hypogynous  and  polyandrous,  the  sepals  and  petals  both 
imbricated  in  aestivation,  the  stamens  more  or  less  united  at  the  base  with  each 
other  (monadelphous  or  3-5-adelphous)  and  with  the  base  of  the  petals.  Anthers 
2-celled,  introrse.  Fruit  a  woody  3-5-celled  loculicidal  pod.  Seeds  few,  with 
little  or  no  albumen.  Embryo  large,  with  broad  cotyledons.  —  A  family  with 
showy  flowers,  the  types  of  which  are  the  well-known  CAMELLIA  and  the  more 
important  TEA  PLANT. 

1.  Stewartia.    Stamens  monadelphous.    Ovules  2  in  each  cell,  ascending. 

2.  Gordonia.    Stamens  5-adelphous.    Ovules  4-8  in  each  cell,  pendulous. 

1.    STEWARTIA  L. 

Sepals  4,  rarely  6,  ovate  or  lanceolate.  Petals  5,  rarely  6,  obovate,  crenulate. 
Stamens  monadelphous  below.  Pod  5-celled.  Seeds  1  or  2  in  each  cell,  crusta- 
ceous,  anatropous,  ascending.  Radicle  longer  than  the  cotyledons.  —  Shrubs 
with  membranaceous  deciduous  oblong-ovate  serrulate  leaves,  soft-downy 
beneath,  and  large  short-peduncled  flowers  solitary  in  their  axils.  (Named 
for  John  Stuart,  — or  as  formerly  often  written  Stewart,  —  Marquis  of  Bute.) 

1.  S.  MalachodSndron  L.     Petals  5,  white,  2.5  cm.  long;  sepals  ovate  ;  style 
1;  stigma  5-toothed  ;  pod  globular,  blunt;  seeds  not  margined.     (S.  virginica 
Cav.) — Woods,  Va.,  and  southw. 

2.  S.  pentagyna  L'H6r.     Leaves  larger,    1.3-1.5  dm.  long;  sepals  acute; 
petals  often  6  ;  styles  5,  distinct;  pod  angled,  pointed  ;  seeds  wing-margined.- 
Mts.  of  Ky.  and  N.  Car.  to  Ga. 


HYPERICACEAE    (ST.  JOHN'S-WORT    FAMILY)  571 

2.    GORD6NIA   Ellis.     LOBLOLLY  BAY 

Sepals  5,  rounded,  concave.  Petals  5,  obovate.  Stamens  5-adelphous,  one 
cluster  adhering  to  the  base  of  each  petal.  Style  1.  Pod  ovoid,  6-valved ;  the 
valves  separating  from  the  persistent  axis  ;  cells  2-8-seeded.  Seeds  pendulous  ; 
radicle  short ;  cotyledons  thin,  longitudinally  plaited.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees, 
with  large  and  showy  white  flowers  on  axillary  peduncles.  (Dedicated  by  Dr. 
Garden  to  his  "old  master,  Dr.  James  Gordon  of  Aberdeen,"  and  by  Ellis  to 
a  London  nurseryman  of  the  same  name.) 

1.  G.  Lasianthus  L.  (TAN  BAY.)  Leaves  coriaceous  and  persistent,  lanceo- 
late-oblong, narrowed  at  the  base,  minutely  serrate,  smooth  and  shining ;  petals 
3-4  cm.  long ;  pod  pointed  ;  seeds  winged  above.  —  Swamps  near  the  coast,  Va., 
and  southw.  May-July. 

HYPERICACEAE   (Sx.  JOHN'S-WORT  FAMILY) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  entire  dotted  mostly  sessile  leaves  and  no 
stipules,  regular  hypogynous  flowers,  the  petals  mostly  oblique  and  convolute  in 
the  bud,  and  many  or  few  stamens  sometimes  collected  in  3  or  more  clusters  or 
bundles.  Pod  l-celled  icith  2-5  parietal  placentae,  and  as  many  styles,  or  3-7- 
celled  by  the  union  of  the  placentae  in  the  center;  dehiscence  mostly  septicidal. 
Sepals  4  or  5,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  herbaceous,  persistent.  Petals  4  or  5, 
mostly  deciduous.  Styles  persistent,  at  first  sometimes  united.  Seeds  numerous, 
small,  anatropous,  with  no  albumen.  — Plants  usually  smooth.  Flowers  solitary 
or  cymose. 

1.  Ascyrum.    Sepals  4,  in  2  very  unequal  pairs.    Petals  4.    Stamens  many,  distinct. 

2.  Hypericum.    Sepals  5.    Petals  5.    Stamens  usually  many  and  often  in  8  or  5  clusters. 

1.    ASCYRUM  L.     ST.  PETER'S-WORT 

Sepals  4  ;  the  two  outer  very  broad  and  leaf-like  ;  the  inner  much  smaller. 
Petals  4,  oblique,  very  deciduous,  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  numerous  ; 
the  filaments  distinct  and  scarcely  in  clusters.  Pod  strictly  l-celled,  2-4- 
valved.  —  Low  rather  shrubby  smooth  pale  green  plants,  with  nearly  solitary 
light  yellow  flowers.  (Ancient  Greek  name  for  some  plant  probably  of  this 
family. ) 

1.  A.  stans  Michx.   (Srr.  PETER'S-WORT.)     Stem  suberect,  2-edged,  3-6  dm. 
high,  stout;  leaves  oval  or  oblong,  somewhat  clasping,  thickish  ;  flowers  showy  ; 
outer  sepals  round-cordate,  inner  lanceolate ;  petals  obovate ;  styles  3  or  4.  — 
Pine  barrens,  L.  I.  to  Pa.,  and  southwestw.    July,  Aug. 

2.  A.  hypericoides  L.     (ST.  ANDREW'S  CROSS.)     Low,  much  branched  and 
decumbent ;  leaves  narrowly  obovate-oblong,  contracted  at  the  base,  thin  ;  petals 
linear-oblong;  styles  2,  very  short;  pod  flat.  (A.   Crux-Andreae  L.  1763,  not 
1753.)  — Wet  sand  or  rocky  barrens,  Nantucket  I.,  Mass.,  to  s.  111.,  Neb.,  and 
southw.    July-Sept. — Petals  scarcely  exceeding  the  outer  sepals,  approaching 
each  other  in  pairs  over  them,  in  the  form  of  a  St.  Andrew's  cross. 

2.   HYPERiCUM    [Tourn.]  L.     ST.  JOHN'S-WORT 

Sepals  5,  usually  subequal.  Petals  5,  oblique,  convolute  in  the  bud  (except 
in  §  6).  Stamens  frequently  united  or  clustered  in  3-5  parcels ;  no  interposed 
glands.  Pod  l-celled  or  3-5-celled.  Seeds  usually  cylindrical.  —  Herbs  or 
shrubs,  with  cymose  yellow,  flesh-colored,  or  purplish  flowers.  (An  ancient 
Greek  name  of  obscure  meaning.) 


572 


HYPERICACEAE   (ST.    JOHN'S- WORT   FAMILY) 


a.   Petals  yellow  (at  most  mottled  or  striped  with  red,  purple,  or  black) 
b.   Styles  5 ;  pods  5-celled. 

Tall  herb  ;  flowers  4-6  cm.  broad  ;  pods  2-3  cm.  long 
Slender  shrub;  flowers  1.5-3  cm.  broad;  pods  5-10  mm.  long 
b.   Styles  3,  rarely  4 ;  pods  3(rarely  4)-celled   c. 
c.   Stamens  very  numerous  (more  than  12)  d. 
d.   Shrubs,  0.5-2  m.  high. 

Pods  1-1.5  cm.  long 

Pods  5-8  mm.  long 

d.   Herbs,  at  most  slightly  woody  at  base  e. 

e.  Stamens  in  3-5  clusters ;  petals  marked  with  black  dots 

or  lines  /. 
/.   Petals  bearing  black  dots  only  on  the  margin. 

Flowers  and  leaves  few,  the  latter  1.5-3  cm.  broad 
Flowers  and  leaves  very  numerous,  the  latter  rarely 

1  cm.  broad 

,/.   Petals  bearing  several  rows  of  black  dots  or  lines. 

Leaves  rounded  at  tip  ;  sepals  blunt  or  acutish ;  pods 

4-6  mm.  long 

Leaves  (at  least  the  upper)  narrowed  to  the  tip  ;  sepals 

acuminate ;  pods  6-8  mm.  long       .... 

e.  Stamens  obscurely  if  at  all  clustered  ;  petals  without  black 

dots  g. 
g.   Stems  herbaceous,  from  slender  creeping  freely  stolonif- 

erous  bases. 
Leaves  and  linear-lanceolate  acute  firm  sepals  with 

revolute  margins 

Leaves  and  oblanceolate  or  obovate  thin  foliaceous 

sepals  plane 

g.  Stems  woody  at  base,  or  if  herbaceous  without  slender 

stolons  h. 

h.   Steins  freely  branching,  woody  at  base  ;  cymes  leafy- 

bracted  ;  styles  united  below ;  stigmas  elongate  i. 

i.  Capsule    thick-ovoid    to   subglobose,    somewhat  3- 

angled,  essentially  1-celled. 
Sepals  6-13  mm.  long ;  corolla  1.5-2  cm.  broad. 
Sepals  6-10  mm.  long,  2-5  mm.  broad 
Sepals  variable,  the  larger  1-1.8  cm.  long,  6-8 

mm.  wide 

Sepals  3-5  mm.  long;  corolla  1-1.5  cm.  broad 
i.   Capsule  conic-subulate,  distinctly  3-celled 
h.  Stems  simple  below  the  loosely  forking  essentially 
naked  inflorescence,  herbaceous  ;  styles  distinct ; 

stigmas  capitate 

c.    Stamens  5-12  j. 
j.  Stem   simple  or  loosely  branched ;  leaves  linear  to  ovate, 

spreading  k. 
Jc.   Bracts  of  the  inflorescence  foliaceous,  resembling  reduced 

stem-leaves 

k.   Ultimate  bracts  of  the  inflorescence  setaceous  to  linear- 
subulate. 
Leaves    orbicular,     ovate-deltoid,    or    rounded-oblong, 

clasping. 
Leaves  ovate-oblong  or  short-elliptic,  rounded  at  tip  ; 

pod  short-ellipsoid 

Leaves  ovate-deltoid,  acutish  or  blunt ;  pod  slender- 
conical       

Leaves  lanceolate  to  linear,  merely  sessile  (if  clasping 

with  lance-attenuate  outline). 
Leaves  lanceolate,  chiefly  5-7-nerved  at  base 

Leaves  linear.  1-3-nerved 

j.   Stems    fastigiately  branched ;    leaves    scale-like  or   linear- 
subulate,  strongly  ascending. 
Leaves  6-20  mm.  long;  pods  ovoid,  slightly  exceeding  the 

calyx 

Leaves    shorter,    scale-like;    pods    lance-subulate,  much 

exceeding  the  calyx 

a.   Petals  flesh-color  or  purplish. 

Leaves  sessile  or  clasping 

Leaves  narrowed  to  distinct  petioles 


1.    //.  A  Key r on. 
8.   //.  Kalmianwm, 


6.  If.  prolificum. 

7.  H.  denxiflorum. 


2.  H.  graveolens. 
8.   II.  perforatum, 

4.  II.  punctatum. 

5.  H.  pseudomaculatum. 


10.   H.  adprt 

14.  //.  elUpticum. 


11.  H.  dolabriform-e. 

12.  H.Bi^eHii. 

13.  H.  cistifolium. 
9.  //.  galioides. 


.    15.  H.  virgatum. 


16.  H.  boreale. 


IT.   H.  mutilum. 

18.   //.  gymnanthum. 


19.  //.  inajus. 

20.  //.  canadense. 


21.  H.  Drummondii. 

22.  H.  gentianoides. 

28.    77.  virginicum. 
24.  //.  petiolatum. 


§  1.  R6SCYNA  (Spach)  Endl.  Stamens  very  numerous,  5-adelphous;  styles 
5,  united  below,  the  stigmas  capitate;  pod  5-celled,  the  placentae  turned  far 
back  into  the  cells;  perennial  herb ;  flowers  very  large. 

1.    H.  Ascyron  L.     (GREAT  S.)     Stems  5-15  dm.  high  ;  branches  2-4-angled  ; 
leaves  4-9  cm.  long,  ovate-oblong,  partly  clasping  ;  petals  narrowly  obovate,  2.5 


HYPERICACEAE    (ST.    JOHN'S-WORT   FAMILY)  573 

cm.  long,  not  deciduous  until  after  they  wither;  pod  2-3  cm.  long,  conical. — 
Banks  of  rivers,  w.  Que.  to  Man.,  s.  to  Pa.,  111.,  Mo.,  and  Kan.     July,  Aug. 

§  2.  EUHYPERlCUM  Boiss.  Stamens  very  many,  in  3  or  5  clusters;  styles  3, 
separate  and  usually  diverging ;  pod  ^-celled;  calyx  erect;  petals  and  an- 
thers with  black  dots  ;  perennials. 

2.  H.  gravdolens  Buckley.     (MOUNTAIN  S.)     Leaves  elliptic-oblong,  5-7  cm. 
long  ;  flowers  large,  2-5  cm.  broad  ;  petals  sparingly  dotted  on  the  margin  ;  pod 
rather  large,  7-10  mm.  long.  —  Summits  of  the  higher  mts.  of  s.  w.  Va.  and  N.  C. 

3.  H.  PERFORA.TUM  L.     (COMMON  S.)     Stem  much  branched  and  corymbed, 
somewhat  2-edged,  producing  runners  from  the  base  ;  leaves  elliptic-  or  linear- 
oblong,  with  pellucid  dots ;  petals  deep  yellow,  black-dotted  along  the  margin, 
twice  the  length  of  the  lanceolate  acute  sepals  ;  flowers  numerous,  in  open  leafy 
cymes.  —  Fields,  etc.     June-Sept.  —  A  pernicious  weed,  difficult  to  extirpate  ; 
juice  very  acrid.     (Nat.  from  Eu. ) 

4.  H.  punctatum  Lam.     Conspicuously  marked  with  both  black  and  pellucid 
dots ;  stem  terete,  sparingly  branched  ;  leaves  oblong,  rounded  at  tip,  the  base 
either  subclasping,  sessile,  or  subpetiolate  ;  flowers  crowded  ;  petals  pale  yellow, 
marked  with  dark  lines  and  dots,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  oblong  bluntish  or 
acute  sepals;  pods  4-6  mm.  long.     (H.  maculatum  Walt.,  not  Crantz;  H.  corym- 
bosum  Muhl.)  — Damp  places,  e.  Que.  to  Ont.,  and  south  w.    July-Sept. 

5.  H.  pseudomaculatum  Bush.     Similar  ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  ovate, 
at  least  the  upper  narrowed  to  the  tip  ;  petals  three  or  four  times  as  long  as  the 
acuminate  sepals ;  pods  6-8  mm.  long.  —  Woods  and  prairies,  111.  and  Mo.  to 
Tex.  and  Ga. 

§  3.  MYRlANDRA  (Spach)  Endl.  Stamens  very  numerous,  obscurely  if  at  all 
clustered  ;  styles  more  or  less  united,  the  stigmas  elongate  ;  pod  more  or  less 
3-5-celled;  placentae  central  or  parietal. 

*  Bushy  shrubs,  5-20  dm.  high,  leafy  to  the  top. 
•«-  Styles  3  ;  pod  completely  ^-celled. 

6.  H.  prolificum  L.     (SHRUBBY  S.)      Branchlets  2-edged  ;  leaves  narrowly 
oblong,  3-7  cm.  long,  mostly  obtuse,  narrowed  at  the  base  ;  flowers  numerous, 
in  simple  or  compound  clusters  ;  pods  subulate  to  ovoid,  1-1.5  cm.  long.  —  N.  J. 
to  s.  Ont.,  Minn.,  and  southw.     July-Sept.  —  Varies  greatly  in  size,  etc. 

7.  H.  densiflorum  Pursh.     Exceedingly  branched  above,  0.5-2  m.  high,  the 
branches  slender  and  crowded  with  smaller  leaves  ;  flowers  smaller  (1.2-1.7  cm. 
in  diameter)  and  more  numerous,  in  crowded  compound  cymes  ;  pod  5-8  mm. 
long.  — Pine  barrens  of  N.  J.  to  glades  of  Ky.,  Ark.,  and  southw. 

•*-  •*-  Styles  5 ;  pod  completely  6-celled. 

8.  H.  Kalmianum  L.     (KALM'S  S.)     Branches  4-angled  ;  branchlets  2-edged  ; 
leaves  crowded,  glaucous,  linear  to  oblanceolate,  3-4.5  cm.  long ;  flowers  few  in 
a  cluster,  3-5  cm.  wide  ;  pods  ovoid.  —  Rocky  or  sandy  soil,  Pontiac  Co.,  Que., 
to  Niagara  Falls,  and  along  the  Great  Lakes  to  w.  Ont.,  Mich.,  and  111. 

*  *  Perennials,  herbaceous  or  a  little  woody  at  base;  pod  incompletely  3-4-celled. 

9.  H.  galioides  Lam.     Slender,  branching,  woody  below;  leaves  linear-ob- 
lanceolate,  narrowed  downward,  1.5-7  cm.  long,  mostly  acute  ;  flowers  small  in 
terminal  and  axillary  cymes  ;  sepals  very  narrow,  3-5  mm.  long ;  pod  5-6  mm. 
long,  ovoid.  —Del.  to  Ga.  and  e.  Tenn. 

10.  H.  adprSssum  Bart.      Stem  simple,  3-6  dm.  high,  herbaceous,  from  a 
slender  creeping  freely  stoloniferous  base,  obscurely  4-angled  below  and  2-edged 
above  ;  leaves  ascending,  lanceolate  or  linear-oblong,  often  acute,  thin,  4-5  cm. 
long  ;  cyme  terminal,  leafy  at  the  base,  few-flowered  ;  sepals  linear-lanceolate ; 
petals  bright  yellow,  7-10  mm.  long  ;  pods  ovoid.  —  Moist  sandy  shores,  e.  Mass, 
to  Pa.,  and  southw.,  chiefly  near  the  coast.     July,  Aug.     Var.  spoNGi6suM  Rob- 
inson.   Taller  (7  dm.  or  more  high),  the  stem  spongy-thickened  at  base;  leaves 
oblong. —  Marshy  borders  of  ponds,  s.  e.  Mass. 


574  HYPERICACEAE    (ST.   JOHN'S-WOKT   FAMILY) 

§  4.   BRATHYDIUM  (Spach)  Endl.      Similar  to  §  3 ;   pod  l-celled,  with  3 

parietal  placentae. 

11.  H.  dolabrif6rme  Vent.     Stems  branched  from  the  decumbent  base,  woody 
below,  1.5-5  dm.  high,  terete ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  widely  spreading,  vein- 
less  ;   cyme  leafy,  few-flowered  ;   sepals  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  about  the 
length  of  the  very  oblique  petals  (1-1.2  cm.  long)  ;  pods  ovoid-conical,  the  walls 
very  thick  and  hard.  —  Dry  hills  and  rocks,  barrens  of  Ky .  and  Tenn.     June- 
Aug. 

12.  H.  BissSllii  Robinson.     Stems  subsimple  or  with  short  ascending  branches, 
somewhat  woody  below,  4-5  dm.  high ;  leaves  narrowly  oblong,  obtusish,  as- 
cending, 2.5-3.5   cm.  long,  3-5  mm.   wide,   1-nerved,  deep  green  above,  pale 
beneath;  cyme  about  20-flowered,  leafy-bracted,  the  bracts  ovate;  flowers  1.5 
cm.  broad  ;  sepals  very  unequal,  the  largest  broad-ovate,  1.3  cm.  long,  8  mm. 
wide,  subcordate,  acuminate  ;  petals  oblong-obovate,  oblique,  with  a  mucro  on 
one  side  near  the  tip.  —  Southington,  Ct.  (Bissell}. 

13.  H.  cistifblium  Lam.      Stems  mostly  simple,  herbaceous,  3-5  dm.  high, 
with  a  somewhat  woody  base,  angled  with  4  very  narrow  salient  lines ;  leaves 
narrowly  oblong  to  nearly  linear,  3-7  cm.  long,  sessile  with  a  somewhat  clasping 
base;  the  cyme  naked,  compound,  usually  many-flowered;  sepals  ovate;  pods 
depressed-globular  or  ovoid-conical;    seeds   large,   oblong,  very  rough-pitted. 
(//.  sphaerocarpum  Michx.) — Rocky  river-banks,  s.  w.  O.  to  la.,  and  south w. 
July-Sept.  —  Flowers  small. 

14.  H.  ellipticum  Hook.     Stem  simple,  herbaceous,  2-5  dm.  high,  obscurely 
4-angled,  from  a  slender  creeping  stoloniferous  bas? ;  leaves  spreading,  elliptical- 
oblong,  obtuse,  usually  narrower  toward  the  subclasping  base,  thin  ;  cyme  nearly 
naked,  rather  few-flowered  ;  petals  bright  yellow,  6-10  mm.  long ;  sepals  oblong; 
pods  ovoid,  very  obtuse;  seeds  minutely  striate.  —  Wet  places,  N.  B.  to  Man., 
s.  to  Pa.,  Mich.,  Wise.,  and  Minn.    July,  Aug. — Aberrant  plants  often  have 
small  red  or  purplish  petals. 

§  5.  BRATHYS  (Mutis)  Choisy.  Stamens  distinct  or  in  3  clusters;  pod 
l-celled,  with  3  strictly  parietal  placentae  ;  styles  short,  distinct,  with  capi- 
tate stigmas;  petals  small,  oblong  or  linear;  sepals  narrow,  erect;  slender 
plants,  with  ^-angular  branches,  flowering  all  summer. 

*  Stamens  co . 

15.  H.  virgatum  Lam.     Stem  slender,  strict,  simple,  sharply  4-angled,  her- 
baceous, 3-6  dm.  high ;  leaves  ascending,  opaque,  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
acute,  1.5-2.7  cm.  long,  closely  sessile  by  a  broad  base ;  inflorescence  compound, 
naked,  the  scattered  flowers  racemose  on  its  ascending  branches;  petals  copper- 
yellow,  8-10  mm.  long  ;  sepals  herbaceous,  erect,  inclosing  the  ovoid  pod.     (H. 
angulosum  Michx.)  —  Wet  pine  barrens,  Pa.  to  Ga.,  westw.  to  O.,  Ky.,  and 
(?)  111.     July-Sept. 

Var.  ovalifblium  Britton.     Leaves  oval,  erect,  1-1.8  cm.  long,  more  than  half 
as  broad.  —  Pine  barrens,  N.  J.  and  southw. 

*  *  Stamens  5-12. 
-»-  Stem  simple  or  loosely  branched;  leaves  linear  to  ovate,  spreading. 

16.  H.  boreale   (Britton)   Bicknell.      Perennial  ;    the  stems  decumbent  and 
leafy-bracted  at  base,  slender,  5-30  cm.  high  (rarely  submersed  and  very  elon- 
gate) ;  leaves  elliptic,  rounded  at  tip,  sessile,  3-20  mm.  long,  3-5-nerved  ;  cymes 
leafy-bracted,  all  the  bracts  foliaceous  and  broad;  pedicels  short ;  sepals  linear, 
blunt,  shorter  than  the  rounded  short-ellipsoid  pod  (3-5  mm.  long).     (H.  cana- 
dense,  var.  minimum  Man.  ed.  6.)  — Bogs,  margins  of  ponds,  etc.,  Nfd.  to  w. 
Ont.,  s.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  O.,  and  Ind.     July,  Aug. 

17.  H.  mutilum  L.      Stem  flaccid,  widely  branching,  annual,  or  perennial 
with  leafy-bracted  decumbent  bases ;  leaves  ovate  to  narrowly  oblong,  obtuse, 
partly  clasping,  5-nerved;  cyme  (in  well  developed  plants)  diffuse,  somewhat 
leafy-bracted,  the  ultimate  bracts  setaceous  ;  flowers  4  mm.  broad  ;  sepals  linear- 


ELATINACEAE   (WATERWORT   FAMILY)  575 

lanceolate,  acute;  pods  2.5-3.5  mm.  long,  short-ellipsoid,  rounded  at  apex. — 
Low  grounds,  common.     July,  Aug. 

18.  H.  gymndnthum  Engelm.  &  Gray.     Almost  simple,  with  strict  stem  and 
branches,  3-9  dm.  high  ;  leaves  clasping,  heart-shaped,  acute  or  obtuse  ;  cyme 
naked,  the  floral  leaves  reduced  to  small  awl-shaped  bracts ;  pods  slender-coni- 
cal, pointed,  4-5  mm.  long,  slightly  exceeding  the  lance-acuminate  sepals.  — 
Wet  sandy  barrens,  N.  J.  and  e.  Pa.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.;  northw.  in  Miss,  basin  to 
Mo.,  111.,  Ind.,  and  (.).;  reported  also  from  Minn. 

19.  H.  majus  (Gray)  Britton.    Annual,  or  perennial  by  short  leafy  offshoots  ; 
stems  solitary  or  tufted,  erect,  rather  stout,  1-7  dm.  high  ;  leaves  chiefly  5-7- 
nerved  at  the  rounded  or  subcordate  sessile  or  clasping  base,  lanceolate,  the  upper 
acute  or  bluntish,  1.5-4.5  cm.  long,  3.5-13  mm.  broad  ;  cymes  essentially  naked, 
the  bracts  slender ;  sepals  lance-attenuate,  5-7  mm.  long,  nearly  equaling  the 
conic-ellipsoid  bluntish  pod.      (H.  canadense,  var.  Gray.)  —  Wet  or  dry  open 
soil,  e.  Que.  to  Man.,  s.  to  L.  I.,  N.  J.,  Pa.,  111.,  la.,  and  S.  Dak.;  also  e.  Wash. 
July,  Aug. 

20.  H.  canadense  L.     Annual,  or  perennial  by  short  leafy  offshoots ;  stems 
slender,  1-4  dm.  high  ;  leaves  1-3-nerved,  linear  to  linear-oblanceolate,  rounded 
at  tip,  narrowed  to  the  sessile  or  subpetiolar  base,  1-4  cm.  long,  1-6  mm.  broad  ; 
cymes  naked  except  for  the  linear-setaceous  bracts;  sepals  linear-lanceolate, 
blunt  or  acutish,  2.5-5  mm.  long,  much  shorter  than  the  slender-conical  red  or 
purplish  pod.  —  Wet  or  dry,  chiefly  exsiccated  places,  Nfd.  to  Man.,  s.  to  Ga., 
Ky.,  Wise.,  and  Minn.    July-Sept. 

•»-  •*-  Stems  fastigiately  branched;   leaves  linear  or  bract-like,  ascending  or 

appressed. 

21.  H.  Drumm6ndii  (Grev.  &  Hook.)  T.  &  G.     Stem  and  the  mostly  alternate 
bushy  branches  rigid,  erect,  1.5-8  dm.  high  ;  leaves  linear-subulate,  nearly  erect, 
l-nerved,  6-20  mm.  long ;  flowers  scattered  along  the  upper  part  of  the  leafy 
branches,  short-pediceled ;  pods  ovoid,  not  longer  than  the  calyx.  —  Dry  soil, 
Ashtabula  Co.,  O.  (Louth),  111.,  la.,  Kan.,  and  southw. 

22.  H.  gentianoides  (L.)  B  S  P.     (ORANGE  GRASS,  PINEWEED.)     Stem  and 
bushy  branches  thread-like,  wiry,  1-3  dm.  high  ;  leaves  minute  awl-shaped  scales, 
appressed;  flowers  minute,  mostly  sessile  and  scattered  along  the  erect  branches; 
pods  ovoid-lanceolate,  acute,  much  longer  than  the  calyx.     (Sarothra  L.;   H. 
nudicaule  Walt.)  —  Sandy  or  rocky  soil,  Me.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.,  chiefly  e.  of  the 
Alleghenies ;  and  from  s.  w.  Ont.  to  111.,  and  southw. 

§  6.  EL6DEA  (Juss.)  Choisy.  Petals  imbricated  in  bud,  flesh-colored  or  pur- 
plish. Stamens  mostly  9,  in  3  bundles.  Styles  3,  distinct.  —  ELODEA  Juss.; 
ELODES  Man.  ed.  6,  not  Adans. 

23.  H.  virgfnicum  L.     (MARSH  S.)     Stoloniferons ;  leaves  closely  sessile  or 
clasping  by  a  broad  base,  oblong  or  ovate,  very  obtuse  ;  filaments  united  below 
the   middle.     (Triadenum  Raf.;    Elodea  campanulata  Pursh.) — Common   in 
swamps.      July,  Aug.  —  The  entire  plant  frequently  has  a  pink  or  crimson 
tone. 

24.  H.  petiolHtum  Walt.     (MARSH  S.)    Taller,  more  branching  ;  leaves  taper- 
ing into  a  short  petiole,  oblong  ;  filaments  united  beyond  the  middle.     (Triade- 
num Britton.)  — Cypress  swamps,  etc.,  N.  J.  to  Mo.,  and  southw. 

ELATINACEAE    (WATERWORT  FAMILY) 

Little  marsh  annuals,  with  membranaceous  stipules  beticeen  the  opposite  dot- 
less  leaves,  minute  axillary  flowers  like  those  of  the  Chickweeds,  but  the  pod 
2-5-celled,  and  the  seeds  as  in  St.  John's-wort. 

1.  Elatine.     Flowers  2-4-merous.    Capsule  globose.     Glabrous,  growing  in  or  near  water. 

2.  Bergia.     Flowers  5-merous.    Capsule  ovoid.     Plant  pubescent,  terrestrial. 


576  CISTACEAE  (ROCKEOSE  FAMILY) 

1.   ELATINE   L.     WATERWORT 

Sepals  2-4,  obtuse.  Petals  2-4,  hypogynous.  Stamens  as  many,  rarely  twice 
as  many.  Styles,  or  sessile  capitate  stigmas,  2-4.  Pod  membranaceous,  2-4- 
celled,  several-many-seeded,  2-4-valved  ;  the  partitions  left  attached  to  the  axis, 
or  evanescent. —  Dwarf  plants,  often  rooting  at  the  nodes.  (A  Greek  name  for 
an  obscure  herb.) 

1.  E.  americana  (Pursh)  Arn.     Tufted,   1-2.5   cm.  high,  creeping;   leaves 
obovate,  obtuse,  2-6  mm.  long ;  flowers  sessile,  rarely  opening  in  the  aquatic 
form ;  sepals,  petals,  stamens,  and  stigmas  2,  rarely  3  ;  seeds  5  or  6  in  each  cell, 
rising  from  the  base,  relatively  large,  marked  by  9  or  10  longitudinal  lines  and 
20-30  crossbars. —  Margin  of  ponds,  etc.,  e.  Que.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to  Va.,  Mo.,  and 
in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  Mex. 

2.  E.  tridndra  Schkuhr.     Leaves  oblanceolate  or  nearly  lanceolate;  petals 
and  stamens  commonly  3  ;  seeds  more  slender,  covering  the  axis.  —  Ponds,  111. 
to  Neb.,  and  westw.     (Eu.) 

3.  E.  brachysperma  Gray.      Leaves  oblong  or  oval,  with  narrowed  base; 
flowers  mostly  dimerous ;  seeds  short-oblong,  with  6  or  7  longitudinal  lines  and 
10-12  crossbars.  —  111.  and  south  westw. 

2.   BERGIA  L. 

Sepals  5,  acuminate,  with  thickened  midnerve  and  scarious  margins.  Petals 
5.  Stamens  5  or  10.  Pod  of  firm  texture.  —  Diffuse  or  ascending  plants,  chiefly 
tropical.  (Named  for  P.  J.  Bergius,  a  Swedish  botanist  of  the  18th  century.) 

1.  B.  texana  (Hook.)  Seubert.  Branched  from  the  base  ;  branches  1-4  dm. 
long ;  flowers  scarcely  peduncled  in  the  axils  of  the  lance-oblong  serrulate 
leaves.  —  Swamps  and  wet  banks,  s.  111.  to  Kan.,  south w.  and  westw. 

CISTACEAE     (ROCKROSE  FAMILY) 

Low  shrubs  or  herbs,  with  regular  flowers,  distinct  and  hypogynous  mostly 
indefinite  stamens,  a  persistent  calyx,  a  l-celled  3-5-valved  capsule  with  as  many 
parietal  placentae  borne  on  the  middle  of  the  valves,  and  orthotropous  albumi- 
nous seeds.  Sepals  5  ;  the  two  external  much  smaller,  bract-like,  or  sometimes 
wanting ;  the  3  others  a  little  twisted  in  the  bud.  Petals  3  or  5,  convolute  in 
the  opposite  direction  from  the  calyx  in  the  bud.  Anthers  short,  innate,  on 
slender  filaments.  Style  single  or  none.  Ovules  few  or  many,  on  slender 
stalks,  with  the  orifice  at  the  apex.  Embryo  long  and  slender,  straightish  or 
curved,  in  mealy  albumen ;  cotyledons  narrow.  Leaves  simple  and  mostly 
entire,  the  lower  usually  opposite,  and  the  upper  alternate. — Inert  plants. 

1.  Helianthemum.     Petals  5,  crumpled  in  the  bud,  fugacious  (or  none).    Stigma  nearly  sessile. 

Stamens  and  ovules  numerous  in  the  petal-bearing  flowers. 

2.  Hudsonia.     Petals  5,  fugacious.    Stamens  9-80.    Style  long  and  slender.     Pod  strictly  l-celled, 

2-6-seeded.    Heath-like. 

3.  Lechea.     Petals  3,  flat  in  the  bud,  withering-persistent.     Stamens  3-12.    Style  none.     Pod 

partly  3-celled,  the  imperfect  partitions  bearing  broad  2-seeded  placentae. 

1.  HELIANTHEMUM  [Tourn.]  Mill.     ROCKROSE 

Capsule  strictly  l-celled.  Embryo  curved  in  the  form  of  a  hook  or  ring. 
Flowers  in  most  N.  American  species  of  two  sorts,  viz.,  primary  or  earlier 
ones,  with  large  yellow  petals,  indefinitely  numerous  stamens,  and  many-seeded 
pods ;  and  secondary,  or  later  ones,  which  are  much  smaller  and  in  clusters, 
with  small  petals  or  none,  3-10  stamens,  and  much  smaller  3-few-seeded  pods. 


CISTACEAE    (liOCKROSE   FAMILY)  577 

—  The  large  flowers  open  only  once,  in  sunshine,  and  cast  their  petals  by  the  next 
day.     (Name  from  T}\IOS,  the  sun,  and  AvOf^v,  flower.) 

1.  H.  canad6nse  (L.  ?)  Michx.     (FROSTWEED.)    Erect,  hoary-pubescent,  3-5 
din.  high,    at   first  simple  ;   leaves  lance-oblong,    pale   beneath  ;   large  flowers 
solitary,  2.5  cm.  broad,  soon  surpassed  by  lateral  branches,  their  pods  6  mm. 
long ;  the  small  flowers  clustered  on  short  1-4-flowered  branchlets^  their  pods 
light  brown,  unequal,  those  of  the  terminal  flowers  commonly  larger,  3-4  mm. 
in  diameter.  —  Sandy  or  gravelly  dry  soil,  Me.  to  Mich.,  N.  C.,  and  Miss.    Jurie- 
Aug.  —  Late  in  autumn  crystals  of  ice  shoot  from  the  cracked  bark  at  the  base 
of  this  and  the  next  species,  whence  the  popular  name.     A  dwarf  and  rather 
more  cespitose  plant  with  crowded  stems  only  1-2  dm.  high,  common  on  ster- 
ile shores  and  sandy  hills  near  the  sea,  from  e.  Mass,  southw.  (H.  propinquum 
Bicknell)  appears  to  be  only  a  stunted  form  of  this  species. 

2.  H.  majus  BSP.     (FROSTWEED.)     Similar  in  habit  and  more  canescent ; 
primary  flowers  clustered  at  the  summit  of  the  stem,  not  surpassed  by  branches  ; 
petals  slightly  paler  yellow  than  in  the  preceding  ;  secondary  flowers  very  small, 
numerous,  closely  clustered  along  slender  branches,  their  pods  dark  brown,  2 
mm.  in  diameter.  —  Similar  situations,  N.  S.  to  Minn.,  Col.,  and  southw.  —  This 
is  H.  majus  BSP.,  at  least  in  part,  and  of  recent  auth.     It  seems  probable, 
however,  that  Lechea  major  L.  represented  rather  the  preceding  species.     Until 
the  Linnean  types  both  of   Cistus  canadensis  and  of  Lechea  major  can  be 
definitely  identified,  it  seems  best  to  allow  the  current  interpretation  of  the 
names  under  Helianthemum  to  stand  as  above. 

3.  H.  corymbbsum  Michx.    Flowers  all  corymbosely  clustered  at  the  summit 
of  the  stem  or  branches,  the  petal-bearing  ones  at  length  on  slender  stalks ; 
calyx  woolly.  —  Pine  barrens,  N.  J. ,  and  southw.  along  the  coast. 

2.   HUDS6NIA  L. 

Petals  much  larger  than  the  calyx.  Style  long  and  slender ;  stigma  minute. 
Pod  terete,  inclosed  in  the  calyx,  strictly  1-celled,  with  1  or  2  seeds  attached 
near  the  base  of  each  nerve-like  placenta.  Embryo  coiled  into  the  form  of  a 
closed  hook.  —  Bushy  heath-like  little  shrubs,  covered  with  the  small  awl-shaped 
or  scale-like  alternate  persistent  downy  leaves,  producing  numerous  small  but 
showy  bright  yellow  flowers  crowded  along  the  upper  part  of  the  branches. 
(Named  in  honor  of  William  Hudson,  an  early  English  botanist.) 

1.  H.  ericoides  L.     Downy  but  greenish  ;  leaves  slender,  awl-shaped,  loose; 
flowers  on  slender  naked  stalks;  ovary  hairy.  —  Dry  sandy  soil  near  the  coast, 
Nfd.  to  Va.     May. 

2.  H.  tomentosa  Nutt.     Hoary  with  down ;   leaves  oval  or  narrowly  oblong, 
2  mm.  long,  close-pressed  and  imbricated  ;  flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so.  —  Sandy 
shores,  dunes,  etc. ,  N.  B.  to  Va.,  and  along  the  Great  Lakes  to  Minn. ;  rarely 
on  banks  of  streams  inland.     May,  June.     Passing  into  var.  INTERMEDIA  Peck. 
Leaves  tending  to  be  more  awl-shaped;   flowers  obviously  peduncled.  —  Sand 
hills,  etc.,  e.  Que.  to  Mackenzie,  s.  to  e.  N.  B.,  Saco  Valley,  Me.  and  N.  H., 
shores  of  L.  Champlain,  Vt.,  and  the  Great  L.  region. 

3.  LECHEA   [Kalm]   L.    PINWEED 

Stigmas  3,  plumose.  Pod  globular  or  obovoid.  Embryo  straightish.  —  Slen- 
der erect  paniculately  branched  perennial  herbs,  developing  leafy  shoots  from 
the  base.  Flowers  very  small,  greenish  or  purplish,  in  summer.  (Named  in 
honor  of  Johan  Leche,  a  Swedish  botanist.) 

Leaves  of  the  basal  shoots  elliptical  or  oblong. 
Pubescence   of  the    stem   spreading ;    panicle  of  small   dense   corymbose 

clusters 1.  L.  villosa. 

Pubescence  of  the  stem  appressed  ;  panicle  more  open. 

Outer  sepals  exceeding  the  inner .        .    2.  L.  minor. 

Outer  sepals  shorter  than  the  others. 

GRAY'S  MANUAL — 37 


578  C1STACEAE    (^ROCKROSE   FAMILY} 

Fruiting  calyx  narrow,  obovoid  or  pyriform ;  leaves  of  the  basal  shoots 

green 8.   L.  racemulosa, 

Fruiting  calyx  subglobose  ;  leaves  of  the  basal  shoots  hoary -pubescent  .    5.   L.  maritima. 
Leaves  of  the  basal  shoots  narrowly  lanceolate  to  linear. 

Inner  sepals  1-nerved,  usually  exceeded  by  the  narrow  outer  ones  .        .        .    6.   L.  tenuifolia. 
Inner  sepals  8-nerved,  equaling  or  longer  than  the  outer. 
Canescent-pubescent. 

Panicle  strict,  fastigiate,  spire-like 4.   L.  stricta. 

Panicle  broadly  pyramidal 5.  L.  maritima. 

Green,  more  sparingly  pubescent. 

Fruiting  calyx  depressed-globose,  2.5-3  mm.  broad 3.   L.  intermedia. 

Fruiting  calyx  obovoid,  1.5-2  mm.  broad 1.   L.  Leggettii. 

*  Pubescence  villous,  spreading  ;  leaves  oblong  ;  flowers  very  short-pediceled,  in 

cymulose  clusters. 

1.  L.  vi!16sa   Ell.     Stem   upright,  3-7  dm.  high,  stout,  simple,  very  leafy, 
producing  slender  prostrate  branches  from  the  base  ;  leaves  elliptical,  mucro- 
nate-pointed,    alternate  and   opposite  or  sometimes  whorled  ;   flowers  densely 
crowded  ;   pedicels  shorter  than  the  very  small  depressed-globose  pod ;  sepals 
narrower  than  the  valves  of  the  capsule.     (L.  moy'or  Michx.,  notL.) — Sterile 
grounds,  s.  N.  H.  and  s.  Vt.  to  Fla. ;  also  from  s.  Ont.  and  O.  to  Neb.,  and 
southw.,  common. 

*  *  Pubescence  appressed;  flowers  open-paniculate. 
•f-  Leaves  comparatively  short,  broad,  and  thin. 

2.  L.  minor  L.    Erect,  about  3-6  dm.  high ;   stem  -leaves  oval  or  oblong, 
6-12  mm.  long,  commonly  somewhat  hairy,  some  whorled  or  opposite,  those 
of  the  rather  crowded  panicles  more  linear ;   pod  obo void-globose.     {L.  thymi- 
folia  Michx.)  —  Dry  soil,  s.  N.  H.  and  s.  Vt.  to  Fla.  and  Miss. ;  also  s.  Ont.  and 
Mich. 

i-  H-  Leaves  firmer,  narrow,  the  cauline  linear  to  slender-subulate;  panicles 
more  naked  and  racemiform. 

++  Fruiting  calyx  globular  or  broadly  ovoid;  pod  nearly  globose. 

3.  L.  intermedia  Leggett.     Rather  strict,  3  dm.  high  or  more,  usually  gla- 
brate  in  age  ;  leaves  of  the  basal  shoots  lanceolate,  3-6  mm.  long,  the  cauline 
linear-lanceolate,  1-2.5  cm.  long ;   panicle  elongated,  subcylindrical ;  pod  large 
for  the  genus,  depressed-globose,  2-3  mm.  in  diameter.     (L.  minor  Man.  ed.  6, 
in  part.) — Dry  soil,  N.  B.  to  e.  N.  Y.  and  Pa.;  also  s.  Ont.,  Mich.,  and  Wise. 
Passing  to 

Var.  juniperina  (Bicknell)  Robinson.  Branches  short,  fastigiately  appressed; 
leaves  erect,  mostly  appressed  ;  pedicels  short ;  leafy  panicle  spire-like.  (L. 
juniperina  Bicknell.) — Sandy  soil,  coast  of  s.  Me.,  extending  inland  in  the 
Androscoggin  and  Saco  valleys  to  n.  N.  H. 

4.  L.  stricta  Leggett.     Virgate,  fastigiately  branched,  very  pale  with  fine 
appressed  pubescence;  inflorescence  close,  spire-like;  pod  1.7-2  mm.  in  diameter. 
—  Borders  of  woods,  etc.,  w.  N.  Y.  to  111.  and  Minn. 

5.  L.  maritima  Leggett.     Stout  and  rigid  for  the  genus,  3-5  dm.  high,  pale  ; 
leaves  of  the  basal  shoots  lance-oblong,  hoary-pubescent,  thickish,  those  of  the 
stem  and  inflorescence  linear  or  nearly  so;  panicle  broadly  pyramidal ;  calyx 
canescent-pubescent,  globular  in  fruit;  pedicels  0.5-1.5  mm.  long.     (L.  minor, 
var.  Gray.)  —  Sandy  soil  near  the  coast,  from  the  mouth  of  the  Kennebec.,  Me., 
to  Ga.     Passing  inland  to 

Var.  interior  Robinson.  Lower  (2-3  dm.  high),  more  slender,  thinner-leaved 
and  greener;  pedicels  filiform,  2-3  mm.  long.  —  Open  sandy  places,  s.  N.  H.  to 
w.  Mass.  —  Distinguished  from  L.  intermedia  by  its  pyramidal  inflorescence 
and  slightly  smaller  pods. 

6.  L.  tenuifblia  Michx.     Low,  slender  and  diffuse,  minutely  pubescent  or 
glabrous  ;  leaves  all  small  and  very  narrow  ;  flowers  mostly  on  very  short  pedi- 
cels, diffusely  racemose-paniculate  ;  one  or  both  the  narrow  outer  sepals  exceed- 
ing the  inner  ones,  the  latter  strictly  1-nerved;  pod  subglobose. — Dry  sterile 
soil,  s.  N.  H.  to  Wis.,  Neb.,  and  southw. 


VIOLACEAE  (VIOLET  FAMILY)  579 

•w  ++  Smaller-flowered;  fruiting  calyx  narrower,  ellipsoidal  or pyriform. 

7.  L.   LeggSttii  Britton  &  Hollick.      Slender,  3-5  dm.  high,  glabrate  ;   all 
leaves  lance-linear  to  narrowly   linear,   green ;   panicle   open,  diffuse,    ovoid- 
pyramidal,  the  flowers  often  inclining  to  be  secund-racemose  ;  fruiting  calyx 
obovoid  or  pyriform.     (L.  moniliformis  Bicknell.) — Nantucket  to   Ind.  and 
southw. 

8.  L.  racemulbsa  Lam.     Erect,   soft-pubescent  when  young,   soon  nearly 
glabrous  ;  leaves  of  radical  shoots  oblong,  the  cauline  oblong-linear,   1-2  cm. 
long ;  inflorescence  loose  and  diffuse ;  fruiting  calyx  glabrous,  ellipsoidal.  — 
Dry  and  rocky  soil,  L.  I.  to  Ky.  and  southw. 

VIOLACEAE     (VIOLET  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  with  a  somewhat  irregular  l-spurred  or  gibbous  corolla  of  5  petals, 
6  hypogynous  stamens  with  adnate  introrse  anthers  conniving  over  the  pistil,  and 
a  1-celled  3-valved  pod  with  3  parietal  placentae.  Sepals  5,  persistent.  Petals 
imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  with  their  short  and  broad  filaments  continued 
beyond  the  anther-cells,  and  often  coherent  with  each  other.  Style  usually 
club-shaped,  with  the  simple  stigma  turned  to  one  side.  Valves  of  the  capsule 
bearing  the  several-seeded  placentae  on  their  middle  ;  after  opening,  each  valve 
as  it  dries  folding  together  lengthwise  firmly,  projecting  the  seeds.  Seeds 
anatropous,  with  a  hard  seed-coat,  and  a  large  straight  embryo  nearly  as  long 
as  the  albumen ;  cotyledons  flat.  —  Leaves  alternate,  with  stipules.  Flowers 
axillary,  nodding. 

1.  Hybanthus.    Sepals  not  auricled.    Petals  (in  ours)  equal  in  length.    Stamens  united  into  a 

sheath. 

2.  Viola.    Sepals  auricled.    Lower  petal  spurred.    Stamens  distinct,  the  two  lower  spurred. 

1.  HYBANTHUS  Jacq.     GREEN  VIOLET 

Petals  nearly  equal  (or  in  extralimital  species  very  unequal)  in  length, 
but  the  lower  one  larger  and  gibbous  or  saccate  at  the  base,  more  notched  than 
the  others  at  the  apex.  Stamens  (in  ours)  completely  united  into  a  sheath 
inclosing  the  ovary,  and  bearing  a  broad  gland  on  the  lower  side.  Style  hooked 
at  the  summit.  —  Perennials,  with  steins  leafy  to  the  top,  and  1-3  small  greenish- 
white  flowers  on  short  recurved  axillary  pedicels.  (Name  from  u/86s,  hump- 
backed, and  &v0os,  flower,  from  the  dorsal  gibbosity.)  CALCEOLARIA  Loefl. 
SOLEA  Spreng.  IONIDIDM  Vent.  CUBELIDM  Raf. 

1.  H.  c6ncolor  (Forster)  Spreng.  Plant  4-8  dm.  high ;  leaves  oblong, 
pointed  at  both  ends,  entire  ;  pod  2  cm.  long.  (Solea  Gingins  ;  Cubelium  Raf.) — 
Rich  woods,  moist  ravines,  etc.,  N.  Y.  to  Mich.,  Kan.,  and  southw.  Fl.  Apr.- 
June ;  fr.  July. 

2.   ViOLA    [Tourn.]   L.    VIOLET.     HEART' S-EASE 
REVISED  BY  E.  BRAINERD 

Petals  somewhat  unequal,  the  lower  one  spurred  at  the  base.  Stamens  closely 
surrounding  the  ovary,  often  slightly  cohering  with  each  other ;  the  two  lower 
bearing  spurs  which  project  into  the  spur  of  the  corolla.  Besides  these  con- 
spicuous blossoms,  which  appear  in  spring,  others  are  produced  later,  on  shorter 
peduncles  or  on  runners,  often  concealed  under  the  leaves  ;  these  never  open 
nor  develop  petals,  but  are  fertilized  in  the  bud  and  are  far  more  fruitful  than 
the  ordinary  blossoms. — The  closely  allied  species  of  the  same  section,  when 
growing  together,  often  hybridize  with  each  other,  producing  forms  that  are 
confusing  to  the  student  not  familiar  with  the  specific  types.  The  hybrids 


580 


VIOLACEAE  (VIOLET  FAMILY; 


commonly  display  characters  more  or  less  intermediate  between  those  of  the 
parents,  and  show  marked  vegetative  vigor  but  greatly  impaired  fertility.  (The 
ancient  Latin  name  of  the  genus.) 

N.B.  — In  this  genus  the  figures  are  of  the  stigmas,  styles,  and  upper  part  of 
the  ovary,  and  are  on  a  scale  of  5. 

I.   PLANTS  STEMLESS,  the  leaves  and  scapes  directly  from  a  rootstock  or  from 
runners.     (For  Group  II.  see  p.  585. ) 

§  1.   Style  club-shaped,  beakless,  obliquely  concave  at  the  summit ;  stigma  within 

a  small  protuberance  near  the  center  of  the  cavity  (Fig.  806). 
1.   V.  pedata  L.     (BIRD-FOOT  V.)     Nearly  glabrous;  rootstock  short,  erect, 

not  scaly ;  leaves  3-divided,  the  lateral  divisions  3-5-parted  or  -cleft,  the  segments 
all  linear  or  narrowly  spatulate,  often  2-3-toothed  or  cut  near  the 
apex  ;  the  leaves  of  early  spring  or  of  autumn  often  less  dissected  ; 
flowers  2-3  cm.  broad ;  the  upper  petals  dark  violet,  the  others 
pale  to  deep  lilac-purple,  all  beardless ;  the  orange  tips  of  the 
stamens  large  and  conspicuous  at  the  center  of  the  flower ;  cap- 
sules green,  glabrous ;  seeds  copper-colored ;  apetalous  flowers 
wanting,  but  petaliferous  flowers  often  produced  in  late  summer 
and  autumn.  (Var.  bicolor  Pursh.)  —  Open  sunny  slopes  in 
sandy  soil,  s.  N.  E.  (where  rare)  to  Md.  Var.  LINEAR^LOBA  DC. 
All  the  petals  of  the  same  lilac-purple  color.  (  V.  pedata  Man. 

ed.  6,  not  L.) — Locally  abundant,  e.  Mass,  to  Minn.,  and  south w. 

r.  pedata,    „        '  ' 

v.  lineariloba.         1G'    °UO- 

§  2.    Style  dilated  upward  in  a  vertical  plane,  capitate,  with  a  conical  beak  on 
the  lower  side;  stigma  within  the  tip  of  the  beak  (Fig.  807). 

a.   Rootstock  fleshy  and  thickened,  without  runners  ;  petals  violet-blue 

to  purple,  the  lateral  bearded  (BLUE  VIOLETS)    b. 
b.  Leaves   heart-shaped,   the   margins   merely   crenate-serrate,   or  in 
nos.  8-10  some  leaves  lobed  but  the  cleistogamous  flowers  on 
prostrate  peduncles   c. 
c.   Plants  essentially  glabrous. 

Beard  of  lateral  petals  strongly  knobbed;  cleistogamous  flow- 
ers long  and  slender        ........ 

Beard  of  lateral  petals  not  strongly  knobbed  ;  cleistogamous 

flowers  ovoid  or  ovoid-acuminate. 
Cleistogamous    flowers     mostly    on  ascending    peduncles ; 

capsules  5-10  mm.  long. 
Leaves  and  sepals  obtuse  ;  capsules  green     .... 

Leaves  and  sepals  acute;  cleistogamous  capsules  usually 

purplish 

Cleistogamous  flowers  mostly  on  short  prostrate  peduncles ; 

capsules  10-15  mm.  long. 
Leaves  all  undivided. 

Vernal  leaves  purplish  beneath  ;  plants  of  sandy  or  dry  soil 
Vernal  leaves  green  beneath  ;  plants  of  moist  soil. 
Leaves    narrow,    gradually   attenuated;   flowers  pale 

violet . 

Leaves    broad,    merely    acute    or    abruptly    pointed; 

flowers  deep  violet 

Leaves  palmately  lobed  or  parted 

c.   Plants  more  or  less  pubescent  d. 
d.   Leaves  for  the  most  part  palmately  5-9-lobed      .... 

d.   Some  leaves  hastately  3-5-lobed 

d.   Leaves  all  undivided  e. 

e.   Spurred  petal  glabrous  or  bearing  only  scattered  hairs ;  cap- 
sules 8-12  mm.  long 

e.   Spurred  petal  villous  ;  capsules  5-8  mm.  long. 

Pubescent  only  on  upper  surface  of  leaves    .... 
Pubescent  on  petioles  and  lower  surface  of  leaves. 

Sepals  and  their  auricles  ciliolate 

Sepals  and  their  auricles  not  ciliolate          .... 
3.    Leaves  not  heart-shaped,  usually  sharply  dentate  toward  the  base 
or  lobed  ;  cleistogamous  flowers  sagittate,  on  erect  peduncles  ; 
capsules  green  /. 
/.    Spurred  petal  villous  g. 

g.   Leaves  ovate-oblong,  pubescent,  short-petioled  .        .        .        .15.    V.  fimbriatula. 
g.   Leaves  lanceolate,  usually  glabrous,  long-petioled  ;  basal  lobes 

often  dilated  and  incised 16.  V.  sagittata. 


2.  V.  eucullata. 


3.  V.  nephrophylla. 

4.  V.  afflnis. 


5.    V.  laUuscula. 


V.  missouriensis. 


7.  V.  papilionacea. 

8.  V.  Stoneana. 


9.    V.  palmata. 
10.    V.  triloba. 


11.  V.  sororia. 

12.  V.  Ursutula. 

13.  V.  septentrionalis. 

14.  V.  novae-angliae. 


VIOLACEAE  (VIOLET  FAMILY)  581 

ff.  Leaves  deltoid,  glabrous,  sharply  dentate  below  the  middle  .  17.  V.  emarginaia. 
g.  Leaves  parted  into  narrow  lobes  ;  species  of  the  Atlantic  coast  18.  V.  Brittoniana. 
g.  Leaves  ovate-deltoid,  the  margins  closely  pectinate  or  sharply 

dentate 19.    V.  pecUnata. 

g.   Leaves  parted  into  many  linear  segments,  or  sometimes  only 

cleft ;  species  of  the  Middle  West 20.    V.  pedatifida. 

f.   Spurred  petal  glabrous,  narrow 21.    V.  viarum. 

a.   Rootstock  long  and  filiform,   producing  slender  runners  except  in 

no.  29  h. 
h.   Petals  lilac  or  pale  violet. 

Leaves  minutely  hairy  on  the  upper  surface ;  spur  large       .        .    22.    V.  Selkirkii. 

Leaves  glabrous  ;  spur  very  short 28.    F.  palustris. 

h.   Petals  white,  with  purple  lines  on  the  three  lower  (WHITE  VIOLETS)  i. 
i.   Leaves    glabrous  on  both  sides,  rarely  pubescent  in   no.   '25 ; 
cleistogamous  capsules  ellipsoid,  green,  on  erect  peduncles. 

Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate 24.    V.  lanceolata. 

Leaves  ovate,  acute,  base  subcordate  or  tapering        .        .        .25.    V.  primulifolia. 

Leaves  heart-shaped,  usually  obtuse 26.    F.  pallens. 

i.  Leaves  pubescent  on  one  or  both  sides  ;  cleistogamous  capsules 
ovoid,  usually  purplish,  on  erect  peduncles  only  when  ripe  ; 
seeds  brown,  1.5-2  mm.  long. 

Leaves  heart-shaped,  minutely  hairy  above  ;  plant  elsewhere  gla- 
brous ;  lateral  petals  beardless 27.    F.  blanda. 

Leaves  broadly  heart-shaped ;  plant  more  or  less  pubescent ; 

lateral  petals  bearded 28.   F.  incognita. 

Leaves  reniform,  pubescent ;  lateral  petals  beardless          .        .    29.   F.  renifolia. 

2.  V.  cucullata  Ait.     Leaves  except  the  earliest  acute  or  pointed ;  petalif- 
erous  flowers  violet-blue   becoming  darker  toward  the  throat,  commonly  on 
peduncles  much  taller  than  the  leaves  ;  spurred  petal  glabrous,  generally  some- 
what shorter  than  the  lateral ;  sepals  narrowly  lanceolate  ;  cleistogamous  flowers 
on  erect  or  ascending  often  elongated  peduncles  ;  capsules  ovoid-cylindric,  green, 
10-15  mm.  long,  but  little  exceeding  the  long-auricled  sepals ;  seeds  dark  brown, 
1.5  mm.  long.     (V.  palmata,  var.  Gray,  in  part.)  —  Wet  places,  common. — 
Forms  with  flowers  white  or  pale  lavender  are  not  infrequent. 

3.  V.  nephrophylla  Greene.     Nearly  or  quite  glabrous  ;  earliest  leaves  orbic- 
ular or  slightly  reniform,  later  leaves  broadly  heart-shaped,  obtuse,  obscurely 
crenate,  3-6  cm.  wide  ;  flowers  large,  violet,  on  peduncles  generally  exceeding 
the  leaves ;   spurred  petal  villous,  the  upper  pair  often  with  scattered  hairs  ; 
sepals  ovate  to  lanceolate,  obtuse  and  often  rounded  ;  cleistogamous  flowers  on 
erect  or  recurved  peduncles ;  capsules  green,   glabrous,    short-ellipsoid  ;  seeds 
olive-brown.     (F".  vagula  Greene.)  —  Cold  mossy  bogs,  and  borders  of  streams 
and  lakes,  e.  Que.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to  centr.  Me.,  n.  w.  Ct.,  s.  Ont.,  Wise.,  Col., 
and  Wash. 

4.  V.  affinis  Le  Conte.     Leaves  that  unfold  at  flowering  time  narrowly  heart- 
shaped  and  commonly  attenuate  toward  the  apex,  becoming  4-6  cm.  broad  in 
summer,  the  margins  noticeably  crenate-serrate  or  sometimes  irregularly  sinu- 
ate ;  petioles  slender  ;  petals  violet,  with  the  white  base  conspicuous,  spurred 
petal  more  or  less  villous  ;  cleistogamous  flowers  small,  ovoid,  on  rather  long 
ascending  peduncles  ;  capsules  ellipsoid,  usually  purple-dotted,  sometimes  green, 
either  glabrous  or  clothed  with  minute  dense  pubescence ;  sepals  acuminate,  half 
the  length  of  the  capsule,  with  small  appressed  auricles  ;  seeds  buff-colored. 
(F.  venustula  Greene.)  —  Moist  thickets  and  boggy  meadows,  w.  N.  E.  to  Wise., 
and  southw. 

5.  V.  latiuscula  Greene.     Earliest  leaves  round-cordate,  2-3  cm.  wide,  ob- 
tuse ;  mature  leaves  4-10  cm.  wide,  often  dilated  and  abruptly  pointed,  glabrous 
except  for  occasional  puberulence  or  granular  roughness  on  the  edges  of  the 
petiole  near  the  blade  ;  flowers  large,  rich  violet ;  spurred  petal  somewhat  vil- 
lous ;  outer  sepals  lanceolate,  glabrous,  with  short  rounded  auricles  ;  cleistoga- 
mous capsules  ovoid  or  ellipsoid,  flecked  with  purple,  8-12  mm.  long,  the  per- 
sistent sepals  one  third  as  long  ;  seeds  brown.  —  Dry  open  woods,  in  light  soil, 
Vt.  to  N.  J. 

6.  V.  missouriensis  Greene.     Aestival  leaves  narrowly  deltoid  with  a  cordate 
base,  or  sometimes  broader  with  rounded  basal  lobes  and  pointed  apex,  rather 
coarsely  crenate-serrate  ;  flowers  pale  violet,  with  a  darker  band  above  the  white 
center  ;    spurred  petal  glabrous  ;    sepals  ovate-oblong  to  lanceolate,  narrowly 


582  VIOLACEAE  (VIOLET  FAMILY) 

white-margined,  slightly  ciliolate  ;  capsules  from  apetalous  flowers  broadly  ellip- 
soid, finely  dotted  with  purple  ;  seeds  buff-colored.  —  Kiver  bottoms  and  low 
woods,  Mo.  and  southw. 

7.  V.  papilionacea  Pursh.  Plants  commonly  robust  from  a  stout  horizontal 
branching  rootstock  ;  leaves  often  12  cm.  broad,  sometimes  deltoid  in  outline 
above  the  cordate  base,  sometimes  rounded  and  abruptly 
pointed ;  petioles  often  sparingly  pubescent ;  petals  deep 
violet,  white  or  greenish-yellow  at  the  base,  sometimes  wholly 
white  ;  the  spurred  petal  often  narrow  and  boat-shaped,  usu- 
ally glabrous  ;  outer  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  rarely  ciliolate  ; 
cleistogamous  flowers  ovoid,  on  horizontal  peduncles  usually 
underground  but  lengthened  and  erect  when  the  capsules 
ripen  ;  capsules  ellipsoid  to  cylindric,  green  or  dark  purple, 
10-15  mm.  long  ;  seeds  2  mm.  long,  dark  brown.  (  V.  pal- 
mata,  var.  cucullata  Gray,  in  part.)  —  Moist  meadows  and 
groves,  frequently  about  dwellings,  Mass,  to  Minn.,  and 
80T.  V.  papilionacea.  southw.  FIG.  807. 

8.  V.  Stoneana  House.  Leaves  variously  3-9-lobed  or 
parted,  the  outer  segments  broadly  lunate,  all  somewhat  dentate  or  incised, 
narrowed  toward  the  base ;  the  vernal  and  late  summer  leaves  less  deeply  cut 
or  not  at  all,  glabrous  except  for  minute  hairs  on  the  margin  and  sometimes 
on  the  veins ;  flowers  large,  violet,  darker  towards  the  throat ;  spurred  petal 
glabrous  ;  capsules  from  the  cleistogamous  flowers  ovoid,  blotched  with  purple  ; 
seeds  buff -colored.  —  Moist  woodlands,  N.  J.,  e.  Pa.,  and  Md. 

9.  V.  palmata  L.     Leaves  of  early  summer  palmately  5-9-lobed  or  -parted, 
the  segments  variously  toothed  or  cleft,  the  middle  segment  usually  widest ;  the 
first  leaves  of  spring  sometimes  undivided  ;  petioles  and  veins  of  the  lower  sur- 
face densely  villous,  upper  surface  often  glabrous  ;  flowers  violet-purple,  2-3  cm. 
broad  ;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  rather  blunt ;  cleistogamous  flowers  on  prostrate 
peduncles,  their  capsules  ovoid,  purple-dotted,  8-12  mm.  long ;  seeds  brown.  — 
Dry  rich  woodlands,  Mass,  to  Minn.,  and  southw. 

10.  V.  triloba  Schwein.     Early  foliage  purplish,  turning  yellowish-green  at 
flowering  time  ;  some  leaves  broadly  heart-shaped,  others  3-5-lobed,  the  middle 
segment  always  broad,  the  basal  segments  lunate,  the  lateral  if  present  narrow, 
the  blade  10-15  cm.  wide  when  mature ;    petioles  densely  villous  ;   peduncles 
mostly  glabrous,  shorter  than  the  leaves  ;  petals  deep  violet  within,  paler  with- 
out ;  outer  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  somewhat  obtuse,  slightly  ciliolate  ;  cleistog- 
amous capsules  ovoid,   purplish ;    seeds   buff   or  pale   brown.      ( V.  congener 
Le  Conte  ;    V.  palmata,  var.  dilatata  Pollard,  not  Ell.) — Dry  woodlands,  s. 
N.  E.,  s.  N.  Y.,  and  southw.  —  Freely  intergrades  with  the  following. 

11.  V.  sorbria  Willd.     In  size  and  habit  like  no.  7,  into  which  it  passes  ; 
leaves  villous-pubescent   especially  on  the   petioles  and  under  surface  when 
young  ;  vernal  flowers  on  peduncles  about  the  length  of  the  leaves,  violet  to  lav- 
ender and  occasionally  white  ;  outer  sepals  ovate-oblong,  commonly  obtuse,  cili- 
olate below  the  middle  and  on  the  short  rounded  auricles  ;  cleistogamous  flowers 
ovoid,  on  short  prostrate  peduncles  ;    capsules  of  these  usually  purple  ;   seeds 
dark  brown.    (  V.  palmata,  var.  Pollard.) — Moist  meadows,  alluvial  woods,  shady 
ledges  and  dooryards,  w.  Que.  to  Minn.,  and  southw. 

12.  V.  hirsutula  Brainerd.     The  smallest  species  of  the  group  ;  leaves  com- 
monly appressed  to  the  ground,  2-4  cm.  wide,  broadly  cordate,  obtuse,  purplish 
and  glabrous  beneath,  silvery-pubescent  above  and  marked  with  varying  shades 
of  green  ;  petaliferous  flowers  violet-purple,  on  peduncles  taller  than  the  leaves  ; 
apetalous  flowers  small,   ovoid,  on   short  prostrate  peduncles  ;    their  capsules 
ovoid,  6-8  mm.  long,  purple,  when  ripe  raised  3-4  cm.  above  the  leaves  ;  seeds 
yellow-brown,  20-30  in  a  capsule.     (V.  villosa  of  recent  auth.,  not  Walt.)  — 
Dry  rich  woods,  s.  N.  Y.  to  Ky.  and  Ga.  —  V.  villosa,  var.  cordifolia  Nutt.,  with 
broader  acute  leaves  less  pubescent  above,  and  with  infertile  capsules  and  darker 
seeds,  seems  to  be  a  cross  between  V.  hirsutula  and  V.  papilionacea. 

13.  V.  septentrionalis  Greene.     Leaves  3-7  cm.  wide,  hirsutulous  especially 
on  the  margins,  veins,  and  petioles,  somewhat  pointed  but  the  apex  blunt 


VIOLACEAE   (VIOLET   FAMILY)  583 

petioles  slender,  wiry,  often  purplish  at  base  ;  petals  variable,  4-12  mm.  wide, 
deep  violet  to  pale  lilac,  rarely  pure  white  or  white  suffused  with  violet,  all  occa- 
sionally bearing  scattered  hairs  ;  sepals  ovate,  usually  obtuse,  closely  ciliolate 
nearly  to  the  tip  ;  cleistogamous  flowers  sagittate,  on  horizontal  or  recurved 
peduncles;  their  mature  capsules  purple  (sometimes  green),  subglobose,  5-8 
mm.  long,  subtended  by  the  spreading  ciliolate  auricles  of  the  sepals;  seeds 
brown.  —  Moist  open  woodlands,  especially  under  conifers,  P.E.I.,  Que.,  and 
Out.  to  Ct.  and  w.  N.  Y. 

14.  V.  nbvae-angliae  House.     Differs  from  the  last  in  its  narrow  cordate- 
triangular  leaves,  2-4  cm.  wide  at  time  of  petaliferous  flowering,  in  not  having 
ciliolate  sepals  and  auricles,  and  in  flowering  a  week  or  two  later  ;  in  late  sum- 
mer the  breadth  of  leaf  often  equals  its  length.  — Gravelly  beaches  of  the  St. 
John  R.,  n.  Me.  (Fernald)-,  rocky  banks  of  the  Penobscot  R.,  Me.  (Knight). 

15.  V.  fimbriatula  Sm.    Rootstock  becoming  long  and  stout  in  age,  usually 
erect;    the  earliest  leaves  ovate,  obtuse,  the  later  ones  ovate- oblong,  acute, 
finely  pubescent,  obscurely  crenulate  toward  the  apex,  the  basal  lobes  sometimes 
sharply  toothed  or  incised  ;  flowers  violet-purple,  on  peduncles  commonly  longer 
than  the  leaves ;  cleistogamous  capsules  green,  ovoid,  6-10  mm.  long ;  auricles 
of  the  sepals  spreading  and  ciliate  ;  seeds  brown.     (F.  ovata  Nutt.;   V.  sagittata 
Man.  ed.  6,  in  part.)  —  Sandy  fields  and  dry  hillsides,  N.  S.  to  Wise.,  and  southw. 

16.  V.  sagittata  Ait.      Mature  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  the 
blades  4-8  cm.  long,  hastately  or  sagittately  incised  or  toothed  at  the  base  ;  the 
earliest  and  those  produced  in  late  summer  often  nearly  deltoid,  obtuse,  merely 
crenate  at  the  base;  petals  violet-purple;   sepals  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute, 
glabrous  ;  capsules  8-14  mm.  long,  containing  50-70  brown  seeds.  —  Moist  banks 
and  fields,  Mass,  to  Minn.,  and  southw.,  especially  near  the  coast.  —  In  O.  and 
westw.  a  pubescent  form  of  the  species  is  prevalent  (F.  subsagittata  Greene). 

17.  V.  emarginata  Le  Conte.     Mature  leaves  approximately  triangular,  the 
base   truncate   or  slightly  cordate,    often   decurrent,  obscurely  crenate-serrate 
above   the  middle,   coarsely  toothed  or  incised  below ;   petals  violet-blue,  fre- 
quently emarginate  ;  cleistogamous  capsules  narrowly  ovoid,  8-14  mm.  long,  on 
peduncles  somewhat  shorter  than  the  leaves;  seeds  brown.  —  Dry  woods  and 
hillsides,  N.  J.  and  southw. 

18.  V.  Brittoniana  Pollard.    First  leaves  reddish  beneath,  merely  dentate  ; 
later  leaves  reniform  to  ovate  in  outline,  5-9-lobed  or  -parted,  the  lateral  seg- 
ments narrow,  the  middle  segment  often  much  the  widest,  glabrous  except  for 
minute  pubescence  on  the  upper  surface  and  margin  ;  flowers  large,  rich  violet, 
with  the  white  throat  conspicuous  ;  sepals  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate ;  capsules 
ovoid-cylindric,  10-18  mm.  long,  on  peduncles  about  the  length  of  the  petioles ; 
seeds  about  1.6  mm.  long,  buff-colored.     (F.  septemloba  of  auth.,  not  Le  Conte  ; 
V.  atlantica  Britton,  not  Pomel.) — In  moist  sandy  or  peaty  soil  near  the 
coast,  s.  Me.,  and  southw. 

19.  V.  pectinata  Bicknell.    Leaves  ovate-deltoid  in  general  outline,  some- 
times narrower  but  often  much  wider  than  long,  the  base  truncate,  subcordate, 
or  somewhat  decurrent  on  the  petiole,  the   apex  acute  to  acuminate  or  occa- 
sionally blunt,  the  margin  sharply  dentate  or  below  the  middle  closely  pectinate  ; 
in  pubescence,  flower, "fruit,  and  seed  quite  the  same  as  F.  Brittoniana,  with 
which  it  is  associated  in  all  the  known  stations.  —  Damp  meadows,  Dedharn, 
Mass.  ;  Stratford,  Ct.  ;  Woodmere,  N.  Y.  ;  Dayton,  N.  J. 

20.  V.   pedatifida    G.  Don.      Rootstock  short,   vertical;    leaves  palmately 
parted,  the  divisions  variously  cleft  and  incised  into  linear  lobes ;  leaves  usually 
cuneate  at  the  base,  with  prominent  flabelliform  veins,  minutely  pubescent  on 
the  margin ;  scapes  exceeding  the  leaves,  bearing  showy  violet  flowers ;  cleistoga- 
mous capsules  light  gray  when  ripe,  10-15  mm.  long,  on  peduncles  commonly 
shorter  than  the  petioles  ;   seeds  2  mm.  long,  light  brown.  —  Prairies,  n.  O.  to 
Sask.,  south  westw.  to  N.  Mex. — Varies  much  in  leaf-pattern,  passing  through 
forms  less  deeply  dissected  and  with  wider  oblong  lobes  (  F.  Bernardi  Greene) 
to  forms  with  leaves  somewhat  rhomboidal  in  outline,  the  base  broadly  cuneate 
and  entire,  the  upper  contour  rounded,  sharply  cleft  and  toothed  (  V. 
Greene). 


584  VIOLACEAE  (VIOLET  FAMILY) 

21.  V.  viarum    Pollard.      Leaves   broadly  deltoid,   with  the   basal  angles 
rounded,  some  undivided,  merely  crenate-serrate  or  with  a  few  slight  incisions, 
others  hastately  3-7-lobed  or  -parted,  the  middle  segment  broad,  acute,  serrate  ; 
petals  rich  violet,  spurred  petal  glabrous,  narrow,  emarginate,  nearly  tubular 
from  the  inrolling  of  the  margins,  lateral  pair  narrow,  convergent  about  the 
spurred  petal,  bearing  a  sparse  short  clavate  beard,  upper  pair  broader,  diver- 
gent, emarginate  ;  sepals  narrowly  lanceolate,  with  rather  short  entire  auricles  ; 
cleistogamous  fruit  on  peduncles  somewhat  shorter  than  the  petioles,  pale  green 
when  ripe,  cylindric-ovoid ;   seeds  olive-brown.  —  Open  ground,  waysides  and 
river-banks,  Mo.  to  Kan.  and  Okla. 

22.  V.  Selkirkii  Pursh.     (GREAT-SPURRED  V.)    Small  and  delicate  ;  runners 
all  underground ;   leaves  round-cordate,   the  basal  lobes  converging  or  over- 
lapping, crenate,  at  vernal  flowering  about  2  cm.  wide,  when  mature  3-4  cm. 
wide,  the  upper  surface  bearing  minute  spreading  hairs,  plant  otherwise  gla- 
brous ;  scapes  about  as  tall  as  the  leaves ;   petals  all  beardless  ;  peduncles  of 
cleistogamous  flowers  erect  or  ascending,  the  capsules  subglobose,  dotted  with 
purple  ;  seeds  small,  straw-colored.  —  Shaded  ravines  and  cold  woods,  N.  B.  to 
w.  Mass.,  n.  Pa.,  L.  Superior,  and  north w.,  rare.     (Greenl.) 

23.  V.  palustris  L.     Smooth ;   leaves  round-cordate  and  reniform,  slightly 
crenate  ;  flowers  small ;   petals  pale  lilac,  with  purple  lines,  the  lateral  pair 
somewhat  bearded,  spur  very  short  and  obtuse. — Alpine  region  of  the  White 
Mts.,  N.  H.,  and  far  northw.     (Eu.) 

24.  V.  lanceolata   L.      (LANCE-LEAVED  V.)      Stolons  leafy,   often  bearing 
apetalous  flowers  ;  leaves  and  scapes  glabrous,  5-8  cm.  high  at  time  of  vernal 
flowering  ;  later  leaves  20-30  cm.  high,  the  blades  obscurely  crenulate,  gradually 
tapering  into   a  long  margined   often  reddish  petiole  ;   lateral  petals  usually 
beardless ;  sepals  lanceolate,  acute  ;  cleistogamous  capsules  6-12  mm.  long,  on 
erect  peduncles  that  are  usually  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  seeds  dark  brown.  — 
Open  bogs,  moist  meadows,  and  shores,  N.  S.  to  Minn.,  and  south  w. 

25.  V.  primulif61ia  L.     (PRIMROSE-LEAVED  V.)     Leaves  oblong  or  ovate, 
with  either  subcordate,    obtuse,   or  tapering  base,  obscurely   crenate-serrate, 
commonly  glabrous ;   stolons,   flowers,  and  fruit  as  in   the  preceding ;   seeds 
reddish-brown,  about  1.5  mm.  long.  —  Moist  or  almost  dry  soil,  N.  B.,  southw. 
along  the  coast. 

26.  V.  pallens  (Banks)  Brainerd.    Leaves  heart-shaped,   obtuse  or  rarely 
acute  ;  petioles  and  scapes  often  with  scattered  hairs,  sometimes  dotted  with 
red  ;  lateral  petals  usually  bearing  a  small  tuft  of  hairs,  upper  petals  broadly 
obovate ;    seeds  small,  1  mm.  long,  almost  black.     (  V.  blanda  of  recent  Am. 
auth.,  not  Willd.)  —  Springy  land  and  along  brooks,  Lab.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to  the  mts. 
of  S.  C.  and  Tenn.,  Mich.,  and  Wyo.  —  This  and  the  two  species  following  are 
commonly  known  as  SWEET  WHITE  V. 

27.  V.  blanda  Willd.    Glabrous  except  for  minute  white  hairs  on  the  upper 
surface  of  the  leaves  especially  on  the  basal  lobes  ;  leaves  commonly  acute, 
often  pointed  ;  midribs,  petioles,  and  scapes  usually  tinged  with  red ;   lateral 
petals  beardless,  the  upper  pair  often  long,   narrow,   and  strongly   reflexed, 
sometimes  twisted ;  in  flower  10-15  days  later  than  the  two  following  ;  freely 
producing  in  summer  slender  leafy  runners.     (V.  amoena  Le  Conte  ;   V.  blanda, 
var.  palustriformis  Gray.) — Moist  rich  woodlands,   w.    Que.  to  Minn.,  and 
southw.  to  Ga.  and  La. 

28.  V.  inc6gnita  Brainerd.     Peduncles,  petioles,  and  lower  surface  of  leaves 
more  or  less  pubescent  with  soft  white  hairs  especially  when  young,  the  upper 
leaf-surface  often  glabrous  ;  aestival  leaves  large,  rugose,  broadly  heart-shaped, 
acute  ;  lateral  petals  bearded,  upper  pair  obovate  ;  flowering  early  ;  in  summer 
producing  numerous  filiform  runners.  —  Mountain  slopes  and  low  moist  wood- 
lands, Nfd.  and  e.  Que.  southw.  to  Pa.,  and  westw. 

29.  V.  renifblia  Gray.     Leaves  reniform,  often   abruptly  pointed,  more  or 
less  pubescent,  but  upper  surface  often  quite  glabrous  ;  petals  all  beardless,  the 
upper  pair   orbicular ;    flowering   early ;    runners   rarely   present,    very  short, 
raceme-like,  bearing   cleistogamous   flowers.  —  Arbor  Vitae  swamps  and  cold 
woods,  Nfd.  to  the  Mackenzie  R.,  s.  to  N.  E.,  Pa.,  Mich.,  and  Minn, 


VIOL  ACE  AE  (VIOLET  FAMILY) 


585 


§  3.    Style  enlarged  upward,  abruptly  capitate,  beakless;  stigma  within  a  small 
orifice  on  the  lower  side  of  the  summit  (Fig.  808) ;  petals  yellow. 

30.  V.  rotundifblia  Michx.  (ROUND-LEAVED  or  EARLY 
YELLOW  V.)  Rootstock  stout,  jagged  with  the  persistent 
bases  of  former  leaves  ;  runners  short,  usually  without  roots 
or  leaves,  bearing  1-5  cleistogamous  flowers,  thus  simulating 
racemes ;  leaves  oval  or  round-cordate,  obtuse,  repand-crenu- 
late,  with  short  and  narrow  basal  sinus,  at  flowering  time 
minutely  pubescent,  2-3  cm.  wide,  in  midsummer  mostly 
glabrous,  (3-10  cm.  wide,  prostrate  ;  petals  bright  yellow,  the 

808.  V.  rotundifolia.  three  lower  with  brown  veins,  the  lateral  bearded  ;  capsules 
ovoid,  6-8  mm.  long,  closely  dotted  with  purple  ;  seeds  nearly 

white.  — Cold  woods,  centr.  Me.  to  s.  w.  Ont.,  O.,  Pa.,  Del.,  and 

along  the  Alleghenies  to  n.  Ga.    FIG.  808. 

§  4.  Style  not  club-shaped  nor  capitate,  ending  in  a  small  hook 
pointing  downward  (Fig.  809);  petals  violet  or  sometimes 
white. 

31.  V.  ODORATA  L.  (ENGLISH  or  SWEET  V.)  Producing 
above  ground  leafy  stolons  ;  leaves  broadly  cordate,  finely  pu- 
bescent ;  flowers  very  fragrant ;  summer-capsules  broadly  ovoid, 
angled,  pubescent,  purple  ;  seeds  relatively  large,  cream-colored. 
—  Often  cultivated,  and  occasionally  spontaneous.  (Introd.  from 
Eu.)  FlG.  809.  809.  V.  odorata. 


II.    PLANTS  WITH  LEAFY  STEMS 

§  5.    Style  capitate,  beakless,  bearded  at  the  summit  (Fig.  810);  spur  short;  stip- 
ules entire,  the  lower  more  or  less  scarious. 

Stems  numerous,  ascending,  bearing  leaves  and  flowers  from  near  the 

base 82.    V.  NuttalUi. 

Stems  few,  mostly  erect,  not  leafy  below. 
Petals  yellow. 

Nearly  glabrous ;  stem-leaves  halberd-shaped  or  narrowly  heart-shaped    33.    V.  hastata. 
Softly  pubescent;  root-leaves  often  wanting;  stem-leaves  broad,  often 

over  7  cm.  wide 84.    V.  pubescens. 

Sparingly  pubescent ;  root-leaves  usually  1-2  ;  stem-leaves  rarely  over  7 

cm.  Avide 85.    F.  scabrinscula. 

Petals  white  inside,  outside  tinged  with  violet 86.    F.  canadensis. 

32.  V.  Nuttallii  Pursh.      Pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous ;  leaves  ovate  to 
oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse,  entire   or  slightly  crenate,  tapering  into  margined 
petioles;  petals  yellow,  sometimes  violet  on   the  outside. — Prairies,  Mo.,  N. 
Dak.,  and  westw. 

33.  V.  hastata  Michx.     (HALBERD-LEAVED  V.)     Stem  slender,    1-2.5  dm. 
high,  from   a  horizontal  fleshy  rootstock  ;   stem-leaves  2-4   near  the  summit, 
halberd-shaped  or  oblong-heart-shaped,  slightly  serrate,  acute ;   stipules  ovate, 
small.  —  Woods,  n.  O.,  mts.  of  Pa.,  and  southw. 

34.  V.  pubSscens  Ait.     (DOWNY  YELLOW  V.)     Softly  pubescent,  2-3.5  dm. 
high  ;  stems  often  solitary;  leaves  2-4  near  the  summit  (or  occasionally  a  long- 
petioled   root-leaf),    broadly   ovate   with  cordate    or  truncate-decurrent   base, 
crenate-dentate,  somewhat  pointed  ;  stipules  large,  ovate-oblong  ;  petals  purple- 
veined,  the  lateral  bearded  ;  sepals  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute  ;  apetalous  flowers 
abundant  in  summer  on  short  peduncles  ;   capsules  ovoid,  glabrous  or  woolly  ; 
seeds  light  brown,  large,  nearly  3  mm.  long. — Dry  rich  woods,  s.  Me.  to  Ont., 
Kan.,  and  Md. 

35.  V.  scabriuscula  Schwein.    (SMOOTH  YELLOW  V.)    Similar  to  the  preced- 
ing, with  which  it  intergrades  ;  the  more  pronounced  forms  have  commonly  2-4 
steins  and  1-3  radical  leaves  from  one  rootstock,  the  stems  shorter  and  more 
leafy,  the  leaves  smaller  and  sparingly  pubescent  to  glabrate,  the  time  of  flower- 


586  VIOL  ACE  AE  (VIOLET  FAMILY) 

ing  earlier ;  flowers,  capsules,  and  seeds  as  in  the  preceding.  — 
Moist  thickets,  often  in  heavy  soil,  e.  Que.  to  L.  Winnipeg,  and 
southw. 

36.  V.  canad6nsis  L.  (CANADA  V.)  Usually  3-4  dm.  high, 
minutely  pubescent,  glabrate ;  leaves  heart-shaped,  pointed, 
serrate  ;  stipules  sharply  lanceolate ;  petaliferous  flowers  often 
borne  throughout  the  summer,  lateral  petals  bearded,  spurred 
petal  yellow  at  the  base  and  striped  with  fine  dark  lines  ; 

810.  V.  canadensis.  sepals  slender,  acuminate  ;  capsules  subglobose,  6-10  mm.  long, 
often  downy  or  puberulent ;  seeds  brown.  —  Woods,  Nfd.  to 

n.  Vt.,  thence  southw.  and  westw.    FIG.  810. 

§6.    Style  not  capitate,  slender  (Fig.  811);  length  of  spur  at  least  twice  its 
width  ;  stipules  f ringed-toothed,  somewhat  herbaceous. 

Tip  of  the  style  bent  downward,  slightly  pubescent  near  the  summit; 
lateral  petals  bearded  ;  spur  less  than  8  mm.  long. 

Petals  white  or  cream-colored 87.    V.  striata. 

Petals  pale  violet  or  violet-purple. 
Stems  ascending. 
Plants  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

Stipules  ovate-lanceolate  ;  later  leaves  subacuminate          .        .        .38.    V.  conspersa. 
Stipules  lance-linear ;  later  leaves  rounded  to  an  obtuse  apex ;  alpine 

and  northern 39.    V.  labradorica. 

Plants  densely  puberulent 40.    V.  arenaria. 

Stems  prostrate  ;  leaves  suborbicular          . 41.    V.  Walteri. 

Style  straight  and  glabrous ;  lateral  petals  beardless,  spur  slender,  10-12 

mm.  long 42.    V.  rostrata. 

37.  V.  striata  Ait.     Usually  15-30  cm.  high  when  in  flower,  often  in  late 
summer  6  dm.  high,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  ;  leaves  heart-shaped,  finely  crenate- 
serrate,  often  acute  ;  stipules  large,  oblong-lanceolate  ;  spur  rather  thick,  shorter 
than  the  petals  ;  sepals  ciliate,  narrow,  attenuate  ;  capsules  ovoid,  glabrous,  4-6 
mm.  long  ;  seeds  light  brown.  —  Low  or  shady  ground,  Ct.  to  Minn.,  and  southw. 

38.  V.  consp6rsa   Reichenb.     Rootstock  oblique,  often  much  branched ;   at 
time  of  vernal  flowering  stems  8-16   cm.  high  ;   lower  leaves  round-reniform, 
upper  round-cordate,  crenate,  1.5-3  cm.   wide  ;    flowers  numerous, 

usually  pale,  sometimes  white,  raised  above  the  leaves  on  axillary 
peduncles  5-8  cm.  long ;  in  summer  the  leaves  becoming  wider,  the 
stems  elongating  and  bearing  cleistogamous  flowers  on  short  peduncles 
from  the  same  axils  that  bore  vernal  flowers  or  from  the  axils  of 
later  leaves  ;  seeds  straw-colored.  (  V.  Muhlenbergii  Torr.  ;  V.  labra- 
dorica of  recent  Am.  auth.,  not  Schrank.) — Common  in  low  or 
shaded  ground,  e.  Que.  to  Minn.,  and  southw.  FIG.  811. 

39.  V.  Iabrad6rica  Schrank.     Habit  of  the  preceding  but  more 

dwarf  ;  stems  and  petioles  nearly  or  quite  glabrous  ;  stipules  narrow,    gll.  V.  con- 
lance-linear ;  leaf-blades  more  or  less  hispidulous  above,  the  later       spersa. 
ones  rounded  to  an  obtuse  (not  in  the  least  acuminate)  apex  ;  petals 
commonly  deep  violet,  more  rarely  paler ;   seeds  light  brown.     ( V.  Muhlen- 
bergiana,  var.  minor  Hook.)  — Greenl.  and  Lab.,  s.  to  cool  or  alpine  situations 
of  Me.,  N.H.,  andn.  N.  Y. 

40.  V.  arenaria   DC.     Low,   tufted  ;  stems  several  or  many ;   leaves  1-2 
cm.  broad,  thickish,  densely  puberulent  on  both  surfaces,  ovate,  often  subcor- 
date,  narrowed  above  to  an  obtuse  apex ;  spur  usually  straight  and  blunt,  but 
sometimes  with  a  sharp  point  abruptly  bent  inward  ;  cleistogamous  flowers  and 
capsules  abundant  in  late  summer ;   seeds  brown.     ( V.  canina,  var.  puberula 
Wats.) — Sandy  and  sterile  soil,  e.  Que.  to  n.  e.  Mass.,  westw.  to  Minn,  and 
Sask.     (Eu.) 

41.  V.  WaltSri   House.     Blossoming  first  from   rosettes  of  radical   leaves, 
afterwards  producing  prostrate  leafy  stems  that  bear  cleistogamous  flowers ; 
leaves  orbicular  to  reniform,  with  cordate  base,  1-4  cm.  wide,  crenulate,  often 
dark-colored  along  the  veins ;  flowers  and  fruit  much  as  in  V.  conspersa.     (V. 
multicaulis  Britton,  not  Jord.)  — Rocky  or  sandy  ground,  Ky.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


PASSIFLORACEAE  (PASSION   FLOWER   FAMILY)  587 

42.  V.  rostrata  Pursh.     (LONG-SPURRED  V.)      Stems  often  numerous,  com- 
monly 1-1.2  dm.  high  ;  leaves  round-heart-shaped,  nearly  or  quite  glabrous,  ser- 
rate, the  upper  acute  or  pointed  ;  petals  lilac-colored  with  a  violet  spot  near  the 
center,  borne  on  long  peduncles  above  the  leaves ;  cleistogamous  flowers  with 
minute  or  abortive  petals  appearing  later  on  short  peduncles  from  the  axils  of  the 
upper  leaves  ;  capsules  ovoid,  3-5  mm.  long,  glabrous ;  seeds  yellowish-brown.  — 
Shaded  hillsides,  w.  Que.  to  Mich.,  and  southw.  in  the  Alleghenies  to  Ga. 

§  7.   Style  much  enlarged  upward  into  a  globose  hollow  summit  with  a  wide  ori- 
fice on  the  lower  side  (Fig.  812)  ;  stipules  large,  leaf -like,  lyrate-pinnatifid. 

Stipules  pinnatisect  at  the  base ;  upper  leaves  crenately  serrate  ;  introduced 
species. 

Petals  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  sepals 48.    V.  tricolor. 

Petals  seldom  longer  than  the  sepals 44.    V.  arvensis. 

Stipules  palmately  pectinate  at  the  base ;  upper  leaves  entire  or  nearly  so ; 

indigenous 46.    V.  Rafinesquii. 

43.  V.    TRICOLOR   L.     (PANSY,    HEART'S-EASE.)     Stems   angled,  1.5-3  dm. 
high  ;  lower  leaves  roundish  or  cordate,  upper  oblong,  crenate ;  flowers  large 

and  widely  spreading,  variously  marked  with  yellow,  white,  and 
purple  ;  capsules  ovoid  ;  seeds  brown.  —  An  escape  from  cultiva- 
tion, rarely  persisting.  (Introd.  from  Eu.)  FIG.  812. 

44.  V.  ARVENSIS  Murr.  (WILD  PANSY.)  Similar  to  the  pre- 
ceding, but  smaller ;  petals  all  pale  yellow,  usually  shorter  than 
the  rather  long  lanceolate  acute  sepals ;  capsules  globose.  —  Old 
fields,  frequent,  Nfd.  to  N.  E.  and  Ont.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

46.  V.  Rafinesquii  Greene.  (WILD  PANSY.)  Very  slender, 
often  branched  from  the  base ;  root  annual  ;  leaves  small,  the 
earliest  suborbicular,  on  slender  petioles,  the  later  obovate  to 
linear-oblanceolate,  attenuate  at  the  base ;  internodes  usually 
exceeding  the  leaves ;  flowers  small,  7-10  mm.  long,  the  obovate 

812.  V.  tricolor,   bluish- white  to  cream-colored  petals  nearly  twice  the  length  of 
the  sepals.     (  V.  tenella  Raf . ,  not  Poir. ;   V.  tricolor,  var.  arvensis 

Man.  ed.  6,  not  DC.)  —  Woods  and  open  places,  N.  Y.  to  Mich.,  Tex.,  and  Ga. 

PASSIFLORACEAE   (PASSION  FLOWER  FAMILY) 

Herbs  or  woody  plants,  climbing  by  tendrils,  with  perfect  flowers,  5  monadel- 
phous  stamens,  and  a  stalked  \-celled  ovary  free  from  the  calyx,  with  3  or  4 
parietal  placentae,  and  as  many  club-shaped  styles. 

1.   PASSIFL6RA  L.     PASSION  FLOWER 

Calyx  of  5  sepals  shortly  united  at  the  base  ;  the  throat  crowned  with  a  double 
or  triple  fringe.  Petals  5,  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Filaments  united  into  a 
tube  which  sheathes  the  long  stalk  of  the  ovary,  separate  above  ;  anthers  large, 
fixed  by  the  middle.  Berry  (often  edible)  many-seeded.  Leaves  alternate, 
generally  palmately  lobed,  with  stipules.  Peduncles  axillary,  jointed.  —  Ours 
are  perennial  herbs.  (An  adaptation  of  flos passionis,  a  translation  oifior  della 
passione,  the  popular  Italian  name  early  applied  to  the  flower  from  a  fancied 
resemblance  of  its  parts  to  the  implements  of  the  crucifixion.) 

1.  P.  lutea  L.     Smooth,  slender ;  leaves  obtusely  3-lobed  at  the  summit,  the 
lobes  entire;  petioles  glandless  ;  flowers  greenish-yellow,  2.5  cm.  broad;  fruit 
1.2  cm.  in  diameter.  — Damp  thickets,  s.  Pa.  to  Mo.,  Tex.,  and  Fla. 

2.  P.  incarnata  L.     Pubescent ;  leaves  3-6-c/e/Z,  the  lobes  serrate,  the  base 
bearing  2  glands  ;  flower  large  (5  cm.  broad),  nearly  white,  with  a  triple  purple 
and  flesh-colored  crown  ;  involucre  3-leaved  ;  fruit  as  large  as  a  hen's  egg.  — 
Dry  soil,  Va.  to  Fla.,  w.  to  Mo.  and  Tex.  — Fruit  called  MAYPOPS. 


588  LOASACEAE    (LOASA   FAMILY) 

LOASACEAE    (LOASA  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  with  a  rough  or  stinging  pubescence,  no  stipules,  the  calyx-tube  adher- 
ent to  a  l-celled  ovary  with  2  or  3  parietal  placentae;  —  represented  here  only  by 
the  genus 

1.   MENTZELIA   [Plumier]   L. 

Calyx-tube  cylindrical  or  club-shaped  ;  the  limb  5-parted,  persistent.  Petals 
5  or  10,  regular,  spreading,  flat,  convolute  in  the  bud,  deciduous.  Stamens  in- 
serted with  the  petals  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Styles  3,  more  or  less  united 
into  1  ;  stigmas  terminal,  minute.  Capsule  at  length  dry  and  opening  at  the 
summit.  Seeds  flat,  anatropous.  —  Stems  erect.  Leaves  alternate,  very  adhe- 
sive by  the  barbed  pubescence.  (Dedicated  to  C.  Mentzel,  an  early  German 
botanist.) 

1.  M.  oligosp6rma  Nutt.     (STICK  LEAF.)     Much  branched,  3-0  dm.  high; 
leaves  ovate  and  oblong,  cut-toothed  or  angled,  often  petioled  ;  flowers  yellow, 
1.5-2  cm.  broad,  opening  in  sunshine  ;  petals  5,  wedge-oblong,  pointed  ;  stamens 
20  or  more  ;  capsule  small,  about  9-seeded.  —  Limestone  hills  and  banks,  111.  to 
Kan.  and  Col.,  s.  to  Tex.     May-Aug. 

2.  M.   decapStala  (Pursh)  Urban  &  Gilg.     Larger  in  all  its  parts  ;  leaves 
elongate-lanceolate,  sharply  and  coarsely  dentate  ;  flowers  white  or  pale  yellow, 
7-12  cm.  broad,  opening  in  the  evening ;  petals  10,  lanceolate  ;  stamens  abun- 
dant ;  seeds  numerous.  —  Rocky  hillsides  and  dry  prairies,  n.  w    la.  to  Sask., 
Tex. ,  and  westw.    July-Sept. 

CACTACEAE    (CACTUS  FAMILY) 

Fleshy  and  thickened  mostly  leafless  plants,  globular  or  columnar  and  many- 
angled,  or  flattened  and  jointed,  usually  with  prickles.  Flowers  solitary,  sessile  ; 
the  sepals  and  petals  numerous,  imbricated  in  several  rows,  the  bases  adherent 
to  the  l-celled  ovary.  Stamens  numerous,  inserted  on  the  inside  of  the  tube  or 
cup  formed  by  the  union  of  the  sepals  and  petals.  Style  1  ;  stigmas  numerous. 

1.  Mamillaria.    Globose  or  ovoid  plants,  covered  with  spine-bearing  tubercles.     Flowers  from 

between  the  tubercles.    Ovary  naked  ;  berry  succulent. 

2.  Opuntia.    Branching  or  jointed  plants  ;  the  joints  flattened  or  cylindrical. 

1.   MAMILLARIA  Haw. 

Flowers  about  as  long  as  wide,  the  tube  campanulate  or  funnel-shaped. 
Ovary  often  hidden  between  the  bases  of  the  tubercles,  naked,  the  succulent 
berry  exserted.  Seeds  yellowish-brown  to  black,  crustaceous. — Globose  or 
ovoid  plants,  covered  with  spine-bearing  cylindrical,  ovoid,  or  conical  tubercles, 
the  flowers  from  distinct  woolly  or  bristly  areoles  at  their  base.  (Name  from 
mamilla,  a  nipple,  referring  to  the  tubercles. ) 

1.  M.  vivipara  (Nutt.)  Haw.     Single  or  tufted,  2.5-12  cm.  high,  the  almost 
terete  tubercles  bearing  bundles  of  5-8  reddish-brown  spines  (2  cm.  long  or  less) 
surrounded  by  15-20  grayish  ones  in  a  single  series,  all  straight  and  rigid  ;  flow- 
ers red  or  purple,  with  fringed  sepals  and  lance-subulate  petals  ;  berries  ovoid, 
green;  seeds  pitted,  light  brown.     (Cactus  Nutt.) — Granite  ledges,  w.  Minn. 
(Moyer},  and  on  prairies  and  dry  plains  to  Alb.  and  Cal. 

2.  M.  missouri£nsis  Sweet,  var.  caespitdsa  (Engelm.)  Wats.     Smaller,  stems 
globose,  clustered,  the  tubercles  with  fewer  (10-20)  weaker  ash-colored  spines; 
flowers  yellow,  2.5-5  cm.  broad;  berry  subglobose,  scarlet;  seeds  few,  pitted, 
black.     (Cactus  missouriensis,  var.  similis  Coult.) — Dry  prairies,  e.  Kan.  to 
Tex.,  and  westw. 


THYMELAEACEAE    (MEZEREUM   FAMILY)  589 

2.   OPUNTIA    [Tourn.]    Mill.     PRICKLY  PEAR.     INDIAN  FIG 

Sepals  and  petals  not  united  into  a  prolonged  tube,  spreading,  regular,  the 
inner  roundish. — Stem  composed  of  joints  (flattened  in  ours),  bearing  very 
small  awl-shaped  and  usually  deciduous  leaves  arranged  in  a  spiral  order,  with 
clusters  of  barbed  bristles  and  often  spines  in  their  axils.  Flowers  in  our  spe- 
cies yellow,  opening  in  sunshine  for  more  than  one  day.  (A  name  of  Theo- 
phrastus,  originally  belonging  to  some  different  plant.) 

*  Spines  small  or  none;  fruit  pulpy. 

1.  0.  vulgaris  Mill.     Prostrate  or  spreading,  light  green;  joints  broadly  ob- 
ovate,  5-10  cm.  long;  leaves  minute  (*4-5  mm.  long),  ovate-subulate,  generally 
oppressed ;  bristles  short,  greenish-yellow  ;  spines  solitary  or  more  often  none ; 
flowers  pale  yellow,  about  5  cm.  broad,  with  about  8  petals  ;  fruit  2.5  cm.  long. 
—  Sandy  fields  and  dry  rocks,  Nantucket  to  S.  C.,  near  the  coast ;  Falls  of  the 
Potomac. 

2.  0.  RafinSsquii  Engelm.     Prostrate,  deep  green  ;  joints  broadly  obovate'  or 
orbicular,  7-12  cm.  long  ;  leaves  6-8  mm.  long,  spreading;  bristles  bright  red- 
brown,  with  a  few  small  spines  and  a  single  strong  one  (1.8-2.4  cm.  long)  or 
none;  flowers  yellow,  6-9  cm.  broad,  sometimes  with  a  reddish  center;  petals 
10-12  ;  fruit  3.6  cm.  long,  with  an  attenuated  base.     (Probably   O.   cespitosa, 
mesacantha,  and  humifusa  Raf.,  in  part.) — Sandy  soil,  limestone  bluffs,  etc., 
n.  O.  and  Mich,  to  Minn.,  and  s.  to  Ky.  and  Tex. 

Var.  minor  Engelm.  Dwarf  ;  joints  orbicular,  5  cm.  in  diameter,  nearly 
spineless.  — Sandstone  rock,  s.  Mo.  (Engelmann  according  to  Coulter.) 

*  *  Very  spiny ;  fruit  dry  and  prickly. 

3.  0.  polyacantha  Haw.    Prostrate,  joints  light  green,  broadly  obovate,  flat 
and  tuberculate,  5-15  cm.  long;  leaves  small  (3-4  mm.  long),  their  axils  armed 
with  a  tuft  of  straw-colored  bristles  and  5-10  slender  radiating  spines  (2.5-5  cm. 
long)  ;  flowers  light  yellow,  5-7.5  CHI.  broad  ;  fruit  with  spines  of  variable  length. 
(O.  missouriensis  DC.) —  Wise,  to  Mo.,  and  westw.  across  the  plains;  very 
variable. 

4.  0.  fragilis  (Nutt.)  Haw.     Subdecumbent ;  joints  small  (2.5-5  cm.  long  or 
less),  ovate,  compressed  or  tumid,  or  even  terete;  leaves  hardly  2  mm.  long,  red  ; 
bristles  few,  larger  spines  1-4,  cruciate,  with  4-6  smaller  white  radiating  ones 
below;  flowers  yellow.  —  Minn.,  la.,  Kan.,  and  westw. 

THYMELAEACEAE    (MEZEREUM  FAMILY) 

Shrubs,  with  acrid  and  very  tough  (not  aromatic)  bark,  entire  leaves,  and 
perfect  flowers  with  a  regular  and  simple  colored  calyx,  bearing  usually  twice 
as  many  stamens  as  its  lobes,  free  from  the  l-celled  and  1-ovuled  ovary,  which 
forms  a  berry-like  drupe  in  fruit,  with  a  single  suspended  anatropous  seed. 
Embryo  large  ;  albumen  little  or  none. 

1.  Dirca.     Calyx  tubular,  without  spreading  lobes.     Stamens  (8)  and  style  exserted. 

2.  Daphne.     Calyx-lobes  (4)  spreading.     Stamens  (8)  included.     Style  short  or  none. 

1.    DtRCA  L.     LEATHERWOOD.     MOOSEWOOD 

Calyx  petal-like,  tubular-funnel-shaped,  truncate,  the  border  wavy  or  ob- 
scurely about  4-toothed.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx  above  the  middle,  the 
alternate  ones  longer.  Style  thread-form.  Drupe  ovoid,  reddish. — A  much 
branched  bush,  with  jointed  branchlets,  oval-obovate  alternate  leaves  on  very 
short  petioles,  the  bases  of  which  conceal  the  buds  of  the  next  season.  Flowers 
light  yellow,  preceding  the  leaves,  3  or  4  in  a  cluster  from  a  bud  of  as  many 
dark-hairy  scales,  these  forming  an  involucre,  from  which  soon  after  proceeds 
a  leafy  branch.  (Name  of  uncertain  derivation.) 


590  ELAEAGNACEAE    (OLEASTER    FAMILY) 

1.  D.  palustris  L.  (Wicopy.)  Shrub,  1-2  m.  high  ;  the  wood  white,  s^ft, 
and  very  brittle  ;  but  the  fibrous  bark  remarkably  tough  (used  by  the  Indians 
for  thongs,  whence  the  popular  names).  —  Damp  rich  woods,  N.  B.  to  Ont.,  and 
southw.  Apr. 

2.    DAPHNE  L.     MEZEREUM 

Calyx  salver-shaped  or  somewhat  funnel-shaped.  Anthers  nearly  sessile  on 
the  calyx-tube.  Stigma  capitate.  Drupe  red.  —  Hardy  low  shrub.  (Mytho- 
logical name  of  the  nymph  transformed  by  Apollo  into  a  Laurel.) 

1.  D.  MEZEREUM  L.  Shrub,  3-9  dm.  high,  with  purple-rose-colored  (rarely 
white)  flowers,  in  lateral  clusters  on  shoots  of  the  preceding  year,  before  the 
lanceolate  smooth  leaves.  —  Escaped  from  cultivation,  and  locally  established, 
w.  Que.  and  Ont.  to  Mass,  and  N.  Y.  Early  spring.  (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

ELAEAGNACEAE    (OLEASTER  FAMILY) 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  silvery-scurfy  leaves  and  perfect  or  dioecious 
flowers;  further  distinguished  from  the  Mezereurn  Family  by  the  erect  or 
ascending  albuminous  seed,  and  the  calyx-tube  which  becomes  pulpy  and  berry- 
like  in  fruit,  strictly  inclosing  the  achene. 

1.  Elaeagnus.     Flowers  perfect.    Stamens  4.    Leaves  alternate. 

2.  Shepherdia.    Flowers  dioecious.    Stamens  8.    Leaves  opposite. 

1.     ELAEAGNUS  [Tourn.]  L. 

Calyx  cylindric-campanulate  above  the  persistent  cylindrical  or  globose  base, 
the  limb  valvately  4-cleft,  deciduous.  Stamens  4,  in  the  throat.  Style  linear, 
stigmatic  on  one  side.  Fruit  drupe-like,  with  an  ellipsoid  8-striate  stone. — 
Leaves  alternate,  entire  and  petioled,  and  flowers  axillary  and  pedicellate. 
(From  t\ala,  the  olive,  and  dyvos,  the  Greek  name  of  the  Chaste-tree,  Vitex 
Agnus-castus.) 

1.  E.  argSntea  Pursh.  (SILVERBERRY.)  A  stoloniferous  unarmed  shrub, 
2-4  m.  high,  the  younger  branches  covered  with  ferruginous  scales  ;  leaves  elliptic 
to  lanceolate,  undulate,  silvery -scurfy  and  more  or  less  ferruginous  ;  flowers 
numerous,  deflexed,  silvery  without,  pale  yellow  within,  fragrant ;  fruit  round- 
ovoid,  dry  and  mealy,  edible,  8-10  mm.  long. — Bonaventure  R.,  Que.  (Post}  ; 
and  from  Isle  of  Orleans,  Que.,  to  Hudson  Bay  and  B.  C.,  s  to  Minn.,  S.  Dak., 
and  Utah. 

2.   SHEPHERDIA  Nutt. 

Flowers  dioecious ;  the  sterile  with  a  4-parted  calyx  (valvate  in  the  bud) 
and  8  stamens,  alternating  with  as  many  processes  of  the  thick  disk  ;  the  fertile 
with  an  urn-shaped  4-cleft  calyx,  inclosing  the  ovary  (the  orifice  closed  by  the 
teeth  of  the  disk)  and  becoming  berry-like  in  fruit.  Style  slender ;  stigma 
1-sided.  —  Leaves  opposite,  entire,  deciduous ;  the  small  flowers  nearly  sessile 
in  their  axils  on  the  branches,  clustered,  or  the  fertile  solitary.  (Named  for 
John  Shepherd,  once  curator  of  the  Liverpool  Botanic  Garden.)  LEPARGYREA 
Raf. 

1.  S.  canad£nsis  (L.)  Nutt.     Shrub,  1-2  m.  high  ;  leaves  elliptical  or  ovate, 
nearly  naked  and  green   above,   silvery-downy  and   scurfy  with   rusty  scales 
beneath  ;   fruit  yellowish-red,   nauseous.      (Lepargyrea    Greene.)  —  Calcareous 
rocks  and  banks,  Nfd.  to  Alaska,  s.  to  N.  S.,  Me.,  Vt.,  n.  and  w.  N.  Y.,  Mich., 
Wise.,  and  along  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  N.  Mex.     May. 

2.  S.  arggntea  Nutt.     (BUFFALO  BERRY.)     Somewhat  thorny,  1-6  m.    high; 
leaves  cuneate-oblong,  silvery  on  both  sides  ;  fruit  ovoid,  scarlet,  acid  and  edibie, 
(Lepargyrea  Greene.)  —  Man.  and  n.  Minn,  to  Kan.,  and  westw. 


LYTHRACEAE    (LOOSESTRIFE   FAMILY)  591 

LYTHRACEAE   (LOOSESTRIFE  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  with  mostly  opposite  entire  leaves,  no  stipules,  the  calyx  inclosing 
but  free  from  the  I-1-celled  many-seeded  ovary  and  membranous  capsule,  and 
bearing  the  4-7  deciduous  petals  and  4-14  stamens  on  its  throat,  the  latter  lower 
down.  Style  1 ;  stigma  capitate,  or  rarely  2-lobed.  Flowers  axillary  or  whorled, 
rarely  irregular,  perfect,  sometimes  dimorphous  or  even  trimorphous,  those  on 
different  plants  with  filaments  and  style  reciprocally  longer  and  shorter. 
Petals  sometimes  wanting.  Capsule  often  1-celled  by  the  early  breaking  away 
of  the  thin  partitions ;  placentae  in  the  axis.  Seeds  anatropous,  without 
albumen.  —  Branches  usually  4-sided. 

*  Flowers  regular  or  nearly  so. 
+-  Calyx  short,  campanulate  or  globular. 

1.  Didiplis.    Calyx  without  appendages.    Petals  none.    Stamens  4.    Capsule  globular,  indehis- 

cent,  2-celled.    Small  aquatic. 

2.  Rotala.    Calyx  with  the  sinuses  appendaged.     Petals  and  stamens  4.     Capsules  4-celled, 

septicidal,  with  3-4  valves. 

3.  Ammannia.     Flowers  not  trimorphous.    Petals  generally  4  or  none.    Stamens  4-8.     Capsule 

globular,  2-4-celled,  bursting  irregularly. 

4.  Decodon.    Flowers  trimorphous.    Petals  5  (rarely  4).    Stamens  8-10.    Capsules  8-4-valved, 

loculicidal.    Leaves  often  whorled. 

+-  +-  Calyx  tubular,  cylindrical. 

5.  Lythrum.    Petals  usually  6.    Stamens  mostly  6  or  12. 

*  *  Flowers  irregular  and  unsymmetrical,  with  6  petals  and  11-12  stamens  In  2  sets. 

6.  Cuphea.    Calyx  spurred  or  enlarged  on  one  side  at  base.    Petals  unequal. 

1.  DIDIPLIS   Raf.     WATER  PURSLANE 

Submersed  aquatic  (sometimes  terrestrial),  rooting  in  the  mud,  with  opposite 
linear  leaves,  and  very  small  greenish  flowers  solitary  in  their  axils.  (In  the 
words  of  Rafinesque  "Didiplis  means  two  doubling;"  from  dls,  twice,  and 
5t?rX6os,  double,  in  reference  presumably  to  the  stamens.) 

1.  D.  diandra  (Nutt.)  Wood.  Leaves  when  submersed  elongated,  thin, 
closely  sessile  by  a  broad  base,  when  emersed  shorter  and  contracted  at  base ; 
calyx  with  broad  triangular  lobes  ;  style  very  short ;  capsules  very  small.  (D. 
linearis  Raf,)  — Minn,  and  Wise,  to  Tex.,  e.  to  N.  C.  and  Fla. 

2.   ROTALA  L. 

Petals  4  (in  ours).  Capsule-valves  (under  a  strong  lens)  transversely  and 
closely  striate.  (Name  a  diminutive  of  rota,  a  wheel,  from  the  whorled  leaves 
of  the  original  species.) 

1.  R.  rambsior  (L.)  Koehne.  Leaves  tapering  at  base  or  into  a  short  petiole, 
linear-oblanceolate  or  somewhat  spatulate ;  flowers  solitary  (rarely  3)  in  the 
axils,  sessile ;  accessory  teeth  of  calyx  as  long  as  the  lobes  or  shorter.  (Am- 
mannia humilis  Michx.)  —  Low  or  wet  ground,  Mass,  to  Fla.  and  Tex.,  and  in 
the  interior  from  O.  to  Minn.,  and  southw.  (Trop.  Am.) 

3.  AMMANNIA   [Houston]  L. 

Flowers  small,  in  3-many-flowered  axillary  cymes.  Calyx  globular  or  bell- 
shaped,  4-angled,  4-toothed,  usually  with  a  little  horn-shaped  appendage  at  each 
sinus.  Petals  4  (purplish),  small  and  deciduous,  sometimes  wanting. — Low 
and  inconspicuous  smooth  herbs,  with  opposite  narrow  leaves.  (Named  for 
Paul  Ammann,  a  German  botanist  prior  to  Linnaeus.) 


592  LYTHRACEAE    (LOOSESTRIFE  FAMILY) 

1.  A.  coccinea  Rottb.     Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  5-7  cm.  long,  with  a  broad 
auricled  sessile  base  ;  cymes  subsessile,  dense  ;  petals  purplish  ;  stamens  more 
or  less  exserted  ;  style  long  and  slender.  —  Muddy  banks  and  wet  sandy  shores, 
N.  J.  to  Fla. ;  and  from  O.  to  Dak.  and  southw. 

2.  A.    Koehnei  Britton.     Leaves  oblong  to  oblanceolate,   the  lowest  con- 
tracted, the  others  broadly  auricled  at  the  base  ;   cymes  sessile  or  nearly  so  ; 
style  very  short;  petals  minute,  pink,  fugacious. —  Swamps,  N.  J.  (according 
to  Britton)  to  Fla.  —  Differs  from  the  tropical  A.  latifolia  L.  only  in  having 
petals. 

3.  A.  auriculata  Willd.     Erect,  few-branched  ;  leaves  lanceolate  to  narrowly 
oblong,  acute;  cymes  on  slender  peduncles  (4-6  mm.  long);  fruit  small;  style 
relatively  lon°-. — Borders  of  ponds,  etc.,  w.  Mo.  and  Neb.  to  Tex.,  and  south westw. 

4.    DECODON   J.  F.  Gmel.     SWAMP  LOOSESTRIFE 

Calyx  with  5-7  erect  teeth,  and  as  many  longer  and  spreading  horn-like 
processes  at  the  sinuses.  Stamens  exserted,  of  two  lengths.  Capsule  globose, 
3-5-celled,  loculicidal.  — Perennial  herbs  or  slightly  shrubby  plants,  with  opposite 
or  whorled  leaves,  and  axillary  clusters  of  trimorphous  flowers.  (Name  from 
5<?*a,  ten,  and  6dots,  tooth.} 

1.  D.  verticillatus  (L.)  Ell.  (WATER  WILLOW.)  Smooth  or  downy  ;  stems 
recurved,  6-25  dm.  long,  4-6-sided ;  leaves  lanceolate,  nearly  sessile,  opposite 
or  whorled,  the  upper  with  clustered  short-pediceled  flowers  in  their  axils ; 
petals  5,  wedge-lanceolate,  magenta,  1.2  cm.  long ;  stamens  10,  half  of  them 
shorter.  —  Swampy  grounds,  Me.  to  Fla.,  La.,  and  Minn.  —  Bark  of  submersed 
parts  of  the  stem  often  spongy-thickened. 

5.    LYTHRUM  L.     LOOSESTRIFE 

Calyx  cylindrical,  striate,  5-7-toothed,  with  as  many  little  processes  in  the 
sinuses.  Petals  5-7.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  or  twice  the  number, 
inserted  low  down  on  the  calyx.  Capsule  subcylindrical,  2-celled.  —  Slender 
herbs,  with  pink  or  magenta  (rarely  white)  flowers  in  summer.  (From  XMpov, 
blood ;  perhaps  from  the  styptic  properties. ) 

*  Stamens  and  petals  5-7  ;  flowers  small,  solitary  and  nearly  sessile  in  the  axils 

of  the  mostly  scattered  upper  leaves  ;  proper  calyx-teeth  often  shorter  than 
the  intermediate  processes  ;  plants  smooth. 

1.  L.  Hyssopifblia  L.     Annual,  1-6  dm.  high,  pale  ;   leaves  oblong-linear, 
obtuse,   longer  than  the   inconspicuous  flowers ;   petals  pale-purple ;   stamens 
usually  4-6,  included.  —  Marshes  and  sterile  soil,  near  the  coast,  Me.  to  N.  J. ; 
also  on  the  Pacific  coast.     (Eu.) 

2.  L.  lineare  L.     Stem  slender  and  tall  (1-1.3  m.  high),  bushy  at  top,  with 
2  margined  angles  ;  leaves  linear,  chiefly  opposite  ;  petals  whitish  ;  flowers  with 
6  included  stamens  and  a  long  style,  or  the  stamens  exserted  and  style  short ; 
ovary  on  a  thick  short  stalk;  no  fleshy  hypogynous  ring.  —  Brackish  marshes, 
N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

3.  L.  alatum   Pursh.    Tall  and  wand-like  perennial;   branches  with  mar- 
gined angles;  leaves  oblong-ovate  to  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  with  a  cordate  or 
rounded  base,  the  upper  mostly  alternate ;  calyx  about  4-6  mm.  long ;  petals 
rather  large,  deep  purple  ;  stamens  of  the  short-styled  flowers  exserted ;  fleshy 
hypogynous  ring  prominent.  — Swamps  and  meadows,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  s.  to  Ga., 
La. ,  and  Col.  ;  also  locally  in  e.  Mass,  and  Ct. 

The  allied  Mexican  L.  VULNER\RIA  Ait.,  with  calyx  9-12  mm.  long,  has  been 
reported  from  the  vicinity  of  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

*  *  Stamens  12  (rarely  S  or  10),  twice  the  number  of  the  petals,  6  longer  and  6 

shorter;  flowers  large,  crowded  and  whorled  in  an  interrupted  spike. 

4.  L.  SALICA.RIA   L.     (SPIKED  L.)     More   or  less  downy  and   tall ;   leaves 
lanceolate,  heart-shaped  at  base,  sometimes  whorled  in  threes ;  flowers  magenta, 


MELASTOMACEAE   (MELASTOMA   FAMILY)  593 

trimorphous  in  the  relative  lengths  of  the  stamens  and  style  ;  calyx  and  bracts 
greenish,  somewhat  pubescent,  the  calyx-lobes  much  shorter  than  the  subulate 
appendages. —  Wet  meadows,  local,  N.  E.  to  Del.  and  D.  C.  (Introd.  from  Eu.) 
June-Sept.  Var.  TOMENTOSUM  (Mill.)  DC.  Calyx  and  bracts  white-tomentose. 
—  Wet  meadows  and  shores,  e.  Que.  to  Vt.  and  s.  Ont.  (Nat.  from  Eurasia.) 

5.  L.  VIRGA.TUM  L.  Similar,  glabrous  throughout;  leaves  narrowed  to  the 
sessile  or  short-petioled  base;  the  calyx-lobes  shorter  than  or  equaling  the 
appendages.  —  Locally  established,  e.  Mass.  (S.  F.  Pools).  (Introd.  from  Eu- 
rasia.) 

6.  CtTPHEA  P.  Br. 

Calyx  tubular,  12-ribbed,  gibbous  or  spurred  at  the  base  on  the  upper  side, 
6-toothed  at  the  apex,  and  usually  with  as  many  little  processes  in  the  sinuses. 
Ovary  with  a  curved  gland  at  the  base  next  the  spur  of  the  calyx,  1-2-celled  ; 
style  slender ;  stigma  2-lobed.  Capsule  oblong,  few-seeded,  early  ruptured 
through  one  side.  —  Flowers  solitary  or  racemose,  stalked.  (Name  from  *v06s, 
gibbous,  from  the  shape  of  the  calyx.) 

1.  C.  petiolata  (L.)  Koehne.  (CLAMMY  C.)  Annual,  very  viscid-hairy, 
branching ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  ;  petals  ovate,  short-clawed,  purple  ;  seeds 
flat.  (C.  viscossima  Jacq. ;  Parsonsia  Rusby.) — Dry  fields,  N.  H.  (Miss 
Scorgie)  to  Ga.,  w.  to  Kan.  and  La. 

MELASTOMACEAE   (MELASTOMA  FAMILY) 

Plants  with  opposite  3-7-ribbed  leaves,  and  definite  stamens,  the  anthers 
opening  by  pores  at  the  apex;  otherwise  much  as  in  the  Onagraceae.  —  All 
tropical,  except  the  genus 

1.    RHEXIA  L.     DEERGRASS.     MEADOW  BEAUTY 

Calyx-tube  urn-shaped,  adherent  to  the  ovary  below,  and  continued  above 
it,  persistent,  4-cleft  at  the  apex.  Petals  4,  convolute  in  the  bud,  oblique, 
inserted  with  the  8  stamens  on  the  summit  of  the  calyx-tube.  Anthers  long, 
1-celled,  inverted  in  the  bud.  Style  1  ;  stigma  1.  Capsule  4-celled,  with  4 
many-seeded  placentae  projecting  from  the  central  axis.  Seeds  coiled  like  a 
snail-shell,  without  albumen.  —  Low  perennial  often  bristly  herbs  with  showy 
cymose  flowers  in  summer ;  the  petals  falling  early.  (A  name  used  by  Pliny 
for  some  unknown  plant.) 

*  Anthers  linear,  curved,  with  a  minute  spur  on  the  back  at  the  attachment  of 
the  filament  above  its  base;  flowers  cymose,  peduncled. 

1.  R.  virginica  L.     Stem  square,  with  wing-like  angles;  leaves  oval-lanceo- 
late, sessile,  acute  ;  calyx-tube  and  pedicels  more  or  less  hispid  with  gland-tipped 
hairs  ;  petals  magenta.  — Sandy  swamps  and  shores,  Me.  to  Fla.  ;  also  from  s.  w. 
Ont.  to  s.  e.  la.,  and  southw.     July-Sept.  —  Slender  rootstocks  tuberiferous. 

2.  R.  aristbsa   Britton.      Branches  somewhat    wing-angled  ;    leaves   linear- 
oblong,  sessile,  not  narrowed  at  base,  naked  or  very  sparsely  hairy  ;  hairs  of  the 
calyx  mostly  below  the  throat,  not  gland- tipped  ;  petals  sparsely  villous,  pink 
or  purplish.  —  Wet  pine  barrens,  Egg  Harbor  City,  N.  J.  (.7.  E.  Peters')  to  Ga. 
July,  Aug. 

3.  R.  mariana  L.     Stems  cylindrical;  leaves  linear-obTong,  narrowed  below, 
mostly  petiolate  ;  petals  paler.  —  Sandy  swamps,  L.I.  to  Fla.,  w.  to  Mo.  and 
Tex. 

*  *  Anthers  oblong,  straight,  without  any  spur ;  flowers  few,  sessile. 

4.  R.  cilibsa   Michx.     Stem  square,  glabrous  ;   leaves  broadly  ovate,  ciliate 
with  long  bristles  ;  calyx  glabrous.  —  Md.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

GRAY'S  MANUAL  —  38 


594  ONAGRACEAE   (EVENING  PRIMROSE  FAMILY) 

ONAGRACEAE   (EVENING  PRIMROSE  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  with  ^-merous  (sometimes  2-3-  or  5-6-merows)  perfect  and  symmetrical 
flowers  •  the  tube  of  the  calyx  adhering  to  the  2^-celled  ovary,  its  lobes  valvate 
in  the  bud  or  obsolete;  the  petals  convolute  in  the  bud,  sometimes  wanting ;  and 
the  stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals  or  calyx-lobes,  inserted  on 
the  summit  of  the  calyx-tube.  Style  single,  slender ;  stigma  2-4-lobed  or  capi- 
tate. Pollen-grains  often  connected  by  cobwebby  threads.  Seeds  anatropous, 
small,  without  albumen.  —  Mostly  herbs,  with  opposite  or  alternate  leaves.  Stip- 
ules none  or  glandular. 

*  Parts  of  the  flower  in  fours  or  more  numerous. 
+-  Fruit  a  many-seeded  pod,  usually  loculicidal. 

•H-  Calyx-limb  (divided  to  the  summit  of  the  ovary)  persistent. 

1.  Jussiaea.    Petals  4-6.    Stamens  twice  as  many.    Capsule  elongated,  4-6-celled. 

2.  Ludvigia.      Petals  4  or  none.     Stamens  4.     Capsule  short. 

•H-  -H-  Calyx-tube  or  deeply  cleft  limb  deciduous  from  the  summit   of  the  capsule;    petals  4; 

stamens  8. 

3.  Epilobium.    Seeds  silky-tufted.    Flowers  (in  ours)  not  yellow.    Lower  leaves  often  opposite. 

4.  Oenothera.    Seeds  not  tufted.    Flowers  mostly  yellow.    Leaves  alternate. 

+-  +-  Fruit  dry  and  indehiscent,  1-4-seeded. 
•H-  Terrestrial ;  leaves  alternate ;  stamens  6-8. 

5.  Gaura.    Calyx-tube  obconical.     Filaments  appendaged  at  base. 

6.  Stenosiphon.     Calyx-tube  filiform.     Filaments  (8)  not  appendaged. 

•H-  -H-  Aquatic ;  leaves  opposite  or  whorled  ;  stamens  4. 

7.  Trapa.    Calyx-tube  short.     Filaments  unappendaged.    Fruit  large,  coriaceous,  turbinate. 

*  *  Parts  of  the  flower  in  twos  ;  leaves  opposite. 

8.  Circaea.    Petals  2,  obcordate  or  2-lobed.    Stamens  2.    Fruit  1-2-seeded,  bristly. 

1.  JUSSIAEA  L.    PRIMROSE-WILLOW 

Calyx-tube  elongated,  not  at  all  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary ;  the  lobes  4-6, 
herbaceous  and  persistent. — Herbs  (ours  glabrous  perennials),  with  mostly 
entire  and  alternate  leaves,  and  axillary  yellow  flowers  in  summer.  (Dedicated 
to  Bernard  de  Jussieu,  the  founder  of  the  Natural  System  of  Botany.) 

1.  J.  decurrens  (Walt.)  DC.     Stem  erect,  3-6  dm.  high,  winged  by  the  decur- 
rent  lanceolate  leaves ;  calyx-lobes  4,  as  long  as  the  petals ;  capsule  cylindric- 
club-shaped,  wing-angled ;  seeds  in  several  rows  in  each   cell.  —  Wet  places, 
"  Md."  and  Va.  to  Fla.;  s.  111.  and  Mo.  to  La.  and  Tex. 

2.  J.  diffusa  Forsk.     Stem  creeping,  or  floating  and  rooting  ;  leaves  oblong, 
tapering  into  a  slender  petiole  ;  flowers  large,  long-peduncled  ;  calyx-lobes  and 
obovate  petals  5;  pod  woody,  cylindrical,  with  a  tapering  base  ;  seeds  quadrate, 
in  1  row  in  each  cell,  adherent  to  the  spongy  endocarp.     (J.  repens  of  auth., 
probably  not  of  L.)  —  In  water  or  on  muddy  banks,  Ky.  and  111.  to  e.  Kan.,  and 
southw. 

2.  LUDVfGIA  L.     FALSE  LOOSE  STRIFE 

Calyx-tube  not  at  all  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary  ;  the  lobes  4,  usually  per- 
sistent. Capsule  short  or  cylindrical,  many-seeded.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with 
axillary  (rarely  capitate)  flowers  through  summer  and  autumn.  (Named  ior 
C.  G.  Ludwig,  Professor  of  Botany  at  Leipsic,  contemporary  with  Linnaeus.) 


ONAGRACEAE    (EVENING   PRIMROSE   FAMILY)  595 

*  Leaves  all  alternate,  sessile  or  nearly  so. 

•*-  Flowers  peduncled  in  the  upper  axils,  with  conspicuous  yellow  petals  (8-16 
mm.  long),  equaling  the  ovate  or  lanceolate  foliaceous  lobes  of  the  calyx. 

1.  L.  alternif61ia  L.      (SEEDBOX.)      Smooth  or  nearly  so,  branched,  1  m. 
high ;  roots  fascicled,  fusiform  ;  leaves  lanceolate  to  linear-lanceolate,  acute  or 
pointed  at  both  ends  ;  capsules  cubical,  rounded  at  base,  wing-angled.  —  Shady 
banks,  low  wet  woods,  and  swamps,  e.  Mass,  to  Fla.   and  Tex.;  and  in  the 
interior  from  s.  w.  Ont.  to  Kan.,  and  southw. 

Var.   linearifblia  Britton.     Leaves  linear ;  calyx-lobes  linear-lanceolate.  — 
W.  Va. 

2.  L.    hirtSlla    Raf .      Hairy  ;    roots    clustered,    fusiform-thickened ;    stems 
nearly  simple,  3-8  dm.  high ;  leaves  oblong,  or  the  upper  lanceolate,  blunt  at 
both   ends;  capsules  nearly  as  in  the  last,  but  scarcely  wing-angled.  —  Moist 
pine  barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

•t-  H-  Flowers  small,  sessile  (solitary  or  sometimes  clustered)  in  the  axils  ;  petals 
small  and  greenish  or  none;  leaves  mostly  lanceolate  or  linear  on  the  erect 
stems  (3-9  dm.  high)  and  numerous  branches;  but  prostrate  or  creeping 
sterile  shoots  often  produced  from  the  base,  thickly  beset  with  shorter  obovate 
or  spatulate  leaves.  (Our  species  glabrous,  except  no.  3.) 

*+  Capsule  about  as  broad  as  long. 

3.  L.  sphaerocdrpa  Ell.     Minutely  pubescent,  especially  the  calyx,  or  nearly 
glabrous ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  acute,  tapering  at  base,  those  of  the  run- 
ners obovate  with  a  wedge-shaped  base,  glandular-denticulate  ;  bractlets  minute, 
obsolete,  or  none;  capsules  globular  or  depressed  (sometimes  acute  at  base),  not 
longer  than  the  calyx-lobes  (less  than  4  mm.  long).  —  Water  or  wet  swamps,  e. 
Mass,  to  Fla.  and  La.  —  Bark  below  often  spongy-thickened. 

4.  L.  polycarpa  Short  &  Peter.     Stoutish  ;  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute 
at  both  ends,   those  of  the  runners  oblong-spatulate,   acute,  entire  ;  bractlets 
linear-awl-shaped  and  conspicuous  on  the  base  of  the  4-sided  somewhat  top-shaped 
capsule,  which  is  longer  than  the  lanceolate  calyx-lobes.  —  Wet  places,  e.  Mass, 
to  Ct. ;  s.  w.  Ont.  and  O.  to  Neb.,  s.  to  Tenn.  and  Kan. 

5.  L.  alata  Ell.     Very  similar  to  the  preceding  but  more  slender  ;  calyx-lobes 
short,    broadly  deltoid. — Jackson,    Mo.    (Bush  according  to  Tracy):   N.  C.  to 
Fla  and  "La." 

•«•  •*-»•  Capsule  decidedly  longer  than  broad. 

6.  L.  linearis  Walt.     Slender,  mostly  low ;  leaves  narrowly  linear,  those  of 
the  short  runners  obovate ;  minute  petals  usually  present ;  bractlets  minute,  at 
the  base  of  the  elongated  top-shaped  4-sided  capsule,  which  is  6  mm.  long  and 
much  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes.  —  Bogs,  pine  barrens  of  "N.  Y.,"  N.  J. ,  and 
southw. 

7.  L.  glandulbsa  Walt.     Much  branched  ;  leaves  oblong-  or  spatulate -lanceo- 
late, tapering  at  the  base  or  even  petioled  ;  bractlets  very  minute  at  the  base  of 
the  cylindrical  capsule,  which  is  6  mm.  long,  and  several  times  exceeds  the  calyx- 
lobes.     (L.  cylindrica  Ell.)  — Low  shady  woods,  about  ponds,  and  in  swamps, 
s.  111.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

*  *  Leaves  all  opposite;  stems  creeping  or  floating. 

8.  L.  paliistris  (L.)  Ell.     (WATER   PURSLANE.)     Smooth;   leaves  ovate  or 
oval,  tapering  into  a  slender  petiole  ;  petals  none,  or  small  and  reddish  when  the 
plant  grows  out  of  water  ;  calyx-lobes  very  short ;  capsules  4-sided,  not  tapering 
at  base,  sessile  in  the  axils,  4  mm.  long.     (Isnardia  L.)  —  Ditches  and  wet 
shores,  common.     (Eu.) 

9.  L.  arcuata  Walt.     Smooth,  small  and  creeping  ;  leaves  oblanceolate,  nearly 
sessile  ;   flowers  solitary,   long-peduncled ;  petals  yellow,  exceeding  the  calyx 
(6  mm.  long) ;  capsules  club-shaped,  somewhat  curved,  8  mm.  long.     (Ludwigi- 
antha  Small.)  —  Swamps,  Va.  to  Fla. 


596  ONAGRACEAE    (EVENING    PRIMROSE    FAMILY) 

3.   EPIL6BIUM   L.     WILLOW-HERB 

Calyx-tube  scarcely  or  not  at  all  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary  ;  limb  4-cleft  or 
-divided.  Petals  4,  violet,  magenta,  pink,  or  white.  Capsule  slender,  many- 
seeded.  Seeds  with  a  tuft  of  long  hairs  at  the  end.  —  Mostly  perennial  herbs 
with  nearly  sessile  leaves.  (Name  from  (?TTI,  on,  and  \6piov,  a  little  pod.} 

§  1.  CHAMAENERION  [Tourn.]  Tausch.  Petals  entire,  large,  magenta 
(rarely  white}  ;  calyx-limb  divided  essentially  to  the  summit  of  the  ovary ; 
stamens  and  style  successively  deflexed;  stigma  of  4  long  lobes;  flowers 
racemed. 

1.  E.   angustifblium  L.     (GREAT   W.,  FIREWEED.)     Tall  (0.3-2  m.  high), 
simple  ;    leaves  scattered,  long,  lanceolate,  subentire,  pinnately  veined.     (E. 
spicatum  Lam.;  Chamaenerion  angustifolium  Scop.) — Low  ground,  especially 
in  clearings  and  newly  burned  lands,  common.    July,  Aug.     (Eurasia. ) 

§  2.  LYSIMACHION  Tausch.  'Petals  notched  at  the  summit ;  calyx-tube  pro- 
longed a  little  beyond  the  ovary  ;  stamens  and  style  erect;  flowers  corymbed 
or  panicled  or  few  in  the  upper  axils. 

a.    Stigma  4-parted  ;  petals  1-2  cm.  long  .        ...  2.   Khirsutum. 

a.    Stigina  entire  ;  petals  smaller   6. 

6.   Stems  terete,  no  decurrent  lines  running  down  from  the  bases  of 
the  leaves  ;  leaves  entire  or  subentire,  with  revolute  margins. 
Stem  and  pods  densely  covered  with  fine  short  straight  spread- 
ing hairs 3.   E.  molle. 

Stems  and  pods  cinereous  with  appressed  or  incurved  hairs,  or 

glabrous. 
Leaves  closely  and  evenly  pubescent  above  ;  well  developed 

plant  freely  branching 4.   E.  densum. 

Leaves  glabrous  above,  or  with  scattered  hairs ;  plant  simple 

or  subsimple « 

5.  Stems  subterete,  with  decurrent  lines  running  down  from  the 
bases  of  the  leaves  ;  leaves  toothed  (rarely  entire),  flat,  the 
margins  not  revolute. 
Stems  solitary ;  the  basal  shoots  (developing  in  late  autumn) 

in  the  form  of  sessile  or  short-stalked  rosettes. 
Seed  abruptly  contracted  above ;  mature  coma  cinnamon- 
color  ;  leaves  elongate-lanceolate 6.    E.  eoloratum. 

Seed  gradually  contracted  to  a  hyaline  neck ;  coma  whitish  ; 

leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  narrowly  ovate        .        .        .I.E.  adenocaulon. 
Stems  tufted  ;  the  basal  shoots  quickly  developing  into  elongate 

branches. 

Seed  (under  a  microscope)  smooth. 
Stems  erect ;  flowers  chiefly  3-6,  the  lowest  in  the  axila  of 

the  foliage-leaves 8.   E.  alpinum. 

Stems  strongly  decumbent ;  flowers  1  or  2  (rarely  3),  es- 
sentially terminal 9.  E.  anagallidifolium. 

Seed  (under  a  microscope)  papillose 10.  E.  Hornemanni. 

2.  E.  HiRstiTDM  L.     Tall    (1-2  m.  high),  the  much  branched  stem  densely 
covered  by  rather  long  fine  straight  spreading  hairs;  leaves  oblong,  serrulate, 
sessile  and  clasping ;   petals  magenta,  showy.  —  In  waste  places  and    about 
dwellings,  local,  s.  Me.  to  Ont.  and  s.  N.  Y.     July-Sept.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

3.  E.    m611e    Torr.      Erect,    2-15    dm.  high,   simple   or  with    few  upright 
branches  toward  the  summit,  stems,  leaves,  and  pods  grayish-velvety;  leaves 
narrowly  lanceolate  to  linear,  entire  or  undulate,  the  margins  revolute ;  petals 
pink,  7-8  mm.  long ;  seed  nearly  2  rnm.  long,  minutely  papillate,  coma  dingy. 
(E.  strictum  Muhl.?  as  nomen  subnudum.} —  Bogs  and  mossy  meadows,  rather 
local,  e.  Que.  to  Athabasca,  s.  to  Va. ,  111.,  and  Minn.     July-Sept. 

4.  E.  d6nsum  Raf.     Minutely  hoary-pubescent,  3-10  dm.  high,  usually  much 
branched  and  very  leafy,  rarely  stoloniferous  ;  leaves  linear  or  nearly  so,  revo- 
lute, acute,  canescent  above  (the  lateral  veins  inconspicuous),  erect,  usually  much 
exceeding  the  internodes,  commonly  proliferous  in  the  axils ;   pedicels  \-\   as 
long  as  the  canescent  pods;  petals  3-5  mm.  long,  pink  or  white  ;  seed  1.5  mm. 
long.     (E.  lineare  Muhl.  ?  as  nomen  subnudum.}  — Open  low  grounds,  e.  Que. 
to  Alb.,  s.  to  Del.,  W.  Va.,  Kan.,  and  Col.     July-Sept. 


ONAGKACEAE    (EVENING   PRIMROSE   FAMILY)  59*J 

5.  E.  paliistre   L.     Decumbent,  stoloniferous,  1-6  dm.  high,   the  simple  01 
sparingly   branched  stem  minutely  pubescent  above  or  glabrate  ;    leaves  thin^ 
green,  linear-  to   oblong-lanceolate,  subacute,  spreading -ascending,  rather  re- 
mote, the  middle  ones  3-6  cm.  long,  4-10  mm.    broad ;   flowers  few  ;  pedicels 
much  shorter  than  the  slightly  pubescent  or  glabrate  pods  ;  petals  pink  or  white, 
5-7  mm.  long.  — Bogs  and  wet  banks,  Nfd.  and  Lab.  to  Alaska,  s.  to  n.  N.  E. 
and  L.  Superior.     July,  Aug.     (Eurasia.) 

Var.  Iabrad6ricum  Haussk.  Dwarf,  6-15  cm.  high,  often  freely  branched  ; 
leaves  elongate-oblanceolate  to  linear,  approximate,  with  rounded  tips  and  definite 
petioles,  1.5-3  cm.  long,  1-4  mm.  wide  ;  pedicels  mostly  as  long  as  the  pods. — 
Lab.  to  the  alpine  regions  of  the  AVhite  Mts.,  N.  H.  (Greenl.) 

Var.  monticola  Haussk.  Mostly  simple,  1-5.5  dm.  high  ;  leaves  thick,  mostly 
linear-oblanceolate,  obtuse,  strongly  ascending,  remote,  the  middle  ones  1-3 
cm.  long,  1.5-4  mm.  wide;  pedicels  various.  (E.  oliganthum  Michx.  ;  E. 
lineare,  var.  oliganthum  Trel.)  —  Bogs  and  wet  meadows,  Nfd.  and  Lab.  to 
Man.,  s.  to  Mass.,  Pa.,  and  the  Great  L.  region.  (Eu.) 

6.  E.  coloratura  Muhl.     Stem  erect,  not  stoloniferous  (often  developing  in 
late  autumn  sessile  or  subsessile  basal  rosettes'),  3-9  dm.  high,  usually  much- 
branched,  glabrous  below,  canescent  at  least  in  lines  above  with  incurved  hairs  ; 
leaves    elongate-lanceolate,    5-15    cm.   long,    1-2    cm.   broad,    distinctly  short- 
petioled,  closely  and  irregularly  serrulate;  flowers  abundant  on  the  divergent 
branches;   petals  pink,   3-5  mm.   long;   pedicels  short;   seed  1.5  mm.   long, 
abruptly  rounded  at  tip,  minutely  papillate  ;  mature  coma  cinnamon-colored. — 
Low  ground,  Me.  to  Neb.,  and  south w.     July-Sept. 

7.  E.  adenocaulon  Haussk.     Similar  in  habit,  1-10  dm.  high  ;  stem  glabrous 
below,  minutely  pubescent  above  with  more  or  less  incurved  pale  hairs,  sometimes 
glandular  or  viscid;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  narrowly  ovate,  short-petioled 
or  subsessile,  rounded  or  cordate  at  base,  less  toothed  than  in  the  preceding, 
the  middle  ones  2-8  cm.  long,  7-30  mm.  broad ;  seed  about  1  mm.  long,  short- 
beaked,  papillate;  coma  whitish. — Rich  damp  soil,  Nfd.  to  B.C.,  s.  to  Del., 
W.  Va.,  Great  L.  region,  Neb.,  Col.,  and  Cal.     July-Sept.    Var.  PERPLEXANS 
Trel.     Glabrous  or  very  sparingly  pubescent  above;  leaves  flaccid,   gradually 
narrowed  to  the  distinct  petiole.  —  A  somewhat  local  extreme,  e.  Que.  to  B.  C., 
s.  to  N.  E.,  N.  Y.,  Wise.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Cal. 

8.  E.  alpinum  L.     Glabrous  or  essentially  so,  tufted,  the  erect  stems  1.5-3.5 
dm.  high,   with  elongated  internodes ;  leaves  elliptical  or  the  lowest  obovate- 
spatulate,  distinctly  petioled,  slightly  repand-denticulate,  obtuse,  1.5-4  cm.  long, 
7-17  mm.  broad  ;  flowers  mostly  3-6  (rarely  12),  terminal  and  in  the  upper 
axils;  petals  white  or  pinkish,  3-6  mm.  long;  pedicels  mostly  shorter  than  the 
green   or  red-tinged  pod;  seed   1.2-1.5  mm.  long,    smooth.      (E.    lactiflorum 
Haussk.) — Arctic  Am.,  s.  to  alpine  slopes  and  cliffs  of  the  White  Mts.,  N.  H., 
Col.,  and  Ore.     June-Aug.     (Eurasia.) 

9.  E.  anagallidif61ium  Lam.     Dwarf,  the  fruiting  stems  decumbent,  finally 
5-20  cm.  high,  the  basal  shoots  wide-spreading  and  leafy;  leaves  narrowly 
elliptic  to  oblong,  obscurely  petioled,  subentire  or  remotely  denticulate,  obtuse, 
1-1.7  cm.  long,  2.5-8   mm.  broad  ;  flowers  1  or  2  (rarely  3),   terminal,  often 
nodding ;  petals  pink,  4-6  mm.  long ;  pedicels  upright  in  fruit,  mostly  equaling 
or  exceeding^  the  purplish  pod;  seed  1.5  mm.  long,  smooth.  —  Arctic  Am.,  s.  in 
alpine  districts  to  e.  Que.,  Me.?,   Col.,  and  Cal. — Immature  specimens  from 
Mt.  Katahdin,  Me.,  are  apparently  of  this  species,    although   Haussknecht's 
records  of  its  occurrence  in  the  White  Mts.  and  the  Adirondacks  have  not  been 
confirmed.     July,  Aug.     (Eurasia.) 

10.  E.  Hornemdnni  Reichenb.     Resembling  no.  8  ;  the  upper  leaves  usually 
exceeding  the  internodes,  ovate  and  mostly  acutish,  pellucid,  2-4.5  cm.  long, 
7-23  mm.  broad  ;  flowers  2-several,  in  the  upper  axils;  petals  pink  to  crimson, 
6-7  mm.  long;  pedicels  mostly  shorter  than  the  pod;  seed  1  mm.  long,  papillate. 
(E.   alpinum,   var.  fontanum  Wahlenb.) — Arctic  Am.,  s.  in  cold  and  alpine 
situations  to  N.  S.,  Me.,  N.  H.,  Col.,  and  Cal.     July,  Aug.  — The  plant  from  the 
Dells  of  the  Wisconsin  R.  formerly  reported  as  E.  Hornemanni  is  apparently 
E.  adenocaulon,  var.  perplexans.     (Eurasia.) 


598  ONAGRACEAE    (EVENING   PRIMROSE  FAMILY) 

4.    OENOTHERA  L.     EVENING  PRIMROSE 

Calyx-tube  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary,  deciduous  ;  the  lobes  4,  reflexed. 
Petals  4.  Stamens  8  ;  anthers  mostly  linear  and  versatile.  Capsule  4-valved, 
many-seeded.  Seeds  naked  or  with  an  obscure  membranaceous  crest.  —  Leaves 
alternate  or  rarely  ail  basal.  Flowers  yellow,  white,  or  rose-color.  (An  old 
name  of  unknown  origin,  for  a  species  of  Epilobium.) 

§  1.  6NAGRA  (Adans.)  Ser.  Stigma-lobes  linear,  elongated;  flower-buds  up- 
right; petals  yellow;  fruit  subcylindrical,  elongated;  seeds  in  2  rows  in 
each  cell ;  caulescent  annuals  or  biennials.  ONAGRA  Adans. 

<i.    Pods  lance-cylindric  or  -prismatic,  i.e.  tapering  from  a  thickish  base  b. 

b.   Petals  linear 1.0.  cruclata. 

b.   Petals  obovate  c. 

c.    Pods  glabrous  even  when  young 2.   0.  argillicola. 

c.  Pods  more  or  less  pubescent  at  least  when  young. 

Bracts  decidedly  leaf-like,  i.e.  at  least  the  lower  flowers  in  the  axils 

of  foliage  leaves,  even  the  upper  bracts  exceeding  the  pods. 
Sepals  appendaged  on  the  back  somewhat  below  the  tip  ;  pubes- 
cence of  the  stem  altogether  fine  and  appressed     .        .        .    3.    O.  Oakesiana. 
Sepals  appendaged  essentially  at  the  tip ;   pubescence  of  the 
stem  usually  including  long  spreading  hairs  with  reddish  or 

purplish  enlarged  bases 4.    0.  muricata. 

Bracts  reduced  and  somewhat  deciduous,  the  flowers  and  espe- 
cially the  pods  in  elongated  exposed  spikes,  the  upper  bracts 

usually  shorter  than  the  pods 5.    0.  biennis. 

a.    Pods  more  slender  and  of  essentially  uniform  diameter. 

Flowers  in  a  distinct  terminal  spike 6.    0.  rhombipetala. 

Flowers  in  the  axils  of  foliage  leaves. 
Grayish-pubescent  and  somewhat  silky ;  floral  leaves  mostly  entire 

or  nearly  so  ;  seed  smoothish 1.0.  humif^lKa. 

Green,  more  loosely  and  sparingly  pubescent;  floral  leaves  mostly 

pinnatifld  toward  the  base  ;  seed  distinctly  pitted        .        .        .    8.   0.  laciniata. 

1.  0.  cruciata  Nutt.    Simple  or  sparingly  branched,  3-8  dm.  high  ;  stem  com- 
monly reddish,  smooth  or  somewhat  strigose  ;  stem-leaves  lanceolate,  remotely 
and  shallowly  dentate  ;  sepals  appendaged  somewhat  below  the  tip  ;  petals  very 
narrow,  linear,  5-12  mm.  long,  1-3  mm.  wide,  light  yellow.     (0.  biennis,  var. 
T.  &  G. ;  Onagra  cruciata  Small.)  —  Sandy  or  gravelly  soil,  centr.  Me.  to  w. 
Mass,  and  n.  N.  Y. 

2.  0.  argillicola  Mackenzie.     Glabrous,  5-15  dm.  high ;  stem  stoutish,  very 
leafy ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  only  5-8  mm.  wide,  subentire  or  remotely  and 
obscurely  few-toothed  ;   flowers  large  ;    calyx  glabrous  ;    petals  bright  yellow, 
broadly  obovate,  3-4  cm.  long  ;  capsules  crowded,  mostly  curved,  2-3  cm.  long, 
glabrous,  tapering  to  a  slender  summit.     (Onagra  Mackenzie.) — Mts.  of  Va. 
and  W.  Va. 

3.  0.  Oakesiana  Robbins.     Finely  puberulent,  the  hairs  mainly  appressed  ; 
stern-leaves  lanceolate,  shallowly  denticulate,  8-15  mm.  broad  ;  sepals  append- 
aged considerably  below  the  tip;  petals  obovate,  1.5-2  cm.  long;  pods  rather 
large,  slightly  spindle-form,  3.5-4  cm.  long,  appressed-puberulent.     (0.  biennis, 
var.  Gray  ;   Onagra  Britton,  in  part.)  — Sandy  fields,  etc.,  e.  Mass,  to  Ct. 

4.  0.  muricata  L.     Simple  or  nearly  so,  2-8  dm.  high,  very  leafy;  stem  pu- 
berulent and  usually  beset  at  least  above  with  longer  spreading  hairs  on  enlarged 
reddish  tuberculate  bases;  leaves  lanceolate,  ascending,  entire  or  sparingly  and 
very  shallowly  denticulate,  passing  without  marked  transition  into  the  foliaceous 
bracts  ;  flowers  axillary,  the  lower  much  exceeded  by  the  bracts  ;  sepals  not 
prominently  appendaged;  petals  obovate,  light  yellow,  1.2-2  cm.  long;  capsule 
more  or  less  hirsute,  subf usiform-cylindric,  2  5-3  cm.  long.  —  Sandy  or  gravelly 
shores,  Nfd.  and  e.  Que.  to  N.  Y.    Var.  CANESCENS  (T.  &  G.)  Robinson.     Hoary- 
pubescent  or  somewhat  silky  throughout,  the  tuberculate-based  hairs  few  or 
none.     (0.  biennis,  var.  T.  &  G.;  Onagra  strigosa  Rydb.)  —  From  the  Great 
Lakes  to  Mo.,  Col.,  and  northwestw. 

5.  0.  biennis  L.     (COMMON  E.)     Rather  stout,  erect,  3-15  dm.  high,  usually 
simple,  more  or  less  spread  ing-pubescent  to  hirsute  ;  leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong- 
or  rarely  ovate-lanceolate,  repandly  denticulate,  acute  or  acuminate;    bracts 


ONAGRACEAE    (EVENING  PRIMROSE   FAMILY)  599 

lanceolate,  shorter  than  or  scarcely  exceeding  the  capsules;  calyx-tube  2.5-3.5 
cm.  long;  petals  yellow,  obovate,  1.5-2.5  cm.  long;  pods  more  or  less  hirsute, 
narrowed  almost  from  the  base,  2-3.5  cm.  long.  (Onagra  Scop.)  —  Open  places, 
common. 

0.  GKANDIFL6RA  Ait.  (O.  bicnnis,  var.  Lindl.;  Onagra  Cockerell),  a  related 
species  of  Alabama,  with  much  larger  flowers,  the  petals  4-6  cm.  long,  was  for- 
merly cultivated  and  has  on  rare  occasions  been  found,  presumably  as  an  escape, 
within  our  range. 

6.  0.  rhombip6tala  Nutt.    Rarely  branching,  appressed-puberulent  and  sub- 
canescent ;  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  acuminate,  denticulate  or  subentire,  the 
lowest  attenuate  to  a  petiole  and  rarely  pinnatifid,  diminishing  upward  into  the 
close  elongated  conspicuously  bracted  spike  ;  calyx  silky-canescent,  the  tube 
2-3.5  cm.  long;  petals  rhombic-ovate,  1.2-2.5  cm.  long. — Ind.  to  Minn.,  Neb., 
and  Tex. 

7.  0.  humifusa  Nutt.     Hoary  with  short  dense  appressed  hairs;  stems  de- 
cumbent or  ascending,  1.5-6  dm.  long  ;  stem-leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  or  ob- 
lanceolate,  1-4  cm.  long,  sparingly  repand-dentate  or  entire,  the  radical  leaves 
pinnatifid,  the  floral  not  reduced;  petals  1.2-2.5  cm.  long;   capsule  2-3.6  cm. 
long,  silky  ;  seeds  smoothish.  —  Sandy  coast,  N.  J.  to  Fla. 

8.  0.  laciniata  Hill.     Stems  ascending  or  decumbent,  simple  or  branched, 
1-7  dm.  high,  more  or  less  strigose-pubescent  and  puberulent ;  leaves  oblong  or 
lanceolate,  2-10  cm.  long,  sinuately  toothed  or  often  pinnatifid,  the  floral  simi- 
lar ;  petals  5-12  mm.  long ;  capsules  2-3  cm.  long ;  seeds  strongly  pitted.     ( O. 
sinuata  L.) — Dry  open  mostly  sandy  places,  N.  J.  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  and  S.  Dak.; 
also  adventive  northeastw. 

Var.  grandiflbra  (Wats.)  Robinson.  Flowers  larger;  the  petals  2.5-4  cm. 
long.  (O.  sinuata,  var.  Wats.;  0.  laciniata,  var.  grandis  Britton.)  —  Common 
in  sandy  fields,  etc.,  Mo.  and  Kan.  to  Tex. 

§  2.  ANOGRA  (Spach)  Endl.  Stigma-lobes  linear,  elongated;  flowers  nodding 
in  the  bud;  seeds  in  a  single  row  in  each  cell;  fruit  subcylindric  or  pris- 
matic, elongated;  caulescent  perennials.  ANOGRA  Spach. 

9.  0.  pallida  Lindl.      Stems  erect,  1.5-12  dm.  high,  commonly  branched, 
white  and  often  shreddy,  glabrous  or  puberulent;  leaves  linear  to  oblong-ob- 
lanceolate,  2.5-8  cm.  long,  entire  or  repand-denticulate,  or  sinuate-pinnatifid 
toward  the  base  ;  calyx-tips  free  in  bud,  throat  naked  ;  Cowers  axillary  ;  petals 
white,  turning  rose-color,  suborbicular,  obcordate,  1.5-3  cm.  long  ;  pods  2-5  cm. 
long,  often  curved  or  twisted  ;  seeds  lance-linear,  smooth.     (0.  albicaulis  Man. 
ed.  6,  not  Nutt.;  Anogra  pallida  Britton.) — Dry  plains  and  prairies,  Sask.  to 
w.  Minn.,  westw.  and  south westw.     (Mex.) 

§  3.  KNEfFFIA  (Spach)  Endl.  Stigma-lobes  linear,  elongated;  flowers  yellow, 
erect  in  the  bud  (the  whole  floral  axis  recurved  in  no.  11);  fruit  short,  obo- 
void,  tetragonal;  seeds  clustered  in  each  cell,  not  in  distinct  rows,  not 
crested;  caulescent.  KNEIFFIA  Spach. 

a.    Pods  4-6  mm!  long-  calyx-tube  about  2  mm.  long;  stem-leaves  al- 
most filiform 10.   0.  UnifoUa. 

a.    Pods  5-12  mm.  long:  calyx-tube  7-15  mm.  long;  stem-leaves  linear 

to  linear-oblong  or  ovate  6. 

&.  Pods  smooth  to  sparingly  puberulent  with  spreading  gland-tipped 
hairs. 

Petals  5-10  mm.  long 11.   0.  pumila. 

Petals  1.4-3  cm.  long. 
Leaves  ovate,  glaucous,  entirely  glabrous  ;  capsule  more  than 

9  mm.  long 12.    0.  glauca. 

Leaves  lance-  to  linear-oblong,  pubescent  or  at  least  ciliolate ; 

capsule  usually  less  than  9  mm.  long 18.    O.  fruticosa. 

J.  Pods  grayish-pubescent  with  fine  incurved  glandless  hairs      .        .    14.    O.  linearis. 
b.  Pods  covered  with  copious  widely  spreading  straight  glandless  hairs. 
Stem,  pedicels,  calyx,  etc.,  finely  and  softly  puberulent ;  sepals 
wholly  connivent  or  their  free  tips  very  short  (1  mm.  long 

or  less) 15.    O.  longipedicellata. 

Stem,  pedicels,  calyx,  etc.,  coarsely  hirsute;  tips  of  sepals  free 

in  bud,  usually  spreading,  2  mm.  long 16.   0.  pratensis. 


600  ONAGRACEAE    (EVENING   PRIMROSE   FAMILY) 

10.  0.  linif&lia  Nutt.     Annual  or  biennial,  erect,  very  slender,  simple  or 
diffuse,  1-4  dm.  high,  glabrous,  the  branchlets  and  capsules  puberulent;  cauline 
leaves  linear-filiform,  1.5-4  cm.  long,  the  radical  oblanceolate  ;  spikes  loosely 
flowered,  the  bracts  inconspicuous;  corolla  4-6  mm.  long;  stigma-lobes  short; 
pods  obovoid  to  short-clavate,  glandular-puberulent,  4-6  mm.  long,  riot  winged, 
nearly  sessile.     {Kneiffia  Spach.) — Prairies   and  rocky   hills,  III.  to  e.  Kan., 
Tex.,  and  Ga. 

11.  0.  pumila  L.     Perennial,  puberulent,  1-6  dm.  high  ;  leaves  mostly  gla- 
brous, entire,  obtuse  or  obtusish,  the   basal  spatulate,   the   cauline   narrowly 
oblanceolate  to   lanceolate  ;   spikes  loose,    at  first  nodding ;  petals  5-10   mm. 
long ;  pods  obscurely  glandular-puberulent,  clavate,  6-12  mm.  long,  sessile  or 
shortly  pediceled,  slightly  winged.     {Kneiffia   Spach.) — Open  places,  e.  Que. 
to  Man.,  s.  to  Wise.,  O.,  and  in  the  mts.  to  Ga.  ;  common. 

12.  0.  glaiica  Michx.     Perennial,  erect,  5-9  dm.   high,   glabrous  and  glau- 
cous ;  leaves  ovate  to  ovate-oblong,  5-10  cm.  long,  repand-denticulate  ;  flowers 
in  short  leafy  corymbs;  petals  2.5-3.5  cm.  long;   capsule  glabrous,  glaucous, 
ovoid-ellipsoid,  broadly  winged,  rather  abruptly  contracted  at  base.     (Kneiffia 
Spach.)  — Mts.,  Va.,  Ky.,  and  southw. 

13.  0.  fruticbsa  L.     (SUNDROPS.)     Perennial,  erect,  3-9  dm.  high,  puberu- 
lent or  nearly  glabrous;  leaves  oblong- to  linear-lanceolate,  mostly  denticulate, 
ciliolate;  spikes  short   narrow-bracted,    usually  on  naked   peduncles;  petals 
1.4-2.6  cm.  long  ;  capsule  glabrous  or  sparingly  glandular-puberulent,  ellipsoid 
to  slightly  clavate,  winged.     {Kneiffia  Uaimann.)  — Dry  sandy  soil,  s.  N.  E.  to 
S.  C.  ;    also  0.,  Mich.,  and  Ind.     Var.  HIRSUTA  Nutt.     Stem  spreading-pilose  : 
the  leaves  also  with  more  copious  and  looser  pubescence.     (Kneiffia  fruticosa, 
var.  pilosella  Britton. ) — In  similar  situations  and  extending  northeastw.  to 
centr.  Me. 

14.  0.  linearis  Michx.     Erect,  puberulent,  2-9  dm.  high  ;  leaves  linear  to 
narrowly  oblanceolate,  entire  or  nearly  so,  minutely  puberulent ;  petals  1.2-3 
cm.  long  ;  capsule  clavate,  6-10  mm.  long,  canescent  with  fine  incurved  glandless 
hairs,  on  a  pedicel  usually  as  long  as  itself.     {Kneiffia  Spach  ;   0.  fruticosa, 
var.  Wats.) — Meadows  and  open  woods,  along  the  coast,  e.  Mass,  to  Fla.  and 
Ala. ;  also  Ark.  and  Mo.     O.  fruticosa,  var.  humifusa  Allen  {Kneiffia  Alleni 
Small)  appears  to  be  merely  a  stunted  decumbent  or  sprawling  form  growing  in 
sterile  sands  (L.  L,  etc.)  and  smaller  in  all  its  parts.     Var.  EAMESII  Robinson. 
Decumbent;   leaves   elliptical,  the  larger  ones  2.7  cm.  long,  11  mm.  wide. — 
Sandy  shore  of  a  salt  pond,  Stratford,  Ct.  {Eames). 

15.  0.  longipedicellata  (Small)  Robinson.     Perennial,  erect  and  subsimple, 
2-6  dm.  high  (rarely  bushy-branched  and  sprawling),  short-hirsute;  capsule  as 
in  the  preceding,  but  spreading-hirsute ;   the  pedicels  of  variable  length,  the 
lowest  often  exceeding  the  fruit.     {Kneiffia   Small.) — Low  ground,  near  the 
coast,  Ct.  to  Fla. 

16.  0.  pratSnsis  (Small)  Robinson.     Perennial,  erect  or  nearly  so,  3-6  dm. 
high;   stems  covered  with  soft  long  ividely  spreading   hairs;  leaves   oblong- 
lanceolate,  1-2  cm.  broad,  somewhat   hirsute  on  both  faces  ;    lower  flowers  in 
the   axils   of  decidedly  foliaceous   bracts  ;   calyx   with   conspicuous  caudiform 
free  green  densely  hispid  tips,  the  limb  considerably   shorter  than  the   tube  ; 
petals  1.5-2.5  cm.  long;  capsule  clavate,  sessile,  hispid-pilose.     {Kneiffia  Small.) 
—  Low  grounds,  s.  Me.  to  Ct. ;  n.  w.  Pa.  to  la.  and  Ark. 

§4.  HARTMANNIA  (Spach)  Endl.  Stigma-lobes  linear ;  flowers  white  or 
rose-colored,  nodding  in  bud;  fruit  short,  obovoid  to  ellipsoid,  ^-angled  and 
strongly  ribbed  ;  caulescent. 

17.  0.  specibsa   Nutt.      (WHITE   E.)     Perennial,   erect  or  subdecumbent, 
puberulent ;   leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  linear,  repand-denticulate  or  more  or 
less  deeply  sinuate-pinnatifid  ;  petals  2.5-4  cm.  long  ;  capsule  clavate-obovoid, 
strongly   8-ribbed,    rigid,    acute,    stoutly   pediceled.       (Hartmannia  Small.)  — 
Prairies  and  plains,  Mo.  and  Kan.  to  Tex.,  spreading  eastw.  into  111.,  S.  C., 
and  Ga. 


ONAGRACEAE    (EVENING   PRIMROSE   FAMILY}  601 

§  5    LAVAtlXIA   (Spach)  Endl.     Stigma-lobes  linear  ;  flowers  white  or  rose- 
colored  ;  fruit  ovoid,  4-winged  ;  acaulescent. 

18.  0.  triloba  Nutt.     Biennial  or  perennial,  nearly  glabrous  ;  leaves  1-3  dm. 
long,  somewhat  ciliate,  long-petioled,  runcinate-pinnatifid  or  oblanceolate  and 
only  sinuate-toothed ;   calyx-tips  free,  the  tube  slender,  6-20  cm.  long ;  petals 
1.2-4   cm.  long;  capsule  ovoid  to  ellipsoid,  2-3.5  cm.  long,  strongly  winged, 
net-veined.     (Lavauxia  Spach. )  —  Shaly  limestone  crevices,  etc.,  Ky.  and  Tenn. ; 
Assina.  to  Kan.,  Tex.,  and  westw.     (Mex.) 

Var.  (?)  paryiflbra  Wats.  Seemingly  annual;  flowers  very  small,  2.5-5  cm. 
long,  fertilized  in  the  bud  and  rarely  opening  fully  ;  fruit  abundant,  forming 
at  length  a  densely  crowded  hemispherical  or  cylindrical  mass  nearly  5  cm. 
in  diameter  and  often  5-7  cm.  high.  (Lavauxia  triloba,  var.  Watsoni 
Britton.)  —  Plains,  Kan.  and  Neb.  — Little  known. 

§6.  MEGAPTER1UM  (Spach)  Endl.  Stigma-lobes  linear ;  flowers  yellow; 
fruit  ellipsoidal  to  suborbicular,  broadly  4-winged;  seeds  in  a  double  row 
in  each  cell,  crested;  caulescent. 

19.  0.  missouriensis  Sims.     Decumbent,  canescent-puberulent  or  glabrate ; 
leaves  thick,  lanceolate  to  lance-elliptic,   5-12  cm.  long,   acute  or  acuminate, 
entire  or  repand-denticulate  ;  calyx-tube  5-14  cm.  long ;  petals  broad,  3-6  cm. 
long;   capsule   5-8   cm.   long.      (Megapterium  Spach.)  —  Limestone  cliffs  and 
barrens,  Mo.  to  Neb.,  Col.,  and  south  westw. 

§7.  CALYLOPHIS  [Spach]  T.  &  G.  Stigma  disk-like,  scarcely  lobed ;  calyx- 
tube  funnel-form  with  broadly  dilated  throat;  flowers  yellow;  capsule 
linear-cylindric,  elongated  ;  suffrutescent. 

20.  0.  serrulata  Nutt.     Slender,  1-5  drn.  high,  simple  or  branched,  canescent 
on  the  younger  parts ;   leaves  linear  to   linear-lanceolate,  2-6  cm.  long,  sub- 
entire  or  shallowly  denticulate  ;  calyx-tube  6-13  mm.  long,  the  flaring  throat 
strongly  nerved ;  petals  broadly  obovate,  8-17  mm.  long,   crenulate  ;   capsule 
1.8-3  cm.  long.     (Meriolix  Walp.  ;  M.  intermedia  Rydb.?)  — Sandy  and  rocky 
places,  Man.  and  w.  Wise,  to  Mo.,  and  south  westw. 

5.    GAIJRA  L. 

Calyx-tube  much  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary,  deciduous  ;  the  lobes  4  (rarely 
3),  reflexed.  Petals  clawed,  unequal  or  turned  to  the  upper  side.  Stamens 
mostly  8,  often  turned  down,  as  is  also  the  long  style.  A  small  scale-like 
appendage  before  the  base  of  each  filament.  Stigma  4-lobed,  surrounded  by  a 
ring  or  cup-like  border.  Fruit  hard  and  nut-like,  3-4-ribbed  or  -angled,  inde- 
hiscent  or  nearly  so,  usually  becoming  1-celled  and  1-4-seeded.  Seeds  naked.  — 
Leaves  alternate,  sessile.  Flowers  rose-color  or  white,  changing  to  reddish  in 
fading,  in  spikes  or  racemes,  in  our  species  quite  small  (so  that  the  name, 
from  yavpos,  superb,  does  not  seem  appropriate) . 

*  Fruit  sessile  or  nearly  so. 

1.  G.  biSnnis  L.     Soft-hairy  or  downy,  1-3.2  m.  high  ;  leaves  oblong -lanceo- 
late,  denticulate  ;   spikes  wand-like ;  fruit   ovoid-fusiform,  4-angled,    acute  at 
both  ends,  4-6  mm.  long,  ribbed,  downy.  — Dry  banks,  w.  Que.  to  Ct.  (Bishop}, 
Minn.,  Neb.,  and  south  w. ;  casual  in  e.  N.  E. 

2.  G.  parviflbra  Dougl.     Soft-villous  and  puberulent,  1-3.6  m.  high ;  leaves 
ovate-lanceolate,  repand-denticulate,   soft-pubescent;  spikes  dense ;  fruit  fusi- 
form or  clavate,  narrowed  to  both  ends,  4-nerved,  obtusely  angled  above,  6-8 
inm.  long.  —  la.  and  Neb.  to  Mo.,  La.,  and  westw. 

3.  G.  coccinea  Pursh.     Canescent,  puberulent  or  glabrate,  1.5-4  dm.  high, 
very  leafy  ;  leaves  lanceolate,   linear-oblong  or  linear,   repand-denticulate  or 
entire  ;  flowers  in  simple  spikes,  rose-color  turning  to  scarlet ;  fruit  terete  below, 
4-sided  and  broader  above,  4-6  mm.  long.  — Man.  to  Mo.  (Bush},  N.  Mex.,  and 
westw. ;  introduced  about  Rochester,  N.  Y.  (M.  S.  Baxter,  V.  Dewing). 


802  HALORAGIDACEAE    (WATER   MILFOIL   FAMILY) 

*  *  Fruit  slender-pediceled. 

4.  G.  f  ilipes  Spach.  Nearly  smooth ;  stem  slender,  6-12  dm.  high  ;  leaves 
linear,  mostly  toothed,  tapering  at  base  ;  branches  of  the  panicle  very  slender, 
naked ;  fruit  obo void-club-shaped,  4-angled  at  the  summit.  (G.  Michauxii 
Spach.) — Open  places,  S.  C.  and  Fla.  to  Tenn.  and  Okla. ;  also  said  to  occur 
from  Va.  to  O.  and  Kan.,  —  a  range  in  need  of  further  confirmation. 

6.   STENOSlPHON  Spach. 

Calyx  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary  into  a  filiform  tube.  Fruit  1-celled, 
1-seeded.  Habit  of  Gaura.  (From  <rrej>6s,  narrow,  and  <rl<pwv,  a  tube.) 

1.  S.  Iinif61ius  (Nutt.)  Britton.  Slender,  6-12  dm.  high,  glabrous,  leafy  ; 
leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  to  linear,  pointed,  entire,  much  reduced  above  ; 
flowers  numerous  in  an  elongated  spike,  white,  1.2cm.  long;  fruit  pubescent, 
ovoid,  8-ribbed,  2.5-3  mm.  long.  (S.  virgatus  Spach.)  — Gravelly  hills  and  dry 
prairies,  e.  Kan.  to  Col.  and  Tex. 

7.    TRAPA  L.     WATER  NUT.     WATER  CALTROP 

Calyx-tube  short,  inclosing  the  base  of  the  ovary  ;  limb  4-parted,  the  seg- 
ments persistent  and  becoming  spinescent.  Fruit  indehiscent,  large,  with  2-4 
strong  spines,  1-celled,  1-seeded.  —  Aquatic  plants,  with  opposite  or  whorled 
leaves,  the  upper  crowded,  with  inflated  petioles,  rhombic,  coarsely  toothed,  the 
submersed  remote,  with  capillary  segments  ;  flowers  borne  among  the  floating 
leaves.  (Name  abridged  from  calcitrapa,  a  caltrop,  in  allusion  to  the  spreading 
points  of  the  fruit.) 

1.  T.  NATANS  L.  (WATER  CHESTNUT.)  Fruit  4-horned  ;  seed  edible. — Quiet 
streams  and  ponds,  Middlesex  Co.,  Mass. ;  Schenectady  Co.,  N.  Y.  (Introd. 
from  Eurasia.) 

8.    CIRCAEA   [Tourn.]   L.     ENCHANTER'S  NIGHTSHADE 

Calyx-tube  slightly  prolonged,  the  end  filled  by  a  cup-shaped  disk,  deciduous ; 
lobes  2,  reflexed.  Fruit  indehiscent,  small  and  bur-like,  bristly  with  hooked 
hairs,  1-2-celled  ;  cells  1-seeded.  —  Low  perennials,  with  opposite  leaves  on 
slender  petioles,  and  small  whitish  flowers  in  racemes,  produced  in  summer. 
(Named  for  Circe,  the  enchantress.) 

1.  C.  lutetiana  L.     Tall  (3-9  dm.  high);    leaves  ovate,    tending  to  ovate- 
oblong,  mostly  rounded  at  the   base,  of  rather  firm  texture,  slightly  toothed ; 
bracts  none  ;  hairs  of  the  roundish  pyriform  ^-celled  fruit  bristle-like  (rarely 
wanting).  —  Common  in  dry  open  woods,  N.  S.  to  Ont.,  and  south w.     (Eu.) 

2.  C.  intermedia   Ehrh.      Lower,   2-4   dm.    high ;    leaves  thin,   ovate,   the 
middle  and   upper   more   or  less    cordate,   the    teeth   salient;    minute   bracts 
usually  present ;  petals  as  long  as  the  calyx  ;  fruit  nearly  as  in  the  preceding.  — 
Deep  shade,  e.  Que.  to  Ont.,  la.,  and  Tenn.     (Eu.)  — Not  always  well  marked. 

3.  C.  alpina  L.     Low  (7-20  cm.  high),  smooth,  weak;  leaves  heart-shaped, 
thin,  shining,  coarsely  toothed ;  bracts  minute  ;  petals  usually  shorter  than  the 
calyx  ;  hairs  of  the  obovoid  l-celled  fruit  soft  and  slender.  —  Deep  woods,  Lab. 
to  Alaska,  s.  to  Ga.,  Ind.,  Mich.,  n.  e.  la.,  and  S.  Dak.     (Eu.) 

HALORAGIDACEAE   (WATER  MILFOIL  FAMILY) 

Aquatic  or  marsh  plants  {at  least  in  northern  countries'),  with  the  incon- 
spicuous symmetrical  (perfect  or  unisexual)  flowers  sessile  in  the  axils  of 
leaves  or  bracts,  calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  which  consists  of  2-4  more 
or  less  united  carpels  (or  in  Hippuris  of  only  one  carpel),  the  styles  or  sessile 
stigmas  distinct.  Limb  of  the  calyx  obsolete  or  very  short  in  fertile  flowers. 


HALORAGIDACEAE   (\VATEK   MILFOIL  FAMILY)  603 

Petals  small  or  none.  Stamens  1-8.  Fruit  indehiscent,  1-4-celled,  with  a 
single  anatropous  seed  suspended  from  the  summit  of  each  cell.  Embryo  in 
the  axis  of  fleshy  albumen;  cotyledons  minute. 

1.  Myriophyllum.     Flowers  monoecious  or  polygamous,  the  parts  in  fours,  with  or  without 

petals.     Stamens  4  or  8.     Leaves  often  whorled,   the  immersed  commonly  pinnately 
dissected. 

2.  Proserpinaca.    Flowers  perfect,  the  parts  in  threes.    Petals  none.    Leaves  alternate,  the 

immersed  pinnately  dissected. 

3.  Hippuris.    Flowers  apetalous.    Stamen  and  style  only  one.    Leaves  entire,  whorled. 

1.   MYRIOPHYLLUM   [Vaill.]   L.     WATER  MILFOIL 

Flowers  monoecious  or  polygamous.  Calyx  of  the  sterile  flowers  4-parted, 
of  the  fertile  4-toothed.  Petals  4,  or  none.  Stamens  4-8.  Fruit  nut-like, 
4-celled,  deeply  4-lobed  ;  stigmas  4,  recurved.  —  Perennial  aquatics.  Leaves 
crowded,  often  whorled  ;  those  under  water  pinnately  parted  into  capillary 
divisions.  Flowers  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  usually  above  water, 
in  summer  ;  the  uppermost  staminate.  (Name  from  /xtfptoi,  numberless,  and 
<f>6\\ov,  a  leaf,  alluding,  like  Milfoil,  to  the  innumerable  divisions  of  the  leaves.) 

a.   Flowering  stems  leafy ;  foliage  leaves  pectinate  b. 

&.   Flowers  in  terminal  naked  spikes  or  in  the  axils  of  greatly  reduced  or 

modified  leaves  c. 
c.   Leaves  in  definite  whorls  d. 
d.   Leaves  5-12  mm.  long ;  flowers  chiefly  1  or  2  at  each  node  of  the 

spike 1.  M.  altemiflorum. 

d.   Leaves  chiefly  longer ;  flowers  numerous,  in  remote  verticels  e. 
6.   Verticels  apparently  naked,  the  floral  leaves  shorter  than  or 

only  slightly  exceeding  the  flowers. 
Ehachis  and  segments  of  the  foliage  leaves  capillary  and  of 

uniform  diameter ;  floral  leaves  entire  or  merely  dentate  .    2.  M.  spicatum. 
Ehachis  flattish  and  somewhat  broader  than  the  segments  of 

the  foliage  leaves  ;  floral  leaves  pectinate    .  (3)  M.  verticillatum,  v.  pecUnatvm. 
6.  Verticels  subtended  by  elongate  floral  leaves  /. 
/.   Petals  quickly  deciduous;   stamens  8;  carpels  plump  and 

rounded  on  the  back 3.   M.  verticillatum. 

/.   Petals  tardily  deciduous ;  stamens  4 ;  carpels  1-2-ridged  or 

-angled  on  the  back. 

Floral  leaves  ovate  to  oblanceolate ;  carpels  papillose- 
roughened         4.  M.  heterophyllum. 

Floral  leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate ;  carpels  smooth      .    5.  M.  hippuroides. 
c.   Leaves  variously  arranged    (verticillate,  falsely  verticillate,  oppo- 
site, or  alternate)  on  the  same  plant. 

Carpels  with  flat  sides  and  tuberculate-ridged  back        .        .        .    6.  M.  scabratum. 
Carpels  plump,  smooth  or  minutely  papillose          .        .        .        .    8.   M.  humile. 
&.   Flowers  in  the  axils  of  unmodified  foliage  leaves. 

Carpels  smooth  or  barely  papillose,  plump,  not  ridged  on  the  back  .    8.  M.  humile. 
Carpels  with  flat  sides  and  prominent  tuberculate  dorsal  ridges. 

Fruit  2-2.5  mm.  long 7.  M.  Farwellii. 

Fruit  1-1. 5  mm.  long 6.   M.  scabratum. 

a.  Flowering  stems  naked  or  with  few  scattered  filiform  uncleft  leaves      .    9.  M.  tenellum. 

§  1.   PENTAPTERIS  DC.    Stamens  8  ;  petals  early  deciduous  ;  leaves  whorled. 
*  Floral  leaves  (bracts)  scattered ;  flowers  rarely  in  verticels. 

1.  M.  alternifl&rum  DC.     Very  slender ;  leaves  5-12  mm.  long,  the  rhachis 
and  segments  capillary  ;  flowers  solitary  or  in  pairs,  in  simple  or  branched 
nearly  naked  spikes  ;  lowermost  bracts  pectinate,  the  others  entire  or  nearly  so, 
shorter  than  the  flowers.  —  Ponds  and  slow  streams,  Nf d.  to  Ont. ,  s.  to  Middlesex 
Co.,  Mass.,  and  L.  Champlain,  Vt.     (Greenl.,  Eu.) 

*  *  Floral  leaves  and  flowers  in  verticels. 

2.  M.  spicatum  L.     Leaves  somewhat  rigid,  1-3  cm.  long,  the  rhachis  and 
capillary  segments  of  uniform  diameter;  flowers  verticillate,  in  an  interrupted 
apparently  naked  spike ;  the  bracts  shorter  than  or  slightly  exceeding  the  flowers, 
entire  or  merely  dentate ;  stigmas  roundish,  closely  sessile,  not  elongated  ;  sepals 


604          HALORAG1DACEAE    (WATER   MILFOIL  FAMILY) 

of  the  staminate  flowers  deep  purplish  ;  fruit  globose,  4-f arrowed,  2-3  ram.  long. 
—  Brackish  or  fresh  pools  or  slow  streams,  Nfd.  to  Alaska,  s.  to  Ct.,  Great  L. 
region,  Kan.,  N.  Mex.,  Ariz.,  and  s.  Cal.  (Eurasia.) 

3.  M.  verticillatum   L.     Leaves  flaccid,  1.5-4  cm.  long,  the  flatfish  rhachis 
somewhat  broader  than  the  linear-filiform  segments;  floral  leaves  or  bracts 
similar  but  firmer,  6-20  mm.  long,  uniform  or  nearly  so,  all  much  exceeding  the 
flowers ;  stigmas  somewhat  elongate,  recurved  ;  sepals  of  the  staminate  flowers 
pale  green  to  pinkish  ;  fruit  subglobose,  the  4  carpels  plump,  2.5-3  mm.  long.  — 
The  typical  European  plant,  rare  or  local  with  us  ;  examined  only  from  w.  N.  Y. 
and  111.     Represented  in  America  chiefly  by 

Var.  pectinatum  Wallr.  Spike  appearing  naked  or  nearly  so,  much  as  in 
M.  spicatum,  all  or  most  of  the  pectinate  bracts  shorter  than  or  only  slightly  ex- 
ceeding the  flowers.  —  Fresh  or  brackish  pools,  Gasp6  Co. ,  Que.,  to  Sask.  and 
B.  C.,  s.  to  n.  Me.,  L.  Memphremagog,  Que.,  centr.  and  w.  N.  Y.,  Great  L. 
region,  Minn.,  and  Utah.  (Eurasia.) 

§2.   TESSAR6NIA  Schindler.     Stamens  4 ;  petals  rather  persistent. 

*  Carpels  l-2-ridged  on  the  back. 
-i-  Flowers  on  emersed  spikes,  the  floral  leaves  chiefly  modified. 

4.  M.  heterophyllum  Michx.     Stem  stout  (the  base  of  the  spike  2-5  mm. 
thick)  ;  leaves  whorled  in  4's,  5's,  or  6's,  the  submersed  1.5-5  cm.  long,  the 
flattened  rhachis  slightly  broader  than  the  linear-filiform  segments  ;  spikes  1-3 
dm.  long  ;  floral  leaves  whorled,  crowded,  ovate  to  oblanceolate,  entire  or  den- 
ticulate, thickish,  4-16  mm.  long;  fruit  1-1.5  mm.  long,  about  as  thick,  papil- 
lose-roughened, the  carpels  2-ridged  on  the  back,  convex  on  the  sides,  their  styles 
prominent.  —  Ponds  and  slow  streams,  near  the  coast,  Va.  to  Fla.;  also  from 
w.  N.  Y.  and  Ont.  to  Minn.,  s.  to  Mo.  and  Tex. 

5.  M.  hippuroides  Nutt.     Similar,  more  slender  ;  floral  leaves  linear  to  linear- 
lanceolate,  entire  to  pectinate  ;  fruit  2  mm.  long,  about  1  mm.  thick,  the  smooth- 
ish  carpels  flattish  on  the  sides,  their  styles  very  short.  —  Apparently  local, 
s.  Ont. ;  also  from  Wash,  to  Cal. 

6.  M.  scabratum  Michx.     Slender;   leaves  variously  arranged,  verticillate, 
subverticillate,  or  scattered,  on  the  same  plant,  the  submersed  with  linear-capil- 
lary segments  ;  the  emersed  and  the  floral  leaves  linear,  pectinate-toothed  or  cut- 
serrate;  fruit  1-1.5  mm.  long,  about  as  broad,  the  carpels  with  flat  sides  and  2 
tuberculate  ridges  on  the  back.      (M.  pinnatum  BSP.,  at  least  in  part ;  possibly 
Potamogeton  pinnatum  Walt.)  — Shallow  ponds  and  muddy  shores,  e.  Mass,  to 
S.  C.,  near  the  coast ;  also  from  w.  Ky.  and  w.  Tenn.  to  la.  and  Tex. 

-t-  -i-  Flowers  in  the  axils  of  unmodified  submersed  leaves. 

7.  M.  Farwillii  Morong.     Slender,  flowering  below  the  surface  of  the  water  ; 
leaves  all  divided  into  filiform  segments,  subverticillate   or  scattered ;   flowers 
solitary  in  the  middle  axils ;  fruit  2-2.5  mm.  long,  somewhat  narrower,  the  flat- 
sided  carpels  with  prominently  tuberculate  dorsal  ridges.  —  Ponds  and  slow 
streams,  Gasp6  Co.,  Que.,  to  n.  Mich.,  s.  to  s.  Me.,  s.  N.  H.,  s.  Vt.,  and  centr. 
N.  Y. 

*  *  Carpels  rounded  and  even  on  the  back ;  leaves  chiefly  scattered,  or  wanting 
on  the  flowering  stems. 

8.  M.  humile  (Raf.)  Morong.     Stems  slender,  5-15  cm.  high,  erect  or  decum- 
bent, rooting  in  the  mud;  leaves  subopposite  or  alternate,  the  lower  4-8  mm. 
long,  pinnately  divided;  floral  leaves  similar  or  linear  and  serrate  or  entire; 
flowers  mostly  perfect ;  fruit  0.7  mm.  long,  the  subcylindric  carpels  smooth  or 
minutely  papillose.     {M.  ambiguum,  var.  limosum  Nutt.) — Muddy  shores  and 
shallow  pools,  centr.  Me.  to  Vt.,  s.  to  Md.;  reported  from  Ind.  and  111.  to  Tenn. 
and  Mo.     Forma  NA.TANS  (DC.)  Fernald.     Stems  elongate  and  partly  submersed ; 
foliage  leaves  crowded,  sometimes  verticillate,  larger,  with  long  capillary  divi- 
sions ;  spikes  emersed  ;  floral  leaves  as  in  the  typical  form.     (M.  ambiguum 
Nutt.) — Shallow  ponds  and  slow  streams.     Forma  CAPILLACEUM  (Torr.)  Fer- 


ARALIACEAE    (GINSENG   FAMILY) 


605 


nald.  Stems  elongate,  completely  submersed ;  flowers  in  the  axils  of  elongate 
capillary-divided  leaves.  ( M.  ambiguum,  var.  capillaceum  T.  &  G.)  —  Ponds 
and  streams. 

9.  M.  tenellum  Bigel.  Flowering  stems  nearly  leafless  and  scape-like,  7-35 
cm.  high,  erect,  simple  ;  the  sterile  shoots  creeping  and  tufted  ;  leaves  filiform, 
undivided ;  bracts  small,  entire  ;  flowers  alternate,  monoecious  ;  fruit  smooth.  — 
Borders  of  ponds  and  streams,  Nfd.  to  Ont.,  s.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  and  Mich. 

2.    PROSERPINACA   L.     MERMAID-WEED 

Flowers  perfect.  Calyx-tube  3-sided,  the  limb  3-parted.  Petals  none.  Sta- 
mens 3.  Stigmas  3,  cylindrical.  Fruit  bony,  3-angled,  3-celled,  3-seeded,  nut- 
like.  —  Low  perennial  herbs,  with  the  stems  creeping 
at  base,  alternate  leaves,  and  small  flowers  sessile 
in  the  axils,  solitary  or  3-4  together,  in  summer. 
(Name  applied  by  Pliny  to  a  Polygonum,  meaning 
pertaining  to  Proserpine.} 

1.  P.  paliistris  L.  Fertile  leaves  (those  with 
flowers  or  fruit  in  their  axils)  lanceolate,  sharply 
serrate,  the  sterile  (often  occurring  above  as  well  as 
below  the  fertile)  usually  pectinate.  —  Muddy  borders 
of  ponds  or  in  shallow  water, 
N.  B.  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  and  Minn. 
FIG.  813. 

813.  P.  palustris  x  %.  2.   P.  pectinata  Lam.    Leaves 

uniform,  both  fertile  and  sterile 

divided  to  the  rhachis ;  the  divisions  slightly  rigid,  linear- 
awl-shaped.  — Sandy  swamps,  near  the  coast,  s.  Me.  to  Fla. 
and  La.,  local.  FIG.  814.  814.  P.  pectinata  x  %. 

3.    HIPPtFRIS    L.     MARE'S-TAIL 

Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous.  Calyx  entire.  Style  thread-shaped,  stig- 
matic  down  one  side,  received  in  the  groove  between  the  lobes  of  the  large 
anther.  Fruit  nut-like,  1-celled,  1-seeded.  —  Perennial  aquatics,  with  simple 
entire  leaves  in  whorls,  and  minute  flowers  sessile  in  the  axils,  in  summer. 
(Name  from  I'TTTTOS,  a  horse,  and  ovpd,  a  tail.} 

1..  H.  vulgaris  L.  Stems  simple,  1.5-6  dm.  high  ;  leaves  in  whorls  of  6-12, 
linear,  acute;  fruit  nearly  2  mm.  long. — Ponds  and  streams,  Lab.  to  Alaska, 
s.  to  N.  S.,  Me.,  Vt.,  N.  Y.,  Ind.,  111.,  Minn.,  Neb.,  and  N.  Mex.  (Eu.) 

ARALlACEAE   (GINSENG  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees  with  much  the  same  characters  as  Umbelliferae,  but 
with  usually  more  than  2  styles,  and  the  fruit  a  few-several-celled  drupe. 
Albumen  mostly  fleshy.  Petals  5,  epigynous,  not  inflexed.  Stamens  5,  epigy- 
nous,  alternate  with  the  petals. 

*  Leaves  compound. 

1.  Aralia.     Leaves  alternate,  compound,  the  ultimate  divisions  pinnate.    Carpels  5 ;  fruit  black. 

2.  Panaz.     Leaves  whorled,  palmately  3-7-foliolate.     Carpels  2-3 ;  fruit  red  or  yellow. 

*  *  Leaves  simple  but  palmately  lobed. 

3.  Fatsia.     Leaves  orbicular,  cordate,  palmately  lobed,  scattered.    Carpels  2;  fruit  red,  2-seeded. 

1.   ARALIA    [Tourn.]   L. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Petals  slightly  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Ovary  5-celled  ; 
ovules  solitary,  aiiatropous,  suspended  in  the  cells. — Leaves  compound  or  de- 
compound. Flowers  white  or  green,  in  umbels  or  panicles.  Qualities  aromatic. 
(Derivation  obscure.) 


606  ARALIACEAE    (GINSENG   FAMILY) 

*  Umbels  numerous  in  a  large  compound  panicle  /  leaves  very  large,  decompound. 

1.  A.  spinbsa  L.      (ANGELICA-TREE,   HERCULES'  CLUB.)      Shrub,  or  a  low 
tree;  the  stout  stem  and  stalks  prickly;  leaflets  ovate,  pointed,  serrate,  pale 
beneath.  — River-banks,  s.  N.  Y.  to  Mo.,  and  south w.    July,  Aug. 

2.  A.  racembsa  L.     (SPIKENARD.)    Herbaceous ;  stem  widely  branched ;  leaf- 
lets heart-ovate,   pointed,   doubly  serrate,  slightly  downy  ;   umbels  racemose  ; 
styles  united.  —  Rich  woodlands.     July.  —  Well  known  for  its  spicy-aromatic 
large  roots. 

*  *  Umbels  mostly  2-7,  corymbed  ;  stem  short,  somewhat  woody. 

3.  A.  hispida   Vent.     (BRISTLY  SARSAPARILLA,  WILD  ELDER.)     Stem  4-9 
dm.   high,  bristly,   leafy,  terminating  in  a  peduncle  bearing  several  umbels; 
leaves   twice  pinnate;   leaflets   oblong-ovate,    acute,    cut-serrate.  —  Rocky  and 
sandy  places,  Nfd.  to  Hudson  Bay,  s.  to  N.  C.,  W.  Va.,  Ind.,  Mich.,  and  Minn. 
June,  July. 

4.  A.  nudicaulis  L.    (WILD  SARSAPARILLA.)    Stem  scarcely  rising  out  of  the 
ground,  smooth,  bearing  a  single  long-stalked  leaf  (2-4  dm.  high)  and  a  shorter 
naked  scape,  with  2-7  umbels  ;  leaflets  oblong-ovate  or  oval,  pointed,  serrate, 

5  on  each  of  the  3  divisions.  —  Moist  woodlands  ;  Nfd.  to  Ga.,  Col.,  and  Ida. 
May,  June.  — The  long  horizontal  aromatic  roots  a  substitute  for  officinal  SARSA- 
PARILLA.    Var.  ELONGATA  Nash,  from  the  Catskill  Mts.,  has  been  distinguished 
because  of  its  somewhat  longer  narrower  leaflets  (13-15  cm.  long,  4  cm.  wide), 
which  are  paler  beneath.     Var.  pROLfrERA  Apgar,  of  w.  N.  J.,  has  more  divided 
leaves  with  25-40  leaflets  and  proliferous  inflorescence  with  5-70  umbellets. 

2.   PANAX  L.     GINSENG 

Flowers  dioeciously  polygamous.  Umbel  solitary,  simple,  terminal.  Carpels 
2-3.  —  Herbaceous  perennials,  springing  from  thickish  roots  or  tubers,  the  erect 
simple  stems  bearing  a  solitary  whorl  of  3  palmate  leaves.  (Name  from  ?ras,  all, 
and  AKOS,  cure,  that  is,  all-healing,  a  panacea.)  Often  included  in  Aralia. 

1.  P.  quinquef61ium  L.     (GINSENG.)     Hoot  large  and  spindle-shaped,  often 
forked,  1-2  dm.  long,  aromatic  ;  stem  3  dm.  high  ;  leaflets  long-stalked,  mostly 
5,  large  and  thin,  obovate-oblong,  pointed  ;  styles  mostly  2  ;  fruit  bright  red. 
(Aralia  Dene.  &  Planch.)  —  Rich  and  cool  woods,  Que.  and  Ont.,  s.  to  N.  E., 
N.  Y.,  Great  L.  region,  e.  la.,  Mo.,  and  along  the  mts.  to  Ga.     July. — Much 
sought  for  the  root,  which  is  purchased  by  the  Chinese  and  extensively  employed 
by  them  in   their  medicine,  as  is  also   the  even   more  highly   prized  Asiatic 
P.  ginseng  C.  A.  Mey. 

2.  P.  trifblium  L.     (DWARF  G.,  GROUND-NUT.)     Root  or  tuber  globular,  deep 
in  the  ground  ;  stem  1-2  dm.  high  ;  leaflets  3-5,  sessile  at  the  summit  of  the  leaf- 
stalk, narrowly  oblong,  obtuse  ;  styles  usually  3  ;  fruit  yellowish.     (Aralia  Dene. 

6  Planch.)  —Rich  woods,  N.  S.  to  w.  Ont.,  s.  to  Del.,  Md.,  111.,  la.,  and  along 
the  mts.  to  Ga.    Apr.,  May. 

3.   FATSIA  Dene.  &  Planch. 

Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous.  Umbels  numerous  in  simple  or  compound 
racemes  or  paniculately  disposed.  Calyx-margin  narrow  or  obsolete,  obscurely 
crenate-lobed.  Carpels  (in  ours)  2.  —  Stout  sometimes  arborescent  shrubs,  ours 
very  prickly.  Leaves  simple,  long-petioled,  the  limb  suborbicular,  palmately 
lobed.  (Name  from  the  Japanese  vernacular  designation  of  one  of  the  species.) 
ECHINOPANAX  Dene.  &  Planch.  OPLOPANAX  Miquel. 

1.  F.  h6rrida  (Sm.)  B.  &  H.  (DEVIL'S  CLUB.)  Coarse  shrub,  thickly  beset 
with  stramineous  prickles ;  leaves  1-3  dm.  in  diameter,  with  5-13  deltoid  acute 
lobes,  the  margin  sharply  and  unevenly  serrate,  the  ribs  prickly  beneath. 
(Echinopanax  Dene.  &  Planch.) — Rocky  cliffs,  etc.,  Isle  Royale,  L.  Superioi 
(  W.  A.  Wheeler'} ;  and  from  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  Cal.  and  s.  Alaska.  (Japan.) 


UMBELLIFEKAE   (PARSLEY  FAMILY)  607 

UMBELLlFERAE    (PARSLEY  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  with  small  flowers  in  umbels  (or  rarely  heads},  the  calyx  entire  or 
5-toothed,  the  tube  wholly  adhering  to  the  2-celled  and  2-ovuled  ovary,  the  5 
petals  and  5  stamens  inserted  on  the  disk  that  crowns  the  ovary  and  surrounds  the 
base  of  the  2  styles.  Fruit  of  2  seed-like  dry  carpels  (called  mericarps}  cohering 
by  their  inner  face  (the  commissure},  when  ripe  separating  from  each  other 
and  usually  suspended  from  the  summit  of  a  slender  prolongation  of  the  axis 
(carpophore)  ;  each  carpel  marked  lengthwise  with  5  primary  ribs,  and  often 
with  4  intermediate  (secondary}  ones ;  in  the  interstices  or  intervals  are  com- 
monly oil-tubes  (vittae},  longitudinal  canals  containing  aromatic  oil.  (These  are 
best  seen  in  slices  made  across  the  fruit.)  Seed  suspended  from  the  summit  of 
the  cell,  anatropous.  Stems  usually  hollow.  Leaves  alternate,  mostly  compound, 
the  petioles  expanded  or  sheathing  at  base.  Umbels  usually  compound,  the 
secondary  ones  being  termed  umbellets ;  the  bracts  which  often  subtend  the 
general  umbel  form  the  involucre,  and  those  of  the  umbellets  the  involucels. 
The  frequently  thickened  base  of  the  styles  is  called  the  stylopodium.  —  A  large 
and  difficult  family,  some  of  the  species  innocent  and  aromatic,  others  with 
very  poisonous  properties. 

N.  B.  —  In  this  family  the  figures  represent  the  mature  fruit  entire  and  in 
cross  section. 

I.   Fruit  with  primary  ribs  only,  hence  3  dorsal  ones  on  each  carpel  (these 
sometimes  obscure  or  obsolete  in  the  first  group.) 

*  Fruit  ovoid,  obovoid,  or  globose,  not  ribbed,  scaly  or  densely  covered  with  hooked  prickles. 

1.  Eryngium.    Flowers  sessile  in  dense  bracteate  heads,  white  or  blue.    Leaves  mostly  rigid, 

more  or  less  spinose. 

2.  Sanicula.    Flowers  in  irregular  compound  few-rayed  umbels,  yellow  or  green.    Leaves 

palmate. 
[Spermolepis  may  be  sought  here.] 

*  *  Fruit  flattened  laterally. 
+•  Carpels  also  strongly  flattened  laterally. 

+*  Seed  straight,  not  sulcate  ;  umbels  simple  (often  proliferous.) 

8.   Hydrocotyle.     Fruit  suborbicular  ;  carpels  with  8  dorsal  ribs,  not  reticulated.    Petals  small, 
somewhat  tubular.     Low  perennials  in  or  near  water.     Leaves  simple,  roundish. 

4.  Centella.    Fruit  orbicular  ;  carpels  with  5  dorsal  ribs,  and  somewhat  reticulated.    Petals  flat. 

Leaves  ovate. 
.  -H-  ++  Seed  lunate,  deeply  sulcate  on  the  face  ;  umbels  compound,  leafy -brae  ted. 

5.  Erigenia.     Fruit  nearly  orbicular,  with  numerous  oil-tubes.    Low,  nearly  acaulescent  from  a 

deep-seated  tuber.    Leaves  ternately  decompound. 

•i-  -i-  Carpels  terete  or  slightly  flattened  laterally ;  petals  white  (greenish-yellow  in  Petroselinum). 
•H-  Seed-face  concave ;  fruit  linear-oblong  (rarely  broader),  with  usually  conical  stylopodium. 

6.  Chaerophyllum.    Fruit  glabrous,  with  small  mostly  solitary  oil-tubes. 

7.  Osmorhiza.    Fruit  bristly,  the  oil-tubes  obsolete. 

•H-  -H-  Seed-face  concave  ;  fruit  ovate ;  leaves  finely  divided. 

8.  Spermolepis.    Fruit  warty  or  bristly,  the  ribs  obsolete.    Slender  annuals. 

9.  Conium.   Fruit  smooth,  with  conspicuous  often  undulate  ribs.    Ours  biennial 

•H-  -H-  -M-  Seed-face  flat. 

—  Leaves  finely  dissected  ;  oil-tubes  solitary  ;  very  slender  annual! 
10.  Ptilimnium.     Dorsal  ribs  filiform,  the  lateral  very  thick  and  corky. 


608  TJMBELLIFERAE    (PARSLEY    FAMILY) 

=  =  Leaves  decompound  ;  oil-tubes  solitary  or  none;  perennials. 

11.  Aegopodium.     Ribs  equal,  filiform.     Oil-tubes  none  ;  stylopodium  conical.    Leaves  biternate, 

12.  Cicuta.     Ribs  flattish,  corky,  the  lateral  largest.     Marsh  plants. 

13.  Carum.     Kibs  filiform,  inconspicuous ;   stylopodium   short-conical.     Leaf-segments  filiform. 

Petals  white  or  roseate. 

14.  Petroselinum.     Ribs  filiform,   inconspicuous;    stylopodium    short-conical.     Leaf-segments 

incised.     Petals  greenish-yellow. 
=—  =  =  Leaves  once  pinnate  ;  oil-tubes  6-many  ;  stylopodium  depressed  ;  aquatic  perennials. 

15.  Berula.      Fruit  nearly  globose  ;  ribs  inconspicuous  ;  pericarp  thick  and  corky. 

16.  Slum.     Fruit  ovate  to  oblong ;  ribs  prominent,  corky,  nearly  equal. 

=  -=«=  =  Leaves  3-foliolate  ;  stylopodium  conical ;  oil-tubes  solitary,  beneath  and  between  the  ribs. 

17.  Cryptotaenia.    Ribs  obtuse,  equal ;  fruit  linear-oblong,  glabrous. 

•*-  +-  +-  Carpels  terete  or  slightly  flattened  laterally  ;  petals  golden  yellow. 

18.  Zizia.     Fruit  ovate  to  oblong ;  ribs  filiform  ;  stylopodium  none  ;  seed  terete. 

•t-  *-  -t-  -t-  Carpels  depressed  dorsally  ;  fruit  short. 
•H-  Seed-face  flat  or  nearly  so  ;  petals  mostly  yellow. 

19.  Foeniculum.     Ribs  prominent ;  oil-tubes  solitary.     Leaves  filiform -dissected. 

20.  Pimpinella.     Ribs  filiform;  oil-tubes  numerous;   stylopodium  depressed-conical.     Leaves 

pinnate.     Petals  white. 

21.  Taenidia.     Ribs  filiform;  oil-tubes  numerous;  stylopodium  none.    Leaves  palmately  com- 

pound.   Petals  yellow. 

•H-  -H-  Seed-face  decidedly  concave ;  petals  white  (except  in  Bupleurwrri). 

*=  Leaves  compound. 
a.   Fruit  beakless ;  oil-tubes  numerous. 

22.  Eulophus.     Stylopodium  conical.     Glabrous   perennials  from  fascicled  tubers.    Leaves  pin- 

nately  compound. 

b.   Fruit  (in  ours)  conspicuously  beaked  ;  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals  or  none  ;  leaves  2-3- 
ternately  or  -pinnately  divided. 

23.  Anthriscus.     Beak  not  more  than  one  third  to  one  half  as  long  as  the  body  of  the  fruit,  smooth. 

24.  Scandix.     Beak  much  exceeding  the  body  of  the  fruit,  its  margins  upwardly  hispid. 

=  =  Leaves  entire. 

25.  Bupleurum.     Fruit  oblong,  with  slender  ribs,  no  oil-tubes,  and  prominent  flat  stylopodium. 

Leaves  simple,  perfoliate. 

*  *  *  Fruit  not  flattened  either  way  or  but  slightly,  neither  prickly  nor  scaly. 
-t-  Dorsal  ribs  filiform,  the  lateral  very  thick  and  corky ;  oil-tubes  solitary. 

26.  LilaeopsiS.     Small   glabrous   creeping   perennials,  rooting  in   the   mud,  with   small   simple 

umbels  and  leaves  reduced  to  hollow  cylindrical  jointed  petioles. 

27.  Cynosciadium.     Annuals  with  compound  leaves  and  compound  umbels. 

-i-  +-  Ribs  all  prominent  and  equal  but  not  winged  ;  flowers  white  or  roseate. 
-H-  Ribs  acutish  or  rounded,  narrower  than  the  intervals  between  them.        . 

28.  Ligusticum.     Stoutish  perennials.     Leaves  2-4-ternate  ;  leaflets  ovate,  obovate,  or  oblong. 

29.  Coriandrum.     Slender  annuals.     Cauline  leaves  cleft  or  dissected  into  linear  segments. 

•H-  -H-  Ribs  thickish  and  corky,  broader  than  the  intervals. 

30.  Aethusa.     Slender  annual  with  finely  divided  leaves.     Oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals.  2  on 

the  commissure. 

81.   Coelopleurum.     Stout  maritime  perennial.    Oil-tubes  under  the  ribs  as  well  as  in  the  inter- 
vals, 2-4  on  the  commissure. 
^  +.  +.  Ribs  all  conspicuously  winged  ;  stylopodium  depressed  or  wanting ;  perennials. 

32.  CymopteruS.     Low  and  glabrous,  mostly  cespitose,  with  pinnately  compound  leaves  and 

white  flowers.     Oil-tubes  1-several.     "Western. 

33.  Thaspium.     Tall,  with  ternately  divided  or  simple  leaves,  and  yellow  flowers  (rarely  purple). 

Oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals,  2  on  the  commissure. 


UMBELLIFERAE   (PARSLEY    FAMILY)  609 

*  *  *  *  Fruit  strongly  flattened  dorsally,  the  lateral  ribs  prominently  winged. 
+-  Acaulescent  or  nearly  so,  with  filiform  dorsal  ribs,  thin  coherent  wings,  and  no  stylopodium. 
84.   Lomatium.     Fruit  orbicular  to  oblong,  oil-tubes  1-4  in  the  intervals,  2-6  on  the  commissure. 
(-  +-  Caulescent  branching  plants,  with  depressed  stylopodium  and  yellow  petals  (these  unknown 

in  no.  85). 
•H-  Leaflets  entire. 

35.  Pseudotaenidia.     Fruit  lance-oblong;  lateral  wings  connivent,  somewhat  corky;  stylopo- 

dium obscure ;  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals  or  double  in  the  lateral  intervals. 
++  -H-  Leaflets  serrate  or  incised. 
•=  Involucre  none. 

36.  Polytaenia.     Fruit  with  thick  corky  margin,  obscure  ribs,  and  very  numerous  oil-tubes. 

37.  Pastinaca.     Fruit  with  filiform  dorsal  ribs,  thin  wings,  and  solitary  oil-tubes. 

==  =  Involucre  conspicuous,  of  several  lanceolate  deflexed  bracts. 
88.  Levisticum.     Fruit  strongly  ribbed ;  .oil-tubes  solitary. 

•H-  -H-  -n-  Leaves  decompound,  their  divisions  dissected  into  linear-filiform  segments. 

39.  Anethum.     Fruit  elliptical,  rounded  at  each  end ;  dorsal  ribs  thin  and  sharp,  the  lateral  with 

distinct  narrow  wings. 

-t-  -t-  +-  Caulescent  branching  plants,  with  petals  white  or  nearly  so. 

•H-  Lateral  wings  closely  contiguous  ;  oil-tubes  solitary  ;  stylopodium  thick-conical. 

=  Oil-tubes  conspicuous,  obclavate,  extending  only  one  half  or  two  thirds  the  way  to  the  base  ol 

the  fruit. 

40.  Heracleum.     Dorsal  ribs  filiform,  the  broad  wings  with  a  marginal  nerve.     Petals  con- 

spicuous.    Tall  stout  pubescent  perennials,  with  ternate  or  pinnate  leaves  and  large 
incised  and  toothed  leaflets. 
=»  =  Oil-tubes  of  more  uniform  diameter,  extending  essentially  to  the  base  of  the  fruit. 

41.  Imperatoria.    Leaves  ternately  compound ;  leaflets  broad,  ovate  to  obovate,   serrate  and 

incised.    Stout,  terrestrial. 

42.  Oxypolis.     Dorsal  ribs  apparently  5,  filiform.    Leaves  pinnate  or  reduced  to  hollow  cylin- 

drical petioles.    Glabrous  swamp  plants. 
•H-  ++  Lateral  wings  distinct ;  oil-tubes  usually  more  than  one  in  each  interval. 

43.  Conioselinum.     Stylopodium  slightly  conical.    Dorsal  ribs  prominent.     Tall  slender  glabrous 

perennial,  with  thin  finely  and  pinnately  compound  leaves. 

44.  Angelica.    Stylopodium  mostly  depressed,  but  the  disk  prominent  and  crenulate.    Dorsal 

ribs  strong.     Stout  perennials,  with  coarse  2-3-ternately  or  -pinnately  divided  leaves. 

II.    Fruit  with  secondary  ribs  the   most  prominent,  winged  and  armed  with 
barbed  or  hooked  prickles,  the  primary  ribs  filiform  and  bristly. 

45.  Torilis.     Calyx-teeth  prominent.     Fruit  flattened  laterally.     Seed-face  deeply  silicate. 

46.  Daucus.    Calyx -teeth  obsolete.     Fruit  flattened  dorsally.    Seed-face  flat. 

1.   ERYNGIUM   [Tourn.]   L.    ERYNGO 

Calyx-teeth  prominent,  rigid  and  persistent.  Styles  slender.  Fruit  ovate 
or  obovate,  covered  with  little  hyaline  scales  or  tubercles,  with  no  ribs,  and 
usually  5  slender  oil-tubes  on  each  carpel.  —  Chiefly  perennials,  with  coriaceous, 
toothed,  cut,  or  prickly  leaves,  and  blue  or  white  bracted  flowers  closely  sessile 
in  dense  heads.  (A  name  used  by  Dioscorides,  of  uncertain  origin.) 

*  Stout,  with  parallel-veined  elongated  linear  thick  leaves. 

1.  E.  yuccif61ium  Michx.  (RATTLESNAKE  MASTER,  BUTTON  SNAKEROOT.) 
Branching  above,  0.5-1.7  m.  high  ;  leaves  rigid,  tapering  to  a  point,  the  lower 
4-9  dm.  long,  the  margins  remotely  bristly  ;  heads  ovoid-globose,  1.8  cm.  long, 
with  ovate-lanceolate  mostly  entire  cuspidate-tipped  bracts  shorter  than  the 

GRAY'S  MANUAL  —  39 


610 


UMBELLIFERAE    (PARSLEY   FAMILY} 


head,  and  similar  bractlets.     (E.  aquaticum  L.  1762,  in  part,  not  L.  1753.)  — 
Ct.  to  Minn.,  Kan.,  Tex.,  and  Ma.     July-Sept. 

*  *  Tall  and  often  stout ;  leaves  thick,  not  parallel-veined. 

2.  E.  aqudticum  L.     Slender,  3-9  dm.  high ;  radical  and  lower  stem-leaves 
linear-  to  oblong-lanceolate,  on  long  (sometimes  3  dm.)  fistulous  petioles,  entire 
or  with  small  hooked  teeth  ;   upper  leaves  sessile,  spiny-toothed  or  laciniate  ; 
heads  ovoid-ellipsoid,  1.2  cm.  long,  with  reflexed  bracts,  and  bractlets  with  3 
spiny  cusps  (the  middle  one  largest).     (E.  virginianum  Lam.)  — By  ponds  and 
streams,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.,  near  the  coast.     Aug.,  Sept. 

3.  E.   Leavenw6rthii   T.    &   G.      Stout,   4-9  dm.  high ;    lowest  stem-leaves 
broadly  oblanceolate,  spinosely  toothed,  the  rest  sessile  and  deeply  and  palmately 
parted  into  narrow  incisely   pinnatiild   spreading  pungent   segments;    heads 
ovoid-ellipsoid,  2.5-4  cm.  long,  with  pinnatifid  spinose  bracts  and  3-7 -cuspidate 
bractlets,  the  terminal  ones  very  prominent  and  resembling  the  bracts.  —  Dry 
soil,  e.  Kan.,  Ark.,  and  Tex. 

*  *  *  Prostrate  and  slender,  rooting  at  the  joints,  diffusely  branched,  with  small 
thin  unarmed  leaves  and  very  small  heads. 

4.  E.  prostratum  Nutt.    Lower  leaves  oblong,  entire,  few-toothed,  or  lobed 
at  base  ;  upper  leaves  smaller,  clustered  at  the  rooting  joints,  ovate,  few-toothed 
or  entire  (occasionally  some  additional  trifid  ones) ;  reflexed  bracts  longer  than 
the  ellipsoid  heads  (4-7  mm.  long).  —  Wet  places,  s.  Mo.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

2.    SAWfCULA   [Tourn.]    L.     SANICLE.     BLACK  SNAKEROOT 

Calyx-teeth  manifest,  persistent.  Fruit  globular  ;  the  carpels  not  separating 
spontaneously,  ribless,  thickly  clothed  with  hooked  prickles.  — Perennial  rather 
tall  glabrous  herbs,  with  few  palmately  lobed  or  parted  leaves, 
those  from  the  base  long-petioled.  Umbels  irregular  or  com- 
pound, the  flowers  (greenish  or  yellowish)  capitate  in  the  umbel- 
lets,  perfect,  and  with  staminate  ones  intermixed.  Involucre  and 
involucels  few-leaved.  (Name  said  to  be  from  sanare,  to  heal  j 
or  perhaps  from  San  Nicolas.} 

*  Styles  much  exceeding  the  bristles  of  the  fruit,  recurved. 

1.  S.  marilandica  L.      Stem  erect,   3-10  dm.  high ;  leaves 
5-7-parted,  the  divisions  sharply  serrate,  acute ;   sterile  flowers 
pedicellate,  often  in   separate  umbels ; 
815.  s.  marilan-   fruit  6-7  mm.  long,  sessile.  —  Nfd.  to 
dica  x  2.         Ga.  and  w.  to  the  Rocky  Mts.,  common. 

FIG.  815. 

2.  S.  gregaria  Bicknell.  Stem  slender,  6  dm.  high  ; 
leaves  5-foliolate  ;  leaflets  obovate, 
cleft  and  serrate ;  fruit  on??/3-4(-5) 
mm.  long,  somewhat  stipitate.  — 
Rich  woods,  St.  John  Valley,  N.  B.; 
s.  N.  H.  to  Minn.,  Ark.,  and  Ga. 
FIG.  816. 

*  *  Styles  shorter  than  the  bristles. 

3.  S.  canad6nsis  L.      Simple, 
erect,  5-8  dm.  high  ;   leaves  3-5- 
f  oliolate,  leaflets  narrowly  obovate, 
sharply    serrate ;    sterile    flowers 

few,  short-pediceled ;  fruit  nearly          sie.  S.  greg-aria  x  4. 

sessile,  subglobose,  3-6  mm.  long. 

—  N.  H.  to  Fla.,  Minn.,   Neb.,  and  Tex.,  common.     FIG. 

817. 

4.  S.  trifoliata  Bicknell.     Similar  in  habit,  the  leaflets 


UMBELLIFEKAE    (PARSLEY   FAMILY)  611 

broader ;  sterile  flowers  on  long  slender  pedicels ; 
fruit  ovoid  or  at  maturity  somewhat  fusiform,  tipped 
with  the  conspicuous  beak -like  calyx.  —  Rich  soil, 
Kennebec  Valley,  Me.  (Scribner');  and  from  the  Ct. 
Valley  to  Ont.,  Minn.,  and  W.  Va.  FIG.  818. 

3.  HYDROC6TYLE  [Tourn.]  L.    WATER  PENNYWORT 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Carpels  with  2  of  the  ribs 
enlarged  and  often  forming  a  thickened  margin  ;  oil- 
tubes  none,  but  usually  a  conspicuous  oil-bearing  layer 
beneath  the  epidermis.  —  Low  mostly  smooth  marsh  or 
aquatic  perennials,  with  slender  creeping  stems,  round 
shield-shaped  or  kidney-form  leaves,  and  scale-like 
stipules.  Flowers  small,  white,  in  simple  umbels  or 
clusters,  which  are  either  single  or  proliferous  (one  above 
another),  appearing  all  summer.  (Name  from  vdup, 
water,  and  /cortfX?;,  a  flat  cup,  the  peltate  leaves  of 
818.  8.  tri  iatax2/3.  several  species  being  somewhat  cup-shaped.) 

*  Pericarp  thin  except  at  the  broad  corky  dorsal  and  lateral  ribs  ;  leaves  round, 

peltate,  crenate  ;  peduncles  as  long  as  the  petioles,  from  creeping  rootstocks. 
-«-  Fruit  notched  at  base  and  apex;  intermediate  ribs  corky. 

1.  H.  umbellata  L.      Umbels  many-flowered,  simple  (sometimes  proliferous); 
pedicels  4-12  mm.  long  ;  fruit  about  3  mm.  broad,  strongly  notched,  the  dorsal 
ribs  prominent  but  obtuse. — Mass,  to  Fla.   and  Tex.,  chiefly  on  the  coastal 
plain  ;  also  Mich,  and  Ind.,  and  reported  from  Minn. 

2.  H.  Canbyi  Coult.  &  Rose.      Umbels  3-9-flowered,  generally  proliferous ; 
pedicels  very  short,  but  distinct;  fruit  3-3.5  mm.  broad;  carpels  broader  and 
more  flattened  than  in  the  preceding,  sharper-margined,  the  dorsal  and  lateral 
ribs  much  more  prominent ;  seed-section  much  narrower.  —  N.  J.  to  Md. 

H-  H-  Fruit  not  notched;  intermediate  ribs  not  corky. 

3.  H.  verticillata  Thunb.       Umbels  few-flowered,   proliferous,  forming  an 
interrupted  spike  ;  pedicels  very  short  or  none  ;  fruit  3-4  mm.  broad,  subsessile; 
dorsal  and  lateral  ribs  very  prominent.  — Mass,  to  Fla.,  Ark.,  and  Tex. 

4.  H.  australis  Coult.  &  Rose.     Very  like  the  preceding  ;  flowers  pediceled. — 
Dismal  Swamp,  Va.  (Pollard  according  to  Coult.  &  Rose),  and  south w. 

*  *  Pericarp  uniformly  corky-thickened  and  ribs  all  filiform  ;  leaves  not  peltate; 

peduncles  much  shorter  than  the  petioles. 

5.  H.  americana  L.     Propagating  by  slender  tuberiferous  stolons  ;  stems 
filiform,  branching  and  creeping  ;  leaves  thin,  round-reniform,  crenate-lobed  and 
the  lobes  crenulate,  shining ;  few-flowered  umbels  axillary  and 

almost  sessile ;  fruit  less  than  2  mm.  broad  ;  intermediate  ribs 
prominent;  no  oil-bearing  layer;  seed-section  broadly  oval. — 
Common.  FIG.  819. 

6.  H.  rammculoides  L.  f .     Usually  floating  ;  leaves  thicker, 
round-reniform,  3-7-cleft,  the  lobes  crenate  ;  peduncles  2.6-7.5 
cm.  long,  reflexed  in  fruit ;  capitate  umbel  5-10-flowered  ;  fruit 

2-3  mm.  broad  ;    ribs  rather  obscure  ;    seed-section  oblong.  —    819.  H.  americana 
Muddy  shores,  e.  Pa.  to  Fla.,  thence  westw.     (Trop.  regions.)  x4. 

4.   CENTELLA  L. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Petals  white,  imbricated  in  bud.  Carpels  7-9-ribbed 
and  somewhat  reticulated.  —  Creeping  perennials  with  simple  ovate  leaves. 
Umbels  subtended  by  2  conspicuous  bracts.  (Name  of  obscure  origin. ) 

1.  C.  asiatica  (L.)  Urban.  Leaves  repand-toothed,  thickish ;  umbel  2-4- 
flowered  ;  pedicels  very  short.  (C.  repanda  Small;  Hydrocotyle  asiatica  L.)  — 
Md.  to  Fla.  (Tropics.) 


612 


UMBELLIFEEAE    (PARSLEY    FAMILY) 


5.    ERIGENIA  Nutt.     HARBINGER-OF-SPRING 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Petals  obovate  or  spatulate,  flat,  entire,  white.  Fruit 
didymous,  laterally  flattened,  the  carpels  incurved  at  top  and  bottom,  nearly 
kidney-form,  with  5  very  slender  ribs,  and  several  (1-3)  small  oil-tubes  in  the 
intervals.  — A  small  glabrous  vernal  plant,  with  a  simple  stem,  bearing  one  or 
two  2-3-ternately  divided  leaves,  and  a  few-flowered  leafy-bracted  umbel. 
(Name  from  ripiytveia,  born  in  the  spring.^) 

1.  E.  bulbosa  (Michx.)  Nutt.  Stem  1-2.3  dm.  high  ;  leaf-segments  linear- 
oblong  ;  fruit  2  mm.  long,  3  mm.  broad.  —  Deciduous  woods,  etc.,  s.  Ont.  and 
w.  N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  and  southw. 


6.    CHAEROPHYLLUM   [Tourn.]    L. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  narrowly  oblong  to  linear,  notched  at  base,  with 
short  beak  or  none,  and  equal  ribs,  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals ;  seed-face 
more  or  less  deeply  grooved.  — Annuals,  with  ternately  decom- 
pound leaves,  pinnatitid  leaflets  with  oblong  obtuse  lobes,  mostly 
no  involucre,  involucels  of  many  bractlets,  and  white  flowers. 
(Name  fromxatpnv,  to  gladden,  and  0tf\Xoi>,  a  leaf,  alluding  to  the 
agreeable  odor  of  the  foliage.) 

1.  C.   prociimbens    (L.)    Crantz.     More    or    less   hairy ;    stems 
slender,  spreading,  1.5-5  dm,  high  ;  umbels  few-rayed  ;  fruit  nar- 
rowly oblong,  5-10  mm.  long,  glabrous,  contracted  but  not  tapering 
at  the  summit,  the  intervals  broader  than  the  ribs.  —  Moist  ground, 
N.  Y.  to  N.  C.,  w.  to  Mich.,  la.,  Ark.,  and  Miss.     FIG.  820. 

Var.  Sh6rtii  T.  &  G.  Fruit  more  broadly  oblong  to  ovate  (often 
somewhat  pubescent),  not  at  all  contracted  at  the  summit.  —  Pa.  to 
Va.,  Ky.,  and  O. 

2.  C.  Tainturieri  Hook.,  var.  floridanum  Coult.  &  Rose.    Stouter 
and  more  pubescent  than  the  preceding  species  ;  fruits  7-8  in  each 
umbel,  sessile  or  pediceled,  glabrous,  the  ribs  narrower  than  the 

intervals.  —  Barrens,  Eagle  Rock,  Mo.   (Bush);  S.  C.  to  Fla. 


820.  C.  pro- 
cumbens  x  3. 


7.  OSMORHlZA  Raf.     SWEET  CICELY 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  with  prominent  caudate  attenuation  at  base,  and 
equal  ribs.  —  Glabrous  to  hirsute  perennials  with  thick  aromatic  roots,  ternately 
compound  leaves,  ovate  variously  toothed  leaflets,  few-leaved  in- 
volucres, and  white  flowers  in  few-rayed  and  few-fruited  umbels. 
(Name  from  60^,  a  scent,  and  pi  fa,  a  root.)  WASHINGTONIA  Raf. 


*  Hays  of  the  umbel  mostly  bearing  involucels. 

1.  0.  Claytbni  (Michx.)  Clarke.      Stems  rather  slender,  3-9 
dm.  high,  mllous-pubescent ;  leaves  2-3-ternate,  crisp-hairy;  leaf- 
lets mostly  4-7  cm.  long,  acuminate,  crenate-dentate  and  somewhat 
cleft;   stipules  ciliate-hispid ;   fruit  (not  including  the  attenuate 
base)   1-1.3  cm.   long;    stylopodium  and  style  0.7-1  mm.  long. 
(0.  brevistylis   DC.;    Washingtonia    Claytoni    Britton.) — Open 
woods,  e.  Que.  to  w.  Ont.,  s.  to  N.  C.,  Ala.,  Mo.,  and  Kan. 

2.  0.  longistylis  (Torr.)  DC.     Coarser  ;  stems  4-12  dm.  high, 
glabrous  or  essentially  so  except  at  the  nodes  ;  leaflets  mostly 
longer,  less  cleft ;  stipules  densely  pilose  on  the  margin ;   fruit 
(excluding  the  attenuate  base)   1.2-1.5  cm.  long  ;  the  seed-face 
more  deeply  and  broadly  concave  than  in  the  preceding ;  stylo- 
podium  and  style  2-4  mm.  long.     (  Washingtonia  Britton. )  — 

Rich  woods,  e.  Que.  to  Assina.,  s.  to  N.  C.,  111.,  la.,  S.  Dak.,  and  Col.     FIG 
821.     Var.  VILLICAULIS  Fernald.     Stems  white-villous.  — Pa.  to  111.  and  Kan. 


821.   O.  longi- 
stylis x  2. 


UMBELLIFERAE    (PARSLEY   FAMILY)  613 

*  *  Rays  of  the  umbel  without  involucels. 

3.  0.  obtusa  (Coult.  &  Rose)  Fernald.     Stems  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubes- 
cent, 1.6-7  dm.  high  ;  leaves  2-3-ternate,  more  or  less  crisp-pubescent  ;  leaflets 
1.6-6  cm.  long,  acuminate,  the  teeth  mucronate  ;   umbels  naked  or  obsoletely 
involucrate,  with  3-5  naked  finally  very  divergent  rays  ;  fruit  on  divergent  long 
pedicels,  the  enlarged  portion  8-12  mm.  long,  rounded  or  short-beaked  at  tip; 
stylopodium  depressed,   broader  than  high,  with   the  style  0.3-0.5  mm.   long. 
(Washingtonia   Coult.    &  Rose.)  —  Rich  chiefly   coniferous  woods,    Nfd.   and 
s.  Lab.  to  the  upper  St.  John  Valley,  N.  B.;  and  from  Assina.  and  B.  C.  to 
N.  Mex.  and  Ariz. 

4.  0.  divaricata  Nutt.     Similar,  usually  taller  (4-10  dm.  high);  umbels  with 
3-7  ascending-spreading  rays;  fruit  on  ascending  pedicels,  11-17  mm.  long,  with 
a  conical  beak  2  mm.  long  ;  stylopodium  conical,  with  the  style  about  1  mm.  long. 
(Washingtonia  Britton.)  —  Rich  chiefly  coniferous  woods,  Gaspe"  Co.,  Que.,  to 
the  White  Mts.,  N.  H.;  also  B.  C.  to  Cal.,  Nev.,  etc. 

8.  SPERM6LEPIS  Raf. 

Involucre  none  but  involucels  present.  Flowers  small  in  pedunculate  com- 
pound irregular  umbels.  Stylopodium  small,  conical.  Fruit  thin-walled  ;  oil- 
tubes  present.  —  Slender  smooth  branching  plants.  (Name  from  <nrtpfjia,  seed, 
and  \eirts,  scale,  alluding  to  the  scurfy  or  bristly  fruit.)  LEPTOCAULIS  Nutt. 

1.  S.  patens  (Nutt.)  Robinson.     Stem  geniculate,  3-5  dm.  high  ;   leaf-seg- 
ments linear-filiform  ;  fruit  merely  warty  ;  oil-tubes  many.     (Leptocaulis  Nutt.; 
Apiastriim  Coult.  &  Rose.) — Sandy  soil  and  barrens,  n.  e.  Ind.  to  Neb.,  and 
southwestw. 

2.  S.  echinata  (Nutt.)  Heller.     Similar  in  habit ;  fruit  bristly  ;  oil-tubes  6. 
(Leptocaulis  Nutt.)  —  Scott  Co.,  Mo.  (Eggert),  and  southw. 

9.    CONIUM   L.     POISON  HEMLOCK 

Fruit  somewhat  flattened  at  the  sides,  glabrous,  with  promi- 
nent wavy  ribs  ;  oil-tubes  none,  but  a  layer  of  secreting  cells 
next  the  seed,  the  face  of  which  is  deeply  and  narrowly  con- 
cave.—  Poisonous  biennial,  with  spotted  stems,  large  decom- 
pound leaves  with  lanceolate  pinnatifid  leaflets,  involucre  and 
involucels  of  narrow  bracts,  and  white  flowers.  (Kc6i/eioj>,  the 
Greek  name  of  the  Hemlock,  by  which  criminals  and  philoso- 
phers were  put  to  death  at  Athens.) 

1.    C.  MACULA.TUM  L.      A  large  branching  herb,  in  waste 
822  C  maculatum   places,  Que.  to  Del.,  Pa.,  and  westw.     (Nat.  from  Eu.)     FIG. 
'x4.  822. 

10.   PTILIMNIUM  Raf.     MOCK  BISHOP' S-WEED 

Fruit  ovate,  glabrous ;  carpel  with  dorsal  ribs  filiform  to  broad  and  obtuse, 
the  lateral  very  thick  and  corky,  those  of  the  two  carpels  closely  contiguous  and 
forming  a  dilated  obtuse  or  acute  corky  band;  oil-tubes  solitary;  stylopodium 
conical;  seed  nearly  terete. — Smooth  annuals,  with  involucre  of 
foliaceous  bracts,  involucels  of  prominent  or  minute  bractlets,  and 
white  flowers.  (Name  unexplained  by  Rafinesque,  presumably  from 
irrL\ov,  a  feather,  or  down,  in  allusion  to  the  finely  divided  leaves.) 

DlSCOPLEURA    DC. 

1.  P.  capillaceum  (Michx.)  Raf.  Plant  3-6(-18)  dm.  high; 
leaf-divisions  filiform  ;  umbel  5-20-rayed ;  involucre  of  filiform 
bracts  usually  cleft  or  parted,  and  involucels  more  or  less  prominent ; 
fruit  2-3  mm.  long,  acute.  (Discopleura  DC.)  —  Brackish  (rarely 
fresh)  marshes,  along  the  coast,  Mass,  to  Fla.  and  Tex. ;  locally  n.  in  823.  P.  caph- 
Miss,  basin  to  Mo.  and  Kan.  June-Oct.  FIG.  823.  laceum  x  4. 


614 


UMBELLIFERAE    (PARSLEY    FAMILY) 


824.  A. 


2.  P.  Nuttallii  (DC.)  Britton.  Similar  in  habit ;  involucral  bracts  short  and 
entire  ;  fruit  only  1  mm.  long,  as  broad  as  high,  blunt.  (Discopleura  DC.)  — 
HL  to  e.  Kan.,  La.,  and  Tex. 

11.  AEGOPdDIUM  L.     GOUTWEED 

Fruit  ovate,  glabrous,  with  equal  filiform  ribs,  and  no 
oil-tubes  ;  stylopodium  conical  and  prominent ;  seed  nearly 
terete.  —  A  coarse  glabrous  perennial,  with  creeping  root- 
stock,  sharply  toothed  ovate  leaflets,  and  rather  large  naked 
umbels  of  white  flowers.  (Name  from  aft;,  goat,  and  ir6diov, 
a  little  foot,  probably  from  the  shape  of  the  leaflets.) 

1.  A.  PODAGRARIA  L.  — Waste-heaps,  etc.,  e.  Mass,  to  Del. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.)  FIG.  824. 

12.  CICtTTA  L.     WATER  HEMLOCK 

Calyx-teeth  prominent.  Fruit  ovoid  to  nearly  orbicular,  glabrous,  with 
strong  flattish  corky  ribs  (the  lateral  largest)  ;  oil-tubes  conspicuous,  solitary  ; 
stylopodium  depressed ;  seed  nearly  terete.  —  Very  poisonous 
plants,  with  pinnately  compound  leaves  and  serrate  leaflets,  in- 
volucre usually  none,  involucels  of  several  slender  bractlets,  and 
white  flowers.  (The  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  Hemlock.) 

1.  C.   maculata   L.      (SPOTTED    COWBANE,    MUSQUASH    ROOT, 
BEAVER    POISON.)      Stem    stout,    1-2.2    m.    high,    streaked  with 
purple  ;   leaves  2-3-pinnate,  the  lower  on  long   petioles  ;   leaflets 
lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  3-12  cm.  long,  acuminate  ;  pedicels 
in  the  umbellets  numerous,  very  unequal ;  fruit  broadly  ovate  to 
oval,  3-3.5  mm.  long,  shallowly  or  not  at  all  grooved  at  the  com- 
missure.—  N.  B.  to  Va.,  and  westw.,  common.     FIG.  825. 

2.  C.  Curtissii  Coult.  &  Rose.      Coarser  ;  fruit  2-3  mm.  long, 
subglobose,  grooved  at  the  junction  of  the  carpels. — Va.  to  Ky., 
and  soutluv.  —  Perhaps  only  a  variety  'of  the  preceding. 

3.  C.  bulbifera  L.  Eather  slender,  3-10  dm. 
high ;  leaves  2-3-pinnate  (sometimes  appearing  ternate) ;  leaflets 
linear,  sparsely  toothed,  2-5  cm.  long;  upper  axils  bearing  clus- 
tered bulblets;  fruit  (rare)  scarcely  2  mm.  long. —  Common  in 
swamps,  N.  S.  to  Md.  and  Ida. 

13.    QARUM  L.     CARAWAY 

Calyx-teeth  small.  Fruit  ovate  or  oblong,  with  filiform  or  in- 
conspicuous ribs ;  oil-tubes  solitary  ;  stylopodium  conical ;  seed- 
face  plane  or  nearly  so.  —  Smooth  erect  slender  herbs,  with  fusi- 
form or  tuberous  roots,  pinnate  leaves,  involucre  and  involucels 
of  few  to  many  bracts,  and  white  (rarely  pink)  flowers.  (Name 
perhaps  from  the  country,  Caria.') 

1.    C.  CIRVI  L.     (CARAWAY.)     Leaves  with  filiform  divisions. 
826.  C.  Carvi    —  Naturalized  in  many  places,  especially  northward.     (Nat.  from 
x4.  Eu.)     FIG.  826. 

14.    PETROSELiNUM   Hoffm.     PARSLEY 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Petals  greenish-yellow,  with  attenuate  incurved  points. 
Fruit  ovate,  glabrous,  laterally  compressed  ;  carpels  pentagonal,  the  primary 
ribs  filiform,  subequal ;  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals  ;  stylopodium  cushion- 
like. —  Chiefly  biennials,  with  ternately  pinnate  decompound  leaves,  toothed 
leaf-segments,  compound  umbels,  few-parted  involucres,  and  several-many- 
parted  involucels.  (Name  from  ir^rpa.  a  rock,  and  <rt\(.vov,  parsley.) 


UMBELLIFERAE    (PARSLEY    FAMILY) 


615 


1.   P.  HORTENSE   Hoffm.     (COMMON  P.)     Leaflets  small,  ovate,   3-cleft  or 

-toothed.     (P.  sativum   Hoffm.;    Carum   Petroselinum  B.  &  H.)  —  Commonly 

cultivated  in  market  gardens,  and  occasionally  found  as  an  escape.     (Introd. 
from  the  Mediterranean  region.) 

15.   BERULA   Hoffm. 

Calyx-teeth  minute.  Fruit  emarginate  at  base,  glabrous;  carpels  nearly 
globose,  with  very  slender  inconspicuous  ribs  and  thick  corky  pericarp  ;  oil-tubes 
numerous  and  contiguous  about  the  seed-cavity  ;  seed  terete.  — 
Smooth  aquatic  perennial,  with  simply  pinnate  leaves  and  vari- 
ously cut  leaflets,  usually  conspicuous  involucre  and  involucels 
of  narrow  bracts,  and  white  flowers.  (The  Latin  name  of  the 
Water  Cress,  of  Celtic  origin.) 

1.  B.  eri§cta  (Huds.)  Coville.  Erect,  2-9  dm.  high;  leaflets 
5-9  pairs,  linear  to  oblong  or  ovate,  serrate  to  cut-toothed,  often 
laciniately  lobed,  sometimes  crenate,  2-8  cm.  long  ;  fruit  scarcely 
2  mm.  long.  (B.  angustifolia  Mertens  &  Koch  ;  Sium  angusti- 
folium  L.)  —  Swamps  and  streams,  s.  Ont.  and  Mich,  to  Minn., 
827.  B.  erecta  x  3.  gouthw.  and  westw.  July,  Aug.  FIG.  827. 

16.    SIUM    [Tourn.]  L.     WATER  PARSNIP 

Calyx-teeth  minute.  Fruit  ovate  to  oblong,  glabrous,  with  prominent  corky 
nearly  equal  ribs ;  oil-tubes  1-3  in  the  intervals  ;  stylopodium  depressed  ;  seed- 
face  plane. —  Smooth  perennials,  with  pinnate  leaves  and  serrate 
or  pinnatifid  leaflets,  involucre  and  involucels  of  numerous  narrow 
bracts,  and  white  flowers.  (From  <rtov,  the  Greek  name  of  some 
marsh  plant.) 

1.  S.  cicutaefblium  Schrank.  Stout,  0.8-2  in.  high  ;  leaflets 
3-8  pairs,  linear  to  lanceolate,  sharply  serrate  and  mostly  acumi- 
nate, 5-12  cm.  long,  the  lower  leaves  sometimes  submersed  and 
finely  dissected  ;  fruit  2.5-3  mm.  long,  with  prominent  ribs.  (S. 
lineare  Michx.)  —  Muddy  banks,  common.  FIG.  828.  S.  Carsonii 
Durand  appears  to  be  merely  a  weak  aquatic  state  or  perhaps 

variety,  2-6  dm.   high,  with  leaflets  1-3  pairs,  linear,  Qi 

«-•,  i  ,  i  rt  •  *i    •  o/O.    o.  C1CULE6- 

2-5  cm.  long  ;  when  submersed  or  floating,  very  thin,      f0iium  x  4> 

ovate  to  oblong,  usually  laciniately  toothed  or  dissected, 

the  leaf  sometimes  reduced  to  the  terminal  leaflet;  fruit  slightly 

smaller. 

17.    CRYPTOTAENIA  DC.    HONEWORT 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  linear-oblong,  glabrous,  with  obtuse 
equal  ribs  ;  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals  and  beneath  each  rib  ; 
stylopodium  slender-conical;  seed-face  plane. — A  glabrous  peren- 
nial, with  thin  3-foliolate  leaves,  no  involucre,  involucels  of  minute 
bractlets  or  none,  and  white  flowers.  (Name  from  KpvirT6s,  hidden, 
and  Tcuvla,  a  flllet,  referring  to  the  concealed  oil-tubes.) 

1.  C.  canad^nsis  (L.)  DC.  Plant  3-9  dm.  high;  leaflets  large, 
ovate,  5-10  cm.  long,  pointed,  doubly  serrate,  often  lobed ;  umbels 
irregular  and  unequally  few-rayed  ;  pedicels  very  unequal ;  fruit 
4-6  mm.  long;  often  curved.  (Deringa  Ktze.)  —  N.  B.  to  Ga., 
w.  to  Tex.  and  w.  Ont.  June-Sept.  FIG.  829. 


18.    ZiZIA  Koch. 

Calyx-teeth  prominent.     Fruit  ovate  to  oblong,  glabrous,  with  filiform  ribs. 
Oil-tubes  large  and  solitary  in  the  broad  intervals,  and  a  small  one  in  each  rib ; 


616 


UMBELLIFERAE    (PARSLEY   FAMILY) 


stylopodium  wanting ;  seed  terete.  —  Smooth  perennials,  with  mostly  Thaspiitm- 
like  leaves,  no  involucre,  involucels  of  small  bractlets,  yellow  flowers,  and  the 

central  fruit  of  each  umbellet  sessile.    Flowering  in  spring.    (Named 

for  I.  B.  Ziz,  a  Rhenish  botanist.) 

1.  Z.  aiirea  (L.)  Koch.    (GOLDEN  ALEXANDERS.)    Leaves  (except 
the  uppermost)  2-'3-ternate,  the  radical  very  long-petioled  ;  leaflets 
ovate  to  lanceolate,  sharply  serrate,  acuminate;  rays  15-25,  stout, 
2-5  cm.   long ;   fruit   oblong,   about  4    mm.    long.  —  River-banks, 
meadows,  and  rich  woods,  e.  Que.  to  Sask.,  s.  to  Va.,  Ark.,  and 
Tex.      FIG.   830.      Var.    OBTusir6LiA   Bissell.      Leaflets    broader, 
rounded  at  tip.  —  Local,  w.  Ct. 

2.  Z.  B6bbii  (Coult.  &  Rose)  Britton.     Slender;  leaflets  some- 
what coarsely  serrate,  the  lower  leaves  small,  inclined  to  be  simple  ; 
rays  2-8,  slender,  5-7  cm.  long  ;  fruit  oval,  2-3  mm.  long.    (Z.  aurea, 
var.  Coult.  &  Rose.)  —  Mts.,  W.  Va.  to  Ga.  and  Tenn. 

3.  Z.  cordata  (Walt.)  DC.     Radical  leaves  mostly  long-petioled, 
cordate  or  even  rounder,   crenately  toothed,  very  rarely   lobed   or 
divided  ;  stem-leaves  simply  ternate  or  quinate,  with  the  ovate  or 

lanceolate  leaflets  serrate,  incised,  or  sometimes  parted  ;  fruit  ovate,  3  mm.  long. 
—  Ct.  (Eames)  to  N.  C.,  w.  to  Alb.,  Col.,  and  westw. 

19.   FOENiCULUM  [Tourn.]  Hill.     FENNEL 

Fruit  oblong,  glabrous,  with  prominent  ribs  and  solitary  oil-tubes.  —  Stout 
glabrous  aromatic  herb,  with  leaves  dissected  into  numerous  filiform  segments, 
no  involucre  nor  involucels,  and  large  umbels  of  yellow  flowers.  (The  Latin 
name,  from  foenum,  hay.) 

1.  F.  VULGARE  Hill.  (J*.  offlcinale  All.;  F.  Foeniculum  Karst.),  the  culti- 
vated FENNEL  from  Europe,  is  a  common  escape,  and  somewhat  naturalized  in 
Md.  and  Va. 

20.    PIMPINELLA  L. 

Fruit  oblong  to  ovate,  glabrous,  with  slender  equal  ribs,  numerous  oil-tubes, 
and  depressed  or  cushion-like  stylopodium.  —  Smooth  perennials,  with  involucre 
and  involucels  scanty  or  none  ;  ours  with  white  flowers.  (Name 
said  to  be  formed  from  bipinnula,  referring  to  the  bipinnate 
leaves.) 

1.  P.  SAxfFRAGRA  L.  Leaves  simply  pinnate,  with  sharply 
toothed  leaflets  ;  fruit  oblong,  2  mm.  long ;  stylopodium  cushion- 
like. —  Roadsides  and  waste  places,  local,  N.  B.  to  Del.,  Pa., 
and  0.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

21.  TAENIDIA  Drude. 

Fruit  short-oblong,  flattened  laterally,  wingless,  glabrous ; 
oil-tubes  mostly  3  in  the  intervals  ;  seed  subterete  but  the  face 
slightly  concave.  Involucre  and  involucels  mostly  wanting. 
Flowers  yellow.  —  Glabrous  glaucous  perennial,  with  ternate 
leaves.  (Name  from  raivLdiov,  a  little  band,  in  reference  to 
the  small  scarcely  prominent  ribs.) 

1.  T.  integ^rrima  (L.)  Drude.  Slender,  5-10  dm.  high; 
leaves  2-3-ternate  ;  leaflets  lanceolate  to  ovate,  entire ;  fruit  oblong,  4  mm. 
long.  (Pimpinella  Gray.)  —  Dry  gravelly  woods  and  thickets,  w.  Que.  and 
w.  N.  E.  to  N.  C.,  Ark.,  and  Minn.  FIG.  831. 

22.  EtTLOPHUS   Nutt. 

Calyx-teeth  prominent.  Fruit  ovate  or  oblong,  glabrous,  with  equal  filiform 
ribs  ;  oil-tubes  1-5  in  the  intervals  ;  stylopodium  conical,  with  long  recurved 
styles ;  seed-face  broadly  concave,  with  a  central  longitudinal  ridge.  —  Ours 


831.  T.  integerrima 
x6. 


UMBELLIFERAE    (PARSLEY   FAMILY)  617 

with  pinnately  compound  leaves,  involucels  of  numerous  nar- 
rowly lanceolate  acuminate  bractlets,  and  long-peduncled 
umbels  of  white  flowers.  (Name  from  e-5,  well,  and  \60os,  a 
crest,  alluding  to  the  calyx  or  perhaps  to  the  plume-like  leaves.) 
1.  E.  americanus  Nutt.  Radical  and  lower  stem-leaves 
large,  1-2-pinnately  compound,  with  leaflets  cut  into  short 
narrow  segments  ;  upper  stem-leaves  ternate,  with  narrowly 
linear  elongated  leaflets;  fruit  4-6  mm.  long.  —  0.  to  Mo., 
Term.,  and  Ark.  July.  FIG.  832. 

23.    ANTHRISCUS   Bernh.     CHERVIL 

Fruit  linear,  notched  at  base,    beaked,    glabrous,  without 
832.  E.  americanus  ribs   (but  beak  ribbed)  ;  oil-tubes  none,  stylopodium  conical, 
x  4.  seed-face  sulcate.  —  Resembling  Chaerophyllum  in  vegetative 

characters.     (The  ancient  Roman  name.) 

1.  A.  CEREFOLIUM  (L.)  Hoffm.  Mature  fruit  smooth  and  shining. — Waste 
places,  fields,  etc.,  Que.  and  e.  Pa.  (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

24.    SCANDIX    [Tourn.]   L.     VENUS'  COMB 

Fruit  narrowly  oblong,  terminating  in  a  long  linear  beak.  Oil-tubes  solitary 
at  the  intervals  or  none.  Carpels  subterete.  Seed  concave  on  the  inner  face. — 
Slender  annuals  with  pinnately  much  divided  leaves  and  white  flowers.  (An- 
cient Greek  name  of  the  Chervil.) 

1.  S.  PECTEN-VENERIS  L.  Sparingly  pubescent,  2-5  dm.  high,  commonly 
branched  from  the  base  ;  flowers  nearly  sessile  ;  the  beak  of  the  fruit  4-6  cm. 
long,  densely  ciliate  on  the  edges.  —  Waste  places,  especially  near  Atlantic 
ports,  more  sparingly  westw.  (Adv.  from  Eurasia. ) 

25.    BUPLEtFRUM   [Tourn.]   L.     THOROUGH-WAX 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  oblong,  with  very  slender  ribs,  no  oil-tubes, 
depressed  stylopodium,  and  seed-face  somewhat  concave. — Smooth  annual, 
with  ovate  perfoliate  entire  leaves,  no  involucre,  involucels  of  5  very  con- 
spicuous ovate  mucronate  bractlets,  and  yellow  flowers.  (Name  from  /Sous,  an 
ox,  and  ir\evpbv,  a  rib.) 

1.  B.  ROTUNDIF6LIUM  L. — Frequent  in  fields,  etc.,  N.  H.  to  N.  C.,  S.  Dak., 
and  Ariz.  (Nat  from  Eu.) 

26.  LILAE6PSIS    Greene. 

Calyx-teeth  small.  Fruit  globose  or  slightly  flattened  laterally  ;  dorsal  ribs 
filiform,  the  lateral  thick  and  corky  ;  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals,  2  on 
the  commissure.  —  Dwarf  creeper  with  hollow  cylindrical  or  awl-shaped  nodose 
petioles  in  place  of  leaves,  simple  few-flowered  umbels,  and  white  flowers. 
(Named  from  its  resemblance  to  Lilaea.)  CRANTZIA  Nutt.,  not  Scop. 

1.  L.  lineata  (Michx.)  Greene.  Leaves  very  obtuse,  2-8  cm.  long,  2-4  mm. 
broad  ;  fruit  2  mm.  long,  the  thick  lateral  wings  forming  a  corky  margin. 
(Crantzia  Nutt.)  — In  mud  of  brackish  marshes  along  the  coast,  N.  E.  to  Miss. 
July.  (Widely  distributed.) 

27.  CYNOSCIADIUM  DC. 

Calyx-teeth  distinct.  Fruit  short,  glabrous,  scarcely  flattened  ;  lateral  ribs 
forming  a  corky  margin ;  stylopodium  conical.  —  Slender  annuals,  with  pin- 
nately divided  leaves.  Involucre  and  involueels  present.  Petals  white.  (Name 
from  KiW,  dog,  and  ffKidSiov,  a  sunshade,  a  fanciful  designation  referring  to  the 
umbels.) 


618 


UMBELLIFERAE    (PARSLEY    FAMILY) 


1.   C.  pinnatum  DC.     Segments  of  the  leaves  2-3  pairs,  narrow,  distant,  the 
terminal  one  the  longest.  —  McDonald  Co.,  Mo.  (Bush)  to  Kan.  and  Tex. 


28.   LIGUSTICUM  L.     LOVAGE 

Fruit  oblong  or  ovate,  flattened  laterally  if  at  all,  glabrous ; 
carpels  with  prominent  equal  acute  ribs  and  broad  intervals  ; 
oil-tubes  2-6  in  the  intervals,  6-10  on  the  commissure.  Stylo- 
podium  conical.  —  Smooth  perennials,  from  large  aromatic  roots, 
with  large  ternately  compound  leaves,  mostly  no  involucre, 
involucels  of  narrow  bractlets,  and  white  flowers  in  large  many- 
rayed  umbels.  (Named  from  the  country  Liguria,  where  the 
officinal  Lovage  of  the  gardens  abounds.) 

1.  L.  canadSnse  (L.)  Britton.     (NONDO,  ANGELICO.)     Stem 
stout,  branched,   1-2  m.   high  ;   leaves  very  large,  %-4-ternate ; 
leaflets  broadly   oblong,  5-12  cm.  long,   coarsely  serrate;  fruit 
ovate,  4-6  mm.  long ;  seed  with  angled  back.     (L.  actaeifolium 
of  auth.,  not  Michx.)  — Rich  ground,  s.  Pa.  to  Mo.,  and  south w. 

2.  L.  sc6thicum  L.     (SCOTCH  L.)    Stem  simple,  3-6  dm.  high  ; 
leaves  biternate  ;    leaflets  ovate,  2. 5-5  cm.  long,  coarsely  toothed  ; 
fruit  narrowly  oblong,  8-10  mm.  long ;  seed  with  round  back. 
—  Salt  marshes  and  rocks,  along  the  coast  from  N.  Y.  northw. 
Aug.     (Eu.)     FIG.  833. 


29.    CORlANDRUM   [Tourn.]   L.     CORIANDER 

Fruit  nearly  globose,  not  at  all  narrowed  at  the  commissure  ;  ribs  filiform 
or  acutish.     Seed  dorsally  compressed,  somewhat  concave  on  the  inner  face. — 
Slender  glabrous  herbs,  with  pinnately  dissected  leaves,  compound  umbels,  no 
involucre,  few-parted  involucels,  and  white  or  roseate  unequal 
petals.     (The  ancient  Latin  name.) 

1.  C.  SATIVUM  L.  Lower  leaves  pinnate,  the  leaflets  flabelli- 
form,  many-cleft,  cuneate  at  the  base,  upper  leaves  deeply  cut 
into  linear  segments.  —  Waste  places,  becoming  frequent.  (Adv. 
from  Eurasia.) 

30.   AETHtTSA  L.     FOOL'S  PARSLEY 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  ovoid-globose,  slightly  flattened 
dorsally ;  carpel  with  5  thick  sharp  ribs ;  oil-tubes  solitary  in 
the  intervals,  2  on  the  commissure.  —  Poisonous  annuals,  with 
2-3-ternately  compound  leaves,  divisions  pinnate,  ultimate  seg- 
ments small  and  many-cleft,  no  involucre,  long  narrow  involu- 
cels, and  white  flowers.  (Afflovcm,  burning,  in  allusion  to  the 
bright  or  shining  foliage,  probably  in  translation  of  the  Swedish  vernacular 
name  glis.) 

1.    A.  CYNA.PIUM  L.     A  fetid  poisonous  herb,  in  waste  or  cultivated  grounds, 
from  N.  S.  to  Pa.,  Minn.,  and  Ont.    June-Aug.     (Nat.  from  Eu.)     FIG.  834. 


31.   COELOPLEtTRUM  Ledeb. 

Fruit  globose  to  ellipsoid,  with  prominent  nearly  equal  thick  corky  ribs 
(none  of  them  winged);  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals  and  under  the  ribs, 
2-4  on  the  commissure.  Seed  loose  in  the  pericarp.  —  Stout  glabrous  (or  inflo- 
rescence puberulent)  maritime  perennials,  with  2-3-ternate  leaves  on  very  large 
inflated  petioles,  few-leaved  deciduous  involucre,  involucels  of  numerous  small 
linear-lanceolate  bractlets  (often  conspicuous  or  even  leaf-like),  and  greenish- 
white  flowers  in  many-rayed  umbels.  (From  /cotXos,  hollow,  and  ir\wpbv,  a  rib. ) 


UMBELLIFERAE    (PARSLEY   FAMILY) 


619 


1.  C.  actaeif&lium  (Michx.)  Coult.  &  Rose.  Stem  3-12  dm. 
high ;  leaflets  ovate,  irregularly  cut-serrate,  6-7  cm.  long ;  fruit 
4-7  mm.  long.  (C.  Gmelini  of  auth.,  not  Ledeb.) — Rocky  coasts, 
Mass,  to  Greenl.  FIG.  835. 

32.   CYM6PTERUS  Raf. 

Calyx-teeth  more  or  less  prominent.  Fruit  usually  globose,  with 
all  the  ribs  conspicuously  winged  ;  oil-tubes  1 -several  in  the  inter- 
vals, 2-8  on  the  commissure.  Stylopodium  depressed.  Seed-face 
slightly  concave.  —  Mostly  low  (often  cespitose)  glabrous  peren- 
nials, from  a  thick  elongated  root,  with  more  or  less  pinnately 
compound  leaves,  with  or  without  an  involucre,  prominent  involu- 
cels,  and  white  flowers  (in  ours).  (From  Kv^a,  a  wave,  and 

835.  C.  actaei-    irrepbv,  a  wing,  referring  to  the  often  undulate  wings.) 
folium  x.s.          i.    c.  acaiilis  (Pursh)  Rydb.     Low  (1-2  dm.  high),  with  a  short 
erect  caudex  bearing  leaves  and  peduncles  at  the  summit,  glabrous  ; 

rays  and  pedicels  very  short,  making  a  compact  cluster ;  involucre  none;  involu- 

cel  of  a  single  palmately  5-7-parted  bractlet ;  fruit  globose,  6-8  mm.  in  diameter  ; 

wings  rather  corky;  oil-tubes  4-5  in  the  intervals.     (O.  glomeratus  Raf.)  — 

Minn,  to  la.,  Ark.,  and  westw. 

33.   THASPIUM  Nutt.    MEADOW  PARSNIP 

Calyx-teeth  conspicuous.  Fruit  ovoid  to  oblong,  slightly  flattened  dorsally ; 
carpel  with  3  or  4  or  all  the  ribs  strongly  winged ;  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the 
intervals,  2  on  the  commissure.  Stylopodium  wanting;  styles  long. —  Peren- 
nials, with  ternately  divided  leaves  (or  the  lower  simple)  and 
broad  serrate  or  toothed  leaflets,  mostly  yellow  flowers,  and 
all  the  fruit  pediceled.  (Name  a  play  upon  Thapsia,  so  called 
from  the  island  of  Thapsus.) 

1.  T.  aureum  Nutt.     Glabrous;  root-leaves  mostly  cordate, 
serrate ;  stem-leaves  simply  ternate  (rarely  biternate) ;  leaflets 
ovate  to  lanceolate,  round  or  tapering  at  base,  serrate  ;  flowers 
deep  yellow  ;  fruit  globose-ovoid,  about  4  mm.  long,  all  the  ribs 
equally  winged.  —  Thickets  and  woodlands,  n.  O.  to  Md.,  Ga., 
Ark.,  and  Wyo.  —  Fl.  summer.     FIG.  836. 

Var.  atropurpureum  (Desr.)  Coult.  &  Rose.     Petals  dark- 
purple.  —  N.  J.  to  Ga.  and  111. 

2.  T.  barbinbde  (Michx.)  Nutt.     Loosely  branched,  pubes- 
cent on  the  joints,  sometimes  puberulent  in  the  umbels  ;  leaves 
1-3-ternate  ;   leaflets  ovate  to  lanceolate,  acute,  with  cuneate 
base,    coarsely    cut-serrate,    often  ternately   cleft   or  parted ; 
flowers  light  yellow ;  fruit  broadly  oblong,  about  6  mm.  long 
and  4  in  in.  broad,  with  mostly  1  prominent  wings.  — Banks  of 
streams,  N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  and  south w.     May-June.     Var.  AN- 
GUSTIF6LIUM   Coult.  &  Rose,  has  narrower  more  sharply  cut 
leaflets,  and  fruit  more  or  less  puberulent.  —  Pa.  to  Pt.  Pelee, 
Ont.,  and  111. 

3.  T.  pinnatifidum  (Buckley)  Gray.     Resembling  the  last,  but  puberulent  on 
the  branchlets,  umbels,  and  fruit,  with  fewer  leaves;  leaflets  l-2-pinnatifld,  the 
lobes  linear  or  oblong  ;  one  or  two  leaves  near  the  base  often  very  large  and  long- 
petioled  ;  flowers  light  yellow  ;  fruit  oblong,  3-5  mm.  long  and  2-3  mm.  broad, 
all  the  ribs  winged,  generally  three  of  'them  narrowly  so.  —  Barrens  and  mts., 
Ky.  to  Tenn.  and  N.  C. 

34.    LOMATIUM  Raf. 

Fruit  flattened  dorsally,  oblong  to  nearly  orbicular,  laterally  winged  ;  oil- 
tubes  usually  many.     Roots  fusiform.     Leaves  dissected.     Involucre  none.  — 


T.  aureum. 
Fruit  x  4. 
Cross-section  of 
fruit  x  5. 


620 


UMBELLIFERAE    (PARSLEY   FAMILY) 


Perennials  of  dry  ground,  nearly  or  quite  acaulescent.  Petals  yellow  or  white. 
(Name  from  XtSytta,  a  border,  referring  to  the  winged  fruit.)  PKUCUIJANUM  of 
Am.  auth.,  but  scarcely  of  L. 

1.  L.  orientale  Coult.  &  Rose.     Pubescent,  1-2  dm.  high  ;  leaves  bipinnate  ; 
petals  white  or  pinkish  ;  fruit  nearly  round  ;  dorsal  ribs  indistinct.     (Peuced- 
anuin  nudicaule  Nutt.,  in  part.)  —  Gravelly  soil,  Minn,  to  la,,  Kan.,  and  westw. 

2.  L.  daucifblium  (Nutt.)   Coult.  &  Rose.     Leaves  finely  dissected;  petals 
yellow  ;  fruit  oval  ;   dorsal  ribs  prominent.     (Peucedanum  villosum  Nutt.,  in 
part.)  —  Barrens,  w.  Mo.  to  Neb.  and  Tex. 

35.    PSEUDOTAENIDIA  Mackenzie. 

Calyx-teeth  short,  thickish.  Petals  inferentially  yellow.  Fruit  thickish, 
strongly  compressed  dorsally,  oblong-lanceolate  ;  carpels  obcompressed,  with 
slender  dorsal  ribs  and  broad  somewhat  corky  lateral  wings.  Oil-tubes  mostly 
solitary  in  the  intervals.  —  Glabrous  erect  perennial,  with  2-3-ternate  leaves, 
entire  leaflets  and  exinvolucrate  compound  umbels.  (Name  from  ^eOSos,  false, 
and  Taenidia,  to  which  this  recently  discovered  genus  possesses  a  marked  habital 
resemblance.) 

1.  P.  montana  Mackenzie.  Slender,  erect,  5-8  dm.  high;  root  slightly 
thickened  ;  petioles  broad  and  clasping  ;  leaflets  elliptical  to  lance-ovate  or 
-oblong,  entire,  thin  ;  umbels  6-12-rayed  ;  involucels  none  or  inconspicuous  ; 
fruit  6  mm.  long.  —  Clayey  and  rocky  mountain  slopes,  Kate's 
Mt.,  W.  Va.  (Mackenzie)  and  Luray  Cavern,  Va.  (Steele). 

36.  POLYTAENIA  DC. 

Calyx-teeth  conspicuous.  Fruit  obovate  to  oval,  much  flat- 
tened dorsally  ;  dorsal  ribs  small  or  obscure  in  the  depressed  back, 
the  lateral  with  broad  thick  corky  closely  contiguous  wings  form- 
ing the  margin  of  the  fruit  ;  oil-tubes  12-18  about  the  seed  and 
many  scattered  through  the  thick  corky  pericarp.  —  A  perennial 
mostly  glabrous  herb,  with  2-pinnate  leaves  (upper  opposite  and 
3-cleft),  the  segments  cuneate  and  incised,  no  involucre,  narrow 
involucels,  and  bright  yellow  flowers  in  May.  (Named  from 
7ro^l^~?  want/,  and  raivla,  a  fillet,  alluding  to  the 
numerous  oil-tubes.) 

1.    P.  Nuttallii  DC.     Plant  5-10  dm.  high  ; 

pedicels  and  involucels  pubescent.  —  Barrens,  Mich,  to  n.  Ala., 

Tex.,  Okla.,  la.,  and  Wise.     FIG.  837. 

37.  PASTINACA  L.    PARSNIP 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  oval,  very  much  flattened  dor- 
sally ;  dorsal  ribs  filiform,  the  lateral  extended  into  broad  wings, 
which  are  strongly  nerved  toward  the  outer  margin  ;  oil-tubes 
small,  solitary  in  the  intervals,  2-4  on  the  commissure  ;  stylo- 
podium  depressed.  —  Tall  stout  glabrous  biennial,  with  pinnately 
compound  leaves,  mostly  no  involucre  or  involucels,  and  yellow 
flowers.  (The  Latin  name,  from  pastus,  food.  ) 

1.  P.  SATIVA  L.  Stem  grooved  ;  leaflets  ovate  to  oblong, 
cut-toothed.  —  Waste  places,  open  rich  soil,  etc.  (Nat.  from 
Eu.)  FIG.  838. 

38.    LEVISTICUM  [Rivinius]  Hill.     LOVAGE 

Calyx-teeth  obscure.  Petals  greenish-yellow.  Fruit  oblong,  rounded  at  each 
end,  strongly  ribbed,  the  lateral  ribs  moderately  winged  ;  oil-tubes  solitary  in 
the  intervals,  2  on  the  commissure  ;  seed  flattish  on  the  inner  face.  —  Stout 


837  P  Nuttallii 
x  3 


P.  saliva  x  3. 


UMBELLIFERAE    (PARSLEY   FAMILY)  621 

perennial  herb,  with  branched  stems,  large  bipinnate  leaves  with  rhombic- 
obovate  and  compound  conspicuously  involucrate  umbels.  (Name  said  to  be  a 
corruption  of  Ligusticum.) 

1.  L.  OFFICIN\LE  (L.)  Koch.  Essentially  glabrous  ;  leaflets  coarsely  toothed 
toward  the  apex,  entire  at  the  cuneate  base.  (L.  Levisticum  Karst.) — Culti- 
vated for  the  aromatic  qualities  especially  of  its  seeds,  and  now  occasionally 
found  as  a  local  escape.  (Introd.  from  s.  Eu.) 

39.    ANETHUM   [Tourn.]  L.    DILL 

Petals  yellow.  Fruit  elliptical,  flattened  dorsally,  the  lateral  ribs  winged. 
Involucre  and  involucels  none.  —  Slender  caulescent  annuals  with  finely  divided 
leaves,  and  compound  umbels.  ("Avrjdov,  ancient  Greek  name  of  the  dill,  thought 
to  come  from  &6eii>,  to  burn,  in  allusion  to  the  pungent  seeds.) 

1.  A.  GRAVEOLENS  L.  Erect,  glabrous,  usually  branched,  3-10  dm.  high  •, 
leaves  finely  dissected,  fennel-like.  —  Thoroughly  established  at  Bridgeport,  Ct. 
(Barnes),  and  casual  on  waste  ground,  etc.,  elsewhere.  (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

40.  HERACLEUM  L.     Cow  PARSNIP 

Fruit  obovate,  as  in  Pastinaca,  but  with  a  thick  conical  stylopodium,  and 
the  conspicuous  obclavate  oil-tubes  extending  scarcely  below 
the  middle.  —  Tall  stout  perennials,  with  large  compound 
leaves,  broad  umbels,  deciduous  involucre,  and  many-leaved 
involucels,  white  or  purplish  flowers,  and  obcordate  petals, 
the  outer  ones  commonly  larger  and  2-cleft.  (Dedicated  to 
Hercules.} 

1.  H.  lanatum  Michx.    Woolly;  stem  grooved,  1-2.8  m. 
high ;  leaves  ternate ;  leaflets  broad,  irregularly  cut-toothed. 
—  Wet  ground,   Nfd.  to  the  Pacific,  and  southw.  to  N.  C., 
Ky.,  and  Kan.     June.     FIG.  839. 

2.  H.  SPHONDYLIUM  L.      Spreading-pubescent  and  some- 
what scabrous;    leaves  pinnate,'  leaflets  3-7,   coarsely  and 
rather  bluntly  toothed. — Casual  on  waste  land,  etc.,  chiefly 

sag.  H.  lanatum  x  2.    about  Atlantic  ports.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

41.    IMPERAT6RIA   [Tourn.]  L. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Petals  small,  white.  Fruit  suborbicular  or  broadly 
elliptical,  distinctly  cordate  at  base  and  apex,  smooth,  the  ribs  filiform  except 
the  lateral,  which  are  developed  into  a  broad  thin  wing ;  stylopodium  conical ; 
oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals  and  as  long  or  nearly  as  long  as  the  fruit.  — 
Stately  smoothish  perennials,  with  ternately  compound  leaves.  (From  im- 
perator,  master,  emperor,  in  allusion,  it  is  said,  to  its  powerful  medicinal 
qualities.) 

1.  I.  OsxRtjTHiuM  L.  (MASTERWORT.)  Stem  hollow,  8-16  dm.  high  ;  leaflets 
large,  ovate  or  obovate,  serrate  and  commonly  incised,  nearly  or  quite  glabrous  ; 
umbels  with  very  numerous  rays  exinvolucrate  or  nearly  so ;  bracts  of  the 
involucels  few,  narrow,  inconspicuous.  — Formerly  cultivated,  now  locally  estab- 
lished in  e.  Pa.,  Mich.,  and  perhaps  elsewhere.  (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

42.   OXYPCLIS  Raf. 

Calyx-teeth  evident.  Fruit  ovate  to  obovate,  flattened  dorsally  ;  dorsal  ribs 
filiform,  the  lateral  broadly  winged,  closely  contiguous  and  strongly  nerved  next 
to  the  body  (giving  the  appearance  of  5  dorsal  ribs);  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the 
intervals,  2-6  on  the  commissure  ;  stylopodium  short,  thick-conical.  —  Glabrous 
erect  aquatic  herbs  ;  involucre  and  involucels  present,  and  flowers  white.  (Deri- 
vation unexplained.)  TIEDEMANNIA  DC. 


622 


UMBELLIFERAE   (PARSLEY   FAMILY) 


840.  O.  rigidior 
x  4. 


1.  0.  filif6rmis  (Walt.)  Britton.      Stem  hollow,  4-20  dm. 
high ;    leaves    reduced    to    cylindrical    hollow  pointed    nodose 
petioles;    fruit    obovate,    rounded  or  truncate  at    the    ends. 
(Tiedemannia  teretifolia  DC.) — Ponds,   Va.  to  Fla.  and  La. 
Aug.,  Sept. 

Var.  Cdnbyi  Coult.  &  Rose.     Fruit  short,  suborbicular,  retuse 
at  both  ends.  —  Ellendale,  Del.  (  Canby,  Commons} . 

2.  0.  rigidior  (L.)  Coult.  &  Rose.     (COWBANE.)     Stem  6-15 
dm.  high  ;  leaves  simply  pinnate,  with  8-9  linear  to  lanceolate 
remotely  toothed  leaflets;   oil-tubes  mostly  small.     (Tiedeman- 
nia rigida  Coult.  &  Rose.)  —  Swamps,  N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  s.  to  the 
Gulf.      Aug.  —  Poisonous;  roots  tuberiferous.      Var.  AMBfouA 
(Nutt.)  Robinson  (Var.  longifolia  Britton)  with  entire  leaflets, 
occurs  in  N.  J.,  and  south w.     FIG.  840. 


43.    CONIOSELiNUM   Fisch.     HEMLOCK  PARSLEY 

Fruit  oval,  flattened  dorsally,  glabrous,  the  lateral  ribs  extended  into  broad 
wings  ;  seed  slightly  concave  on  the  inner  face.  —  Tall  slender  glabrous  peren- 
nials, with  finely  2-3-pinnately  compound  leaves,  few-leaved 
involucre  or  none,  involucels  of  elongated  (in  ours)  linear-seta- 
ceous bractlets,  and  white  flowers.  (Compound  of  Conium  and 
Selinum,  from  its  resemblance  to  these  genera.) 

1.  C.  chinSnse  (L.)  BSP.  Leaflets  pinnatifid  ;  wings  nearly 
as  broad  as  the  seed  ;  oil-tubes  2-3  in  the  intervals,  sometimes  1 
or  4.  (C.  canadense  T.  &  G.)  —  Swamps  and  cold  cliffs,  Nfd. 
to  Out.,  s.  to  N.  E.,  N.  Y.,  Ind.,  Minn.,  and  in  the  mts.  to  N.  C. 
Aug. -Oct.  FIG.  841. 

44.    ANGELICA  L.     ANGELICA 


841.  C.  chinense 
X4. 


Fruit  strongly  flattened  dorsally  ;  primary  ribs  very  prominent, 
the  lateral  extended  into  broad  distinct  wings,  forming  a  double- 
winged  margin  to  the  fruit ;  oil-tubes  1-several  in  the  intervals 
or  indefinite,  2-10  on  the  commissure.  —  Stout  perennials,  with 
ternately  or  pinnately  compound  leaves,  large  terminal  umbels, 
scanty  or  no  involucres,  small  many-leaved  involucels,  and  white  or  greenish 
flowers.  (Named  angelic  from  its  cordial  and  medicinal  properties.) 

*  Seed  adherent  to  the  pericarp;  oil-tubes  l-several  in  the  intervals  ;  uppermost 
leaves  mostly  reduced  to  large  inflated  petioles. 

1.  A.  Curtfsii  Buckley.  Glabrous  ;  leaves  twice  ternate  or  the  divisions 
quinate  ;  leaflets  thin,  ovate-lanceolate,  sharply  and  irregularly 
toothed,  2.5-8  cm.  broad  ;  fruit  glabrous,  3-9  mm.  broad ;  oil- 
tubes  mostly  solitary  (rarely  2-3)  in  the  intervals.  —  Along  the 
Alleghenies  from  Pa.  to  N.  C.  Aug. 

2.  A.  villbsa  (Walt.)  BSP.    Pubescent  above;  leaves  twice 
pinnately  or  ternately  divided;    leaflets  thickish,  lanceolate  to 
oblong,  1-2  cm.  broad,  serrate;  fruit  pubescent,  4  mm.  broad ; 
oil-tubes  3-6  in  the  intervals.      (A.  hirsuta   Muhl.) — Rocky 
woods,  w.  Mass,  to  Minn.,  Tenn.,  and  Fla.     July. 

3.  A.  SYLVESTRIS  L.     Puberulent  above  ;  leaves  ternately  bi- 
pinnate  ;  leaflets  thin,  ovate  to  lanceolate,  finely  serrate ;  fruit 
glabrous,  5-6  mm.  long,  3  mm.  broad  ;  oil-tubes  mostly  1  in  each 
interval. — Old  fields,  Louisburg,    Cape  Breton  I.    (Macouri). 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Seed  loose  ;  oil-tubes  indefinite  (25-30);  upper  petioles  not 
so  prominent. 

4.  A.  atropurpurea  L-      Very  stout,  glabrous  throughout, 


842.  A.  atropur- 
purea X  8. 


CORNACEAE   (DOGWOOD   FAMILY)  623 

with  dark  purple  stem  ;  leaves  2-3-ternately  divided,  the  pinnate  segments  of 
5-7  lanceolate  to  ovate  leaflets,  2-4  cm.  broad,  sharply  mucronate-serrate. 
(Archangelica  Hoffiii.)  —  Alluvial  soils,  Nfd.  to  Del.,  111.,  la.,  Minn.,  and  w. 
Ont.  FIG.  842. 

45.  T6RILIS  Adans. 

Calyx-teeth  short,  triangular,  persistent.  Fruit  bristly  with  hooked  prickles 
or  warty,  the  primary  ribs  not  so  prominent  as  the  secondary.  — Erect  slender 
caulescent  annuals  with  bipinriate  leaves,  compound  umbels,  and  dense  heads  of 
white  flowers,  the  involucres  and  involucels  of  linear  bracts.  (Etymology  un- 
known.) CAUCALIS  of  auth.,  in  part. 

1.  T.  ANTHRfscus  (L.)  Bernh.     Umbels  open,  loose,  long-peduncled,  raised 
above  the  leaves  ;  prickles  evenly  distributed  on  the  fruit.     (Caucalis  Huds.)  — 
Open  woods  and  waste  places,  N.  Y.  to  D.  C.,  Ky.,  and  O.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  T.  NODOSA   (L.)   Gaertn.      Umbels  dense,  subcapitate  ;   peduncles  much 
shorter  than  the  leaves  ;  prickles  often  confined  to  one  side  of  the  elsewhere  warty 
carpels.     (Caucalis  Scop.)  —  Similar  situations,  from  the  Middle  Atlantic  States 
westw.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

46.    DAUCUS    [Tourn.]   L.    CARROT 

Fruit  oblong,  flattened  dorsally ;  stylopodium  depressed ; 
carpel  with  5  slender  bristly  primary  ribs  and  4  winged  secondary 
ones,  each  of  the  latter  bearing  a  single  row  of  barbed  prickles  ; 
oil-tubes  solitary  under  the  secondary  ribs,  two  on  the  commis- 
sural  side.  —  Bristly  annuals  or  biennials,  with  pinnately  decom- 
pound leaves,  foliaceous  and  cleft  involucral  bracts,  and  compound 
umbels  which  become  strongly  concave.  (The  ancient  Greek 
name.) 

1.  D.  CAR6TA  L.  Biennial ;  stem  bristly ;  ultimate  leaf-seg- 
ments lanceolate  and  cuspidate  ;  rays  numerous.  —  Fields  and 
waste  places  ;  a  pernicious  weed.  —  The  flowers  vary  from  white 

D.  Carota    to  roseate  or  pale  yellow,  the  central  one  in  each  umbel  usually 

x3%.          dark  purple.     (Nat.  from  Eu.)     FIG.  843. 

CORNACEAE   (DOGWOOD  FAMILY) 

Shrubs  or  trees  (rarely  herbaceous},  with  opposite  or  alternate  simple  leaves, 
the  calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  l-2-celled  ovary,  its  limb  minute,  the  petals 
(valvate  in  the  bud)  and  as  many  stamens  borne  on  the  margin  of  an  epigynous 
disk  in  the  perfect  flowers  •  style  one;  a  single  anatropous  ovule  hanging  from 
the  top  of  the  cell ;  the  fruit  a  l-2-seeded  drupe ;  embryo  nearly  as  long  as  the 
albumen,  with  large  foliaceous  cotyledons. — Including  two  genera  with  us,  of 
which  Nyssa  is  partly  apetalous.  Bark  bitter  and  tonic. 

1.  Cornus.     Flowers  perfect,  4-merous.    Leaves  mostly  opposite. 

2.  Nyssa.     Flowers  dioeciously  polygamous,  5-merous.    Leaves  alternate. 

1.  C6RNUS    [Tourn.]    L.    CORNEL.    DOGWOOD 

Flowers  perfect  (or  in  some  foreign  species  dioecious).  Calyx  minutely 
4-toothed.  Petals  4,  oblong,  spreading.  Stamens  4  ;  filaments  slender.  Style 
slender;  stigma  terminal,  flat  or  capitate.  Drupe  small,  with  a  2-celled  and 
2-seeded  stone.  —  Leaves  opposite  (except  in  one  species),  entire.  Flowers 
small,  in  open  naked  cymes,  or  in  close  heads  surrounded  by  a  corolla-like 
involucre.  (Name  from  cornu,  a  horn  ;  alluding  to  the  hardness  of  the  wood.) 


624  CORNACEAE    (DOGWOOD    FAMILY) 

§  1.    Flowers  greenish  or  purple  in  a  close  cluster,  surrounded  by  a  showy 
usually  4-bracted  corolla-like  white  or  pinkish  involucre  ;  fruit  bright  red. 

1.  C.  canad6nsis  L.      (DWARF  C.,  BUNCHBERRY.)     Stems  low  and  simple, 
9-22  cm.   high,  from  a  slender  creeping  and  subterranean  rootstock  ;    leaves 
scarcely  petioled,  the  lower  scale-like,  the  upper  crowded  into  an  apparent  whorl 
in  sixes  or  fours  (rarely  opposite),  ovate  or  oval,  pointed  ;  bracts  of  the  involucre 
ovate,  short-acuminate  ;  flowers  greenish-white  or  the  petals  purple-tipped  ;  fruit 
globular. — Damp  cold  woods,  Lab.  to  Alaska,  s.  to  N.  J.,  W.  Va.,  Ind.,  Minn., 
etc.     June,  July.     (E.  Asia.)  — Leaves  and  involucres  (rarely  3)  often  modified 
and  variously  colored. 

2.  C.  su6cica  L.     Similar  but  more  slender ;  leaves  short-oval,  in  ^-several 
pairs,  not  verticillate  ;  flowers  deep  violet ;  involucral  bracts  ovate,  obtusish, 
usually  smaller  than  in  the  preceding.  —  Wooded  crests  of  headlands  and  cliffs, 
Riviere  du  Loup,   Que.,   and  Nfd.   to   Greenl.   and  Alaska.      July.      (Boreal 
Eurasia. ) 

3.  C.  fl6rida  L.     (FLOWERING  D.)    Tree,  4-12  m.  high  ;  leaves  ovate,  pointed, 
acutish  at  the  base  ;  bracts  of  the  involucre  obcordate,  3-6  cm.  long  ;  fruit  ovoid. 

—  Dry  woods,  from  s.  Me.  to  Ont.  and  s.  Minn.,  s.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     May,  June. 

—  Very  showy  in  flower,  scarcely  less  so  in  fruit. 

§  2.    Flowers  white,  in  open  flat  spreading  cymes ;  involucre  none  ;  fruit  spher- 
ical ;  leaves  all  opposite  (except  in  no.  11.) 

*  Pubescence  woolly  and  more  or  less  spreading. 
•t-  Fruit  light  blue. 

4.  C.  circinata  L'HSr.     (ROUND-LEAVED  C.  or  D.)     Shrub,  2-3  m.  high; 
branches  greenish,  warty-dotted  ;   leaves  round-oval,  abruptly  pointed,  woolly 
beneath,  5-12  cm.  broad ;   cymes  flat ;   fruit  light  blue.  —  Copses,   in  rich  or 
sandy  soil,  or  on  rocks,  e.  Que.  to  Man.,  s.  to  Va.,  Ind.,  111.,  la.,  and  N.  Dak. 
June,  July. 

5.  C.   Ambmum  Mill.      (SILKY   C.,   KINNIKINNIK.)      Shrub,  1-3  m.  high; 
branches  purplish  ;  the  branchlets,  stalks,  and  lower  surface  of  the  ovate  or  ellip- 
tical pointed  leaves  silky-downy  (often  rusty),  pale  and  dull,  not  microscopically 
papillose  ;  cymes  flat,  close  ;  calyx-teeth  lanceolate  ;  fruit  pale  blue.     ( C.  sericea 
L.)  —  Wet  places,  Nfd.  to  N.  D.,  s.  to  Fla.  and  La.     June.  —  C.  Purpusi  Koehne, 
with  slightly  narrower  leaves  microscopically  papillose  but  not  rusty -pubescent 
beneath,  appears  to  be  an  inconstant  form  rather  than  a  distinct  species. 

-»-  H-  Fruit  white. 

6.  C.  asperifblia  Michx.      Branches  brownish;  the  branchlets,  etc.,  rough- 
pubescent;  leaves  oblong  or  ovate,  on  short  petioles,  pointed,  rough  with  a  harsh 
pubescence  above,  and  downy  beneath  ;  corolla  subcylindric  in  bud,  petals  rather 
long;  calyx-teeth  minute  ;  fruit  white,  5-6  mm.  in  diameter. — Dry  or  sandy 
soil,  n.  shore  of  L.  Erie  to  Minn.,  Kan.,  and  southw.     May,  June.  —  A  rather 
tall  shrub.     C.  PRfcEAE  Small,  of  Ky.  and  Tenn.,  is  said  to  have  smaller  fruit 
(about  3  mm.  in  diameter). 

7.  C.  BailSyi  Coult.  &  Evans.      Branchlets  brownish,  spreading-pubescent, 
not  scabrous  ;  leaves  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  not  scabrous,  appressed-pubescent 
above,  covered  beneath  with  spreading  and  subappressed  pubescence  ;  corolla 
ovoid  in  bud  ;  petals  short ;  fruit  pure  white.  —  Sandy  shores,  etc.,  w.  Pa.  and 
s.  Ont.  to  Minn,  and  Man. 

*  *  Pubescence  closely  appressed,  straight  and  silky,  or  none. 

8.  C.  stolonifera  Michx.     (RED-OSIER  D.)     Branches,  especially  the  osier- 
like  shoots  of  the  season,  bright  red-purple,  smooth ;  leaves  ovate,  rounded  at 
base,  abruptly  short-pointed,  roughish  with  a  minute  close  pubescence  on  both 
sides,  whitish  underneath  ;  cymes  small  and  flat,  rather  few-flowered,  smooth ; 
fruit  white  or  lead-color  (rarely  blue).  —  Wet  places,  Nfd.  to  Mackenzie,  s.  to 
D.  C.,  Great  L.  region,  la.,  Neb.,  N.  Mex.,  etc.;  common,  especially  northw. — 


ERICACEAE    (HEATH   FAMILY)  625 

Multiplies  freely  by  prostrate  or  subterranean  suckers,  and  forms  broad  clumps 
1-2  m.  high.    June-Aug. 

9.  C.  stricta  Lain.     (STIFF  C.)     A  shrub  2-5  in.  high  ;  branches  brownish  or 
reddish,  smooth  ;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  acutish  at  base, 
glabrous,  of  nearly  the  same  hue  both  sides  •  cymes  loose,  flattish  ;  anthers  and 
fruit  pale  blue.  —  Swamps,  Va.  and  Mo.,  south vv.     Apr.,  May. 

10.  C.  paniculata  L'He"r.     Shrub  1-2.5  m.  high,  much  branched;  branches 
gray,  smooth  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  acute  at  base,  whitish  be- 
neath but  not  downy  ;   cymes  convex,  loose,  often  panicled  ;  fruit  white,  de- 
pressed-globose, on  bright  red  pedicels.     (C.  candidissima  Marsh.  ?,  riot  Mill.)  — 
Thickets  and  river-banks,    centr.    Me.  to   Ont.,    Minn.,  and  south w.      June, 
July. 

11.  C.  alternifblia  L.  f.      Shrub  or  tree  2-6  m.  high  ;    branches  greenish, 
streaked  with  white,  the  alternate  leaves  clustered  at  the  ends,  ovate  or  oval, 
long-pointed,  acute  at  base,  whitish  and  minutely  pubescent  beneath ;  cymes 
very  broad  and  open;  fruit  deep  blue,  on  reddish  stalks.  —  Copses,  e.  Que.  to 
w.  Ont.,  Minn.,  and  la.,  s.  to  Ga.  and  Ala.    May,  June. 

2.   NYSSA  L.     TUPELO.     PEPPERIDGE.     SOUR  GUM 

Flowers  borne  at  the  summit  of  axillary  peduncles.  Stam.  Fl.  numerous. 
Calyx  small,  5-parted.  Petals  as  in  fertile  flower  or  none.  Stamens  5-12, 
oftener  10,  inserted  on  the  outside  of  a  convex  disk.  No  pistil.  Pist.  FL  soli- 
tary, or  2-8,  sessile  in  a  bracted  cluster,  much  larger  than  the  staminate  flowers. 
Petals  very  small  and  fleshy,  deciduous,  or  often  wanting.  Stamens  5-10,  with 
perfect  or  imperfect  anthers.  Style  elongated.  Drupe  ovoid  or  ellipsoid.  —  Trees 
with  entire  or  sometimes  angulate-toothed  alternate  leaves  and  greenish  flowers. 
(The  name  of  a  Nymph:  "so  called  because  it  [the  original  species]  grows  in 
the  water.") 

1.  N.  sylvdtica  Marsh.     (BLACK  GUM.)     Middle-sized  tree,  with  horizontal 
branches ;   leaves  oval  or  obovate,  commonly  acuminate,  glabrous  or  villous- 
pubescent  when  young,  at  least  on  the  margins  and  midrib,  shining  above  when 
old  ;  fertile  flowers  3-8,  at  the  summit  of  a  slender  peduncle  ;  fruit  ovoid,  acid, 
bluish-black,  about  1.2  cm.  long.     (JV.  multiflora  Wang.) — Rich  soil,  either 
moist  or  nearly  dry,  s.  Me.  and  n.  Vt.  to  Mich.,  s.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     Apr.,  May. 
—  Leaves  turning  bright  crimson  in  autumn.     Wood  firm,  close-grained. 

Var.  bifl&ra  (Walt.)  Sarg.  Leaves  narrower,  subcoriaceous,  more  obtuse; 
stone  decidedly  furrowed.  (N.  biflora  Walt.) —Marshes,  south  w.;  sometimes 
well  marked. 

2.  N.  aquatica  L.     A  large  tree ;  leaves  oblong  or  ovate,  sometimes  slightly 
cordate  at  base,  long-petioled,  entire  or  angulate-toothed,  pale  and  downy-pubes- 
cent beneath,  at  least  when  young,  1-3  dm.  long ;  fertile  flower  solitary  on  a 
slender  peduncle  ;  fruit  ellipsoid,  blue,  2.5  cm.  or  more  in  length.     (N.  uniflora 
Wang.) — Deep  swamps,  s.  Va.  to  s.  111.  and  Mo.,  s.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     Apr. — 
Wood  soft ;  that  of  the  roots  very  light  and  spongy. 

ERICACEAE    (HEATH  FAMILY) 

Shrubs,  sometimes  herbs,  with  the  flowers  regular  or  nearly  so ;  stamens  as 
many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  4-5-lobed  or  4-5-petaled  corolla,  free  from  but  in- 
serted with  it;  anthers  ^-celled,  commonly  appendaged,  or  opening  by  terminal 
chinks  or  pores,  introrse  (except  in  Subfamily  I) ;  style  I ;  ovary  3-W-celled. 
Pollen  compound,  of  4  united  grains  (except  in  Subfamily  II).  Seeds  small, 
anatropous.  Embryo  small,  or  sometimes  minute,  in  fleshy  albumen. — A 
large  family,  very  various  in  many  of  the  characters,  ours  comprising  four 
well-marked  subfamilies. 

CRAY'S  MANUAL  —  40 


626  ERICACEAE    (HEATH   FAMILY) 

SUBFAMILY  I.     PYROLOfDEAE    (PYROLA  SUBFAMILY) 

Calyx  free  from  the  ovary.  Corolla  polypetalous.  Anthers  extrorse  in  the 
bud,  opening  by  pores  at  the  base  (inverted  in  the  flower).  Seeds  with  a  loose 
and  translucent  cellular  coat  much  larger  than  the  nucleus. 

Tribe  I.    CLETHREAE.    Shrubs  or  trees,  with  deciduous  foliage  (in  ours).    Pollen-grains  simple. 
Capsule  3-celled. 

1.  Clethra.     Sepals  and  petals  5.    Stamens  10.    Style  3-cleft  at  the  apex. 

Tribe  II.    PYR6LEAE.    Herbaceous  or  nearly  so,  with  evergreen  foliage.    Pollen-grains  compound. 
Capsule  5(rarely  4)-celled. 

2.  Chimaphila.     Stems  leafy.    Flowers  corymbed  or  umbeled.    Petals  widely  spreading.    Style 

very  short  and  top-shaped.     Valves  of  the  capsule  smooth  on  the  edges. 

8.  Moneses.    Scape  1-flowered.     Petals  widely  spreading.     Style  straight,  exserted ;   stigma 
5-rayed.    Valves  of  the  capsule  smooth  on  the  edges. 

4.  Pyrola.    Acaulescent.     Flowers  in  a  raceme.    Petals  not  widely  spreading.     Filaments  awl- 

shaped.    Style  long.    Valves  of  the  capsule  cobwebby  on  the  edges. 

SUBFAMILY  II.     MONOTROPOfDEAE    (INDIAN  PIPE  SUBFAMILY) 

Flowers  nearly  as  in  Subfamily  I  or  III,  but  the  plants  herbaceous,  root-para- 
sitic or  saprophytic,  entirely  destitute  of  green  foliage,  and  with  the  aspect  of 
Beech  Drops.  Seeds  as  in  Subfamily  I. 

*  Corolla  of  4  or  5  separate  petals  ;  calyx  imperfect  or  bract-like. 

5.  Monotropa.    Petals  narrow.    Anthers  kidney-shaped,  opening  across  the  top. 

*  *  Corolla  gamopetalous  ;  anthers  2-celled. 

6.  Pterospora.    Corolla  ovoid,  5-toothed.    Anthers  2-awned  on  the  back,  opening  lengthwise. 

7.  MonotropsiS.    Corolla  broadly  bell-shaped,  5-lobed.    Anthers  opening  at  the  top. 

SUBFAMILY  III.     ERICOfDEAE    (HEATH  SUBFAMILY) 

Calyx  free  from  the  ovary.  Corolla  gamopetalous,  rarely  polypetalous, 
hypogynous.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees. 

Tribe  I.    RHODODBNDREAB.    Fruit  a  septicidal  capsule.    Corolla  deciduous. 

*  Flowers  developed  from  scaly  buds. 
•»-  Scales  or  bracts  caducous  ;  anther-cells  opening  by  a  hole  or  chink  at  the  top. 

8.  Ledum.     Corolla  regular,  all  5  petals  nearly  separate.    Stamens  5-10.    Leaves  evergreen. 

9.  Rhododendron.     Flowers  usually  5-merous.     Corolla  bell-shaped  or  funnel-form,  lobed  or 

parted,  often  somewhat  irregular.    Leaves  deciduous  or  evergreen. 

10.  Menziesia.    Corolla  globular-bell-shaped,  4-toothed.    Stamens  8.     Leaves  deciduous. 
+-  +•  Bud-scales  firm  and  persistent ;  anther-cells  opening  lengthwise ;  leaves  evergreen. 

11.  Leiophyllum.    Corolla  of  5  separate  petals.     Stamens  10,  exserted. 

12.  Loiseleuria.    Corolla  deeply  5-cleft.     Stamens  5,  included. 

*  *  Flowers  not  from  scaly  buds ;  the  bracts  leaf-like  or  coriaceous. 

13.  Kalmia.    Corolla  broadly  bell-shaped  or  wheel-shaped,  with  10  pouches  receiving  as  many 

anthers.     Leaves  oblong  or  linear. 

14.  Phyllodoce.     Corolla  ovoid  or  urn-shaped.    Leaves  narrow  and  heath-like. 

Tribe  II.    ANDROMEDEAE.     Fruit  a  loculicidal  capsule  (berry-like  in  no.  22).    Corolla  deciduous. 

*  Calyx  dry,  not  becoming  fleshy  after  flowering. 

-H  Anther-cells  opening  only  at  the  top ;  corolla  not  salver-shaped. 

*+  Corolla  campanulate,  4-5-lobed  or  -parted  ;  heath-like,  with  acerose  imbricated  leaves. 

15.  Cassiope.    Calyx  of  ovate  imbricated  sepals.    Capsule  globular-ovoid,  4-5-valved,  the  valves 

2-cleft. 


ERICACEAE    (HEATH   FAMILY)  627 

•«•  -M-  Corolla  urceolate  to  cylindrical,  5-toothed  ;  not  heath-like. 

16.  Leucothoe.     Calyx  slightly  or  much  imbricated,  naked  or  bibracteate.     Corolla  ovoid  or 

cylindraceous.     Capsule  depressed,  5-lobed,  the  valves  entire. 

17.  Andromeda.     Calyx  valvate  and  very  early  open,  naked.    Anthers  2-4-awned.    Capsule  de- 

pressed-globose to  obovoid,  not  thickened  at  the  sutures.     Seeds  mostly  hanging  on  the 
central  placenta. 

18.  Lyonia.     Calyx,  etc.,  much  as  in  Andromeda.     Anthers  awnless.    Capsule  5-angled,  the 

sutures  with  corky  or  spongy  thickenings. 

19.  Chamaedaphne.    Calyx  of  rigid  imbricated  ovate  sepals,  bibracteate.    Corolla  cylindraceous. 

Capsule  splitting  when  ripe  into  an  outer  and  inner  layer,  the  inner  of  10  valves. 

20.  Oxydendrum.     Calyx  short,   early  open,   naked.     Capsule  slender-pyramidal.     Seeds  all 

ascending.    A  small  tree. 

+-  +-  Anther-cells  opening  through  their  whole  length,  not  appendaged. 

21.  Epigaea.    Corolla  salver-shaped.    Calyx  of  5  separate  dry  and  pointed  sepals. 

*  *  Calyx  becoming  enlarged  and  berry -like  in  fruit. 

22.  Gaultheria.     Calyx  5-cleft,  in  fruit  inclosing  the  capsule.    Anthers  4-awned  at  top. 

Tribe  III.     ARBtTTEAE.     Fruit  indehiscent,  a  berry  or  drupe.    Corolla  deciduous. 

23.  Arctostaphylos.    Corolla  urn-shaped.    Drupe  berry -like,  5-10-seeded. 

Tribe  IV.    ERfCEAE.    Corolla  persistent,  becoming  scarious.    Capsule  septicidal. 

24.  Calluna.    Corolla  bell-shaped,  4-parted.    Leaves  minute,  opposite,  imbricate. 

SUBFAMILY  IV.    VACCINOfDEAE    (WHORTLEBERRY  SUBFAMILY) 

Calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  which  forms  an  edible  berry  or  berry-like 
fruit,  crowned  with  the  short  calyx-teeth.  Anther-cells  opening  at  the  apex.  — 
Shrubs  or  somewhat  woody  plants,  with  scaly  buds. 

25.  Chiogenes.    Berry  4-celled,  many-seeded,  its  summit  free.     Anther-cells  not  prolonged  into 

a  tube,  but  each  2-pointed.     Slender  trailing  evergreen. 

26.  Gaylussacia.    Ovary  10-celled,  with  a  single  ovule  in  each  cell.    Fruit  a  berry-like  drupe 

with  10  small  seed-like  nutlets. 

27.  Vaccinium.    Berry  4-5-cel)ed  (or  imperfectly  8-10-celled  by  false  partitions),  many-seeded. 

Anther-cells  tapering  upward  into  a  tube. 

1.    CLETHRA    [Gronov.]    L.     WHITE  ALDER 

Sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Petals  obovate-oblong.  Anthers  arrow-shaped, 
erect  in  the  bud,  becoming  inverted.  Style  slender.  Capsule  3-valved,  many- 
seeded,  inclosed  in  the  calyx.  —  Shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate  serrate  decidu- 
ous leaves,  and  white  flowers  in  terminal  hoary  racemes.  Bracts  deciduous. 
(KXiJfya,  the  ancient  Greek  name  of  the  Alder,  which  this  genus  somewhat 
resembles  in  foliage.) 

1.  C.  alnifblia  L.     (SWEET  PEPPERBUSH.)     Shrub  1-3  m.  high  ;  leaves  3.5-7 
cm.  long,  wedge-obovate,  sharply  serrate,  entire  toward  the  base,  prominently 
straight- veined,  smooth,  green  both  sides  ;  racemes  upright,  usually  panicled  ; 
petals  white,  rarely  pink  ;  bracts  shorter  than  the  flowers  ;  filaments  smooth.  — 
Wet  copses,  Me.  to  Fla. ,  mostly  near  the  coast.     July-Sept. 

2.  C.  acuminata  Michx.    A  tall  shrub  or  small  tree  ;  leaves  oval  or  oblong, 
pointed,  thin,  finely  serrate,  7-15  cm.  long,  pale  beneath  ;   racemes  solitary, 
flexuous  or  drooping  ;  bracts  longer  than  the  flowers  /  filaments  and  pods  hairy. 
—  Woods  in  the  Alleghenies,  Va.  to  Ga.     July,  Aug. 

2.    CHIMAPHILA  Pursh.    PIPSISSEWA 

Petals  5,  concave,  orbicular.  Stamens  10  ;  filaments  enlarged  and  hairy  in 
the  middle  ;  anthers  as  in  Pyrola,  but  more  or  less  conspicuously  2-horned. 
Style  nearly  immersed  in  the  depressed  summit  of  the  globular  ovary  ;  stigma 


628  ERICACEAE    (HEATH    FAMILY) 

broad  and  orbicular,  disk-shaped,  the  border  5-crenate.  Capsule,  etc.,  as  in 
Pyrola,  but  splitting  from  the  apex  downward.  —  Low  nearly  herbaceous  plants, 
with  long  running  underground  shoots,  and  thick  shining  leaves,  somewhat 
whorled  or  scattered  along  the  short  ascending  sterns  ;  the  flowers  pink  or 
roseate,  on  a  terminal  peduncle.  (Name  from  x«A"*»  winter,  and  0i\eZ>,  to  love, 
in  allusion  to  one  of  the  popular  names,  viz.  Wintergreen.) 

1.  C.  umbellata  (L.)  Nutt.     (PRINCE'S  PINE,  PIPSISSEWA.)     Leafy,  1-4  dm. 
high  ;    leaves  wedge-lanceolate,   sharply  serrate,    not  spotted;   peduncles  2-8- 
flowered ;  petals  flesh-color ;  anthers  violet.  —  Dry  woods,  N.  S.  to  Ga.,  w.  to 
the  Pacific.     July,  Aug.    (Mex.,  Eurasia.) 

2.  C.  maculata  (L.)   Pursh.     (SPOTTED  WINTERGREEN.)     Stem  1-2.5  dm. 
high  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse  at  the  base,  remotely  toothed, 
the  upper  surface  variegated  with  white ;  peduncles  1-5-flowered.  — Dry  woods, 
Mass,  to  Ont.,  Minn.,  and  southw.     June,  July. 

3.   MONESES   Salisb.     ONE-FLOWERED  PYROLA 

Petals  5,  orbicular.  Filaments  awl-shaped,  naked  ;  anthers  as  in  Pyrola,  but 
conspicuously  2-horned.  Stigma  large,  peltate,  with  5  narrow  and  conspicuous 
radiating  lobes.  (Flowers  occasionally  tetramerous.)  —  Intermediate  between 
Pyrola  and  Chimaphila.  (Name  formed  of  /j,6vos,  single,  and  ^crts,  delight,  from 
the  pretty  solitary  flower.) 

1 .  M.  unifl6ra  ( L. )  Gray.  A  small  perennial ;  the  rounded  and  veiny 
serrate  thin  leaves,  1-3  cm.  long,  clustered  at  the  ascending  apex  of  creeping 
subterranean  shoots;  the  1-2-bracted  scape,  3-13  cm.  high,  bearing  a  fragrant 
waxy-white  or  rose-colored  terminal  flower  1-2  cm.  wide.  (M.  grandiflora 
S.  F.  Gray.)  — Deep  cold  woods,  Lab.  to  Alaska,  s.  to  Pa.,  Mich.,  Minn.,  and  in 
the  Rocky  Mts.  June,  July.  (Eurasia.) 

4.  PYROLA   [Tourn.]    L.     WINTERGREEN.     SHIN  LEAF 

Calyx  5-parted,  persistent.  Petals  5,  concave  and  more  or  less  converging, 
deciduous.  Stamens  10  ;  filaments  naked  ;  anthers  extrorse  in  the  bud,  but  in 
the  flower  inverted  by  the  inflexion  of  the  apex  of  the  filament,  more  or  less 
4-celled,  opening  by  a  pair  of  pores  at  the  blunt  or  somewhat  2-horned  base 
(by  inversion  the  apparent  apex).  Stigma  5-lobed  or  5-rayed.  Capsule  de- 
pressed-globose, 5-lobed,  5-valved  from  the  base  upward  (loculicidal).  Seeds 
minute,  innumerable,  resembling  sawdust,  with  a  very  loose  cellular-reticulated 
coat.  —  Low  and  smooth  perennial  herbs,  with  running  subterranean  shoots, 
bearing  a  cluster  of  roundish  petioled  evergreen  basal  leaves,  and  a  simple  raceme 
of  nodding  flowers,  on  an  upright  more  or  less  scaly-bracted  scape.  (Name 
a  diminutive  of  Pyrus,  the  Pear-tree,  from  some  fancied  resemblance  in  the 
foliage.) 

*  Style  straight,  much  narrower  than  the  peltate  5-rayed  stigma;  petals  and 
stamens  erect  and  connivent ;  anthers  not  narrowed  below  the  openings. 

1.  P.  minor  L.     Scape  0.5-2  dm.  high  ;  leaves  roundish,  slightly  crenulate, 
thickish,  mostly  longer  than  the  margined  petiole  ;  flowers  small,  crowded,  white 
or  rose-color ;  calyx-lobes  triangular-ovate,  very  much  shorter  than  the  nearly 
globose  corolla;  style  short  and  included.  —  Cold  woods,  Lab.  to  Alaska,  s.  to 
N.  S.,  N.  B.,  n.  N.  E.,  Mich.,  Minn.,  etc.     (Eurasia.) 

2.  P.  secunda  L.     Subcaulescent,  1-2.5  dm.  high  ;  leaves  ovate,  mucronate, 
longer  than  the  petiole,  scattered,  crenate-serrate ;  racemes  dense  and  spike-like, 
the   numerous  small  greenish-white  flowers  all   turned  to   one  side,  scarcely 
nodding ;   calyx-lobes  ovate,  very  much  shorter  than  the  oblong-oval  petals  ; 
style  long,  exserted.  —  Rich  woods,  Lab.  to  Alaska,  s.  to  Md.,  Mich.,  Neb.,  etc. 
June-Aug.     (Eurasia.) 

Var.  obtusata  Turcz.  is  a  smaller  plant,  with  thin  pale  rounded  leaves  more 
crenulate,  and  a  3-8-flowered  scape  of  whiter  flowers.  (Var.  pumila  Gray.)  — 


ERICACEAE    (HEATH   FAMILY)  629 

Peat-bogs  and  cold  mossy  woods,  s.  to  N.  S.,  n.  and  w.  N.  E.,  mts.  of  Pa.,  Mich., 
etc.    (Asia.) 

*  *  Style  strongly  declined,  the  apex  curved  upward,  longer  than  the  connivent 
or  spreading  petals ;  stigma  much  narrower  than  the  truncate  excavated 
ring-like  apex  of  the  style  ;  anthers  contracted  below  the  openings,  forming 
a  short  neck;  leaves  denticulate  or  entire. 

H-  Petals  white  or  greenish-white. 

3.  P.  chlorantha  Sw.     Leaves  small  (rarely  3  or  4  cm.  long),  roundish,  thick, 
dull,  shorter  than  the  petiole,  or  even  wanting ;  scape  few-flowered,  naked  or 
with  a  single  small  bract,  0.5-3  dm.  high  ;  calyx-lobes  roundish-ovate,  very  short; 
the  elliptical  obtuse  petals  converging,  greenish-white  ;  anther-cells  contracted 
into  a  distinct  neck  ;  style  little  exserted.  —  Open  woods,  Lab.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to  I).  C., 
111.,  Mich.,  Wise.,  etc.     June,  July.     (Eu.) 

P.  OXYPETALA  Aust.,  described  in  1867  from  a  wooded  hill  near  Deposit, 
Delaware  Co.,  N.  Y.,  has  not  since  been  collected.  It  was  probably  an  anoma- 
lous development  of  no.  3,  in  which  the  leaves  and  petals  were  acute  or  even 
subacuminate. 

4.  P.  elliptica  Nutt.     (SHIN  LEAF.)     Leaves  thin  and  dull,  elliptical  or  obo- 
vate-oval,  longer  than  the  margined  petiole;  raceme  many-flowered  ;  calyx-lobes 
ovate,  acute,  not  one  fourth  the  length  of  the  obovate  rather  spreading  whitish 
petals;  anther-cells  blunt. — Dry  woods  and  thickets,  e.  Que.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to 
D.  C.,  111.,  Mich.,  Wise.,  la.,  etc.     June,  July. 

5.  P.  americana  Sweet.     Leaves  orbicular  to  broadly  elliptic,  thick,  shining, 
usually  as  short  as  the  petiole;   scape  bracted,  1-3.5  dm.  high;  raceme  elon- 
gated, many-flowered  ;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acutish,  with 
somewhat  spreading  tips,  one  half  or  one   third  the   length  of  the  roundish- 
obovate  rather  spreading  thick  white  petals ;  corolla  1.5-2  cm.  broad;  anther- 
cells  mucronate.     (P.  rotundifolia  Man.  ed.  6,  not  L.)  —  Open  or  sandy  woods, 
P.  E.  I.  and  N.  S.  to  S.  Dak.  and  Ga.     June-Aug. 

•«-  H-  Petals  pink  or  rose-purple. 

6.  P.  asarifblia  Michx.    Leaves  transversely  broad-elliptic  or  round-reniform, 
cordate,  coriaceous,  glossy ;  scapes  1-3  dm.  high,  bracted  ;  raceme  loose,  elon- 
gated,  the  flowers  1-1.5  cm.   broad;    calyx-lobes  ovate   or   ovate-triangular. 
(P.  rotundifolia,  var.  Hook.)  — Alluvial  woods  and  swamps,  e.  Que.  to  Yukon, 
s.  to  N.  S.,  n.  N.  E.,  n.  N.  Y.,  n.  Mich.,  and  Col.    June-Aug.    (Asia.)    Passing  to 

Var.  incarnata  (Fisch.)  Fernald.  Leaves  obovate  to  suborbicular,  rounded 
at  base,  rather  dull;  scapes  1-5  dm.  high.  (P.  uliginosa  Torr.) — Bogs  and 
mossy  woods,  Nfd.  to  Alaska,  s.  to  n.  N.  E.,  centr.  N.  Y.,  Mich.,  Wise.,  Col.,  and 
Cal.  (Asia.) 

5.    MON6TROPA  L.     INDIAN  PIPE.     PINESAP 

Calyx  of  2-5  lanceolate  bract-like  scales,  deciduous.  Corolla  of  erect  spatu- 
late  or  wedge-shaped  scale-like  petals,  which  are  gibbous  or  saccate  at  the  base, 
and  tardily  deciduous.  Stamens  8  or  10  ;  filaments  awl-shaped  ;  anthers  becom- 
ing 1-celled.  Style  columnar;  stigma  disk-like,  4-5-rayed.  Capsule  ovoid, 
8-10-grooved,  4-5-celled,  loculicidal ;  the  very  thick  placentae  covered  with 
innumerable  minute  seeds,  which  have  a  very  loose  coat.  —  Low  and  fleshy 
herbs,  tawny,  reddish,  or  white,  parasitic  on  roots,  or  growing  on  decomposing 
vegetable  matter  ;  the  clustered  stems  springing  from  a  ball  of  matted  fibrous 
rootlets,  furnished  with  scales  or  bracts  in  place  of  leaves,  1-several-flowered  ; 
the  summit  at  first  nodding,  in  fruit  erecU  (Name  composed  of  fj.6vos,  one,  and 
Tp6wos,  turn,  the  summit  of  the  stem  being  turned  to  one  side.) 

§  1.  EUMON6TROPA  Gray.  Plant  inodorous,  l-flowered ;  calyx  0/2-4  irreg- 
ular scales  or  bracts;  anthers  transverse,  opening  equally  by  2  chinks; 
style  short  and  thick. 

1.  M.  uniflbra  L.  (INDIAN  PIPE,  CORPSE  PLANT.)  Smooth,  waxy-white, 
flesh-color,  or  rarely  deep  red,  turning  blackish  in  drying,  0.5-3  dm.  high ; 


630  ERICACEAE    (HEATH   FAMILY) 

stigma  naked.  —  Dark  and  rich  woods,  nearly  throughout  the  continent.     June- 
Aug.     (Mex.,  Asia.) 

§2.  HYPOPITYS  [Dill.]  Gray.  Plant  commonly  fragrant;  flowers  several 
in  a  scaly  raceme,  the  terminal  one  usually  b-merous,  the  rest  3-4-merous  • 
bract-like  sepals  mostly  as  many  as  the  petals ;  anthers  opening  by  a  con- 
tinuous line  into  2  very  unequal  valves;  style  longer  than  the  ovary, 
hollow. 

2.  M.  Hyp6pitys  L.  (PINESAP,  FALSE  BEECH  DROPS.)  Somewhat  pubes- 
cent or  downy,  tawny,  whitish,  or  red,  1-4  dm.  high ;  pod  globular  or  ovoid ; 
stigma  ciliate.  (Hypopitys  Small ;  H.  lanuginosa  Nutt.  ;  H.  americana  Small.) 
—  Rich  woods.  June-Oct.  (Mex.,  Eurasia.) 

6.  PTER6SPORA  Nutt.     PINE  DROPS 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  ovate,  urn-shaped,  persistent.  Stamens  10.  Style 
short ;  stigma  5-lobed.  Capsule  globose,  depressed,  5-lobed,  5-celled,  loculici- 
dal,  but  the  valves  cohering  with  the  columella.  Seeds  very  numerous,  ovoid, 
tapering  to  each  end,  the  apex  expanded  into  a  broad  reticulated  wing  many 
times  larger  than  the  body  of  the  seed.  —  A  stout  and  simple  purplish-brown 
clammy-pubescent  root-parasitic  herb,  3-9  dm.  high ;  the  wand-like  stem  fur- 
nished towards  the  base  with  scattered  lanceolate  scales  in  place  of  leaves, 
above  bearing  many  nodding  white  flowers,  in  a  long  bracted  raceme.  (Name 
from  irrepbv,  a  wing,  and  ffiropd,  seed,  alluding  to  the  singular  wing  borne  by 
the  seeds.) 

1.  P.  andromedda  Nutt.  —  Hard  clay  soil,  parasitic  apparently  on  the  roots 
of  pines,  P.  E.  I.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to  Pa.,  Mich.,  and  in  the  mts.  to  Mex.;  rare. 
June-Aug. 

7.   MONOTR6PSIS   Schwein.     SWEET  PINESAP 

Calyx  of  5  oblong-lanceolate  acute  scale-like  sepals,  erect,  persistent.  Corolla 
persistent,  rather  fleshy,  slightly  5-gibbous  at  the  base.  Stamens  10 ;  anthers 
much  shorter  than  the  filaments,  fixed  near  the  summit,  awnless,  with  two  sac- 
shaped  cells.  Capsule  ovoid,  5-celled,  with  a  short  and  thick  style,  and  a  large 
5-angular  stigma.  Seeds  innumerable.  —  A  low  and  smooth  brownish  plant, 
0.5-1  dm.  high,  with  the  aspect  of  Monotropa,  scaly-brae  ted,  the  flowers  several 
in  a  terminal  spike,  at  first  nodding,  flesh-color,  with  the  fragrance  of  violets. 
(Name  from  Monotropa  and  6\j/is,  appearance,  from  resemblance  to  that  genus.) 

SCHWEINITZIA  Ell. 

1.   M.  odorata  Ell.  — In  woods,  Md.  to  N.  C.     Apr.,' May. 

8.   LEDUM   L.     LABRADOR  TEA 

Calyx  5-toothed,  very  small.  Corolla  of  5  obovate  and  spreading  petals. 
Capsule  5-celled,  splitting  from  the  base  upward,  many-seeded  ;  placentae  borne 
on  the  summit  of  the  columella.  —  Low  shrubs,  with  the  alternate  entire  leaves 
clothed  with  rusty  wool  underneath,  persistent,  the  margins  revolute  ;  herbage 
fragrant  when  bruised.  Flowers  white,  small,  in  terminal  umbel-like  clusters. 
(Arjdov,  the  ancient  Greek  name  of  the  Cistus.} 

1.  L.  groenlandicum  Oeder.     Erect,  1  m.  or  less  high  ;    leaves  oblong  or 
linear-oblong,  2-5  cm.  long,  very  obtuse  ;  stamens  5-7  ;  capsule  slender,  sub- 
cylindric,  acutish.     (L.  latifolium  Ait.)  —  Bogs,  damp  thickets,  and  mountain- 
slopes,  common  northw.,  s.  to  Ct.,  N.  J.,  Pa.,  Mich.,  Wise.,  Minn.,  etc.     May, 
June,  rarely  to  Aug.     (Greenl.) 

2.  L.  palustre  L.     Lower,  at  most  6  dm.  high  ;  leaves  narrowly  linear,  1-3 
cm.  long;   stamens  mostly  7-11;   capsule  ellipsoid-ovoid. — Arctic  regions,  s. 
to  Nfd. 


ERICACEAE   (HEATH   FAMILY)  631 

Var.  dilatatum  Wahlenb.  Leaves  broader,  linear-oblong,  1-4  cm.  long.  — 
Nfd.,  e.  Que.,  Mt.  Katahdin,  Me.,  and  apparently  on  the  Great  Lakes,  and 
northw.  (Eurasia.) 

9.    RHODODENDRON  L. 

Calyx  mostly  small  or  minute.  Stamens  sometimes  as  few  as  the  corolla- 
lobes,  more  commonly  twice  as  many,  usually  declined ;  anther-cells  opening  by 
a  round  terminal  pore.  Capsule  5-celled,  5-valved,  many -seeded.  Seeds  scale- 
like. —  Shrubs  or  small  trees,  of  diverse  habit  and  character,  with  chiefly 
alternate  entire  leaves,  and  large  and  showy  flowers  in  umbeled  clusters  from 
terminal  buds.  (<Po56dei>8pov,  rose-tree;  the  ancient  name.) 

§  1.   AZALEA  (L.)  Planch.     Leaves  deciduous,  glandular-mucronate ;  stamens 
(5-10)  and  style  more  or  less  exserted  and  declined. 

*  Flower-buds  of  numerous  much  imbricated  scales,'  corolla  with  conspicuous 

funnel-form  tube;  stamens  (chiefly  6)  and  style  long-exserted ;  0.6-6  m. 
high,  with  leaves  obovate  to  oblong-oblanceolate. 

•*-  Flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves. 

1.  R.  arborlscens  (Pursh)  Torr.     (SMOOTH  AZALEA.)     Branchlets  smooth; 
leaves  obovate,  obtuse,  very  smooth  both  sides,  shining  above,  glaucous  beneath, 
the  margins  bristly-ciliate ;   calyx-lobes  long  and  conspicuous;  corolla  slightly 
clammy,  rose-colored,  fragrant.     (Azalea  Pursh.)  —  Mts.  of  Pa.,  southw.    June. 

2.  R.    viscbsum    (L.)    Torr.      (CLAMMY   AZALEA,    WHITE    SWAMP    HONEY- 
SUCKLE.)     Branchlets    bristly,   as  well  as  the   margins   and    midrib  of  the 
oblong-obovate  otherwise  smooth  leaves ;  calyx-lobes  minute ;  corolla  clammy, 
the  tube  much  longer  than  the  lobes.     (Azalea  L.) — Swamps,  mostly  near  the 
coast,  Me.  to  0.,  Ark.,  and  southw.     June,  July.    Var.  GLAUCUM  (Michx.)  Gray. 
Leaves  paler,  often  white-glaucous  underneath  or  on  both  sides,  sometimes 
rough-hairy.  —  N.  E.  to  Va.    Var.  NfriouM  (Pursh)  Gray.    Dwarf,  with  oblance- 
olate  leaves  green  both  sides.  —  N.  E.  to  Va. 

t-  1-  Flowers  appearing  before  or  with  the  leaves. 

3.  R.  nudiflbrum   (L.)   Torr.      (PURPLE   A.,   PINXTER  FLOWER.)      Leaves 
oblanceolate  to  obovate,  sparingly  pubescent,  or  glabrate  except  on  the  ciliolate 
margins  and  strigose  midrib  (beneath);  pedicels  strigose-hairy ;  corolla  flesh- 
color,  pink  or  purple,  the  tube  strigose  or  slightly  glandular,  scarcely  longer  than 
the  ample  lobes;  capsule  strigose,  1.6-3  cm.  long.     (Azalea  L.)  —  Open  woods 
and  swamps,  Mass,  to  Fla.  and  Tex. ;  locally  n.  in  Miss,  basin  to  Union  Co.,  111. 
(Gleason.)     May,  June. 

4.  R.  can6scens  (Michx.)  G.  Don.     Similar ;  leaves  ovate,  obovate,  or  ellip- 
tic, softly  pubescent  beneath,  especially  when  young ;  pedicels,  corolla-tube,  and 
capsule  (1.2-1.8  cm.  long)  glandular.     (Azalea  Michx.)  —  Woods  and  gravelly 
shores,  N.  H.  to  N.  Y.,  and  southw.     May,  June. — Sometimes  too  near  the 
preceding  species. 

5.  R.  calendulaceum  (Michx.)  Torr.     (FLAME-COLORED  A.)     Leaves  hairy; 
tube  of  the  corolla  shorter  than  the  lobes,  hairy.     (Azalea  Michx.;  A.  lutea  L., 
not  R.  luteum  Sweet.)  —  Woods,  s.  N.  Y.  and  mts.  of  Pa.  to  Ga.     May.  —  Cov- 
ered as  the  leaves  appear  with  large  orange  blossoms,  usually  turning  to  flame- 
color,  not  fragrant. 

*  *  Flower-buds  of  fewer  and  early  caducous  scales;  corolla  irregular  (usually 

earlier  than  the  leaves'),  with  short  or  hardly  any  tube,  anteriorly  divided  to 
the  base  ;  the  limb  equaling  the  10  stamens  and  style. 

6.  R.  canadSnse  (L.)  BSP.     (RHODORA.)     Shrub,  1  in.  or  less  high;  young 
parts  sparingly  strigose-hairy  ;  leaves  oblong,  pale,  more  or  less  pubescent ; 
corolla  rarely  2  cm.  long,  purplish-rose-color  (rarely  white),  bilabiate,  with  the 
posterior  lip  3-lobed,  the  anterior  of  2  oblong-linear  and  recurving  nearly  or 
quite  distinct  petals.     (Rhodora  L. ;  Rhododendron  Rhodora  Gmel.)  —  Swamps 
and  damp  slopes,  Nfd.  to  w.  Que.,  Pa.  and  N.  J.    May,  June  (rarely  July). 


ERICACEAE    (HEATH   FAMILY) 

§2.  EURHODODENDRON  DC.  Leaves  coriaceous  and  persistent ;  stamens 
(commonly  10)  and  style  rarely  exserted,  somewhat  declined,  or  sometimes 
equally  spreading. 

7.  R.  maximum  L.     (GREAT  LAUREL.)    Shrub  or  tree,  2-10  m.  high  ;  leaves 
0.8-2  dm.  long,  very  thick,  elliptical-oblong,  or  lance-oblong,  acute,  narrowed 
toward  the  base,  very  smooth,  with  somewhat  revolute  margins  ;  pedicels  viscid ; 
corolla  bell-shaped,  3.5-5  cm.  broad,  pale  rose-color  or  nearly  white,  greenish  in 
the  throat  on  the  upper  side,  and  spotted  with  yellow  or  reddish.  —  Damp  deep 
woods,  rare  from  N.  S.,  Me.,  and  Que.  to  Ont.  and  O.,  but  very  common  through 
the  Alleghenies  from  N.  Y.  to  Ga.     June,  July. 

8.  R.  catawbiSnse  Michx.     (MOUNTAIN  ROSE  BAY.)    Leaves  oval  or  oblong, 
rounded  at  both  ends,  smooth,  pale  beneath,  0.5-1.5  cm.  long;  corolla  broadly 
bell-shaped,  lilac-purple  ;  pedicels  rusty-downy.  —  High  Alleghenies,  Va.  to  Ga. 
June. 

9.  R.  Iapp6nicum  (L.)  Wahlenb.     (LAPLAND  ROSE  BAY.)    Dwarf,  prostrate 
in  broad  tut'ts ;   leaves  0.5-1.5   cm.  long,  elliptical,    obtuse,   dotted  (like   the 
branches)  with  rusty  scales ;   umbels  few-flowered  ;   corolla  open   bell-shaped, 
dotted,  violet-purple;  stamens  5-10.  —  Alpine  summits,  N.  Y.,  N.  H.,  and  Me. 
to  the  Arctic  regions.    June,  July.     (Arctic  Eurasia.) 

10.   MENZIESIA    Sm. 

Calyx  small  and  flattish,  4-toothed  or  4-lobed.  Corolla  cylindraceous-urn- 
shaped,  soon  bell-shaped.  Stamens  included  ;  anther-cells  opening  by  an  oblique 
pore.  Capsule  ovoid,  woody,  4-celled,  4-valved,  many-seeded.  Seeds  narrow, 
with  a  loose  coat.  —  Low  shrubs,  the  straggling  branches  and  the  alternate 
leaves  usually  hairy  and  ciliate  with  rusty  rather  chaff-like  bristles.  Flowers 
small,  developed  with  the  leaves,  in  terminal  clusters,  greenish-white  and 
purplish,  nodding.  (Named  for  Archibald  Menzies,  who  in  Vancouver's  voyage 
brought  the  original  species  from  the  Northwest  Coast.) 

1.  M.  glabella  Gray.     Strigose-chaffy  scales  mostly  wanting  ;  leaves  obovate, 
barely  mucronate-tipped,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  ;  filaments  ciliate  below;  capsule 
glabrous  or  nearly  so;  seeds  long-caudate  at  each  end.  —  Minnesota  Point,  L. 
Superior,  and  northwestw.     June,  July. 

2.  M.  pilbsa  (Michx.)  Pers.     More   or  less  chaffy  ;   leaves  obovate-oblong, 
prominently  glandular-mucronate,  strigose-hirsute  especially  above  ;  filaments 
glabrous;  capsule  beset  with  short  gland-tipped  bristles;  seeds  merely  apiculate. 
(M.  globularis  Salisb.)  — In  the  Alleghenies  from  Pa.  to  Ga.     May -July. 

11.  LEIOPHYLLUM   Pers.     SAND  MYRTLE 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  of  obovate-oblong  petals,  spreading.  Style  filiform. 
Capsule  2-o-celled,  splitting  from  the  apex  downward,  many-seeded.  —  A  low 
much  branched  evergreen,  with  the  aspect,  foliage,  etc.,  of  Ledum,  but  the 
crowded  leaves  sometimes  opposite,  scarcely  petioled.  Flowers  small,  white,  in 
terminal  umbel-clusters.  (Name  formed  of  Xetos,  smooth,  and  <j>ti\\ov,  leaf.} 
DENDRIUM  Desv. 

1.  L.  buxifblium  (Berg.)  Ell.  Shrub,  1-9  dm.  high  ;  leaves  oval  or  oblong, 
smooth  and  shining,  6-13  mm.  long.  —  Sandy  pine  barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  May, 
June. 

12.  LOISELEtTRIA   Desv.     ALPINE  AZALEA 

Calyx  5-parted,  nearly  as  long  as  the  bell-shaped  regular  corolla.  Stamens 
'not  declined.  Style  short.  Capsule  ovoid,  2-3-celled,  many-seeded,  2-3-valved  ; 
valves  2-cleft  from  the  apex  ;  placentae  borne  on  the  middle  of  the  columella.  — 
A  small  depressed  shrubby  evergreen,  much  branched  and  tufted,  smooth,  with 
coriaceous  opposite  elliptical  leaves,  on  short  petioles,  with  revolute  margins. 
Flowers  small,  white  or  rose-color,  2-5  in  a  cluster.  (Named  for  J.  L.  A. 
Loiseleur-Dclongchamps,  a  French  botanist.)  CHAMAECISTUS  Oeder. 


ERICACEAE    (HEATH    FAMILY)  633 

1.  L.  procumbens  (L.)  Desv. — Alpine  summits,  N.  H.,  Me.,  and  Que. ;  and 
in  humus,  Bay  of  Fundy,  N.  S.,  Nfd.,  and  northw.  June,  July.  (Eurasia.) 

13.    KALMIA   L.     LAUREL  (of  America) 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  5-1  obed.  Filaments  long  and  thread-form.  Capsule 
globose,  5-celled,  many-seeded.  —  Evergreen  mostly  smooth  shrubs,  with  alter- 
nate or  opposite  entire  coriaceous  leaves,  naked  buds,  and  showy  flowers. 
(Dedicated  to  Peter  Kalm,  a  pupil  of  Linnaeus,  who  traveled  in  America.) 

§  1.  Flowers  in  simple  or  clustered  naked  umbel-like  corymbs  ;  pedicels  from  the 
axils  of  small  and  firm  foliaceous  persistent  bracts;  calyx  smaller  than  the 
pod,  persistent ;  leaves  and  branches  glabrous,  or  nearly  so. 

1.  K.  latifblia   L.     (MOUNTAIN  L.,    CALICO   BUSH,    SPOON-WOOD.)     Leaves 
mostly  alternate,  bright  green  both  sides,  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong,  acute  at 
each    end,    petioled ;    corymbs    terminal,    many-flowered,    clammy-pubescent ; 
flowers  1.5-2.5  cm.  broad,  pink  or  white;  pod  depressed,  glandular. — Rocky 
hills  and  damp  soil,  N.  B.  to  Ont.,  and  southw.     Usually  a  shrub,  but  in  the 
mts.  from  Pa.  southw.,  often  tree-like.     May-July. 

2.  K.  angustifblia  L.   (SHEEP  L.,  LAMBKILL,  WICKY.)     Shrub  rarely  1  m. 
high  ;   leaves  commonly  opposite  or  in  threes,  pale   and  glabrate  underneath, 
bright  green  above,  narrowly  oblong,  obtuse,  petioled  ;  corymbs  lateral  (appearing 
later  than  the  shoots  of  the  season),  slightly  glandular,  many-flowered;  flowers 
rarely  I  cm.  broad,  crimson;  calyx  glandular;  pod  depressed,  nearly  smooth; 
pedicels  recurved  in  fruit.  —  Hillsides,  pastures,  and  bogs,  Lab.  to  Ont.,  and 
southw.     June,  July. 

3.  K.  Carolina  Small.     Similar  ;  leaves  permanently  pale-puberulent  beneath  ; 
calyx  puberulent,   not  glandular.  —  Swamps  and  woods,  Va.  to  S.  C.     May, 
June. 

4.  K.  polifblia  Wang.     (PALE  L.)     Straggling,  1-6  dm.  high  ;  branchlets  2- 
edged  ;  leaves  opposite,  nearly  sessile,  oblong,  white-glaucous,  beneath,  with  revo- 
lute  margins;  corymbs  terminal,  few-flowered,  smooth;  bracts  large;  floicers 
1-2   cm.    broad,    rose-purple;  pod  ovoid,   smooth.      (K.    glauca  Ait.)  —  Cold 
bogs  and  mts.,  Lab.  to  Alaska,  s.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  Mich.,  Minn.,  and  Cal.     May- 
July. 

§  2.  Flowers  scattered,  solitary  in  the  axils ;  calyx  leafy,  larger  than  the  pod, 
nearly  equaling  the  corolla,  deciduous;  leaves  and  branches  bristly-hairy. 

5.  K.    hirsuta  Walt.     Shrub  2-6  dm.  high ;  branches  terete  ;  leaves  oblong 
or  lanceolate,  0.5-1  cm.  long,  becoming  glabrous ;  corolla  rose-color.  —  Sandy 
pine  barren  swamps,  Va.  to  Fla.     May-Aug. 

14.  PHYLL6DOCE    Salisb. 

Corolla  5-toothed.  Stamens  10,  anthers  pointless,  shorter  than  the  filaments. 
Capsule  5-celled,  5-valved,  many-seeded.  —  Low  alpine  heath-like  evergreen 
undershrubs,  clothed  with  crowded  linear  and  obtuse  rough-margined  leaves. 
Flowers  nodding  on  solitary  or  umbeled  peduncles  at  the  summit  of  the 
branches.  —  Sometimes  united  with  Bryanthus,  a  Siberian  genus  with  4-parted 
umbeled  flowers.  (Phyllodoce,  a  sea-nymph  mentioned  by  Virgil.) 

1.  P.  coerulea  (L.)  Bab.  Calyx  pubescent ;  corolla  cylindric-urn-shaped, 
5-toothed,  purplish,  smooth;  style  included.  {Bryanthus  taxifolius  Gray.)  — 
Arctic  Am.,  s.  to  alpine  summits  of  Me.  and  N.  H.  June- Aug.  (Eurasia.)  — 
Corolla  turning  bluish  in  drying. 

15.    CASSiOPE  D.  Don. 

Calyx  without  bractlets,  of  4  or  5  nearly  distinct  ovate  sepals,  imbricated  in 
the  bud.  Corolla  open-campanulate,  4-5-lobed  or  -cleft.  Stamens  8  or  10 ; 
anthers  fixed  by  the  apex  ;  the  ovoid  cells  each  opening  by  a  large  terminal  pore, 


634  ERICACEAE    (HEATH    FAMILY) 

and  bearing  a  long  recurved  awn  behind.  Capsule  4-5-celled  ;  placentae  many- 
seeded,  pendulous  from  the  summit  of  the  columella.  Seeds  smooth  and  wing- 
less.—  Small  arctic  or  alpine  evergreen  plants,  with  scale-like  or  needle-like 
leaves,  and  solitary  white  or  rose-colored  flowers  nodding  on  slender  erect 
peduncles.  (Named  for  Cassiope,  mother  of  Andromeda.) 

1.  C.  hypnoides  (L.)  D.  Don.  Tufted  and  procumbent,  moss-like,  1-12  cm. 
high  ;  leaves  needle-shaped,  loosely  imbricated  ;  corolla  5-cleft ;  style  short  and 
conical. — Alpine  summits,  Me.,  N.  H.,  and  N.  Y.,  cliffs  of  L.  Superior,  and 
high  north w.  June,  July.  (Eurasia.) 

16.   LEUC6THOE  D.  Don.     FETTER  BUSH 

Calyx  of  5  nearly  distinct  sepals,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  10  ;  anthers 
naked,  or  the  cells  with  1  or  2  erect  awns  at  the  apex,  opening  by  a  pore. 
Capsule  depressed,  more  or  less  5-lobed,  5-celled,  5-valved,  the  sutures  not 
thickened  ;  the  many-seeded  placentae  borne  on  the  summit  of  the  short  colu- 
mella. Seeds  mostly  pendulous.  —  Shrubs  with  petioled  and  serrulate  leaves, 
and  white  scaly-bracted  flowers  in  dense  axillary  or  terminal  spiked  racemes. 
(Leucothoe,  daughter  of  Orchamus,  King  of  Babylonia,  referred  to  by  Ovid.) 

*  Anthers  awnless  ;  stigma  5-rayed  ;  racemes  sessile,  dense,  with  persistent  bracts, 

in  the  axils  of  thick  and  shining  evergreen  leaves  ;  calyx  not  bracteolate. 

1.  L.  axillaris  (Lam.)  D.  Don.     Leaves  lanceolate-oblong  or  oval,  abruptly 
pointed  or  acute,  somewhat  spinulose-serrulate,  on  very  short  petioles;  sepals 
broadly  ovate.  — Low  grounds,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Ala.     Feb.-Apr. 

2.  L.  Catesbadi  (Walt.)  Gray.     Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  ser- 
rulate with  ciliate-spinulose  appressed  teeth,  conspicuously  petioled,  7-15  cm. 
long;  sepals  ovate-oblong,  often  acute.  —  Moist  banks  of  streams,  Va.  to  Ga. 
along  the   mts.     May.  —  Shrub   1   m.   high,   with  long  spreading  or  recurved 
branches.     Flowers  exhaling  the  unpleasant  scent  of  Chestnut-blossoms. 

*  *  Anthers  awned';  stigma  simple ;  flowers  very  short-pediceled,  in  long  one- 

sided racemes  mostly  terminating  the  branches;  bracts  deciduous;  leaves 
membranaceous  and  deciduous,  serrulate  ;  calyx  bibracteolate. 

3.  L.  reciirva  (Buckley)  Gray.     Branches  and  racemes  recurved-spreading ; 
leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate,  taper-pointed ;  sepals  ovate ;  anther-cells  \-awned ; 
pod  o-lobed ;  seeds  flat  and  cellular-winged.  —  Dry  hills,  Alleghenies  of  Va.  to 
Ala.     Apr.  —  Lower  and  more  straggling  than  the  next. 

4.  L.   racembsa   (L.)    Gray.     Branches  and  racemes  mostly  erect;  leaves 
oblong  or  oval-lanceolate,    acute ;    sepals  ovate-lanceolate ;    anther-cells  each 
2-awned  ;  pod  not  lobed;  seeds  angled  and  wingless. —  Moist  thickets,  Mass,  to 
Fla.    and  La.,  near  the  coast.     May,  June.  —  Shrub  1-3  m.   high.     Corolla 
cylindrical. 

17.  ANDR6MEDA  L. 

Calyx  of  5  nearly  or  partly  distinct  sepals,  v-alvate  in  the  bud,  but  very 
soon  separate  or  open.  Corolla  urceolate.  Stamens  10 ;  filaments  unap- 
pendaged  ;  anthers  fixed  near  the  middle,  each  cell  bearing  1-2  awns.  Capsule 
subglobose,  5-celled,  5-valved,  the  sutures  not  thickened ;  the  many -seeded 
placentae  borne  on  the  summit  or  middle  of  the  columella.  —  Evergreen  shrubs, 
with  umbeled,  clustered,  or  panicled  and  racemed  pink  or  white  flowers. 
(Fancifully  named  by  Linnaeus  for  Andromeda  of  Greek  mythology.) 

*  Anthers  awned;  capsule  more  or  less  globose;  leaves  thick  and  evergreen. 

§  1.  EUANDK6MEDA  Gray.  Corolla  globose-urceolate ;  each  anther-cell 
bearing  a  slender  ascending  awn;  seeds  oval,  with  a  smooth  and  shining 
crustaceous  coat. 

1.  A.  Polifblia  L.  Low  shrub,  with  elongate  creeping  base  ;  stem  simple 
or  with  ascending  branches,  5-30  cm.  high  ;  leaves  linear  to  narrowly  oblong, 


ERICACEAE    (HEATH   FAMILY) 


635 


844.  A.  Polifolia. 

End  of  fruiting 

branch  x     . 


either  flat  or  revolute,  glabrous,  generally  whitened  beneath  with  a  varnish-like 

coat,  later  often  green  ;  bud-scales  scarcely  glaucous ;  pedicels  in  terminal  umbels, 
filiform,  straightish,  2-4  times  exceeding  the  nodding  flower 
and  erect  fruit ;  corolla  pink  or  white  ;  calyx  with  pale  or 
usually  reddish  slightly  ascending  lobes ;  capsule  brown  or 
reddish,  obovoid  or  subglobose,  as  high  as  broad.  —  Arctic 
regions,  extending  very  locally  s.  to  the  Adirondack  Mts., 
N.  Y.(?),  L.  Huron,  etc.  May^Tuly.  (Eurasia.)  FIG.  844. 

2.  A.  glaucophylla  Link.  (Boo  ROSEMARY.)  Similar  in 
habit ;  leaves  white  beneath  with  close  fine  pubescence  ;  branch- 
lets  and  bud-scales  glaucous;  flowers  on 
thickish  curved  pedicels  rarely  twice,  their 
length;  calyx-lobes  whitish,  usually  spread- 
ing; capsule  depressed,  turban-shaped,  glau- 
cous. (A.  Polifolia  mostly  of  Am.  auth., 
not  L.) — Bogs  and  wet  shores,  Lab.  to 

Man.,  s.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  and  Minn.    May-July;  rarely  Sept., 

Oct.     FIG.  845. 

§  2.  PORTtlNA  (Nutt.)  Gray.     Corolla  ovoid-urceolate  ;  each 
anther-cell  bearing  a  defiexed  awn  ;  seeds  scobiform. 

3.  A.  floribiinda    Pursh.      Very  leafy,   5-15  dm.  high; 
young    branchlets,    etc.,    strigose-hairy ;     leaves    lanceolate-          branch  x%. 
oblong,  acute  or  acuminate,  ciliate-serrulate,  glandular-dotted 
beneath,  4-6  cm.  long;   racemes  crowded  in  short  terminal  panicles,  densely 
flowered.    (Pieris  B.  &  H.)  —  Moist  hillsides,  in  the  Alleghenies  from  Va.  to  Ga. 
May. 

18.    LY6NIA  Nutt. 

Similar  to  Andromeda.  Filaments  hairy  and  often  toothed  or  appendaged ; 
anthers  oblong,  unappendaged.  Capsule  5-angled,  the  dorsal  sutures  with  a 
thickened  ridge,  which  usually  divides  in  dehiscence  of  the  capsule ;  the  placentae 
borne  both  upon  the  colurnella  and  the  walls  of  the  cells.  Seeds  scobiform,  with 
a  loose  thin  testa.  —  Shrubs  with  fascicled,  racemose,  or  panicled  white  flowers. 
(Named  for  John  Lyon,  early  American  botanist  and  explorer  of  the  southern 
Alleghenies.) 

*  Leaves  coriaceous  and  evergreen. 

1.  L.  nltida  (Bartr.)  Fernald.     (FETTER  BUSH.)     Glabrous  shrub,  0.5-1.5  m. 
high  ;  branches  sharply  triangular ;  leaves  glossy,  oblong-ovate  to  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  entire,  with  a  conspicuous  nerve  next  the  revolute  margin;  flowers 
in  axillary   umbels;    filaments   appendaged  at  summit;    capsule   subglobose. 
(Andromeda  Bartr.  ;   Pieris  B.  &  H.)  —  Low  woods  and  barrens,  Va.  to  Fla. 
and  La.     May. 

*  *  Leaves  thinnish  and  deciduous. 

2.  L.  mariana  (L.)  D.  Don.    (STAGGER-BUSH.)    Mostly  glabrous,  5-10  dm. 
high  ;  leaves  oblong  or  oval,  3.5-8  cm.  long  ;  fascicles  of  nodding  flowers  race- 
mose  on  leafless  shoots ;  filaments  2-toothed  near  the  apex ;  capsule  ovoid- 
pyramidal,  truncate  at  the  contracted  apex.     (Andromeda  L. ;  Pieris  B.  &  H.) 
—  Low  grounds,  R.  I.  to  Fla.,  Tenn.,  and  Ark.  —  Foliage  said  to  poison  lambs 
and  calves. 

3.  L.  ligustrina  (L.)  DC.     (MALE  BERRY.)     Minutely  pubescent,  0.6-3  m. 
high  ;  leaves  obovate  to  lanceolate-oblong ,  2.5-8.5  cm.  long,  serrulate  or  entire ; 
racemes  crowded  in  chiefly  naked  panicles  ;  filaments  flat,  not  appendaged;  cap- 
sule globular.     (Andromeda  Muhl. ;  Xolisma  Britton.) — Moist  thickets,  centr. 
Me.  to  centr.  N.  Y.,  and  south w.     June,  July. 

Var.  foliosifl6ra  (Michx.)  Fernald.  Racemes  less  crowded,  often  more  elon- 
gate, conspicuously  leafy-bracted.  (Xolisma  foliosifl.ora  Small.) — Common 
south  w.,  local  and  less  characteristic  north  w. 


636  ERICACEAE    (HEATH    FAMILY) 

19.    CHAMAEDAPHNE   Moench.     LEATHER  LEAF.     CASSANDRA 

Calyx  of  5  distinct  acute  sepals.  Stamens  10  ;  anther-cells  tapering  into  a 
tubular  beak,  awnless.  Capsule  depressed,  5-celled,  many-seeded.  Seeds  flat- 
tened, wingless.  —  Low  and  much  branched  shrubs,  with  nearly  evergreen  and 
coriaceous  leaves,  which  are  scurfy,  especially  underneath.  Flowers  white,  in 
the  axils  of  the  upper  small  leaves,  forming  small  1-sided  leafy  racemes.  (From 
XctywcU,  on  the  ground,  and  dd(f>i>r},  laurel.}  CASSANDRA  D.  Don. 

1.  C.  calyculata  (L.)  Moench.  Leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  flat.  (Cassandra 
D.  Don.)  — Bogs,  Lab.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to  Minn.,  Wise.,  111.,  and  Ga.  Apr.,  May. 
(Eurasia.) 

20.    OXYDENDRUM   DC.     SORREL-TREE.     SOUR-WOOD 

Calyx  of  5  almost  distinct  sepals,  valyate  in  the  bud.  Corolla  ovate,  puberu- 
lent.  Stamens  10  ;  anthers  fixed  near  the  base,  linear,  awnless,  the  cells  taper- 
ing upward.  Capsule  5-celled,  5-valved  ;  the  many-seeded  placentae  at  the  base 
of  the  cells.  Seeds  slender,  the  thin  and  loose  reticulated  coat  extended  at  both 
ends  into  awl-shaped  appendages.  —  A  tree  with  deciduous  oblong-lanceolate 
pointed  soon  smooth  serrulate  leaves  on  slender  petioles,  and  white  flowers  in 
long  one-sided  racemes  clustered  in  an  open  panicle,  terminating  the  branches 
of  the  season.  Bracts  and  bractlets  minute,  deciduous.  Foliage  acid  (whence 
the  name,  from  6&s,  sour,  and  dtvdpov,  tree}. 

1.  0.  arbbreum  (L.)  DC. — Rich  woods,  from  Pa.  to  Ind.,  and  south w., 
mostly  along  the  Alleghenies,  to  Fla.  and  La.  June,  July. 

21.  EPIGAEA  L.     GROUND  LAUREL.     TRAILING  ARBUTUS 

Corolla-tube  hairy  inside,  as  long  as  the  ovate-lanceolate  scale-like  nearly 
distinct  sepals.  Stamens  10,  with  slender  filaments  ;  anthers  oblong.  Style 
slender,  its  apex  (as  in  Pyrola)  forming  a  sort  of  ring  or  collar  around  and 
partly  adnate  to  the  5  little  lobes  of  the  stigma.  Capsule  depressed-globular, 
5-lobed,  5-celled,  many-seeded.  —  A  prostrate  or  trailing  scarcely  shrubby  plant, 
bristly  with  rusty  hairs,  with  evergreen  and  reticulated  rounded  and  heart- 
shaped  alternate  leaves  on  slender  petioles,  and  with  rose-colored  flowers  in 
small  axillary  clusters,  from  scaly  bracts.  (Name  composed  of  &rt,  upon,  and 
yij,  the  earth,  from  the  trailing  growth.) 

1.  E.  rdpens  L.  (MA-vrLoVER.)  — Sandy  woods,  or  in  rocky  soil,  especially 
in  the  shade  of  pines,  Nfd.  to  Sask.,  Wise.,  Mich.,  Ky.,  and  Fla. — Flowers 
appearing  in  early  spring,  exhaling  a  rich  spicy  fragrance,  dimorphous  as  to 
style  and  stamens,  and  subdioecious. 

22.  GAULTHERIA    [Kalm]    L.     AROMATIC  WINTERGREEN 

Corolla  cylindrical-ovoid  or  a  little  urn-shaped,  5-toothed.  Stamens  10,  in- 
cluded. Capsule  depressed,  5-lobed,  5-celled,  5-valved,  many-seeded,  inclosed 
when  ripe  by  the  calyx,  which  thickens  and  turns  fleshy,  so  as  to  appear  as  a 
globular  red  berry  !  —  Shrubs,  or  almost  herbaceous  plants,  with  alternate  ever- 
green leaves  and  axillary  nearly  white  flowers  ;  pedicels  with  2  bractlets.  (Dedi- 
cated to  Hugues  Gaultier  —  also  spelled  Gaulthier,  Gauthier,  and  Gautier — 
naturalist  and  court-physician  at  Quebec,  in  the  middle  of  the  18th  century.) 

1.  G.  procumbens  L.  (TEABERRV,  CHECKERBERRY.)  Stems  slender  and 
extensively  creeping  on  or  below  the  surface  ;  the  flowering  branches  ascending, 
leafy  at  the  summit,  5-15  cm.  high  ;  leaves  obovate  or  oval,  obscurely  serrate  ; 
flowers  few,  mostly  single  in  the  axils,  nodding.  — Woods  and  clearings,  Nfd.  to 
Man.,  and  south  w.  July,  Aug.  —  The  bright  red  berries  (formed  of  the  calyx) 
and  the  foliage  have  the  well  known  spicy-aromatic  flavor  of  the  Sweet  Birch. 


ERICACEAE   (HEATH   FAMILY)  637 

23.   ARCTOSTAPHYLOS   Adans.     BBARBEKBT 

Corolla  with  a  short  re  volute  5-toothed  limb.  Stamens  10,  included  ;  anthers 
with  2  reflexed  awns  on  the  back  near  the  apex,  opening  by  terminal  pores.  — 
Shrubs,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  scaly-bracted  nearly  white  flowers  in  terminal 
racemes  or  clusters.  (Name  composed  of  Ap/cros,  a  bear,  and  a-ra^vX-^,  a  bunch 
of  grapes,  the  Greek  of  the  popular  name.) 

1.  A.  tTva-iirsi  (L.)  Spreng.     (BEARBERRY.)      Trailing;    leaves  thick  and 
evergreen,  obovate  or  spatulate,  entire,  smooth  ;  fruit  red,  inedible.  —  Rocks  and 
bare  hills,  N.  J.  and  Pa.  to  Mo.,  and  far  north w.  and  westw.     May.     (Eurasia.) 

2.  A.  alpina  (L.)  Spreng.     (ALPINE  B.)     Depressed  ;  leaves  deciduous,  ser- 
rate, wrinkled,  with  strong  netted  veins,  obovate  ;  fruit  black,  juicy  and  edible. 
(Mairania  Desv.)  — Arctic  Am.,  s.  to  alpine  summits  of  Me.  and  N.  H.    (Arctic- 
alpine  Eurasia.) 

24.   CALLtTNA  Salisb.     HEATHER.     LING 

Calyx  of  4  colored  sepals.  Corolla  much  shorter  and  less  conspicuous  than 
the  calyx,  both  becoming  scarious  and  persistent.  Stamens  8,  distinct ;  anthers 
with  a  pair  of  deflexed  appendages  on  the  back,  the  cells  opening  each  by  a  long 
chink.  Capsule  4-celled,  4-valved.  — Evergreen  undershrub,  with  no  scaly  buds, 
opposite  and  minute  leaves  (mostly  extended  at  base  into  2  sharp  auricles), 
crowded  and  imbricated  on  the  branches.  Flowers  axillary,  or  terminating 
very  short  shoots  and  crowded  on  the  branches,  forming  close  mostly  one-sided 
spikes  or  spike-like  racemes,  rose-colored  or  sometimes  white,  small,  bracted  by 
2  or  3  pairs  of  leaves,  the  innermost  of  which  are  more  or  less  scarious.  (Named 
from  Ka\\ijt>€u>,  to  brush  or  sweep,  brooms  being  made  of  its  twigs.) 

1.  C.  VULGARIS  (L.)  Hull.  —  Low  grounds,  in  the  coastal  region,  very  locally 
from  R.  I.  to  Nfd. ;  probably  introduced  from  Eu. 


Two  European  heaths,  ER!CA  CINEREA  L.  and  E.  TETRALIX  L.,  have  been 
found  slightly  established  in  small  patches  on  Nantucket  I.,  Mass. 

25.    CHI6GENES   Salisb.     CREEPING  SNOWBERRY 

Calyx-limb  4-parted,  persistent.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  deeply  4-cleft.  Sta- 
mens 8,  included,  inserted  on  an  8-toothed  disk,  filaments  very  short  and  broad  ; 
anther-cells  ovate-oblong,  separate,  not  awned  on  the  back,  but  each  minutely 
2-pointed  at  the  apex,  and  opening  by  a  large  chink  down  to  the  middle.  Berry 
white,  globular.  —  A  trailing  and  creeping  evergreen,  with  very  slender  and 
scarcely  woody  stems,  and  small  Thyme-like  ovate  and  pointed  leaves  on  short 
petioles,  with  revolute  margins,  smooth  above,  the  lower  surface  and  the 
branches  beset  with  rigid  rusty  bristles.  Flowers  very  small,  solitary  in  the 
axils,  on  short  nodding  peduncles,  with  2  large  bracelets  under  the  calyx. 
(Name  from  x1^  snow,  and  ytvos,  offspring,  in  allusion  to  the  snow-white 
berries. ) 

1.  C.  hispfdula  (L.)  T.  &  G.  (MoxiE  PLUM,  CAPILLAIRE.)  Leaves  0.6-1 
cm.  long  ;  berries  5-7  mm.  thick,  bright  white,  delicately  acid  and  aromatic. 
(<7.  serpyllifolia  Salisb.)  —  Peat-bogs  and  mossy  woods,  Lab.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to  Minn., 
Mich.,  and  N.  C.  May.  —  Plant  with  the  aromatic  flavor  of  Gaultheria  or  of 
Sweet  Birch. 

26.    GAYLUSSACIA   HBK.     HUCKLEBERRY 

Corolla  tubular,  ovoid,  or  bell-shaped ;  the  border  5-cleft.  Stamens  10 ; 
anthers  awnless ;  cells  tapering  upward  into  more  or  less  of  a  tube,  opening 
by  a  chink  at  the  end.  Fruit  a  berry-like  drupe,  containing  10  seed-like  nut- 
lets. —  Branching  shrubs,  with  the  aspect  of  Vaccinium,  commonly  sprinkled 
with  resinous  dots  ;  the  flowers  (pale,  tinged  with  purple  or  red)  in  lateral  and 
bracted  racemea  ''Named  for  the  chemist,  Gay-Lussac.) 


638  ERICACEAE    (HEATH    FAMILY) 

*  Leaves  thick  and  evergreen,  somewhat  serrate,  not  resinous-dotted. 

1.  G.  brachycera  (Michx.)  Gray.     (Box  H.)     Very  smooth,  2-4  dm.  high  ; 
leaves  oval,  -finely  crenate-toothed ;  racemes  short  and  nearly  sessile ;  pedicels 
very  short;  corolla  cylindrical-bell-shaped.  —  Wooded  hills,  Perry  Co.,  Pa.,  to 
Del.  and  Va.     May.  —  Leaves  resembling  those  of  the  Box. 

*  *  Leaves  deciduous,  entire,  sprinkled  more  or  less  with  resinous  or  waxy  atoms. 

2.  G.  dum&sa  (Andr.)  T.  &  G.     (DWARF  H.)     Somewhat  hairy  and  glan- 
dular, low,  2-15  dm.  high,  from  a  creeping  base,  bushy;  leaves  obovate-oblong, 
mucronate,  green  both  sides,  rather  thick  and  shining  when  old  ;   racemes  elon- 
gated ;  bracts  leaf-like,  oval,  persistent,  as  long  as  the  pedicels  ;  ovary  bristly  or 
glandular;  corolla  bell-shaped;   fruit  black.  —  Sandy  swamps,  Nfd.  to  Fla.  and 
La.,  mostly  on  the  coastal  plain.     June. 

Var.  hirtSlla  (Ait.  f.)  Gray.  Young  branchlets,  racemes,  and  often  the 
leaves  bristly-hairy.  —  Va.  to  Fla.,  etc. 

3.  G.  frondbsa  (L.)  T.   &  G.      (BLUE   TANGLE,    DANGLEBERRY.)      Slender, 
5-1.5  dm.  high  ;  branches  smooth,  divergent;  leaves  obovate-oblong,  blunt,  pale, 
finely  pubescent  and  glaucous  beneath,  in  maturity  2.5-6.5  cm.  long,  1.5-3  cm. 
broad ;  racemes  slender,  loose  ;  bracts  oblong  or  linear,  deciduous,  shorter  than 
the  slender  drooping  pedicels;  corolla  globular-bell-shaped  ;  fruit  dark  blue  with 
a  white  bloom,  sweet  and  edible.  —  Low  copses,  coast  of  N.  H.  to  O.  and  La. 
May,  June. 

4.  G.  ursina  (M.  A.  Curtis)  T.  &  G.     (BEAR  H.)    Similar;  branches  smooth 
or  slightly  hairy  ;  leaves  green  both  sides,  thin,  oblong  to  lance-obovate,  acumi- 
nate, in  maturity  5-12  cm.  long,  2-4.5  cm.  broad  ;  fruit  reddish,   becoming 
black,  insipid.  —  Woods,  Ky.  to  N.  C.  and  Ga.     May,  June. 

5.  G.   baccata    (Wang.)    C.    Koch.      (BLACK   H.)     Much    branched,   rigid, 
slightly  pubescent  when  young,  0.3-1  m.  high  ;   leaves  oval,  oblong-ovate,  or 
oblong,  thickly  clothed  and  at  first  clammy,  as  well  as  the  flowers,  with  shining 
resinous  globules  ;  racemes  short,  clustered,  one-sided;  pedicels  about  the  length 
of  the  flowers  ;  bracts  and  bractlets  reddish  ;  corolla  ovoid-conical,  or  at  length 
cylindrical  with  an  open  mouth  ;   fruit  black,  without   bloom,  pleasant.     (G. 
resinosa  T.  &  G.)  — Rocky  woodlands  and  swamps,  Nfd.  to  Man.,  s.  to  e.  la., 
Wise.,  Mich.,  111.,  and  Ga.     May,  June.    Forma  GLAUCOCARPA  (Robinson)  Mac- 
kenzie.    (BLUE  H.)     Fruit  blue,  with  a  bloom,  generally  larger  and  juicier. — 
Me.  to  N.  C.      Forma  LEUCOCARPA  (Porter)  Fernald.      (WHITE  H.)     Berries 
white  to  pinkish,  somewhat  translucent.  —  Local,  but  occasionally  abundant  and 
fruitful. 

27.    VACCINIUM  L.     BLUEBERRY.     CRANBERRY 

Corolla  various  in  shape  ;  the  limb  4-5-cleft,  re  volute.  Stamens  8  or  10  ; 
anthers  sometimes  2-awned  on  the  back ;  the  cells  opening  by  a  hole  at  the 
apex.  Berry  4-5-celled,  many-seeded,  or  sometimes  8-10-celled  by  a  false 
partition  stretching  from  the  back  of  each  cell  to  the  placenta.  —  Shrubs  with 
solitary,  clustered,  or  racemed  flowers,  in  spring  or  early  summer ;  the  corolla 
white  or  reddish.  (Ancient  Latin  name,  of  obscure  derivation.) 

§  1.  BATODENDRON  (Nutt.)  Gray.  Corolla  open-campanulate,  5-lobed ;  an- 
thers with  long  tubes,  and  2-awned  on  the  back;  berry  spuriously  W-celled; 
leaves  deciduous  but  firm;  flowers  solitary  or  in  leafy-bracted  racemes, 
slender-pediceled. 

*  Flowers  articulated  with  the  pedicel ;  anthers  included. 

1.  V.  arbbreum  Marsh.  (FARKLEBERRY.)  Tall  (2-9  m.  high),  smoothish  ; 
leaves  obovate  to  oblong,  entire  or  denticulate,  mucronate,  bright  green,  shining 
above,  at  the  South  evergreen  ;  corolla  white ;  berries  black,  globose,  small, 
many-seeded.  (Batodendron  Nutt. ;  B.  andrachneforme  Small.)  —  Sandy  soil, 
s.  111.  to  Tex.,  Fla.,  and  N.  C. 


ERICACEAE    (HEATH    FAMILY)  639 

*  *  Flowers  not  articulated  with  the  pedicel ;  anthers  exserted. 

•»-  Leaves  and  branchlets  pubescent. 

2.  V.   stamlneum    L.      (DEERBERRY,     SQUAW    HUCKLEBERRY.)      Diffusely 
branched,  3-9  dm.  high,  somewhat  pubescent ;  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  pale, 
glaucous  or  whitish  underneath ;   calyx    glabrous  or  essentially  so ;    corolla 
greenish-white  or  purplish;  anthers  much  exserted  ;  berries  greenish  or  yellowish, 
globular  or  pear-shaped,   large,   few-seeded,   tart.     (Polycodium  Greene ;   P. 
candicans  Small.)  — Dry  woods  and  plains,  Mass,  to  Ont.,  and  southw. 

3.  V.  melanocArpum  Mohr.     (SOUTHERN  GOOSEBERRY.)     Similar,  the  young 
parts  minutely  white-pubescent ;   calyx  white-tomentose ;  fruit  dark  purple, 
lustrous,  palatable.     (Polycodium  Small.)  —  Upland  woods,  N.  C.  to  Mo.,  and 
southw. 

•*-  1-  Leaves  and  branchlets  glabrous. 

4.  V.  neglSctum  (Small)  Fernald.     Glabrous  essentially  throughout ;  leaves 
thin,  at  most  ciliolate,  becoming  slightly  coriaceous,  oblong-lanceolate  to  narrowly 
obovate,  short-acuminate,  green  to  slightly  glaucous  beneath  ;  calyx  glabrous ; 
corolla  white  or  pink ;  fruit  greenish  or  yellowish,  hardly  edible.     (Polycodium 
Small.)  —  Dry  woods,  Va.  to  Kan.,  and  southw. 

§  2.  CYANOC6CCUS  Gray.  (BLUEBERRIES.)  Corolla  cylindraceous  to  cam- 
panulate,  b-toothed;  filaments  hairy;  anthers  included,  awnless ;  berry 
edible,  mostly  blue  or  black,  completely  or  incompletely  W-celled  ;  flowers  in 
fascicles  or  short  racemes,  short-pediceled,  appearing  from  large  scaly  buds 
with  or  before  the  leaves. 

*  Leaves  coriaceous,  evergreen  ;  bracts  firm,  tardily  deciduous. 

5.  V.  Myrsinites  Lam.    (EVERGREEN  B.)    Low  (2-6  dm.  high) ,  with  branches 
puberulent  when  young  ;  leaves  from  obovate  to  oblong-lanceolate  or  spatulate, 
1-3  cm.  long,  smooth  and  shining  above,  puberulent  or  glabrate  and  strongly 
veiny  beneath,  entire  or  denticulate  ;  calyx  with  acute  tee*  i ;  corolla  cylindra- 
ceous, 6-8  mm.  long ;  fruit  globose,  blue-black.  —  Sandy  oarrens,  Va.  to  Fla. 
and  La. 

*  *  Leaves  deciduous  ;  bracts  scaly,  early  deciduous. 

f-  Corolla  cylindraceous  when  developed. 

6.  V.  virg^tum  Ait.     Low,  more  or  less  pubescent ;  leaves  ovate-oblong  to 
cuneate-lanceolate,  usually  acute  and  minutely  serrulate,  thinnish,  shining  at 
least  above,  in  maturity  2.5-5  cm.  long ;   flower-clusters  sometimes  virgate  on 
naked  branches  ;  corolla  rose-color,  7-10  mm.  long  ;  berry  black.  —  In  swamps 
and  pine  barrens,  Staten  I.  and  N.  J.  (according  to  Mackenzie)  to  Fla.,  etc. 

Var.  tenellum  (Ait.)  Gray.  Lower  ;  the  mostly  small  (1-3  cm.  long)  leaves 
and  smaller  (6-8  mm.  long)  nearly  white  flowers  in  shorter  or  closer  clusters. — 
Va.  to  111.,  Mo.,  and  southw. 

-H-  •*-  Corolla  globose-urceolate  to  ellipsoid. 
++  Low  shrubs,  mostly  less  than  1  m.  high. 

7.  V.  pennsylvdnicum  Lam.     (Low  SWEET  B.,  EARLY  SWEET  B.)     Dwarf 
(2-6  dm.  high);  the  green  warty  stems  and  branches  glabrous  (or  pubescent 
northward)  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  distinctly  serrulate  with  bristle-pointed 
teeth  (rarely  entire),  bright  green,  smooth  and  shining  both  sides  (or  some- 
times hairy  on  the  midrib  beneath),  in  maturity  2-3.5  cm.  long,  8-15  mm. 
broad;  corolla  short   (6-7  inm.   long),   cylindric-bell-shaped ;  berries  bluish- 
black  and  glaucous,  varying  to  black  or  red,  either  with  or  without  a  bloom, 
and  rarely  dull  white  (forma  LEUCOCARPUM  Deane).  —  Dry  hills,  barrens,  etc., 
Nfd.,  to  Sask.,  s.  to  Va.,  111.,  and  Wise. —The  lowest  and  earliest  ripened  of 
the  blueberries.    Var.  ANGU8TIF6LIUM  (Ait.)  Gray.     A  dwarf er  high-mountain 
or  northern  form,  with  narrower  lanceolate  leaves,  7-20  mm.  long,  3-7  mm. 
broad.  — Ct.  (Graves')  ;  mts.  of  N.  Y.  and  N.  E.  to  Nfd.,  and  far  northw. 

Var.  nigrum  Wood.     (Low  BLACK  B.)    Leaves  firmer,  blue-green,  glaucous 


640  ERICACEAE    (HEATH    FAMILY) 

beneath  ;  berries  black,  usually  without  bloom.     (  V.  nigrum  Britton. )  —  Often 
associated  with  the  species,  or  by  itself,  N.  B.  to  N.  J. ,  Pa. ,  and  Mich. 

8.  V.  canadense   Kalm.     (SOUR-TOP  or  VELVET-LEAF  B.)     Low    (2-6   dm. 
high)  ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  elliptical,  entire,  downy  both  sides,  as  well 
as  the  crowded  branchlets,  in  maturity  2-4  cm.  long,  5-15  mm.  broad ;  corolla 
shorter  (4-6  mm.  long)  ;  berries  blue  with  much  bloom  (rarely  black),  ripening 
later  than  those  of  no.  7.  — Dry  plains,  swamps  or  moist  woods,  Lab.  to  Man., 
s.  to  N.  E.,  111.,  Minn.,  and  along  the  mts.  to  Va.     Forma  CHIOCOCCUM  Deane 
is  a  rare  form  with  white  fruit. 

9.  V.  vacillans  Kalm.     (LATE  Low  B.)     Low  (3-9  dm.  high),   glabrous, 
with  yellowish-green  branchlets  ;  leaves  obovate  or  oval,  in  maturity  2.5-4.5  cm. 
long,  1.5-2.5  cm.  broad,  very  pale  or  dull,  glaucous,  at  least  underneath,  entire 
or  minutely  ciliolate-serrulate  ;   calyx  usually  reddish  ;   corolla  5-8   mm.  long, 
greenish-yellow,  often  tinged  with  red  ;  berries  blue,  with  a  bloom,  ripening  later 
than  those  of  no.  7.  —  Dry  places,  especially  in  sandy  soil,  N.  E.  to  Mich.,  and 
southw. 

•w-  -w-  Shrubs  1-4  m.  high. 

10.  V.  corymbbsum  L.     (HIGH  or  SWAMP  B.)     Tall  (1-4  m.)  ;  leaves  ovate  to 
elliptic-lanceolate,  smooth  or  slightly  pubescent  beneath,  half-grown  atflotvering 
time,  in   maturity  4-8  cm.   long,   2-4   cm.    broad,   the   margins  entire ;   calyx 
usually  glaucous,  the  lobes  acutish  or  blunt ;  corolla  white  or  pinkish,  6-10  mm. 
long,  varying  from  ovoid  to  cylindric-urn-shaped  ;    berries  blue-black,  with  a 
bloom,  7-10  mm.  in  diameter. —  Swamps,  low  woods,  or  even  dry  pastures,  Me. 
to  Minn.,  and  southw.  ;  chiefly  eastw. 

Var.  amoenum  (Ait.)  Gray.  Similar;  leaves  bright  green  both  sides,  ciliate- 
serrulate  or  bristly-ciliate.  —  Similar  range,  less  abundant. 

Var.  pallidum  (Ait.)  Gray.  Glaucous;  leaves  ciliate-serrulate,  whitened 
beneath.  (  V.  pallidum  Ait.)  — Throughout  the  range. 

11.  V.   atroc6ccum    (Gray)    Heller.      (BLACK    HIGH   B.)      Kesembling   the 
preceding ;   leaves  entire,  downy  or  woolly  underneath  even  when   old,  unex- 
panded  at  flowering  time ;  calyx  not  glaucous,  the  lobes  obtuse  or  rounded  ; 
corolla  turgid-ovoid  to  ellipsoid,  yellowish-  or  greenish-white,  tinged  with  red, 
5-8  mm.  long ;  berries  polished  black,  without  bloom,  5-8  mm.   in  diameter. 
(V.  corymbosum,  var.  Gray.)  —  Swamps,  low  woods  and  barrens,  s.  Me.  to  N.  C. 
and  Ont.  —  Flowering  and  fruiting  a  week  or  ten  days  earlier  than  no.  10,  with 
which  it  is  often  associated. 

§  3.    EUVACCfNIUM   Gray.     (BILBERRIES.)      Corolla  ellipsoid  to   globular, 
4^-5-toothed ;  filaments  glabrous;  anthers  2-awned  on  the  back,  included; 
berry  4-5-celled;  leaves  deciduous;  flowers  on  drooping  pedicels,  solitary 
or  few  together,  appearing  with  or  after  the  leaves;  mostly  glabrous. 
*  Parts  of  the  flower  mostly  in  fours;  stamens  8. 

12.  V.  uliginbsum  L.     (Boo  BILBERRY.)     Low  and  spreading  .stout  shrub 
2-60  cm.  high  ;  leaves  entire,  dull,  obovate  or  oblong,  in  maturity  5-20  mm. 
long,  3-15  mm.  wide,  pale  and  slightly  pubescent  underneath ;  flowers  single  or 
2-3  together  from   a  scaly   bud,   almost  sessile  ;   corolla  short,   urn-shaped ; 
berries  black,  with  a  bloom,  sweet.  —  Arctic  Am.,  s.  to  the  barrens  of  Washington 
Co.,  Me.,  mts.  of  n.  N.  E.  and  n.  N.  Y.,  and  n.  Mich. 

*  *  Parts  of  the  flower  in  fives;  stamens  10  ;    leaves  membranaceous  ;  flowers 
solitary  on  short  axillary  peduncles,  nodding. 

13.  V.  caespitbsum   Michx.      (DWARF   BILBERRY.)      Dwarf  tufted  slender 
shrub  (5-30  cm.  high),  with  rounded  branches;  leaves  obovate,  cuneate-lanceo- 
late  or  cuneate-spatulate,  narrowed  at  base,  smooth   and  shining,  serrate,  in 
maturity  1-4  cm.  long,  4-20  mm.  broad  ;  corolla  ellipsoid,  slightly  urn-shaped, 
usually  pink  or  coral-red;  berries  blue,  sweet.  —  Gravelly  or  rocky  woods  and 
shores,  Lab.  to  Alaska,  s.  to  s.  Me.,  s.  Vt.,  n.  Mich.,  n.  Wise.,  Col.,  and  Cal. ; 
alpine  summits,  N.  E.  and  N.  Y. 

14.  V.  membranaceum  Dougl.     More  erect,  3-15  dm.  high  ;  branchlets  some- 
what angled;  leaves  mostly  ovate  and  acute  or  pointed,  in  maturity  2-7  cm.  long, 


ERICACEAE    (HEATH   FAMILY)  641 

1.5-3  cm.  broad,  sharply  and  closely  serrulate,  bright  green,  nearly  smooth  ; 
border  of  the  calyx  almost  entire  ;  corolla  depressed-globular,  rather  large  ;  ber- 
ries large,  black,  rather  acid.  ( V.  myrtilloides  Man.  ed.  6,  not  Michx.)  — 
Damp  woods,  L.  Superior,  and  north westw.  —  Pedicels  5-15  mm.  long,  drooping 
in  flower,  erect  in  fruit. 

15.  V.  ovalifblium  Sm.     Similar,  straggling,  5-15  dm.  high  ;  leaves  elliptical, 
obtuse,  nearly  entire,  pale,  mostly  glaucous  beneath,  smooth ;  corolla  ovoid  ; 
berries  blue. — Low  woods  and  mountain  slopes,  Lab.  to  Alaska,  s.  to  Nfd., 
e.  Que.,  n.  Mich.,  and  Ore. 

§  4.  VlTIS-IDAEA  [Tourn.]  Koch.  Corolla,  berry,  etc.,  as  in  §  3  ;  filaments 
hairy;  anthers  awnless  ;  leaves  coriaceous  and  persistent ;  flowers  in  clus- 
ters from  separate  buds,  4-merous  (in  our  species}',  mostly  glabrous. 

16.  V.  Vitis-Idada  L.     (COWBERRY,  FOXBERRY.)     Low  (1-2.5  dm.  high); 
branches  erect  from  tufted  creeping  stems  ;  leaves  obovate  with  revolute  mar- 
gins, dark  green,  smooth  and  shining  above,  dotted  with  blackish  bristly  points 
underneath,  1.5-3  cm.  long,  7-16  mm.  broad  ;  corolla  bell-shaped,  4-cleft,  white 
or  pink  ;  berries  dark  red,  acid  and  rather  bitter,  edible  when  cooked.     ( Vitis- 
Idaea  Britton.)  —  Eu.     Represented  with  us  by 

Var.  minus  Lodd.  (MOUNTAIN  or  ROCK  CRANBERRY.)  Dwarf,  forming  close 
or  loose  mats  2-10  (rarely  even  20)  cm.  high  ;  leaves  very  thick  and  coriaceous, 
5-18  mm.  long,  4-9  mm.  broad ;  corolla  rose-pink  or  red.  — Dry  or  rocky  banks, 
rarely  wet  moss,  Arctic  Am.,  s.  to  the  mts.  of  Me.,  N.  H.,  and  Vt.,  L.  Superior, 
etc.;  and  along  the  coast  to  Cape  Ann,  Mass.  (GreenL,  e.  Asia.) 

§  5.  OXYC6CCOS  [Tourn.]  Hook.  Corolla  deeply  ^-parted  or  -cleft,  with  linear 
reflexed  lobes;  anthers  exserted,  awnless,  with  very  long  terminal  tubes; 
berry  ^-celled;  flowers  axillary  or  terminal,  nodding  on  long  filiform  pedicels. 

*  Stem  upright  and  leaves  deciduous,  as  in  common  Blueberries ;  flowers  axil- 

lary and  solitary  ;  corolla  deeply  4-cleft;  berries  light  red,  turning  purple, 
insipid. 

17.  V.   erythrocarpum  Michx.      Smooth,   divergently  branched,  3-18  dm. 
high  ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  bristly-serrate,  thin.     (Oxy coccus 
Pers.)  — Damp  woods,  higher  Alleghenies,  Va.  to  Ga.     July. 

*  *  Stems  very  slender,  creeping  or  trailing ;  leaves  small,  entire,  whitened  be- 

neath, evergreen  ;  pedicels  erect,  the  pale  rose-colored  flower  nodding  ;  corolla 
^-parted  ;  berries  red,  acid.  —  CRANBERRIES. 

18.  V.  Oxyc6ccos  L.    (SMALL  CRANBERRY.)    Stems  very  slender,  the  branches 
almost  capillary,  erect  or  ascending ;  leaves  oblong  or  ovate,  3-8  mm.  long,  1-3 
mm.  broad,  strongly  revolute,  becoming  narrowly  triangular  in  outline,  con- 
spicuously whitened  beneath;  pedicels  1-4,  springing  from  a  terminal  (rarely 
proliferating)  short  rhachis  (at  most  3  or  4  mm.  long),  and  bearing  near  or 
below  the  middle  2  lanceolate  or  lance-ovate  often  involute  colored  bractlets 
(1-2.5  mm.  long} ;  corolla-segments  5-6  mm.  long ;  filaments  %  as  long  as  the 
anthers;  berry  6-8  mm.  in  diameter.    (Oxycoccus  MacM.;  O.  palustris  Pers.)  — 
In  sphagnum  and  wet  humus,  Arctic  Am.,  s.  to  Pa.,  Mich.,  and  Wise.    (Eurasia.) 
Var.  INTERMEDIUM  Gray.     Coarsen;  leaves  6.5-15  mm.  long,  3-6.5  mm.  broad, 
acute  or  obtuse,  only  slightly  revolute  ;  pedicels  2-10,  from  a  longer  (often  5-10 
mm.  long)  rhachis;  corolla-segments  6-8  mm.  long;   berry  8-10  mm.  in  diam- 
eter. —Nfd.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to  Mich.,  and  in  the  mts.  to  N.  C.     (Asia.) 

19.  V.  macrocarpon  Ait.     (LARGE  or  AMERICAN  CRANBERRY.)     Stems  com- 
paratively stout,  elongated,  the  flowering  branches  ascending ;   leaves  oblong- 
elliptic,  blunt  or  rounded  at  tip,  6-17  mm.  long,  2-8  mm.  broad,  pale  or  slightly 
whitened  beneath,  flat  or  slightly  revolute  ;  pedicels  1-10,  springing  from  an 
elongated  (1-3  cm.  long)  rhachis  which  is  terminated  by  a  long  leafy  shoot,  and 
bearing  toward  the  tip  2  flat  leaf-like  bractlets  (4-10  mm.  long) ;  corolla-segments 
6-10  mm.  long;   filaments  scarcely  -J  the  length  of  the  anthers;  berry  1-2  cm. 
in  diameter.     (  Oxycoccus  Pers. )  —  Open  bogs,  swamps,  and  wet  shores,  Nfd.  to 
L.  Erie,  w.  Wise.,  and  south w.  to  W.  Va.  and  Ark.,  mostly  northeastw. 

GRAY'S  MANUAL  —  41 


642  DIAPENSIACEAE    (DIAPENSIA   FAMILY) 

DIAPENSIACEAE     (DIAPENSIA  FAMILY) 

Low  perennial  herbs  or  suffruticulose  tufted  plants,  glabrous  or  nearly  so, 
with  simple  leaves,  no  stipules,  regular  5-merous  flowers  (except  the  ^-celled 
ovary},  stamens  adnate  to  the  corolla  and  sometimes  monadelphous  (those  oppo- 
site its  lobes  when  present  reduced  to  staminodia} ;  pollen  simple ;  loculicidal 
capsule  and  seeds  of  Ericaceae.  Flowers  solitary  or  racemose.  Style  1,  with 
3-lobed  stigma.  —  Distinguished  from  the  Ericaceae  chiefly  by  the  insertion  of 
the  stamens  upon  the  corolla. 

Tribe  I.  DIAPENSiEAE.  Dwarf  woody  evergreens,  with  small  entire  crowded  coriaceous  leaves. 
Starninodia  none;  filaments  adnate  to  the  campanulate  corolla  up  to  the  sinuses;  anthers  2- 
celled.  Calyx  conspicuously  bracteolate.  Flowers  solitary. 

1.  Diapensia.     Flower  (or  at  least  fruit)  on  a  scape-like  peduncle.     Anther-cells  blunt,  obliquely 

dehiscent.     Sepals  concave,  coriaceous. 

2.  Pyxidanthera.     Flowers  sessile  on  short  leafy  branchlets.     Anther-cells  awn-pointed  at  base, 

opening  transversely.     Sepals  thin. 

Tribe  II.  GALACfNEAE.  Acaulescent,  with  creeping  rootstocks  sending  up  long-petioled  ever- 
green leaves,  and  a  1-several-flowered  scape.  Staminodia  present. 

3.  Galax.     Calyx  minutely  2-bracteolate.    Stamens  monadelphous  ;  anthers  1-celled. 

1.  DIAPENSIA  L. 

Corolla  bell-shaped,  5-lobed ;  lobes  rounded.  Filaments  broad  and  flat,  ad- 
herent to  the  corolla  up  to  the  sinuses,  short ;  anthers  adnate,  of  2  ovoid  cells, 
diverging  below.  Capsule,  inclosed  in  the  calyx,  cartilaginous  ;  cells  few-seeded. 

—  Alpine,  growing  in  very  dense  convex  tufts,  the  stems  covered  below  by  imbri- 
cated cartilaginous  narrowly  spatulate  mostly  opposite  leaves,  and  terminated  by 
a  1-flowered  peduncle,  3-bracted  under  the  calyx.    Corolla  white,  1.5-2  cm.  wide. 
(Said  to  be  an  ancient  Greek  name  of  the  Sanicle,  of  obscure  meaning,  strangely 
applied  by  Linnaeus  to  this  plant.) 

1.  D.  Iapp6nica  L.  Leaves  5-15  mm.  long ;  peduncle  at  length  1.5-3  cm. 
long.  —  Alpine  summits,  N.  E.,  N.  Y.,  and  northw.  June,  July.  (Eurasia.) 

2.   PYXIDANTHERA  Michx. 

Prostrate  and  creeping,  with  narrowly  oblanceolate  and  awl-pointed  leaves, 
mostly  alternate  on  the  sterile  branches  and  somewhat  hairy  near  the  base. 
Flowers  solitary  and  sessile,  very  numerous,  white  or  rose-color.  (Name  from 
"irvt-ls,  a  small  box,  and  anthera,  new  Latin  for  anther,  the  anther  opening  as  if 
by  a  lid.) 

1.   P.  barbulata  Michx.     (FLOWERING  Moss,  PYXIE.)    Leaves  3-8  mm.  long, 

—  Sandy  pine  barrens  of  N.  J.  to  N.  C.     Apr. ,  May. 

3.   GALAX  L. 

Calyx  imbricate,  persistent.  Petals  hypogynous,  obovate-spatulate,  rathei 
erect,  deciduous.  Filaments  united  into  a  10-toothed  tube,  slightly  adhering  to 
the  base  of  the  petals,  the  5  teeth  opposite  the  petals  naked,  the  alternate  ones 
shorter  and  bearing  roundish  anthers,  which  open  across  the  top.  Style  short. 
Capsule  ovoid,  3-celled ;  columella  none.  Seeds  numerous,  the  cellular  loose 
coat  tapering  to  each  end.  —  Evergreen  herb,  with  a  thick  matted  tuft  of  scaly 
creeping  rootstocks,  beset  with  fibrous  red  roots,  sending  up  round-heart-shaped 
crenate-toothed  and  veiny  shining  leaves  (3-16  cm.  wide),  and  a  slender  naked 
scape,  3-8  dm.  high,  bearing  a  wand-like  spike  or  raceme  of  small  and  minutely 
bracted  white  flowers.  (Name  from  yd\a,  milk,  —  of  no  conceivable  application 
to  this  plant.) 

1.   G.  aphylla  L.  —  Open  woods,  Va.  to  Ga.     June. 


PRIMULACEAE    (PRIMROSE   FAMILY)  643 

PLUMBAGINACEAE     (LEADWORT  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  with  regular  b-merous  flowers,  a  plaited  calyx,  the  5  stamens  opposite 
the  separate  petals  or  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  and  the  free  ovary  \-celled,  with  a 
solitary  ovule  hanging  from  a  long  cord  which  rises  from  the  base  of  the  cell.  — 
Represented  in  our  flora  by  the  single  genus 

1.   LIM6NIUM  [Tourn.]  Hill.     SEA  LAVENDER.     MARSH  ROSEMARY 

Flowers  scattered  or  loosely  spiked  and  1-sided  on  the  branches,  2-3-bracted. 
Calyx  funnel-form,  dry  and  membranaceous,  persistent.  Corolla  of  5  nearly  or 
quite  distinct  petals,  with  long  claws,  the  5  stamens  severally  attached  to  their 
bases.  Styles  5,  rarely  3,  separate.  Fruit  membranous  and  indehiscent,  in  the 
bottom  of  the  calyx.  Embryo  straight,  in  mealy  albumen.  —  Sea-side  perennials, 
with  thick  and  stalked  radical  leaves  ;  the  naked  flowering  stems  or  scapes 
branched  into  panicles.  (Aeipwvtov,  the  ancient  Greek  name,  presumably  from 
\€i/j.uv,  a  meadow.)  STATICE  Willd.,  not  L. 

1.  L.  carolinianum  (Walt.)  Britton.  Root  thick  and  woody,  very  astringent ; 
leaves  oblong,  spatulate,  or  obovate-lanceolate,  1-ribbed,  tipped  with  a  deciduous 
bristly  point,  petioled  ;  scape  much-branched,  panicled,  1.5-6  dm.  high  ;  spike- 
lets  1-3-flowered  ;  flowers  lavender-color ;  calyx-tube  hairy  on  the  angles,  the 
lobes  acute  or  acuminate,  with  as  many  teeth  in  the  sinuses.  (Statice  Limonium, 
var.  Gray.)  —  Salt  marshes,  Lab.  to  Tex.  July-Sept. 

PRIMULACEAE    (PRIMROSE  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  with  simple  leaves,  and  regular  perfect  flowers,  the  stamens  as  many 
as  the  lobes  of  the  gamopetalous  (rarely  polypetalous)  corolla  (none  in  Glaux) 
and  inserted  opposite  them  (on  the  tube  or  base),  and  a  l-celled  ovary  with  a 
central  free  placenta  rising  from  the  base,  bearing  several  or  many  seeds. 
Calyx  free  from  the  ovary,  or  in  Samolus  partly  adherent.  Stamens  4  or  5, 
rarely  6  or  8.  Style  and  stigma  one.  Seeds  with  a  small  embryo  in  fleshy 
albumen.  Ovules  amphitropous,  except  in  Hottonia. 

*  Corolla  or  petaloid  calyx  with  erect  or  spreading  segments. 
+-  Stemless  ;  leaves  all  in  a  cluster  from  the  root ;  capsule  dehiscent  by  valves  or  teeth. 

1.  Primula.    Corolla  funnel-form  or  salver-shaped,  open  at  the  throat.    Stamens  included. 

2.  Androsace.     Corolla  short,  very  small,  constricted  at  the  throat.    Stamens  included. 

+-  +-  Stems  leafy. 
•H-  Aquatic  ;  immersed  leaves  pectinate. 

3.  Hottonia.     Corolla  short-salver-form.    Flowers  verticillate  and  racemose. 

•H-  -H-  Terrestrial  or  marsh  plants  ;  leaves  entire. 
—  Ovary  adnate  at  base  to  the  base  of  the  calyx. 

4.  Samolus.    Corolla  bell-shaped,  with  5  staminodia  in  the  sinuses.    Flowers  racemose. 

—  =  Ovary  wholly  free, 
a.   Capsule  dehiscent  vertically  by  valves  or  irregularly,  mostly  globose. 

5.  Lysimachia.    Corolla  5-6-parted  or  5-6-petaled.     Staminodia  none.    Leaves  dotted. 

6.  Steironema.     Corolla  and  calyx  5-parted.     Five  slender  staminodia  between  the  fertile 

stamens. 

7.  Trientalis.     Corolla  and  calyx  mostly  7-parted.    Stem  leafy  only  at  the  summit. 

8.  Glaux.     Corolla  none  ;  the  calyx  petal-like.     Flowers  axillary. 

&.   Globose  capsule  circumscissile,  the  top  falling  off  as  a  lid  ;  flowers  axillary. 

9.  Anagallis.     Corolla  longer  than  the  calyx,  5-parted.    Leaves  opposite. 

10.  Centunculus.     Corolla  shorter  than  the  calyx,  4-5-cleft.    Leaves  alternate. 

*  *  Corolla  and  calyx  with  reflexed  segments. 

11.  Dodecatheon.     Corolla  5-parted.    Stamens  exserted,  connivent  in  a  cone. 


644  PEIMULACEAE    (PRIMROSE    FAMILY) 

1.   PRIMULA  L.     PRIMROSE.     COWSLIP 

Calyx  tubular,  angled,  5-cleft.  Corolla  enlarging  above  the  insertion  of  the 
stamens  ;  the  5  lobes  often  notched  or  inversely  heart-shaped.  Capsule  many- 
seeded,  splitting  at  the  top  into  5  valves  or  10  teeth.  —  Low  perennial  herbs, 
with  tufted  and  simple  scapes,  the  flowers  in  an  umbel.  (Name  a  diminutive  of 
primus,  from  the  flowering  of  the  true  primrose  in  early  spring.) 

1.  P.  farinbsa  L.     (BIRD'S-EYE  P.)     Scape  0.5-3  dm.  high  ;  leaves  oblariceo- 
late  to  narrowly  obovate,  denticulate,  1.5-6  cm.  long,  the  lower  side  and  the 
1-20-flowered   involucre,  etc.,  covered  with  a  white  mealiness,  at  least  when 
young;  involucral  bracts  lance-attenuate,  3.5-6  mm.  long  ;  pedicels  in  an  thesis 
mostly  shorter  than  the  calyx,  in  fruit  becoming  slightly  longer ;  calyx  3-5  mm. 
long;  corolla  pale  lilac,  with  a  yellow  eye,  its  tube  barely  exserted;  capsule 
6-8  mm.  long,  slightly  exserted.  — Nfd.  and  Lab.  to  n.  Mich.     (Eurasia.)    Var. 
AMERICANA  Torr.     Similar ;  leaves  narrow,  stiff,  2-6  cm.  long,  sulphur-yellow 
beneath  ;  pedicels  elongate,  often  2-5  times  as  long  as  the  calyx  ;   capsule  much 
exserted.  —  Shores  of  L.  Huron  and  L.  Michigan. 

Var.  macrtipoda  Fernald.  Scape  1-4.5  dm.  high  ;  leaves  spatulate  to  rhom- 
bic-ovate, long-petioled,  2.5-10  cm.  long,  usually  whitened  beneath;  bracts 
involute  in  drying,  6-11  mm.  long;  pedicels  usually  elongate,  1-5  cm.  long; 
calyx  in  anthesis  6-8  mm.  long;  capsule  9-12  mm.  long,  exserted. — Calcareous 
cliffs  and  shores,  Lab.  to  Mackenzie,  s.  to  N.  S.,  Me.,  and  Sask. 

2.  P.  mistassinica  Michx.     Scape  0.5-2  dm.  high  ;  leaves  spatulate  or  wedge- 
oblong,  thin  and  veiny,  scarcely  or  not  at  all  mealy,  1-4  cm.  long;  involucre 
1-8-flowered,   the   lance-subulate   bracts  2-4   mm.  long;    pedicels  filiform,  in 
anthesis  mostly  exceeding  the  calyx,  loosely  ascending,  in  fruit  much  elongate  ; 
calyx  3-5  mm.  long  ;  corolla  flesh-color  (rarely  white),  its  tube  conspicuously 
exserted;  capsule  5-8  mm.  long.  —  Wet  calcareous  banks  and  shores,  Nfd.  to 
Sask.,  s.  to  N.  B.,  Me.,  Vt.,  N.  Y.,  Mich.,  Wise.,  and  Minn.     May-July. 

2.    ANDR6SACE    [Tourn.]   L. 

Calyx  5-cleft ;  tube  short.  Corolla  salver-shaped  or  funnel-form  ;  the  tube 
shorter  than  the  calyx  ;  limb  5-parted.  Capsule  5-valved.  —  Small  herbs,  with 
clustered  root-leaves,  and  very  small  solitary  or  umbeled  flowers.  (An  ancient 
Greek  name  of  a  polyp,  formerly  believed  to  be  a  plant.) 

1.  A.  occidentalis  Pursh.  Smoothish  annual ;  scapes  diffuse,  2-8  cm.  high, 
several-flowered  ;  leaves  and  bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong-ovate,  entire,  ses- 
sile ;  calyx-lobes  leafy,  triangular-lanceolate,  longer  than  the  white  corolla.  — 
Bare  hills  and  barrens,  111.  to  Man.,  and  westw.  Apr.,  May. 

3.    HOTT.6NIA    [Boerh.]    L.     FEATHERFOIL.     WATER  VIOLET 

Calyx  5-parted,  the  divisions  linear.  Corolla  with  a  short  tube  ;  limb  5-parted. 
Stamens  5,  included.  Capsule  many-seeded,  5-valved  ;  the  valves  cohering  at 
the  base  and  summit.  Seeds  anatropous.  —  Perennials,  with  the  erect  hollow 
flower-stems  almost  leafless.  Flowers  white  or  whitish,  whorled  at  the  joints, 
forming  an  interrupted  raceme.  (Named  for  Peter  Hotton,  early  Dutch 
botanist.) 

1.  H.  inflata  Ell.  Leaves  dissected  into  thread-like  divisions,  scattered  on 
the  floating  and  rooting  stems,  and  crowded  at  the  base  of  the  cluster  of 
peduncles,  which  are  strongly  inflated  between  the  joints  ;  pedicels  short.  — 
Pools  and  ditches,  s.  Me.  to  Fla.  and  La.,  near  the  coast;  inland  in  the  Miss, 
basin  to  Mo.  and  Ind.  May-Aug. 

4.    SAMOLUS    [Tourn.]    L.    WATER  PIMPERNEL.     BROOK-WEED 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Corolla  somewhat  bell-shaped,  5-cleft.  True  stamens  5,  on 
the  corolla-tube,  included.  Capsule  globose,  5-valved  at  the  summit,  many- 
seeded.  —  Smooth  herbs,  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  and  small  white  flowers 


PRIMtJLACEAE    (PRIMROSE   FAMILY)  645 

(Ancient  name  of  Celtic  origin,  said  to  refer  to  curative  properties  of  this  genus 
in  diseases  of  cattle  and  swine.) 

1.  S.  VALERANDI  L.     Stem  erect,  0.6-8  dm.  high,  leafy;  leaves  obovate  or 
spatulate,  the  basal  rosulate  ;  bracts  none  ;  slender  pedicels  ascending,  bracteo- 
late  in  the  middle,  in  maturity  6-11  mm.  long  ;  capsule  3-4  mm.  long.  —  Ballast, 
Philadelphia,  etc.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  S.  floribiindus   H  B  K.     More  slender,  becoming  diffuse  ;   racemes  often 
panicled,  the  pedicels  longer  (11-18  mm.  long}  and  spreading  ;  capsule  2-3  mm. 
long.     (S.  Valerandi,  var.  americanus  Gray.)  —  Wet  places,  chiefly  near  the 
coast,  and  at  low  altitudes  inland.     June-Sept. 

\ 
5.   LYSIMACHIA   [Tourn.]   L.     LOOSESTRIFE 

Calyx  5-6-parted.  Corolla  rotate,  the  divisions  entire,  convolute  in  bud. 
Filaments  commonly  monadelphous  at  base ;  anthers  oblong  or  oval.  Capsule 
few-several-seeded.  —  Leafy-stemmed  perennials,  with  herbage  commonly  glan- 
dular-dotted. (In  honor  of  King  Lysimachus,  or  from  X&ris,  a  release  from, 
and  [Mixy,  strife.} 

§  1.  LYSIMASTRUM  Duby.     Corolla  yellow,  rotate,  very  deeply  parted,  and 
with  no  teeth  between  the  lobes ;  stamens  more  or  less  monadelphous,  often 
unequal  ;  leaves  opposite  or  whorled,  or  some  abnormally  alternate. 
*  Corolla  plain  yellow,  without  dark  markings. 

1.  L.  VULGARIS  L.    Coarse  and  tall,  softly  often  viscidly  pubescent,  branch- 
ing above ;  leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  distinctly  short-petioled ;  flowers 
1.5-2  cm.  broad,  in  terminal  leafy  panicles;  calyx  4-5  mm.  long,  with  dark 
margin ;    glandular   filaments    united   to  near   the   middle.  —  Roadsides    and 
thickets  near  towns,  Me.  to  Ont.  and  O.     July-Sept.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  L.  PUNCTATA  L.     Similar,  but  with  flowers  often  merely  whorled  in  the 
upper  axils;  calyx  7-10  mm.  long,  green  throughout;  corolla-lobes  with  glan- 
dular-ciliolate  margins.  —  Roadsides,  etc.,  N.  S.  to  N.  J.  and  Pa.     June-July. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Corolla  dark-dotted  or  streaked ;  filaments  conspicuously  monadelphous, 

unequal. 

3.  L.  quadrifblia  L.    Somewhat  loosely  hairy,  or  smooth ;  stem  simple,  3-9 
dm.  high  ;  leaves  whorled  in  fours  or  fives  (sometimes  in  twos,  threes,  or  sixes, 
rarely  only  opposite  or  partly  alternate),  lanceolate  to  lance-ovate  ;  flowers  on 
long  capillary  peduncles  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves;  corolla  1-1.5  cm.  broad,  its 
lobes  ovate-oblong.  — Moist  or  sandy  soil,  N.  B.  to  Ont.,  Minn.,  Mich.,  and  Ga. 
June,  July. 

x  L.  prodiicta  (Gray)  Fernald.  Stem  smooth,  0.5-1  m.  high,  simple  or 
slightly  branched ;  leaves  opposite  or  in  whorls  of  3-5,  lanceolate  to  ovate- 
lanceolate  ;  flowers  in  terminal  bracted  racemes  (0.5-5  dm.  long),  the  lower 
from  the  axils  of  the  upper  foliage  leaves;  corolla  1-2  cm.  broad,  the  lobes 
ovate-oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate.  (L.  foliosa  Small.)  —  Damp  thickets  and 
shores,  Me.  to  N.  C.  and  Mich.  July,  Aug.  —  Apparently  a  widely  distributed 
and  fertile  hybrid  of  nos.  3  and  4. 

4.  L.  terrSstris  (L.)  BSP.     Stems  2-8  dm.  high,  often  bearing  oblong  or 
moniliform  bulblets  in  the  axils,  smooth,  at  length  branched,  very  leafy  ;  leaves 
opposite  or  rarely  alternate,  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end ;  flowers  on  slender 
pedicels,  in  a  bracted  raceme  (0.5-2.5  dm.  long) ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  lance-oblong. 
(L.  stricta  Ait.)  —  Low  grounds,  Nfd.  to  Hudson  Bay,  and  south w.    June-Aug. 

*  *  *  Flowers  2-3  cm.  broad,  solitary  in  the  axils  of  ordinary  leaves  ;  corolla  not 

dark-dotted  nor  streaked ;  filaments  slightly  monadelphous. 

5.  L.  NUMMULXRIA  L.     (MONEYWORT.)     Smooth  ;  stems  trailing  and  creep- 
ing ;   leaves  roundish,  small,  short-petioled  ;   divisions  of  the  corolla  broadly 
ovate,  obtuse,  longer  than  the  lance-ovate  calyx-lobes  and  stamens.  —  Escaped 
from  gardens  into  damp  ground  in  some  places.    June-Aug.     (Introd.  from  Eu.) 


646  PRIMULACEAE    (PRIMROSE   FAMILY) 

§  2.  NAUMBtJRGIA  (Moench)  Koch.  Corolla  very  deeply  6(or  Q-1}-parted 
into  linear  somewhat  purplish-dotted  divisions,  with  or  without  a  small  tooth 
in  each  sinus;  filaments  distinct,  equal;  leaves  opposite  (rarely  whorled), 
the  lowest  scale-like. 

6.  L.  thyrsiflbra  L.  (TUFTED  L.)  Smooth  (or  with  loose  scurfy  pubescence 
above  when  young);  stem  simple,  2.5-8  dm.  high  ;  all  but  the  lower  leaves  lan- 
ceolate, the  axils  of  1-4  middle  pairs  bearing  short-peduncled  head-like  or  spike- 
like  clusters  of  small  light  yellow  flowers.  —  Cold  swamps,  Que.  to  Sask. ,  s.  to 
Pa.,  111.,  Mo.,  etc.  May-July.  (Eu.) 

6.   STEIRONEMA  Baf. 

Corolla  rotate,  with  no  proper  tube  ;  divisions  ovate,  cuspidate-pointed,  erose- 
denticulate  above,  each  separately  involute  around  its  stamen.  Filaments 
distinct  or  nearly  so  on  the  ring  at  base  of  corolla;  anthers  linear.  Capsule 
10-20-seeded.  —  Leafy-stemmed  perennials,  glabrous  except  the  ciliate  petioles, 
not  punctate,  the  leaves  all  opposite,  but  mostly  in  seeming  whorls  on  the  flow- 
ering branches.  Peduncles  slender,  axillary,  bearing  yellow  flowers.  (From 
(rretpos,  sterile,  and  vrnj.a,  thread,  referring  to  the  staminodia. ) 

1.  S.  ciliatum  (L.)  Raf.     Stem  erect,  3-12  dm.  high  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceo- 
late to  broadly  ovate,  5-13  cm.  long,  tapering  to  an  acute  point,  rounded  or 
heart-shaped  at  base,  all  on  long  ciliate-f ringed  petioles  ;  corolla  longer  than  the 
calyx  ;  fruiting  calyx  6-10  mm.  long,  commonly  exceeded  by  the  capsule.  — Low 
grounds  and  thickets.     June-Aug. 

2.  S.  intermedium  Kearney.     Comparatively  low,  2-7  dm.  high  ;  leaves  3-8 
cm.  long,  the  petioles  naked  except  at  base  ;  calyx-lobes  commonly  exceeding  the 
capsule.     (S.  tonsum  Bicknell.) —  Usually  in  drier  rocky  soiJ,  Va.,  Ky.,  and 
south  w. 

3.  S.  radicans  (Hook.)  Gray.     Stem  slender,  soon  reclined,  the  elongated 
branches  often  rooting  in  the  mud  ;  leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  mostly 
rounded  at  base,  2.5-9  cm.  long,  on  slender  petioles ;  corolla  about  the  length 
of  the  calyx;  fruiting  calyx  3-5  mm.  long.  —  Swampy  river-banks,  Va.  to  Mo. 
and  Tex.     June-Aug. 

4.  S.  lanceolatum  (Walt.)  Gray.     Stem  erect  (or  rarely  reclined  and  rooting 
at  the  joints)  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  4-10  cm.  long,  narrowed  into  a  short  margined 
petiole  or  tapering  base,  or  the  lowest  short  and  broad  on  long  petioles  ;  corolla 
longer  than  the  calyx  ;  fruiting  calyx  5-8  mm.  long.  —  Low  grounds  and  thickets, 
Me.  to  N.  Dak.,  and  southw.    Var.  HYBRIDUM  (Michx.)  Gray,  withcauline  leaves 
oblong,  is  less  frequent. 

5.  S.  quadriflbrum  (Sims)  Hitchc.     Stem  erect,  4-angled,  slender,  2-9  dm. 
high,  often  branched  below  ;  stem-leaves  sessile,  narrowly  linear,  elongated,  3-9 
cm.  long,  smooth  and  shining,  rather  rigid,  obtuse,  the  margins  often  a  little 
revolute,  the  veins  obscure  ;  the  lowest  leaves  oblong  or  spatulate  ;  corolla  longer 
than  the  calyx,  the  lobes  conspicuously  pointed ;  fruiting  calyx  5-7  mm.  long. 
(S.  longifolium  Gray.)  — Banks  of  streams,  N.  Y.  to  Man.,  s.  to  Va.  and  Mo. 
June-Sept. 

7.   TRIENT.ALIS   L.     CHICKWEED  WINTERGREEN 

Corolla  spreading,  flat,  without  tube.  Filaments  slender,  united  in  a  ring  at 
the  base  ;  anthers  oblong,  revolute  after  flowering.  Capsule  few-seeded.  —  Low 
and  smooth  perennials,  with  simple  erect  stems,  bearing  a  few  alternate  usually 
minute  and  scale-like  leaves  below,  and  a  whorl  of  thin  veiny  leaves  at  the  sum- 
mit. Peduncles  one  or  more,  very  slender,  bearing  a  delicate  white  and  star- 
shaped  flower.  (A  Latin  name,  meaning  the  third  part  of  a  foot,  alluding  to 
the  height  of  the  plant.) 

1.  T.  americana  (Pers.)  Pursh.  (STAR  FLOWER.)  Spreading  by  very  slen- 
der elongated  rootstocks,  rarely  producing  long  stolons  from  the  upper  axils  ; 
leaves  elongated-lanceolate,  tapering  to  both  ends  ;  petals  finely  pointed.  — • 
Woods,  Lab.  to  Man.,  Minn.,  111.,  and  Va.  May-July. 


PRIMULACEAE    (PRIMROSE   FAMILY)  647 

8.    GLAUX   [Tourn.]    L.     SEA  MILKWORT 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-cleft ;  lobes  ovate  or  oblong,  petal-like.  Corolla  want- 
ing. Stamens  5,  on  the  base  of  the  calyx,  alternate  with  its  lobes.  Capsule 
5-valved,  few-seeded.  —  A  low  and  leafy  fleshy  perennial,  with  opposite  entire 
sessile  leaves,  and  solitary  nearly  sessile  (white,  pink,  or  lavender  and  crimson) 
flowers  in  their  axils.  (An  ancient  Greek  name,  from  y\avK6s,  sea-green.) 

1.  G.  maritima  L.  Diffusely  branched  (rarely  simple),  the  branches  pros- 
trate, loosely  ascending  or  sometimes  erect,  3-15  cm.  high  ;  leaves  linear  to 
oblong,  the  larger  3-12  mm.  long,  1.5-6  mm.  broad,  bluntly  pointed;  flowers  3-5 
mm.  long;  mature  capsule  2-3  mm.  long,  2-2.5  mm.  broad.  —  Seashores  from 
Cape  Cod  northw. ;  also  in  subsaline  soil,  Minn,  to  Sask.,  and  westw.  June, 
July.  (Eurasia.)  Passing  to  the  commoner 

Var.  obtusif&lia  Fernald.  Erect,  0.5-3  dm.  high,  simple  or  with  few  erect 
branches  ;  leaves  oval  or  broadly  oblong,  the  principal  ones  8-15  mm.  long, 
4-8  mm.  broad,  with  rounded  tips;  mature  capsule  2.5-4  mm.  broad.  —  N.  J., 
northw.;  also  Pacific  coast.  (Japan,  etc.) 

9.  ANAGALLIS   [Tourn.]   L.     PIMPERNEL 

Corolla  wheel-shaped,  with  almost  no  tube  ;  the  divisions  broad.  Stamens  5  ; 
filaments  bearded.  Capsule  membranaceous,  many-seeded.  — Low  spreading 
or  procumbent  herbs,  mostly  annuals,  with  opposite  or  whorled  entire  leaves, 
and  solitary  flowers  on  axillary  peduncles.  (The  ancient  Greek  name,  probably 
from  dvd,  again,  and  dyd\\eiv,  to  delight  in.) 

1.  A.  ARVENSIS  L.  (COMMON  P.)  Leaves  ovate,  sessile,  shorter  than  the 
peduncles  ;  petals  obovate,  obtuse,  fringed  with  minute  teeth  and  stalked  glands. 
—  Waste  sandy  fields.  June-Aug. — Flowers  variable  in  size,  scarlet  or  white, 
quickly  closing  at  the  approach  of  bad  weather ;  whence  the  English  popular 
name  of  "Poor  Man's  Weatherglass.'1'1  (Nat.  from  Eu.)  Var.  CAER{JLEA 
(Schreb.)  Ledeb.  Petals  blue,  often  nearly  or  quite  destitute  of  glandular 
ciliation.  —  Cultivated  ground,  etc.,  rather  rare.  (Adv.  from  Eurasia.) 

10.  CENTUNCULUS   [Dill.]   L.     CHAFFWEED 

Corolla  wheel-shaped,  with  an  urn-shaped  short  tube,  usually  withering  on 
the  summit  of  the  pod  (which  is  like  that  of  Anagallis).  Stamens  4  or  5  ;  fila- 
ments beardless.  —  Small  annuals,  with  entire  leaves,  and  solitary  inconspicuous 
flowers  in  their  axils.  (Derivation  obscure.) 

1.  C.  minimus  L.  Steins  ascending,  3-8  cm.  long  ;  leaves  ovate,  obovate, 
or  spatulate-oblong ;  flowers  nearly  sessile,  the  parts  mostly  in  fours.  —  Low 
grounds,  P.  E.  I.  (according  to  Macouii);  and  from  111.  and  Minn,  to  Fla.,  Tex., 
and  westw.  (Eu.) 

11.  DODECATHEON  L.     AMERICAN  COWSLIP 

Calyx  deeply  5-cleft,  the  divisions  lanceolate.  Corolla  with  a  very  short  tube 
and  thickened  throat ;  the  divisions  long  and  narrow.  Filaments  short,  mona- 
delphous  at  base  ;  anthers  long  and  linear,  approximate  in  a  slender  cone.  — 
Perennial  smooth  herb,  with  fibrous  roots,  a  cluster  of  basal  leaves,  and  a  simple 
naked  scape,  involucrate  with  small  bracts  at  the  summit,  bearing  an  ample 
umbel  of  showy  flowers,  nodding  on  slender  pedicels.  Corolla  rose-color,  or 
sometimes  white.  (Name  from  3t&5e*a,  twelve,  and  Oeol,  gods,  given  by  Pliny 
to  the  primrose,  which  was  believed  to  be  under  the  care  of  the  superior  gods.) 

1.  D.  Me^dia  L.  (SHOOTING  STAR.)  Leaves  oblong  or  spatulate,  gradually 
narrowed  at  base.  —  Woods,  prairies,  and  moist  cliffs,  Pa.  and  Md.  to  Man.,  and 
southw.  May,  June. 

Var.  FrSnchii  Vasey.  Leaves  ovate  or  elliptic,  abruptly  narrowed  at  base.  — 
Pa.  to  111.  and  Ark. 


648  SAPOTACEAE    (SAPODILLA    FAMILY) 

SAPOTACEAE     (SAPODILLA  FAMILY) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  mostly  with  a  milky  juice,  simple  and  entire  alternate  leaves 
(often  rusty-downy  beneath),  small  and  perfect  regular  flowers  usually  in  axillary 
clusters,'  the  calyx  free  and  persistent ;  the  fertile  stamens  commonly  as  many 
as  the  lobes  of  the  hypogynous  short  corolla  and  opposite  them,  inserted  on  its 
tube,  along  with  one  or  more  rows  of  appendages  and  scales  (or  sterile  stamens')  ; 
anthers  turned  outward,'  ovary  4-12-celled,  with  a  single  anatropous  ovule  in 
each  cell ;  seeds  large.  Albumen  mostly  none  ;  but  the  large  embryo  with 
thickened  cotyledons.  Style  single,  pointed.  —  A  small  mostly  tropical  family. 

1.   BUMELIA  Sw. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  5-cleft,  with  a  pair  of  internal  appendages  at  each 
sinus.  Fertile  stamens  5  ;  anthers  arrow-shaped.  Sterile  stamens  5,  petal-like, 
alternate  with  the  lobes  of  the  corolla.  Ovary  5-celled.  Fruit  small,  resembling 
a  cherry,  black,  containing  a  large  ovoid  and  erect  seed,  with  a  roundish  scar 
at  its  base.  —  Flowers  small,  white,  in  fascicles  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves. 
Branches  sometimes  spiny.  Leaves  often  fascicled  on  short  spurs.  Wood  very 
hard.  (The  ancient  name  of  a  kind  of  Ash.) 

1.  B.  lycioides  (L.)  Pers.     (SOUTHERN  BUCKTHORN.)     Spiny,  3-9  dm.  high  ; 
leaves  wedge-oblong  varying  to  oval-lanceolate,  with  a  tapering  base,  often  acute, 
reticulated,  nearly  glabrous,  3-12  cm.   long;   clusters  densely  many-flowered, 
glabrous ;  fruit  ovoid.  —  Moist  ground,  Va.  to  s.  111.,  Fla.,  and  Tex.    June,  July. 

2.  B.   lanuginbsa   (Michx.)  Pers.      (FALSE  BUCKTHORN.)      Spiny,  3-18  in. 
high  ;    leaves  oblong-obovate  or  wedge-obovate,  rusty-woolly  beneath,  obtuse, 
2.5-9  cm.   long;    clusters  6-12-flowered,  pubescent;    fruit  globular. — Woods, 
s.  111.  to  Kan.,  south  w.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.    July. 

EBENACEAE    (EBONY  FAMILY) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  and  polygamous  regular  flowers 
which  have  a  calyx  free  from  the  3-12-celled  ovary ;  the  stamens  2-4  times  as 
many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  often  in  pairs  before  them,  their  anthers  turned 
inward,  and  the  fruit  a  several-celled  berry;  ovules  1  or  2,  suspended  from  the 
summit  of  each  cell.  Seeds  anatropous,  mostly  single  in  each  cell,  large  and 
flat,  with  a  smooth  coriaceous  integument ;  the  embryo  shorter  than  the  hard 
albumen,  with  a  long  radicle  and  flat  cotyledons.  Styles  wholly  or  partly  sep- 
arate. Wood  hard  and  dark-colored.  No  milky  juice. — A  small  family,  chiefly 
tropical. 

1.    DIOSPYROS   L.     PERSIMMON 

Calyx  4-6-lobed.  Corolla  4-6-lobed,  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  com- 
monly 16  in  the  sterile  flowers,  and  8  in  the  fertile,  in  the  latter  imperfect. 
Berry  large,  globular,  surrounded  at  base  by  the  thickish  calyx,  4-8-celled, 
4-8-seeded.  —  Flowers  dioeciously  polygamous,  the  fertile  axillary  and  solitary, 
the  sterile  smaller  and  often  clustered.  (Name  from  Ai6s,  of  Jove,  and  irvpbs, 
grain.) 

1.  D.  virginiana  L.  (COMMON  P.)  Leaves  thickish,  ovate-oblong,  smooth 
or  nearly  so ;  peduncles  very  short ;  calyx  4-parted  ;  corolla  pale  yellow, 
thickish,  between  bell-shaped  and  urn-shaped,  1-1.5  cm.  long  in  the  fertile 
flowers,  much  smaller  in  the  sterile  ;  styles  4,  two-lobed  at  the  apex  ;  ovary 
8-celled.  —  Woods  and  old  fields,  Ct.  to  s.  e.  la.,  and  southw.  June.  —  Tree, 
6-30  m.  high,  with  very  hard  blackish  wood  ;  the  plum-like  fruit  2-4  cm.  in 
diameter,  exceedingly  astringent  when  green,  yellow  when  ripe,  and  sweet  and 
sometimes  edible  after  exposure  to  frost, 


STYRACACEAE    (STORAX    FAMILY)  649 

STYRACACEAE    (STORAX  FAMILY; 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate  simple  leaves  destitute  of  stipules,  and  perfect 
regular  flowers ;  the  calyx  either  free  or  adherent  to  the  2-5-celled  ovary ;  the 
corolla  of  4-8  petals^  commonly  more  or  less  united  at  base  •  the  stamens  twice  as 
many  as  the  petals  or  more  numerous,  monadelphous  or  polyadelphous  at  base; 
style  1 ;  fruit  dry  or  drupe-like,  1-5-celled,  the  cells  commonly  l-seeded.  Seeds 
anatropous.  Embryo  nearly  the  length  of  the  albumen  ;  radicle  slender,  as  long 
as  or  longer  than  the  flat  cotyledons.  Corolla  hypogynous  when  the  calyx  is 
free  ;  the  stamens  adherent  to  its  base.  Ovules  2  or  more  in  each  cell.  —  A 
small  family,  mostly  of  warm  countries. 

*  Calyx  5-cleft,  imbricate ;  stamens  in  several  series ;  anthers  short,  innate  ;  embryo  terete  ;  flowers 

yellow ;  pubescence  simple. 

1.  Symplocos.     Calyx  adherent  to  the  lower  part  of  the  3-celled  ovary.    Petals  5,  united  merely 

at  the  base. 

*  *  Calyx  4-8-toothed  or  entire ;  stamens  2-4  times  as  many  as  the  petals,  in  one  series  ;  anthers 

linear  or  oblong,  adnate,  introrse  ;  cotyledons  flat ;  flowers  white ;  pubescence  soft  and  mostly 
stellate. 

2.  Halesia.     Calyx  adherent  to  the  whole  surface  of  the  2-4-celled  ovary,  which  is  2-4-winged 

and  1-4-celled  in  fruit.    Corolla  4-lobed. 

3.  Styrax.    Calyx  adherent  only  to  the  base  of  the  3-celled  ovary.    Corolla  mostly  5-parted. 

Fruit  1-celled,  mostly  l-seeded. 


1.    SYMPLOCOS   Jacq.     SWEET  LEAP 

Petals  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  in  5  clusters,  one  adhering  to  the 
base  of  each  petal ;  filaments  slender.  Fruit  drupe-like  or  dry,  mostly  1-celled 
and  l-seeded.  — Shrubs  or  small  trees,  the  leaves  commonly  turning  yellowish  in 
drying,  and  furnishing  a  yellow  dye.  Flowers  in  axillary  clusters  or  racemes, 
yellow.  (Name  a-6/j.ir\oKos,  connected,  from  the  union  of  the  stamens.) 

1.  S.  tinctbria  (L.)  L'He"r.  (HORSE  SUGAR.)  Leaves  elongated-oblong, 
acute,  obscurely  toothed,  thickish,  almost  persistent,  minutely  pubescent  and 
pale  beneath,  7-15  cm.  long ;  flowers  6-14,  in  close  and  bracted  clusters, 
odorous. — Rich  ground,  Del.  to  Fla.  and  La.  Apr.  —  Leaves  sweet,  greedily 
eaten  by  cattle. 

2.   HALESIA  Ellis.     SNOWDROP  or  SILVER-BELL  TREE 

Calyx  inversely  conical,  4-toothed ;  the  tube  4-ribbed.  Petals  4,  united  at 
base,  or  oftener  to  the  middle,  into  an  open  bell-shaped  corolla,  convolute  or 
imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  8-16  ;  filaments  united  into  a  ring  at  base, 
and  usually  a  little  adherent  to  the  base  of  the  corolla ;  anthers  linear-oblong. 
Ovules  4  in  each  cell.  Fruit  large  and  dry,  bony  within.  Seeds  single,  cylin- 
drical.—  Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  large  and  veiny  pointed  deciduous  leaves  ; 
the  snowy  white  flowers  drooping  on  slender  pedicels,  in  clusters  or  short 
racemes,  from  axillary  buds  of  the  preceding  year.  Pubescence  partly  stellate, 
(Named  for  Stephen  Hales,  author  of  Vegetable  Statics,  etc.)  MOHRODENDRON 
Britton. 

1.  H.  Carolina  L.  (OPOSSUM  WOOD.)  Leaves  oblong-ovate  ;  fruit  4-winged, 
3-4  cm.  long.  (H.  tetraptera  L.  ;  Mohrodendron  carolinum  Britton.) — Banks 
of  streams,  Va.  to  111.,  s.  to  Fla.  —  Flowers  opening  while  still  small  and  green 
(according  to  Harper). 


650  OLEACEAE   (OLIVE  FAMILY) 

3.   STYRAX   [Tourn.]   L.     STORAX 

Calyx  truncate,  somewhat  5-toothed.  Corolla  5(rarely  4-8)-parted,  large ', 
the  lobes  mostly  soft-downy.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the 
corolla ;  filaments  flat,  united  at  the  base  into  a  short  tube ;  anthers  linear. 
Fruit  globular,  its  base  surrounded  by  the  persistent  calyx,  dry,  often  3-valved. 
Seed  globular,  erect,  with  a  hard  coat.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  commonly 
deciduous  leaves,  and  axillary  or  leafy-racemed  white  and  showy  flowers  on 
drooping  peduncles,  produced  in  spring.  (The  ancient  Greek  name  of  the  tree 
which  produces  storax.} 

1.  S.  grandifblia   Ait.     Shrub,    1-3.5  m.   high ;  leaves  obovate,   acute  or 
short-acuminate,  white-tomentose  beneath,  0.5-1.5  dm.  long;  flowers  mostly  in 
elongated  racemes  •  corolla  1.5  cm.  long,  convolute-imbricated  in  bud.  —  Woods, 
s.  Va.  to  Fla. 

2.  S.  pulverulSnta  Michx.     Shrub,  0.3-1.2  m.  high  ;  leaves  oval  or  obovate, 
3-6  cm.  long,  sparingly  puberulent  above,  and  scurf y-tomentose  beneath  ;  flowers 
1-1.5  cm.  long,  1-3  together  in  the  axils  and  at  the  tips  of  the  branches,  fragrant. 
—  Low  pine  barrens,  s.  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

3.  S.  americana  Lam.     Shrub,  1-2.5  m.  high  ;  leaves  oblong,  acute  at  both 
ends,  2.5-9  cm.  long,  smooth,  or  barely  pulverulent  beneath  ;  flowers  axillary  or 
in  3-4-flowered  racemes  ;  corolla  valvate  in  the  bud.  — Along  streams,  in  cypress 
swamps,  etc.,  Va.  to  Fla.,  La.,  and  northw,  in  the  Miss.  Valley  to  Mo.  and  111. 

OLEACEAE    (OLIVE  FAMILY) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  and  pinnate  or  simple  leaves,  a  4-cleft  (or 
sometimes  obsolete*)  calyx,  a  regular  4-cleft  or  nearly  or  quite  4-petalous  corolla, 
sometimes  apetalous  •  the  stamens  only  2  (rarely  3  or  4);  the  ovary  2-celled,  with 
2  (rarely  more)  ovules  in  each  cell.  Seeds  anatropous,  with  a  large  straight 
embryo  in  hard  fleshy  albumen,  or  without  albumen. 

Tribe  I.   FRAXfNEAE.     Fruit  dry,  indehiscent,  winged,  a  samara.    Leaves  pinnate. 

1.  Fraxinus.     Flowers  mostly  apetalous,  sometimes  also  without  calyx. 

Tribe  II.   SYRfNGEAE.     Fruit  a  loculicidal  capsule.    Leaves  simple. 

2.  Syringa.     Corolla  salver-form,  the  lobes  mostly  4,  valvate  in  bud. 

Tribe  III.   OLEf  NEAE.     Fruit  a  drupe,  or  rarely  a  berry.    Leaves  simple. 

3.  Adelia.     Flowers  apetalous,  dioecious  or  polygamous,   from  a  scaly  catkin-like  bud.    Sta- 

1  icns  2-4. 

4.  Chionanthus.     Flowers  complete,  sometimes  polygamous.    Calyx  and  corolla  4-merous,  the 

latter  with  long  and  linear  divisions. 

5.  Ligustrum.     Corolla  funnel-form,  4-cleft,  the  tube  longer  than  the  calyx. 

1.    FRAXINUS    [Tourn.]    L.     ASH 

Flowers  dioecious,  polygamous,  or  monoecious.  Calyx  small  and  4-cleft, 
toothed,  or  entire,  or  obsolete.  Petals  4,  or  altogether  wanting  in  our  species. 
Stamens  2,  sometimes  3  or  4  ;  anthers  linear  or  oblong,  large.  Style  single  ; 
stigma  2-cleft.  Fruit  1-2-celled,  flattened,  1-2-seeded.  Cotyledons  elliptical ; 
radicle  slender.  —  Timber-trees,  with  petioled  pinnate  leaves  ;  the  small  flowers 
in  crowded  panicles  or  racemes  from  the  axils  of  last  year's  leaves.  (The 
classical  Latin  name.) 

*  Leaflets  petiolulate  ;  anthers  linear-oblong. 

H-  Calyx  small,  persistent  in  fruit. 
•w-  Fruit  with  a  terete  or  nearly  terete  body. 

1.  F.  americana  L.  (WHITE  A.)  Branchlets  and  petioles  glabrous  ;  leaflets 
6-9,  ovate-  or  lance-oblong,  pointed,  pale  and  either  smooth  or  pubescent  under- 


OLEACEAE    (OLIVE   FAMILY) 


651 


W 


846.  F.  americana. 
Fruit  x  %. 


847.  F.  penn  sylvan  lea. 
Fruit  x  %. 


neath,  entire  or  sparingly  serrate  or  denticulate  ;  fruit  2.5-5  cm.  long,  margin- 
less  below,  abruptly  dilated  into  a  lanceolate,  oblanceolate,  or  wedge-linear  wing 
2-3  times  as  long  as  the  cylindraceous  body  (1.3-2  cm.  long, 
3-4  mm.  thick). — Rich  or  moist  woods,  N.  S.  to  Ont.,  and 
southw.  Apr.,  May. — A  large  and  very  valuable  forest  tree, 
with  gray  furrowed  bark,  smooth  gray  branchlets,  and  rust- 
colored  buds.  Monoecious  flowers  rarely  occur.  FIG.  846. 

2.  F.  biltmoreana  Beadle.     Branchlets,  petioles,  etc.,  pubes- 
cent or  tomentose ,"  leaflets  7-9,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  decidedly 
paler  and  sparingly  pubescent    beneath  ;    fruit  linear-oblong, 
scarcely  narrowed  to  the  rounded  apex,  the  body  short  and 
stout  (1-1.4  cm.  long,  4-5  mm.  thick).  —  Pa.  to  Ga. 

3.  F.  pennsylvanica  Marsh.     (RED  A.) 
Branchlets  and  petioles  velvety-pubescent; 
leaflets  5-9,  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  taper- 
pointed,  almost  entire,  pale  or  more  or  less 
pubescent  beneath;   fruit  2.5-7  cm.  long, 
the  edges  gradually  dilated  into  the  linear 
or  spatulate  icing,  the  body  1.4-2  cm.  long, 
2-3  mm.  thick.     (F.  pubescens  Lam.,  in- 
cluding the  narrowest-fruited  form,  F.  Dar- 
lingtonii  Britton.)  — Low  ground,  Me.  to 
Dak.,   and    southw.  —  Tree    of    middle    or 
large  size  ;  inner  face  of  outer  bark  of  the 
branches  red  or  cinnamon-color  when  fresh. 

FIG.  847.     Passing  to 

Var.  lanceolata  (Borkh.)  Sarg.  (GREEN  A.)  Glabrous 
throughout ;  leaflets  often  wedge-shaped  at  the  base  and  serrate  above,  bright 
green  both  sides.  (F.  viridis  Michx.  f.)  —  Along  streams,  Me.  to  Sask.,  and 
southw. 

•t-t-  -ft-  Fruit  with  aflattish  body  passing  insensibly  into  the  wing. 

4.  F.  profunda  Bush.  (PUMPKIN  A.)  Terete  branchlets  velvety-pubescent, 
as  are  the  petioles,  rhachises,  etc. ;  leaflets  7-9,  ovate-lanceolate,  long-petiolulate, 
subentire ;  fruit  linear-oblong,  rounded  or  refuse  at  the  apex, 
somewhat  narrowed  to  the  thickish  base  but  without  distinctly 
limited  body.  —  River-swamps,  etc.,  w.  N.  Y.  to  Mo.,  and 
southw. 

5.  F.   caroliniana  Mill.      (WATER  A.)     Branchlets  terete, 
glabrous  or  pubescent ;  leaflets  5-7,  ovate  or  oblong,  acute  at 
both  ends,   short-stalked ;  fruit   broadly  winged  (not   rarely 
3-winged),   elliptic  or  oblanceolate,   acutish  at  apex,   with  a 
tapering  base.     (F.  platycarpa  Michx.)— River-swamps,  Va. 
to  Fla.,  La.,  and  Mo.    March.  —Tree  of  middle  size.    FIG.  848. 

•«-  •«-  Calyx  wanting  or  a  mere  disk-like  ring. 

6.  F.  quadrangulata  Michx.    (BLUE  A.)    Branchlets  square 
(at  least  on  vigorous  shoots),  glabrous;   leaflets  7-11,  short- 
stalked,   oblong-ovate   or  lanceolate,  pointed,  sharply  serrate, 

848  F.  caroliniana.    green  both  sides  ;  fruit  oblong,  blunt,  and  of  the  same  width 

'  Fruit  x  27 .     "    at  both  ends,  or  slightly  narrowed  at  the  base,  often  notched 

at  the  apex,  2.5-5  cm.  long,  6-15  mm.  wide.  —  Dry  or  moist 

rich  woods,  O.  to  Mich,  and  Minn.,  Ala.,  Ark.,  etc. —  Large  timber-tree,  the 

inner  bark  yielding  a  blue  color  to  water. 

*  *  Lateral  leaflets  sessile  ;  anthers  short-oblong  ;  flowers  wholly  naked. 
7.   F.  nigra  Marsh.     (BLACK  A.)     Branchlets  and  petioles  glabrous  ;  leaflets 

7-11,  oblong-lanceolate,  tapering  to  a  point,  serrate,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the 

base,  green  and  smooth  both  sides,  when  young  with  some  rusty  hairs  along 

the  midrib  ;  fruit  linear-oblong  or  narrowly  elliptical,  blunt  at  both  ends.     {F. 

mmbucifolia  Lam.) — Swamps  and  wet  banks,  Nfd.  to  Man.,  Del.,  Va.,  and 


652  LOGANIACEAE    (LOGANIA   FAMILY) 

Ark.  —  Small  or  middle-sized  tree,  with  very  tough  and  fissile  wood.     Bruised 
foliage  exhales  the  odor  of  Elder. 

2.    SYRiNGA  L.    LILAC 

Corolla  salver-formed,  much  exceeding  the  4-toothed  calyx,  pale  violet  to 
roseate  or  white.  Ovary  2-celled  ;  ovules  2  in  each  cell,  pendulous.  —  Upright 
shrubs  with  simple  opposite  ovate  or  lanceolate  leaves  and  numerous  flowers 
in  thyrsoid  or  pyramidal  panicles.  (Name  from  <rvpiy£,  a  pipe  or  tube,  perhaps 
in  reference  to  the  tubular  corolla,  perhaps  to  the  use  of  the  wood  for  pipe-stems 
or  whistles.) 

1.  S.  VULGARIS  L.  (COMMON  L.)  Leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  entire,  truncate 
or  subcordate  at  base,  slender-petioled  ;  corolla  lilac-purple,  rarely  white.  — 
Long  popular  in  cultivation  and  not  rarely  found  in  a  wild  state.  (Introd. 
from  Eu.) 

3.    ADELIA  P.  Br. 

Calyx  of  4  minute  sepals.  Anthers  oblong.  Ovary  ovoid,  2-celled,  with  2 
pendulous  ovules  in  each  cell ;  style  slender  ;  stigma  somewhat  2-lobed.  Drupe 
small,  ovoid,  1-celled,  1-seeded. — Shrubs,  with  opposite  and  often  fascicled 
deciduous  leaves,  and  small  flowers  from  the  axils  of  the  preceding  year.  Fertile 
peduncles  short,  1-3-flowered.  (Name  from  #577X05,  obscure,  from  the  minute 
flowers.)  FORESTIEKA  Poir. 

1.  A.  acuminata  Michx.  (SWAMP  PRIVET.)  Glabrous,  somewhat  spines- 
cent,  1.5-3  m.  high  ;  leaves  thin,  oblong-ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate 
at  both  ends,  often  serrulate ;  drupe  elongated-ellipsoid,  usually  pointed. 
(Forestiera  Poir.)— Wet  river-banks  and  swamps,  s.  w.  Ind.  to  Mo.,  s.  to 
Tex. 

4.    CHIONANTHUS   L.     FRINGE-TREE 

Calyx  4-parted,  very  small,  persistent.  Petals  barely  united  at  base.  Stamens 
2  (rarely  3  or  4),  on  the  very  base  of  the  corolla,  very  short.  Stigma  notched. 
Drupe  fleshy,  globular,  becoming  1-celled,  1-3-seeded. —  Low  trees  or  shrubs, 
with  deciduous  and  entire  petioled  leaves,  and  delicate  flowers  in  loose  and 
drooping  graceful  panicles,  from  lateral  buds.  (Name  from  x1^'"?  snow,  and 
&v6os,  blossom,  alluding  to  the  light  and  snow-white  clusters  of  flowers.) 

1.  C.  virginica  L.  (OLD  MAN'S  BEARD.)  Leaves  oval,  oblong,  or  obovate- 
lanceolate  ;  flowers  on  slender  pedicels ;  petals  2-2.5  cm.  long,  narrowly  linear, 
acute,  varying  to  5  or  6  in  number  ;  drupe  purple,  with  a  bloom,  ovoid,  1-1.8  cm. 
long.  —  River-banks,  N.  J.  and  Pa.  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  and  Mo. — Very  ornamental 
in  cultivation.  May,  June. 

5.    LIGUSTRUM    [Tourn.]    L.     PRIVET 

Calyx  short-tubular,  4-toothed,  deciduous.  Stamens  2,  on  the  tube  of  the 
corolla,  included.  Berry  2-celled,  1-2-seeded.  —  Shrubs  with  entire  leaves  and 
small  white  flowers  in  terminal  panicles.  (The  classical  name. ) 

1.  L.  VULGARE  L.  (PRIVET  or  PRIM.)  Leaves  very  smooth  ;  berries  black. 
—  Used  for  low  hedges,  and  naturalized  from  Me.  to  Ont.  and  N.  C.  June, 
July.  (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

LOGANlACEAE    (LOGANIA  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  with  opposite  and  entire  leaves,  and  stipules  or  a 
stipular  membrane  or  line  between  them,  and  with  regular  4-5-merous  4-5- 
androus  perfect  flowers,  the  ovary  free  from  the  calyx,'  a  connecting  group 
between  Gfentianaceae.  Apocynaceae,  Scrophulariaceae  (from  all  which  they 
are  known  by  their  stipules)  and  Hubiaceae,  from  which  they  differ  in  their 


LOGANIACEAE   (LOGANIA   FAMILY)  653 

free  ovary ;   our  representatives  of  the  family  are  related  most  nearly  to  the 
Rubiaceae,  to  which,  indeed,  they  have  been  appended. 

*  Woody  twiners  ;  leaves  evergreen  ;  stigmas  2,  each  2-parted. 

1.  Gelsemium.    Corolla  large,  the  5  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud.     Style  slender. 

*  *  Herbs ;  stigmas  single,  entire  or  2-lobed. 

2.  Spigelia.    Corolla  5-lobed,  valvate  in  the  bud.    Style  single,  jointed  in  the  middle. 

3.  Cynoctonum.     Corolla  5-lobed,  valvate  in  the  bud.    Styles  2,  short,  converging,  united  at 

the  summit,  and  with  a  common  stigma. 

4.  Polypremum.    Corolla  4-lobed,  not  longer  than  the  calyx,  imbricated  in  the  bud. 

1.   GELSEMIUM  Juss.     YELLOW  (FALSE)  JESSAMINE 

Corolla  open-funnel-form.  Stamens  5,  with  oblong  sagittate  anthers.  Divi- 
sions of  stigma  linear.  Capsule  elliptical,  flattened  contrary  to  the  narrow 
partition,  2-celled,  septicidally  2-valved.  Seeds  many  or  several,  winged. 
Embryo  straight,  in  fleshy  albumen  ;  the  ovate  flat  cotyledons  much  shorten 
than  the  slender  radicle.  —  Smooth  twining  shrubby  plants  with  ovate  or 
lanceolate  leaves,  minute  deciduous  stipules,  and  showy  yellow  dimorphous 
flowers.  (Gfelsomino,  the  Italian  name  of  the  Jessamine.) 

1.  G.  sempSrvirens  (L.)  Ait.  f.  Stem  climbing  high  ;  leaves  short-petioled, 
shining,  nearly  persistent ;  flowers  in  short  axillary  clusters ;  pedicels  scaly 
bracted  ;  flowers  very  fragrant ;  corolla  2.5-4  cm.  long  ;  capsule  flat,  pointed.  — 
Low  grounds,  e.  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  Mar.,  Apr. 

2.  SPIGELIA  L.  *  PINK-ROOT.     WORM-GRASS 

Corolla  tubular-funnel-form,  5-lobed  at  the  summit.  Stamens  5 ;  anthers 
linear.  Style  slender,  hairy  above.  Capsule  short,  2-celled,  twin,  laterally 
flattened,  separating  at  maturity  from  a  persistent  base  into  2  carpels,  which 
open  loculicidally,  few-seeded.  —  Chiefly  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves  united  by 
stipules,  and  the  flowers  spiked  in  one-sided  cymes.  (Named  for  Adrian 
Spiegel,  latinized  Spigelius,  who  wrote  on  botany  early  in  the  17th  century,  and 
was  perhaps  the  first  to  give  directions  for  preparing  an  herbarium.) 

1.  S.  marilandica  L.  (INDIAN  PINK.)  Stems  simple  and  erect,  3-6  dm. 
high,  from  a  perennial  root ;  leaves  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute ;  spike 
simple  or  forked,  short ;  corolla  3-5  cm.  long,  red  outside,  yellow  within  ;  tube  4 
times  the  length  of  the  calyx,  the  lobes  lanceolate  ;  anthers  and  style  exserted.  — 
Rich  woods,  O.  and  Ky.  tc  Fla.,  Mo.,  and  Tex.  May,  June. 

3.  CYN6CTONUM  J.  F.  Gmel.     MITERWORT 

Corolla  little  longer  than  the  calyx,  somewhat  funnel-form.  Stamens  5, 
included.  Ovary  at  the  base  slightly  adnate  to  the  bottom  of  the  calyx,  2-celled. 
Capsule  exserted,  strongly  2-horned  or  miter-shaped,  opening  down  the  inner 
side  of  each  horn,  many-seeded. — Annual  smooth  herbs,  1-7  dm.  high,  with 
small  stipules  between  the  leaves,  and  small  white  flowers  spiked  along  one  side 
of  the  branches  of  a  terminal  peduncled  cyme.  (KiW,  dog,  and  Krelveiv,  to 
kill.}  MITREOLA  R.  Br. 

1.  C.  MitrSola  (L.)  Britton.  Leaves  thin,  oblong-lanceolate,  petioled.  (M. 
petiolata  T.  &  G.)  — Damp  soil,  from  e.  Va.  to  Tex.  June-Nov. 

4.   POLYPREMUM  L. 

Calyx  4-parted ;  the  divisions  awl-shaped  from  a  broad  scarious-margined 
base.  Corolla  almost  wheel-shaped,  bearded  in  the  throat.  Stamens  4,  very 
short ;  anthers  globular.  Style  very  short ;  stigma  ovoid,  entire.  Capsule 
ovoid,  a  little  flattened,  notched  at  the  apex,  2-celled,  loculicidally  2-valved, 


654  GENTIANACEAE    (GENTIAN  FAMILY) 

many-seeded.  —  A  smooth  diffuse  much  branched  small  annual,  with  narrowly 
linear  or  awl-shaped  leaves  connected  at  base  by  a  slight  stipular  line ;  the 
small  flowers  solitary  and  sessile  in  the  forks  and  at  the  ends  of  the  branches  ; 
corolla  inconspicuous,  white.  (Name  altered  from  Tro\virpefj,vos,  many-stemmed.) 
1.  P.  procumbens  L. — Dry  fields,  mostly  in  sandy  soil,  Md.  to  Fla.,  Tex., 
and  Mo.  ;  also  adventive  in  N.  J.  and  Pa.  June-Oct. 

GENTIANACEAE    (GENTIAN  FAMILY) 

Smooth  herbs,  with  a  colorless  bitter  juice,  opposite  and  sessile  entire  and 
simple  leaves  (except  in  no.  9)  without  stipules,  regular  flowers  with  the  stamens 
as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  which  are  convolute  (rarely  imbricated  and 
sometimes  valvate)  in  the  bud,  a  l-celled  ovary  with  2  parietal  placentae,  or 
nearly  the  whole,  inner  face  of  the  ovary  ovuliferous  •  the  fruit  usually  a  2-valved 
and  septicidal  many-seeded  capsule.  Calyx  persistent.  Corolla  mostly  with- 
ering-persistent ;  the  stamens  inserted  on  its  tube.  Seeds  anatropous,  with  a 
minute  embryo  in  fleshy  albumen.  —  Bitter-tonic  plants. 

SUBFAMILY  I.     GENTIANOfDEAE 

Leaves  always  simple  and  entire,  sessile,  never  alternate.  Aestivation  of 
corolla  never  valvate. 

*  Lobes  of  corolla  convolute  in  the  bud. 
+-  Style  filiform,  usually  deciduous ;  anthers  oblong  to  linear,  mostly  twisting  or  curving  in  age. 

1.  Sabatia.     Parts  of  flower  5-12.     Corolla  rotate.    Anthers  recurved  or  revolute. 

2.  Centaurium.     Parts  of  flower  5  or  4.    Corolla  salver-form.    Anthers  twisting  spirally. 

•*-  +-  Style  stout  and  persistent  or  none  ;  anthers  remaining  straight. 
•H-  Corolla  with  scale-like  appendages  but  no  large  pits  or  glands  at  base. 

3.  Gentiana.     Corolla  funnel-form  or  bell-shaped,  mostly  plaited  in  the  sinuses.    Calyx  4-5-cleft. 

4.  Pleurogyne.    Corolla  rotate.    Calyx  4-5-parted. 

•H-  -H-  Corolla  with  a  large  pit  or  gland  at  the  base  of  each  lobe. 

5.  Frasera.     Corolla  4-parted,  rotate ;  a  fringed  glandular  spot  on  each  lobe. 

6.  Halenia.     Corolla  4-5-cleft,  campanulate,  and  usually  4-5-spurred  at  the  base. 

*  *  Lobes  of  corolla  imbricate  in  the  bud  ;  no  appendages  nor  glands. 

7.  Bartonia.     Calyx  4-parted.     Corolla  deeply  4-cleft,  somewhat  campanulate. 

8.  Obolaria.     Calyx  of  2  foliaceous  sepals.    Corolla  4-lobed,  oblong-campanulate. 

SUBFAMILY  II.     MENYANTHOfDEAE 

Leaves  all  alternate  and  mostly  petioled,  sometimes  trifoliolate  or  crenate, 
Aestivation  of  corolla  indupiicate-valvate.  Marsh  or  aquatic  perennials. 

9.  Menyanthes.    Corolla  bearded  inside.    Leaves  3-foliolate. 

10.  Nymphoides.     Corolla  naked,  or  bearded  on  the  margins  only.     Leaves  simple,  rounded. 

1.    SABATIA  Adans. 

Calyx  5-12-parted,  the  lobes  slender.  Corolla  5-12-parted,  wheel-shaped, 
Stamens  5-12;  anthers  soon  recurved.  Style  2-cleft  or  -parted,  slender. — 
Biennials  or  annuals  (rarely  perennial  by  stolons),  with  slender  stems,  and 
cymose-panicled  handsome  (white  or  rose-purple)  flowers  in  summer.  (Dedi- 
cated, it  is  said,  to  L.  Sabbati,  an  early  Italian  botanist.)  SABBATIA  Salisb. 


GENTIAN  ACE  AE    (GENTIAN   FAMILY)  655 

*  Corolla  ^-parted,  or  rarely  6-7-parted. 

»-  Branches  all  opposite  and  stems  more  or  less  4-angled  /  flowers  cymose  /  calyx 
with  long  and  slender  lobes. 

++  Corolla  white,  often  turning  yellowish  in  drying. 

1.  S.  paniculata  (Michx.)  Pursh.      Stem  much  branched,  2-7  dm.  high; 
leaves  linear  or  the  lower  oblong,  obtuse,  1-nerved,  nearly  equaling  the  inter- 
nodes  ;  calyx-lobes  much  shorter  than  the  corolla.  —  Low  grounds,  Va.  to  Fla. 

2.  S.  lanceolata  (Walt.)  T.  &  G.     Stem  simple,  4-9 dm.  high,  bearing  aflat- 
topped  cyme  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  ovate,  3-nerved,  the  upper  acute,  much 
shorter  than  the  internodes  ;  calyx-lobes  longer  and  flowers  larger  than  in  no.  1. 
—  Wet  pine  barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla. 

•*-«•  -M.  Corolla  rose-pink,  rarely  white,  with  a  yellowish  or  greenish  eye. 

3.  S.  brachiata  Ell.     Stem  slightly  angled,  simple  below,  3-6  dm.  high; 
leaves  linear  and  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  or  the  upper  acute ;  branches  rather 
few-flowered,  forming   a    panicle ;   calyx-lobes    nearly  half    shorter    than  the 
corolla.     (S.  angustifolia  Britton.)  — Dry  or  low  places,  Ind.  and  N.  C.  to  La. 
and  Fla. 

4.  S.  angularis  (L.)  Pursh.     Stem  somewhat  ^-wing-angled,  much  branched 
above,  3-9  dm.  high,  many-flowered  ;   leaves  ovate,  acutish,  5-nerved,  with  a 
somewhat  heart-shaped  clasping  base  ;  calyx-lobes  one  third  or  half  the  length 
of  the  corolla.  — Rich  soil,  N.  Y.  to  Ont.  and  Mich.,  s.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

•»-  •«-  Branches  alternate  (or  the  lower  opposite  in  no.  5)  ;  peduncles  \-flowered. 
•w-  Calyx-lobes  foliaceous. 

5.  S.   calycina  (Lam.)  Heller.    Diffusely  forking,  pale,  1-5  dm. high;  leaves 
oblong  or  lance-oblong,  narrowed  at  base ;  calyx-lobes  spatulate-lanceolate,  1-2 
cm.  long,  exceeding  the  rose-colored  or  almost  white  corolla.      (S.  calycosa 
Pursh.)  — Sea-coast  and  near  it,  Va.  to  Tex. 

t-*.  -M-  Calyx-lobes  slender  and  tube  very  short  (prominently  costate  in  no.  6,  and 
longer,  nearly  or  quite  inclosing  the  retuse  capsule'). 

6.  S.  campSstris  Nutt.     Stem  0.5-4  dm.  high,  divergently  branched  above  ; 
leaves  ovate  with  subcordate  clasping  base,  1-3  cm.  long,  on  the  branches  lan- 
ceolate;  calyx  equaling  the  lilac  corolla  (3-4.5  cm.  broad).  —  Prairies,  Mo.  to 
Tex. 

7.  S.  stellaris  Pursh.      Loosely  branched  and  forking;   leaves  oblong  to 
lanceolate,  the  upper  narrowly  linear ;   calyx-lobes  awl-shaped-linear,  varying 
from  half  to  nearly  the  length  of  the  bright  rose-purple  corolla ;  style  nearly 
2-parted.  —  Salt  marshes,  Mass,  to  Fla.  —  Appears  to  pass  into  the  next ;  corolla 
in  both  at  times  pink  or  white. 

8.  S.   gracilis   (Michx.)    Salisb.      Stem  very  slender,   at   length    diffusely 
branched  ;  branches  and  long  peduncles  filiform  ;  leaves  linear,  or  the  lower 
lance-linear,  the  uppermost  similar  to  the  setaceous  calyx-lobes,  which  equal  the 
rose-purple  corolla;  style  cleft  to  the  middle.     (S.  campanulata  Torr.?)  — 
Brackish  marshes,  s.  e.  Mass,  and  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

*  *  Corolla  S-12-parted,  large  (3-5.5  cm.  broad). 

9.  S.  dodecandra  (L.)  BSP.    Stem  1-6  dm.  high,  loosely  panicled  above  ; 
peduncles    slender,    1-flowered ;    leaves  oblong-lanceolate ;    calyx-lobes  linear, 
half  the  length  of  the  deep  rose-colored  (rarely  white)  corolla.     (S.  chloroides 
Pursh.)  —  Borders  of  brackish  ponds,  Mass,  to  N.  C. 

2.    CENTAtlRIUM   Hill.    CENTADRT 

Calyx  4-5-parted,  the  divisions  slender.  Corolla  funnel-form  or  salver-form, 
with  slender  tube  and  4-5-parted  limb.  Anthers  exserted,  erect,  twisting 
spirally.  Style  slender,  single;  stigma  capitate  or  2-lipped.-— Low  and  small 
branching  annuals,  chiefly  with  rose-purple  or  reddish  flowers  in  summer.  ( An 


656  GENTIANACEAE    (GENTIAN    FAMILY) 

old  name,  variously  applied  by  the  herbalists,  from  centum,  hundred,  and  aurum, 
gold  or  gold-piece,  alluding,  it  is  said,  to  the  priceless  medicinal  value  ;  com- 
pare the  German  vernacular  name  Tausendgilldenkraut.}  ERITHREA  Neck. 
ERYTHRAEA  Borkh. 

*  Flowers  in  spikes. 

1.  C.  SPICATUM  (L.)  Fernald.      Stem  strictly  upright,  1-4  dm.  high  ;    the 
flowers  sessile  and  spiked  along  one  side  of  the  simple  or  rarely  forked  branches  ; 
leaves  oval  and  oblong,  rounded  at  base,  acutish  ;  tube  of  the  rose-colored  or 
whitish  corolla  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx,  the  lobes  oblong.     (Erythraea 
Pers.)  — Sandy  coast,  Nan  tucket,  Mass.,  and  Portsmouth,  Va.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Flowers  in  cymes  or  panicles. 
•i-  Flowers  in  definite  terminal  cymes,  at  least  the  central  flower  sessile. 

2.  C.  UMBELLATUM  Gilib.     (CENTAURY.)    Stem  upright,  1-5  dm.  high,  corym- 
bosely  branched  above  ;  leaves  oblong  or  elliptical,  acutish,  the  basal  rosulate, 
the  uppermost  linear  ;  cymes  clustered,  flat-topped,  the  flowers  all  nearly  sessile  ; 
tube  of  the  purple-rose-colored  corolla  not  twice  the  length  of  the  oval  lobes. 
(Erythraea  Centaurium  Pers.)  —  Waste  grounds,  N.  S.;  Mass,  to  Ind.  and  Mich, 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 

t-  —  Flowers  loosely  paniculate  or  paniculate-cymose,  all  pedicel'ed. 
•w  Corolla-lobes  3-5  mm.  long  ;  anthers  oblong. 

3.  C.  PULCHELLUM  (Sw.)  Druce.     Low  (0.5-3  dm.  high);  stem,  many  times 
forked  above  and  forming  a  diffuse  cyme;  leaves  ovate-oblong  or  oval,  not  rosu- 
late below  ;  pedicels  shorter   than  the  calyx;   tube  of  the  pink-purple  corolla 
thrice  the  length  of  the  elliptical-oblong  lobes.     (Erythraea  ramosissima  Pers.) 

—  Wet  or  shady  places,  N.  Y.  to  111.,  and  south w.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

4.  C.  texSnse  (Griseb.)  Fernald.     Similar  to  the  preceding,  but  more  diffusely 
forked  ;  cauline  leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  the  upper  reduced  to  subulate 
bracts  ;  pedicels  equaling  or  exceeding  the  calyx ;  corolla-tube  twice  the  length  of 
the  lance-oblong  lobes.     (Erythraea  Griseb.) — Dry  soil,  Mo.  to  Tex. 

-t-t-  -w-  Corolla-lobes  7-10  mm.  long  ;  anthers  linear. 

5.  C.  calycbsum  (Buckley)  Fernald.     Simple  or  corymbose-branched,  1-6  dm. 
high  ;  leaves  oblong  to  lance-linear ;  pedicels  equaling  or  exceeding  the  calyx ; 
corolla-tube  nearly  equaled  by  the  oblong  or  oval  lobes.     (Erythraea  Buckley.) 

—  Damp  soil,  Mo.  to  Tex. 

3.  GENTlANA   [Tourn.]   L.    GENTIAN 

Corolla  4-5-lobed,  usually  with  intermediate  plaited  folds,  which  bear  ap- 
pendages or  teeth  at  the  sinuses.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla. 
Style  short  or  none  ;  stigmas  2,  persistent.  Capsule  ellipsoid,  2-valved,  the 
innumerable  seeds  either  borne  on  placentae  at  or  near  the  sutures,  or  in  most 
of  our  species  covering  nearly  the  whole  inner  face  of  the  pod.  —  Flowers  solitary 
or  cymose,  showy,  in  late  summer  and  autumn.  (Name  from  G-entius,  king  of 
Illyria,  who  according  to  Pliny  discovered  the  plant,  i.e.  its  medicinal  virtue.) 

§  1.   GENTIANELLA  [Rupp.]  Reichenb.     Corolla  (not  rotate}  destitute  of  ex- 
tended plaits  or  lobes  or  teeth  at  the  sinuses ;  root  annual  or  biennial. 

*  Flowers  large,  solitary  on  long  terminal  peduncles,  mostly  4-merous  ;  corolla 
campanulute- funnel-form,  its  lobes  usually  flmbriate  or  erose,  not  crowned; 
a  row  of  glands  between  the  bases  of  the  filaments. 

1.  G.  crinita  Froel.  (FRINGED  G.)  Stem  1-9  dm.  high  ;  leaves  lanceolate 
or  ovate-lanceolate  from  a  partly  heart-shaped  or  rounded  base  ;  lobes  of  the 
4-cleft  calyx  unequal,  ovate  and  lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  bell-shaped  tube  of 
the  blue  (rarely  white)  corolla  (2.5-6  cm.  long),  the  lobes  of  which  are  wedge- 
obovate,  and  strongly  fringed  around  the  summit;  ovary  lanceolate.  —  Low 
grounds,  centr.  Me.  and  w.  Que.  to  Dak.,  la.,  0.,  and  Ga. 


GENTIANACEAE   (GENTIAN   FAMILY)  657 

2.  G.  pr<5cera  Holm.     Stem  1.5-5  dm.  high;  leaves  linear  or  lance-linear, 
acute,  the  basal  spatulate;  lobes  of  the  4-cleft  calyx  unequal,  alternately  lance- 
triangular  and  linear-lanceolate,  all  pointed  and  keeled  and  scabrous  on  the  back ; 
lobes  of  the  sky-blue  corolla  roundish,  with  ciliate-f ringed  margins  and  merely 
dentate  summit;  ovary  elliptical.      (6r.  serrata  Man.  ed.  6,  not  Gunner;    G. 
detonsa  Am.  auth.,  not  Rottb.)  —  Moist  grounds,  N.  Y.  and  Ont.  to  Man.  and  la. 

*  *  Flowers  smaller,  4-5-merous;  corolla  somewhat  funnel-form  or  salver-form, 

Us  lobes  entire  ;  peduncles  short  or  none,  terminal  and  lateral  on  the  acute- 
angled  stem. 

3.  G.  AmarSlla  L.     Stems  0.5-6  dm.  high  ;  leaves  lanceolate  to  narrowly 
oblong,  or  the  lowest  obovate-spatulate,  the  margins  minutely  scabrous  ;  calyx- 
lobes  (4-5)  foliaceous,  lanceolate  or  linear ;   corolla  blue,  lavender,  or  white, 
8-15  mm.  long,  with  a  fimbriate  crown  at  the  base  of  the  oblong  acute  lobes; 
capsule  sessile.     Eurasia. 

Var.  acuta  (Michx.)  Herder.  Calyx  almost  5-parted  ;  crown  usually  of  fewer 
and  sometimes  very  few  setae.  (G.  acuta  Michx.) — Barrens,  meadows,  arid 
rocky  banks,  Lab.  to  Alaska,  s.  to  n.  N.  B.,  n.  Me.,  n.  Vt.,  Minn.,  N.  Dak., 
N.  Mex.,  and  Cal.  (Asia.) 

4.  G.  quinquefblia  L.     Slender,  simple  or  branching,  0.5-6  dm.  high  ;  leaves 
ovate-lanceolate  from  a  partly  clasping  and  heart-shaped  base,   3-7-nerved, 
tipped  with  a  minute  point ;   branches  racemed  or  panicled,  about  5-flowered 
at  the  summit ;  lobes  of  the  small  5-cleft  calyx  awl-shaped-linear  ;  corolla  pale 
blue  or  ochroleucous,  1-2  cm.  long,  its  lobes  triangular-ovate,  bristle-pointed, 
without  crown,  but  the  glands  at  the  base  of  the  slender  obconical  tube  manifest ; 
capsule  stipitate.     (G-.  quinqueflora  Hill,  a  more  appropriate  but  later  name.)  — 
Moist  hills,  s.  Me.    to  Ont.,  111.,  and  Fla.      Var.  OCCIDENTALS  (Gray)  Hitchc. 
Often  taller  and  paniculately  much  branched  ;  calyx-lobes  more  leaf-like,  linear- 
lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  reaching  to  the  middle  of  the  broader  funnel- 
form  corolla.  —  O.  to  Minn. ,  and  southw. 

§  2.  PNEUMONANTHE  [Gleditsch]  Link.  Corolla  (funnel-form  or  salver- 
form)  with  thin-membranaceous  toothed  or  lobed  plaits  in  the  sinuses;  no 
crown  nor  glands;  capsule  stipitate;  autumn-flowering  perennials,  the 
flowers  large,  sessile  or  short-pedunculate  and  bibracteate  (except  in  no.  12). 

*  Anthers  unconnected  or  soon  separate;  leaves  rough-margined;  seeds  winged. 

5.  G.  affinis  Griseb.     Stems  clustered,  1-4.5  dm.  high;  leaves  oblong  or 
lanceolate  to  linear ;  flowers  numerous  and  thyrsoid-racemose  or  few  or  rarely 
almost  solitary  ;  calyx-lobes  unequal,  the  longest  rarely  equaling  the  tube,  the 
shortest  sometimes  minute  ;   corolla  blue  or  bluish,  2-3  cm.  long,  rather  nar- 
rowly funnel-form,  with  ovate  spreading  lobes,   the   plaits  with   conspicuous 
laciniate  appendages  sometimes  equaling  the  lobes. — Damp  soil,  Minn,  and 
westw. 

6.  G.  pubSrula  Michx.     Stems  mostly  solitary,  erect  or  ascending,  1.5-5  dm. 
high,  mostly  rough  and  minutely  pubescent  above  ;  leaves  rigid,  linear-lanceolate 
to  oblong-lanceolate,  2-7  cm.  long ;  flowers  clustered,  rarely  solitary  ;   calyx- 
lobes  lanceolate,  much  shorter  than  the  bell-funnel-form  open  bright  blue  corolla, 
the  spreading  ovate  lobes  of  which  are  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  cut- 
toothed  appendages. — Dry  prairies  and  barrens,  Md.  to  Ga.,  Kan.,  and  Minn. 
Oct. 

**  Anthers  cohering  in  a  ring  or  short  tube;  flowers  in  terminal  and  often 

axillary  clusters. 

«••  Calyx-lobes  and  bracts  ciliolate-scabrous  ;  seeds  conspicuously  winged  ;  leaves 
somewhat  rough-margined. 

7.  G.  Saponaria  L.     (SOAPWORT  G.)     Stem  erect  or  ascending,  smooth; 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  oblong,  or  lanceolate-obovate,  narrowed   at  the  base  • 
calyx-lobes  linear  or  spatulate,  acute,  equaling  or  exceeding  the  tube,  half  the 
length  of  the  corolla ;   lobes  of  the  club-bell-shaped  light  blue  corolla  obtuse, 

GRAY'S  MANUAL — 42 


658  GENTIANACEAE    (GENTIAN   FAMILY) 

erect  or  converging,  short  and  broad,  but  distinct,  and  more  or  less  longer  than 
the  conspicuous  2-cleft  and  minutely  toothed  appendages.  —  Moist  woods,  Ct.  to 
Ont.,  and  southw. 

8.  G.  AndrSwsii    Griseb.     (CLOSED   G.)     Stems   upright,   smooth ;    leaves 
ovate-lanceolate  and  lanceolate  from  a  narrower  base,  gradually  pointed  ;  calyx- 
lobes  lanceolate  to  obovate,  recurved,  shorter  than  the  top-shaped  tube,  and  much 
shorter  than  the  more  cylindric  and  truncate  mostly  blue  corolla,  which  is  closed 
at  the  mouth,  the  proper  lobes  equaled  by  the  broad  notched   appendages. — 
Moist  ground,  s.  Me.  to  Man.,  and  southw.  —  Corolla  blue  with  white  plaits,  or 
sometimes  all  white. 

t-  •»-  Margins  of  leaves,  bracts,  etc. ,  smooth  and  naked  ;  terminal  flower-cluster 
leafy-involucrate  ;  seeds  winged. 

9.  G.  flavida   Gray.     Stems  upright,  stout ;   flowers  sessile  and  crowded  in 
a  dense  terminal  cluster ;   leaves  ovate-lanceolate  from  a  heart-shaped  closely 
clasping  base,  gradually  tapering ;  calyx-lobes  ovate  or  subcordate,  many  times 
shorter' than  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  reflexed-spreading  ;  corolla  white,  more  or 
less  tinged  with  greenish  or  yellowish,  inflated-club-shaped,  at  length  open,  its 
short  and  broad  ovate  lobes  twice  the  length  of  the  broad  toothed  appendages. 
(G.  alba  Man.  ed.  6,  not  Muhl.)  —  Sandy  woods  and  meadows,  Ont.  to  Mo., 
Ky.,  and  Va. 

10.  G.  linearis  Froel.     Stems  slender  and  strict,  2.5-7  dm.  high  ;  flowers  1-5 
in  the  terminal  cluster ;   leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  with  somewhat  narrowed 
base  ;  bracts  sometimes  very  finely  scabrous  ;   calyx-lobes  appressed-ascending, 
linear  or  lanceolate,  mostly  subequal ;  corolla  blue  or  white,  slender-funnel-form, 
its  erect  roundish-ovate  lobes  a  little  longer  than  the  triangular  appendages. 
(G-.  rubricaulis  Schwein.) — Bogs  and  wet  rocks,  N.  B.  to  Ont.,  Minn.,  N.  Y., 
and  Md. 

Var.  latifblia  Gray.  Stout;  leaves  closely  sessile,  not  contracted  at  base, 
the  lowest  oblong-linear,  the  upper  ovate-lanceolate;  calyx-lobes  unequal,' 
appendages  broad,  acute  or  subtruncate,  mostly  thrice  exceeded  by  the  corolla- 
lobes. —  L.  Superior;  N.  B. 

•»-«-•«-  Calyx-lobes  and  bracts  with  the  margins  smooth  or  nearly  so;  seeds 
completely  marginless. 

11.  G.  vill&sa    L.      (SAMPSON'S   SNAKEROOT.)      Stems  ascending,   smooth ; 
leaves  from  broadly  obovate  and  obtuse  to  somewhat  lanceolate,  all  narrowed 
at  base;  calyx-lobes  linear,  unequal,  much  longer  than  the  tube,  rather  shorter 
than  the  greenish- white  open  corolla,  which  is  painted  inside  with  green  veins 
and  lilac-purple  stripes  ;  corolla-lobes  ovate,  much  exceeding  the  small  sparingly 
toothed  oblique  appendages.     (6r.  ochroleuca   Froel.) — Dry  or  damp  grounds, 
N.  J.  and  Pa.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

*  *  *  Anthers  not  connected;  flowers  terminal,  solitary,  commonly  peduncled 
and  naked;  seeds  wingless. 

12.  G.  Porphyrio  J.  F.  Grnel.     Stems  slender  and  ascending,  1-4.5  dm.  high, 
mostly  simple  ;  leaves  linear  or  the  lower  oblanceolate,  rigid  ;   corolla  open- 
funnel-form,  4-6  cm.  long,  azure-blue,  rarely  greenish  or  white,  about  twice  the 
length  of  the  thread-like  calyx-lobes,  its  ovate  spreading  lobes  twice  as  long  as 
the   cut-toothed  appendages.     (G.  angustifolia   Michx.)  —  Moist  pine  barrens, 
N.  J.  to  Fla. 

4.   PLEUR6GYNE  Esch. 

Acute  divisions  of  the  showy  corolla  with  a  pair  of  scale-like  appendages  at 
base.  Stamens  inserted  at  base  of  corolla.  Style  none  ;  stigmas  decurrent.  — 
Small  annuals  of  cold  regions.  (Name  from  Tr\evp6v,  rib  or  side,  and  yvvj, 
female;  referring  to  the  decurrent  lateral,  not  terminal,  stigmas.) 

1.  P.  rotata  (L.)  Griseb.  (MARSH  FELWORT.)  Stem  0.5-3  dm.  high,  from 
simple  and  1-flowered  to  fastigiate-branched  and  many -flowered  ;  leaves  linear 
or  lanceolate,  or  the  lowest  spatulate  ;  sepals  linear  to  lanceolate,  resembling  the 
upper  leaves,  and  often  much  elongated  ;  corolla  blue  or  white,  the  3-5  ovate- 


GENTIANACBAE    (GENTIAN    FAMILY)  659 

oblong  or  lanceolate  lobes  (5-15  mm.  long)  shorter  than  or  exceeding  the  calyx- 
lobes.  (Including  P.  carinthiaca,  var.  pusilla  Gray. )  —  Brackish  shores  and 
marshes,  e.  Que.,  Nfd.,  Lab.,  and  north w. ;  Rocky  Mts. — Pursh's  report  of 
the  plant  from  the  White  Mts.,  N.  H.,  was  probably  erroneous.  Aug.,  Sept. 
(Greenl.,  n.  Eurasia.) 

5.  FRASERA  Walt.     AMERICAN  COLOMBO 

Calyx  deeply  4-parted.  Filaments  awl-shaped,  usually  monadelphous  at 
base ;  anthers  oblong,  versatile.  Style  persistent ;  stigma  2-lobed.  Capsule 
oval,  flattened,  4-14-seeded.  Seeds  large  and  flat,  wing-margined. — Tall  and 
showy  herbs,  with  thick  root,  upright  mostly  simple  stems,  whorled  leaves,  and 
numerous  peduncled  flowers  in  open  cymes,  disposed  in  an  ample  elongated 
panicle.  (Named  for  John  Eraser,  an  18th  century  collector.) 

1.  F.  caroliniSnsis  Walt.  Smooth  biennial  or  triennial,  1-2.5  m.  high  ;  leaves 
mostly  in  fours,  lance-oblong,  the  lowest  spatulate,  veiny  ;  panicle  pyramidal, 
loosely  flowered ;  corolla  2-3  cm.  broad,  light  greenish-yellow,  marked  with 
small  brown-purple  dots,  its  divisions  oblong,  mucronate,  longer  than  the  nar- 
rowly lanceolate  calyx-lobes,  each  with  a  large  round  gland  below  the  middle ; 
capsule  much  flattened  parallel  with  the  flat  valves.  —  Rich  dry  soil,  N.  Y.  and 
Ont.  to  Wise.,  and  south  w.  May,  June. 

6.  HALENIA  Borkh.     SPURRED  GENTIAN 

Calyx  4-5  parted.  Corolla  without  folds  or  fringe,  usually  prolonged  at  the 
base  underneath  the  erect  lobes  into  spurs,  which  are  glandular  in  the  bottom. 
Stigmas  2,  sessile,  persistent  on  the  oblong  flattish  capsule.  Seeds  rather 
numerous,  oblong.  —  Small  and  upright  herbs,  with  yellowish  or  purplish 
panicled-cymose  flowers.  (Named  for  Johann  Halen,  a  German  botanist.) 
TETRAGONANTHUS  Ginel. 

1.  H.  deflSxa  (Sm.)  Griseb.  Leafy  annual  or  biennial,  1-9  dm.  high,  sim- 
ple or  branched  above  ;  leaves  3-5-nerved,  the  lowest  oblong-spatulate  and 
petioled,  the  others  oblong-lanceolate  to  ovate,  acuminate,  the  nodes  mostly 
remote ;  spurs  cylindrical,  obtuse,  curved,  descending,  half  the  length  of  the 
acutely  4-lobed  corolla.  (  Tetragonanthus  Ktze.)  —  Damp  and  cool  woods,  Nfd. 
and  Lab.  to  Sask.,  s.  to  centr.  Me.,  w.  Mass.,  centr.  N.  Y.,  Mich.,  and  Minn. 
July-Sept.  Var.  HETERANTHA  (Griseb.)  Fernald.  Lower  or  sometimes  all  the 
flowers  without  spurs.  —  Nfd.  and  Lab.  to  Me.  and  Mich. 

7.   BARTdNIA  Muhl. 

Stamens  short.  Capsule  oblong,  flattened,  pointed  with  a  large  persistent  at 
length  2-lobed  stigma.  Seeds  minute,  innumerable,  covering  the  whole  inner 
surface  of  the  pod.  —  Small  annuals  or  biennials  with  thread-like  stems,  and 
little  awl-shaped  scales  in  place  of  leaves.  Flowers  small,  peduncled.  (Dedi- 
cated to  Prof.  Benjamin  Smith  Barton,  of  Philadelphia.) 

*  Corolla-lobes  oblong  to  spatulate,  obtuse,  usually  denticulate. 

•»-  Flowers  7-9  mm.  long ;  corolla-lobes  spatulate,  more  than  twice  as  long  as 

the  calyx-lobes. 

1.  B.  vSrna  (Michx.)  Muhl.     Stem  1-few-flowered,  4-26  cm.  high,  nearly 
naked  ;  leaf-scales  inconspicuous,  remote,  mostly  opposite  or  nearly  so  ;  corolla- 
lobes  narrowly  spatulate  to  spatulate-obovate,  obtuse,  denticulate  or  subentire, 
2-3  times  as  long  as  the  calyx-lobes.  —  Bogs  near  the  coast,  s.  Va.  to  Fla.  and 
La.     Mar. -May. 

«-  -t-  Flowers  3-4  mm.  long ;  corolla-lobes  one  third  to  one  half  longer  than  the 
calyx-lobes  or  rarely  twice  their  length. 

2.  B.  virginica  (L.)  BSP.     Stems  yellowish,  5-30  cm.  high,  erect  and  straight 
or  irregularly  flexuous,  mostly  sharp-angled,  simple  or  forked  at  the  hard  sub- 


660  GENTIAN  A  CEAE    (GENTIAN    FAMILY) 

ligneous  base,  with  numerous  mostly  opposite  or  subopposite  subulate  scales 
below  ;  the  branches  or  peduncles  chiefly  opposite,  1-few-flowered  ;  flowers  yel- 
lowish-white ;  corolla-lobes  oblong,  commonly  denticulate,  obtusish  to  rounded 
at  the  apex  ;  stigma  columnar,  about  1  mm.  long.  (B.  tenella  Muhl.)  —  Sandy 
or  boggy  places,  N.  S.  to  Minn.,  and  south w.  July-Sept. 

*  *  Corolla-lobes   lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acutish,  essentially 

entire. 

3.  B.  paniculata  (Michx.)  Robinson.    Tall  and  very  slender,  2-4  dm.  high, 
more  apt  to  be  irregularly  and  paniculately  branched  above,  but  mostly  simple 
at  the  base  ;  branches  and  leaf-scales  often   alternate  ;  the  peduncles  curved- 
ascending.;  flowers  2-4(-5)  mm.  long;  corolla-lobes  lanceolate,  acute,  yellow- 
ish- or  greenish- white,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  narrowly  lanceolate  calyx-lobes ; 
stigma  short,  scarcely  columnar,  0.5  mm.  in  length  ;  anthers  yellow.     (B.  lance- 
olata  Small ;   Centaurella  paniculata  Michx.  ;  C.  Moseri  Steud.  &  Hochstetter.) 
—  Wet  sandy  woods,  swamps,  etc.,  e.  Mass,  to  Fla.  and  La.     Aug. -Oct. 

4.  B.  iodandra  Robinson.     Dwarf  and  subsimple,  1-2  dm.  high  ;  scales  few 
and  often  alternate  as  are  the  rather  long  curved-ascending  peduncles  ;  flowers 
for  the  most  part  nearly  twice  as  large  as  in  the  preceding,  purplish-tinged,  6 
mm.  long;  corolla-lobes  ovate-lanceolate,  acutish,   about  twice  the  length  of 
the  lance-oblong  calyx-lobes;  anthers  chiefly  brownish-purple ;  stigma  short. — 
Sphagnous  bogs,  Nfd.  and  N.  S.    Aug.,  Sept. 

8.    OBOLARIA   L.     PENNYWORT 

Calyx  of  2  spatulate  spreading  sepals,  resembling  the  leaves.  Corolla  wither- 
ing-persistent ;  the  lobes  oval-oblong,  or  with  age  spatulate,  imbricated  in  the 
bud  !  -  Stamens  inserted  at  the  sinuses  of  the  corolla,  short.  Style  short,  per- 
sistent ;  stigma  2-lipped.  Capsule  ovoid,  1-celled,  the  cell  cruciform  ;  the  seeds 
covering  the  whole  face  of  the  walls. — A  low  and  very  smooth  purplish-green 
perennial  6-15  cm.  high,  with  a  simple  or  sparingly  branched  stem,  opposite 
wedge-obovate  leaves  ;  the  dull  white  or  purplish  flowers  solitary  or  in  clusters 
of  three,  terminal  and  axillary,  nearly  sessile,  in  spring.  (Name  from  6/3oX6s, 
a  small  Greek  coin,  from  the  thick  rounded  leaves.) 

1.  0.  virginica  L.  Herbaceous  and  rather  fleshy,  the  lower  leaves  scale-like  ; 
flowers  1  cm.  long.  —  Moist  woods,  N.  J.  to  111.,  s.  to  Ga.  and  Tex.  Mar.-May. 

9.   MENYANTHES    [Tourn.]  L.     BUCKBEAN 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  short  funnel-form,  5-cleft,  deciduous,  the  whole 
upper  surface  white-bearded.  Style  slender,  persistent ;  stigma  2-lobed.  Capsule 
bursting  somewhat  irregularly,  many-seeded.  Seed-coat  hard,  smooth  and 
shining. — A  perennial  herb,  with  a  thickish  creeping  rootstock,  sheathed  by 
the  membranous  bases  of  the  long  petioles,  which  bear  3  oval  or  oblong 
leaflets;  the  flowers  racemed  on  the  naked  scape  (1-3  dm.  high),  white  or 
slightly  reddish.  (The  ancient  Theophrastian  name,  probably  from  rfv,  month, 
and  Avdos,  a  flower,  some  say  from  its  flowering  for  about  that  time.) 

1.  M.  trifoliata  L.  —  Bogs  and  shallow  water,  Lab.  to  Alaska,  s.  to  N.  J., 
Pa.,  Great  L.  region,  la.,  etc.  Apr.-June.  (Eurasia.) 

10.   NYMPHOiDES   [Tourn.]  Hill.     FLOATING  HEART 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  almost  wheel-shaped,  5-parted,  the  divisions  bearing 
a  glandular  appendage  near  the  base.  Style  short  or  none  ;  stigma  2-lobed, 
persistent.  Capsule  few-many-seeded,  at  length  bursting  irregularly.  Seed-coat 
hard. — Perennial  aquatics,  with  floating  leaves  on  very  long  petioles,  which, 
in  most  species,  bear  near  the  summit  the  umbel  of  polygamous  flowers,  often 
along  with  a  cluster  of  short  and  spur-like  roots  ;  flowering  all  summer.  (Name 
from  Nymphaea  and  eTSos,  appearance.}  LIMNANTHEMUM  S.  P.  Gmel. 

1.    N.  lacunbsum  (Vent.)  Fernald.     Floating  leaves  round-heart-shaped,  1.5-6 


APOCYNACEAE    (DOGBANE   FAMILY)  661 

cm.  broad,  thickish  ;  petioles  filiform  ;  lobes  of  the  white  corolla  broadly  oval, 
about  1  cm.  long,  naked,  except  the  crest-like  yellowish  gland  at  the  base,  twice 
the  length  of  the  lanceolate  calyx-lobes  ;  style  none  ;  seeds  smooth  and  even. 
(Limnanthemum  Griseb.) — Shallow  water,  N.  S.  to  Fla.,  and  locally  westw. 
July-Sept. 

2.  N.  aquaticum  (Walt.)  Fernald.     Leaves  larger  (0.5-1.5  dm.  broad)  and 
rounder,  thicker,  often  wavy-margined  or  crenate,  roughish  and  dark-punctate 
or  pitted  beneath ;   petioles  stouter ;   flower  1-2  cm.  broad  ;   seeds  glandular- 
roughened.       (Limnanthemum    Britton ;    L.    trachyspermum    Gray.) — Ponds 
and  streams,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

3.  N.  PELTATUM  (S.  P.  Gmel.)  Britten   &   Rendle.     Stout   and   branching; 
petioles  bearing  no  spur-like  roots;  corolla  large  (2-3  cm.  broad},  bright  yellow, 
the  segments  somewhat  fringed  ;   seeds  with  fringe-like  margin.      (Limnan- 
themum nymphoides  Hoffmannsegg  &  Link.)  — Ponds  about  Washington,  D.  C. ; 
often  cultivated.     (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

APOCYNACEAE    (DOGBANE  FAMILY) 

Plants  almost  all  with  milky  acrid  juice,  entire  chiefly  opposite  leaves  without 
stipules,  regular  5-merous  and  5-androus  flowers;  the  5  lobes  of  the  corolla 
convolute  and  twisted  in  the  bud  ;  the  filaments  distinct,  inserted  on  the  corolla, 
and  the  pollen  glandular;  calyx  free  from  the  two  ovaries,  which  (in  our  genera) 
are  distinct  (forming  follicles),  though  their  styles  or  stigmas  are  united  into 
one.  Seeds  amphitropous  or  anatropous,  with  a  large  straight  embryo  in  sparing 
albumen,  often  bearing  a  tuft  of  down  (comose).  —  Chiefly  tropical  acrid- 
poisonous  plants. 

*  Leaves  alternate. 

1.  Amsonia.    Seeds  naked.    Corolla-tube  bearded  inside.    Anthers  longer  than  the  filaments. 

Plant  upright. 

*  *  Leaves  opposite. 

2.  Vinca.     Seeds  naked.    Corolla-tube  naked.    Plant  creeping  or  trailing. 

3.  Trachelospermum.     Seeds  comose.    Corolla  funnel-form,  not  appendaged.    Filaments  slender. 

Calyx  glandular  inside. 

4.  Apocynum.     Seeds   comose.     Corolla  bell-shaped,  appendaged  within.     Filaments  short, 

broad  and  flat.    Calyx  not  glandular. 

1.   AMS6NIA    Walt. 

Calyx  small.  Corolla  with  a  narrow  funnel-form  tube  ;  the  limb  divided  into 
long  linear  lobes.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  tube,  included ;  anthers  obtuse  at 
both  ends.  Ovaries  2  ;  style  1 ;  stigma  rounded,  surrounded  with  a  cup-like 
membrane.  Pods  (follicles)  2,  long  and  slender,  many-seeded.  Seeds  cylin- 
drical, abrupt  at  both  ends,  packed  in  one  row.  — Perennial  herbs,  with  alternate 
leaves,  and  pale  blue  flowers  in  terminal  panicled  cymes.  (Named  for  Dr. 
Amson,  physician  of  Gloucester,  Virginia,  in  1760,  and  friend  of  John  Clayton.) 

1.  A.  Tabernaemontana  Walt.  Loosely  pubescent  or  hairy  when  young, 
soon  glabrous ;  leaves  from  ovate-lanceolate  to  linear-lanceolate,  taper-pointed  ; 
calyx-lobes  short,  awl-shaped  ;  tube  of  the  bluish  corolla  little  longer  than  the 
lobes,  the  upper  part  either  hairy  when  young  or  glabrous.  (A  salicifolia 
Pursh  ;  A.  Amsonia  Britton.)  — Low  grounds,  Pa.  to  Mo.,  and  southw. ;  introd. 
in  N.  J.  May,  June. 

2.    VfNCA  L.     PERIWINKLE 

Calyx-lobes  acuminate.  Corolla-tube  funnel-form  ;  the  limb  salver-form. 
Stamens  inserted  below  the  throat ;  filaments  short.  Style  slender.  Pods 
short-cylindric.  Seeds  rough.  — Smooth  trailing  hardy  plants  (or  in  the  Tropics 


662  APOCYNACEAE    (DOGBANE   FAMILY) 

tender  annuals)    with  evergreen   firm   leaves  and  axillary  flowers.     (Ancient 
Latin  name  of  uncertain  derivation.) 

1.  V.  MINOR  L.  (COMMON  P.,  "MYRTLE.")  Spreading  by  creeping  stems; 
leaves  glossy,  ovate  to  oblong,  1.5-3  cm.  long ,  flowers  peduncled  ;  corolla  blue, 
with  truncate  lobes. — Roadsides,  etc.,  escaped  from  cultivation.  Apr.-June. 
(Introd.  from  Eu.) 

3.  TRACHELOSPERMUM  Lemaire.     CLIMBING  DOGBANE 

Calyx  with  3-5  glands  at  its  base  inside.  Stamens  included ;  anthers 
arrow-shaped,  with  an  inflexed  tip.  Pods  (follicles)  2,  slender,  many-seeded. 
Seeds  oblong. — Twining  plants,  more  or  less  woody,  with  small  flowers  in 
cymes.  (Name  from  rpdxr/Xos,  a  neck,  and  <nrtyfji.a,  seed,  upon  the  supposition 
that  the  seed  was  beaked.) 

1.  T.  diff6rme  (Walt.)  Gray.  Nearly  herbaceous  and  glabrous;  leaves  oval- 
lanceolate,  pointed,  thin  ;  calyx-lobes  taper-pointed  ;  corolla  pale  yellow.  — 
Damp  grounds,  Del.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  June,  July. 

4.  AP6CYNUM    [Tourn.]  L.     DOGBANE.     INDIAN  HEMP 

Calyx-lobes  acute.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  bearing  5  triangular  appendages 
below  the  throat  opposite  the  lobes.  Stamens  on  the  very  base  of  the  corolla  ; 
filaments  shorter  than  the  arrow-shaped  convergent  anthers,  which  slightly 
adhere  to  the  stigma.  Style  none ;  stigma  large,  ovoid,  slightly  2-lobed.  Fruit 
of  2  long  and  slender  follicles.  Seeds  with  a  tuft  of  long  silky  down  at  the 
apex.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  upright  branching  stems,  opposite  mucronate- 
pointed  leaves,  a  tough  fibrous  bark,  and  small  and  pale  cymose  flowers  on 
short  pedicels.  (Ancient  name  of  the  Dogbane,  composed  of  cur6,  from,  and 
Ktiuv,  a  dog.) 

*  Corolla  pink  or  pink-striped  or  white,  4-9  mm.  long,  the  lobes  more  or  less 

spreading. 

•»-  Inflorescences  both  terminal  and  axillary  cymes  of  nodding  flowers  6-9  mm. 
long  ;  corolla  campanulate,  the  lobes  prominently  flaring. 

1.  A.  androsaemifblium  L.     (SPREADING  D.)     Stems  smooth,  3-5  dm.  high, 
loosely  wide-branched  above  with  ascending  often  dichotomous  branches ;  leaves 
ovate    to    ovate-oblong,   mucronate-tipped,    slender-petioled,    loosely  spreading 
or  drooping,  dull  dark   green  and  smooth  above,  pale  and   usually  somewhat 
pubescent  beneath  ;  cymes  flowering  simultaneously ',  the  terminal  usually  largest ; 
flowers  fragrant,  mostly  nodding  ;  calyx  rarely  half  as  long  as  the  corolla-tube  ; 
corolla  pink,  with  deeper  stripes  in  the  tube,  the  finally  recurved  lobes  blunt.  — 
Dry  thickets,  open  woods,  etc.     June-Aug. 

•t-  -t-  Inflorescences  terminal  or  at  the  tips  of  leafy  branches,  of  spreading  or 
slightly  nodding  flowers  4-7  mm.  long ;  corolla  from  urceolate  to  short- 
tubular,  the  tube  somewhat  pentagonal,  the  lobes  slightly  spreading. 

2.  A.  mSdium  Greene.     Similar  to  no.  1  ;  the  branches  ascending  or  spread- 
ing ;  leaves  firm,  ovate-oblong  to  elliptic,  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent  beneath  ; 
central  cyme  flowering  earlier  than  those  at  the  tips  of  the  elongate  branches' 
corolla  white  or  pink-tinged,  the  blunt  lobes  slightly  spreading  but  not  recurved. 
(Intermediate  between  the  preceding  and  the  following,  including  A.  speciosum 
and  A.  urceolifer  G.  S.  Miller,  A.  Milleri  Britton,  and  some   other  recently 
proposed  species.)  —  Open  dry  or  moist  ground,  rocky  shores,  etc.,  e.  Que.  to 
Md.,  w.  to  Col.     June-Aug. 

*  *  Corolla  greenish  to  greenish-white,  tubular,  pentagonal,  3-4.5  mm.  long,  the 

lobes  ascending  ;  cymes  terminal,  of  mostly  ascending  flowers. 

3.  A.  cannabinum  L.   (INDIAN  HEMP.)   Glabrous,  2-24  dm.  high,  the  stems  and 
branches  ascending  (but  on  gravel  beaches,  etc.,  depressed  and  wide-spreading)  ; 
leaves  mostly  ascending,  usually  pale  green,  ovate-oblong  to  lanceolate,  glabrous 


ASCLEPIADACEAE    (MILKWEED   FAMILY)  663 

or  sparingly  pubescent  beneath,  those  of  the  chief  axis  narrowed  at  base  to  distinct 
petioles  (2-7  mm.  long),  those  of  the  branches  often  sub  sessile ;  central  cyme 
flowering  Jirst ;  flowers  erect ;  calyx  glabrous,  its  lobes  about  equaling  the  corolla- 
tube. —  Gravelly  or  sandy  soil,  mostly  near  streams;  on  beaches  becoming 
dwarfed  and  diffuse,  with  smaller  and  narrower  leaves  (A.  album  Greene). 
June-Aug.  Varying  greatly,  the  most  recognizable  extremes  being 

Var.  pub6scens  (It.  Br.)  DC.  Calyx  and  pedicels  pubescent ;  leaves  white- 
pubescent  beneath.  (A.  pubescens  R.  Br.)  — R.  I.  to  Ont.,  la.,  and  south w. 

Var.  nemorale  (G.  S.  Miller)  Fernald.  Leaves  mostly  spreading  or  drooping 
on  elongate  (1-1.5  cm.  long)  slender  petioles.  (A.  nemorale  G.  S.  Miller.)  — 
Open  woods,  Fairfax  Co.,  Va. 

Var.  hypericif61ium  (Ait.)  Gray.  Principal  leaves  sessile  or  subsessile, 
rounded  or  subcordate  at  base.  (A.  hypericifolium  Ait.)  —  Que.  to  Sask.  and 
B.  C.,  s.  to  w.  Me.,  centr.  N.  Y.,  0.,  Kan.,  Col.,  and  Cal. ;  chiefly  westw. 

ASCLEPIADACEAE    (MILKWEED  FAMILY) 

Plants  with  milky  juice,  and  opposite  or  whorled  (rarely  scattered}  entire 
leaves  •  the  follicular  pods,  seeds,  anthers  {connected  with  the  stigma},  sensible 
properties,  etc.,  as  in  the  preceding  family ,  from  which  they  differ  in  the  commonly 
valvate  corolla,  and  in  the  singular  connection  of  the  anthers  with  the  stigma, 
the  cohesion  of  the  pollen  into  wax-like  or  granular  masses  (pollinia),  etc.,  as 
explained  under  the  typical  genus  Asclepias. 

Tribe  I.   CYNANCHEAE.     Anthers  tipped  with  an  inflexed  or  sometimes  erect  scarious  mem- 
brane, the  cells  lower  than  the  top  of  the  stigma  ;  pollinia  suspended. 
*  Stems  erect  or  merely  decumbent. 

1.  Asclepiodora.     Corolla  rotate,  merely  spreading.    Crown  of  5  hooded  fleshy  bodies,  with  a 

salient  crest  in  each.    Leaves  alternate. 

2.  Asclepias.     Corolla  reflexed,  deeply  5-parted.     Crown  as  ia  no.  1,  but  with  an  incurved  horn 

rising  from  the  cavity  of  each  hood.     Leaves  usually  opposite. 

8.  Acerates.     Corolla  reflexed  or  merely  spreading.     Crown  as  In  no.  1,  but  with  neither  crest 
nor  horn  inside.     Leaves  mainly  alternate. 

*  *  Stems  twining ;  leaves  mostly  opposite. 

4.  GonolobUS.     Corolla  erect.    Crown  of  5  membranaceous  flat  bodies,  terminated  by  a  2-cleft 

tail  or  awn. 

5.  Cynanchum.     Corolla  rotate,  spreading.    Crown  a  fleshy  5-10-lobed  ring  or  disk. 

Tribe  II.  VINCETOXfCEAE.    Anthers  with  short  if  any  scarious  tip,  borne  on  the  margin  of 
or  close  under  the  disk  of  the  stigma ;  pollinia  horizontal. 

6.  Vincetoxicum.    Corolla  rotate.    Crown  a  wavy-lobed  fleshy  ring.    Stems  twining. 

1.   ASCLEPIODdRA  Gray 

Resembling  Asclepias  ;  but  the  corolla-lobes  ascending  or  spreading,  and  the 
hoods  destitute  of  a  horn,  widely  spreading  and  somewhat  incurved,  slipper- 
shaped  and  laterally  compressed,  the  cavity  divided  at  the  apex  by  a  crest-like 
partition.  — Umbels  solitary  and  terminal  or  corymbed,  loosely-flowered.  Folli- 
cles ovoid,  often  somewhat  muricate  with  soft  spinous  projections.  ('A(r/cX»;7ri6s, 
and  d&pov  or  duped,  the  gift  of  Aesculapius.) 

1.  A.  vlridis  (Walt.)  Gray.  Almost  glabrous;  stems  3-7  dm.  high;  leaves 
alternate,  short-petioled,  ovate-oblong  to  lanceolate,  3-13  cm.  wide;  umbels 
several  in  a  cluster,  short-peduncled  ;  flowers  large  (2-3  cm.  broad),  green, 
with  a  purplish  crown.  —  Prairies,  111.  to  Tex.  and  S.  C.  May,  June. 

2.    ASCLEPIAS    [Tourn.]   L.     MILKWEED.     SILKWEED 

Calyx  persistent ;  divisions  small,  reflexed.  Corolla  deeply  5-parted  ;  divisions 
valvate  in  bud,  deciduous.  Crown  of  5  hooded  bodies  seated  on  the  tube  of 


664  ASCLEPIADACEAE    (MILKWEED    FAMILY) 

stamens,  each  containing  an  incurved  horn.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  base 
of  the  corolla ;  filaments  united  into  a  tube  which  incloses  the  pistil ;  anthers 
adherent  to  the  stigma,  each  with  2  vertical  cells,  tipped  with  a  membranaceous 
appendage,  each  cell  containing  a  flattened  pear-shaped  and  waxy  pollen-mass  ; 
the  two  contiguous  pollen-masses  of  adjacent  anthers,  forming  pairs  which  hang 
by  a  slender  prolongation  of  their  summits  from  5  cloven  glands  that  grow  on 
the  angles  of  the  stigma  (extricated  from  the  cells  by  insects,  and  directing 
copious  pollen-tubes  into  the  point  where  the  stigma  joins  the  apex  of  the  style). 
Ovaries  2,  tapering  into  very  short  styles  ;  the  large  depressed  5-angled  fleshy 
stigmatic  disk  common  to  the  two.  Follicles  2,  one  of  them  often  abortive,  soft, 
ovoid  or  lanceolate.  Seeds  anatropous,  flat,  margined,  bearing  a  tuft  of  long 
silky  hairs  (coma)  at  the  hilum,  downwardly  imbricated  all  over  the  large 
placenta,  which  separates  from  the  suture  at  maturity.  Embryo  large,  with 
broad  foliaceous  cotyledons  in  thin  albumen.  —  Perennial  herbs ;  peduncles 
terminal  or  lateral  and  between  the  usually  opposite  petioles,  bearing  simple 
many-flowered  umbels,  in  summer.  (The  Greek  name  of  Aesculapius,  to  whom 
the  genus  is  dedicated.) 

§  1.  Anther-wings  broadest  and  usually  angulate-truncate  and  salient  at  base; 

horn  conspicuous. 

*  Flowers  orange-color;  leaves  mostly  scattered ;  juice  not  milky. 

1.  A.  tuberbsa   L.     (BUTTERFLY-WEED,  PLEURISY-ROOT.)     Roughish-hairy, 
3-9  dm.  high  ;   stems   ascending  or  decumbent,  very  leafy,  branching  at  the 
summit,  and  bearing  umbels  in  a  terminal  corymb,  or  scattered  in  racemes  along 
the  branches ;  leaves  from  linear  to  oblong-ovate,  sessile  or  slightly  petioled  ; 
divisions  of  the  corolla  oblong,  greenish-orange ;  hoods  narrowly  oblong,  bright 
orange,  scarcely  longer  than  the  nearly  erect  and  slender  awl-shaped  horns  ; 
pods  hoary,  erect  on  deflexed  pedicels.  (Including  A.  decumbens  L.)  — Dry  fields 
and  banks,  N.  H.  to  Ont.,  Minn.,  south w.  and  south westw.     June-Aug. 

*  *  Corolla  bright  red  or  purple;  follicles  naked,  fusiform,  erect  on  the  deflexed 
pedicels  (except  in  no.  5) ;  leaves  opposite,  mostly  broad. 

H-  Flowers  rather  large;  hoods  about  6  mm.  long  and  exceeding  the  anthers; 
leaves  transversely  veined. 

2.  A.  lanceolata   Walt.     Glabrous ;   stem  slender,   6-15  dm.    high ;   leaves 
elongated-lanceolate  or  linear,   1-2  dm.  long,  tapering  to  both  ends,  slightly 
petioled  ;  umbels  ^-12-flowered ;  divisions  of  the  red  corolla  narrowly  oblong ; 
the  bright  orange  hoods  broadly  oblong,  obtuse,  much  exceeding  the  incurved 
horn.     (A.  paupercula  Michx.)  — Wet  pine  barrens  on  the  coast,  N.  J.  to  Fla. 
and  Tex.     July. 

3.  A.  rubra  L.     Glabrous;  leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate  and  tapering  from  a 
rounded  or  heart-shaped  base  to  a  very  acute  point,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  0.6-1.8 
dm.  long,  1-6.5  cm.  wide,  bright  green;   umbels  many-flowered;  divisions  of 
the  corolla  and  hoods  oblong-lanceolate,  purple-red  ;  the  horn  long  and  slender, 
straightish.  —  Wet  pine  barrens,  etc.,  N.  J.  and  Pa.  to  Fla.,  La.,  and  Mo.     July. 

4.  A.  purpurascens   L.     (PURPLE  M.)     Stem  rather  slender,  1  m.  or  less 
high  ;  leaves  elliptical  or  ovate-oblong,  the  upper  taper-pointed,  minutely  velvety- 
downy  underneath,  smooth  above,  contracted  at  base  into  a  short  petiole  ;  pedicels 
shorter  than  the  peduncle,  3-4  times  the  length  of  the  dark  purple  lanceolate- 
ovate  divisions  of  the  corolla  ;  hoods  oblong,  abruptly  narrowed  above  ;  the  horn 
broadly  scythe-shaped,  with  a  narrow  and  abruptly  inflexed  horizontal  point.  — 
Dry  ground,  N.  H.  to  Ont.,  Minn.,  Kan.,  and  southw. — Flowers  1.5  cm.  long. 
June,  July. 

I-  -»-  Flowers    small;    hoods    2-3    mm.    long,    equaling    the    anthers;   veins 

ascending. 

5.  A,  incarnata  L.     (SWAMP  M.)     Smooth  or  nearly  so  ;  the  stem  5-10  dm. 
high,  very  leafy,  with  two  downy  lines  above  and  on  the  branches  of  the  pedun- 
cles ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or  pointed,  obtuse,  obscurely  heart-shaped  or 
narrowed  at  base  ;  flowers  rose-purple  (rarely  whitish)  ;  hoods  scarcely  equaling 


ASCLEPI ADAGE AE    (MILKWEED   FAMILY)  665 

the  slender  needle-pointed  horn.  —  Swamps,  N.  B.,  westw.  and  southw.     July, 
Aug. 

Van  piilchra  (Ehrh.)  Pers.  Leaves  broader  and  shorter-petioled,  more 
or  less  hairy,  as  well  as  the  stem  ;  flowers  paler.  (A.  pulchra  Ehrh.) — N.  S. 
to  N.  C.  and  Ga.,  rarely  w.  to  Minn. 

*  *  *  Flowers  greenish,  yellowish,  white,  or  merely  purplish-tinged  ;  leaves  oppo- 
site or  whorled,  or  the  upper  rarely  scattered. 

H-  Follicles  echinate  with  soft  spinous  processes,  densely  tomentose  {smooth,  and 
only  minutely  echinate  at  the  apex  in  no.  8),  large  (8-13  cm.  long},  ovoid 
and  acuminate,  erect  on  deflcxed  pedicels;  leaves  large  and  broad,  short- 
petioled  ;  umbels  terminal  and  lateral. 

6.  A.  speci&sa  Torr.     finely  canescent-tomentose  or  glabrate,   the  many- 
flowered  umbel  and  calyx  densely  tomentose  ;  leaves  subcordate-oval  to  oblong ; 
corolla-lobes  purplish,  ovate-oblong,  1  cm.  long ;  hoods  slightly  longer,  with  a 
short  inflexed  horn,  the  truncate  summit  abruptly  produced  into  a  very  long 
lanceolate-ligulate  appendage. — Along  streams,   Minn,  to  Ark.,  and  westw. 
June-Aug. 

7.  A.  syriaca  L.     (COMMON  M.  or  SILKWEED.)     Stem  tall  and  stout,  finely 
soft-pubescent ;  leaves  lance-oblong  to  broadly  oval,  1-2  dm.  long,  pale,  minutely 
downy  beneath,  as  well  as  the  peduncles,  etc. ;  corolla-lobes  dull  purple  to  white, 
6-9  mm.  long  ;  hoods  rather  longer  than  the  anthers,  ovate,  obtuse,  with  a  tooth 
each  side  of  the  short  stout  claw-like  horn.     (A.  Cornuti  Dene.)  — Rich  ground, 
N.  B.  to  Sask.,  and  southw.    June-Aug.  —  Intermediates,  perhaps  of  hybrid 
origin,  occur  between  this  and  some  of  the  related  species. 

8.  A.  Sullivantii  Engelm.      Very  smooth  throughout,  tall ;  leaves  ovate- 
oblong  with  a  somewhat  heart-shaped  base,   nearly  sessile ;  hoods   obovate, 
entire,  obtusely  2-eared  at  the  base  outside  ;  flowers  larger  (1.5-2  cm.  long)  and 
more  purple  than  in  the  preceding  ;  anther-wings  2-toothed  at  base  ;  pod  nearly 
glabrous,  obscurely  spiny  chiefly  on  the  beak.  —  Rich  ground,  s.  Ont.  and  O. 
to  Kan.,  Neb.,  and  Minn.     June,  July. 

H-  t-  Follicles  wholly  unarmed,  either  glabrous  or  tomentulose-pubescent. 
•w  Follicles  erect  or  ascending  on  the  deflexed  or  decurved  fruiting  pedicels. 

=  Umbel  solitary,  on  a  naked  terminal  peduncle ;  leaves  sessile,  broad,  trans- 
versely veined,  wavy  ;  glabrous  and  pale  or  glaucous. 

9.  A.  amplexicaiilis  Sm.     Stem  3-8  dm.  high ;  leaves  oblong,  with  a  heart- 
shaped  clasping  base,  very  obtuse  or  retuse,  4-12  cm.  long ;  peduncle  3-20  cm. 
long  ;   corolla  pale  greenish -purple  ;   hoods  truncate,  somewhat  toothed  at  the 
summit,  shorter  than  the  slender  awl-pointed  horn.     {A.  obtusifolia  Michx.)  — 
Sandy  woods  and  fields,  N.  H.  to  Neb.,  and  southw.     June,  July.  —  A  second 
umbel  at  the  base  of  the  peduncle  occasionally  occurs. 

10.  A.  Meadii  Ton-.     Stem  slender,  4-6  dm.  high  ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong- 
ovate,  obtuse  or  acutish,  3-7  cm.  long;  peduncle  only  twice  the  length  of  the 
upper  leaves  ;  pedicels  rather  short ;   corolla  greenish-white ;   hoods  rounded- 
truncate  at  summit,  and  with  a  sharp  tooth  at  each  margin,  somewhat  exceeding 
the  stouter  horn.  —Dry  ground,  Wise.,  111.,  and  la.     June. 

=  =  Umbels  mostly  more  than  one;  peduncle  not  overtopping  the  leaves. 

a.   Leaves  large,  orbicular  to  oblong-lanceolate;   hoods  broad,  little  if  at  all 
exceeding  the  anthers  ;  glabrous  or  with  some  minute  pubescence  on  young  parts. 

11.  A.  phytolaccoides  Pursh.     (POKE  M.)     Stem  5-15  dm.  high;   leaves 
broadly  ovate,  or  the   upper  oval-lanceolate  and  pointed  at  both  ends,  short- 
petioled,  smooth  or  slightly  downy  underneath,  1-3  dm.  long  ;   lateral  umbels 
several ;  pedicels  loose  and  nodding,  numerous,  slender,  2-5  cm.  long,  equaling 
the  peduncle  ;  corolla-lobes  ovate-oblong,  greenish  ;  hoods  (white)  truncate,  the 
margins  2-toothed  at  the  summit,  the  horn  with  a  long  projecting  aid-shaped 
point.    (A.  exaltata  Muhl.  ?  nomen  subnudum.)  —  Moist  copses,  N.  E.  to  Minn., 
B.  to  Ga.  and  Ark.    June-Aug. 


666  ASCLEPIADACEAE    (MILKWEED    FAMILY) 

12.  A.  variegata  L.     Stem  3-9  dm.  high  ;  leaves  (4-5  pairs)  ovate,  oval,  or 
obovate,  somewhat  wavy,  contracted  into  short  petioles,  middle  ones  sometimes 
whorled  ;  pedicels  (numerous  and  crowded}  and  peduncle  short,  downy ;  divi- 
sions of  the  corolla  ovate,  white,'  hoods  orbicular,  entire,  purplish  or  reddish, 
the  horn  semilunar  with  a  horizontal  point. — Dry  woods,  L.  I.  to  Ind.,  s.  to 
Fla.,  and  w.  La.     May,  June.  —  Kemarkable  for  its  compact  umbels  of  nearly 
white  flowers. 

b.   Leaves  mostly  pubescent  or  puberulent ;  hoods  obtuse,  entire,  twice  or  thrice 
the  length  of  the  anthers. 

13.  A.  ovalifblia  Dene.      Low,  1.5-6   dm.  high,   soft-downy  especially  the 
lower  surface   of  the   ovate   or  lanceolate-oblong  acute   short-petioled   leaves 
(3.5-8  cm.  long);  umbels  loosely  10-18-flowered,  sessile  or  peduncled ;  pedicels 
slender ;  hoods  oblong,  yellowish,  with  a  small  horn,  about  the  length  of  the 
oval  greenish-white   corolla-lobes  (tinged  with  purple  outside). — Prairies  and 
oak  openings,  111.  and  Wise,  to  S.  Dak.  and  Man.     June,  July. 

•w-  •»-••  Follicles  and  pedicels  erect;  leaves  often  whorled;  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 
=  Leaves  ovate  to  broadly  lanceolate,  thin,  rather  slender-petioled. 

14.  A.  quadrif61ia  Jacq.     Stem  slender,  3-8  dm.  high,  mostly  leafless  below, 
bearing  usually  one  or  two  whorls  of  four  in  the  middle  and  one  or  two  pairs 
of  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate  taper-pointed  petioled  leaves  (0.5-1  dm.  long);  pedi- 
cels slender;    corolla-lobes  pale  pink,  oblong;   hoods  white,  elliptical-ovate,  the 
incurved  horn  short  and  thick.  — Dry  woods  and  hills,  N.  H.  to  Ont.  and  Minn., 
s.  to  N.  C.  and  Ark.     May-July. 

15.  A.  perSnnis  Walt.     Stems  3-7  dm.  high,  persistent  or  somewhat  woody 
at  the  base;  leaves  lanceolate  or  lanceolate-ovate,  tapering  to  both  ends,  thin, 
rather  slender-petioled  ;  flowers  white,  small ;   the   small  hoods  of  the  crown 
shorter  than  the  needle-shaped  horn ;   seeds  sometimes  destitute  of  a  coma  !  — 
Low  grounds,  Ind.  to  Mo.,  Fla.,  and  Tex.     May- Aug. 

=  =  Leaves  narrowly  linear  to  filiform;   horn  subulate,   exserted;    column 

conspicuous. 

16.  A.  verticillata  L.     Stems  slender,  simple  or  sparingly  branched,  3-9  dm. 
high,  from  a  fibrous  root,  very  leafy  to  the  summit ;  leaves  linear,  with  revolute 
margins,  3-6  in  a  whorl ;  umbels  small,  lateral  and  terminal ;  divisions  of  the 
corolla  ovate,  greenish-white  ;  hoods  roundish-oval,  about  half  the  length  of  the 
incurved  claw-shaped  horns.  —  Prairies  and  open  woods,  Mass,  to  Sask.,  and 
southw. 

17.  A.  pumila  (Gray)  Vail.     Similar;   low   (1-1.5  dm.  high)   and  many- 
stemmed  from  a  woody  caudex  ;  leaves  much  crowded,  spirally  arranged,  filiform 
or  filiform-linear.     (A.  verticillata,  var.  Gray.) — Dry  plains,  w.  la.  and  Neb. 
to  Col.  and  N.  Mex. 

§  2.   Anther-wings  broadly  rounded  at  base  and  conspicuously  auriculate-notched. 
just  above  it ;  hoods  ivith  a  minute  horn  exserted  from  the  2-lobed  apex. 

18.  A.  stenophylla  Gray.     Puberulent,  but  foliage  glabrous ;  stems  slender, 
0.3-1  m.  high  ;   leaves  narrowly  linear,  the   upper  alternate,  lower  opposite ; 
umbels  several,  short-peduncled,  10-15-flowered  ;  corolla-lobes  oblong,  greenish  ; 
hoods  whitish,  equaling  the  anthers,  conduplicate-concave  ;   follicles  erect  on 
ascending  pedicels.     (Acerates  angustifolia  Dene.)  —  Dry  prairies,  Neb.  to  Mo., 
southw.  and  westw.     June- Aug. 

3.   ACERATES   Ell.     GREEN  MILKWEED 

Nearly  like  Asclepias  ;  but  the  hoods  destitute  of  crest  or  horn  (whence  the 
name,  from  a-  privative,  and  ictpas,  a  horn).  —  Flowers  greenish,  in  compact 
many-flowered  umbels.  Leaves  opposite  or  irregularly  alternate,  short-petioled 
or  sessile.  Pollen-masses  slender-stalked.  Follicles  not  tuberculate. 


ASCLEPIADACEAE    (MILKWEED   FAMILY)  667 

*  Crown  upon  a  column  shorter  than  the  globular  mass  of  anthers  and  stigmas; 
leaves  mainly  alternate- scattered. 

1.  A.  auriculata  Engelm.     Glabrous,  or  puberulent  above,  1  ra.  or  less  high  ; 
leaves  narrowly  linear  or  filiform,  1  or  2  din.  long ;  umbels  numerous,  lateral, 
on  peduncles   about  as  long  as  the  slender  pubescent  pedicels ;   column  very 
short  and  inconspicuous ;  hoods  emarginate,  appendaged  below  with  a  pair  of 
broad  auricles.  — Dry  ground,  Neb.  and  Kan.,  westw.  and  southw.    June-Aug. 

2.  A.    floridana    (Lam.)    Hitchc.      Minutely   roughish-hairy   or  smoothish ; 
leaves  linear  to  lanceolate;  umbels  few,  terminal  or  lateral,  on  peduncles  of 
about  the  length   of  the  slender  pedicels  ;  column  about  1  mm.  long ;  hoods 
entire,  not  auricled.   (A.  longifolia  Ell.)  —  Prairies  and  pine  barrens,  O.  to  Ont., 
Minn.,  Tex.,  and  Fla.     June-Sept. 

**  Crown  sessile,  the  oblong  hoods  nearly  equaling  the  anthers;  leaves  often 
opposite  and  broader. 

3.  A.   viridiflbra  Ell.      Minutely  soft-downy,   becoming  smoothish;    stems 
ascending,  3-8  dm.  high  ;  leaves  oval  to  oblong,  thick,  4-10  cm.  long ;  umbels 
nearly  sessile,  lateral,  dense  and  globose  ;  flower  (when  the  corolla  is  reflexed) 
1  cm.  long,  short-pediceled.  —  Dry  soil,  Mass,  to  Sask.,  and  southw.     June-Sept. 
Var.  LANCEOLA.TA.  (Ives)  Gray.     Leaves  lanceolate,  6-10  cm.  long.     (Var.  Ivesii 
Britton.)  —  Range  of  the  typical  form.     Var.   LINEA.RIS   Gray.     Leaves  elon- 
gated, linear  ;  stems  low  ;  umbels  often  solitary.  — Man.,  N.  Dak.,  and  southw. 

4.  A.  laauginbsa  (Nutt.)  Dene.    Hairy,  low  (1-2.5  dm.  high)  ;  leaves  lan- 
ceolate or  ovate-lanceolate;   umbel  solitary  and  terminal,  peduncled;  flowers 
smaller ;  pedicels  slender.  — Prairies,  111.  to  Minn.,  and  westw.    July. 

4.   GON6LOBUS   Michx.     ANGLE-POD 

Crown  of  free  leaflets,  which  are  truncate  or  obscurely  lobed  at  the  apex, 
where  they  bear  a  pair  of  flexuous  awns  united  at  base.  Anthers  nearly  as  in 
Asclepias ;  pollen-masses  oblong,  obtuse  at  both  ends,  fixed  below  the  summit 
of  the  stigma  to  the  descending  glands.  Follicles  elongate-ovoid  to  lanceolate, 
smooth.  Seeds  with  a  tuft,  as  in  Asclepias.  —  A  perennial  twining  herb,  smooth, 
with  opposite  heart-ovate  and  pointed  long-petioled  leaves,  and  small  whitish 
flowers  in  raceme-like  clusters  on  slender  axillary  peduncles.  (Name  from  yuvla, 
an  angle,  and  Xo/36s,  a  pod,  from  the  angled  fruit.)  ENSLENIA  Nutt. 

1.  G.  laevis  Michx.  Climbing,  3-4  m.  high  ;  leaves  3.5-12  cm.  wide.  (Ens- 
lenia  albida  Nutt.  ;  Ampelanus  albidus  Britton.)  —  River-banks  and  thickets, 
Pa.  to  111.,  Kan.,  and  southw.  July-Sept. 

5.    CYNANCHUM  L. 

Crown  flat,  simple.  Anthers,  smooth  follicles,  and  seeds  much  as  in  Asclepias. 
—  Herbs,  often  twining.  (An  ancient  name  for  some  plant  supposed  to  be 
poisonous  to  dogs,  from  utiw,  dog,  and  &^x€iV->  t°  strangle.}  VINCETOXICUM 
Medic.,  Moench,  etc.,  not  Walt. 

1.  C.  N!GRUM  (L.)  Pers.     Twining,  nearly  smooth  ;  leaves  ovate  or  lance- 
ovate  ;  flowers  small,  dark  purple,  in  an  axillary  cluster,  on  a  peduncle  shorter 
than  the  leaves ;   corolla  pubescent  within.  —  Waste  places  and  old  fields,  e. 
Mass,  and  Vt.  to  Pa.  and  O.    June-Sept.     (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

2.  C.    VINCETOXICUM    (L.)  Pers.      Suberect,    3-6  dm.    high  ;   leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate  ;  flowers  greenish-white  ;  corolla  glabrous.  —  Escaped  from  cultivation 
in  s.  Ont.,  near  Niagara  Falls  (according  to  J.  M.  Macoun).     (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

6.   VINCETOXICUM   Walt.     ANGLE-POD 

Corolla  wheel-shaped,  sometimes  reflexed-spreading ;  the  lobes  convolute  in 
the  bud.  Crown  small,  annular  or  cup-shaped,  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla. 
Anthers  partly  hidden  under  the  flattened  stigma,  opening  transversely.  Pollen- 


668      CONVOLVULACEAE  (CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY) 

masses  5  pairs,  horizontal.  Follicles  turgid,  mostly  muricate  with  soft  warty 
projections,  sometimes  ribbed.  Seed  with  a  coma. — Herbs  or  shrubs  with 
opposite  heart-shaped  leaves  and  corymbose-umbeled  greenish  or  dark  purple 
flowers  on  peduncles  rising  from  between  the  petioles.  Our  species  belong 
to  the  typical  section,  with  the  crown  simple  and  unappendaged,  and  the  corolla 
nearly  veinless.  (Name  from  vincere,  to  conquer,  and  toxicum,  poison,  applied 
originally  to  species  of  the  preceding  genus  in  allusion  to  supposed  curative 
properties.)  GONOLOBUS  Michx.,  in  part. 

*  Crown  a  low  undulately  10-lobed  fleshy  disk ;  follicles  unarmed,  glabrous,  3-5- 

costate  or  -angled. 

1.  V.  suberbsum  (L.)  Britton.     Leaves  cordate  with  an  open   shallow  or 
sometimes  deeper  and  narrow  sinus,  pointed,  glabrate  or  hairy,  6-14  cm.  long ; 
umbels  3-9-flowered,  much  shorter  than  the  petiole  ;  corolla  broadly  conical  in 
bud,  abruptly  pointed,  twisted;  lobes  ovate  or  triangular-lanceolate,  acute,  pubes- 
cent inside;  calyx  half  as  long.     (Gonolobus  R.  Br.)  — Near  the  coast,  Va.  to 
Fla.     June-Aug. 

2.  V.  gonocarpos  Walt.     Leaves  cordate  with  a  deep  and  narrow  often  closed 
sinus,  conspicuously  acuminate,  0.5-1.5  dm.  long,  finely  pubescent  beneath  ; 
umbels  5-10-flowered,  barely  equaling  the  petiole  ;  corolla  elongated-conical  in 
bud,  not  twisted;  lobes  narrowly  lanceolate,  obtuse,  glabrous  inside,  3-4  times 
as  long  as  the  calyx.     (Gonolobus  laevis  Man.  ed.  6,  not  Michx.)  —  River-banks, 
Va.  to  s.  Ind.,  Mo.,  S.  C.,  and  Tex.     June,  July. 

*  *  Crown  cup-shaped,  as  high  as  the  anthers  ;  follicles  muricate,  not  costate. 
•*-  Crown  fleshy,  merely  10-crenate,  or  the  crenatures  bidentate. 

3.  V.  obliquum  (Jacq.)  Britton.     Leaves  rounded-  to  ovate-cordate  with  a 
narrow  sinus,   abruptly  acuminate,  0.7-2.5  dm.  long;   umbel  many-flowered; 
corolla  in  bud  conical,  its  lobes  linear-ligulate,  1-1.5  cm.  long,  2  mm.  wide, 
crimson-purple  inside,  dull  or  greenish  and  minutely  pubescent  outside.     (Gono- 
lobus R.  Br.) — River-banks,  Pa.  and  Va.  to  O.  and  Mo.     June,  July. 

4.  V.  hirsiitum  (Michx.)  Britton.     Commonly  more  hairy ;  leaves  with  the 
basal  lobes  sometimes  overlapping;  peduncles  fewer-flowered;  corolla  in  bud 
ovoid,  its  lobes  elliptical-oblong,  rarely  1  cm.  long,  barely  puberulent  outside, 
brownish-purple  to  yellowish.     (Gonolobus  Michx.)  —  Md.  and  Va.  to  Tenn. 
and  Fla.     May-Aug. 

H-  •*-  Crown  thinner,  the  border  lobed  or  toothed;  leaves  as  in  the  preceding . 

5.  V.  Sh6rtii  (Gray)  Britton.     Resembles  no.  3,  but  larger-leaved  ;  corolla 
conical  in  bud,  dark  crimson-purple,  its  lobes  ligulate,  1.5  cm.  long  ;  crown  about 
IQ-toothed,  the  alternate  teeth  thinner,  narrower  and  longer,  either  emarginate 
or  2-parted.     (Gonolobus  Gray.)  —  Ky.,  and  southw. 

6.  V.   carolinSnse    (Jacq.)    Britton.      Flower-bud    elongate-ovoid;     corolla 
brownish-purple,  its  lobes  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  rarely  1  cm.  long  ;   crown 
undulately  and  very  obtusely  5-lobed,  with  a  longer  bifid  subulate  process  in  each 
sinus.     (Gonolobus  R.  Br.)  — Va.  to  Mo.,  and  southw.     May-July. 

7.  V.   Baldwinianum    (Sweet)   Britton.      Corolla  whitish,   with    spreading 
oblong  or  spatulate  lobes  (at  most  1  cm.  long)  ;  crown  deeply  cleft  into  5  usually 
emarginate  lobes  half  as  long  as  the  pair  of  subulate  processes  in  each  sinus. 
(Gonolobus  Sweet.)  — Ga.  to  Mo.  and  Ark.     May,  June. 

CONVOLVULACEAE     (CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY) 

Chiefly  twining  or  trailing  herbs,  often  with  some  milky  juice,  with  alternate 
leaves  (or  scales')  and  regular  6-androus  flowers  ;  a  calyx  o/5  imbricated  sepals  ; 
a  5-plaited  or  5-lobed  corolla  convolute  or  twisted  in  the  bud  (imbricate  in  no.  6); 
a  2(rarely  ^-celled  ovary  (or  in  one  tribe  2  separate  pistils),  with  a  pair  of 
erect  ovules  in  each  cell,  the  cells  sometimes  doubled  by  a  false  partition  between 
the  seeds,  so  becoming  4-celled  ;  the  embryo  large,  curved  or  coiled  in  mucilagi- 


CONVOLVULACEAE  (CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY)    669 

wows  albumen.  Fruit  a  globular  2-6-seeded  capsule.  Flowers  mostly  showy,  on 
axillary  peduncles;  pedicels  articulated,  often  2-bracted.  — Many  are  cultivated 
for  ornament,  and  one,  the  Sweet  Potato,  for  its  edible  farinaceous  roots  ;  those 
of  several  species  are  carthartic,  e.g.  Jalap. 

Tribe  I.    DICH6NDREAE.    Carpels  2  or  4,  distinct  or  nearly  so ;  styles  2,  basilar.    Creeping  herbs. 

1 .  Dichondra.     Corolla  deeply  5-cleft.     Pistils  2,  one-seeded. 

Tribe  II.     CONVOLVtLEAE.     Ovary  entire.    Leafy  plants,  mostly  twiners. 

2.  Breweria.     Style  2-cleft  or  2-divided  ;  the  divisions  simple  ;  stigmas  capitate. 

3.  Evolvulus.     Styles  2,  each  2-cleft ;  stigmas  linear-filiform.    Not  twining. 

4.  Ipomoea.     Style  undivided,  with  stigma  capitate  or  2-3-globose. 

5.  Convolvulus.    Style  undivided  or  2-cleft  only  at  apex ;  stigmas  2,  linear-filiform  to  subulat* 

or  ovate. 

Tribe  III.    CUSCtTTEAE.    Ovary  entire.    Leafless  parasitic  twining  herbs,  never  green.    Embryo 
filiform,  coiled,  without  cotyledons. 

6.  Cuscuta.    The  only  genus  of  the  group. 

1.  DICH6NDRA  Forst. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  broadly  bell-shaped.  Stamens  included.  Styles, 
ovaries,  and  utricular  1-2-seeded  capsules  2,  distinct.  Stigmas  thick.  —  Small 
and  creeping  perennial  herbs,  soft-pubescent,  with  kidney-shaped  entire  leaves, 
and  axillary  1-flowered  bractless  peduncles.  Corolla  small,  yellowish  or  white. 
(Name  from  5/s,  double,  and  x6»/5/>os,  a  grain,  from  the  fruit.) 

1.  D.  rSpens  Forst.  Leaves  round-kidney-shaped,  pubescent,  green  both 
sides ;  corolla  not  exceeding  the  calyx.  (Z>.  evolvulacea  Britton.)  — Wet  ground, 
Va.  to  Tex.,  near  the  coast. 

2.  BREWERIA  E.  Br. 

Styles  2,  or  rarely  3,  simple  and  distinct,  or  else  united  into  one  below ; 
stigmas  depressed-capitate.  Otherwise  as  Convolvulus  and  Evolvulus.  —  Peren- 
nial prostrate  or  diffusely  spreading  herbs ;  flowers  small,  in  summer ;  corolla 
more  or  less  hairy  or  silky  outside.  (Named  for  Samuel  Brewer,  an  English 
botanist  or  amateur  of  the  18th  century.) 

1.  B.  humistrata  (Walt.)  Gray.     Sparsely  hairy  or  nearly  smooth;  leaves 
varying  from  oblong  with  a  somewhat  heart-shaped  base  to  linear,  mucronate 
or  emarginate  ;  peduncles  1-7 -flowered ;  bracts  shorter  than  the  pedicels  ;  sepals 
pointed,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  corolla  white ;  filaments  hairy;  styles  united 
at  base.  — Dry  pine  barrens,  Va.  to  La. 

2.  B.  aquatica  (Walt.)  Gray.    Minutely  soft-downy  and  somewhat  hoary; 
peduncles  1-3-flowered  ;  sepals  silky  ;  corolla  pink  or  purple ;  filaments  smooth  ; 
styles  almost  distinct ;  otherwise  nearly  as  no.  1.  —  Wet  pine  barrens  and  margins 
of  ponds,  N.  C.  to  Tex.,  extending  into  Mo. 

3.  B.  Pickeringii  (M.  A.  Curtis)  Gray.     Soft-pubescent  or  smoothish  ;  leaves 
very  narrowly  linear  or  the  lowest  linear-spatulate,  tapering  to  the  base,  nearly 
sessile;  peduncles  1-3-flowered ;  bracts  resembling  the  leaves,  mostly  exceeding 
the  flowers;  sepals  hairy;  filaments  (scarcely  hairy)  and  styles  (united  far 
above  the  middle}  exserted  from  the  open  white  corolla.  —  Dry  pine  barrens  and 
prairies,  N.  J.,  and  south w. ;  also  111.,  la.,  and  southw. 

3.  EV6LVULUS  L. 

Calyx  of  5  sepals,  naked  at  base.  Corolla  open -funnel-form  or  almost  rotate. 
Styles  2,  each  2-cleft ;  stigmas  obtuse.  Capsule  2-celled  ;  the  cells  2-seeded.  — 
Low  and  small  herbs  or  suffrutescent  plants,  mostly  diffuse,  never  twining 
(hence  the  name,  from  evolvere,  to  unroll,  in  contrast  with  Convolvulus'). 

I.E.  argSnteus  Pursh.  Many-stemmed  from  a  somewhat  woody  base,  dwarf, 
silky-villous  all  over ;  leaves  crowded,  broadly  lanceolate,  sessile,  or  the  lowei 


670      CONVOLVULACEAE  (CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY) 

oblong-spatulate  and  shqrt-petioled  ;  flowers  almost  sessile  in  the  axils ;  corolla 
purple,  about  1  cm.  broad.  (E.  pilosus  Nutt.) — Sterile  plains  and  prairies, 
N.  Dak.  and  Neb.  to  Mo.  and  Tex.  May-July. 

4.    IPOMOEA   L.     MORNING  GLORY 

Calyx  not  bracteate  at  base,  but  the  outer  sepals  commonly  larger.  Corolla 
salver-form  or  funnel-form  to  nearly  campanulate  ;  the  limb  entire  or  slightly 
lobed.  Capsule  globular,  4-6  (by  abortion  fewer) -seeded,  2-4-valved.  (Name, 
according  to  Linnaeus,  from  fy,  a  Bindweed,  and  S/AOIOS,  like;  but  ty  is  a  worm.} 

§  1.  QUAMOCLIT  [Tourn.]  Gray.  Corolla  salver-form,  or  ivith  somewhat 
funnel-form  but  slender  tube;  stamens  and  style  exserted ;  flowers  red; 
annual  twiners. 

1.  I.  QUAMOCLIT  L.     (CYPRESS  VINE.)     Leaves  pinnately  parted  into  linear- 
thread-shaped  parallel  lobes  ;  peduncles  1-2-flowered  ;  corolla  slender,  3.5-4  cm. 
long,  scarlet-red,  or  sometimes  white.     (Quamoclit  Britton.) — Sparingly  spon- 
taneous, especially  southw.     July-Oct.      (Introd.  from  Trop.  Am.) 

2.  I.  coccfNEA  L.    Leaves  heart-shaped,  acuminate,  entire  or  angled  ;  pedun- 
cles 2-several-flowered ;  sepals  awn-pointed  ;  corolla  light  scarlet,  2-3  cm.  long. 
(Quamoclit  Moench.)  —  River-banks   and  waste  places,    N.   Y.   to   Mo.,    and 
southw.     July-Oct.     (Indigenous  south westw.)     Var.  HEDERIFOLIA  (L.)  Gray. 
Leaves  deeply  palmate-lobed. —  River-flats,  waste  land,  etc.,  from  Mass,  westw. 
and  southw.     (Adv.  from  Trop.  Am.) 

§  2.    EUIPOMOEA  Gray.     Corolla  funnel-form  or  nearly  campanulate,  con- 
torted in  the  bud  ;  stamens  and  style  not  exserted. 

*  Lobes  of  stigma  and  cells  3,  sepals  long  and  narrow,  attenuate  upward,  mostly 

hirsute  below;  corolla  purple,  blue,  or  white.     (MORNING  GLORY.) 

3.  I.  HEDERACEA  Jacq.     Stems  retrorsely  hairy  ;  leaves  heart-shaped,  3-lobed, 
the  lobes  acute  or  acuminate ;   peduncles  short  or  rather  long,  1-3-flowered  ; 
calyx  densely  hairy  below;   corolla  white  and  purple  or  pale  blue,  3-4.5  cm. 
long. — AVaste  and  cultivated  ground,  from  s.  Me.  westw.  and  southw.     July- 
Sept.     (Introd.  from  Trop.  Am.) 

4.  I.  puRptiREA  (L.)  Roth.     (COMMON  M.)     Annual  ;  stems  retrorsely  hairy  ; 
leaves  heart-shaped,  acuminate,  entire ;  peduncles  long,  umbellately  3-5-flow- 
ered;  calyx  bristly-hairy  below;  corolla  funnel-form,  4.5-7  cm.  long,  purple, 
varying  to  white.  — Escaped  in  cultivated  grounds.     (Introd.  from  Trop.  Am.) 

*  *  Stigma  2-lobed  or  entire  ;  cells  2,  each  2-seeded  ;  sepals  broader,  imbricated  ; 

leaves  cordate,  acuminate. 

5.  I.  pandurata  (L.)  G.  F.  W.  Mey.      (WILD  POTATO-VINE,  MAN-OF-THE- 
EARTH.)     Perennial,  smooth  or  nearly  so  when  old,  trailing  or  sometimes  twin- 
ing ;    leaves  occasionally  contracted  at  the  sides  so  as  to   be  fiddle-shaped  ; 
peduncles  longer  than  the  petioles,  1-5-flowered  ;  sepals  smooth,  ovate-oblong, 
very  obtuse;  corolla  open-funnel-form,  4.5-8  cm.  long,  white,  with  purple  in  the 
tube.  —  Dry  ground,  Ct.    to   Ont.,   southw.   and  southwestw.      June-Sept. — 
Stems  long  and  stout,  from  a  huge  root,  which  often  weighs  4-8  (-11)  kg. 

6.  I.  lacunbsa  L.     Annual ;  rather  smooth  ;  stem  twining  and  creeping,  slen- 
der ;  leaves  entire  or  angle-lobed ;  peduncles  short,  1-3-flowered  ;  sepals  lance- 
oblong,  pointed,  bristly-ciliate  or  hairy,  half  the  length  of  the  sharply  5-lobed 
(white,  1-2  cm.  long)  corolla.  — River-banks  and  low  grounds,  Pa.  to  111.,  Kan., 
and  southw.;  adv.  on  ballast  northw. 

5.    CONV6LVULUS    [Tourn.]   L.     BINDWEED 

Corolla  funnel-form  to  campanulate.  Stamens  included.  Capsule  globose, 
2-celled,  or  imperfectly  4-celled  by  spurious  partitions  between  the  2  seeds,  or 
by  abortion  1-celled,  mostly  2-4-valved.  —  Herbs  or  somewhat  shrubby  plants, 
twining,  erect,  or  prostrate.  (Name  from  convolvere,  to  entwine.) 


CONVOLVULACEAE  (CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY)      671 

§  1.   CALYSTEGIA  (R.  Br.)  Gray.     Stigmas  oval  to  oblong  ;  calyx  inclosed  in 

2  broad  leafy  bracts. 

*  Erect ;  petioles  at  most  one  fourth  as  long  as  the  leaf-blades. 

1.  C.  spithamadus  L.     Downy ;  stem  low  and  mostly  simple,  upright  or  as- 
cending, 1.5-3  dm.  long  ;  leaves  broadly  oblong,  with  or  without  a  heart-shaped 
or  auricled  base  ;  corolla  white,  4-5  cm.  long ;  stigmas  oval.  —  Dry  and  sandy 
or  rocky  soil,  local.     May- Aug. 

*  *  Twining  or  trailing  ;  petioles  longer. 
••-  Flowers  double. 

2.  C.  jAp6Nicus  Thunb.     Pubescent ;  leaves  narrowly  hastate  ;  flowers  usu- 
ally double,  pink.  —  Waste  places,  etc. ,  escaped  from  cultivation.     (Introd.  from 
Asia.) 

•H-  +-  Flowers  single. 

3.  C.  sSpium  L.    (HEDGE  B.)    Glabrous  or  essentially  so;  stem  high-twining 
or  sometimes  trailing  extensively;   leaves  triangular-halberd-shaped,  acute  or 
pointed,  the  basal  lobes  obliquely  truncate  and  often  somewhat  toothed  or  sinu- 
ate-lobed  or  merely  rounded  j  peduncles  chiefly  elongated,  4-angled ;   bracts 
rounded  to  sharp-acuminate  at  tip ;  corolla  white  or  rose-color,  3-5  cm.  long. 
(Including  var.  americanus  Sims.)  —  Moist  alluvial  soil  or  along  streams.    June- 
Sept.     (Eurasia.)     Passing  freely  to 

Var.  pubescens  (Gray)  Fernald.  More  or  less  pubescent;  stems  trailing  or 
sprawling,  3-7  dm.  long ;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  cordate,  the  basal  lobes  obtuse  or 
rounded  and  entire.  (Var.  repens  Gray;  C.  repens  L.)  —  Gravelly  or  marshy 
sea-coast,  e.  Que.  to  Fla.;  rare  about  the  Great  Lakes. 

Var.  fraterniflbrus  Mackenzie  &  Bush.  More  or  less  pubescent;  leaves  has- 
tate ;  flowers  1  or  2  in  the  axils,  their  peduncles  mostly  short  and  wing-angled. 

—  D.  C.  to  Mo.,  and  south w. 

§  2.   STROPHOCAULOS  G.Don.     Stigmas  filiform;  no  bracts  at  or  near  the 

base  of  the  calyx. 

4.  C.  ARVENSIS  L.     (FIELD  B.)     Perennial;   stem  procumbent  or  twining, 
and  low  ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  arrow-  or  halberd-shaped,  with  the  lobes  at  the 
base  acute  ;  peduncles  mostly  1-flowered  ;  bracts  minute,  remote  ;  corolla  1.5-2 
cm.  long,  white  or  tinged  with  red.  —  Old  fields  and  in  waste  places.    June-Aug. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.)     Var.  OBTusir6Lius  Choisy.    Basal  lobes  of  the  leaves  rounded. 

—  Less  common.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

6.  CUSCUTA   [Tourn.]   L.     DODDER.     LOVE  VINE 

Calyx  5(rarely  4)-cleft,  or  of  5  sepals.  Corolla  globular-urn-shaped,  bell- 
shaped,  or  short-tubular,  the  spreading  border  5 (rarely  4) -cleft,  imbricate. 
Stamens  with  a  scale-like  often  fringed  appendage  at  base.  Ovary  2-celled, 
4-ovuled ;  styles  distinct,  or  rarely  united.  Capsule  mostly  4-seeded.  Embryo 
spirally  coiled  in  the  rather  fleshy  albumen,  sometimes  with  a  few  alternate 
scales  (belonging  to  the  plumule)  ;  germination  occurring  in  the  soil. —  Leafless 
annual  herbs,  with  thread-like  yellowish  or  reddish  stems,  bearing  a  few  minute 
scales  in  place  of  leaves  ;  on  rising  from  the  ground  becoming  entirely  parasitic 
on  the  bark  of  herbs  and  shrubs  on  which  they  twine,  and  to  which  they  adhere 
by  means  of  suckers  developed  on  the  surface  in  contact.  Flowers  small, 
cymose-clustered,  mostly  white,  usually  produced  in  summer  and  autumn. 
(Name  supposed  to  be  of  Arabic  derivation.) 

§  1.    Stigmas  elongated;  capsule  circumscissile. 
*  Styles  longer  than  the  ovary  and  capsule. 

1.  C.  EpfLiNUM  Weihe.  (FLAX  D.)  Stems  very  slender,  low;  flowers  yel- 
lowish, globular,  sessile  in  dense  scattered  heads  ;  corolla  5-parted,  short-cylin- 
drical, scarcely  exceeding  the  broadly  ovate  acute  divisions  of  the  calyx, 


672  CONVOLVULACEAE    (CONVOLVULUS    FAMILY) 

persistent  around  the  capsule;  stamens  included;  scales  short,  broad,  crenu^ 
late,  shorter  than  the  globose  ovary.  —  Flax-fields;  in  Europe  very  injurious ; 
sparingly  introduced  with  flax-seed  into  the  Northern  States.  June-Aug. 
(Introd.  from  Eu.) 

2.  C.  EpfxHYMUM  Murr.     Stems  very  slender ;  flowers  whitish  or  pinkish, 
capitate ;  corolla-lobes  spreading,  the  cylindrical  tube  longer  than  the  suberect 
acute  sepals  ;  scales  large,  contiguous,  toothed  ;  stamens  exserted.     ( C.  Trifolii 
Bab.) — Occasionally  found  on  clover,  etc.     July,  Aug.     (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Styles  shorter  than  the  ovary  and  capsule. 

3.  C.  EUROPAiiA  L.     Slender  ;  flowers  subglobose,  in  dense  globular  clusters  ; 
corolla  4-5-parted,  the  lobes  obtuse  ;  scales  truncate  or  bifid,  very  small  and 
thin  or  seemingly  obsolete  ;   calyx  with  obtuse  lobes  ;   capsule  comparatively 
large,  often  loosely  capped  by  the  old  corolla. — On  Solidago,  Viburnum,  etc., 
in  a  hedge-row,  Gilead,  Me.  (Miss  Furbish).     July,  Aug.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

§  2.    Stigmas  capitate;  capsule  indehiscent. 
*  Calyx  gamosepalous  ;  ovary  and  capsule  depressed-globose. 

•»-  Flowers  in  dense  or  globular  clusters  ;  corolla  with  short  and  wide  tube,  per- 
sistent at  the  base  of  the  capsule;  styles  mostly  shorter  than  the  ovary. 

4.  C.  obtusiflbra  HBK.    Stems  coarse,  orange-colored;  flo wers  white,  2-3  in m. 
long ;  lobes  of  calyx  oblong,  obtuse,  of  corolla  obtuse  or  acutish,  often  longer 
than  the  tube  ;  scales  small,  2-cleft,  often  reduced  to  a  few  teeth  ;  the  thin  cap- 
sule pale  greenish-yellow.     (  C.  chlorocarpa  and  C.  Polygonorum  Engelm. )  —  Wet 
places,  Del.  and  Pa.  to  Minn.,  andsouthw.;  often  on  Polygonum.    July-Sept. 
(Trop.  Am.,  Eurasia.) 

5.  C.  arv6nsis  Beyrich.     Stems  pale  and  slender,  low  ;  flowers  smaller  (1.5-2 
mm.  long)  ;  calyx-lobes  (5)  obtuse,  mostly  very  broad  ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  acu- 
minate, longer  than  the  tube,  with  inflexed  points  ;  scales  large,  deeply  fringed. 
—  Rather  dry  soil,  on  various  low  plants,  Mass.,  westw.  and  south w.     July-Oct. 

H-  -t-  Flowers  in  panicled  often  densely  compound  cymes ;  styles  slender,  mostly 
longer  than  the  ovary  ;  corolla  withering  on  the  summit  of  the  large  capsule. 

6.  C.  Cephalanthi  Engelm.     Stem  coarse  and  yellow,  usually  rather  high- 
climbing  ;  flowers  2  mm.  long,  on  short  thick  pedicels,  often  4-merous  ;  lobes  of 
calyx  and  corolla  oblong,  obtuse,  the  latter  mostly  shorter  than  the  slender 
deeply  campanulate  tube  ;  scales  shorter  than  the  tube,  fringed.     (C.  tenuiflora 
Engelm.)  — On  tall  herbs  and  shrubs,  Pa.  to  Minn.,  and  south  w.     July,  Aug. 

**  Calyx  gamosepalous;  ovary  and  capsule  pointed,  the  latter  enveloped  or 
capped  by  the  marcescent  corolla  ;  flowers  in  loose  panicled  cymes. 

•»-  Acute  tips  of  the  corolla-lobes  inflexed. 

7.  C.  indecbra  Chois.    Stems  coarse  ;  flowers  fleshy  and  more  or  less  papillose, 
3-5  mm.  long ;  calyx-lobes  triangular,  acute  or  acutish  ;  lobes  of  the  broadly 
campanulate  corolla  ovate-lanceolate,    minutely   crenulate,    spreading ;   scales 
large,  deeply  fringed ;  capsule  enveloped  by  remains  of  corolla ;  anthers  and 
stigmas  yellow  or  deep  purple.     (O.  decora  Engelm.)  —  Wet  prairies,  on  herbs 
and  low  shrubs  (principally  Leguminosae  and  Compositae},  from  111.  to  Fla., 
Tex.,  and  westw.     June-Sept.     (Trop.  Am.) 

8.  C.  C6ryli  Engelm.     Similar  to  the  preceding  ;  flowers  of  the  same  struc- 
ture, but  smaller  (2  mm.  long),  generally  4-merous;  corolla  deeper,  with  erect 
lobes,  finally  capping  the  capsule ;  scales  reduced  to  a  few  teeth.     ( C.  inflexa 
Engelm.) — Open  woods  and  dry  prairies,  'on  shrubs  (hazels,  etc.)  or  coarse 
herbs,  Ct.  (according  to  Britton) ;  Va.  to  Minn. ,  Neb. ,  and  south  w. 

i-  -<-  Corolla-lobes  obtuse,  spreading. 

9.  C.  Gronbvii  Willd.     Stems  coarse,   often    climbing    high ;    corolla-lobes 
shorter  than  or  equaling  the  deeply  campanulate  tube  ;  scales  copiously  fringed  ; 
capsule  globose,  umbonate. —  Wet  shady  places,  N.  S.  to  Man.,  and  southw. — 


POLEMONIACEAE   (POLEMONIUM  FAMILY)  673 

The  commonest  of  our  species.      Very  variable  in  size  and  compactness  of 
clusters. 

10.  C.  rostrata  Shuttlw.     Similar  to  the  preceding  ;  flowers  larger  (4-6  mm. 
long),  more  delicate  and  whiter;  lobes  of  corolla  and  calyx  shorter  than  the 
tubes  ;  slender  styles  longer ;  ovary  bottle-shaped  ;  capsule  long-pointed.  —  Shady 
valleys  in  the  mts.,  Md.  and  Va.,  south w.;  on  tall  herbs,  rarely  shrubs. 

*  *  *  Sepals  5,  distinct,  surrounded  by  2  or  more  similar  bracts  •  styles  capillary; 
scales  large,  deeply  fringed ;  capsule  capped  by  the  marcescent  corolla. 

11.  C.  cuspidata  Engelm.     Stems  slender ;  flowers  3-5  mm.  long,  thin,  on 
bracteolate  pedicels  in  loose  panicles  ;  the  ovate-orbicular  bracts  and  sepals  and 
the  oblong  corolla-lobes  cuspidate  or  mucronate,  rarely  obtuse,  shorter  than  the 
cylindrical  tube  ;  styles  many  times  longer  than  the  ovary,  at  length  exserted. — 
Wet  or  dry  prairies,  on  Ambrosia,  Iva,  some  Leguminosae,  etc.,  Neb.  to  Mo. 
and  Tex. 

12.  C.  compacta  Juss.     Stems  coarse  ;  flowers  closely  sessile  in  densely  com- 
pact clusters ;  bracts  (3-5)  and  sepals  orbicular,  concave,  slightly  crenate,  ap- 
pressed,  nearly  equaling  or  much  shorter  than  the  cylindrical  tube  of  the  corolla  ; 
stamens  shorter  than  the  oblong  obtuse  spreading  lobes  of  the  latter.  —  In  damp 
woods,  almost  always  on  shrubs,  Mass,  to  Ont. ,  and  south  w. 

13.  C.  glomerata  Chois.     Flowers  very  densely  clustered,  forming  knotty 
masses  closely  encircling  the  stem  of  the  foster  plant,  much  imbricated  with 
scarious  oblong  bracts,  their  tips  recurved-spreading ;   sepals  nearly  similar, 
shorter  than  the  short-cylindrical  tube  of  the  corolla ;  stamens  nearly  as  long 
as  the  oblong-lanceolate  obtuse  spreading  or  reflexed  corolla-lobes  ;  style  several 
times  longer  than  the  ovary.     (C.  paradoxa  Raf.  ?)  —  Wet  prairies,  O.  to  Minn., 
Kan.,  and  Tex.,  mostly  on  tall  Compositae. — The  rope-like  twists  (1-3  cm. 
thick)  of  white  flowers,  with  golden  yellow  anthers  imbedded  in  a  mass  of  curly 
bracts,  have  a  singular  appearance. 

POLEMONlACEAE   (POLEMONIUM  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  with  alternate  or  opposite  leaves,  regular  5-merous  and  b-androus 
flowers,  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  convolute  in  the  bud,  a  ^-celled  ovary  and  3-lobed 
style;  capsule  S-celled,  3-valved,  loculicidal,  few-many-seeded  ;  the  valves  usu- 
ally breaking  away  from  the  triangular  central  column.  Seeds  amphitropous, 
the  coat  frequently  mucilaginous  when  moistened  and  emitting  spiral  threads. 
Embryo  straight,  in  the  axis  of  copious  albumen.  Calyx  persistent,  imbricated. 
Corolla  with  a  5-parted  border.  Anthers  introrse.  —  Insipid  and  innocent 
plants,  many  ornamental  and  in  cultivation. 

1.  Phlox.    Corolla  salver-form.    Calyx  slender.    Leaves  opposite,  entire. 

2.  Gilia.    Corolla  tubular-funnel-forin  or  salver-form.    Calyx  slender,  partly  scarious.    Leaves 

mostly  alternate. 

8.  Polemonium.    Corolla  open-bell-shaped.    Calyx  herbaceous,  bell-shaped.    Filaments  slender, 
equal.    Leaves  alternate,  pinnate  or  pinnately  parted. 

1.   PHL6X  L. 

Calyx  somewhat  prismatic,  or  plaited  and  angled.  Corolla  with  a  long  tube. 
Stamens  very  unequally  inserted  in  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  included.  Capsule 
ovoid,  with  sometimes  2  ovules  but  ripening  only  a  single  seed  in  each  cell.  — 
Perennials  (except  a  few  southern  species),  with  opposite  and  sessile  perfectly 
entire  leaves,  the  floral  often  alternate.  Flowers  cymose,  mostly  bracted  ;  the 
open  clusters  terminal  or  crowded  in  the  upper  axils.  (*X6^,  flame,  an  ancient 
name  of  Lychnis,  transferred  to  this  North  American  genus.)  Most  of  our 
species  are  cultivated  in  gardens. 

GRAY'S  MANUAL  —  43 


674  POLEMONIACEAE    (POLEMONIUM    FAMILY) 

§  1.  Herbaceous,  with  flat  {broad  or  narrow)  leaves. 

*  Stem  strictly  erect  ;  panicle  pyramidal  or  ellipsoid,  many-flowered ;  peduncles 

and  pedicels  very  short ;  corolla-lobes  entire. 

1.  P.  paniculata  L.     Stem  stout,  0.5-1.5  m.  high,  smooth,  or  puberulent  or 
villous  above;   leaves   oblong-lanceolate   and   ovate-lanceolate,    pointed,   large, 
tapering  or  rounded,  the  upper  often  heart-shaped  at  the  base  ;  panicle  ample, 
pyramidal-corymbed  ;  calyx  smooth  or  glandular-hispid,  the  teeth  awn-pointed; 
corolla  pink-purple  varying  to  white.     (Including  P.  acuminata  Pursh,  P.  glan- 
duJosa  Shuttlw.,  and  P.  amplifolia  Britton.) — Open  woods,  Pa.  to  111.,  Kan., 
and  southw.;  escaped  from  cultivation  northw.     July-Sept. —  Highly  variable 
in  outline  of  leaf,  pubescence  of  leaves,  stems,  calyx,  and  corolla,  but  without 
concomitant  characters. 

2.  P.  maculata  L.     (WILD  SWEET  WILLIAM.)     Smooth,  or  barely  roughish  ; 
stem  spotted  with  purple,  rather  slender,  3-9  dm.  high  ;  lower  leaves  lanceolate, 
the  upper  nearly  ovate-lanceolate,  tapering  to  the  apex  from  the  broad  and 
rounded  or  somewhat  heart-shaped  base  ;  panicle  narrow,  ellipsoid,  leafy  below; 
calyx-teeth  triangular-lanceolate,  short,  scarcely  pointed  ;  corolla  pink-purple. — 
Rich  woodlands  and  along  streams,  Ct.  to  Minn.,   and  southw.     June-Sept. 
Var.  CANDIDA  Michx.    White-flowered  ;  commonly  with  spotless  stem. — With  the 
ordinary  form. 

*  *  Stems,  at  least  the  flowering  ones,  ascending  or  erect ;  flowers  in  corymbed 

or  simple  cymes  ;  corolla-lobes  obovate  or  obcordate. 

•*-  Calyx-teeth  triangular-subulate;  corolla-lobes  rounded,  entire;  glabrous  or 


3.  P.  ovata  L.    Stems  ascending,  2.5-6  dm.  high,  often  from  a  prostrate  base  ; 
leaves  oblong -lanceolate,  or  the  upper  ovate-lanceolate,  and  sometimes  heart- 
shaped  at  the  base,  acute  or  pointed ;  flowers  pink  or  rose-red,  crowded,  short- 
peduncled ;  calyx-teeth  short  and  broad,  acute.  —  Woods,  Pa.  to   Ala.     May- 
July. 

4.  P.  glab6rrima  L.     Stems  slender,  erect,  0.3-1  m.  high  ;  leaves  linear-lan- 
ceolate or  rarely  oblong -lanceolate,  very  smooth  (except  the  rough  and  some- 
times revolute  margins),  5-12  cm.  long',  tapering  gradually  to  a  point ;  cymes 
few-flowered  and  loosely  corymbed ;  flowers  peduncled,  pink  or  whitish  ;  calyx- 
teeth  narrower  and  very  sharp-pointed.  —  Prairies  and  open  woods,  n.  Va.  to  O. 
and  Minn.,  s.  to  Fla.  and  Mo.     June,  July. 

i-  •»-  Calyx-teeth  long  and  slender ;  more  or  less  hairy  or  glandular-pubescent. 
++  JVb  runners  or  prostrate  leafy  shoots. 

5.  P.  pilbsa  L.     Stems  slender,  nearly  erect,  2-5  dm.  high,  usually  hairy, 
as  are  the  lanceolate  or  linear  leaves  (2.5-10  dm.  long),  which  commonly  taper 
to  a  sharp  point ;  cymes  at  length  open  ;  calyx-teeth  slender,  awl-shaped  and 
awn-like,  longer  than  the  tube,  loose  or  spreading ;  lobes  of  the  pink-purple  or 
rose-red  (rarely  white)  corolla  obovate,  entire.  —  Dry  or  sandy  woods,  prairies, 
etc.,  Ct.  to  Ont.,  Man.,  and  southw.     May,  June. 

6.  P.  amolna  Sims.     Stems  ascending,  1.5-5  dm.  high,  mostly  simple  ;  leaves 
broadly  linear,  lanceolate,  or  ovate-oblong,  abruptly  acute  or  blunt,  2-5  cm.  long, 
on  sterile  shoots  often  ovate  ;  cyme  mostly  compact  and  sessile,  le afy-br acted ; 
calyx-teeth  awl-shaped  or  linear,  sharp-pointed,  but  seldom  awned,  rather  longer 
than  the  tube,  straight ;   lobes  of  the  corolla  obovate  and   entire  (or  rarely 
notched),  purple,  pink,  or  sometimes  white.  — Dry  hills  and  barrens,  Va.  to  Ky.. 
s.  to  Fla.     May,  June. 

•»-«•  -w-  Leafy  shoots  from  the  base  creeping  or  decumbent ;  leaves  rather  broad. 

7.  P.  stplonlfera  Sims.     Runners  creeping,  bearing  roundish-obovate  smooth- 
ish  and  thickish  leaves;  flowering  stems  (1-2.5  dm.  high)  and  their  oblong  or 
ovate  obtuse  leaves  (1-2.5  cm.  long)  pubescent,  often  clammy  ;  cyme  close,  few- 
flowered  ;  calyx-teeth  linear-awl-shaped,  about  the  length  of  the  tube  ;  lobes  of 
(he  reddish-purple  corolla  round-obovate,  mostly  entire.     (P.  reptans  Michx.)  — 


POLEMONIACEAE    (POLEMONIUM   FAMILY)  675 

Damp  woods,  in  the  Allegheny  region,  Pa.  to  Ky.  and  Ga.;  locally  introd. 
northw.     May,  June. 

8.  P.  divaricata  L.     (BLUE  PHLOX.)     Stems  spreading  or  ascending  from  a 
decumbent  base,  2-5  dm.  high  ;  leaves  oblong-  or  lance-ovate  or  the  lower  oblong- 
lanceolate,  2-5  cm.  long,  acutish  ;  cyme  corymbose-panicled,  spreading,  loosely 
flowered  ;   calyx-teeth  slender  awl-shaped,  longer  than  the  tube  ;  lobes  of  the 
pale  lilac  or  bluish  corolla  obcordate  or  wedge-obovate  and  notched  at  the  end, 
or  often  entire,  equaling  or  longer  than  the  tube,  with  rather  wide  sinuses  be- 
tween them.  —  Rocky  damp  woods,  w.  Que.  to  Minn.,  and  southw.     May,  June 
—  A  form  occurs  near  Crawfordsville,  Ind.,  With  reduced  flowers,  the  narrow 
entire  acuminate  corolla-lobes  scarcely  half  as  long  as  the  tube. 

*  *  *  Stems  low,  diffuse  and  branching  ;  flowers  scattered  or  barely  cymulose ; 
corolla-lobes  narrowly  cuneate,  bifid;  calyx-lobes  subulate-lanceolate. 

9.  P.  bifida  Beck.     Minutely  pubescent ;  stems  ascending,  branched,  1-2  dm. 
high;  leaves  linear,  becoming  nearly  glabrous,  1-4.5  cm.  long,  2-3  mm.  wide; 
flowers  few,  on  slender  peduncles  ;  calyx-teeth  awl-shaped,  about  as  long  as  the 
tube  ;  lobes  of  the  pale  purple  corolla  2-cleft  to  or  below  the  middle,  equaling  the 
tube,  the  divisions  linear-oblong.  —  Sandy  soil,  Ind.  to  Mich.,  la.,  and  Mo. 
May,  June. 

10.  P.  Stellaria  Gray.      Very  glabrous;  leaves  barely  somewhat  ciliate  at 
base,  linear,  1.5-5.5  cm.  long,   1-3.5  mm.  wide,  acute,  rather  rigid  ;   flowers 
mostly  long-peduncled  ;  lobes  of  the  pale  blue  or  almost  white  corolla  bifid  at  the 
apex  into  barely  oblong  lobes.  — Limestone  cliffs  of  Ky.  R.,  s.  111.,  and  barrens 
ofTenn.     Apr.,  May. 

§  2.    Suffruticulose  and  creeping-cespitose,  evergreen,  with  mostly  crowded  and 
fascicled  subulate  and  rigid  leaves. 

11.  P.  subulata  L.     (GROUND  or  Moss  PINK.)     Depressed,  in  broad  mats; 
stems  villous  above,  or  somewhat  glandular ;  leaves  awl-shaped,  lanceolate,  or 
narrowly  linear,  0.5-1.5  cm.  long  ;  cymes  few-flowered  ;  calyx-teeth  awl-shaped, 
rigid  ;  corolla  pink-purple  or  rose-color  with  a  darker  center,  sometimes  white  ; 
lobes  wedge-shaped,  notched,  or  entire.     (P.  Hentzii  Nutt.  =P.  Brittonii  Small, 
the  most  glandular  state.)— Dry  rocky  hills  and  sandy  banks,  N.  Y.  to  Mich., 
Ky.,  and  Fla. ;  naturalized  in  N.  E.    Apr. -June. 

2.    GiLIA  B.  &  P. 

Calyx-lobes  narrow  and  acute,  the  tube  scarious  below  the  sinuses.  Stamens 
equally  or  unequally  inserted.  Capsule  with  solitary  to  numerous  seeds. — 
Mostly  herbs  with  alternate  leaves.  (Dedicated  to  Felipe  Gil,  a  Spanish 
botanist.) 

§  1.  COLL6MIA  (Nutt.)  Gray.  Flowers  capitate-glomerate  and  foliose- 
bracted ;  stamens  unequally  inserted  in  the  narrow  tube  of  the  salver-form 
corolla;  ovules  solitary  ;  leaves  sessile  and  entire ;  annuals. 

1.  G.  linearis  (Nutt.)  Gray.      Branching  and  in  age  spreading,  1.5-6  dm. 
high ;    leaves  linear-  or  oblong-lanceolate ;    calyx-lobes   triangular-lanceolate, 
acute  ;  corolla  1  cm.  long,  from  lilac-purple  to  nearly  white,  very  slender,  with 
small  limb.     (Collomia  Nutt.)  —Dry  open  soil,  n.  e.  N.  B.  and  adjacent  Que. ; 
Minn,  and  Man.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to  Ariz,  and  Cal. ;  slightly  adv.  eastw. 

§2.  IPOM6PSIS  (Michx.)  Benth.  Flowers  in  long  thyrsoid  panicles  ;  stamens 
equally  inserted  at  or  below  the  throat  of  the  narrow  funnel-form  corolla; 
ovules  many;  leaves  mostly  divided ;  biennials. 

2.  G.  RUBRA  (L.)  Heller.      (STANDING  CYPRESS.)      Simple,  0.5-1  m.  high; 
leaves  crowded,  divided  into  filiform  segments ;  thyrse  2-4  dm.  long  ;  calyx  with 
long  setaceous  lobes;    corolla  red,  pink,  or  white,  2.5-3.5  cm.  long;  stamens 
included  or  barely  exserted.     (G.  coronopifolia  Pers.)  — Pastures  and  roadsides, 
local,  Franklin  Co.,  Mass.,  and  O.    June- Aug.     (Nat.  from  the  Southwest.) 


376  HYDROPHYLLACEAE    (WATERLEAF   FAMILY) 

3.    POLEM6NIUM    [Tourn.]    L.     GREEK  VALERIAN 

Stamens  equally  inserted  at  the  summit  of  the  very  short  tube  of  the  opert- 
bell-shaped  or  short  funnel-form  corolla ;  filaments  declined,  hairy-appendaged 
at  the  base.  Capsule  few-several-seeded.  —  Perennials,  with  alternate  pinnate 
leaves,  the  upper  leaflets  sometimes  confluent ;  the  corymbose  flowers  nearly 
bractless.  (An  ancient  name,  from  7r6\eyu,os,  war,  of  doubtful  application.) 

1.  P.  r6ptans  L.     Smooth  throughout  or  slightly  pubescent ;  stems  weak  and 
spreading,  2-4  dm.  high,  never  creeping  as  the  name  denotes  ;   leaflets  5-15, 
ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong  ;  corymbs  few-flowered  ;  flowers  nodding  ;  calyx-lobes 
ovate,  shorter  than  the  tube;  stamens  and  style  included'  corolla  light  blue, 
about  1-1.5  cm.  wide;  capsules  about  B-seeded. —  Woods,  N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  and 
southw.     Apr.-June. 

2.  P.  Van-Bruntiae  Britton.     Stem  erect,  1  m.  or  less  high,  nearly  or  quite 
glabrous  ;  leaflets  9-21,  ovate  to  lanceolate,  or  the  upper  leaves  rarely  simple  ; 
flowers  in  close  cymes  forming  a  thyrse  or  contracted  panicle ;  calyx  enlarged 
in  fruit,  becoming  1  cm.  or  more  long,  the  acutish  lobes  about  equaling  the  tube ; 
stamens  and  style  exserted  ;  corolla  blue,  1.5-2  cm.  broad  ;  capsule  several-seeded. 
(P.  coeruleum  Man.  ed.  6,  not  L.) — Mountain  swamps,  Vt.,  n.  w.  Ct.,  and 
N.  Y.  to  Md.     May-July. 

HYDROPHYLLACEAE   (WATERLEAF  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  commonly  hairy,  with  mostly  alternate  leaves,  regular  5-merous  and 
5-androus  flowers,  in  aspect  between  the  foregoing  and  the  next  family  ;  but  the 
ovary  entire  and  l-celled  with  2  parietal  4-many-ovnled  placentae,  or  rarely 
2-celled  by  the  union  of  the  placentae  in  the  axis ;  style  2-cleft,  or  2  separate 
styles;  fruit  a  2-valved  ^-many-seeded  capsule.  Seeds  mostly  reticulated  or 
pitted.  Embryo  small,  in  copious  albumen.  Flowers  chiefly  blue  or  white,  in 
1-sided  cymes  or  false  racemes,  which  are  mostly  bractless  and  coiled  from  the 
apex  when  young,  as  in  the  Borage  Family. — A  small  family  of  plants  of  no 
marked  properties  ;  some  cultivated  for  ornament. 

Tribe  I.    HYDROPHYLLEAE.     Ovary  and  capsule  1-celled.     Seeds  pitted  or  reticulated  ;  albumen 

cartilaginous.     Leaves  cut-toothed,  lobed,  or  pinnate.    Style  2-cleft. 

*"  Ovary  lined  with  the  dilated  and  fleshy  placentae,  which  inclose  the  ovules  and  seeds  (in  our  plants 
only  4)  like  an  inner  pericarp. 

1.  Hydrophyllum.    Stamens  exserted  ;  anthers  linear.     Calyx  unchanged  in  fruit. 

2.  Nemophila.    Stamens  included ;  anthers  ovoid  or  cordate.     Calyx  with  reflexed  appendages 

at  the  sinuses,  enlarged  in  fruit. 

3.  Ellisia.     Stamens  included.    Calyx  destitute  of  appendages,  enlarged  in  fruit. 

*  *  Ovary  with  narrow  parietal  placentae,  in  fruit  projecting  inward  more  or  less. 

4.  Phacelia.    Corolla-lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud.    Calyx  destitute  of  appendages. 

Tribe  II.   HYDR6LEAE.     Ovary  and  capsule  2-celled,  the  placentae  often  projecting  from  the  axis 
far  into  the  cells.    Albumen  fleshy.     Leaves  entire.     Styles  2. 

5.  Hydrolea.    Corolla  between  wheel-shaped  and  bell-shaped. 

1.    HYDROPHYLLUM    [Tourn.]   L.     WATERLEAF 

Calyx  5-parted,  sometimes  with  a  small  appendage  in  each  sinus,  early  open 
in  the  bud.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  5-cleft ;  the  lobes  convolute  in  the  bud ;  the 
tube  furnished  with  5  longitudinal  linear  appendages  opposite  the  lobes,  forming 
a  nectariferous  groove.  Stamens  and  style  mostly  exserted  ;  filaments  more  or 
less  bearded.  Ovary  bristly-hairy  (as  is  usual  in  the  family);  the  placentae  soon 
free  from  the  walls  except  at  the  top  and  bottom.  Capsule  ripening  1-4  seeds, 
spherical.  —  Perennials,  with  petioled  ample  leaves,  and  white  or  bluish-purple 


HYDROPHYLLACEAE    (WATERLEAP   FAMILY)  677 

cymose-clustered  flowers.     (Name  formed  of  v5w/>,  water,  and  0«JX\ov,  leaf;  of 
no  obvious  application.) 

*  Calyx  with  minute  if  any  appendages  ;  rootstocks  creeping,  scaly-toothed. 

1.  H.  macrophyllum  Nutt.    Hough-hairy  ;  leaves  oblong,  pinnate  andpinnati- 
fid  ;  the  divisions  9-13,  ovate,  obtuse,  coarsely  cut-toothed ;  basal  leaves  2-3.5  dm. 
long ;  peduncle  shorter  than  the  petiole  ;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate-pointed  from  a 
broad  base,  very  hairy;  flowers  1  cm.  or  so  long,  crowded  in  a  globular  cluster; 
anthers  short-oblong.  — Rich  woods,  Va.  to  O.,  111.,  and  southw.     May,  June. 

2.  H.  virginianum  L.     Smoothish,  2-7  dm.  high  ;  leaves  pinnately  divided ; 
the  divisions  5-7,  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong,  pointed,  sharply  cut-toothed,  the 
lowest  mostly  2-parted,  the  uppermost  confluent ;  peduncles  longer  than  the 
petioles  of  the  upper  leaves,  forked  ;  calyx-lobes  narrowly  linear,  bristly-ciliate  ; 
flowers  1  cm.  or  less  long;   anthers  oblong-linear. — Rich  woods,  N.  H.  and 
w.  Que.,  westw.  and  southw.     May- Aug.  — H.  patens  Britton,  indistinguishable 
as  to  foliage,  is  said  to  differ  in  its  somewhat  more  ciliate  petioles,  appressed 
calyx-lobes,  and  more  spreading  corolla-lobes. 

3.  H.  canadSnse  L.    Nearly  smooth,  2-7  dm.  high  ;  leaves  0.5-2.6  dm.  broad, 
palmately  &-1 -lobed,  rounded,  heart-shaped  at  base,  unequally  toothed,  those 
from  the  base  sometimes  with  2-3  small  and  scattered  lateral  leaflets  ;  peduncles 
mostly  shorter  than  the  petioles,  forked,  the  nearly  white  flowers  on  very  short 
pedicels;  calyx-lobes  linear-awl-shaped,  nearly  smooth,  often  with  minute  teeth 
in  the  sinuses.  — Damp  rich  woods,  s.  w.  Vt.  and  w.  Mass,  to  Ont.,  111.,  Ky., 
and  N.  C.     June-Aug. 

*  *  Calyx  with  a  small  reflexed  lobe  in  each  sinus  ;  stamens  little  exserted. 

4.  H.    appendiculatum    Michx.       Hairy;    stem-leaves    palmately    5-lobed, 
rounded,  the  lobes  toothed  and  pointed,  the  lowest  pinnately  divided  ;  cymes 
rather  loosely  flowered  ;  filiform  pedicels  and  calyx  bristly-hairy.  —  Damp  woods, 
N.  Y.  and  Out.  to  Minn.,  and  southw.     May,  June. 

2.   NEM6PHILA  Nutt. 

Corolla  bell-shaped  or  almost  wheel-shaped  ;  lobes  convolute  in  the  bud ; 
tube  mostly  with  10  small  folds  or  scales  inside.  Placentae  (bearing  each  2-12 
ovules),  capsule,  and  seeds  as  in  Hydrophyllum.  — Diffuse  fragile  annuals,  with 
opposite  or  partly  alternate  pinnatifid  or  lobed  leaves,  and  1-flowered  peduncles. 
(Name  from  i/^os,  a  grove,  and  <j)i\€lv,  to  love?) 

1.  N.  micr6calyx  (Nutt.)  Fisch.  &  Mey.  Small,  roughish-pubescent ;  stems 
diffusely  spreading,  0.5-4  dm.  long ;  leaves  parted  or  deeply  cleft  into  3-5 
roundish  or  wedge-obovate  sparingly  cut-lobed  divisions,  the  upper  all  alternate ; 
peduncles  opposite  the  leaves,  shorter  than  the  long  petioles ;  flowers  minute  ; 
corolla  white,  longer  than  the  calyx ;  placentae  each  2-ovuled ;  capsule  1-2- 
seeded.  —  Moist  woods,  Va.  to  Fla.,  w.  to  Ark.  and  Tex.  Apr. -June. 

3.    ELLISIA  L. 

Corolla  bell-shaped  or  cylindraceous,  not  longer  than  the  calyx,  5-lobed 
above  ,  the  lobes  imbricated  or  convolute  in  the  bud,  the  tube  with  6  minute 
appendages  within.  Placentae  (each  2-ovuled),  fruit,  and  seeds  much  as  in 
Hydrophyllum.  — Delicate  and  branching  annuals,  with  lobed  or  divided  leaves, 
the  lower  opposite,  and  small  whitish  flowers.  (Named  for  John  Ellis,  distin- 
guished naturalist  and  correspondent  of  Linnaeus.)  MACROCALYX  Trew. 

1.  E.  NyctSlea  L.  Minutely  or  sparingly  roughish- hairy,  divergently 
branched,  1-4  dm.  high;  leaves  pinnately  parted  into  7-13  lanceolate  or 
linear-oblong  sparingly  cut-toothed  divisions  ;  peduncles  solitary  in  the  forks 
or  opposite  the  leaves,  1-flowered  ;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  pointed,  about  the 
length  of  the  cylindraceous  corolla,  in  fruit  ovate-lanceolate,  1  cm.  long ;  cap- 
sule pendulous.  —  Shady  damp  places,  N.  J.  to  Sask.,  and  southw. ;  casual 
northeastw.  Apr.-July. 


678  HYDROPHYLLACEAE    (WATERLEAF   FAMILY) 

4.   PHACELIA  Juss. 

Corolla  open-bell-shaped,  5-lobed.  Filaments  slender,  often  (with  the  2-cleft 
style)  exserted  ;  anthers  ovoid  or  oblong.  Ovary  with  2  linear  placentae  adher- 
ent to  the  walls,  the  two  often  forming  an  imperfect  partition  in  the  ovoid 
4-many-seeded  capsule.  Ovules  2-30  on  each  placenta.  —  Perennial  or  mostly 
annual  herbs,  with  simple,  lobed,  or  divided  leaves,  and  often  handsome  (blue, 
purple,  or  white)  flowers  in  scorpioid  raceme-like  cymes  (to  which  the  name, 
from  (f>dK€\os,  a  fascicle,  doubtless  alludes) . 

§  1.  EUPHACELIA  Gray.  Seeds  and  ovules  only  4  (two  on  each  placenta"); 
corolla  campanulate,  with  narrow  folds  or  appendages  within,  the  lobes 
entire. 

1.  P.  bipinnatifida  Michx.     Biennial ;    stem  upright,  hairy,  2.5-6  dm.  high  ; 
leaves  long-petioled,  pinnately  3-5-divided,  the  divisions  ovate  or  oblong-ovate, 
acute,  coarsely  and  often  sparingly  cut-lobed  or  pinnatifid  ;  racemes  elongated, 
loosely  many-flowered,  glandular-pubescent ;    pedicels  about  the  length  of  the 
calyx,  spreading  or  recurved  ;  corolla  bright  blue,  1-1.5  cm.  broad,  with  5  pairs 
of  longitudinal  ciliate  folds  ;  stamens  bearded  below  and  with  the  style  exserted. 
—  Rich  shaded  banks,  0.  to  Mo.,  and  southw.     May,  June. 

§  2.  COSMANTHUS  (Nolte)  Gray.  Ovules  and  seeds  as  in  §  1  ;  corolla  almost 
rotate,  with  fimbriate  lobes,  and  no  appendages  within ;  filaments  villous- 
bearded,  rarely  exserted;  leaves  pinnatifid,  the  upper  clasping. 

2.  P.  Purshii  Buckley.     Sparsely  hairy ;  stem  erect  or  ascending,  branched, 
1.5-5  dm.  high  ;  lobes  of  the  stem-leaves  5-9,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  acute ;  raceme 
many-flowered;  calyx-lobes  lance-linear ;  corolla  light  blue,  varying  to  white, 
1  cm.  or  so  broad.  —  Moist  woods,    etc.,  Pa.  to  Minn.,  and  southw.;  locally 
introd.  in  e.  Ont.  and  Ct.     Apr.-June. 

3.  P.  fimbriata  Michx.     Slightly  hairy,  slender  ;  stems  spreading  or  ascend- 
ing, 1-3  dm.  long,  few-leaved  ;  lowest  leaves  divided  into  3-5  roundish  leaflets  ; 
the  upper  5-7 -cleft  or  cut-toothed,  the   lobes   obtuse;  raceme  3-\Q-flowered ; 
calyx-lobes  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  becoming  spatulate  ;   corolla  white,  barely  1 
cm.  broad.  —  Woods,  high  mts. ,  Va.  to  Ala.     May,  June. 

§3.  COSMANTHOlDES  Gray.  Ovules  and  seeds  2-8  on  each  placenta; 
corolla  rotate  or  campanulate,  with  entire  lobes  and  no  appendages. 

4.  P.  dubia  (L.)  Small.     Somewhat  hairy,  slender,  diffusely  spreading,  1-3 
dm.  high  ;  leaves   pinnately  cleft   or  the  lower  divided   into  3-5  short  lobes  ; 
racemes  solitary,  loosely  5-15-flowered ;  pedicels  filiform,  mostly  longer  than 
the  oblong  calyx-lobes;    corolla    open-campanulate,    bluish- white,   8-14  mm. 
broad;  filaments  hairy  ;  capsule  globular,  6-12-seeded,  one  half  shorter  than  the 
calyx.    \P.  parviflora   Pursh.)  —  Shaded  banks,  N.  Y.  to  Kan.,  and  southw. 
Apr.-June. 

5.  P.  hirstita  Nutt.    More  hirsute  and  less  slender  ;  corolla  larger,  13-15  mm. 
in  diameter ;  seeds  4-8.  —  Prairies  and  barrens,  Va.  to  Kan.,  and  southw. 

6.  P.  Covfllei  Watson.     Like  the  preceding;   racemes  2-5-flowered ;  calyx- 
lobes  linear,  in  fruit  6  mm.  long  or  more  ;   corolla  tubular-campanulate,  with 
erect  limb  ;  filaments  glabrous ;  capsule  depressed-globose ;  seeds  4,  large.  — 
Alluvial  soil,  D.  C. ;  "  111."     Apr.,  May. 

§4.    EtTTOCA  (R.  Br.)  Gray.     Ovules  and  seeds  numerous  on  each  placenta  ; 
corolla  rotate-campanulate,  with  10  vertical  lamellae  within. 

7.  P.  Franklinii  (R.  Br.)  Gray.      Soft-hairy;   stem   -vrect,   2-6   dm.    high, 
rather  stout ;   leaves  pinnately  parted   into  many  lanceolate   or  oblong-linear 
lobes,  which  are  crowded  and  often  cut-toothed  or  pinnatifid ;  racemes  short, 
dense,  crowded  into  an  oblong  spike;  calyx-lobes  linear;  corolla  blue.  —  Dry 
soil  and  recent  clearings,  Ont.  and  Mich,  to  the  Rocky  Mts.,  and  far  north w. 
June-Aug. 


BORAGINACEAE    (BOKAGE   FAMILY)  679 

5.   HYDR6LEA  L. 

Corolla  5-cleft.  Filaments  dilated  at  base.  Capsule  globular,  with  very 
large  and  fleshy  many-seeded  placentae,  thin-walled,  2-4-valved  or  bursting 
irregularly.  Seeds  minute,  striate-ribbed.  —  Herbaceous  or  scarcely  shrubby, 
growing  in  water  or  wet  places,  often  having  spines  in  the  leaf-axils,  and  clus- 
tered blue  flowers.  (Name  unexplained,  doubtless  in  part  from  vdwp,  water,  in 
allusion  to  the  aquatic  habitat.)  NAMA  L.,  in  part. 

1.  H.  affiinis  Gray.     Glabrous  throughout;  stem  ascending  from  a  creeping 
base ;  leaves  lanceolate,  tapering  to  a  very  short  petiole  ;  flowers  in  small  axillary 
leafy-bracted  clusters ;  divisions  of  calyx  lance-ovate,  equaling  the  corolla  and 
the  irregularly  bursting  globose  capsule.  —  Banks  of  streams,  etc. ,  111.  to  Tenn. 
and  Tex.     June-Aug. 

2.  H.  quadrivalvis   Walt.      Similar,  but  villous-hispid  above;  divisions  of 
calyx  linear  or  linear-lanceolate.  —  Wet  ground,  Va.,  and  south w.    July-Sept. 

3.  H.  ovata  Nutt.     Hirsute  or  puberulent ;  leaves  ovate :  flowers  in  terminal 
leafy  panicles ;  calyx  hirsute,  with  lanceolate  divisions  shorter  than  the  corolla. 
—  Mo.  to  La.  and  Tex.     June-Aug. 

BORAGINACEAE    (BORAGE  FAMILY) 

Chiefly  rough-hairy  herbs,  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  and  symmetrical 
flowers  with  a  b-parted  calyx,  a  regular  b-lobed  corolla  (except  in  Echium), 
5  stamens  inserted  on  its  tube,  a  single  style  and  a  usually  deeply  4-lobed  ovary 
(as  in  Labiatae),  forming  in  fruit  4  seed-like  \-seeded  nutlets,  or  separating  into 
two  ^-seeded  or  four  l-seeded  nutlets.  Albumen  none.  Cotyledons  plano- 
convex;  radicle  pointing  to  the  apex  of  the  fruit.  Stigmas  1  or  2.  Calyx 
valvate,  the  corolla  imbricated  (in  Myosotis  convolute)  in  the  bud.  Flowers 
mostly  on  one  side  of  the  branches  of  a  reduced  cyme,  imitating  a  spike  or 
raceme,  which  is  rolled  up  from  the  end,  and  straightens  as  the  blossoms 
expand  (circinate  or  scorpioid),  often  bractless. — A  rather  large  family  of 
innocent  mucilaginous  and  slightly  bitter  plants ;  the  roots  of  some  species 
yielding  a  red  dye. 

N.B.  —  In  this  family  the  figures  represent  the  inflorescence  (or  a  portion 
of  it)  x  f  and  details  (flower,  fruiting  calyx,  or  nutlet)  x  2. 

Tribe  I.     HELIOTROPiEAE.     Ovary  not  lobed  ;  fruit  separating  into  2-4  nutlets. 

1 .  Heliotropium.     Corolla  salver-form.     Stamens  included.    Nutlets  1-2-celled. 

Tribe  II.    BORAGfNEAE.    Ovary  deeply  4-parted,  forming  as  many  separate  l-seeded  nutlets  in 
fruit ;  style  rising  from  the  center  between  them. 

*  Nutlets  attached  laterally. 
+-  Nutlets  armed  with  prickles  ;  throat  of  corolla  closed  by  5  scales. 

2.  Cynoglossum.    Nutlets  horizontally  radiate,  much  produced  downward,  covered  with  barbed 

prickles. 

•3.   Lappula.     Nutlets  erect  or  ascending,  the  margin  or  back  armed  with  barbed  prickles, 
-i-  •«-  Nutlets  at  most  granular-roughened. 

4.  Amsinckia.    Calyx  simply  but  deeply  5-cleft.    Corolla  yellow,  with  slender  tube  and  open 

throat. 

5.  Asperugo.     Calyx  with  5  broad  flat  veiny  lobes  and  5  smaller  alternating  ones.    Corolla  blue. 

*  *  Nutlets  attached  at  or  near  the  base,  smooth  or  merely  wrinkled,  not  prickly. 

•i-  Throat  of  corolla  closed  by  5  scales. 
•H-  Corolla  and  stamens  regular;  achene  with  large  excavated  scar. 

6.  Symphytum.     Corolla  short-tubular,  enlarged  above,  closed  by  5  linear-subulate  scales 


680 


BORAGINACEAE    (BORAGE   FAMILY) 


•H-  4+  Corolla  irregular,  limb  and  throat  oblique,  and  lobes  unequal. 

7.  Lycopsis.     Corolla-tube  curved.    Stamens  included. 

-j-  +-  Throat  of  corolla  open  or  merely  with  folds  or  crests  (not  scales). 
•H-  Corolla  and  stamens  regular. 

8.  MyosotiS.    Corolla  short  salver-form,  its  lobes  rounded,  and  throat  crested.    Racemes  not 

leafy -bracted  (or  only  exceptionally  so  at  base). 
Mertensia.     Corolla  trumpet-  or  funnel-shaped,  with  open  or  crested  throat,  usually  blue. 

Nutlets  fleshy  or  becoming  dry,  attached  just  above  the  base. 
Lithospermum.     Corolla  salver-form  to  funnel-form,  its  rounded  lobes  spreading ;  the  throat 

either  naked  or  with  low  crests.     Eacemes  leafy -bracted. 
Onosmodium.     Corolla  tubular,  unappendaged,  its  erect  lobes  acute.     Racemes  leafy-bracted. 

•H-  -H-  Corolla  irregular,  limb  and  throat  oblique,  and  lobes  unequal. 
Bchium.    Dilated  throat  of  corolla  unappendaged.    Stamens  unequal,  exserted. 


9. 


10. 


11. 


12. 


1.   HELIOTR6PIUM   [Tourn.]   L.     TURNSOLE.     HELIOTROPE 


849.  H.  curassavicum. 


Corolla  salver-form  or  funnel-form,  unappendaged,  more  or  less  plaited  in 
the  bud.  Anthers  nearly  sessile.  Style  short ;  stigma  conical  or  capitate. 
Fruit  separating  into  2  indurated  2-celled  and  2-seeded  closed  carpels,  or  more 
commonly  into  4  one-seeded  nutlets.  —  Herbs  or  low  shrubby  plants  ;  leaves 
entire  ;  fl.  in  summer.  (The  ancient  name,  from  rfXtos,  the  sun,  and  rpoTrij,  a 
turn,  with  reference  to  its  flowering  at  the  summer  solstice.) 

§  1.   EUHELIOTR6PIUM  Griseb.     Fruit  4-lobed,  separating  into  four  l-celled 
1-seeded  nutlets  ;  style  short. 

*  Flowers  in  bractless  one-sided  scorpioid  spikes. 

1.  H.   EUROPAEUM    L.    Erect  annual,  1.5-8  dm.  high, 
hoary-pubescent ;  leaves  oval,  long-petioled  ;  lateral  spikes 
single,  the  terminal  in  pairs;    calyx  spreading  in  fruit, 
hairy  ;  corolla  white,  rarely  4  mm.  broad.  —  Waste  and 
ballast  ground,  Mass,  to  D.  C.  and  Fla.     (Adv.  from  Eu. ) 

2.  H.   curassdvicum    L.      (SEASIDE   H.)      Apparently 
annual,  glabrous;    stems   ascending;   leaves  lance-linear 
or  spatulate,   thickish,   pale,  almost  veinless ;  spikes  in 
pairs  ;  flowers  white  or  bluish.  —  Sandy  seashores  and  salt 

marshes,  from  Del.  southw.  ;  saline  soils,  s.  111.,  southw. 
and  westw. ;  ballast  and  waste  places  near  the  coast, 
locally  northw.  to  Me.  FIG.  849. 

*  *  Inflorescence  not  at  all  scorpi- 
oid ;  flowers  scattered. 

3.  H.  tenSllum  (Nutt.)  Torr. 
Stem  1. 5-4  dm.  high,  paniculately 
branched,  slender,  strigose-can- 
escent ;  leaves  narrowly  linear, 
with  re  volute  margins ;  flowers 
white,  often  bractless.  —  Open 
dry  ground,  Ky.  to  Kan.,  and 
southw.  FIG.  850.  850.  H.  tenellum. 

§  2.   TIARfDIUM  (Lehm.)  Gray.    Fruit  2-lobed,  sepa- 
rating into  two  2-celled  2-seeded  carpels,  with  some- 
times a  pair  of  empty  false  cells;  style  very  short; 
851.  H.  indicum.  flowers  in  bractless  scorpioid  spikes. 

4.  H.  INDICUM  L.  Erect  and  hairy  annual ;  leaves  petioled,  ovate  or  oval  and 
somewhat  heart-shaped  ;  spikes  single  ;  corolla  blue  ;  fruit  2-cleft,  miter-shaped, 
with  an  empty  false  cell  before  each  seed-bearing  cell.  —  Waste  places,  Ky.  to  Ind., 
Mo.,  and  southw. ;  also  on  ballast  northw.  (Adv.  from  India.)  FIG.  861. 


BORAGINACEAE   (BORAGE  FAMILY) 


681 


.  C.  officinale. 


2.   CYNOGL6SSUM   [Tourn.]  L.     HOUND'S  TONGUE 

Corolla  funnel-form,  the  tube  about  equaling  the  5-parted  calyx;  lobes 
rounded.  Stamens  included.  Nutlets  depressed  or  convex,  oblique,  fixed  near 
the  apex  to  the  base  of  the  style,  roughened  all  over  with  short  barbed  or  hooked 
prickles.  —  Coarse  herbs,  with  petioled  lower  leaves  ;  the  mostly  panicled  (so- 
called)  racemes  naked  above,  usually  bracted  at  base.  (Name  from  K&WV,  a  dog, 
and  y\u<rffa,  tongue;  from  the  shape  and  texture  of  the  leaves.) 

1.  C.  OFFICINA.LE  L.  (COMMON  H.)  Biennial,  clothed  with  short  soft  hairs, 
leafy,  panicled  above ;  upper  leaves  lanceolate,  closely  sessile  by  a  rounded 
or  slightly  heart-shaped  base ;  racemes  nearly  bractless ; 
corolla  reddish-purple  (rarely  white) ;  nutlets  flat  on  the 
broad  upper  face,  somewhat  margined.  —  Waste  ground  and 
pastures,  locally  abundant,  the  large  nutlets  adhering  to  the 
fleece  of  sheep,  etc.  (Nat.  from  Eu. )  —  Strong-scented. 
FIG.  852. 

2.  C.  virginianum    L.      (WILD   COMFREY.)     Perennial, 
roughish  with  spreading   bristly   hairs;  stem  simple,  few- 
leaved,  3-8  dm.  high;  stem-leaves  lanceolate-oblong,  clasp- 
ing by  a  deep  heart-shaped  base  ;  racemes  few  and  corymbed, 
raised  on  long  naked  peduncles,  bractless  ;  calyx  in  anthesis 
3.5-4.5  mm.  long ;  corolla  pale  blue,  1-1.2  cm.  broad,  with 
suborbicular    lobes   and   closed  sinuses ;    nutlets   strongly 
echinate,  compressed-orbicular-obovoid,  cuneate  at  base,  7-9 
mm.  long. — Open  deciduous  woods,  N.  J.  to  Mo.,  southw. 
and  southwestw.     May. 

3.  C.  boreale  Fernald.     Similar,  but  more  slender  ;  stems 
villous-hispid  at  base,  appressed-pubescent  above  ;  only  the 
upper  stem-leaves  clasping;    calyx  in  anthesis  2-2.5   mm. 

long;  corolla  6-8  mm.  broad,  the  lobes  oblong-ovate,  the  sinuses  open;  nutlets 
compressed-pyriform-obovoid,  4-5  mm.  long.  (C.  virginicum  Man.  ed.  6,  in 
part.)  —  Open  woods  and  alluvial  banks,  e.  Que.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to  Ct.,  N.  Y.,  Mich., 
and  Minn.  May,  June. 

3.    LAPPULA  [Rivinius]  Moench.     STICKSEED 

Corolla  salver-form,  short,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  included.  Nutlets 
fixed  to  the  base  of  the  style  or  central  column,  triangular  or  compressed,  the 
back  armed  with  prickles  which  are  barbed  at  the  apex,  otherwise  naked.  — 
Rough-hairy  and  grayish  herbs,  with  small  blue  to  whitish  flowers  in  racemes 
or  spikes ;  flowering  all  summer.  (Name  a  diminutive  of  lappa,  a  bur.) 

ECHINOSPERMUM    Sw. 

*  Slender  pedicels  recurved  or  deflexed  in  fruit;  calyx-lobes  short,  at  length 

reflexed;  biennial  or  perennial,  not  hispid. 

1.  L.  virginiana  (L.)  Greene.  (BEGGAR'S  LICE.)  Stem  3-12  dm.  high  ; 
radical  leaves  round-ovate  or  cordate,  slender-petioled ;  cauline  0.5-2.5  dm. 
long,  ovate-oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate, 
acuminate  at  both  ends  ;  loosely  pani- 
culate racemes  divaricate  ;  pedicel  and 
flower  each  about  2  mm.  long  ;  nutlets 
of  the  globose  fruit  equally  short-glo- 
chidiate  over  the  whole  back.  (Echino- 
spermum  virginicum  Lehm.)  —  Woods, 
thickets,  and  waysides,  Me.  and  w.  QueM 
westw.  and  southw.  FIG.  853. 

2    L     deflSxa    (Wah-  m   L  ^ 

/\          lenb.)  Garcke.     Diffusely 

^w£          branched,  0.3-1  m.  high  ;  leaves  oblong  to  lanceolate  ;  racemes  lax, 
864.  L.  deflexa.  loosely  paniculate  ;   flowers  small ;  the  globular-pyramidal  fruit 


682 


BORAGINACEAE    (BORAGE   FAMILY) 


A  3-4  mm.  long,  the  nutlets  only  marginally  glochidiate.     (Echino- 

spermum  Lehm.)  —  Calcareous  mountains  and  cliffs,  e.  Que. ;  road- 

^^         sides  and  waste  places,  N.  B.  to  Minn.,  local.     (Eurasia.)    FIG.  854. 

855.  L.  defl.,         Var-   americana    (Gray)   Greene.     Nutlets  with  a  few  prickles 

v.  amer.   '    along  the  middle.  — Thickets  and  open  woods,  la.  to  Man.,  westw. 

and  north w.     Fiu.  855. 

3.  L.  floribunda  (Lehm.)  Greene.  Rather  strict,  0.3-1.5  m.  high;  leaves 
oblong-  to  linear-lanceolate,  the  lowest  tapering  into  margined 
petioles  ;  racemes  numerous,  commonly  geminate  and  in  fruit 
rather  strict;  corolla  larger,  blue,  sometimes  white,  0.5-1  cm. 
in  diameter ;  nutlets  4-6  mm.  long,  scabrous  and  margined  with 
a  close  row  of  flat-subulate  prickles.  (Echinospermum  Lehm.) 
—  Ont.  and  Minn,  to  Sask.,  and  westw.  FIG.  856.  856.  L.  floribunda. 

*  *  Stout  pedicels  not  deflexed ;  calyx  becoming  foliaceous  •  leaves 
linear,  lanceolate,  or  the  lower  spatulate  ;  hispid  annuals. 

4.  L.    ECHINA.TA   Gilibert.       Erect,   1.5-6  dm.  high ;    nutlets 
rough-granulate  or  tuberculate  on  the  back,  the  margins  with  a 
double  row  of  slender  distinct  prickles,  or  these  irregularly  dis- 
tributed  over   most  of   the   back.       {Echinospermum    Lappula 
Lehm.)  —  Waste  and  cultivated  grounds,  local.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 
FIG.  857. 

5.  L.  Red6wskii  (Hornem.)  Greene,  var.  occidentals  (Wats.) 
Rydb.     Erect,  1.5-6  dm.  high,  at  length  diffuse ;  nutlets  irregu- 
larly and  minutely  sharp-tuberculate,  the  mar- 
gins armed  with  a  single  row  of  stout  flattened  &,<• 
prickles  sometimes  confluent  at  base.     (L.  tex-            $jS 

ana   Britton.) — Ont.    to   Sask.   and  Tex.,   and 
westw.;  ballast  and  waste  places,  eastw.     FIG.    858. L.  Eedowskii, 
85T.  L.  echinata.    858.  v-  occ- 

4.  AMSINCKIA  Lehm. 

Corolla  salver-form  or  tubular-funnel-form.  Style  filiform.  Nutlets  rough, 
dull,  ovoid-trigonous,  attached  below  the  middle.  —  Rough-hairy  annuals,  with 
oblong  or  narrower  leaves  and  scorpioid-spicate  yellow  flowers, 
at  least  the  lowest  leafy-bracted.  (Dedicated  to  the  memory 
of  Wilhelm  Amsinck,  a  burgomaster  of  Hamburg,  who  gave 
important  support  to  the  botanical  garden  of  that  city.) 

1.    A.  LYCOPSOIDES  Lehm.     Decumbent,  loosely  branched, 
3-6  dm.  high  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  the  lower 
0.5-1   dm.    long,    the   upper   shorter; 
flowers  mostly  bractless  ;  corolla  pale 
yellow,  7-10  mm.  long,  the  slender  tube 
exceeding  the  calyx.  —  Waste  places, 
etc.,  locally  established,   e.   Mass,  to 
Ct.      May^Tuly.      (Adv.   from    Cal.) 
FIG.  859. 


.  A.  lycopsoides. 


5.  ASPERtTGO   [Tourn.]  L. 
MADWORT 


Corolla  with  short  tube  slightly  enlarged  above,  and 
with  spreading  limb,  smaller  than  the  conspicuous  calyx. 
Stamens  included.  Nutlets  granulated. — Low  annual 
with  harsh  slender  stems,  oblong  or  spatulate  leaves, 
and  few  axillary  flowers  on  short  recurved  pedicels. 
(Name  from  asper,  rough.) 

1.   A.    pRocfjMBENS    L.  —  Ballast    and    made    land, 


.  A.  procumbens. 


Mass,  to  D.  C.  and  Minn.     May-July.     (Adv.  from  Eu.)     FIG.  860. 


BORAGINACEAE   (BORAGE   FAMILY) 


683 


861.   S.  officinale. 


6.   SYMPHYTUM    [Tourn.]  L.     COMFREY 

Corolla  5-toothed,  the  short  teeth  spreading.  Stamens  included  ;  anthers 
elongated.  Style  thread-form.  Nutlets  erect,  fixed  by  the  large  hollowed  base, 
which  is  finely  toothed  on  its  margin.  —  Coarse 
perennial  herbs,  with  thickened  bitterish  mucilagi- 
nous roots  ;  the  nodding  raceme-like  clusters  either 
single  or  in  pairs.  (Ancient  Greek  name  from 
<rvfjL<t>v€ii>,  to  cause  to  grow  together,  probably  for 
its  reputed  healing  virtues.) 

1.  S.    OFFICINALE    L.     (COMMON  C.)      Hairy, 
branched  ;  upper  leaves  decurrent  upon  the  stem 
in   broad  cuneate  wings,  the   lower  large,  ovate 
or  ovate-lanceolate  ;  calyx-segments  lance-linear  ; 
corolla  yellowish-  or  pinkish-white  to  bluish-  or 
roseate-purple;    nutlets  nearly  smooth,  somewhat 
shining.  —  Moist    places,  escaped  from   gardens. 
June,  July.     (In trod,  from  Eu.)     FIG.  861. 

2.  S.  TUBERdsuM  L.     Erect  and  rather  slender 
from  a  knotted  tuberous  base,  pubescent;  leaves 
mostly  elliptic-ovate  or  -lanceolate,  petiolate,  the 
petioles  decurrent  as  very  narrow  wings  upon  the 
stem  ;  calyx-segments  lanceolate,  finely  appressed- 
pubescentand  somewhat  hirsute  ;  corolla  yellowish- 
white  ;  nutlets  granulate-tuberculate,  dull. — Low 
sandy  meadows,  Southington,  Ct.  (Andrews),  and 

very  likely  elsewhere.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.  S.  ASPERRTMUM  Donn.      Harsh  with  short  recurved  prickle-like  hairs  ; 
leaves  not  decurrent  ;  calyx  very  small,  in   anthesis  2-4 
mm.  long,  prickly-hispid  all  over ;  corolla  chiefly  purple. 
—  Low  ground,  not  rare.     (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

7.  LYC6PSIS  L.    BUGLOSS 

Corolla  funnel-shaped,  with  curved  tube  and  slightly 
unequal  limb ;  the  throat  closed  with  5  convex  obtuse 
bristly  scales  opposite  the  lobes.  Stamens  and  style  in- 
cluded. Nutlets  rough-wrinkled,  erect,  fixed  by  a  hollowed- 
out  base.  —  Annuals.  (Name  from  Xtf/cos,  a  wolf,  and  6\j/ist 
appearance.) 

1.  L.  ARVENSis  L.  (SMALL  B.)  Very  rough-bristly, 
1-6  dm.  high;  leaves  lanceolate  ;  flowers  in  leafy  raceme- 
like  clusters  ;  calyx  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the  small  blue 
corolla.  —  Dry  or  sandy  fields  and  waste  places,  Que.  to 
Va.,  Minn.,  and  Ont.,  scarce.  (Adv.  from  Eu.)  FIG.  862. 

8.   MYOSdTIS   [Hupp.]  L.    SCORPION-GRASS.    FORGET-ME-NOT 

Corolla-tube  about  the  length  of  the  6-toothed  or  5-cleft  calyx,  the  throat 
with  5  small  and  blunt  arching  appendages  opposite  the  rounded  lobes ;  the 
latter  convolute  in  the  bud !  Stamens  included,  on  very  short  filaments.  Nutlets 
compressed. — Low  and  mostly  soft-hairy  herbs,  with  entire  leaves,  those  of 
the  stem  sessile,  and  with  small  flowers  in  naked  racemes,  which  are  entirely 
bractless,  or  occasionally  with  small  leaves  next  the  base,  prolonged  and  straight- 
ened in  fruit.  (Name  composed  of  /JLVS,  mouse,  and  ofo,  ear,  from  the  short  and 
soft  leaves  in  some  species.) 

*  Calyx  open  in  fruit,  its  hairs  appressed,  none  of  them  hooked  or  glandular. 

1.  M.  scoupiolnEs  L.  (TRUE  F.)  Perennial;  stems  ascending  from  an 
oblique  creeping  base,  3-7  dm.  high,  loosely  branched,  smoothish;  leaves 


684 


BORAGINACEAE    (BORAGE   FAMILY) 


rough-pubescent,   oblong-lanceolate   or  linear-oblong;   calyx- 
lobes  much  shorter  than  its  tube ;  limb  of  corolla  5-8   mm. 
broad,  sky-blue,  with  a  yellow  eye.    (M.  palustris 
Hill.)  — In  wet  ground,   Nfd.  to  w.  N.  Y.,  and 
southw.     May-Sept.    (Nat.  from  Eu.)    FIG.  863. 
2.    M.   laxa   Lehm.      Perennial   from   filiform 
subterranean  shoots  ;  stems  very  slender,  decum- 
bent ;   pubescence   all   appressed ;    leaves  lance- 
863.  M.  scorpioides.    olate-oblong  or  somewhat  spatulate  ;  calyx-lobes 
as  long  as  the  tube ;  limb  of  corolla  rarely  5  mm. 
broad,  paler  blue.  —  In  water  and  wet  ground,  Nfd.  to  Ont.,  and 
southw.     May-Aug.     (Eu.)     FIG.  864.  864.  M.  laxa. 

*  *  Calyx  closing  or  the  lobes  erect  in  fruit,  clothed  with  spreading  hairs,  some 
minutely  hooked  or  gland-tipped;  corolla  small;  annual  or  biennial. 

•i-  Calyx  about  equally  5-cleft. 
•w.  Pedicels  in  fruit  longer  than  the  calyx. 

3.    M.   arvSnsis    (L.)   Hill.      Hirsute  with  spreading  hairs, 
erect  or  ascending,  1-4.5  dm.  high  ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate, 
acutish  ;  racemes  naked  at  the  base  and  stalked ;  corolla  blue, 
rarely  white.  — Fields,  etc.,  Nfd.  to  Minn,  and  W.  Va.     June- 
55.   M.arvensis.      Aug.      (Eu.)      FlG.  865. 

•«-».  -M-  Pedicels  shorter  than  the  calyx,  the  latter  about  4  mm.  long. 

4.  M.  vERsfcoLOR  (Pers.)  Sm.  Slender,  1-3  dm.  high,  mostly  simple  at 
base,  often  branched  above ;  stems  and  leaves 
uniformly  pubescent  with  ascending  straightish 
hairs ;  upper  leaves  somewhat  pointed  ;  racemes 
loose,  mostly  naked  at  base ;  pedicels  appressed- 
pubescent;  corolla  pale  yellow,  changing  to 
blue,  then  to  violet,  the  tube  exceeding  the 
calyx ;  style  distinctly  longer  than  the  nutlets.  — 
Fields,  "N.  Y.,"  and  Del.  May-July.  (Nat. 
from  Eu.)  FIG.  866. 

5.  M.  MICRANTIIA  Pallas.  Stems  0.5-2  dm. 
high,  branching  from  the  base,  with  the  oblong 
or  lanceolate  blunt  leaves  pubescent  ivith  mixed 
straight  and  divergent  hooked  hairs;  scattered 
flowers  produced  from  the  lower  axils  ;  pedicels 
very  short,  mostly  with  some  divergent  hooked 
hairs;  corolla  blue,  the  tube  barely  equaling 
the  calyx  ;  style  rarely  equaling  the  nutlets. 
(Jf.  collina  Am.  auth.,  not  Hoffm.) — Road- 
sides, old  fields,  etc.,  Mass,  to  Ont.  and  O. 
May-Aug.  (Nat.  from  Eu.)  FIG.  867. 

4 

867.  M.  micrantha.  6.  M.  virgmica  (L.)  BSP.  Bristly-hirsute,  branched  from 
the  base,  erect,  0.5-4  dm.  high;  leaves  obtuse,  linear-oblong, 
or  the  lower  spatulate-oblong ;  racemes  leafy  at  the  base ; 
corolla  very  small,  white,  with  a  short  limb ;  pedicels  in  fruit 
erect  and  appressed  at  the  base,  usually  abruptly  bent  outward 
near  the  apex  ;  calyx  very  hispid,  3-5  mm.  long.  {M.  verna 
Nutt.) — Dry  banks  and  rocky  woods,  Me.  to  Ont.  and  Minn., 
westw.  and  southw.  Apr.-July.  FIG.  868.  Passing  westw.  86S  M 
and  southw.  to  the  larger  formal  var.  MACROSPERMA  (Engelm.) 
Fernald  (M.  macrosperma  Engelm.),  with  looser  inflorescence  and  larger  calyx 
and  nutlets. 


866.  M.  versicolor. 


Calyx  somewhat  ^-lipped,  unequally  and  deeply  5-cleft. 


BORAGINACEAE   (BORAGE   FAMILY) 


685 


9.    MERTENSIA  Roth.     LUNGWORT 

Corolla  longer  than  the  deeply  5-cleft  or  5-parted  calyx,  naked,  or  with  5 
small  glandular  folds  or  appendages  in  the  open  throat.  Anthers  oblong  or 
arrow-shaped.  Style  long  and  thread-form.  Nutlets  ovoid,  fleshy  when  fresh, 
smooth  or  wrinkled,  obliquely  attached  by  a  prominent 
internal  angle ;  the  scar  small.  —  Smooth  or  soft-hairy 
perennial  herbs,  with  pale  and  entire  leaves,  and  hand- 
some purplish-blue  (rarely  white)  flowers,  in  loose  and 
short  panicled  or  corymbed  raceme-like  clusters,  only  the 
lower  one  leafy-bracted  ;  pedicels  slender.  (Named  for 
Franz  Karl  Mertens,  a  German  botanist. ) 

*  Corolla  trumpet-shaped,  with  spreading  nearly  entire 
limb  and  naked  throat;  filaments  slender,  exserted; 
hypogynous  disk  2-lobed. 

1.  M.  virginica  (L.)  Link.  (VIRGINIAN  COWSLIP, 
BLUEBELLS.)  Very  smooth,  pale,  erect,  2-6  dm.  high; 
leaves  obovate,  veiny,  those  at  the  root  1-1.5  dm.  long, 
petioled;  corolla  trumpet-shaped,  2-2.5  cm.  long,  many 
times  exceeding  the  calyx,  light  blue  (pinkish  in  bud),  rarely  white  ;  nutlets 
dull  and  roughish. — Alluvial  banks,  N.  Y.  and  Ont.  to  Neb.,  and  southw. 
Apr.,  May.  FIG.  869. 

*  *  Corolla  with  conspicuously  5-lobed  limb  and  crested  throat. 
4-  Filaments  broad  and  short ;  nutlets  dull,  wrinkled  or  roughish  when  dry. 

2.  M.  paniculata  (Ait.)  G.  Don.      Roughish  and  more  or 
less  hairy,  erect,  0.3-1  m.  high,  loosely  branched  ;  leaves  ovate 
and  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  ribbed,  thin;  corolla  1-1.5 
cm.  long,  somewhat  funnel-form,  3-4  times  the  length  of  the 
lance-linear  acute  divisions  of  the  calyx  ;  filaments  broader  and 
shorter  than  the  anthers.  —  Shore  of  L.  Superior,  northw.  and 
westw.     July,  Aug. 

4-  4-  Filaments  longer  and  narrower  than  the  anthers ;  nutlets 
shining,  utricular. 

3.  M.  maritima  (L.)  S.  F.  Gray.     (SEA  L.)     Spreading  or 
decumbent,  smooth,  glaucous ;  leaves  ovate,  obovate,  or  spatulate, 
fleshy,   the  upper  surface  becoming  papillose  ;    corolla  white, 
rose-pink,  or  blue,  bell-funnel-form,  5-7  mm.  long,  twice  the 
length  of  the  calyx.     (Pneumaria  Hill.)  —  Sea-coast,  on  rocks 
and  sand,  Nan  tucket,  Mass.,  and  northw.     June-Sept.     (Eura- 
sia.)    FIG.  870. 


870.  M.  inaritima. 


10.   LITHOSPERMUM   [Tourn.]   L.     GROMWELL.     PUCCOON 

Throat  of  corolla  naked,  or  with  a  more  or  less  evident  transverse  fold  or 
scale-like  appendage  opposite  each  lobe  ;  the  limb  6-cleft.  Anthers  oblong, 
almost  sessile,  included.  Nutlets  smooth  or  roughened,  mostly  bony  or  stony  ; 
scar  nearly  flat.  —  Herbs,  with  thickish  and  commonly  red  roots  and  sessile 
leaves  ;  flowers  solitary  and  as  if  axillary,  or  spiked  and  leafy-bracted,  some- 
times dimorphous  as  to  insertion  of  stamens  and  length  of  style.  (Name  formed 
of  M0os,  stone,  and  o-Tr^a,  seed,  from  the  hard  nutlets.) 


§  1.  RHYTISPERMUM  (Link)  Reichenb.  Nutlets  tubercled  or  rough- 
wrinkled  and  pitted,  gray  and  dull  ;  throat  of  the  (nearly  white}  corolla 
destitute  of  any  evident  folds  or  appendages. 

1.   L.  ARVENSE  L.     (CORN  G.)     Minutely  roughened  and  hoary,  annual  or 
biennial  ;  stems  erect,  2-7  dm.  high  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  veinless  ; 


686 


BORAGINACEAE    (BORAGE   FAMILY) 


corolla  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx.  —  Sandy  fields  and  road- 
sides, Me.  to  Ont.,  Kan.,  and  south w.  May- Aug.  (Nat.  from 
Eu.)  FIG.  871. 

§  2.  EULITHOSP^RMUM  DC.  Nutlets 
smooth  and  shining,  white  like  ivory ; 
corolla  greenish-white  or  pale  yellow, 
small,  with  5  distinct  pubescent  crests 
in  the  throat ;  perennial. 


872.  L.  officinale. 


2.  L.    OFFICINA.LE    L.      (COMMON    G.) 
Much    branched    above,    erect,   0.3-1   m. 
high  ;  leaves  thinnish,  broadly  lanceolate, 

871.  L.  arvense.     acute,   with  a   few  distinct  veins,    rough 
above,    soft-pubescent    beneath ;     corolla 
exceeding  the  calyx.  —  Roadsides  and  pastures,  e.  Que.  to 
Minn,  and  N.  J.     (Nat.  from  p]u.)     FIG.  872. 

3.  L.  latifblium  Michx.     Stem  loosely  branched,  erect,  5-9 
dm.  high,   rough ;    leaves  ovate   and   ovate-lanceolate,   mostly 
taper-pointed  (even  the  floral  ones  3-9  cm.  long),  ribbed-veined, 
roughish  above,  finely  soft-pubescent  beneath,  the  basal  leaves 
large   and   rounded ;    corolla   shorter  than  the  calyx.  —  Open 
ground  and  borders  of  woods,  w.   Que.  and  N.  Y.  to  Minn., 
s.  to  Va.  and  Ark.     FIG.  873. 

§  3.    BATSCHIA  (G.  F.  Gmel.)  Endl.     Nutlets  white,  smooth 
and  shining ;  corolla  large,  salver-form  or  nearly  so,  deep 
orange-yellow,  somewhat  pubescent,  the  tube  much  exceed- 
ing the  calyx,  and  the  throat  appendaged;  roots  perennial, 
and  deep,  yielding  a  red  dye. 


*  Corolla-tube  one  half  to  twice  longer  than  the  calyx,  not  much 
longer  than  the  ample  limb,  the  lobes  entire;  appendages 
little  if  at  all  projecting. 
873.  L.  latifoiium.        4    L    Gmelini  (Michx.)  Hitchc.     Hispid  with  bristly  hairs, 

2-8  dm.  high  ;  stem-leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  those  of  the 
flowering  branches  ovate-oblong,  bristly-ciliate  ;  corolla 
woolly-bearded  at  the  base  inside,  the  limb  1.5-2.5  cm. 
broad ;  flowers  distinctly  peduncled,  crowded,  showy  ; 
fruiting  calyx  1  cm.  or  more  long,  3-4  times  longer 
than  the  nutlets.  {L.  hirtum  Lehm.) — Pine  barrens, 
etc.,  N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  south  w.  and  westw.  Apr.-June. 

5.  L.     canSscens     (Michx.)     Lehm.       (PuccooN.) 
Softly  hairy  and   more  or  less  hoary,  2-5  dm.  high  ; 
leaves  obtuse,  linear-oblong,  or  the  upper  ovate-oblong, 
more  or  less  downy   beneath  and  roughish  with  close 
appressed  hairs  above  ;  flowers  sessile ;  corolla  naked 
at  the  base  within  ;  fruiting  calyx  6-8  mm.  long,  barely 
twice    the    length   of  the   nutlets. — Plains    and    open 
woods,    in  sandy  soil,   Ont.  to  N.   J.,  Va.,  Ala.,  and 

westw.      Apr.,   May.      FiG.   874.  874.  L.  canescens. 

*  *  Corolla-tube  in  well  developed  flowers  2-4  times  the  length  of  the  calyx  and 
of  its  erose-toothed  lobes,  and  the  appendages  conspicuous  and  arching; 
later  flowers  small,  cleistogamous. 

6.  L.  angustifblium  Michx.     Erect  or  diffusely  branched  from  the  base,  1-5 
dm.  high,  minutely  rough-strigose  and  hoary ;  leaves  linear ;   flowers  pediceled, 
leafy-bracted,  of  two  sorts;  the  earlier  large   and  showy  (corolla-tube  1.5-3.5 
cm.  long),  the  later  and  those  of  more  diffusely  branching  plants  with  incon- 
spicuous or  small  and  pale  corollas,  without  crests,  and  the  pedicels  commonly 
recurved  in  fruit ;  nutlets  usually  punctate.     (L.  linearifolium  Goldie. )  —  Dry 


BORAGINACEAE    (BORAGE   FAMILY) 


687 


875.  O.  virginianuin. 


and  sterile  or  sandy  soil,  s.  Ont.,  Ind.,  and  Mich,  to  N.  Dak.,  Tex.,  and  westw. 
Apr. -July. 

11.    ONOSM6DIUM    Michx.     FALSE  GROMWELL 

Divisions  of  calyx  linear  and  erect.  Corolla  tubular,  or  tubular-funnel-form 
(the  sinuses  minutely  hooded-inflexed) ,  the  5  acute  lobes  converging  or  barely 
spreading.  Anthers  oblong-linear  or  arrow-shaped, 
mucronate,  inserted  in  the  throat.  Style  thread- 
form,  much  exserted.  Nutlets  bony,  ovoid,  erect; 
the  scar  not  hollowed  out.  —  Chiefly  perennial  herbs, 
coarse  and  hispid,  with  oblong  and  sessile  rib-veined 
leaves,  and  white,  greenish,  or  yellowish  flowers  in 
at  length  elongated  and  erect  leafy  raceme-like 
clusters  ;  fl.  in  summer.  (Named  from  a  likeness  to 
the  genus  Onosma,  meaning  ass-smell.) 

*  Corolla-lobes  lance-subulate,  2-3  times  as  long  as 
wide. 

1.  0.  virginianum  (L.)  A.  DC.  Clothed  with  harsh 
and  rigid  appressed  short  bristles;  stems  rather 
slender,  3-8  dm.  high ;  leaves  narrowly  oblong  or 
oblong-lanceolate,  3-9  cm.  long,  the  lower  narrowed 
at  base  ;  nutlets  2-2.8  mm.  long,  irregularly  pitted, 
not  conspicuously  constricted  at  base.  —  Dry  banks, 
sandy  hillsides,  etc.,  Mass,  to  Fla.  and  La.  FIG.  875. 

*  *  Corolla-lobes  deltoid,  scarcely  longer  than  broad. 

•«-  Stem  hispid,  villous,  or  hirsute  to  the  base. 
++  Silky-pubescent;  nutlets  conspicuously  pitted. 

2.  0.  m611e  Michx.     Finely  grayish-pubescent ;  the  lowest  leaves  oblanceo- 
late,  the  others  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  conspicuously  veined,  acutish  ;  calyx 
silky  as  well  as  sparingly  hirsute  ;  nutlets  3  mm.  long,  pitted,  sometimes  slightly 
constricted  at  the  base.     (  0.  carolinianum,  var.  Gray,  in  part.)  —  Old  fields  and 
cedar  barrens,  Ky.  and  Tenn. 

•w  -M.  Strigose  to  hirsute;  nutlets  scarcely  or  not  at  all  pitted. 

3.  0.  occidentale  Mackenzie.     Stoutish  and  somewhat  rigid,  4-6  dm.  high, 
rather  finely  but  copiously  grayish-pubescent ;   leaves  lanceolate  to  narrowly 
lance-ovate,  strongly  rib-veined,  4-8   cm.  long,  1-1.8  cm. 

wide,  with  pubescence  mostly  appressed  or  subappressed ; 
nutlets  rounded  and  not  at  all  constricted  at  the  base.  (0. 
carolinianum,  var.  molle  Gray,  in  part.) — Alluvial  soil, 
sandy  or  gravelly  banks,  etc.,  111.  to  Sask.,  Col.,  and  N.  Mex. 
Var.  SYLVESTRE  Mackenzie.  Taller,  1  m.  or  more  high,  less 
canescent  and  more  shaggy-hirsute  in  the  manner  of  the 
next  species,  but  with  nutlets  un constricted  at  the  base.  — 
111.  and  Mo. 

4.  0.  hispidissimum  Mackenzie.    Stout,  erect,  10-12  dm. 
high,  green,  coarsely  hirsute  throughout ;  stem-leaves  ovate, 
8-10  cm.  long,  1.8-4  cm.  wide,  the  pubescence  mostly  spread- 
ing ;  nutlets  about  3  mm.  long,  with  a  very  short  neck  or 

constriction  at  the  base,  brownish  tinged.    (O.  carolinianum    8TC  o  hispidissimum 
Man.  ed.   6,   not  DC.)  —  Kiver-banks,  rich  bottoms,   etc., 
N.  Y.  and  s.  Ont.  to  Neb.,  and  south w.     FIG.  876.     Var.  MACROSPERMUM  Mac- 
kenzie &  Bush,  with  larger  and  more  shining  white  nutlets  nearly  4  mm.  long, 
is  distinguishable  in  111.  and  Mo. 

H-  •»-  Stem  essentially  smooth  and  glabrous  below. 

5.  0.  subsetbsum  Mackenzie  &  Bush.     Stem  erect,  nearly  or  quite  glabrous 
to  the  middle,  6  dm.  or  more  in  height;  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  finelv 


688 


VERBENACEAE    (VERVAIN    FAMILY) 


appressed-pubescent  upon  both  surfaces,  6-8  cm.  long,  1-1.5  cm.  wide;  nutlets 
brownish-white,  not  constricted  at  the  base,  usually  pitted,  2-3  mm.  long.  — 
Rocky  hills  and  barrens  of  the  Ozark  region,  Mo.  and  Ark. 

12.   ECHIUM    [Tourn.]     L.     VIPER'S  BUGLOSS 

Corolla  with  a  cylindraceous  or  funnel-form  tube ;  lobes 
rounded,  spreading.  Stamens  mostly  exserted,  unequal.  Style 
thread-form.  Nutlets  roughened  or  wrinkled,  fixed  by  a  flat 
base.  (A  plant  name  used  by  Dioscorides  from  e%ts,  a  viper.} 

1.  E.  VULGA.RE  L.  (BLUE-WEED,  BLUE  DEVIL.)  Rough 
bristly  biennial ;  stem  erect,  3-9  dm.  high  ;  stem-leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  sessile  ;  flowers  showy,  in  short,  lateral  clusters,  dis- 
posed in  a  long  and  narrow  thyrse  or  in  an  open  panicle  ;  buds 
pink ;  corolla  brilliant  blue  (rarely  pale  or  roseate) .  —  Roadsides 
and  meadows,  locally  abundant.  June-Sept.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 
877.  E.  vulgare.  FlG.  877. 

VERBENACEAE   (VERVAIN  FAMILY) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  leaves,  more  or  less  2-lipped  or  irregular 
corolla,  and  didynamous  stamens,  the  2-4-celled  fruit  dry  or  drupaceous,  usually 
splitting  when  ripe  into  as  many  l-seeded  indehiscent  nutlets;  resembling  the 
following  family,  but  the  ovary  not  4-lobed,  the  style  therefore  terminal,  and 
the  plants  seldom  aromatic  or  furnishing  a  volatile  oil.  Seeds  with  straight 
embryo  and  little  or  no  albumen.  — A  large  family  in  the  Tropics,  sparingly  rep- 
resented in  cool  regions. 

1.  Verbena.    Flowers  in  spikes  or  heads.    Calyx  tubular.    Fruit  splitting  into  4  nutlets. 

2.  Lippia.     Flowers  in  spikes  or  heads.    Calyx  short,  2-cleft.     Fruit  splitting  into  2  nutlets. 
8.  Callicarpa.    Flowers  in  axillary  cymes.    Calyx  short.    Fruit  berry -like,  with  4  nutlets. 

1.   VERBENA   [Tourn.]  I<.     VERVAIN 

Calyx  5-toothed,  one  of  the  teeth  often  shorter  than  the  others.  Corolla 
tubular,  often  curved,  salver-form ;  the  border  somewhat  unequally  5-cleft. 
Stamens  included  ;  the  upper  pair  occasionally  without  anthers. 
Style  slender ;  stigma  mostly  2-lobed.  —  Flowers  sessile,  in  single 
or  often  panicled  spikes,  bracted,  produced  all  summer.  (The 
Latin  name  for  any  sacred  herb;  derivation  obscure.) — The 
species  present  numerous  spontaneous  hybrids. 

§  1.  Anthers  not  appendaged;  flowers  small,  in  slender  spikes. 

*  Spikes  filiform,  with  flowers  or  at  least  fruit  scattered,  naked,  the 
inconspicuous  bracts  shorter  than  the  calyx. 

1.  V.  OFFICIN\LIS  L.     (EUROPEAN  V.)     Annual,  glabrous  or 
nearly  so,  loosely  branched,  3-9  dm.   high  ;  leaves  pinnatifld  or 
3-cleft,  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile,  smooth  above,  the  lobes  cut  and 
toothed  ;  spikes  panicled  ;  flowers  purplish,  very  small.  —  Road- 
sides,   waste  places,   and  old  fields,  especially   from  the   Middle 
States  westw.  and  south w.     (Nat.  from  Eu.)     FIG.  878. 

2.  V.  urticaefblia  L.     (WHITE  V.)     Perennial,  from  minutely 
pubescent  to  almost  glabrous,  rather  tall  (0.5-1.5  m.  high)  ;  leaves 

oval  or  oblong-ovate,  acute,  coarsely  serrate,  petioled ;  spikes  at  length  much 
elongated,  loosely  panicled;  flowers  very  small,  white.  —  Thickets,  roadsides, 
and  waste  ground.  (Trop.  Am,) 

Var.  riparia  (Raf.)  Britton.  Leaves  deeply  cleft  or  incised  ;  flowers  blue.— 
N.  J.  to  Va.  and  N.  C. 


VERBENACEAE   ( VERVAIN   FAMILY) 


689 


879.  V.  angustifolia  x 


*  *  Spikes  thicker  or  densely  flowered ;  the  fruits  crowded,  mostly  overlapping 
one  another ;  bracts  inconspicuous,  not  exceeding  the  flowers  ;  perennial. 

3.  V.  angustifblia  Michx.  Low,  2-6  dm.  high,  often  simple  ;  leaves  nar- 
rowly lanceolate,  tapering  to  the  base,  sessile,  roughish,  slightly  toothed  ;  spikes 
few  or  single ;  the  purple  flowers  crowded,  larger 
than  in  the  next.  —  Dry  or  sandy  ground,  Mass,  and 
s.  Vt.  to  Minn.,  and  south w. ;  rarely  adventive  further 
northeastw.  FIG.  879. 

4.  V.    hastata    L.      (BLUE  V.)     Tall  (0.5-2  m. 
high) ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  taper- 
pointed,  cut-serrate,  petioled,  the  lower  often  lobed 
and  sometimes  halberd-shaped  at  base  ;  spikes  linear, 
erect,    corymbed    or    panic! ed ;    flowers    violet-blue 
(rarely  pink  or  white). — Damp  grounds,  etc. 

5.  V.  stricta  Vent.      (HOARY   V.)     Downy  with 
soft  whitish   hairs,  erect,   simple  or  branched,  3-9 
dm.  high;  leaves  sessile,  obovate  or  oblong,  serrate; 
spikes    thick,    somewhat    clustered,    hairy ;    flowers 
rather  large,   purple.  —  Barrens  and  prairies,    Ont. 
and  O.,  westw.  and  south  w.;  rarely  nat.  eastw. 

*  *  *  Spikes  thick,  sessile  and  leafy- bracted  ;  annual. 

6.  V.  bractebsa  Michx.     Widely  spreading  or  procumbent,  hairy ;  leaves 
wedge-lanceolate,   cut-pinnatifid   or  3-cleft,   short-petioled ;    spikes  single,   re- 
motely flowered  ;  bracts  large,  the  lower  pinnatifid,  longer  than  the  small  purple 
flowers.  —  Prairies  and  waste  grounds,  Va.  to 

OM  westw.  and  south  w. ;  on  ballast  and  in  waste 
places  northeastw. 

§  2.  Anthers  of  the  longer  stamens  glandular- 
tipped;  flowers  showy,  from  depressed- 
capitate  becoming  spicate. 

7.  V.  bipinnatifida  Nutt.      Hispid-hirsute, 
1-4  dm.  high ;   leaves   bipinnately  parted,  or 
3-parted  into  more   or  less  bipinnatifid  divi- 
sions, the  lobes  commonly  linear  or  broader ; 
bracts  mostly  surpassing  the  calyx;  limb  of 
bluish-purple  or  lilac  corolla  1-1.5  cm.  broad. 

—  Plains  and  prairies,  Mo.  to  S.  Dak.  and  Mex.     FIG.  880. 

8.  V.  canad6nsis  (L.)  Britton.     Slender,  5  dm.  high  or  less,  soft-pubescent 
or  glabrate  ,*  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-oblong  in  outline,  with  a  wedge-shaped  base, 

incisely  lobed  and  toothed,  often  more  deeply 
3-cleft ;  bracts  shorter  than  or  equaling  the  calyx  ; 
limb  of  reddish-purple  or  lilac  (rarely  white)  co- 
rolla i. 5-2.5  cm.  broad.  (V.  Aubletia  Jacq.;  V. 
Drummondi  of  auth.)  —  Open  woods  and  prairies, 
Va.  to  Fla. ;  also  Ind.  to  Kan.,  and  south  w. 

2.  LlPPIA  [Houston]  L. 

Calyx  often  flattened,  2-4-toothed,  or  2-lipped. 
Corolla  2-lipped,  upper  lip  notched,  lower  much 
larger,  3-lobed.  Stamens  included.  Style  slender  ; 
stigma  obliquely  capitate.  (Dedicated  to  Agostino 
Lippi,  Italian  naturalist.) 

1.  L.  lanceolata  Michx.  (FOG-FRUIT.)  De- 
cumbent or  procumbent,  green ;  leaves  oblance- 
olate  to  lanceolate,  serrate  above ;  peduncles  axil- 
lary, slender,  exceeding  the  leaves,  bearing  solitary 


880.  V.  bipinnatifida  x  %. 


881.  L.  lanceolata 


GRAY'S  MANUAL — 44 


690 


LABIATAE    (MINT   FAMILY) 


closely  bracted  heads  of  bluish-white  flowers  ;  bracts  mucronate 
or  pointless. — River-banks,  N.  J.  to  s.  Ont.  and  Minn.,  s.  to 
Fla.  and  Tex.  May-Sept.  FIG.  881. 

2.  L.   nodifldra  (L.)  Michx.      Similar,  but  more  depressed, 
cinereous  or  greenish  ;  leaves  blunter  and  more  spatulate  ;  corolla 
rose-purple   or  white. — Mo.  to   N.   0.   and  Tex.      May-Sept. 
FIG.  882. 

3.  L.   cuneif61ia  (Torr.)  Steud.     Diffusely  branched  from  a 
L.  nodiflora    woody   base,    procumbent    (not  creeping},   minutely    canescent 

Xy3.  throughout;  leaves  rigid,   cuneate-linear,   incisely  2-6-toothed 

above  the  middle  ;  peduncles  axillary,  often  shorter  than  the 
leaves ;  bracts  rigid,  broadly  cuneate,  abruptly  acuminate ;  corolla  pale.  — 
Plains,  Neb.,  Kan.,  and  westw.  May-Sept. 


882. 


3.   CALLICARPA  L. 

Calyx  4-5-toothed.  Corolla  tubular-bell- 
shaped,  4-5-lobed,  nearly  regular.  Stamens  4, 
nearly  equal,  exserted ;  anthers  opening  at  the 
apex.  Style  slender,  thickened  upward.  — 
Shrubs,  with  scurfy  pubescence,  and  small 
flowers.  (Name  formed  of  /cdXXos,  beauty,  and 
Kapirbs,  fruit.} 

1.  C.  americana  L.     (FRENCH   MULBERRY.) 
Leaves  ovate-oblong  with  a  tapering  base,  acu- 
minate,   toothed,    whitish-tomentose     beneath; 
cymes  many-flowered ;  calyx  obscurely  4-toothed; 
corolla  bluish;  fruit  violet-color. — Rich  soil, 
Va.  to  Mo.  and  Tex.     May-July.    FIG.  883. 

2.  C.  puRptiREA  Juss.     Leaves  elliptic,  gla- 
brous beneath,  glandular-dotted  ;  corolla  pink. 
—  Swamp,  Wilmington,  Del.   (TatnalV).    Aug. 
(Introd.  from  Asia.) 

LABlATAE 


C.  americana  x  %. 


(MINT  FAMILY) 

Chiefly  herbs,  ordinarily  with  square  stems,  opposite  aromatic  leaves,  more  or 
less  2-lipped  corolla,  didynamous  stamens  or  these  only  two,  and  a  deeply  4-lobed 
ovary,  which  forms  in  fruit  4  little  seed-like  nutlets  or  achenes,  surrounding  the 
base  of  the  single  style  in  the  bottom  of  the  persistent  calyx,  each  filled  with  a 
single  erect  seed.  Nutlets  smooth  or  barely  roughish  and  fixed  by  their  base, 
except  in  the  first  tribe.  Albumen  mostly  none.  Embryo  straight  (except  in 
Scutellaria) ;  radicle  at  the  base  of  the  fruit.  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  2-lobed 
or  sometimes  entire  ;  the  lower  3-lobed.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the 
corolla.  Style  2-lobed  at  the  apex.  Flowers  axillary,  chiefly  in  cymose  clusters, 
these  often  aggregated  in  terminal  spikes  or  racemes.  —  Foliage  mostly  dotted 
with  small  glands  containing  a  volatile  oil,  upon  which  depends  the  warmth  and 
aroma  of  the  plants  of  this  large  and  well  known  family. 

I.   Nutlets  rugose-reticulated,  attached  obliquely  or  ventrally ;  ovary  merely 

4-lobed. 

Tribe  I.   AjtTGEAE.    Stamens  4,  ascending  and  parallel,  mostly  exserted  from  the  upper  side  of 

the  corolla.     Calyx  5-10-nerved. 

*  Limb  of  corolla  irregular,  seemingly  unilabiate,  the  upper  lip  being  either  split  down  or  very 
short ;  stamens  exserted  from  the  cleft. 

1.  Ajuga.     Corolla  with  a  very  short  and  as  if  truncate  upper  lip. 

2.  Teucrium.    Corolla  deeply  cleft  between  the  2  small  lobes  of  the  upper  Up. 


LABIATAE    (MINT  FAMILY)  691 


*  *  Limb  of  corolla  merely  oblique,  of  5  nearly  equal  and  similar  lobes. 

8.  Isanthus.    Calyx  bell-shaped.     Corolla  small,  the  lobes  spreading.     Stamens  included. 

4.  Trichostema.     Corolla-lobes  all  declined.    Calyx  oblique.     Stamens  much  exserted. 

II.   Nutlets  smooth  or  granulate  ;  scar  basal,  small ;  ovary  deeply  4-parted. 

Tribe  II.  SCUTELLARlEAE.     Stamens  4,  ascending  and  parallel.    Calyx  bilabiate,  closed  in  fruit ; 
the  rounded  lips  entire.     Corolla  bilabiate,  the  upper  lip  arched. 

5.  Scutellaria.     Calyx  with  a  helmet-like  projection  on  the  upper  side. 

Tribe  III.    STACH^EAE.     Stamens  ascending  or  spreading,  extended  straight  forward.    Calyx 
usually  open  in  fruit,  without  a  projection  on  the  upper  side. 

*  Stamens  and  style  included  in  the  corolla-tube. 

6.  Marrubium.    Calyx  tubular,  5-10-nerved,  and  with  5  or  10  awl-shaped  teeth. 

*  *  Stamens  exserted  beyond  the  corolla-tube. 

•»-  Stamens  4,  the  upper  (inner)  pair  longer  than  the  lower,  ascending  or  diverging ;  corolla  2-lipped  ; 
the  upper  lip  concave  or  arched,  the  lower  spreading  ;  calyx  mostly  15-nerved. 

•H-  Anthers  not  approximate  in  pairs  ;  their  cells  parallel  or  nearly  so. 

7.  Agastache.     Stamens  divergent,  exserted  ;  upper  pair  declined,  lower  ascending. 

8.  Meehania.     Stamens  all  ascending,  not  exceeding  the  lip  of  the  corolla. 

•H-  -H-  Anthers  more  or  less  approximate  in  pairs  ;  their  cells  divaricate  or  divergent ;  filaments 

ascending,  not  exserted. 

9.  Nepeta.     Calyx  more  or  less  curved,  equally  5-toothed. 

10.  Dracocephalum.     Calyx  straight,  the  uppermost  tooth  much  the  largest. 

•i-  •«-  Stamens  4,  parallel  and  ascending  under  the  galeate  or  concave  upper  lip,  the  lower  (outer)  pair 
longer  (except  in  nos.  14  and  17) ;  calyx  5-10-nerved,  not  2-lipped  (except  in  no.  11). 

•H-  Calyx  reticulate-veiny,  deeply  bilabiate,  closed  in  fruit. 

11.  Prunella.     Calyx  nerved  and  veiny ;  upper  lip  flat,  3-toothed,  the  lower  2-cleft. 

•H-  -H-  Calyx  thin,  inflated  in  fruit,  obscurely  nerved,  3-5-lobed,  open. 

12.  Physostegia.     Calyx  5-toothed  or  5-lobed.    Anther-cells  parallel. 

13.  Synandra.     Calyx  almost  equally  4-lobed  !    Anther-cells  widely  divergent. 

•H-  -H-  •«-»•  Calyx  of  firmer  texture,  distinctly  5-10-nerved  or  -striate,  5-10-toothed. 
•=  Stamens  not  deflexed  after  anthesis  ;  naturalized  from  the  Old  "World. 

14.  Phlomis.    Calyx  tubular,  the  5  teeth  abruptly  awned.     Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  arched. 

15.  Galeopsis.     Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,   the  5  teeth  spiny-pointed.     Anthers   transversely 

2-valved,  the  smaller  valve  ciliate. 

16.  Lamium.     Calyx-teeth  not  spiny-pointed.    Nutlets  sharply  3-angled,  truncate. 

17.'  Leonurus.    Calyx  top-shaped,  the  rigid  spiny-pointed  teeth  soon  spreading.    Nutlets  trun- 
cate and  acutely  3-angled  at  top.     Leaves  cleft  or  incised. 

18.  Ballota.     Calyx  somewhat  funnel-form,  expanding  above  into  a  spreading  5-toothed  border. 

Nutlets  roundish  at  top.     Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  erect. 

=  =  Stamens  often  deflexed  or  contorted  after  anthesis. 

19.  Stachys.     Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  equally  5-toothed  or  the  2  upper  teeth  united  into  1. 

Nutlets  rounded  at  top. 

+•  +-  +-  Stamens  2,  ascending  and  parallel ;  anthers  apparently  or  really  1-celled  ;  corolla  strongly 

2-lipped. 

20.  Salvia.     Calyx  2-lipped.     Anthers  with  a  long  connective  astride  the  filament,  bearing  a  linear 

cell  at  the  upper  end,  and  none  or  an  imperfect  cell  on  the  lower. 

21.  Monarda.     Calyx  tubular  and  elongated,  equally  5-toothed.     Anthers  of  2  cells  confluent  into       • 

1,  the  connective  inconspicuous. 

22.  Blephilia.    Calyx  ovoid-tubular,  2-lipped.     Anthers  as  in  the  preceding. 


692 


LABIATAE    (MINT    FAMILY) 


•t-  +-•»-•»-  Upper  pair  of  stamens  shorter  or  wanting ;  anthers  2-celled  ;  upper  lip  of  corolla  neither 

galeate  nor  concave. 
•H-  Flowers  in  more  or  less  crowded  clusters  or  whorls,  axillary  or  spicate. 

•=  Corolla  more  or  less  2-lipped. 

a.   Stamens  (often  only  2  in  no.  23)  ascending  or  arcuate,  often  more  or  less  converging  (or  ascend- 
ing parallel  under  the  erect  upper  lip  in  no.  25). 

23.  Hedeoma.     Calyx  gibbous  on  the  lower  side,  hairy  in  the  throat.    Flowers  loose. 

24.  Melissa.    Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  flattish  on  the  upper  side.    Corolla  curved  upward. 

25.  Satureja.    Calyx  bell-shaped  or  tubular,  10-13-nerved.     Tube  of  corolla  straight. 

&.   Stamens  distant  and  straight,  often  divergent,  never  convergent  nor  curved. 
1.   Stamens  4  ;  calyx  10-15-nerved,  hairy  in  the  throat  (except  no.  26). 

26.  Hyssopus.    Calyx  tubular,  15-nerved,  equally  5-toothed.    Stamens  exserted. 

27.  Origanum.    Calyx  ovoid-bell-shaped,  5-toothed.     Spikes  with  large  colored  bracts. 

28.  Pycnanthemum.     Calyx  ovoid  or  short-tubular,  equally  5-toothed  or  somewhat  2-lipped, 

Flowers  in  dense  heads  or  clusters. 

29.  Thymus.    Calyx  ovoid,  nodding  in  fruit,  2-lipped.    Bracts  minute.     Leaves  very  small. 

2.   Stamens  2,  with  or  without  rudiments  of  the  upper  pair. 

80.  Cunila.    Calyx  very  hairy  in  the  throat,  equally  5-toothed.    Corolla  small. 

«=  =  Corolla  not  evidently  2-lipped,  but  almost  equally  4-lobed,  small ;  stamens  erect,  distant. 

81.  LycopUS.     Fertile  stamens  2  ;  often  also  2  sterile  filaments  without  anthers. 
32.  Mentha.     Fertile  stamens  4,  nearly  equal. 

++  -H-  Flowers  in  loose  terminal  panicled  racemes  ;  calyx  2-lipped,  enlarged  and  declined  in  fruit. 
83.   Collinsonia.    Lower  lobe  of  corolla  fimbriate,  much  the  larger.    Stamens  2. 
34.   Perilla.     Corolla  short,  the  lower  lobe  little  larger.     Stamens  4,  included. 

-H-  -H-  -H-  Flowers  in  dense  spikes  ;  calyx  hardly  2-lipped,  the  teeth  equal. 
85.  ElSholtzia.    Corolla  slightly  2-lipped.    Stamens  4,  exserted. 


1.   AjUGA  L.     BUGLE  WEED 

Calyx  5-toothed.  The  large  and  spreading  lower 
lip  of  the  corolla  with  the  middle  lobe  emarginate 
or  2-cleft.  Stamens  as  in  Teucrium,  but  anther- 
cells  less  confluent.  (From  o-  privative,  and  fvybv, 
—  Latin  jugum, — yoke,  from  the  seeming  absence 
of  a  yoke-fellow  to  the  lower  lip  of  the  corolla. ) 

1.  A.  REPTANS  L.     Perennial,  1-2.5  dm.  high, 
smooth   or  but  slightly  pubescent,    with  copious 
creeping   stolons;    leaves    obovate    or    spatulate, 
sometimes  sinuate,  the  cauline  sessile,  the  floral 
approximate,  subtending  several  sessile  blue  flow- 
ers. —  Locally  in  fields,  Me.  and  Que.  to  s.  N.  Y. 
May-July.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  A.  GENEVENSIS  L.     Similar  ;  the  stems  copi- 
ously   soft-pubescent,    tufted,   not  stoloniferous ; 
leaves    somewhat    pubescent ;    flowers    larger.  — 

'"    Locally  in  fields,  waste  places,  etc.,  N.  E.,  N.  Y., 
and  Pa.     (Introd.  from  Eu.)     FIG.  884. 


884.  A.  genevensis. 
Inflorescence  x  %.     Flower  x 


2.    TEtrCRIUM   [Tourn.]   L.     GERMANDER 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  with  the  4  upper  lobes  nearly  equal,  oblong,  turned 
forward,  so  that  there  seems  to  be  no  upper  lip ;  the  lower  lobe  much  larger. 
Stamens  4,  exserted  from  the  deep  cleft  between  the  2  upper  lobes  of  the  corolla ; 
anther-cells  confluent.  (Named  for  Teucer,  king  of  Troy.) 


LABIATAE    (MINT   FAMILY)  693 

*  Perennials  ;  leaves  merely  dentate  or  serrate  ;  inflorescences  terminal,  spiciform. 
H-  Inflorescence  cylindric  ;  calyx  densely  pubescent. 

1.  T.  canadSnse  L.     (AMERICAN  G.,  WOOD  SAGE.)     Stems  1  m.  or  less  high, 
appressed-pubescent,  simple  or  branched  ;   leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate,  serrate, 
2.5-5  cm.  broad,  rounded  or  narrowed  at  base,  short-petioled,  hoary  beneath, 
green  and  glabrous  or  sparingly  appressed-pubescent  but  scarcely  papillose  above  ; 
whorls  about  6-flowered,  crowded  in  long  and  simple  wand-like  racemes  ;  calyx 
canescent-pannose,  the  3  upper  lobes  very  obtuse,  or  the  middle  one  acutish; 
corolla  1.5-2  cm.  long,  purplish,  pink,  or  sometimes  cream-color.  —  Rich  low 
ground,  N.  E.  to  Neb.,  and  southw.     July-Sept. 

Var.  littorale  (Bicknell)  Fernald.  Stiff,  usually  simple,  2-7  dm.  high  ;  leaves 
lanceolate  to  lance-ovate,  1.5-3  cm.  broad,  mostly  tapering  at  base,  thick  and 
somewhat  rugose,  the  upper  surface  papillose  beneath  the  dense  appressed  pubes- 
cence ;  flowers  slightly  smaller.  (  T.  littorale  Bicknell.)  —  Near  the  coast,  Me. 
to  Fla.  and  Tex.,  and  northw.  in  the  Miss,  basin  to  Okla. 

2.  T.  occidentale  Gray.     Stem  villous,  3-9  dm.  high  ;  leaves  lance-  to  ovate- 
oblong,  white-villous  beneath  ;   calyx  and  bracts  villous  with  viscid  hairs  and 
with  shorter  capitate  or  stipitate  glands;  the  upper  calyx-lobes  acute  or  the 
middle  one  acuminate;  corolla  8-12  mm.  long.  —  Alluvial  soil,  Me.  to  B.  C.,  s. 
to  Pa.,  O.,  Mo.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Cal. 

Var.  boreale  (Bicknell)  Fernald.  Stem  more  closely  pubescent ;  calyx  and 
bracts  with  few  or  no  capitate  glands  amongst  the  often  viscid  hairs ;  corolla 
slightly  longer.  (T.  boreale  Bicknell.)  — Similar  situations,  n.  N.  H.  to  Wash., 
s.  to  w.  N.  Y.,  111.,  and  Tex. 

t-  H-  Inflorescence  secund  ;  calyx  glabrous  or  glabr ate. 

3.  T.  SCORODONIA  L.     (WOOD  SAGE,  GERMANDER  SAGE.)     Stems  ascending 
from  a  freely  creeping  rootstock,  villous,  2-5  dm.  high,  simple  or  with  few  erect 
branches  ;  leaves  deltoid-lanceolate  to  -ovate,  crenate,  rugose,  cordate  or  trun- 
cate at  base,  short-petioled ;  flowers  pale  yellow,   paired  in   slender   1-sided 
racemes ;  upper  tooth  of  the  calyx  large  and  recurved.  —  Said  to  be  established 
in  Ont.  and  O.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Annual ;  leaves  pinnatifld  ;  flowers  in  axillary  verticels. 

4.  T.  B6TRYS  L.     (CUT-LEAF  G.)    Erect  or  decumbent,  1-3  dm.  high  ;  leaves 
long-petioled,  rhombic-ovate,  1-2  cm.  long,  divided  into  few  linear  or  oblong 
segments ;    flowers  slender-pediceled ;   corolla  reddish-purple ;   calyx  gibbous- 
campanulate,  the  lower  side  saccate,  the  subequal  deltoid  teeth  short.  —  Dry 
pastures,  waste  places,  etc.,  local,  w.  Mass,  to  Ont.  and  0.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

3.    ISANTHUS   Michx.     FALSE  PENNYROYAL 

Calyx  equally  5-lobed,  enlarged  in  fruit.  Corolla  little  longer 
than  the  calyx;  the  border  bell-shaped,  with  obovate  lobes. 
Stamens  slightly  didynamous,  incurved-ascending,  scarcely  ex- 
ceeding the  corolla.  —  A  low  much  branched  annual,  clammy- 
pubescent,  with  nearly  entire  lance-oblong  3-nerved  leaves,  and 
small  pale  blue  flowers  on  axillary  1-3-flowered  peduncles. 
(Name  from  foot,  equal,  and  Av8os9  flower,  referring  to  the 
almost  regular  corolla.) 

1.   I.  brachiatus  (L.)  BSP.    Corolla  5  mm.  long,  little  ex- 
_  ceeding  the   calyx.      (/.    caeruleus  Michx. )  —  Dry    or    sterile 

885  I  brachiatus  ground,  Vt.  and  w.  Que.  to  Minn.,  and  southw.    July,  Aug. 
xya.  FIG.  885. 

4.    TRICHOSTEMA  L.     BLUE  CURLS 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  deeply  5-cleft ;  the  3  upper  teeth  elongated  and  partly 
united,  the  2  lower  very  short.  Stamens  with  very  long  curved  capillary  fila 


694 


LABIATAE   (MINT   FAMILY) 


Hients ;  anther-cells  divergent  and  at  length  confluent.  —  Low  annuals,  some- 
what clammy-glandular  and  balsamic,  branched,  with  entire  leaves,  and  mostly 
solitary  1-flowered  pedicels  terminating  the  branches, 
becoming  lateral  by  the  production  of  axillary  branch- 
lets,  and  the  flower  appearing  to  be  reversed,  namely, 
the  short  teeth  of  the  calyx  upward,  etc.  Corolla  blue, 
varying  to  pink,  rarely  white,  small ;  fl.  in  summer  and 
autumn.  (Name  composed  of  0pL£,  hair,  and  err^a, 
stamen,  from  the  capillary  filaments.) 

1.  T.    dich6tomum    L.      (BASTARD    PENNYROYAL.) 
Viscid  with   rather  minute  pubescence;  leaves  lance- 
oblong  or  rhombic-lanceolate,  rarely  lance-linear,  short- 
petioled  ;  lower  lobe  of  the  corolla  oblong,  longer  than 
the  remaining  broader  ones.  —  Sandy  fields,  Me.  and 
Vt.  to  Ky.,  Mo.,  and  Tex.     FIG.  886. 

2.  T.  lineare  Walt.     Puberulent,  more  slender  and 
less  forked ;  leaves  linear,  nearly  smooth.  —  In  sandy 

886.  T.  dichotomum  x  %.     grOund  near  the  coast,  Ct.  to  La. 

5.    SCUTELLARIA  L.     SKULLCAP 

Calyx  bell-shaped  in  flower,  splitting  to  the  base  at  maturity,  the  lips  entire, 
the  upper  usually  falling  away.  Corolla  with  an  elongated  curved  ascending 
tube,  dilated  at  the  throat ;  the  upper  lip  entire  or  barely  notched,  the  lateral 
lobes  mostly  connected  with  the  upper  rather  than  the  lower  lip  ;  the  lower  lobe 
or  lip  spreading  and  convex,  notched  at  the  apex.  Stamens  ascending  under 
the  upper  lip  ;  anthers  approximate  in  pairs,  ciliate  or  bearded,  those  of  the 
lower  stamens  1-celled  (halved),  of  the  upper  2-celled  and  heart-shaped.  —  Bitter 
perennial  herbs,  not  aromatic,  the  short  peduncles  or  pedicels  chiefly  opposite, 
1-flowered,  often  1-sided,  axillary  or  spiked  or  racemed  ;  fl.  in  summer.  (Name 
from  scutella,  a  dish,  in  allusion  to  the  appendage  of  the  fruiting  calyx.) 

§  1.    Nutlets  wingless,  mostly  marginless,  on  a  low  gynobase. 

*  Flowers  small  (5-8  mm.  long},  in  axillary  and  sometimes  terminal  1-sided 

racemes. 

1.  S.  laterifldra  L.     (MAD-DOG  S.)     Smooth  ;  stem  upright,  much  branched, 
1-8  dm.  high  ;  leaves  lanceolate-ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  pointed,  coarsely  serrate, 
rounded  at  base,  petioled,  3-9  cm.  long,  the  lower  floral  ones  similar ;  flowers 
blue,  rarely  pink  or  white.  —  Wet  shaded  places,  common.    July-Sept. 

*  *  Flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves  or  in  terminal  single  or 

panicled  racemes  /  the  floral  leaves  mostly  smaller  than  the  cauline. 

•i-  Flowers  1-3  cm.  long  •  principal  stem-leaves  more  than  2  cm.'long. 

*+  Stem-leaves  all  cordate,  crenate-toothed,  slender-peti- 
oled  ;  lateral  lobes  of  the  corolla  almost  equaling  the 
short  upper  lip. 

2.  S.  versicolor  Nutt.      Soft-hairy,   the  hairs  of  the 
inflorescence,  etc.,  partly  viscid-glandular;   stem  mostly 
erect,  3-9  dm.   high  ;   leaves  ovate  or  round-ovate,  very 
veiny,  rugose,  the  floral  reduced  to  broadly  ovate  subentire 
bracts  about  equaling  the  glandular-hairy  calyx  ;  racemes 
mostly  simple  ;  corolla  bright  blue,  with  lower  side  and  lip 
whitish.      (S.  cordifolia   Muhl.  ?,  nomen   subnudum.) — 
Banks   of    streams,    Pa.    to   Wise.,    Minn.,   and    southw. 
June,  July.     FIG.  887. 

3.  S.  saxatilis  Riddell.     Glabrous  or  slightly  hairy; 
stem  weak,  ascending,  1-5  dm .  long,  often  producing  run- 
ners, branched;   leaves  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  1.5-5  cm. 
long,  thin,  obtuse;  upper  bracts  oblong  or  ovate,  small, 


887.  S.  versicolor  X 


LABIATAE    (MINT   FAMILY)  695 

entire  ;  raceme  simple,  loose.  — Moist  shaded  banks,  Del.  to  0.,  s.  in  the  mts.  to 
Va.  and  Tenn.    June,  July. 

•M-  •*-»•  Stem-leaves  if  slender-petioled  not  cordate  (or  only  the  very  lowest  some- 
times so)  ;  lateral  lobes  of  the  usually  violet-blue  corolla  shorter  than  the 
galeate  upper  lip. 

=  Stem-leaves  crenate-dentate  or  serrate, 
a.   Stem-leaves  on  distinct  petioles  (8  mm.  or  more  long}. 

1.  Flowers  in  terminal  single  or  panicled  racemes  ;  the  floral  leaves  gradually 

reduced  to  entire  inconspicuous  bracts. 

4.  S.  serrata  Andr.     Green  and  nearly  glabrous;  stem  rather  simple,  2.5-7 
dm.  high,  with  single  loosely  flowered  racemes;   leaves  serrate,  acuminate  at 
both  ends,  ovate  or  ovate-oblong;  calyx,  etc.,  somewhat  hairy  ;  corolla  2-2.5  cm. 
long,  slender,  its  lips  equal  in  length.  —  Woods,  N.  Y.  and  Pa.  to  111.  and  N.  C. 
May,  June. 

5.  S.  canSscens  Nutt.     Stem  branched  above,  0.5-1.2  m.  high,  with  the 
panicled  many-flowered  racemes,  flowers,  and  the  lower  surface  of  the  ovate  or 
lance-ovate  acute  (at  the  base  acute,  obtuse,  or  cordate)  crenate  leaves  whitish 
with  fine  soft  down,  often  becoming  rather  glabrous ;  bracts  oblong  or  lanceo- 
late;   corolla  2  cm.  long.     (S.  incana  Muhl.?,  nomen  subnudum.)  —  Woods 
and  river-banks,  Pa.  to  s.  Ont.,  Mich.,  and  southw.     July-Aug. 

6.  S.  pilbsa  Michx.     Pubescent  with  spreading  hairs;  stem  nearly  simple, 
2-7  dm.  high ;  leaves  rather  distant,  crenate,  oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  varying  to 
roundish-ovate,  2-5  cm.  long,  the  lower  abrupt  or  heart-shaped  at  base  and  long- 
petioled,  the  upper  on  short  margined  petioles,  veiny ;  bracts  oblong-spatulate  ; 
racemes  short,  often  branched  ;  corolla  1.2-1.7  cm.  long,  rather  slender,  the 
lower  lip  a  little  shorter.  —  Dry  or  sterile  ground,  s.  N.  Y.  to  Mich.,  s.  to  Fla. 
and  Tex.     May,  June. 

Var.  hirsuta  (Short)  Gray.     A  large  form  (8-9  dm.  high),  more  hirsute, 
with  larger  very  coarsely  crenate  leaves.  —  Richer  soil,  Ky.  and  Va. 

2.  Flowers  mostly  borne  on  elongate  branches  even  from  the  base  of  the  plant, 

solitary  in  the  axils  of  mostly  dentate  leaves. 

7.  S.  Churchilliana  Fernald.      Stems  ascending  from  a  slender  rootstock, 
3.5-6  dm.  high,  minutely  pilose,    freely   branching;   the  branches  simple   or 
forked,  flexuous,  mostly  1.5-3  dm.  long;  leaves  ovate-acuminate,  thin,  glabrous 
above,  minutely  pilose  on  the  nerves  beneath,  those  of  the  primary  stem  4-6 
cm.  long,  crenate-dentate,  those  of  the  branchlets  smaller  (1.5-3.5  cm.  long); 
corolla    1-1.5   cm.   long,    slender-funnel-form,   gradually    enlarged    upward. — 
Alluvial  soil,  N.  B.  and  Me.     July-Sept. 

b.    Stem-leaves  subsessile  or  on  short  petioles  (1-4  mm.  long}. 

8.  S.  galericulata  L.    Herbaceous;  subterranean  stolons  not  tuberiferous ; 
smooth  or  a  little  downy,  erect,  1-9  dm.  high  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong, 
acute,  serrate,  roundish  and  slightly  heart-shaped  at  base,  1.5-6   cm.  long  ; 
flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves;  corolla  violet-blue,  1.7-2.2 
cm.  long,  with  slender  tube,  the  large  lower  lip  nearly  erect.  —  Wet  places,  Nfd. 
to  B.  C.,  s.  to  N.  C.,  O.,  and  Neb.     June- Aug. 

=  =  Stem-leaves  (or  all  but  the  lowest}  entire. 

9.  S.  integrifblia  L.     Downy  all  over  with  a  minute  hoariness ;  stems  soli- 
tary and  commonly  simple,  3-8  dm.    high,  from  a  slender  base ;  upper  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate,  mostly  entire,  obtuse,  very  short-petioled,  the  lowest  long- 
petioled,  ovate,  dentate  ;  flowers  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  more  or  less  reduced 
leaves  or  in  terminal  single  or  panicled  racemes  ;  corolla  2-2.5  cm.  long,  much 
enlarged  above,  the  ample  lips  subequal  in  length. — Moist  ground,  e.  Mass,  to 
Fla.  and  Tex.,  chiefly  near  the  coast.     May-July. 

10.  S.  Bushii  Britton.     Stems  numerous,  from   a  short  ligneous  caudex, 
1.6-3  dm.   high,  closely  puberulent ;  leaves  uniform,  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  all 
entire;  flowers  axillary,  along  the  upper  two  thirds  of  the  stem;  corolla  2-2.5 
cm.  long. — Barrens,  s.  Mo.     May,  June. 


696 


LABIATAE    (MINT   FAMILY) 


888.   S.  nervosa. 
An  upper  node  x  %. 
Nutlet  x  5. 


•«-•  H-  Flowers  5-10  mm.  long ;  leaves  at  most  2  cm.  long. 

11.  S.  parvula  Michx.  Herbaceous;  subterranean  stolons  monilifo'fiK-tuber* 
iferous;  pubescent  throughout  with  spreading  often  viscid  hairs,  dwarf  (0.8-3 
din.  high),  branched  and  spreading ;  all  but  the  lower  leaves  sessile  and  entire 
or  sparingly  toothed,  the  lowest  round-ovate,  the  others  ovate  or  lance-ovate, 
slightly  heart-shaped  ;  flowers  axillary.  (Including  var.  mol- 
lis  Gray;  S.  campestris  Britton.) — Sandy  banks,  Vt.  and 
w.  Que.  to  Mich.,  s.  to  Tenn.  and  Tex.  Apr.-July. 

Var.  ambigua  (Nutt.)  Fernald.  Minutely  puberulent  or 
glabrate.  (S.  parvula  Britton,  not  Michx.)  — Me.  to  Wise., 
Ky.,  and  Tex. 

§  2.   Nutlets  conspicuously  winged,  each  raised  on  a  slender 
base. 

*2'  ®e  nerv^sa  Pursh.  Smooth,  simple  or  branched, 
slender,  1.5-5  dm.  high  ;  lower  leaves  roundish,  the  middle 
ovate,  toothed,  somewhat  heart-shaped,  2-4.5  cm.  long,  the 
floral  ovate-lanceolate,  entire  ;  nerve-like  veins  prominent  beneath  ;  corolla  bluish, 
1  cm.  long,  the  lower  lip  exceeding  the  concave  upper  one.  —  Moist  thickets  and 
rich  woods,  s.  Ont.  and  N.  Y.  to  Mo.  and  N.  C.  FIG.  888. 

6.   MARRtTBIUM   [Tourn.]   L.     HOREHOUND 

Calyx-teeth  more  or  less  spiny-pointed  and  spreading  at  maturity.  Upper 
lip  of  the  corolla  erect,  notched,  the  lower  spreading,  3-cleft,  its  middle  lobe 
broadest.  Stamens  4. —  Whitish-woolly  bitter-aromatic  perennials,  branched 
at  the  base,  with  rugose  and  crenate  or  cut  leaves, 
and  many-flowered  axillary  whorls.  (A  name  used 
by  Pliny,  from  the  Hebrew  marrob,  a  bitter  juice.) 

1.  M.  VULGARE  L.  (COMMON  H.)  Stems  ascend- 
ing ;  leaves  round-ovate,  petioled,  crenate-toothed  ; 
whorls  capitate ;  calyx  with  10  recurved  teeth,  the 
alternate  ones  shorter  ;  corolla  small,  white.  —  Waste 
places,  Me.  to  Ont.,  westw.  and  south  w.  June- Aug. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.)  FIG.  889. 


889.   M.  vulgare. 
Node  x  %.    Fruiting  calyx  x  2. 


7.   AGASTACHE  Clayt.     GIANT  HYSSOP 

Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  15-nerved,  oblique,  5-toothed,  the  upper  teeth 
rather  longer  than  the  others.  Upper  lip  of  corolla  nearly  erect,  2-lobed,  the 
lower  3-cleft,  with  the  middle  lobe  crenate.  Stamens  4,  exserted ;  the  upper 
pair  declined,  the  lower  and  shorter  pair  ascending,  so 
that  the  pairs  cross ;  anther-cells  nearly  parallel.  — 
Perennial  tall  herbs,  with  petioled  serrate  leaves,  and 
small  flowers  crowded  in  interrupted  terminal  spikes 
in  summer.  (From  &yav,  much,  and  o-rdxvs,  an  ear 
of  corn,  in  reference  to  the  numerous  spikes.)  Lo- 
PHANTHUS  Benth.,  in  part. 

1.  A.  nepetoides  (L.)  Ktze.     Stem  stout,  0.7-1.5  m. 
high,  sharply  4-angled,  smooth  or  nearly  so  ;   leaves 
ovate,    somewhat  pointed,    coarsely  crenate-toothed, 
5-12  cm.  long ;  spikes  3-12  cm.   long,   crowded    with 
the   ovate  pointed   bracts ;    calyx-teeth   ovate,   rather 
obtuse,   little  shorter  than  the   pale    greenish-yellow 
corolla.      (Lophanthus   Benth.)  —  Borders  of  woods, 
e.  Mass.,  Vt.,  and  w.  Que.  to  Minn.,  and  southw. 

2.  A.  scrophulariaefblia  (Willd.)  Ktze.     Stem  (ob- 
tusely 4-angled)    and  lower  surface  of  the  ovate  or 
somewhat  heart-shaped  acute  leaves  slightly  pubescent ; 


890.   A.  scrophulariaefolia. 
Node  and  spike  x  %. 
Flower  x  2. 


LABIATAE    (MINT   FAMILY)  697 

spikes  0.5-5  dm.  long;  calyx-teeth  lanceolate,  acute,  shorter  than  the  purplish 
corolla;  otherwise  like  the  preceding.  (Lophanthus  Benth.) — N.  H.  to  Ont., 
Mo.,  Ky.,  and  Va.  FIG.  890.  Var.  MOLLIS  (Fernald)  Heller.  Stems  and  lower 
surfaces  of  leaves  densely  villous.  —  Vt.  and  Ct.  to  111. 

3.  A.  Foeniculum  (Pursh)  Ktze.  Smooth,  but  the  ovate  acute  leaves  glaucous- 
ichite  underneath  with  minute  down  ;  calyx-teeth  lanceolate,  acute.  (Lophan- 
thus  anisatus  lieuth.;  A.  anethiodora  Britton.)  — Plains,  L.  Superior  and  Man. 
to  Neb.,  and  westw.  — Foliage  with  the  scent  of  anise. 

8.   MEEHANIA    Britton. 

Calyx  rather  obliquely  5-toothed,  15-nerved.  Corolla  ample,  expanded  at 
the  throat ;  the  upper  lip  flattish  or  concave,  2-lobed,  the  lower  3-cleft,  the 
middle  lobe  largest.  Stamens  4,  ascending,  the  lower  pair  shorter ;  anther- 
cells  parallel.  —  Low  stoloniferous  herb,  with  pale  purplish  flowers.  (Named 
for  the  late  Thomas  Meehan,  Philadelphian  botanist.) 

1.  M.  cordata  (Nutt.)  Britton.  Low,  with  slender  runners,  hairy;  leaves 
broadly  heart-shaped,  crenate,  petioled,  the  floral  shorter  than  the  calyx ; 
whorls  few-flowered,  at  the  summit  of  short  ascending  stems  ;  corolla  hairy 
inside,  2-3.5  cm.  long;  stamens  shorter  than  the  upper  lip.  (Cedronella 
Benth.)  — Moist  shady  banks,  w.  Pa.  to  111.,  Tenn.,  and  N.  C.  June. 

9.   NEPETA  L.    CAT  MINT 

Calyx  tubular,  often  incurved.  Corolla  dilated  in  the  throat ;  the  upper  lip 
erect,  rather  concave,  notched  or  2-cleft ;  the  lower  3-cleft,  the  middle  lobe 
largest,  either  2-lobed  or  entire.  —  Perenn  jal  herbs.  (The  Latin  name,  thought 
to  be  derived  from  Nepete,  an  Etruscan  city.) 

§  1.  C  ATARI  A  [Tourn.]  Reichenb.  Cymose  clusters  rather  dense  and  many- 
flowered,  forming  interrupted  spikes  or  racemes ;  upper  floral  leaves  small 
*and  bract-like. 

1.  N.  CATARIA  L.  (CATNIP.)  Downy,  erect,  branched  ;  leaves  heart-shaped, 
oblong,  deeply  crenate,  whitish-downy  underneath  ;  corolla  whitish,  dotted 
with  purple.  —  Near  dwellings  ;  a  common  weed.  July-Sept.  (Nat.  from  Eu. ) 

§  2.  GLECH6MA  (L.)  Benth.  Leaves  all  alike  ; 
the  axillary  clusters  loosely  few-flowered. 

2.  N.  HEDERACEA  (L.)  Trevisan.  (GROUND 
IVY,  GILL-OVER-THE-GROUND.)  Creeping  and 
trailing  ;  leaves  petioled,  round-kidney-shaped, 
crenate,  green  both  sides ;  corolla  thrice  the 
length  of  the  calyx,  light  blue.  (Glecoma  L.  ; 
N.  hederacea.  N.  Glechoma  Benth.)  —  Damp  or  shady  places, 

Node  x  V2.  near    towns.      May-July.      (Nat.   from  Eu.) 

Longitudinal  section  of  flower  x  2.        FlG.   891. 

10.  DRACOCEPHALUM   [Tourn.]  L.     DRAGON  HEAD 

Calyx  tubular,  13-15-nerved,  5-toothed.  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  slightly 
arched  and  notched  ;  the  lower  3-cleft,  with  its  middle  lobe  largest  and  2-cleft 
or  notched  at  the  end.  —  Whorls  many-flowered,  mostly  spiked  or  capitate,  and 
with  awn-toothed  or  fringed  leafy  bracts.  (Name  from  dpdKwv,  a  dragon,  and 
/ce0a\^,  head,  alluding  to  the  form  of  the  corolla  in  the  original  species.) 

1.  D.  parviflbrum  Nutt.  Annual  or  biennial ;  stem  erect,  leafy,  1.5-8  dm. 
high  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  sharply  cut-toothed,  petioled  ;  whorls  crowded 
in  a  terminal  head  or  spike;  upper  tooth  of  the  calyx  ovate,  nearly  equaling 


698 


LABI  AT  AE    (MINT   FAMILY) 


the  small  slender  bluish  corolla.  —  Rocky  or  gravelly 
calcareous  soil,  chiefly  in  recent  clearings,  e.  Que.  to 
Yukon,  south w.  to  n.  and  w.  N.  Y.,  Mich.,  Wise.,  la., 
N.  Mex.,  and  Ariz.;  occasionally  adventive  in  N.  E. 
June-Aug.  FIG.  892. 

11.   PRUNELLA  L.     SELF-HEAL 

Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  somewhat  10-nerved, 
naked  in  the  throat,  closed  in  fruit ;  upper  lip  broad, 
truncate.  Corolla  ascending,  slightly  contracted  at  the 
throat  and  dilated  at  the  lower  side  just  beneath  it, 
2-lipped  ;  upper  lip  erect,  arched,  entire ;  the  lower 
reflexed-spreading,  3-cleft,  its  lateral  lobes  oblong,  the 
middle  one  rounded,  concave,  denticulate.  Filaments 
2-toothed  at  the  apex,  the  lower  tooth  bearing  the 
anther ;  anthers  approximate  in  pairs,  their  cells  diverging.  —  Low  perennials, 
with  nearly  simple  stems,  and  3-flowered  clusters  of  flowers  sessile  in  the  axils 
of  round  and  bract-like  membranaceous  floral  leaves,  imbricated  in  a  close  spike 
or  head.  (Name  said  to  be  from  the  German  Braune,  a  disease  of  the  throat, 
for  which  this  plant  was  a  reputed  remedy.  Often  written  Brunella,  which 
was  a  pre-Linnean  form.) 

1.  P.  vulgaris  L.  (HEAL-ALL,  CARPENTER-WEED.)  Leaves  ovate-oblong, 
entire  or  toothed,  petioled,  hairy  or  smoothish  ;  corolla  violet  or  flesh-color, 
rarely  white,  not  twice  the  length  of  the  purplish  calyx. — Woods  and  fields, 
Nfd.  to  Fla.,  westw.  across  the  continent.  June-Sept.  (Eu.)  Var.  LACINIATA  L. 
Some  upper  leaves  tending  to  be  pinnatifid.  (P.  laciniata  L.)  —  Said  to  be 
introd.  near  Washington,  D.  C.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


892.   D.  parviflorum. 
Inflorescence  x  l/z. 
Fruiting  calyx  x  2. 


12.   PHYSOSTEGIA  Benth.     FALSE  DRAGON  HEAD 

Calyx  obscurely  10-nerved,  short-tubular  or  bell-shaped,  more  or  less  enlarged 
and  slightly  inflated  in  fruit.     Corolla  funnel-form,  with  a  much  inflated  throat, 
2-lipped  ;  upper  lip  erect,  nearly  entire  ;  the  lower  3-parted,  spreading,  small,  its 
middle  lobe  larger,  broad  and  rounded,  notched.  — 
Smooth  perennials,  with  upright  wand-like  stems, 
and  sessile  lanceolate  or  oblong  mostly  serrate  leaves. 
Flowers  large  and  showy,  rose  or  flesh-color  varie- 
gated with  purple,  opposite,  crowded  in  simple  or 
panicled  terminal  leafless  spikes.    (Name  from  00<ra, 
a  bladder,  and  0-7-^777,  a  covering,  in  allusion  to  the 
calyx,  which  is  at  length  somewhat  inflated.) 

*  Stem  conspicuously  leafy  up  to  the  inflorescence. 

1.  P.  virginiana  (L.)  Benth.  Stem  0.5-1.3  m. 
high,  terminated  by  a  simple  virgate  spike  or  several 
panicled  spikes ;  leaves  thickish,  mostly  sharply 
serrate  ;  calyx  tubular-campanulate,  its  teeth  half 
the  length  of  the  tube,  acuminate,  at  length  acerose- 
tipped  ;  corolla  1.8-2.3  cm.  long. — Wet  grounds, 
from  w.  Que.  westw.  and  southw.  ;  frequently 
escaped  from  cultivation  in  e.  N.  E.  June-Sept. 
FIG.  893. 

P.  parvifl6ra  Nutt.  Stem  2-6  dm.  high,  simple 
to  the  inflorescence  ;  leaves  thin,  lanceolate,  den- 
ticulate to  serrate  ;  spikes  short  and  dense  ;  calyx- 
teeth  short  and  blunt;  corolla  1-1.5  cm.  long. — • 
Wet  banks,  Wise,  to  Sask.,  N.  Dak.,  and  westw. 
July-Sept 


893.  P.  yirginiana. 
Leaf  and  bit  of  spike  x  % 
Anther  x  3. 


LABI  AT  AE    (MINT    FAMILY)  699 

*  *  Stem-leaves  greatly  reduced  upioard,  the  inflorescences  long-pedunculate. 

?.  P.  denticulata  (Ait.)  Britton.  Slender,  simple,  or  the  inflorescence 
branched,  0.6-1.2  dm.  high  ;  leaves  thick,  pale  green,  from  crenate-dentate  to 
serrate  ;  spikes  solitary  or  in  large  plants  several  and  paniculately  disposed, 
rather  loose  ;  corolla  2.5-3.5  cm.  long.  (P.  virginiana,  var.  Gray.) — Prairies, 
river-banks,  etc.,  Va.  to  111.,  Kan.,  and  southw.  June-Aug. 

4.  P.  intermedia  (Nutt.)  Engelm.  &  Gray.  Slender,  3-15  dm.  high,  remotely 
leaved  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  repand-denticulate ;  rhachis  filiform,  rather 
remotely  flowered;  calyx  short  and  broadly  campanulate ;  corolla  1-1.5  cm. 
long,  much  dilated  upward.  —  Barrens,  w.  Ky.  and  Ark.  to  La.  and  Tex. 

13.   SYNiNDRA  Nutt. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  inflated,  membranaceous,  irregularly  veiny.  Corolla  with 
a  long  tube,  much  expanded  above  and  at  the  throat ;  the  upper  lip  slightly 
arched,  entire,  the  lower  spreading  and  3-cleft,  with  ovate  lobes,  the  middle  one 
broadest  and  notched  at  the  end.  Filaments  hairy  ;  anthers  approximate  in 
pairs  under  the  upper  lip  ;  the  two  upper  each  with  one  fertile  and  one  smaller 
sterile  cell,  the  latter  cells  cohering  together  (whence  the  name ;  from  <rtv, 
together,  and  dvr/p,  for  anther}. 

1.  S.  hispidula  (Michx.)  Britton.  Hairy  biennial,  3-6  dm.  high;  lower 
leaves  long-petioled,  broadly  ovate,  heart-shaped,  crenate,  thin,  the  floral  sessile, 
gradually  reduced  to  bracts,  each  with  a  single  sessile  flower ;  corolla  3-4  cm. 
long,  yellowish-white.  (S.  grandiflora  Nutt.)  —  Shady  banks  of  streams,  O.  to 
111.,  Tenn.,  and  Va.  June. 

14.   PHL6MIS    [Tourn.]  L.     JERUSALEM  SAGE 

Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  arched ;  the  lower  spreading,  3-cleft.  Stamens  as- 
cending under  the  upper  lip ;  the  filaments  of  the  upper  pair  longer  than  the 
others  in  P.  tuberosa,  with  an  awl-shaped  appendage  at  base  ;  anther-cells  di- 
vergent and  confluent.  —  Leaves  rugose.  Whorls  dense  and  many-flowered, 
axillary,  remote,  bracted.  (An  old  Greek  name  of  a  woolly  plant.) 

1.  P.  TUBER6SA  L.  Tall  perennial,  nearly  smooth  ;  leaves  ovate-heart-shaped, 
crenate,  petioled,  the  floral  oblong-lanceolate  ;  bracts  awl-shaped,  hairy ;  upper 
lip  of  the  purple  corolla  densely  bearded  with  white  hairs  on  the  inside.  —  Shore 
of  L.  Ontario,  N.  Y.,  local.  June,  July.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

15.    GALE6PSIS  L.     HEMP  NETTLE 

Calyx  about  5-nerved,  with  5  somewhat  equal  teeth.  Corolla  dilated  at  the 
throat ;  upper  lip  ovate,  arched,  entire  ;  the  lower  3-cleft,  spreading,  the  lateral 
lobes  ovate,  the  middle  one  inversely  heart-shaped  ;  palate  with  2  teeth  at  the 
sinuses.  —  Annuals,  with  spreading  branches,  and  several-many-flowered  whorls 
in  the  axils  of  floral  leaves  which  are  nearly  like  the  lower  ones.  (Name  com- 
posed of  70X^77,  a  weasel,  and  6\(/Ls,  appearance,  from  some  fancied  likeness  of 
the  corolla  to  the  head  of  a  weasel. ) 

1.  G.  TETR\IIIT  L.     (COMMON  H.)     Stem  swollen  below  the  joints,  bristly- 
hairy ;   leaves  ovate,  coarsely  serrate;   corolla  purplish,  white,  or  variegated, 
about  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx.  —  Waste  places  and  fields,  common.     June- 
Sept.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  G.  LADANUM  L.     (RED  H.)     Stem  can escent  with  appressed  pubescence  ; 
leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  more  or  less  downy,  entire  or  obscurely  serrate  ; 
corolla  red  or  rose-color  (often  spotted  with  yellow),  much  exceeding  the  calyx. 
—  Ballast  and  waste  places,  N.  B.  to  Mich,  and  N.  J.,  local.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 
Var.  LATIF6LIA  Wallr.     Leaves  ovate-oblong,  sharply  toothed;  upper  parts  ol 
the  plant  copiously  glandular.  —  Similar  places,  casual.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


TOO 


LABIATAE   (MINT  FAMILY^ 


16.    LAMIUM   L.     DEAD  NETTLE 

Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  about  5-nerved,  with  5  nearly  equal  awl-pointed 
teeth.  Corolla  dilated  at  the  throat;  upper  lip  ovate  or  oblong,  arched,  nar- 
rowed at  the  base ;  the  middle  lobe  of  the  spreading  lower  lip  broad,  notched 
at  the  apex,  contracted  as  if  stalked  at  the  base  ;  the  lateral  ones  small,  at  the 
margin  of  the  throat.  —  Decumbent  herbs,  the  lowest  leaves  small  and  long- 
petioled,  the  middle  heart-shaped  and  doubly  toothed,  the  floral  subtending  the 
whorled  flower-cluster.  (Name  from  Xai^i6s,  throat,  in  allusion  to  the  ringent 
corolla.) 

*  Annuals  or  biennials,  low  ;  flowers  small,  purplish,  at  most  1.5  cm.  long. 

1.  L.  AMPLEXICAULE  L.     (HENBiT.)     Leaves  rounded,  deeply  crenate-toothed 
or  cut,  the  upper  ones  clasping  ;  corolla  elongated,  upper  lip  bearded,  the  lower 
spotted,    lateral  lobes  truncate. — Waste   and    cultivated    places.      Apr.-Oct, 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  L.  PURPUREUM  L.      Leaves  roundish  or  oblong,  heart-shaped,  crenate- 
toothed,  allpetioled.  —  N.  E.  to  N.  C.    Apr.,  May.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Perennial,  taller;  flowers  larger. 

3.  L.  ALBUM  L.     Hairy  ;  leaves  ovate,  heart- 
shaped,  petioled  ;  calyx-teeth  very  slender,  spread- 
ing ;    corolla    white,    the    tube    curved    upward, 
obliquely  contracted  near  the  base,  where  there  is 
a  ring  of  hairs  inside  ;  lateral  lobes  of  lower  lip 
bearing  a  long    slender   tooth.  —  Roadsides  and 
waste  places,   mostly   escaped   from   cultivation. 
May-July.     (Introd.  from  Eu.)     FIG.  894. 

4.  L.  MACULATUM  L.    Like  the  last,  but  leaves 
more  frequently  marked  with  a  white  spot  on  the 
upper  face,  and  flowers  purplish  or  white,  with 
the  ring  of  hairs  transverse  instead  of  oblique.  — 

Sparingly  escaped  to  roadsides  and  thickets.     May-July.     (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

17.   LEONtTRUS  L.    MOTHERWORT 

Calyx  5-nerved,  with  5  nearly  equal  teeth.  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  oblong 
and  entire,  somewhat  arched  ;  the  lower  spreading,  3-lobed,  its  middle  lobe 
larger,  narrowly  oblong-obovate,  entire,  the  lateral  ones  oblong.  — Upright  herbs, 
with  cut-lobed  leaves,  and  close  whorls  of  flowers  in  their  axils  ;  in  summer. 
(Name  from  \£uv,  a  lion,  and  ovpd,  tail,  i.e.  Lion's-tail.) 

1.  L.  CARDIACA  L.     (COMMON  M.)     Tall  perennial  ;  leaves  long-petioled,  the 
lower  rounded,  palmately  lobed,  the  floral  wedge-shaped  at  base,  subentire  or 
3-cleft,  the  lobes  lanceolate  ;   upper  Up  of  the  pale  purple  corolla  bearded.  — 
Waste  places,  around  dwellings.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  L.  MARRUBIASTRUM  L.     Tall  biennial,  with  elongated  branches  ;   stem- 
leaves  oblong-ovate,  coarsely  toothed;  corolla  whitish,  shorter  than  the  calyx- 
teeth,  the  tube  naked  within;  lower  lip  rather  erect.  —  Waste  places,  etc.,  Pa. 
and  Del.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.  L.  SIBIRICUS  L.     Tall  biennial ;  leaves  ^-parted,  the  divisions  2-5-cleft,  or 
deeply  3-7-cleft  and  incised;  corolla  purplish,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  the 
upper  lip  fornicate,  the  lower  little  spreading.  —  Waste  grounds,  Pa.  and  Del. 
(Adv.  from  Eurasia.) 

18.    BALL6TA  L.     FETID  HOREHOUND 

Calyx  nearly  funnel-form  ;  the  10-ribbed  tube  expanded  above  into  a  spread- 
ing regular  border,  with  5-10  teeth.  Anthers  exserted  beyond  the  tube  of  the 
corolla,  approximate  in  pairs.  Otherwise  much  as  in  Marrubium.  (The  Greek 
name,  of  uncertain  origin.) 


LABIATAE    (MINT   FAMILY)  701 

1.  B.  N!GRA  L.  (BLACK  HOREHOUND.)  More  or  less  hairy,  but  green,  erect ; 
the  root  perennial ;  leaves  ovate,  toothed  ;  whorls  many-flowered,  dense  ;  calyx- 
teeth  6,  longer  than  the  tube  of  the  purplish  corolla.  — Waste  places,  N.  E.,  Pa., 
etc.,  rare.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

19.    STACHYS    [Tourn.]    L.     HEDGE  NETTLE 

Corolla  not  dilated  at  the  throat ;  upper  lip  erect  or  rather  spreading,  often 
arched,  entire  or  nearly  so  ;  the  lower  usually  longer  and  spreading,  3-lobed, 
with  the  middle  lobe  largest  and  nearly  entire.  Stamens  4,  ascending  under  the 
upper  lip  (often  reflexed  on  the  throat  after  flowering) ;  anthers  approximate  in 
pairs.  Nutlets  obtuse,  not  truncate.  —  Whorls  2-many-flowered,  approximate 
in  a  terminal  raceme  or  spike  (whence  the  name,  from  <rrdxvs,  a  spike). 

a.    Annuals. 

Stem  smoothish  ;  corolla  yellow,  much  exceeding  the  calyx  .        .  1.   S.  annua. 

Stem  hirsute ;  corolla  purplish,  about  equaling  the  calyx        .        .  2.  S.  arvensis. 

a.    Perennials  b. 

b.   Stems  glabrous  on  the  sides,  smooth  or  bristly  on  the  angles  c. 
c.   Calyx-teeth  triangular-lanceolate,  about  equaling  the  tube. 

Leaves  entire  or  obscurely  toothed,  linear  or  linear-oblong      .  8.  S.  hyssopifoUa. 

Leaves  regularly  serrate  or  serrulate. 

Leaves  5-13  mm.  broad,  their  petioles  1-3  mm.  long     .        .  4.  8.  ambigua. 

Leaves  broader,  their  petioles  5-15(-20)  mm.  long. 
Leaves  rounded-truncate  to  cuneate  at  base,  acute  or  merely 

acuminate  at  tip 5.   S.  tenuifolia. 

Leaves  heart-shaped  at  base,  caudate-acuminate  at  tip      .        .      6.  8.  Nuttallii. 
c.   Calyx -teeth  broadly  deltoid,  much  shorter  than  the  tube     .        .  7.  8.  latidens. 

&.   Stems  pubescent  (or  puberulent)  on  the  sides  as  well  as  on  the  angles. 

Leaves  linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  10-12  times  as  long  as  broad  .  8.  S.  arenicola, 

Leaves  broader,  oblong  to  cordate-ovate. 
Leaves  subsessile  or  very  short-petioled,  the  lower  petioles  not 

conspicuously  longer  than  the  upper 9.  S.  palustris. 

Lower  leaves  on  elongate  petioles,  the  upper  on  shorter  petioles  or 

subsessile. 

Calyx-teeth  broad -deltoid,  much  shorter  than  the  tube         .        .    10.   8.  cordata. 
Calyx-teeth  lance-deltoid,  nearly  equaling  the  tube        .        .        .11.  S.  salvioides. 

1.  S.  ANNUA  L.     Erect  smoothish  annual,'  leaves  oblong  to  oblanceolate,  the 
lower  crenate,  the  upper  subentire  ;  calyx  pilose  and  glandular-puberulent,  6-8 
mm.  long,  the  subequal  lanceolate  lobes  about  equaling  the  tube  ;  corolla  yellow, 
1.5  cm.  long.  —  Waste  places  and  ballast,  chiefly  about  Atlantic  ports.    July, 
Aug.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  S.  ARVENSIS  L.     Low  decumbent  annual;  stems  hirsute;  leaves  ovate, 
crenate,  subcordate,  hirsute,  the  lower  long-petioled ;  calyx  4.5-6  mm.  long, 
hirsute,  about  equaling  the  purplish  corolla.  —  Waste  places  and  ballast,  chiefly 
near  Atlantic  ports.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.  S.  hyssopifblia  Michx.     Smooth  and  glabrous,  or  the  nodes  hirsute  ;  stems 
slender,  2-5  dm.  high  ;  leaves  linear-oblong  or  narrowly  linear,  sessile,  entire  or 
obscurely  toothed  toward  the  apex,  2-5  cm.  long,  3-10  mm.  wide  ;  whorls  4-6- 
flowered,  rather  distant ;  corolla  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  triangular- 
awl-shaped  spreading  calyx-teeth.  —  Wet  sandy  places,  Mass,  to  Fla. ;  s.  Mich. 
July-Sept. 

4.  S.  ambigua  (Gray)  Britton.     Resembling  the  preceding,  but  stouter,  with 
scattered  retrorse  bristles  on  the  angles  of  the  stem,  and  with  serrulate  leaves 
about  1  cm.  broad.     (S.  hyssopifolia,  var.  Gray.)  —  Pa.  to  Wise.,  and  southw. 
June-Aug. 

5.  S.  tenuifblia  Willd.     Rootstock  slender;  stem  slender,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous throughout,  or  with  few  minute  bristles  on  the  angles ;  leaves  lanceolate 
to  oblong,  taper-pointed,  sharply  toothed,  mostly  5-10  cm.  long,  short-petioled, 
only  the  lower  floral  longer  than  the  flowers  ;  spike  slender  and  interrupted  ; 
calyx  glabrous,  the  tube  rather  slender,   the   lance-subulate   teeth  somewhat 
spreading.     (S.  aspera,  var.  glabra  Gray.)  —  Wet  ground,  N.  Y.  to  la.,  and 
southw. 

Var.  aspera  (Michx.)  Fernald.  Angles  of  the  stem  beset  with  long  reflexed 
bristles;  leaves  oblong-  to  ovate-lanceolate,  short-petioled,  more  or  less  hairy; 


702  LABIATAE    (MINT   FAMILY) 

calyx  slightly  larger,  the  teeth  often  less  spreading.     (S.  aspera  Michx.)  —  Vt. 
ande.  Mass,  to  Ont.,  and  southw.    July,  Aug. 

6.  S.  Nuttdllii  Shuttlw.     Tall,  very  hirsute  on  the  angles  ;  leaves  cordate- 
ovate  to  -oblong,  hirsute  on  the  veins,  serrate-dentate,  caudate-acuminate;  spike 
very  interrupted,  the  lower  verticels  borne  in  the  axils  of  the  short-petioled  foil- 
age  leaves;  calyx  hirsute,  the  spiny  teeth  nearly  equaling  the  corolla-tube. — 
O.  and  Va.  to  Tenn. 

7.  S.  latidens  Small.     Stem  stout,  6-7  dm.  high,  smooth,  or  finely  setose  on 
the  angles;    leaves  ovate-oblong,   subcordate,   glabrous   or  sparingly  setulose, 
short-petioled,  mostly  1-1.3  dm.  long,  3-5  cm.  broad,  coarsely  crenate-dentate  ; 
spike  slender  and  interrupted,  the  lowest  floral  leaves  large  ;  calyx  pubescent, 
short-campanulate,  with  short  deltoid  firm  teeth.  —  Mts.  of  Va.,  N.  C.,  and  Tenn. 

8.  S.  arenicola  Britton.     Stem  3-6  dm.  high,  copiously  retrorse-hispid  on  the 
sides  and  angles  ;  leaves  linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  6-10  cm.  long,  5-10  mm. 
wide,  densely  pubescent  on  both  faces,   crenate-serrate  ;  spike  dense,  slightly 
interrupted ;  the  lower  bracts  much  exceeding  the  flowers,  the  upper  short,  all 
densely  hispid  ;  calyx  hispid,  the  lobes  acicular  ;  corolla  inconspicuous,  the  upper 
lip  hispid.  —  Sandy  soil,  N.  Y.  to  111.  and  Mich. 

9.  S.  palustris    L.     (WOUNDWOUT.)      Rootstock  tuberous-thickened,  freely 
stoloniferous ;  stem  3-10  dm.  high,  leafy,  hirsute  on  the  angles  with  spreading  or 
reflexed  hairs,  the  sides  more  finely  appressed-pubescent ;  leaves  sessile,  or  the 
lower  short-petioled,  lanceolate  to  ovate-oblong,  crenate-serrate,  rounded  at  base, 
downy  or  hairy,  obtusish,  4-10  cm.  long,  only  the  uppermost  floral  ones  shorter 
than  the  nearly  sessile  calyx  ;  whorls  6-10-flowered,  the  upper  crowded  into  an 
interrupted  spike  ;  calyx  hispid,  the  lance-subulate  teeth  somewhat  spiny,  half 
the  length  of  the  corolla,  diverging  in  fruit.  —  Wet  ground,  Nfd.  to  the  Macken- 
zie, s.  to  N.  C.,  0.,  111.,  Minn.,  Col.,  etc.     (Eurasia.)     Var.  HOMOTRICHA  Fer- 
nald.     Sides  of  the  stems  and  the  angles  almost  uniformly  hirsute  with  long 
retrorse  hairs.  — N.  B.  to  Ct.,  centr.  N.  Y.,  and  westw. 

10.  ^  S.  cordata  Riddell.     Stem  rather  weak,  long-hirsute  on  the  angles,  6-8 
dm.  high  ;  leaves  long-petioled,  all  ovate-  or  oblong-cordate,  acuminate,  crenate, 
7-15  cm.  long,   the  floral  mostly  minute  ;   spikes  slender,  of  numerous  few- 
flowered  clusters  ;  calyx  small,  with  very  short  teeth  ;  corolla  about  1  cm.  long.  — 
Thickets,  s.  0.  to  Va.  and  Tenn. 

11.  S.  salvioides  Small.     Stems  closely  glandular-puberulent  to  short-hirsute, 
3-9  dm.  high ;  leaves  petioled,  the  petioles  glandular-short-hirsute,  the  closely 
pubescent  cordate-ovate  dentate  acuminate  blade  6-12  cm.  long ;  spike  slender, 
few-flowered ;   the   bracts  ovate,  about  equaling  the  calyx ;   calyx-lobes  lance- 
deltoid,  about  equaling  the  tube;    corolla  about  1  cm.  long. — Stony  soil,  Va. 
and  W.  Va.  to  Tenn. 

20.  SALVIA  [Tourn.]  L.     SAGE 

Upper  lip  of  calyx  3-toothed  or  entire,  the  lower  2-cleft.  Corolla  deeply 
2-lipped,  ringent ;  upper  lip  straight  or  scythe-shaped,  entire  or  barely  notched, 
the  lower  spreading  or  pendent,  3-lobed,  its  middle  lobe  larger.  Stamens  on 
short  filaments,  jointed  with  the  elongated  transverse  connective,  one  end  of 
which,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip,  bears  a  linear  1-celled  (half-)  anther,  the 
other,  usually  descending,  bears  an  imperfect  or  deformed  (half-)  anther  or 
none  at  all.  —  Flowers  mostly  large  and  showy,  in  spiked,  racemed,  or  panicled 
whorls.  (Name  from  salvare,  to  save,  in  allusion  to  the  reputed  healing  qualities 
of  Sage.) 

*  Both  anther-cells  polliniferous  ;  leaves  mostly  lyrately  lobed  or  pinnatifid. 

1.  S.  lyrata  L.  (LYRE-LEAVED  S.)  Low  perennial,  2-6  dm.  high,  some- 
what hairy  ;  stem  nearly  simple  and  naked  ;  root-leaves  lyre-shaped  or  sinuate- 
pinnatifid,  sometimes  almost  entire ;  those  of  the  stem  mostly  a  single  pair, 
smaller  and  narrower ;  bracts  oblong-linear,  not  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  whorls 
loose  and  distant,  forming  an  interrupted  raceme;  upper  lip  of  the  blue-purple 
pubescent  corolla  (2-3  cm.  long)  short,  straight,  not  vaulted.  —  Sandy  woods 
and  barrens,  Ct.  to  111.,  s.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  May,  June. 


LABIATAE    (MINT   FAMILY)  703 

*  *  Lower  anther-cell  wanting;  the  sterile  ends  of  the  connectives  mostly  united. 
t-  Calyx  obscurely  bilabiate;  corolla  1.5-2.5  cm.  long,  with  prominently  exserted 

tube. 

2.  S.  azurea  Lam.,  var.  grandiflbra  Benth.     Cinereous-puberulent,  0.6-1.5 
m.    high  ;   lower  leaves  lanceolate   or  oblong,    obtuse,    denticulate  or  serrate, 
tapering  to  a  short  petiole  ;  upper  narrower,  often  linear,  entire  ;  inflorescence 
spike-like,  tomentulose-sericeous  ;  calyx-teeth  short,  the  broad  upper  lip  entire  ; 
corolla  blue  or  white.    (8.  Pitcheri  Torr.)  —  Minn,  to  Mo.,  westw.  and  southw. 
July-Sept. 

t-  •«-  Calyx  deeply  bilabiate;  corolla-tube  hardly  at  all  exserted. 
•w-  Annual. 

3.  S.  lanceaefblia  Poir.     Puberulent  or  nearly  glabrous,  1-12  dm.  high; 
leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-oblong,  irregularly  serrate  or  nearly  entire,  tapering 
to  a  slender  petiole ;  inflorescence  virgate-spiciform,  interrupted;  upper  Up  of 
calyx  entire,  lower  2-cleft ;  corolla  blue,  1  cm.  long,  little  exserted;  style  gla- 
brous or  nearly  so.     (S.  lanceolata  Broussonet,  not  Lam.) — Plains  and  open 
soil,  Ind.  (a  P.  Smith}  to  Neb.,  Tex.,  and  Ariz. ;   introd.  at  Columbus,  O. 
(Kellerman).    May-Oct. 

t-t.  -w  Perennials. 
=  Pedicels  about  equaling  the  fruiting  calyx. 

4.  S.  urticif61ia  L.      Villous-pubescent  and  somewhat  viscid,  or  glabrate,  3-6 
dm.  high  ;  leaves  coarsely  serrate,  ovate,  with  truncate  or  cuneate  base  decurrent 
into  a  winged  petiole;  inflorescence  racemose-spicate,  of  numerous  distant  clus- 
ters ;  calyx-lips  divergent,  the  upper  ^-toothed,  lower  2-cleft ;  corolla  blue  and 
white,  1-1.5  cm.  long,  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx;  style  strongly  bearded. — 
Woodlands,  Pa.  to  Ky.,  s.  to  Ga.  and  La.     May-July. 

=  =  Pedicels  much  shorter  than  the  fruiting  calyx. 

5.  S.  SCL\REA  L.     (CLARY.)     Villous-pubescent,  viscid,  stout,  1  m.  or  less 
high  ;  leaves  ample,  long-petioled,  ovate  and  cordate,  crenate,  rugose,  the  floral 
forming  large  bracts  of  the  spike,  tinged  with  white  and  rose-color  ;   corolla 
white  and  bluish,  rather  large,  the  long  upper  lip  falcate  and  compressed.  — 
Escaped  from  gardens,  from  Pa.  southw.     (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

6.  S.  VERBENACA  L.     Puberulent  to  villous,  3-6  dm.  high  ;  leaves  ovate  or 
oblong,   mostly  sinuate-incised  or   moderately  pinnatifid,   the    lobes    crenate- 
toothed,  rugose,  the  few  cauline  mostly  sessile,  the  floral  inconspicuous;  spike 
interrupted ;  calyx  reflexed  after  flowering  ;  corolla  bluish,  small,  the  upper  lip 
nearly  straight.  —  Sparingly  in  waste  places,  Middle  and  Southern  States.    (Nat. 
from  Eu.) 

21.   MONARDA  L.     HORSE  MINT 

Calyx  15-nerved,  usually  hairy  in  the  throat.  Corolla  elongated,  with  a 
slightly  expanded  throat ;  lips  linear  or  oblong,  somewhat  equal,  the  upper 
erect,  entire  or  slightly  notched,  the  lower  spreading,  3-lobed  at  the  apex,  its 
lateral  lobes  ovate  and  obtuse,  the  middle  one  narrower  and  slightly  notched. 
Stamens  elongated,  ascending,  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla.  —  Odorous 
erect  herbs,  with  entire  or  toothed  leaves,  and  large  attractive  flowers  in  a  few 
verticels  closely  surrounded  by  bracts.  (Dedicated  to  Nicolas  Monardes,  author 
of  many  tracts  upon  medicinal  and  other  useful  plants,  especially  those  of  the 
New  World,  in  the  latter  half  of  the  16th  century.) 

*  Stamens  and  style  exserted  beyond  the  linear  straight  acute  upper  lip  of  the 
corolla ;  heads  solitary  and  terminal  or  sometimes  2  or  3 ;  leaves  acutely 
more  or  less  serrate  ;  perennials. 
•*-  Leaves  petioled;  calyx-teeth  scarcely  longer  than  the  width  of  the  tube. 

•w-  Glabrous  or  villous. 
=  Calyx  smooth  or  smoothish  in  the  throat. 

1.  M.  dldyma  L.  (OswEGO  TEA,  BEE  BALM.)  Stem  somewhat  hairy, 
1  m.  or  less  high,  acutely  4-angled  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  the  floral 


704  LABIATAE   (MINT   FAMILY) 

ones  and  the  large  outer  bracts  tinged  with  red ;  calyx  smoothish,  nearly  naked 
in  the  throat;  corolla  smooth  or  minutely  pubescent,  4-5  cm.  long,  bright  red, 
showy.  —  Moist  woods,  by  streams,  w.  Que.,  Ont.,  and  south w.  July,  Aug. 

=  =  Calyx  hairy  in  the  throat. 

2.  M.  clinopbdia  L.     Nearly  glabrous  to  villous-pubescent ;  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate  and  ovate  ;  bracts  whitish ;  calyx  moderately  hirsute  in  the  throat ; 
corolla  slightly  pubescent,  2-2.5  cm.  long,  dull  white  or  flesh-colored.  —  Shady 
places,  ravines,  etc.,  N.  Y.  to  111.  and  Ga.    July. 

3.  M.  fistul&sa  L.     (WILD  BERGAMOT.)     Branches  more  or  less  villous  or 
hirsute,  0.5-1.5  m.  high  ;    leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  pubescent  especially  beneath, 
the  uppermost  and  outer  bracts  somewhat  colored  (whitish  or  purplish);  calyx 
slightly  curved,  very  hairy  in  the  throat;  corolla  2.5-4  cm.  long,  lilac  or  pink, 
the  upper  lip  very  hairy. — Dry  soil,  N.  E.  to  Col.  and  Tex.  ;  often  cultivated 
and  mostly  introd.  northeastw.    Var.  RtmRA  Gray.    Stem  smooth ;  corolla  bright 
crimson  or  rose-red ;  habit  of  no.  1,  but  upper  lip  of  corolla  villous-bearded  on 
the  back  at  tip ;  throat  of  calyx  with  the  outer  bristly  hairs  widely  spreading. 
(M.  media  Willd.)  —  Me.  to   Ont.  and   Tenn.;   mostly  introd.  northw.    July, 
Aug. 

•w  ++  Leaves  canescent  (especially  beneath)  with  minute  appressed  puberulence. 

4.  M.  m611is  L.     Tall  and  branching ;  leaves  firm,  oblong-  or  deltoid-ovate, 
long-acuminate  ;  throat  of  calyx  mostly  filled  with  dense  beard,  with  sometimes 
an  outer  row  of  bristles  ;   corolla   flesh-color  to   lilac,  glandular,  its  upper  lip 
hairy  outside  or  more  bearded  at  the  tip.     (M.  scabra  Beck  ;  M.  fistulosa,  var. 
mollis  Benth.)  — Dry  plains,  Me.  to  Man.,  and  southw.     July,  Aug. 

I-  -»-  Leaves  nearly  sessile;  calyx-teeth  elongated,  lax;  head  solitary. 

5.  M.  Bradburiana   Beck.     Leaves  clothed  with   long  soft  hairs,  especially 
underneath  ;  the  floral  and  the  outer  bracts  somewhat  heart-shaped,  purplish  ; 
calyx  smoothish,  contracted  above,  very  hairy  in  the  throat,  with  awl-shaped 
awned  teeth  ;  corolla  smoothish,  bearded  at  the  tip  of  the  upper  lip,  scarcely 
twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  pale-purplish  or  white,  the  lower  lip  dotted  with 
purple.  —  Thickets  and  woods,  Ind.  to  Tenn.  and  Mo.     May-July. 

*  *  Stamens  not  exceeding  the  falcate  upper  lip  of  the  short  corolla;  heads  axil- 
lary or  interrupted-spicate  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  sparsely  serrate, 
tapering  into  the  petiole. 

6.  M.  punctata  L.     (HORSE  MINT.)     Perennial,  minutely  downy,  3-9  dm. 
high  ;  leaves  petioled,  lanceolate,  narrowed  at  base  ;   bracts  lanceolate,  blunt, 
obtuse  at  base,  sessile,  yellowish  and  purple  ;  teeth  of  the  downy  calyx  short  and 
awnless,  rigid,  soon  spreading  ;  corolla  nearly  smooth,  yellowish,  the  upper  lip 
spotted  with  purple,  notched  at  the  apex,  the  tube  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx. 
—  Sandy  ground,  N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  s.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.;  adv.  in  N.  E.    July-Sept. 

7.  M.  citriod&ra  Cerv.     (LEMON  MINT.)     Annual,  3-8  dm.  high;  bracts  nar- 
rowly oblong,  their  slender  awned  tips  spreading  or  recurving;   calyx-teeth 
slender,  at  length  usually  spreading  ;  corolla  white  or  pinkish,  not  spotted.  —  111. 
to  Neb.  and  Tex.     June-Sept. 

22.   BLEPHfLIA  Raf. 

Calyx  13-nerved,  naked  in  the  throat ;  upper  lip  with  3  awned  teeth,  the 
lower  with  2  nearly  awnless  teeth.  Corolla  inflated  in  the  throat,  nearly  equally 
2-lipped ;  upper  lip  erect,  entire,  the  lower  spreading,  3-cleft,  its  lateral  lobes 
ovate  and  rounded,  larger  than  the  oblong  and  notched  middle  one.  Stamens 
exserted  (the  upper  pair  minute  or  none).  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  nearly  the 
foliage,  etc.,  of  Monarda ;  the  small  pale  bluish-purple  flowers  crowded  in 
axillary  and  terminal  globose  whorls  ;  in  summer.  (Name  from  /3Xe0ap/s,  the 
eyelash,  in  reference  to  the  hairy  fringe  of  the  bracts  and  calyx-teeth.) 

1.  B.  ciliata  (L.)  Raf.  Somewhat  downy,  3-9  dm.  high;  leaves  almcst 
sessile,  oblong-ovate,  narrowed  at  base,  whitish-downy  underneath  ;  outer-bracts 


LABIATAE    (MINT   FAMILY)  705 

ovate,  acute,  colored,  ciliate,  as  long  as  the  calyx;  corolla  hairy. — Dry  open 
places,  Vt.  to  Minn.,  s.  to  Ga.  and  Mo. 

2.  B.  hirsute  (Pursh)  Benth.  (WOOD  MINT.)  Taller,  hairy  throughout; 
leaves  lony-petioled,  ovate,  pointed,  rounded  or  heart-shaped  at  base ;  the  lower 
floral  ones  similar,  the  uppermost  and  the  bracts  linear-awl-shaped,  shorter  than 
the  long-haired  calyx ;  corolla  pale,  with  darker  purple  spots.  —  Moist  shady 
places,  w.  Que.  and  Vt.  to  Minn.,  s.  to  Ga.  and  e.  Tex.  Var.  GLABRATA  Fernald. 
Stem  and  leaves  glabrous.  —  Local,  s.  Vt.  (Miss 


23.   HEDE6MA  Pers.     MOCK   PENNYROYAL 

Calyx  ovoid  or  tubular,  gibbous  on  the  lower  side  near  the  base,  13-nerved, 
bearded  in  the  throat,  2-lipped  ;  upper  lip  3-toothed,  the  lower  2-cleft.  Upper  lip 
of  corolla  flat,  notched  at  the  apex,  the  lower  spreading,  3-cleft.  — Low  odorous 
annuals,  with  small  leaves  and  loose  axillary  clusters  of  flowers  (in  summer) 
often  forming  terminal  leafy  racemes.  (Altered  from  •fjd^oa-fjLov,  an  ancient 
name  of  Mint,  from  ^3i5s,  sweet,  and  60-^,  scent.) 

*  Sterile  filaments  manifest;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  petioled,  someichat  serrate. 

1.  H.  pulegioides  (L.)  Pers.     (AMERICAN  PENNYROYAL.)     Erect,  branching, 
hairy  ;  whorls  few-flowered  ;  upper  calyx-teeth  triangular,  the  lower  setaceous- 
subulate  ;  corolla  bluish,  pubescent,  scarcely  exserted,  3-5  mm.  long ;  taste  and 
odor  nearly  of  the  true  Pennyroyal  (Mentha  Pulegium)  of  Europe.  —  Dry  soil, 
N.  S.  and  Que.  to  Dak.,  and  south  w. 

*  *  Sterile  filaments  minute  or  obsolete ;  leaves  narrow,  entire,  sessile  or  nearly  so. 

2.  H.  hispida  Pursh.     Mostly  low ;  leaves  linear,  crowded,  almost  glabrous, 
somewhat   hispid-ciliate  ;   bracts  spreading  or  reflexed;  upper  flowers  rather 
crowded;   calyx-teeth  all  subulate,   equaling  the   bluish   corolla. — Plains  and 
rocky  banks,  N.  Y.  (Haberer)  and  Ont.  to  Sask.  and  La. ;  locally  introd.  in  Vt. 

24.   MELiSSA   [Tourn.]  L.     BALM 

Calyx  with  the  upper  lip  flattened  and  3-toothed,  the  lower  2-cleft.  Corolla 
with  a  recurved-ascending  tube.  Stamens  4,  curved  and  conniving  under  the 
upper  lip.  Otherwise  nearly  as  Satureja.  —  Clusters  few-flowered,  loose,  one- 
sided, with  few  and  mostly  ovate  bracts  resembling  the  leaves.  (Name  from 
^\L<T<ra,  a  bee;  the  flowers  yielding  abundance  of  honey.) 

1.  M.  OFFICIN\LIS  L.  (COMMON  B.)  Upright,  branching,  perennial,  pubes- 
cent;  leaves  broadly  ovate,  crenate-toothed,  lemon-scented;  corolla  nearly 
white.  —  Sparingly  escaped  from  gardens.  (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

25.    SATUREJA   [Tourn.]   L.    SAVORY.     CALAMINT 

Calyx  tubular  to  bell-shaped,  10-13-nerved,  naked  or  hairy  in  the  throat. 
Corolla  with  a  straight  tube  and  an  inflated  throat,  distinctly  2-lipped  ;  the  upper 
lip  erect,  flattish,  entire  or  notched ;  the  lower  spreading,  3-parted,  the  middle 
lobe  usually  largest.  Stamens  4,  somewhat  ascending.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs,  with 
mostly  purplish  or  whitish  flowers  produced  all  summer ;  inflorescence  various. 
(The  ancient  Latin  name.)  Including  CLINOPODIUM  L.  CALAMINTHA  Lam. 

§  1.    Loosely  flowered,  without  long-subulate  bracts. 

*  Calyx,  bell-shaped,  naked  in  the  throat.  ^ 

1.  S.  TIORTENSIS  L.  (SUMMERS.)  Pubescent  annual ;  leaves  linear,  entire  ; 
clusters  few-flowered,  in  dense  interrupted  spikes ;  bracts  small  or  none.  — 
Escaped  from  gardens  and  sparingly  wild,  N.  B.  to  Mich,  and  Ky.  (Introd 
from  Eu.) 

GRAY'S  MANUAL  —  45 


706  LABIATAE    (MINT   FAMILY) 

*  *  Calyx  cylindric  or  tubular,  hairy  in  the  throat. 

-»~  Pubescent  ;  bracts  minute. 
«-»•  Common  peduncle  short  but  distinct. 

2.  S.  NEPETA  (L.)  Scheele.     (BASIL  THYME.)     Soft-hairy  ;  stem  ascending. 
1  rn.  or  less  high ;  leaves  petioled,  broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  crenate ;  corolla  7-8 
mm.  long,  twice   the   length  of  the  calyx.     ( Calamintha   Savi ;    Clinopodium 
Ktze.)  —  Dry  waste  grounds,  Md.  to  Ind.,  Ark.,  and  southw.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

•w-  -w  Common  peduncle  none. 

3.  S.  Acmos   (L.)   Scheele.     Mostly  branching  and  decumbent   at  base, 
1.5-2.5  dm.  high;   leaves  elliptic-ovate   to  -oblong,  acute,   about  1  cm.    long, 
petioled;   calyx  constricted  at  the  throat.      (Clinopodium   Ktze.)  —  Roadsides 
and  waste  places,  Mass,  to  Ont.  and  N.  J.     (Nat.  from.  Eu.) 

•«-*•»-  Glabrous  or  nearly  so;  common  peduncles  hardly  any;  pedicels  1-5, 
slender,  the  conspicuous  bracts  subulate-acuminate. 

4.  S.  glabSlla  (Michx.)  Briquet.     Smooth  ;  stems  diffuse  or  spreading,  2-5 
dm.  long ;  leaves  slightly  petioled,  oblong  or  oblong-linear,  narrowed  at  base, 
2-5  cm.  long,  sparingly  toothed  or  nearly  entire  ;  clusters  3-5-flowered ;  corolla 
purplish,  about  1  cm.  long,  fully  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx.     (Calamintha 
Benth.  ;  Clinopodium  Ktze.) — Damp  (generally  calcareous)  soil,  s.  Ind.,  Ky., 
Tenn.,  and  Ark. 

5.  S.  glabra  (Nutt.)  Fernald.     Smaller;  the  flowering  stems  more  upright, 
1.5-4  dm.  high,  with  narrower  mostly  entire  leaves  and  fewer-flowered  clusters, 
while  sterile  runners  from  the  base  bear  ovate  thickish  leaves  0.5-1  cm.  long. 
(Clinopodium  Ktze.;  Calamintha  Nuttallii  Benth.)  —  Rocky  banks,  N.  Y.  and 
e.  Ont.  to  Minn,  and  Tex. 

§  2.  Flowers  in  sessile  dense  many-flowered  clusters,  and  involucrate  with  con- 
spicuous setaceous-subulate  bracts  ;  calyx  nearly  naked  in  the  throat. 

6.  S-.  yulgaris  (L.)  Fritsch.  (BASIL.)     Hairy,  erect,  2-6  dm.  high;  leaves 
ovate,  petioled,  nearly  entire  ;  flowers  lavender  to  pink,  in  globular  clusters  ; 
hairy  bracts  as  long  as  the  calyx.     (  Clinopodium  L. ;  Calamintha  Clinopodium 
Benth.)  —Woods,  thickets,  and  alluvial  banks,  Nfd.  to  Va.,  O.,  Ind.,  and  Man. 
(Eurasia.) 

26.   HYSS6PUS   [Tourn.]  L.     HYSSOP 

Calyx  tubular,  15-nerved,  equally  5-toothed,  naked  in  the  throat.  Corolla 
short,  2-lipped  ;  upper  lip  erect,  flat,  obscurely  notched,  the  lower  3-cleft,  with 
the  middle  lobe  larger  and  2-cleft. — Perennial  herb,  with  wand-like  simple 
branches,  lanceolate  or  linear  entire  leaves,  and  blue-purple  flowers  in  small 
clusters,  crowded  in  a  spike.  (The  ancient  name.) 

1.  H.  OFFICINALIS  L.  —  Roadsides,  etc.,  sparingly  escaped  from  gardens. 
(Introd.  from  Eu.) 

27.  ORfGANUM   [Tourn.]  L.     WILD  MARJORAM 

Calyx  hairy  in  the  throat,  striate,  5-toothed.  Tube  of  the  corolla  about  the 
length  of  the  calyx;  the  upper  lip  rather  erect  and  slightly  notched,  the  lower 
longer,  of  3  nearly  equal  spreading  lobes.  Stamens  exserted,  diverging. — 
Perennials,  with  nearly  entire  leaves,  and  purplish  flowers  crowded  in  cylindrical 
or  ellipsoid  spikes,  imbricated  with  colored  bracts.  '  (An  ancient  Greek  name, 
composed  of  6pos,  a  mountain,  and  ydvos,  ornament.") 

1.  0.  VULGARE  L.  Upright,  hairy,  corymbose  at  the  summit ;  leaves  peti- 
oled, round-ovate  ;  bracts  ovate,  obtuse,  purplish.  —  Roadsides  and  fields,  Mass, 
to  Ont.  and  Pa.  June-Oct.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 


LABIATAE    (MINT   FAMILY)  707 

28.   PYCNANTHEMUM   Miclix.     MOUNTAIN  MINT.     BASIL 

Calyx  about  13-nerved,  naked  in  the  throat.  Corolla  short,  more  or  less 
2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  straight,  nearly  flat,  entire  or  slightly  notched  ;  the 
lower  3-cleft,  its  lobes  all  ovate  and  obtuse.  Lower  pair  of  stamens  rather 
longer  than  the  upper;  anther-cells  parallel. — Perennial  upright  herbs,  with  a 
pugent  mint-like  flavor,  corymbosely  branched  above,  the  floral  leaves  often 
whitened  ;  the  many-flowered  whorls  dense,  crowded  with  bracts,  and  usually 
forming  terminal  heads  or  close  cymes.  Corolla  whitish  or  purplish,  the  lips 
mostly  dotted  with  purple.  Fl.  summer  and  early  autumn.  Varies,  like  the 
Mints,  with  the  stamens  exserted  or  included  in  different  flowers.  (Name  com- 
posed of  TrvKv6s,  dense,  and  &v6e/j.ov,  a  blossom,  from  the  compact  inflorescence.) 
KOELLIA  Moench. 

*  Calyx-teeth  long,  bristly -ciliate,  or  at  least  bearing  long  terminal  bristles. 

t-  Glomerules  terminating  the  upper  branches,  rather  densely  clustered  and 

forming  a  corymb. 

1.  P.  Idptodon  Gray.     Soft-pubescent,  or  glabrate  below,  loosely  branched ; 
leaves  membranaceous,  green,  3-6   cm.   long,  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
entire  or  subentire,  subsessile  ;   infloresence  canescent-hirsute  ;  long-acuminate 
bracts  and  calyx-teeth  slender-subulate,  villous-hirsute.  —  0.  to  Mo.  and  N.  C. 

t-  -»-  Glomerules   verticillastrate    or   terminating  short  paniculately  disposed 

branches. 

2.  P.  clinopodioides  T.  &  G.     Pubescent;  leaves  short-petioled,  broad-  or 
oblong-lanceolate,  sharply  denticulate  or  entire,  all  pale  green,  the  upper  not 
whitened  ;  bracts  loose,  slightly  ciliate  ;  calyx-teeth  one  third  or  one  half  as  long 
as  the  tube,  sparingly  bristle-tipped.    (Koellia  Ktze.)  —  Dry  soil,  Ct.  to  Pa.  and  Va. 

3.  P.    pycnanthemoides    (Leaven w.)    Fernald.      Pubescent;    leaves    ovate- 
oblong,  remotely  toothed,  the  lower  dark  green  and   loosely  soft-downy,  the 
floral  ones  whitened;  cymes  dense;  bracts  much  surpassing  the  flowers,  their 
long  awn-like  points  and  the  awn-pointed  calyx-teeth  {equaling  the  tube)  bearded 
with  long  loose  hairs.     (Koellia  Ktze.;  P.  Tullia  Benth.)  —  Va.  to  Ky.,  and 
south  w.  —  Sometimes  too  near  no.  10. 

*  *  Calyx-teeth  without  long  bristles  (except  in  dubious  forms  of  no.  10). 

-i-  Bracts  and  equal  calyx-teeth  awn-tipped,  rigid,  naked,  as  long  as  the  corolla; 
flowers  in  dense  heads  mostly  terminating  the  branchlets ;  leaves  slightly 
petioled. 

4.  P.  aristatum  Michx.     Minutely  hoary-puberulent,  4-8  dm.  high ;  leaves 
ovate-oblong  and  oblong-lanceolate,    acute,    sparingly  denticulate-serrate,   2-6 
cm.  long,  roundish  at  the  base.     (Koellia  Ktze.)  —  Pine  barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla. 
and  La. 

Var.  hyssopifblium  (Benth.)  Gray.  Leaves  narrowly  oblong  or  broadly 
linear,  nearly  entire  and  obtuse.  (Koellia  hyssopifolia  Britton.) — Va.  to  Fla. 

•i-  •*-  Bracts  and  equal  and  similar  calyx-teeth  not  long-awned. 

++  Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear  ;  heads  mostly  terminating  the  branches,  subco- 

rymbosely  disposed. 

=  Leaves  linear. 

5.  P.  flexubsum  (Walt.)  BSP.      Smooth,   freely  branching;    leaves   firm; 
heads  5  mm.  or  less  high,  somewhat   downy,  densely  corymbose  ;   appressed 
rigid  bracts  and  lance-subulate   calyx-teeth  with  short  firm   points.     (Koellia 
MacM.;  P.  linifolium  Pursh.)  —  Dry  ground,  centr.  Me.  to  Minn.,  and  south  w. 

=  =  Leaves  lanceolate. 

a.   Leaves  all  glabrous  or  merely  pubescent  on  the  nerves  beneath. 
0.    P.  virginianum  (L.)  Durand  &  Jackson.     Smoothish  or  minutely  pubes- 
cent, 2-10  dm.  high ;   leaves  lanceolate  or  lance-linear,  nearly  sessile^  entire. 


708  LABIATAE    (MINT   FAMILY) 

very  numerous,  obtuse  at  base  ;  capitate  glomerules  small  and  numerous,  densely 
corymbose,  imbricated  with  many  short  appressed  downy  rigid  ovate  or  lanceo- 
late bracts;  calyx-teeth  short  and  triangular.  (Koellia  MacM. ;  P.  lanceolatum 
Pursh.)  —  Dry  banks,  centr.  Me.  to  Dak.,  and  southw. 

7.  P.  TorrSi  Benth.      Puberulent;  stem  strict  and  nearly  simple,  5-9  dm. 
high  ;  leaves  thin,  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  tapering  to  both  ends,  petioled, 
nearly  entire  ;  flowers  in  mostly  terminal  dense  capitate  clusters  ;  awl-shaped 
calyx-teeth  and  mostly  appressed  bracts  canescent.     (Koellia  verticillata  Am. 
auth.,  in  part,  not  Ktze.)  —  Dry  soil,  N.  Y.  and  Pa.  to  Ga. 

b.   At  least  the  uppermost  leaves  closely  puberulent  above. 

8.  P.  pilbsum  Nutt.     Hoary  with  loose  pubescence  ;  leaves  thick,  pubescent 
and  dull,  oblong-lanceolate,  entire,  mostly  acute  or  acutish  at  base,  the  upper 
green ;  bracts  and  especially  the  narrow  (often  somewhat  unequal)  calyx-teeth 
villous-pubescent,  canescent;  stamens  exserted.     (Koellia  Britton  ;  P.  muticum, 
var.  Gray.)  — Prairies  and  dry  woods,  Pa.  to  la.,  Kan.,  and  Ark. 

9.  P.  verticillatum    (Michx.)    Pers.      Stem    closely   pubescent,    especially 
above ;  leaves  lanceolate,  entire  or  subentire,  subsessile,  mostly  glabrous,  only 
the  upper  closely  puberulent  and  paler  ;  bracts  of  the  glomerules  ovate-lanceo- 
late, ciliate,  with  subulate  tips;  stamens  included.      (Koellia  Ktze.) — Moist 
fields  and  open  woods,  w.  Que.,  Vt.,  and  e.  Mass,  to  N.  C. 

ff  -H-  Leaves  ovate  or  ovate-oblong. 
=  Calyx  and  bracts  densely  invested  with  close  minute  appressed  pubescence. 

10.  P.  incanum  (L.)  Michx.     Leaves  ovate-oblong,  acute,  remotely  toothed, 
downy  above  and  mostly  hoary  with  whitish  wool  underneath,  the  uppermost 
whitened  both  sides  ;  cymes  large,  open,  mostly  verticillastrate  or  terminal,  few ; 
bracts  linear  or  lanceolate,  more  or  less  bristly-ciliate  ;  calyx-teeth  deltoid,  short, 
herbaceous,  rarely  a  little  bristly-ciliate.     (Koellia  Ktze.)  —  Open  woods,  Vt. 
and  Mass,  to  Ont.,  Mo.,  and  southw. 

11.  P.  alb6scens  T.  &  G.     Closely  resembling  the  preceding,  but  with  no  vil- 
lous  pubescence,  the  leaves  closely  cinereous-puberulent  beneath.    (Koellia  Ktze.) 
—  Low  sandy  ground,  Va.  and  Ky.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

=  =  Calyx  and  bracts  pilose  or  hispid  with  distinct  spreading  hairs. 

12.  P.  muticum  (Michx.)  Pers.     Minutely  hoary  throughout,  or  becoming 
almost  smooth,  corymbosely  much  branched,  3-9  dm.  high  ;   leaves  ovate  or 
broadly  ovate-lanceolate,  rather  rigid,  acute,  rounded  or  slightly  heart-shaped  at 
base,  mostly  sessile  and  minutely  sharp-toothed,  prominently  veined,  green  and 
glabrate  when  old  ;   the  floral  ones  and  the  subulate-tipped  lance-attenuate  or 
linear  bracts  and  the  calyx-teeth  hoary  ;  flower-clusters  very  dense,  corymbose  ; 
stamens  exserted.     (Koellia  Britton.)  —  N.  H.  to  Mo.,  and  southw. 

13.  P.  montanum  Michx.     Glabrous  or  essentially  so,  tall  (6-10  dm.  high), 
simple  or  sparingly  branched  above  ;  leaves  lance-ovate  or  -oblong,  thin,  sharply 
serrate,  acuminate  ;  heads  chiefly  in  the  upper  axils,  or  solitary  at  the  tips  of  the 
elongate  branches;  the  long  thin  bracts  long-acuminate,  ciliate-hispid  ;  calyx- 
teeth  deltoid-subulate,  smoothish.     (Koellia  Ktze.)  —  Mountain  woods,  Va.  to 
Tenn.,  and  southw. 

29.    THYMUS    [Tourn.]   L.     THYME 

Calyx  13-nerved,  hairy  in  the  throat ;  the  upper  lip  3-toothed,  spreading  ;  the 
lower  2-cleft,  with  the  awl-shaped  divisions  ciliate.  Corolla  short ;  the  upper 
lip  straight  and  flattish,  notched  at  the  apex,  the  lower  3-cleft.  Stamens  4, 
straight  and  distant,  usually  exserted.  —  Low  perennials,  with  small  and  entire 
strongly  veined  leaves,  and  purplish  or  whitish  flowers.  (The  ancient  Greek 
name  of  the  Thyme,  probably  from  Oteiv,  to  burn  perfume,  because  it  was  used 
for  incense. ) 

1.  T.  SBRPYLLUM  L.  (CREEPING  T.)  Prostrate  ;  leaves  green,  flat,  ovate, 
entire,  short-petioled  ;  flowers  crowded  at  the  ends  of  the  branches.  —  Old  fields, 
etc.,  N.  S.  to  N.  Y.  and  Pa.  July,  Aug.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 


LABIATAEJ    (MINT    FAMILY)  ?U9 

30.    CUNlLA  L.     DITTANY 

Calyx  ovoid-tubular,  equally  5-toothed,  very  hairy  in  the  throat.  Upper  lip 
of  corolla  erect,  flattish,  mostly  notched  ;  the  lower  spreading,  3-cleft.  Stamens 
2,  erect,  exserted  ;  sterile  filaments  short,  minute.  —  Perennials,  with  small  white 
or  purplish  flowers,  in  corymbed  cymes  or  clusters.  (An  ancient  Latin  name, 
of  unknown  origin.) 

1.  C.  origanoides  (L.)  Britton.  (COMMON  D.)  Stems  tufted,  corymbosely 
much  branched,  2-4  dm.  high  ;  leaves  smooth,  ovate,  serrate,  rounded  or  heart- 
shaped  at  base,  nearly  sessile,  dotted,  1.5-4  cm.  long;  cymes  peduncled ;  calyx 
striate.  (C.  Mariana  L.)  —Dry  hills,  N.  Y.  to  111.,  Ark.,  and  Ga. 

31.    LYCOPUS   [Touni.]   L.     WATER  HOREHOUND 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  4-5-toothed,  naked  in  the  throat.  Corolla  bell-shaped. 
Stamens  2,  distant,  the  upper  pair  either  sterile  rudiments  or  wanting.  Nutlets 
with  thickened  margins.  —  Perennial  mostly  stoloniferous  herbs,  glabrous  or 
puberulent,  resembling  Mints,  with  sharply  toothed  or  pinnatifid  leaves,  the 
floral  ones  similar  and  much  longer  than  the  dense  axillary  whorls  of  small 
mostly  white  flowers;  in  summer.  (Name  compounded  of  Xtfcos,  a  wolf,  and 
TTOVS,  foot,  from  some  fancied  likeness  in  the  leaves.) 

*  Leaves  merely  serrate. 

•»-  Calyx-teeth  lanceolate  or  deltoid,  barely  acutish,  shorter  than  the  mature 

nutlets. 

1.  L.  virginicus  L.     (BUGLE  WEED.)    Stem  obtusely  angled,  usually  puberu- 
lent, 2-8  dm.  high,  rising  from  a  slender  (not  tuberous-thickened)  base;  stolons 
filiform,  not  tuberiferous  ;  leaves  dark  green  (or  purple-tinged),  ovate  or  ovate- 
oblong,  firm,  rather  abruptly  acuminate  at  both  ends,  coarsely  toothed,  6-15  cm. 
long,  2^5  cm.  broad;  glomerules  dense,  often  seemingly  compound,  in  maturity 
8-15  mm.  broad;  calyx  ovoid-cylindric ;  corolla  tubular,  with  erect  lobes;  sta- 
mens mostly  included.  — Rich  moist  soil,  N.  H.  to  Neb.,  and  south w.     (Asia.) 

2.  L.  uniflbrus  Michx.     (BUGLE  WEED.)     Similar,  but  usually  more  slender 
and  glabrate,  from  a  tuberous  base;  stolons  finally  tuberiferous;  leaves  light 
green  (rarely  purple-tinged),  thinner,  lanceolate  to  lance-oblong,  gradually  nar- 
rowed at  both  ends,  2-11  cm.  long,  0.5-3.5  cm.  broad  ;  glomerules  smaller  and 
less  dense,  in  maturity  4-9  mm.  broad  ;  calyx  campanulate;  corolla  with  flaring 
lobes;  stamens  mostly  exserted.      (L.  communis  and  L.  membranaceus  Bick- 
nell.)  —  Low  ground,  Nfd.  and  Lab.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to  mts.  of  Va.,  Mich.,  Minn., 
Neb.,  Wyo.,  and  Ore.     (Asia.) 

*-  •«-  Calyx-teeth  narrow,  very  acute,  longer  than  the  nutlets. 
**  Bracts  minute;  corolla  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

3.  L.  sessilifblius  Gray.    Tuberiferous  ;  stem  rather  acutely  4-angled,  puber- 
ulent ;  leaves  closely  sessile,  ovate  to  lanceolate,  3-10  cm.  long,  sparsely  sharp- 
serrate  ;  calyx-teeth  subulate,  rigid. — Low  grounds,  Mass,  to  Fla.  and  Miss., 
near  the  coast. 

4.  L.  rubSllus  Moench.      Stem  rather  obtusely  4-angled ;   leaves  petioled, 
ovate-oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  sharply  serrate  in  the  middle,  attenuate-acu- 
minate at  both  ends,  4-12  cm.  long ;  calyx-teeth  triangular-subulate,  not  rigid- 
pointed. —  Vt.  and  Mass,  to  Minn.,  and  southw. — Resembles  no.  1,  but  has 
long  slender  calyx-teeth. 

*+  t-v  Outer  bracts  conspicuous  ;  corolla  hardly  exceeding  the  calyx. 

5.  L.  lucidus  Turcz.,  var.  americanus  Gray.      Stem  strict,  stout,  2-9  dm. 
high  ;  leaves  lanceolate  and  oblong-lanceolate,  5-10  cm.  long,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate, very  sharply  and  coarsely  serrate,  sessile  or  nearly  so  ;  calyx-teeth  lance- 
ovate,  acuminate.     (L.  asper  Greene.) — Mich,  to  Man.,  Kan.,  and  westw. — • 
Typical  L.  lucidus  of  Asia  and  n.  w.  Am.,  with  elongate  subpetiolate  leaves  and 
lance-subulate  calyx-teeth,  approaches  our  n.  w.  borders. 


710  LABIATAE    (MINT  FAMILY) 

*  *  Leaves  incised  or  pinnatifid  at  least  at  base. 

6.  L.  EUROPAEUS  L.      Rarely  stolon  if  erous,  not  tuberiferous  ;  stem  coarse, 
more  or  less  villous,  1  m.  or  less  high  ;  leaves  petioled,  ovate,  pubescent,  coarsely 
toothed,  sinuate  or  pinnatifid  at  base  ;  calyx-teeth  subulate-tipped.  —  Damp  or 
waste  ground,  Mass  to  Va.     (Nat.  from  Eu. ) 

7.  L.  americanus  Muhl.     Stem  erect,  slender,  2-9  dm.  high,  acutely  4-angled, 
glabrate,  freely  stoloniferous  ;  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  acuminate,  irregu- 
larly incised  or  laciniate-pinnatifid,  the  upper  narrow  and  merely  sinuate,  all 
tapering  to  slender  petioles  ;  calyx-teeth  short-cuspidate  ;  sterile  filaments  slen- 
der, conspicuous,  with  globular  or  spatulate  tips.     (L.  sinuatus  Ell.)  —  Damp 
soil,  Nfd.  to  B.  C.,  and  southw. 

32.   MENTHA   [Tourn.]   L.    MINT 

Calyx  bell-shaped  or  tubular,  the  5  teeth  equal  or  nearly  so.  Corolla  with  a 
short  included  tube,  the  upper  lobe  slightly  broader,  entire  or  notched.  Stamens 
4,  equal,  erect,  distant.  —  Odorous  perennial  herbs  ;  the  small  flowers  mostly  in 
close  clusters,  forming  axillary  capitate  whorls,  sometimes  approximated  in  in- 
terrupted spikes,  produced  in  summer,  of  two  sorts  as  to  the  fertility  of  the  sta- 
mens in  most  species.  Corolla  pale  purple  or  whitish.  Species  mostly  adventive 
or  naturalized  from  Europe,  with  many  hybrids.  (MLvdrj  of  Theophrastus,  from 
a  Nymph  of  that  name,  fabled  to  have  been  changed  into  Mint  by  Proserpine.) 

*  Spikes  narrow  and  leafless,  densely  crowded;  leaves  sessile  or  nearly  so. 
H-  Spikes  canescent. 

1.  M.  LONGIF6LIA  (L.)  Huds.     (HORSE  M.  of  Eu.)     Finely  pubescent  or  ca- 
nescent; leaves  ovate-oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  sharply  serrate,  often 
glabrous  above  ;  spikes  rather  slender,  canescently  pubescent.     (M.  sylvestris  L.) 
—  Roadsides,  etc.,  Ct.  to  Del.,  Pa.,  and  O.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  M.   ALOPECUROIDES  Hull.      Downy  ;    leaves  larger,   more  nearly  sessile, 
broadly  oval  and  obtuse,  often  subcordate,  coarsely  open-dentate,  more  veiny, 
but  not  rugose  above  ;  spikes  coarser,  canescent ;  approaching  the  next.  — Damp 
roadsides,  etc.,  Ct.  to  N.  J.,  Mo.,  and  Wise.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

•»-  -i-  Spikes  not  canescent. 

3.  M.  ROTUNDIFOLIA  (L.)  Huds.     Soft-hairy  or  downy  ;  leaves  broadly  ellip- 
tical to  round-ovate  and  somewhat  heart-shaped,  rugose,  coarsely  crenate-toothed  ; 
spikes  slender.  — At  a  few  stations,  Me.  to  O.,  Fla.,  and  Tex.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

4.  M.  SPICATA  L.     (SPEARMINT.)     Nearly  smooth ;  leaves  oblong-  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  unequally  serrate,  sometimes  short-petioled  ;  bracts  linear-lanceolate 
and  subulate,  conspicuous.      (Jf.   viridis  L.)  —  Wet  places,   common.      (Nat. 
from  Eu.) 

*  *  Flowers  pedicellate,  less  crowded  in  interrupted  leafless  spiciform  clusters  or 
terminal  heads,  or  some  in  the  upper  axils  ;  leaves  petioled. 

•<-  Calyx  (at  least  the  teeth}  more  or  less  hirsute. 

5.  M.  PIPERITA  L.     (PEPPERMINT.)     Glabrous,  very  pungent-tasted  ;  leaves 
ovate-oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  sharply  serrate  ;  spikes  becoming  loose  ; 
calyx  glabrous    below,   the    teeth    hirsute.  —  Along    brooks,   frequent.      (Nat. 
from  Eu.) 

6.  M.  AQUATICA  L.     (WATER  M.)      Pubescent  with  recurved  hairs;  leaves 
ovate  or  round-ovate  ;  flowers  in  a  terminal  globular  or  interrupted  and  ellipsoid 
head,  often  with  one  or  more  clusters  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves  ;  calyx  and 
pedicels  hairy.  —  Wet  places,  N.  S.  to  Del.,  rare.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

7.  M.  CRfsFA  L.     Glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent ;  leaves  short-petioled,  ovate 
to  orbicular,  laCerate-dentate  and  crisped;  spikes  narrow ;  calyx  slightly  pubes- 
cent or  glabrate  below.  —  Wet  ditches,  etc.,  Ct.  to  Pa.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 


LABIATAE    (MINT   FAMILY)  711 

--  •»-  Calyx  glabrous. 

8.  M.  CITR\TA  Ehrh.     Glabrous  or  glabrate ;  leaves  slendet -petioled,  ovate, 
coarsely  appressed-serrate  ;  flowers  in  small  roundish  heads,  terminal  and  in  the 
upper  axils.  —  Damp  soil,  Ct.  arid  N.  Y.  to  0.  and  Mich.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  *  Flowers  in  globular  whorls  or  clusters,  all  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  the 
uppermost  axils  rarely  flower-bearing  ;  leaves  more  or  less  petioled,  toothed. 

••-  Upper  leaves  conspicuously  reduced,  2  or  3  times  exceeding  the  glomerules. 

9.  M.  CARDIAC  A  Gerarde.     Tall  and  erect,  with  ascending  branches  toward 
the  top ;  stem  more  or  less  pubescent ;  leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  slightly  pubescent.     (M.  sativa  of  many  Am.  auth., 
not  L. )  —  Wet  meadows  and  shores,  N.  S.  to  Pa.     (Nat.  from  Eu.)  —  Resembling 
M.  spicata,  but  with  more  interrupted  leafy  inflorescence. 

•t-  -t-  Upper  leaves  scarcely  reduced,  much  exceeding  the  glomerules. 
**  Stem  glabrous  or  rarely  with  a  few  scattered  hairs. 

10.  M.  GENTILIS  L.     Stems  freely  branching  from  below,  often  reddish,  1  m. 
or  less  high;  leaves  ovate  to  obovate,  coarsely  and  sharply  serrate,  especially 
above,  slightly  pubescent  or  glabrate,  frequently  white-mottled.     (M.  sativa  L.) 
—  Rich  damp  soil,  P.  E.  I.  to  la.  and  N.  C.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*+  *+  Stems  retrorse-pubescent  at  least  on  the  angles  with  fine  hairs. 

11.  M.  arvSnsis  L.     Stems  freely  branching,  especially  below,  or  subsimple, 
1-8  dm.  high,  more  or  less  retrorse-pubescent;  leaves  oblong  to  ovate,  rounded 
at  base,  minutely  pubescent  or  villous,  closely  serrate,  the  primary  ones  dis- 
tinctly petioled  ;  calyx  pubescent,  the  teeth  from  deltoid  to  subulate  ;  corolla 
white,  pink,  or  violet.  —  Abundant  in  damp  rich  soil,  Nfd.  to  Neb.  and  Ky.;  also 
in  Cal.,  etc.     (Eurasia.) 

Var.  canadSnsis  (L.)  Briquet.  Leaves  pubescent,  lanceolate  to  oblong-lan- 
ceolate, cuneate-narrowed  at  base.  (M.  canadensis  L.) — N.  B.  to  B.  C.,  and 
southw.  Var.  LAN\TA  Piper.  Stems  and  lower  surfaces  of  leaves  densely  to- 
mentose  or  lanate.  —  Me.  to  B.  C.  and  Cal. 

Var.  glabrata  (Benth.)  Fernald.  Less  branched  ;  stems  glabrous  on  the  sides, 
minutely  pubescent  on  the  angles  ;  leaves  oblong  to  ovate,  glabrous,  short-peti- 
oled.  (M.  canadensis,  var.  Benth.;  M.  arvensis,  var.  Penardi  Briquet.)  — 
Gasp<§  Co.,  Que.,  to  B.  C.,  s.  to  n.  N.  E.,  n.  Pa.,  Mo.,  N.  Mex.,  and  CaL 

33.   COLLINSdNIA  L.     HORSE  BALM 

Calyx  ovoid,  enlarged  and  declined  in  fruit,  2-lipped  ;  upper  lip  truncate  and 
flattened,  3-toothed,  the  lower  2-cleft.  Corolla  elongated,  expanded  at  the 
throat,  somewhat  2-lipped,  the  tube  with  a  bearded  ring  within  ;  the  4  upper 
lobes  nearly  equal,  but  the  lower  much  larger  and  longer,  pendent,  toothed  or 
lacerate-f ringed.  Stamens  2  (sometimes  4,  the  upper  pair  shorter),  much  ex- 
serted,  diverging  ;  anther-cells  divergent.  — Strong-scented  perennials,  with  large 
ovate  leaves,  and  yellowish  flowers  on  slender  pedicels.  (Named  in  honor  of 
Peter  Collinson,  early  English  botanist.) 

1.  C.  canadlnsis  L.  (RICH-WEED.  STONE-ROOT.)  Nearly  smooth,  5-10  dm. 
high  ;  leaves  serrate,  pointed,  petioled,  1-2  dm.  long ;  panicle  loose ;  corolla 
1.5  cm.  long,  lemon-scented  ;  stamens  2. — Rich  moist  woods,  w.  Que.  to  Wise., 
s.  to  Fla.  and  Mo.  July-Sept. 

34.    PERILLA  L. 

Calyx  as  in  Collinsonia.  Corolla-tube  included,  the  lirnb  5  <;left ;  lower  lobe 
a  little  larger.  Stamens  4,  included,  erect,  distinct.  — Coarse  aromatic  annual, 
with  small  flowers.  (A  Greek  and  Latin  proper  name.) 

1.  P.  FRUTE8CENS  (L.)  Britton.  Erect,  branching,  0.3-1  m.  high  ;  leaves 
ovate,  coarsely  toothed  ;  flowers  white.  (P.  ocymoides  L.)  —  About  dwellings 
and  roadsides,  Ct.  to  Mo.  and  N.  C.  (Nat.  from  e.  Asia.) 


712  SOLAJSACEAE    (NIGHTSHADE   FAMILY) 

35.   ELSH6LTZIA  Willd. 

Calyx  with  equal  teeth.  Corolla  4-lobed,  slightly  2-lipped.  Stamens  4,  as- 
cending, exserted,  didynamous ;  anther-cells  divergent.  —  Herbs,  with  ovate  or 
oblong  petioled  leaves  and  spicate  small  flowers.  (Named  for  J.  S.  Elsholtz, 
German  physician  and  botanist  of  the  17th  century.) 

1.  E.  PATRINI  (Lepechin)  Garcke.  Smooth  annual,  3-7  dm.  high  ;  bracts  of 
the  spike  ovate,  veiny,  mucronate  ;  calyx  hirsute  ;  corolla  purplish,  2-3  mm. 
long.  —  Clearings  and  shores,  L.  Temiscouata,  Que.  (Northrop}.  (Nat.  from 
Asia.) 

SOLANACEAE   (NIGHTSHADE  FAMILY) 

Herbs  (or  rarely  shrubs),  with  colorless  juice  and  alternate  leaves,  regular 
5-merous  and  5-androus  flowers,  on  bractless  pedicels ;  the  corolla  imbricate  or 
valvate  in  the  bud,  and  mostly  plaited ;  the  fruit  a  2-celled  (rarely  3-5-celled) 
many-seeded  capsule  or  berry.  Seeds  campylotropous  or  amphitropous.  Embryo 
mostly  slender  and  curved  in  fleshy  albumen.  Calyx  usually  persistent.  Sta- 
mens mostly  equal,  inserted  on  the  corolla.  Style  and  stigma  single.  Placentae 
in  the  axis,  often  projecting  far  into  the  cells.  (Foliage  rank-scented,  and  with 
the  fruits  mostly  narcotic,  often  very  poisonous,  though  some  are  edible.)  —  A 
large  family  in  the  tropics,  but  sparingly  indigenous  in  our  district,  shading  off 
into  Scrophulariaceae,  from  which  the  plaited  regular  corolla  and  5  equal 
stamens  generally  distinguish  it. 

(Various  cultivated  species,  as  the  Tomato,  LYCOPERSICON  ESCULENTUM  Mill., 
the  Potato,  SOL\NUM  TUBEROSUM  L.,  the  Egg-plant,  S.  MELONGENA  L.,  and  Petu- 
nias, PETUNIA  AXILLARIS  (Lam.)  BSP.  and  P.  VIOIACEA  Lindl.,  stray  from 
cultivation  but  seldom  persist.) 

*  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  5-parted  or  5-lobed ;  the  lobes  valvate  and  their  margins  usually  turned 
inward  in  the  bud  ;  anthers  connivent ;  fruit  a  berry. 

1.  Solanum.     Anthers  opening  by  pores  or  chinks  at  the  tip. 

*  *  Corolla  various,  not  wheel-shaped,  nor  valvate  in  the  bud ;  anthers  separate. 
•»-  Fruit  a  berry,  closely  invested  by  an  herbaceous  (not  angled)  calyx. 

2.  Chamaesaracha.    Corolla  plicate,  5-angulate.    Pedicels  solitary,  recurved  in  fruit. 

-H  -f-  Fruit  a  berry,  inclosed  in  the  bladdery -inflated  calyx  ;  corolla  widely  expanding. 

3.  PhysaliS.    Calyx  5-cleft.    Corolla  5-lobed  or  nearly  entire.    Berry  juicy,  2-celled. 

4.  Nicandra.     Calyx  5-parted.     Corolla  nearly  entire.    Berry  dry,  3-5-celled. 

-»--!--»-  Fruit  a  berry,  with  the  unaltered  calyx  persistent  at  its  base. 

5.  Lycium.     Corolla  funnel-form  or  tubular,  not  plaited.    Berry  small,  2-celled. 

•«-  +-  +-  +-  Fruit  a  capsule. 

6.  Hyoscyamus.    Calyx  urn-shaped,  inclosing  the  smooth  2-celled  capsule,  the  top  of  which 

falls  off  as  a  lid.    Corolla  and  stamens  somewhat  irregular. 

7.  Datura.    Calyx  prismatic,  5-toothed.    Capsule  prickly,  naked,  more  or  less  4-celled,  4-valved. 

Corolla  funnel-form. 

8.  WiCOtiana.    Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  5-cleft.    Capsule  inclosed  in  the  calyx,  2-celled. 

1.   SOLANUM  [Tourn.]  L.     NIGHTSHADE 

Calyx  and  wheel-shaped  corolla  5-parted  or  5-cleft  (rarely  4-10-parted) ,  the 
latter  plaited  in  the  bud,  and  valvate  or  induplicate.  Stamens  exserted ;  fila- 
ments very  short ;  anthers  converging  around  the  style,  opening  at  the  tip 
by  two  pores  or  chinks.  Berry  usually  2-celled.  Herbs,  or  shrubs  in  warm  cli- 
mates, the  larger  leaves  often  accompanied  by  a  smaller  lateral  (r»meal)  one ; 


SOLANACEAE    (NIGHTSHADE    FAMILY)  713 

the  peduncles  also  mostly  lateral  and  extra-axillary.  —  A  vast  genus,  chiefly  in 
warmer  regions.     (Name  of  unknown  derivation.) 

*  Not  prickly  ;  anthers  blunt ;  flowers  and  globose  naked  berries  small. 

-t-  Perennial,  climbing  or  twining. 

1.  S.   DULCAMARA   L.     (BITTERSWEET.)     More   or  less  pubescent;    leaves 
3vate-heart-shaped,  the  upper  halberd-shaped,  or  with  2  ear-like  lobes  or  leaflets 
at  base  ;  flowers  (purple  or  blue)  in  small  cymes  ;  berries  ovoid,  red.  —  Moist 
banks  and  around  dwellings.     June-Sept.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

•*-  H-  Simple-leaved  annuals. 

2.  S.  triflbrum  Nutt.      Low,  spreading,  slightly  hairy  or  nearly  glabrous  ; 
leaves  oblong,  pinnatifid  (7-9-lobed),  with   rounded  sinuses;   peduncles  1-3- 
flowered  ;   corolla  white;   berries  green,  as  large  as  a  small  cherry.  —  Ont.  to 
Man.,  Kan.,  and  westw.;  chiefly  a  weed  near  dwellings. 

3.  S.  nigrum  L.     (COMMON  N.)     Low,  much  branched  and  often  spreading, 
nearly  glabrous;  the  stem  rough  on  the  angles;    leaves  ovate,  wavy-toothed; 
flowers  white,  in  small  umbel-like  lateral  clusters,  drooping;  calyx  spreading ; 
filaments  hairy  ;    berries  globular,   black.  —  Shaded   and  rich   open  grounds ; 
appearing  as  if  introduced,  but  a  cosmopolite.     July-Sept. 

Var.  viLLdsuM  L.  Low,  somewhat  viscid-pubescent  or  villous  ;  leaves  small, 
conspicuously  angular-dentate  ;  filaments  glabrous ;  berries  yellow.  —  Estab- 
lished near  Philadelphia,  from  ballast.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  More  or  less  prickly  ;  anthers  tapering  upward;  pubescence  stellate. 
•«-  Perennial  ;  fruit  naked  /  anthers  equal  ;  corolla  violet,  rarely  white. 

4.  S.  carolinSnse  L.     (HORSE  NETTLE.)     Hirsute  or  roughish-pubescent  with 
4-8-rayed  hairs  ;  prickles  stout,  yellowish,  copious  (rarely  scanty)  ;  leaves  oblong 
or  ovate,  obtusely  sinuate-toothed  or  lobed  or  sinuate-pinnatifid  ;  racemes  sim- 
ple, soon  lateral;  calyx-lobes  acuminate;  berry  1-1.5  cm.  broad. —  Sandy  soil 
and  waste  grounds,  N.  E.  to  Ont.,  westw.  arid  south w.;  adventive  eastw. 

5.  S.  elaeagnifblium  Cav.      (WHITE  HORSE   NETTLE.)      Silvery-canescent 
with  dense  scurf -like  pubescence  of  many-rayed  hairs  ;  prickles  small,  slender, 
more  or  less  copious  or  wanting ;  leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong  and  linear,  sinuate- 
repand  or  entire;  calyx-lobes  slender;  berry  1-1.5  cm.  in  diameter.  —  Prairies 
and  plains,  Mo.  to  Tex.,  and  westw. 

•*-  -i-  Annual ;  fruit  partly  covered  by  the  spiny  calyx ;  anthers  equal ;  corolla 

blue  or  white. 

6.  S.    8isYMBRiiF6LiuM  Lam.    Villous  with  viscid  hairs ;    strongly  armed 
throughout  with  stout  golden  prickles  ;  leaves  deeply  pinnatifid,  the  oblong 
lobes  sinuate  or  deeply  cut ;  calyx-lobes  becoming  ovate-lanceolate  and  loosely 
covering  the  berry.  —  Ballast  and  waste  places  near  the  coast.     (Adv.  from 
Trop.  Am.) 

•»--•-•*-  Annual ;  fruit  closely  covered;  lowest  anther  much  the  longest. 

7.  S.  ROSTR\TUM  Eninal.     (BUFFALO  BUR.)     Very  prickly,  somewhat  hoary 
or  yellowish  with  a  copious  wholly  stellate  pubescence  ;  leaves  1-2-pinnatifid ; 
calyx  densely  prickly;   corolla  yellow;  stamens  and  style  much  declined. — 
Plains  of  Neb.  to  Tex.;  recently  spread  eastw.  to  the  coast  as  a  weed. 

8.  S.  citrullif61ium  A.  Br.     Similar,  but  less  glandular-pubescent ;  corolla 
violet,  4  cm.  broad.     (S.  heterodoxum  Britton,  not  Dunal.) — la.  and  Kan., 
southwestw. 

2.    CHAMAESARACHA  Gray. 

Calyx  herbaceous,  closely  investing  the  globose  berry  (or  most  of  it),  obscurely 
if  at  all  veiny.  Corolla  rotate,  5-angulate,  plicate  in  the  bud.  Filaments  fili- 
form ;  anthers  separate,  oblong.  —  Perennials,  with  mostly  narrow  entire  or 
pinnatifid  leaves  tapering  into  margined  petioles,  and  filiform  naked  pedicels 
solitary  in  the  axils,  refracted  or  recurved  in  fruit.  {Saracha  is  a  tropical 


714  SOLANACEAE    (NIGHTSHADE   FAMILY) 

American  genus  dedicated  to  Isidoro  Saracha,  a  Spanish  Benedictine  ;  the  prefix 

on  the  ground,  i.e.  dwarf.) 

1.  C.  s6rdida  (Dunal)  Gray.  Much  branched  from  root  or  base,  somewhat 
cinereous  with  short  viscid  pubescence  ;  leaves  obovate-spatulate  or  cuneate- 
oblong  to  oblanceolate,  repand  to  incisely  pinnatifid  ;  calyx  when  young  villous- 
viscid  ;  corolla  pale  yellow  or  violet-purple,  1-1.5  cm.  broad;  berry  as  large  as 
a  pea.  (C.  conioides  Britton.)  —  Dry  or  clayey  soil,  Kan.  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. 

3.    PHYSALIS   L.     GROUND  CHERRY 

Calyx  5-clef t,  reticulated  and  enlarging  after  flowering,  at  length  much  inflated 
and  inclosing  the  2-celled  globular  (edible)  berry.  Corolla  between  wheel-shaped 
and  funnel-form,  the  very  short  tube  marked  with  5  concave  spots  at  the  base  ; 
the  plaited  border  somewhat  5-lobed  or  barely  5-10-toothed.  Stamens  5,  erect ; 
anthers  separate,  opening  lengthwise.  —  Ours  herbs  with  extra-axillary  pedun- 
cles;  flowering  through  the  summer.  (Name  0u<ra\k,  a  bladder,  from  the 
inflated  calyx.) 

a.  Corolla  large,  white  with  pale  yellow  center ;  calyx  neither  angled  nor 

ribbed 1.  P.  grandiflora. 

a.   Corolla  lurid,   greenish  or  yellowish-white  to  deep  yellow  with  dark 

center  &. 
b.   Annual  c. 

c.  Glabrous  or  merely  puberulent. 

Corolla  1-2.5  cm,  broad 2.  P.  ixocarpa. 

Corolla  4-10  mm.  in  diameter. 

Teeth  of  leaves  acuminate 8.   P.  angulata. 

Teeth  of  leaves  obtusish (6)   P.  barbadensis,  v.  obscura. 

C.   Villous  or  pubescent,  hairs  simple,  viscid  or  glandular. 

Fruiting  calyx   carinately  5-angled,   its   teeth    during    anthesis 

lanceolate. 

Fruiting  calyx  subglobose-ovoid,  lather  abruptly  pyramidal  at 
summit. 

Plant  green 4.  P.  pubescens. 

Plant  somewhat  hoary 5.   P.  pruinosa. 

Fruiting  calyx  flask-shaped,  gradually  conic-pyramidal  at  summit      6.    P.  barbadensis. 
Fruiting  calyx  not  sharply  angled,  its  teeth  deltoid  during  anthesis      7.   P.  missouriensis. 
b.   Perennial  d. 

d.  Canescent,  covered  with  short  dense  stellate  tomentum    .        .        .      8.   P.  viscosa. 
d.   Pubescence  loose  ;  hairs  once  or  twice  branched        .        .        .        .      9.  P.  pumila. 
d.   Hairs  simple  or  none. 

Fruiting  calyx  scarlet 10.   P.  Alkekengi. 

Fruiting  calyx  greenish. 

Leaves    broadly  ovate,   rounded  or  cordate  at  base ;    viscid- 
pubescent         11.  P.  heterophylla. 

Leaves  narrowly  ovate  to  oblong  or  lanceolate,  cuneate  at  base. 
Nearly  glabrous  ;  leaves  4-5  times  as  long  as  broad          .        .    12.  P.longifolia. 
Strigillose  to  villous-pubescent ;  leaves  l%-3  times  as  long  as 
broad. 

Stem  and  branches  strigillose 13.   P.  subglabrata. 

Stem  and  branches  spreading-villous,  retrorsely  puberulent 

or  glandular-pulverulent 14.    P.  virginiana. 

Stem  and  branches  hirsutulous 15.   P.  lanceolata. 

1.  P.    grandiflbra    Hook.      Clammy-pubescent,   erect ;    leaves   lance-ovate, 
pointed,  entire  or  nearly  so;  corolla  2.5-5  cm.  wide,  ivhite,  with  a  pale  yellow 
center,  woolly  in  the  throat ;  fruiting  calyx  globular.     (Leucophysalis  Rydb.)  — 
Recent  clearings  and   sandy   shores.,  e.  Que.  to  the   Saskatchewan,  s.  to  L. 
Cham  plain,  Mich.,  Wise.,  and  Minn. 

2.  P.  IXOCARPA  Brotero.      (TOMATILLO.)     Erect  branching  annual,  2-9  dm. 
high,  glabrous  or  merely  puberulent ;  leaves  entire  to  sharply  sinuate-dentate ; 
peduncles  3-6  mm.  long,  distinctly  shorter  than  the  flowers  ;  calyx-teeth  deltoid  ; 
corolla  1-2.5  cm.  wide,  lurid,  yellowish  or  greenish,  with  dark  center.   (P.  aequata 
Jacq.   f . )  —  Often   cultivated  and  frequently  spontaneous.     (Introd.  from  the 
Southwest.)  — The  large  purple  fruit  often  bursts  the  calyx.     P.  pendula  Rydb. 
appears  to  be  a  smaller-flowered  long-peduncled  extreme  found  from  111.  (  Vasey) 
southw.  and  westw. 

3.  P.  angulata  L.     Much  branched  ;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  sharply 
and  irregularly  laciniate-toothed ;  peduncles  filiform;  corolla  unspotted,   very 


SOLANACEAE    (NIGHTSHADE   FAMILY)  715 

small  (6-10  mm.  broad  when  expanded);  fruiting  calyx  conical-ovoid  with  a 
truncate  or  sunken  base,  10-angled,  loosely  inflated,  at  length  well  filled  by  the 
greenish-yellow  berry.  — Open  rich  grounds,  Pa.  to  Minn.,  and  southw. 

4.  P.  pubescens  L.     Pubescent  but  not  hoary ;  leaves  thin,  entire  at  least 
near  the  oblique  but  rarely  cordate  base  ;   stem  slender,  geniculate,  diffusely 
branched  ;  fruiting  calyx  subglobose,  shortly  acuminate,  carinately  b-angled.  — 
Pa.  to  Va.,  and  westw. 

5.  P.    pruinbsa    L.       (STRAWBERRY    TOMATO.)       Hoary-pubescent;    stem 
stouter ;  leaves  thicker,   sinuate-dentate  even  to  the  oblique  and    distinctly 
cordate  base  ;  fruiting  calyx  subglobose,  rather  abruptly  acuminate,  carinately 
5-angled.  —  Sandy  soil,  Mass,  to  Ont.,  la.,  Kan.,  and  southw. 

6.  P.   barbadensis    Jacq.      Pubescent  or  somewhat  hoary,    near  the  two 
preceding  but  with  m  >re  elongated  ovoid  and  gradually  attenuate  fruiting  calyx 
of  somewhat  firmer  texture  ;  leaves  toothed  or  entire,  rounded  or  subcordate 
at  the  scarcely  oblique  base. — Pa.  (Knipe)  to  Mo.  (Bush),  and  southw.     Var. 
OBsctiRA    (Michx.)    Kydb.      Nearly    glabrous.      (P.    obscura    Michx.)  —  Mo. 
(Bush,  Eggert},  and  southw. 

7.  P.  missouriensis   Mackenzie  &  Bush.     Leaves  repand,  oblique  but  not 
cordate  at  base,  thin  ;  flowers  4-8  mm.  in  diameter  ;  fruiting  calyx  subglobose, 
not  sharply  angled,  2  cm.  or  less  in  length.  —  Mo.  and  Kan. 

8.  P.  viscbsa  L.      Cinereous  or  when  young  almost  canescent  with  short 
stellate  or  2-3-forked  pubescence  ;  stems  ascending  or  spreading  from  slender 
creeping  subterranean  shoots;  leaves  ovate   or  oval,  varying  to  oblong  and 
obovate,  entire  or  undulate ;  corolla  greenish-yellow,  with  a  more  or  less  dark 
eye ;  fruiting  calyx  globose-ovoid ;  berry  yellow  or  orange.  —  In  sands  on  and 
near  the  coast,  Va.  to  N.  C.  and  Fla. 

9.  P.  pumila  Nutt.     Dichotomously  branched,  3  dm.  high  ;  stems  geniculate, 
shortly  hirsute  with  spreading  once  or  twice   branched  sordid  hairs ;  leaves 
ovate-oblong,  mostly  entire,  acute  or  acutish  at  each  end  ;  fruiting  calyx  yellow- 
ish-green, ovoid-pyramidal,  2.6-3  cm.  in  diameter,  scarcely  umbonate  at  base. 
(P.  lanceolata,  var.  hirta  Gray.)  — Dry  ground,  w.  Mo.  (Bush),  and  south  westw. 

10.  P.    ALKEKENGI  L.     (WINTER    CHERRY.)     Stems  subsimple,  erect  from 
a  creeping  perennial  rootstock ;  leaves  thin,   green,   broadly  ovate,  entire  or 
angled;   flowers  2.5  cm.  in  diameter;  fruiting  calyces  firm,  veiny,  scarlet  or 
crimson. — Frequently  cultivated  for  its  decorative  fruit;  said  to  be  escaping 
locally,  as  also  the  doubtfully  distinct  P.  FRANCHETI  Masters  (CHINESE  LAN- 
TERN PLANT),  which  is  annual  and  has  even  larger  and  more  showy  scarlet  or 
crimson  fruiting  calyces  (5  cm.  in  diameter).     (Introd.  from  e.  Asia.) 

11.  P.  heterophylla  Nees.    Perennial,  diffusely  much  branched  and  widely 
spreading  or  at  first  erect,   puberulent  or  tomentose,    usually   viscid ;   leaves 
sometimes  oblong,  repand  or  obtusely  toothed,  acute  or  obtuse;  corolla  1.6-2.2 
cm.   broad,  5-angled  or  5-10-toothed  ;   anthers  chiefly  yellow.     (P.  virginiana 
Man.  ed.  6,  not  Mill.)  —  Chiefly  in  sandy  or  alluvial  soil,  N.  B.,  southw.  and 
westw.     Var.  AMENTIA  (Gray)  Rydb.     Spreading-villous ;  anthers  chiefly  pur- 
plish.—  N.  H.,  southw.  and  westw.     Var.  NYCTAGfNKA  (Dunal)  Rydb.     Leaves 
thinner,  mostly  subentire  and  acuminate,  pubescent  chiefly  on  the  veins.  —  R.  I., 
southw.  and  westw. 

12.  P.  Iongif61ia  Nutt.     Essentially  smooth  and  green,  4-6  dm.  high,  much 
branched  above ;  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  attentuate  at  each  end,  entire 
or  undulate-dentate  ;  calyx  and  peduncles  more  or  less  strigillose  ;  corolla  1-1.5 
cm.  wide.  — Bottom  lands,  etc.,  la.  to  S.  Dak.,  and  south  westw. 

13.  P.  subglabrata  Mackenzie  &  Bush.     Leaves  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  oblique 
at  base,  entire,  repand,  or  sparingly  angulate-toothed  ;  peduncles  1-3  cm.  long ; 
calyx-teeth  ovate-lanceolate  ;  corolla  brownish-  or  violet-spotted  in  the  center; 
calyx  at  maturity  globose  and  completely  filled  by  the  large  reddish  or  purple 
berry  and  open  at  the  mouth.     (P.  philadelphica  Man.  ed.  6,  but  perhaps  not 
of  Lam.)  — Fertile  soil,  R.  I.  to  Minn.,  and  southw. 

14.  P.  virginiana  Mill.     Erect  perennial ;  stem  1.5-3  dm.  high,  villous  ;  leaves 
rather  narrowly  ovate,  mostly  acutish  at  each  end,  subentire  or  more  often  with 
1-5  acutish  or  rounded  teeth  on  each  side,  thinner  than  in  the  next  species; 


716  SOLANACEAE    (NIGHTSHADE   FAMILY) 

calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  in  anthesis  about  equaling  the  tube  ;  fruiting  calyx  2.5 
cm.  long,  deeply  umbonate  at  base  ;  corolla  pale  yellow,  1.8-2.3  cm.  in  diameter. 
(P.  lanceolata  Man.  ed.  6,  in  part,  not  Michx.) — Dry  hills,  gravelly  soil,  etc., 
Ct.  to  la.,  and  southw.  The  typical  form  with  villous  spreading  pubescence 
seems  relatively  infrequent.  The  more  common  form  has  the  pubescence  on 
stem  and  branches  very  short,  the  hairs  retrorse  or  recurved,  not  viscid.  Occa- 
sional specimens  are  merely  glandular-pulverulent.  Var.  INTERMEDIA  Rydb. 
Leaves  larger,  thinner,  more  entire ;  pubescence  somewhat  glandular  when 
young.  —  Ind.  (according  to  Britton),  and  southw. 

15.  P.  lanceolata  Michx.  More  or  less  hirsute-pubescent  with  short  stiff 
hairs,  varying  to  nearly  glabrous  ;  stems  from  rather  stout  subterranean  shoots, 
angled,  somewhat  rigid ;  leaves  oblong-ovate  to  lanceolate,  sparingly  angulate- 
toothed  or  more  often  entire  ;  corolla  ochroleucous,  with  a  more  or  less  dark  eye  ; 
calyx  commonly  hirsute,  in  fruit  pyramidal-ovoid,  2.5-3.6  cm.  long;  berry 
reddish.  —  Dry  prairies  and  on  sandy  or  clayey  bluffs,  111.  to  Wyo.  and  N.  Mex. ; 
also  southeastw.  to  S.  C. 

4.   NICANDRA  Adans.     APPLE  OF  PERU 

Calyx  5-parted,  5-angled,  the  divisions  rather  arrow-shaped,  enlarged  and 
bladder-like  in  fruit,  inclosing  the  3-5-celled  globular  dry  berry.  Corolla  with 
border  nearly  entire.  Otherwise  much  like  Physalis.  —  Coarse  smooth  annual, 
with  ovate  sinuate-toothed  or  angled  leaves,  and  solitary  pale  blue  flowers  on 
axillary  and  terminal  peduncles.  (Named  for  the  poet  Nicander  of  Colophon.) 
PHVSALODES  Boehmer. 

1.  N.  PHYSAL6DES  (L.)  Pers.  (Physalodes  Britton.)  —  Waste  grounds,  near 
dwellings  and  old  gardens.  July-Sept.  (Introd.  from  Peru.) 

5.   LYCIUM  L.     MATRIMONY  VINE 

Calyx  3-5-toothed  or  -cleft,  not  enlarging,  persistent  at  the  base  of  the  berry. 
Corolla  funnel-form  or  salver-shaped,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated  and  not 
plaited  in  the  bud.  Stamens  5  ;  anthers  opening  lengthwise.  Style  slender ; 
stigma  capitate.  Berry  small,  2-celled.  —  Shrubby  often  spiny  plants,  with 
alternate  and  entire  small  leaves,  and  mostly  axillary  small  flowers.  (Named 
from  the  country,  Lycia.} 

1.  L.  HALiMiF6LiuM  Mill.  (COMMON  M.)  Shrub  with  long  sarmentose 
recurved-drooping  branches,  smooth,  sparingly  if  at  all  spiny  ;  leaves  oblong- 
or  spatulate-lanceolate,  often  fascicled,  narrowed  into  a  short  petiole  ;  flowers 
on  slender  peduncles  fascicled  in  the  axils  ;  corolla  short  funnel-form,  greenish- 
purple  ;  style  and  slender  filaments  equaling  the  corolla-lobes  ;  berry  ovoid, 
orange-red.  (L.  vulgare  Dunal.)  —  About  dwellings,  and  sometimes  escaped 
into  waste  grounds.  (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

6.    HYOSCYAMUS    [Tourn.]    L.     HENBANE 

Calyx  bell-shaped  or  urn-shaped,  5-lobed.  Corolla  funnel-form,  oblique,  with 
a  5-lobed  more  or  less  unequal  plaited  border.  Stamens  declined.  Capsule 
inclosed  in  the  persistent  calyx,  2-celled,  opening  transversely  all  round  near 
the  apex,  which  falls  off  like  a  lid.  —  Clammy-pubescent  fetid  narcotic  herbs, 
with  lurid  flowers  in  the  axils  of  angled  or  toothed  leaves.  (Name  composed 
of  vs,  a  hog,  and  Ktfa/xos,  a  bean;  said  to  be  poisonous  to  swine.) 

1.  H.  NIGER  L.  (BLACK  H.)  Biennial  or  annual  ;  leaves  clasping,  sinuate- 
toothed  and  angled ;  flowers  sessile,  in  one-sided  leafy  spikes  ;  corolla  dull 
yellowish,  strongly  reticulated  with  purple  veins.  —  Open  sandy  soil  and  waste 
places,  e.  Que.  to  Ont.  and  Mich. ;  also  rarely  about  ports  southw.  June,  July. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 


SCROPHULARIACEAE   (FIGWORT   FAMILY)  717 

7.  DATtTRA   L.    JAMESTOWN  or  JIMSON  WEED.     THORN  APPLE 

Calyx  prismatic  or  cylindrical,  5-toothed,  separating  transversely  above  the 
base  in  fruit,  the  upper  part  falling  away.  Corolla  funnel-form,  with  a  large 
and  spreading  5-10-toothed  plaited  border.  Stigma  2-lipped.  Capsule  globular, 
prickly,  4-valved,  4-celled  except  near  the  2-celled  top.  Seeds  rather  large, 
flat.  —  Rank  weeds,  narcotic-poisonous,  with  ovate  leaves,  and  large  showy 
flowers  produced  all  summer  and  autumn  on  short  peduncles  in  the  forks  of  the 
branching  stem.  (Altered  from  the  Arabic  name,  Tatorah.} 

1.  D.    STRAM6NIUM   L.     (STRAMONIUM.)     Annual,    glabrous;   leaves  ovate, 
sinuate-toothed  or  angled  ;  stem  green;  calyx  prismatic ;  corolla  white,  7-9  cm. 
long,  the  border  with  5  teeth  ;  lower  prickles  of  the  capsule  mostly  shorter.  — 
Waste  grounds  ;  a  well-known  ill-scented  weed.     (Nat.  from  Asia  ?) 

2.  D.  TATULA  L.     (PURPLE  T.)     Mostly  taller;  stem  purple;  corolla  pale 
violet-purple;  prickles  of  the  capsule  nearly  equal. — Waste  grounds,  Atlantic 
States  to  Ont. ,  Minn.,  and  south westw.     (Nat.  from  Trop.  Am.) 

3.  D.  METEL  L.     Pubescent;  leaves  entire  or  slightly  toothed  ;  calyx  tubular  ; 
corolla  1.5-2  cm.  long;  capsule  evenly  prickly.  —  Waste  ground,  etc.,  becoming 
frequent.     (Adv.  from  Trop.  Am.) 

8.    NICOTlANA   [Tourn.]  L.    TOBACCO 

Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  5-cleft.  Corolla  funnel-form  or  salver-form,  usu- 
ally with  a  long  tube  ;  the  plaited  border  5-lobed.  Stigma  capitate.  Capsule 
2-celled,  2-4-valved  from  the  apex.  Seeds  minute.  —  Rank  acrid-narcotic  herbs, 
mostly  clammy-pubescent,  with  ample  entire  leaves,  and  racemed  or  panicled 
flowers.  (Named  after  Jean  Nicot,  who  was  thought  to  have  introduced 
Tobacco,  N.  Tabacum  L.,  into  Europe.) 

1.  N.  RUSTICA  L.  (WILD  TOBACCO.)  Annual ;  leaves  ovate,  petioled ; 
tube  of  the  dull  greenish-yellow  corolla  cylindrical,  two  thirds  longer  than  the 
calyx,  the  lobes  rounded.  —  Old  fields,  N.  Y.  and  Ont.,  westw.  and  south w.; 
a  relic  of  cultivation  by  the  Indians.  (Of  unknown  nativity.) 

N.  LONGIFL6RA  Cav.,  with  long  slender  tubular  corolla,  is  said  to  escape  from 
cultivation. 

SCROPHULARlACEAE   (FIGWORT  FAMILY) 

Chiefly  herbs  (rarely  trees),  with  didynamous  stamens  (or perfect  stamens 
often  only  2,  rarely  5)  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  2-lipped  or  more  or  less 
irregular  corolla,  the  lobes  of  which  are  imbricated  in  the  bud;  fruit  a  2-celled 
and  usually  many-seeded  capsule,  with  the  placentae  in  the  axis;  seeds  anatro- 
pous  or  amphitropous,  with  a  small  embryo  in  copious  albumen.  Style  single  ; 
stigma  entire  or  2-lobed.  Leaves  and  inflorescence  various,  but  the  flowers 
not  terminal  in  any  genuine  representatives  of  the  family. — A  large  family 
of  bitterish  plants,  some  of  them  narcotic-poisonous. 

SUBFAMILY  I.     ANTIRRHINOfDEAE 

Upper  lip  or  lobes  of  the  corolla  covering  the  lower  in  the  bud  (with  occasional 
exceptions  in  Mimulus,  etc.).  Capsule  usually  septicidal. 

Tribe  I.    VERBASCEAE.    Corolla  rotate.    Flowers  racemose.    Leaves  alternate. 

1.  Verbascum.    Stamens  5,  all  with  anthers,  and  3  or  all  with  bearded  filaments. 

Tribe  II.  ANTIRRHfNEAE.  Corolla  tubular,  with  a  spur  or  sac  at  the  base  below,  the  throat 
usually  with  a  palate.  Capsule  opening  by  chinks  or  holes.  Flowers  in  simple  racemes  or 
axillary.  Lower  leaves  usually  opposite  or  whorled.  Stamens  4. 

2.  Linaria.     Corolla  spurred  at  base  ;  the  palate  seldom  closing  the  throat. 

3.  Antirrhinum.    Corolla  merely  saccate  or  gibbous  at  the  base  ;  the  throat  nearly  or  quite 

closed  by  a  conspicuous  palate. 


718  SCKOPHULARIACEAE    (FIGWORT    FAMILY) 

Tribe  III.  CHEI/6NEAE.  Corolla  tubular  or  2-lipped,  neither  spurred  nor  saccate  below.  Capsule 
2  4-valved.  Leaves  opposite.  Inflorescence  usually  compound,  of  small  axillary  spiked  or 
racemed  or  umbel-like  clusters  or  cymes,  or  when  reduced  to  a  single  flower  the  peduncle  mostly 
2-bracteate.  Stamens  4,  and  usually  a  rudiment  of  the  fifth. 

4.  Collinsia.     Corolla  2-cleft,  the  short  tube  saccate  on  the  upper  side  ;  the  middle  lobe  of  the 

lower  lip  sac-like  and  inclosing  the  declined  stamens. 

5.  Scrophularia.     Corolla  inflated,   globular  or  subcylindric,  with  four  erect  lobes  and  one 

spreading  one.     Eudiment  of  the  sterile  stamen  a  scale  on  the  upper  lip. 

G.   Pentstemon.     Corolla  tubular.    Sterile  stamen  about  as  long  as  the  rest.    Seeds  wingless  or 
but  narrowly  margined. 

7.  Chelone.     Corolla  tubular,  inflated  above.     Sterile  stamen  shorter  than  the  others.    Anthers 

very  woolly.     Seeds  winged. 

8.  Paulownia.     Tree.    Corolla  tubular,  inflated  above,  the  lobes  spreading.    Sterile  stamen 

none. 

Tribe  IV.  GRATldLEAE.  Corolla  tubular,  not  saccate  nor  spurred.  Capsule  2-valved.  Flowers 
solitary  in  the  axils  of  bracts  or  leaves  ;  peduncles  naked  (or  2-bracteolate  in  no.  15).  Leaves 
all  or  the  lower  ones  opposite.  No  trace  of  a  fifth  stamen. 

*  Stamens  4,  all  anther-bearing  and  similar. 

9.  Mimulus.     Calyx  prismatic,  5-angled,  5-toothed.     Corolla  elongated. 

10.  Conobea.    Calyx  5-parted,  the  divisions  equal.    Corolla  short. 

11.  Bacopa.     Calyx  5-parted,  unequal,  the  upper  division  largest.     Corolla  short. 

12.  Limosella.      Calyx  5-toothed.      Corolla  open-bell-shaped,   5-cleft,  nearly  regular.     Leaves 

alternate  or  fascicled,  fleshy.    Dwarf  aquatic  or  marsh  plant. 

*  *  Anther-bearing  stamens  2  ;  usually  also  a  pair  of  sterile  filaments. 

13.  Micranthemum.     Flowers  minute.     Calyx  4-toothed  or  cleft.     Upper  lip  of  corolla  short  or 

none.     Filaments  with  an  appendage  ;  sterile  pair  none.     Dwarf  aquatic. 

14.  Ilysanthes.     Calyx  5-parted.     Stamens  included,  the  sterile  filaments  protruded. 

15.  Gratiola.     Calyx  5-parted.     Stamens  included,  the  sterile  pair  short  or  none. 

SUBFAMILY  II.     KHINANTHOfDEAE 

Under  lip  of  the  lateral  lobes  of  the  corolla  covering  the  upper  in  the  bud. 
Capsule  commonly  loculicidal. 

Tribe  V.     DIGITALEAE.     Corolla  wheel-shaped,  salver-shaped,  or  bell-shaped.    Stamens  2  or  4,  not 
approaching  in  pairs  nor  strongly  didynamous  ;  anthers  2-cellecl. 

16.  Digitalis.     Calyx  5-parted.    Corolla  tubular  or  elongate-bell-shaped,  declined.    Stamens  4. 

17.  Veronica.     Calyx  4(rarely  3-5)-parted.     Corolla  wheel-shaped  or  salver-shaped,  almost  regu- 

lar.    Stamens  2.     Leaves  chiefly  opposite  or  whorled.     Flowers  racemed  or  axillary. 
IS.   Synthyris.     Calyx  4-parted.    Corolla  bell-shaped,  2-4-lobed,  irregular.      Stamens  2  or  4. 
Leaves  alternate.     Flowers  racemed  or  spiked. 

Tribe  VI.     GERARDlEAE.     Corolla  with  a  spreading  and  slightly  unequal  5-lobsd  limb.    Stamens 
4,  approximate  in  pairs.     Leaves  opposite,  or  the  uppermost  alternate. 
*  Corolla  bell-shaped  to  funnel-form  ;  anthers  2-celled. 

19.  Seymeria.     Stamens  nearly  equal.    Tube  of  the  corolla  broad,  not  longer  than  the  lobes. 

20.  Gerardia.     Stamens  strongly  unequal,  included. 

*  *  Corolla  salver-shaped  ;  anthers  1-celled  ;  flowers  in  a  spike 

21.  Buchnera.     Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed.    Limb  of  the  elongated  corolla  5-cleft. 

Tribe  VII.    EUPHRASlEAE.     Corolla  tubular,  obviously  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  narrow,  erect  M 
arched,  inclosing  the  4  usually  strongly  didynamous  stamens. 

*  Anther-cells  unequal  and  separated  ;  capsule  many-seeded. 

22.  Castilleja.      Calyx  tubular,   cleft    down    the    lower,   and  often  also  on  the    upper,   side. 

Upper  lip  of  corolla  elongated  ;  the  lower  short,  often  very  small. 

23.  Orthocarpus.     Calyx  tubular-campanulate,  4- cleft.      Upper  lip  of  corolla  little  longer  and 

usually  much  narrower  than  the  inflated  lower  one. 


SCROPHULARIACEAE    (FIGWOKT   FAMILY)  719 

*  *  Anther-cells  equal;  capsule  1-4-seeded. 

24.  Melampyrum.    Calyx  4-cleft.    Ovary  2-celled,  4-ovuled.     Capsule  flat,  oblique. 

*  *  *  Anther-cells  equal;  capsule  rnany-several-seeded. 

25.  Euphrasia.    Calyx  4-cleft.     Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  2-lobed,  and  sides  folded  back.    Capsule 

oblong. 

26.  Odontites.    Calyx  4-cleft.    Upper  lip  of  corolla  entire,  and  sides  not  folded  back. 

27.  Pedicularis.    Calyx  not  inflated.    Capsule  ovate  or  sword-shaped  ;  seeds  wingless. 
23.   Rhinanthus.     Calyx  inflated,  ovate.    Capsule  orbicular  ;  seeds  winged. 

29.  Schwalbea.    Calyx  5-toothed,  very  oblique,  the  uppermost  tooth  much  the  smallest, 

1.  VERBASCUM  [Tourn.]  L.    MULLEIN 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  5-lobed,  open  or  concave  ;  the  lobes  broad  and 
rounded,  a  little  unequal.  Style  flattened  at  the  apex.  Capsule  globular,  many- 
seeded. —  Tall  and  usually  woolly  biennial  herbs;  the  leaves  of  the  stem  sessile, 
often  decurrent.  Flowers  in  large  terminal  spikes  or  racemes,  ephemeral,  in 
summer.  (The  ancient  Latin  name,  altered  from  Barbascum.) 

1.  V.  TnApsus  L.     (COMMON   M.)     Densely  woolly  throughout,'  stem   tall 
and  stout,  simple,  winged  by  the  decurrent  bases  of  the  oblong  acute  leaves; 
flowers  yellow,  very  rarely  white,  in  a  prolonged  and  very  dense  cylindrical 
spike;  lower  stamens  usually  beardless. — Fields,  rocky  or  gravelly  banks,  etc., 
a  common  weed.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  V.  PHLOMOIDES  L.     Similar,  but  the  sessile   leaves  not  at  all  or  only 
slightly  decurrent.  —  Locally  from  N.  E.  to  Ky.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

3.  V.  BLATTARIA  L.     (Morn  M.)     Green  and  smoothish,  or  somewhat  glan- 
dular-pubescent above,  slender;  lower  leaves  petioled,  oblong,  doubly  serrate, 
sometimes  lyre-shaped,  the  upper  partly  clasping ;   raceme  loose,  the  pedicels 
longer  than  the  fruit;  filaments  all  bearded  with  violet  wool.  —  Roadsides  and 
waste  places,  w.  Me.  to  Ont.,  and  southw.,  local.  — Corolla  either  yellow,  or  (in 
var.  ALBIFL6RUM  Ktze.)  white  with  a  tinge  of  purple.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

4.  V.  VIRGATUM  Stokes.     Similar  to   the   preceding  species,  but  somewhat 
more  pubescent  and  glandular  ;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  fruit.  —  Roadsides, 
Cape  Breton  I.  (Macoun)  and  Cal.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

5.  V.  LYCHNITIS  L.     (WHITE  M.)     Clothed  with  thin  powdery  woolliness; 
stem  and  branches  angled  above  ;  leaves  ovate,  acute,  not  decurrent,  greenish 
above ;  flowers  yellow,  rarely  white,  in  a  pyramidal  panicle;  filaments  with 
whitish  wool.  — Fields,  etc.,  Mass,  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  and  Ont.,  rather  rare.     (Adv. 
from  Eu.) 

2.    LINARIA  [Tourn.]  Hill.     TOADFLAX 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  spurred  at  base  on  the  lower  side  (in  abnormal 
specimens  sometimes  regularly  5-spurred).  Capsule  thin,  opening  below  the 
summit  by  1  or  more  pores  or  chinks.  Seeds  many.  —  Herbs,  with  at  least  all 
the  upper  leaves  alternate  (in  ours),  flowering  in  summer.  (Name  from  Linum, 
the  Flax,  which  some  species  resemble  in  their  foliage.) 

*  Erect  or  ascending,  with  narrow  entire  leaves. 
•*-  Flowers  yellow. 

1.  L.  VULGARIS  Hill.    (RAMSTED,  BUTTER  AND  EGGS.)    Glabrous,  erect,  1.3m. 
or  less  high;  leaves  pale,  linear  or  nearly  so,  extremely  numerous,  subalter- 
nate  ;  raceme  dense ;  corolla  2-3  cm.  long  or  more,  including  the  slender  subu- 
late spur;  seeds  winged. — Fields  and  roadsides,  throughout  our  range.     (Nat. 
from  Ku.) 

2.  L.  SUP!NA  Desf.    Diffusely  branched  at  base,  1-2.5  dm.  high  ;  leaves  linear, 
the  lower  whorled  ;  racemes  short,  few-flowered  ;  corolla  ratiier  smaller  than  hi 
the  preceding.  —  Ballast  and  waste  land  along  the  coast.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


720  SCROPHULARIACEAE    (FIG WORT   FAMILY) 

H-  -»-  Flowers  blue  or  purple. 
•*-«•  Corolla  equaling  or  longer  than  the  pedicels. 

3.  L.  canadSnsis  (L.)  Dumont.     Slender,-  glabrous;  flowering  stems  nearly 
simple,  2-8  dm.  high  ;  leaves  flat,  2-4  mm.  wide ;  racemes  slender,  naked,  loose  ; 
corolla  1  cm.  or  less  long,  sometimes  wanting  (in  reduced  and  cleistogamous 
flowers).  —  Sandy  soil,  N.  B.  and  centr.  Me.,  westw.  and  southw. 

•»•+  -t-i-  Corolla  much  shorter  than  the  slender  axillary  pedicels. 

4.  L.  M!NOR  (L.)  Desf.     Low  branched  glandular  annual,  1-3   dm.  high  ; 
leaves  spatulate-linear ;  corolla  5-8  mm.  long.  — Ballast  and  made  land,  Atlantic 
coast  to  Ont.  and  Mich.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Annual,  procumbent,  much  branched,  with  broad  petioled  veiny  alternate 
leaves,  and  small  purplish  and  yellow  flowers  from  their  axils. 

-t-  Pubescent. 

5.  L.  ELATINE  (L.)  Mill.     Leaves  hastate  or  the  lower  ovate,  much  surpassed 
by  the  filiform  peduncles  ;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  acute  ;  corolla  0.5-1  cm.  long, 
including  the  subulate  spur.     (Elatinoides  Wettst. )  —  Sandy  banks,  shores  and 
waste  places,  Mass,  to  N.  C.  and  Mo.,  rather  rare.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

6.  L.  SPURIA  (L.)  Mill.     Like  the  preceding,  but  with  roundish  or  cordate 
leaves  and  ovate  or  cordate  calyx-lobes.     (Eiatinoides  Wettst.)  — Occasional  on 
ballast  or  waste  grounds.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

t-  -»-  Glabrous. 

7.  L.  CYMBALA.RIA  (L.)  Mill.     (KENILWORTH  or  COLISEUM  IVY.)      Leaves 
reniform-orbicular,  5-9-lobed  ;  peduncles  slender,  becoming  recurved  in  fruit  ; 
calyx-lobes  lanceolate.     (Cymbalaria  Wettst.)  —  Waste  places  and  ballast;  also 
cultivated.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.   ANTIRRHINUM    [Tourn.]   L.     SNAPDRAGON 

Calyx  6-parted.  Corolla-tube  saccate  or  gibbous  in  front,  not  spurred ;  the 
lower  lip  3-lobed,  spreading,  developed  at  the  base  into  a  prominent  palate, 
which  nearly  or  quite  closes  the  throat ;  upper  lip  erect,  shortly  2-lobed.  Sta- 
mens 4,  didynamous,  included  ;  anther-cells  distinct  and  parallel.  —  Ours  herba- 
ceous plants  with  lance-oblong  to  linear  entire  leaves  and  axillary  or  racemose 
flowers.  (Name  from  avrl,  in  the  sense  of  like,  and  pis,  a  snout,  in  reference 
doubtless  to  the  peculiar  form  of  the  corolla.) 

1.  A.  ORONTIUM  L.     Slender  usually  branched  annual,  pubescent  or  smooth- 
ish  ;  leaves  linear ;  calyx-lobes  linear,  exceeding  the  capsule  ;  corolla  purple  or 
white,  1-1.6  cm.  long.  —  Casual  in  fields,  about  dumping  grounds,  etc.,  rather 
rare.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  A.  M\JUS  L.     Perennial,  glandular-pubescent  and  somewhat  viscid  ;  leaves 
lance-oblong;  calyx-lobes  ovate  or  oblong,  short;   corolla  crimson,  white,  or 
variegated,  2-3  cm.  long.  —  Commonly  cultivated,  and  occasionally  found  as  an 
•scape.     (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

4.   COLLiNSIA  Nutt. 

Calyx  deeply  5-cleft.  Corolla  declined ;  upper  lip  2-cleft,  its  lobes  partly 
turned  backward.  Fifth  stamen  gland-like.  Capsule  4-many-seeded.  —  Slen- 
der annuals  or  biennials,  with  party-colored  flowers  in  umbel-like  clusters, 
appearing  whorled  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves.  (Dedicated  to  Zaccheus 
Collins,  Philadelphia!!  botanist,  1764-1831.) 

1.  C.  v6rna  Nutt.  (BLUE-EYED  MARY.)  Slender,  1.5-6  dm.  high;  lower 
leaves  ovate,  the  upper  ovate-lanceolate,  clasping  by  the  heart-shaped  base, 
toothed;  whorls  about  Q-flowered  ;  flowers  long-peduncled  ;  corolla  blue  and 
white,  1-1.6  cm.  long,  more  than  twice  exceeding  the  calyx. — Moist  soil,  Ont. 
and  N.  Y.  to  la.,  and  southw.  Apr. -June. 


SCROPHULARIACEAE    (FIG WORT  FAMILY)  721 

C.  Bf COLOR  Benth.,  of  Cal.,  differing  in  its  very  short-ped uncled  flowers,  has 
been  found  "  introduced'1  in  a  wooded  ravine  at  Galesburg,  111.  (C.  Z.  Nelson). 

2.  C.  violacea  Nutt.     Similar  to  no.  1  ;  upper  leaves  lanceolate  ;  corolla  vio- 
let.—  Rich  soil,  w.  Mo.  and  e.  Kan.  to  Tex.     Apr.,  May. 

3.  C.  parviflbra  Lindl.     Small ;   lower  leaves  ovate  or  rounded,  the  upper 
oblong-lanceolate,  mostly  entire  ;  whorls  2-6-flowered  ;  flowers  short-peduncled  ; 
the  small  blue  and  white  corolla  5-8  mm.  long,  slightly  exceeding  the  calyx.  — 
Rich  soil  and  limy  gravel,  Out.,  n.  Mich.,  and  westw.     May,  June. 

5.    SCROPHULARIA   [Tourn.]   L.     FIGWORT 

Calyx  deeply  5-cleft.  Stamens  declined,  with  the  anther-cells  transverse  and 
confluent  into  1.  Capsule  many-seeded.  —  Rank  herbs,  with  mostly  opposite 
leaves,  and  small  greenish-purple  or  lurid  flowers  in  loose  cymes,  forming  a 
terminal  slender  panicle.  (So  called  because  a  reputed  remedy  for  scrofula.) 

1.  S.  marilandica  L.    Perennial,  1-1.7  m.  high,  with  knotted  root  and  square 
stem,  glandular-puberulent  in  the  open  pyramidal  inflorescence,  otherwise  gla- 
brous ;  leaves  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  mostly  acuminate,  serrate  or  somewhat 
incised  ;  dorsal  lobes  of  the  corolla  suborbicular,  little  longer  than  the  others ; 
rudimentary  stamen  brownish-purple;  capsule  thin,  subglobose,  with  short  con- 
ical summit.     ($.  nodosa,  var.  Gray.)  —  Rich  open  woods,  e.  Mass,  to  S.  C., 
Kan.,  and  La.     July-Sept. 

2.  S.  leporSlla  Bicknell.     Of  similar  habit,  foliage,  and  pubescence;  root 
more  simple  ;  inflorescence  slender,  elongated  ;  dorsal  lobes  of  the  corolla  broadly 
oblong,  erect,  considerably  longer  than  the  others  ;  rudimentary  stamen  yellow- 
ish-green ;  capsule  ovoid-conical,  of  firmer  texture.  —  Rich  open  woods,  N.  B. 
and  Que.  to  Minn.,  Mo.,  and  Va.     May-Sept. 

5.  AQUATICA  L.,  with  crenate  oblong  very  obtuse  leaves  (often  biauriculate  at 
the  base)  and  calyx-lobes  with  broad  scarious  margin,  has  been  found  upon 
ballast  in  N.  Y.,  N.  J.,  and  Pa.     (Adv.  from  Eurasia.) 

6.   PENTSTEMON   [Mitchell]   Ait.     BEARD-TONGUE 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  tubular,  gradually  or  abruptly  dilated  in  the  throat, 
more  or  less  2-lipped  ;  upper  lip  2-lobed,  the  lower  3-cleft.  Fertile  stamens  4, 
declined  at  base,  ascending  above,  the  fifth  sterile  filament  either  naked  or 
bearded.  Seeds  numerous.  —  Perennials,  with  opposite  entire  or  toothed  leaves, 
the  upper  sessile  and  mostly  clasping.  Flowers  mostly  showy,  thyrsoid  or  in 
open  racemose  panicles.  (Name  from  irtvre,  flve,  and  GT^UV,  in  the  sense  of 
stamen;  the  fifth  stamen  being  present  and  conspicuous,  although  sterile.) 

a.    Inflorescence  viscid  or  glandular,  at  least  minutely  so  ;  leaves  toothed  or 
entire  b. 

6.  Middle  and  lower  internodes  pubescent  or  at  least  finely  puberulent  c. 
c.  Corolla  slender,  tubular  or  trumpet-shaped,  without  marked  inflation 

of  the  throat. 

Middle  and  lower  internodes  somewhat  loosely  pubescent ;  panicle 
mostly  loose  and  open  ;  corolla-limb  suberect,  not  widely  ex- 
panding   1.  P.  hirsutus. 

Middle  and  lower  internodes  minutely  granular-puberulent ;  pan- 
icle mostly  strict  and  racemiform ;  corolla-limb  ringent  or 

flaring 2.   P.  gracilis. 

C.  Corolla  with  a  decidedly  dilated  ventricose  or  campanulate  open  throat. 

Corolla  8.5-5  cm.  long;  throat  2  cm.  in  diameter     ....      8.  P.  Cobaea. 
Corolla  2-3  cm.  long ;  throat  about  1  cm.  in  diameter. 

Inflorescence  loosely  paniculate ;  capsules  &-8  mm.  long    .  4.   P.  canescens. 

Inflorescence  a  strict  dense  racemiform  panicle  ;  capsules  10-12 

mm.  long 5.   P.   albidw. 

b.  Middle  and  lower  internodes  entirely  smooth  and  glabrous. 

Corolla-limb  subrotate,  the  lobes  widely  spreading     .        .        .  6.   P.  tubiflorus. 

Corolla-limb  erect  or  but  slightly  spreading 7.  P.  laevigatus. 

a.    Inflorescence  glabrous ;  leaves  entire. 

Corolla  with  a  distinct  ventricose  throat. 

Corolla  4-5  cm.  long  ;  stem-leaves  oval  to  suborbicular      .        .        .      8.  P.  grandiflorus 
Corolla  2.8-3.7  cm.  long;  stem-leaves  ovate-lanceolate  to  narrowly 

oblong 9.   P.  fflaber. 

Corolla  trumpet-shaped,  about  2  cm.  long;  throat,  gradually  dilated    .    10.  P.  acuminatus. 

GRAY'S  MANUAL  —  40 


722  SCROPHULARIACEAE    (FIGWORT   FAMILY) 

1.  P.  hirsutus  (L.)  Willd.     Stem  2-9  dm.  high,  covered  with  fine  and  often 
crowded  spreading  whitish  mostly  gland-tipped  hairs ;  leaves  oblong  to  lanceo- 
late, 5-10  cm.  long,  the  lowest  and  radical  ovate  or  oblong,  usually  denticulate  ; 
thyrse  rather  slender;  corolla  dull  violet  or  purple  (or  partly  whitish),  scarcely 
enlarged  upward,  the  throat  nearly  closed  by  a  villous  palate ;  sterile  filament 
densely  bearded.     (P.  pubescens  Ait.) — Dry  or  rocky  grounds,  centr.  Me.  to 
Ga.,  westw.  to  Wise,  and  Mo.     May-July. 

2.  P.   gracilis   Nutt.       Stem    2-4   dm.    high,    minutely   granular-pubescent; 
stem-leaves  mostly  linear-lanceolate,  the  radical  spatulate  or  oblong ;  inflores- 
cence glandular-puberulent ;  corolla  tubular-funnel-form  or  nearly  cylindrical 
with  open  throat,  lilac-purple  or  whitish.  —  Man.  and  Minn,  to  Mo.,  Okla.,  and 
westw.     May-July. 

3.  P.  Cobaea  Nutt.     Soft-puberulent,  3-6  dm.  high  ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong, 
or  the  lower  broadly  lanceolate  and  the  upper  cordate-clasping,  mostly  sharp- 
toothed  ;  thyrse  short;  corolla  large  (3.5-5  cm.  long),  strongly  ventricose,  dull 
purple   or   whitish.  —  Prairies,    Mo.    and  Kan.   to   Tex.;   reported  from  n.    O. 
(Hacker).     May,  June. 

4.  P.  canSscens  Britton.     Stem  erect  or  somewhat  decumbent,  3-7  dm.  high, 
mostly  simple  to  the  inflorescence,  minutely  granular-puberulent ;  leaves  oblong 
to  lance-linear,    the   upper  cordate-clasping,  sometimes   a  little  panduriform  ; 
inflorescence  loosely  paniculate,  glandular-puberulent ;   corolla   about  2.5  cm. 
long,  pale  purplish  or  nearly  white,  with  distinct  proper  tube,  dilated  somewhat 
ventricose  throat,  and  ringent  limb.     (Including  P.  pallidus  Small,  at  least  in 
part.)  —  Rocky  banks,  w.  Va.  to  Mo.  and  Ga.     May,  June. 

5.  P.  albidus  Nutt.     Stems  several  from  a  branched  caudex,  erect  or  nearly 
so,  2-4  dm.  high,  closely  puberulent ;  leaves  lance-oblong  to  linear  ;  thyrse  strict, 
raceme-like;  calyx  densely  viscid-pubescent;   corolla  2-2.5  cm.  long,  white  or 
purplish-tinged,  perceptibly  dilated  in  the  throat,  the  limb  of  ample  roundish 
widely  spreading  lobes.  — Prairies,  etc.,  w.  Minn,  to  Assina.,  south  w.  to  Col. 
and  Tex. 

6.  P.  tubiflbrus  Nutt.     Wholly  glabrous  up  to  the  glandular-puberulent  inflo- 
rescence ;  stem  5-10   dm.    high ;   leaves  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  entire   or 
sparingly  toothed,  the  floral  shorter  than  the  remote  dense  clusters  of  the 
virgate  thyrse;  corolla  1.5-2  cm.  long,  trumpet-shaped,  with  gradually  dilated 
throat  and  widely  spreading  limb,  white  or  whitish.  —  Low  prairies,  barrens,  etc., 
Mo.,  Kan.,  and  Ark.;  also  locally  established  in  the  Eastern  States.     May-July. 

7.  P.  laevigatus   Ait.     Stem  5-15  dm.  high,  glabrous  to  the  inflorescence; 
leaves  rather  firm,  somewhat  glossy,  the  cauiine  ovate-oblong  or  lanceolate, 
5-15  cm.  long,  with  subcordate  clasping  base  ;  thyrse  rather  open ;  calyx-lobes 
3-7  mm.  long;  corolla  1.5-2.5  cm.  long,  white  or  tinged  with  purple,  gradually 
enlarged  upward,    the   throat  somewhat  widely  open    but    the    limb    scarcely 
spreading;  sterile  filament  thinly  bearded  above.     (P.  Pentstemon  Britton.)  — 
Moist  or  rich  soil,  Pa.  to  Fla.,  and  westw.;  also  established  in  fields  north  w. 
June,  July. 

Var.  Digitalis  (Sweet)  Gray.  Calyx-lobes  6-10  mm.  long ;  corolla  larger, 
2-3  cm.  long,  more  abruptly  inflated.  (P.  Digitalis  Nutt.;  P.  calycosus 
Small.)  — Pa.  to  la.,  Mo.,  Ark.,  etc.;  locally  established  northeastw. 

8.  P.  grandiflbrus  Nutt.     Glabrous  and  somewhat  glaucous;  stem  5-10  dm. 
high  ;  leaves  thickish,  the  upper  and  floral  roundish,  all  but  the  obovate  radical 
ones  clasping   or  perfoliate;  pedicels  short;  corolla   large   (4-5    cm.    long), 
ventricose-campanulate,    lilac   or  lavender-blue ;    sterile   filament    hooked  and 
minutely  bearded  at  the  apex. — Prairies,  111.  and  Wise,  to  Wyo.  and  Kan.; 
established  locally  in  the  Eastern  States.     May,  June. 

9.  P.  glaber  Pursh.     Glabrous;  stems  3-8  dm.  high;  leaves  mostly  oblong- 
lanceolate  or  the  upper  ovate-lanceolate  ;   thyrse  elongated,  the  peduncles  and 
pedicels  very  short ;  corolla  2.4-3.7   cm.    long,  bright   blue  to   violet-purple, 
dilated  above;  anthers  and   apex  of  the  sterile  filament  glabrous  or  sparsely 
hirsute. —  Plains  of  e.  Neb.  and  s.  Dak.  to  Wash,  and  N.  Mex.    Jurie-Aug. 

10.  P.  acuminatus  Dougl.     Glabrous,  erect  or  ascending,  3  dm.  high  ;  leaves 
thickish,  firm,  very  smooth  and  somewhat  glaucous,  ovate-lanceolate  to  narrowly 


SCROPHULARIACEAE    (FIGWORT  FAMILY)  723 

oblong;  thyrse  elongated,  slender;  corolla  about  2  cm.  long,  trumpet-shaped, 
with  slender  gradually  expanded  tube,  blue.  —  Sandy  and  rocky  soil,  Minn,  to 
Tex.,  and  westw.  May-July. 

7.   CHEI/6NE   [Tourn.]  L.    TCRTLEHEAD.     SNAKEHEAD 

Calyx  of  5  distinct  imbricated  sepals.  The  mouth  of  the  corolla  a  little  open ; 
upper  lip  broad  and  arched,  keeled  in  the  middle,  notched  at  the  apex;  lower 
woolly-bearded  in  the  throat,  3-lobed  at  the  apex,  middle  lobe  smallest.  Seeds 
many.  —  Smooth  perennials,  with  upright  branching  stems,  serrate  leaves,  and 
large  white  or  purple  flowers,  which  are  nearly  sessile  in  spikes  or  clusters,  and 
closely  imbricated  with  round-ovate  concave  bracts  and  bractlets.  (Name  from 
xeXcoj/T?,  a  tortoise,  the  corolla  resembling  in  shape  the  head  of  a  reptile.) 

1.  C.   glabra  L.      (BALMONY.)      Stem  0.5-2  m.  high;    leaves  narrowly  to 
broadly  lanceolate,  0.5-2  dm.  long,  1-4  cm.  wide,  gradually  acuminate,  serrate 
with  sharp  appressed  teeth,  narrowed  at  base  usually  into  a  very  short  petiole  ; 
bracts  not  ciliate  ;  corolla  white,  or  tinged  with  rose.  —  Wet  places,  Nfd.  to  Man., 
and  southw.     July-Sept. 

2.  C.  obliqua  L.    Less  strict  or  with  spreading  branches,  5-8  din.  high  ;  leaves 
broadly  lanceolate  to  oblong,  0.5-2  dm.  long,  sometimes  laciniately  serrate,  more 
veiny  and  duller,  acute  or  obtuse  at  base,  mostly  short-petioled  ;  bracts  ciliolate; 
corolla  deep   and  bright  rose-color.  —  Rich  damp  woods,   etc. ,  s.  111.  to  Va. 
and  Fla. 

3.  C.  Ly6ni  Pursh.     Leaves  elliptic  to  broadly  ovate,  abruptly  acuminate, 
sharply  serrate,  long-petioled ;  bracts  ciliolate  ;  corolla  rose-purple.  —  Mts.  from 
Va.  southw. 

8.   PAUL6WNIA  Sieb.  &  Zucc. 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Corolla-tube  enlarged  upward,  the  5  unequal  lobes  spreading. 
Stamens  didynamous  ;  sterile  filament  none.  Seeds  numerous,  winged.  — Tree, 
with  large  cordate  pubescent  petioled  leaves  and  terminal  panicles  of  large  violet 
flowers.  (Named  for  Anna  Paulowna,  a  Russian  princess.) 

1.  P.  TOMENT6SA  (Thunb.)  Steud.  (P.  imperialis  Sieb.  &  Zucc. )— Escaped 
from  cultivation  and  established  from  N.  Y.  southw.  (Introd.  from  Japan.) 

9.  MiMULUS  L.    MONKEY  FLOWEE 

Calyx  prismatic,  5-angled,  5-toothed,  the  uppermost  tooth  largest.  Upper 
lip  of  corolla  erect  or  reflexed-spreading,  2-lobed;  lower  spreading,  3-lobed. 
Stigma  2-lobed  ;  lobes  ovate.  Seeds  numerous.  —  Herbs,  with  opposite  (rarely 
whorled)  leaves,  and  mostly  handsome  flowers.  (Diminutive  of  mimus,  a 
buffoon,  from  the  grinning  corolla.) 

*  Corolla  violet-purple  (rarely  white") ;  erect  glabrous  perennials ;  leaves 

feather-veined. 

1.  M.  ringens  L.     Stem  square,  1  m.  or  less  high  ;  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate, 
pointed,  clasping  by  a  heart-shaped  base,  serrate  ;  peduncles  longer  than  the 
flower ;   calyx-teeth   taper-pointed,    nearly   equal ;   corolla  personate,   2-4  cm. 
long.  —  Wet  places,  N.  B.  to  Man.,  and  southw.     June-Sept. 

2.  M.  alatus  Ait.     Stem  winged  at  the  angles ;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  tapering 
into  a  petiole  ;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  very  short-toothed  calyx ;  otherwise 
like  the  preceding.  — Wet  places,  Ct.  to  s.  Out.,  Kan.,  and  southw. 

*  *  Corolla  yellow. 

••«-  Leaves  several-nerved  and  veiny,  the  upper  sessile  or  clasping ;  calyx  oblique, 
the  uppermost  tooth  longest. 

3.  M.  glabratus  HBK.,  var.  JamSsii  (T.  &  G.)  Gray.    Diffusely  spreading, 
smooth  or  smoothish  ,'  stems  creeping  at  base  ;  stem-leaves  roundish  or  kidney- 


724  SCROPHULARIACEAE    (FIGWORT  FAMILY) 

shaped,  nearly  sessile,  equaling  the  peduncles  ;  calyx  ovoid,  inflated  in  fruit  and 
7-10  mm.  long ;  throat  of  corolla  1-2  cm.  long,  broad  and  open.  (M.  Jamesii 
T.  &  G.)  — In  water  or  wet  places,  usually  in  springs,  Ont.  to  111.,  Wise.,  Mo., 
and  westw. 

4.  M.  LANGSDORFII  Donn.      Smooth,   suberect  or  decumbent ;   stem-leaves 
oval,  the  lowermost  long-petioled,  the  upper  much  exceeded  by  the  peduncles  ; 
fruiting  calyx  1.5-2  cm.  long;  corolla  2.5-4  cm.  long.     (M.  guttatus  DC.) — 
Locally  naturalized  in  brooks  and  meadows,  Ct.  and  N.  Y.     (Introd.  from  the 
Pacific  slope.) 

-»-  •*-  Leaves  feather-veined,  none  clasping ;  calyx-teeth  nearly  equal. 

5.  M.   moschatus   Dougl.      (MUSK  FLOWER.)      Villous  and  viscid,   musk- 
scented;  stems  spreading  or  ascending;   leaves  oblong-ovate,   short-petioled ; 
corolla   pale   yellow.  —  Damp  soil,  especially  by  cold  streams,  Nfd.  to  N.  Y., 
e.  Pa.,  Ont.,  and  Mich.;  abundant  in  the  Rocky  Mts.,  whence  perhaps  introd. 
June-Sept. 

10.  COWdBEA  Aublet. 

Upper  lip  of  corolla  2-lobed,  the  lower  3-parted.  Anthers  approximate. 
Stigma  2-lobed,  the  lobes  wedge-form.  Seeds  numerous. — Low  branching 
herbs,  with  small  solitary  flowers.  (Name  unexplained.) 

1.  C.  multifida  (Michx.)  Benth.  Annual,  diffusely  spreading,  much  branched, 
minutely  pubescent ;  leaves  petioled,  pinnately  parted,  divisions  linear-wedge- 
shaped  ;  peduncles  naked  ;  corolla  greenish-white,  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx. 
—  Along  streams  and  shores,  Ont.  to  Kan.,  and  southw.;  also  adv.  below  Phila- 
delphia. July-Sept. 

11.   BACdPA  Aublet.     WATER  HYSSOP 

Calyx  6-parted ;  the  uppermost  division  broadest,  the  innermost  often  very 
narrow.  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  entire,  notched  or  2-cleft,  and  the  lower 
3-lobed,  or  the  limb  almost  equally  5-lobed.  Style  dilated  or  2-lobed  at  the  apex. 
Seeds  numerous.  —  Low  herbs,  flowering  in  summer  ;  ours  rather  succulent 
perennials.  (Said  to  be  an  aboriginal  South  American  name.)  HERPESTIS 
Gaertn.  f.  MONIERA  B.  Juss.  ex  P.  Br.  MONNIERA  B.  Juss. 

*  Corolla  plainly  bilabiate,  the  2  upper  lobes  united  to  form  the  upper  lip  ;  leaves 

many-nerved. 

1.  B.  acuminata  (Walt.)  Robinson.     Erect  or  ascending,  very  leafy,  gla- 
brous ;  leaves  pinnately  veined,  oblong  to  cuneate-lanceolate,  2-5  cm.  long,  ser- 
rate ;  pedicels  equaling  and  the  upper  surpassing  the  leaves ;  corolla  whitish  or 
purplish.     (Gratiola  Walt.;   Monniera  Ktze. ;   Herpestis  nigrescens  Benth.)  — 
Wet  places,  Md.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.,  chiefly  near  the  coast,  inland  to  s.  Mo. 

2.  B.  rotundifolia  (Michx.)  Wettst.     Nearly  smooth,  creeping  ;  leaves  round- 
obovate,  half -clasping,  1-2.5  cm.  long,  entire,  basally  nerved  ;  peduncles  twice 
or  thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx  ;  upper  sepal  ovate  ;  corolla  white  or  pale  blue. 
{Monniera  Michx.;  Herpestis  Pursh.)  — Margins  of  ponds,  111.  to  Minn.,  Neb., 
and  southw. 

3.  B.  caroliniana  (Walt.)  Robinson.     Stems  hairy,  creeping  at  base  ;  leaves 
ovate,  clasping,  entire,  basally  nerved  ;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  calyx ;  upper 
sepal  heart-shaped  ;  corolla  blue.     (Obolaria  Walt. ;  Monniera  Ktze.;  Herpestis 
amplexicaulis  Pursh.)  — Margin  of  ponds,  pine  barrens,  N.  J.  and  Md.  to  La.— 
Aromatic  when  bruised. 

*  *  Corolla  obscurely  bilabiate,  the  limb  subequally  5-lobed;  stamens  almost 


4.  B.  MonniS.ia  (L.)  Wettst.  Glabrous,  prostrate  and  creeping;  leave! 
spatulate  to  obovate-cuneate,  entire  or  somewhat  toothed,  nearly  nerveless, 
sessile;  corolla  pale  blue.  (Herpestis  HBK.;  Monniera  Monniera  Britton.)  — 
River-banks  and  shores  near  the  sea,  Md.  to  Tex. 


SCROPHULARIACEAE    (FIGWORT   FAMILY)  725 

12.  LIMOSELLA  L.     MUDWORT 

Calyx  bell-shaped.  Anthers  confmently  1-celled.  Style  short,  club-shaped. 
Capsule  globular,  many-seeded;  the  partition  thin  and  vanishing.  —  Small  an- 
nuals, growing  in  mud,  usually  near  the  seashore,  creeping  by  slender  runners, 
without  ascending  stems  ;  the  entire  fleshy  leaves  in  dense  clusters  around  the 
simple  1-flowered  naked  peduncles.  Flowers  small,  white  or  purplish.  (Name 
from  limits,  mud,  and  sella,  seat.) 

1.  L.  aqudtica  L.,  var.  tenuifblia  (Wolf)  Pers.  Leaves  with  no  blade  distinct 
from  the  petiole,  awl-shaped  or  thread-form.  (L.  tenuifolia  Wolf. )  —  Brackish 
river-banks  and  shores,  Lab.  to  N.  J.,  and  far  n.  and  w.,  local.  (Eurasia,  etc.) 

13.  MICRANTHEMUM  Michx. 

Stamens  anterior,  the  short  filaments  with  a  glandular  (mostly  basal)  appen- 
dage ;  anthers  2-celled,  didymous.  Style  short ;  the  stigma  2-lobed.  Capsule 
globular,  thin,  with  an  evanescent  partition,  several-many-seeded.  —  Small 
smooth  depressed  and  tufted  or  creeping  annuals,  in  mud  or  shallow  water, 
with  opposite  and  entire  rounded  or  spatulate  sessile  leaves,  and  minute  white 
or  purplish  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  some  of  the  middle  leaves  (usually 
one  axil  floriferous,  that  of  the  other  leaf  sterile).  (Name  formed  of  /u*p6s, 
small,  and  &v8efj,ov,  flower.} 

1.  M.  micranthemoides  (Nutt.)  Wettst.  Branches  ascending,  1-6  cm.  high  ; 
leaves  obovate-spatulate  or  oval ;  peduncles  at  length  recurved,  about  the  length 
of  the  calyx  which  is  bell-shaped,  4-toothed,  and  usually  split  down  on  one  side, 
in  fruit  becoming  pear-shaped ;  middle  lobe  of  the  corolla  linear-oblong,  nearly 
twice  the  length  of  the  lateral  ones  ;  appendage  of  the  stamen  nearly  as  long  as 
the  filament  itself;  stigmas  subulate.  (M.  Nuttallii  Gray.) — Tidal  mud  of 
rivers,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  Aug. -Oct. 

14.   ILYSANTHES   Raf.     FALSE  PIMPERNEL 

Upper  lip  of  corolla  short,  erect,  2-lobed  ;  lower  larger  and  spreading,  3-cleft. 
Fertile  stamens  2,  included,  posterior;  anterior  pair  sterile,  inserted  in  the 
throat,  2-lobed  ;  one  of  the  lobes  glandular,  the  other  smooth,  usually  short  and 
tooth-like.  Stigma  2-lobed.  Capsule  ovoid  or  ellipsoid,  many-seeded.  —  Small 
and  smooth  annuals ;  the  purplish  flowers  on  filiform  peduncles,  or  the  upper 
racemed,  produced  all  summer.  (Name  from  l\fa,  mud,  or  mire,  and  Avdos, 
flower.} 

1.  I.  dubia  (L.)  Barnhart.     Much  branched,  spreading  ;  stems  1-3  dm.  long, 
at  first  simple,  erect,  leafy ;  leaves  ovate,  rounded,  or  oblong,  usually  crenate- 
toothed,  mostly  1.8-3  cm.  long,  the  upper  partly  clasping,  the  lower  more  or 
less  narrowed  at  the  base  ;  lower  peduncles  about  as  long  as  the  subtending  leaves 
or  shorter;  calyx-lobes  linear,  about  equaling  or  slightly  exceeding  the  ellipsoidal 
pod;  corolla  5-10  mm.  long.     (/.  riparia  Man.  ed.  6,  in  part,  and  perhaps  of 
Raf.;  /.  attenuata  Small.)  —  Wet  places,  N.  B.,  westw.  and  southw.,  common. 
(Adv.  in  France.) 

2.  I.  anagallldea  (Michx.)  Robinson.     More  slender,  diffuse,  and  usually 
smaller-leaved  ;  leaves  elliptic  to   ovate,  commonly  entire   or  nearly  so,  3-20 
(mostly  about  10)  mm.  long ;  peduncles  long  and  filiform,  spreading-ascending, 
even  the  lower  ones  much  exceeding  the  subtending  leaves  ;  calyx-lobes  somewhat 
shorter  than  the  pod;  corolla  as  in  the  preceding.     (Gratiola  Michx.;  /.  dubia 
of  Am.  auth.,  not  Gratiola  dubia  L. ;  /.  riparia  Raf.?)  —  Wet  places,  e.  Mass., 
southw.  and  westw.,  frequent. 

15.    GRATlOLA  L.     HEDGE  HYSSOP 

Narrow  divisions  of  calyx  nearly  equal.  Upper  lip  of  corolla  entire  or  2-cleft, 
lower  3-cleft.  Style  dilated  or  2-lipped  at  apex.  Capsule  4-valved,  many-seeded. 
—  Low  herbs,  mostly  perennials,  some  apparently  annuals,  with  sessile  leaves, 


726  SCKOPHULARIACEAE   (FIGWOET   FAMILY) 

and  usually  with  2  bractlets  at  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Flowering  all  summer ; 
in  wet  or  damp  places.  (Name  from  gratia,  grace  or  favor,  from  supposed 
medicinal  properties.) 

§  1.  Anthers  with  a  broad  connective,  the  cells  transverse ;  stems  mostly  diffusely 
branched,  or  creeping  at  base,  soft  viscid-pubescent  or  smooth;  corollas 
0.8-1.5  cm.  long ;  bractlets  foliaceous,  equaling  the  calyx. 

*  Sterile  filaments  minute  or  none,'  corolla  whitish,  with  the  tube  yellowish. 

1.  G.  virginiana  L.     Stem  clammy-puberulent  above,  1-3  dm.  high  ;  leaves 
lanceolate,  with  narrow  base,  acute,  entire  or  sparingly  toothed  ;  peduncles  almost 
equaling  the  leaves  (1-2.5  cm.  long);  pod  ovoid,  4-5  mm.  long.  —  Wet  or  muddy 
places,  local,  centr.  Me.  and  w.  Que.,  westw.  and  southw.     June-Aug. 

2.  G.  sphaerocdrpa  Ell.     Smooth,  rather  stout,  1.5-4  dm.  high  ;  leaves  lance- 
ovate  or  oblong  to  oval-obovate,  2-5  cm.  long,  toothed  ;  peduncles  scarcely  longer 
than  the  calyx  and  the  large  globular  pod  (6  mm.  in  diameter).  —  Wet  places, 
N.  J.  to  Mo.,  and  southw.     Apr.-June. 

**  Sterile  filaments  slender,  tipped  with  a  little  head;  leaves  short  (1-2.5  cm. 

long). 

3.  G.  visc&sa  Schwein.     Clammy-pubescent  or  glandular;  leaves  ovate-lance- 
olate or  oblong,  acute,  toothed,  mostly  shorter  than  the  peduncles  ;    corolla 
whitish,  yellow  within.  — Del.  (Commons')  to  Ky.,  and  southw. 

4.  G.  aurea  Muhl.     Nearly  glabrous;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-linear,  en- 
tire, equaling  the  peduncles  ;  corolla  golden-yellow  (rarely  pale  yellow  or  white), 
1.2-1.8  cm.  long.  — Wet  sandy  shores,  Me.,  w.  Que.,  and  Ont.  to  Va. 

§  2.  Anthers  with  no  broad  connective,  the  cells  vertical ;  sterile  filaments  tipped 
with  a  head;  hairy  apparently  annual  plants,  with  erect  rigid  and  more 
simple  stems. 

6.  G.  pilbsa  Michx.  Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  sparingly  toothed,  sessile,  1-2 
cm.  long  ;  flowers  nearly  sessile  ;  corolla  white,  6-9  mm.  long,  scarcely  exceeding 
the  calyx.  — Low  ground,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

16.   DIGITALIS    [Tourn.]    L.     FOXGLOVE 

Calyx  5-parted ;  the  lobes  often  foliaceous.  Corolla  with  a  somewhat  in- 
flated tube  and  short  scarcely  spreading  limb,  declined.  Stamens  4,  didynamous, 
included  in  the  corolla.  —  Tall  herbs,  with  alternate  or  scattered  entire  or  toothed 
leaves  and  showy  racemose  flowers.  (Digitalis,  of  or  belonging  to  the  finger, 
as  the  fingers  of  a  glove,  which  the  tubular  corollas  have  been  thought  to 
resemble. ) 

1.  D.  puRpfrREA  L.  Stoutish  pubescent  biennial ;  corolla  purple  to  white, 
spotted,  4-5  cm.  long.  —  Meadows  and  pastures,  Cape  Breton  I. ;  also  N.  Y. ; 
rather  rare  and  local,  a  casual  escape  from  gardens.  (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

17.    VER6NICA   [Tourn.]   L.     SPEEDWELL 

The  lateral  lobes  of  the  corolla  or  the  lowest  one  commonly  narrower  than 
the  others.  Stamens  2,  one  each  side  of  the  upper  lobe  of  the  corolla,  exserted  ; 
anther-cells  confluent  at  the  apex.  Style  entire  ;  stigma  single.  Capsule  flat- 
tened, obtuse  or  notched  at  the  apex,  2-celled,  few-many-seeded.  —  Chiefly 
herbs ;  flowers  blue,  flesh-color,  or  white.  (Derivation  doubtful ;  perhaps  the 
flower  of  St.  Veronica.) 

*  Tall  perennials,  with  elongate  leaves;  racemes  terminal,  dense,  spiked;  bracts 
very  small;  tube  of  the  salverform  corolla  equaling  or  exceeding  the  calyx; 
both  sometimes  b-cleft. 

1.  V.  virginica  L.  (CULVER'S-ROOT,  CULVER'S  PHYSIC.)  Smooth  or  rather 
downy;  stem  simple,  straight,  0.5-2  m.  high  ;  leaves whor led  in  4's  to  7's,  short- 


SCROPHULARIACEAE   (FIG WORT    FAMILY)  727 

petioled,  lanceolate,  pointed,  finely  serrate ;  spikes  panicled ;  corolla  small, 
nearly  white,  the  tube  much  longer  than  the  calyx  and  short  limb  ;  stamens  much 
exserted  ;  capsule  oblong-ovate,  not  notched,  opening  by  4  teeth  at  the  apex, 
many-seeded.  (Leptandra  Nutt.) —  Rich  soil,  w.  Mass,  and  Ct.  to  Man.,  and 
southw.  July,  Aug. 

2.  V.  LONGirdnA  L.     Similar;  stem  puberulent;  leaves  opposite  or  in  3's, 
slender-petioled,  narrowly  lanceolate,  coarsely  and  doubly  serrate;  spikes  soli- 
tary or  few ;  corolla  blue,  the  tube  about  equaling  the  calyx  and  limb ;  capsule 
suborbicular,  flat,  rounded  or  emarginate  at  apex.  —  Cultivated,  and  sometimes 
found  by  roadsides,  in  thickets,  and  about  old  house-sites,  N.  S.  to  w.  Que.  and 
N.  Y.     (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

3.  V.  BACHOFENII  Heuffel.     Like  the  preceding,  but  the  leaves  triangular- 
ovate,  cordate.  —  Vicinity  of  Quebec.     (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  the  tube  short ;  capsule  more  or  less  notched,  strongly 
flattened  except  in  nos.  4  and  5  ;  low  or  decumbent  herbs. 

H-  Perennials,  stoloniferous  or  rooting  at  base,  with  opposite  usually  serrate 
leaves  ;  racemes  axillary,  mostly  opposite  ;  corolla  pale  blue. 

++  Capsule  turgid,  orbicular,  many-seeded. 

4.  V.  Anagallis-aquatica  L.     (WATER  S.)     Smooth,  creeping  and  rooting  at 
base,  then  erect,  1-10  dm.  high  ;  leaves  sessile,  most  of  them  clasping  by  a  heart- 
shaped  base,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  serrate  or  entire,  1  dm.  or  less  long ;  pedi- 
cels spreading;  corolla  pale  blue,  with  purple  stripes;  capsule  slightly  notched. 
—  Brooks   and   ditches,   Essex   Co.,  Mass.  (Oakes}  ;    w.  N.  E.  to   B.  C.,  and 
southw.     June-Aug.     (Eurasia.) 

5.  V.    americana    Schwein.      (AMERICAN    BROOKLIME.)      Similar;    leaves 
lanceolate  to  elongate-ovate,  acute  or  acutish,  serrate,  short-petioled;  mature 
fruiting  pedicels  very   slender,  6-11   mm.   long. —  Brooks,  ditches,  etc.,  Nfd. 
to  Alaska,  s.  to  Va.,  W.  Va.,  Great  L.  region,  Neb.,  and  in  the  Rocky  Mts. 
June-Aug. 

6.  V.  BECCABUNGA  L.     (EUROPEAN  BROOKLIME.)     Almost  fleshy,  prostrate 
and  strongly  repent;  leaves  oval  or  short-oblong,  rounded  at  tip,  crenate,  short- 
petioled  ;  mature  fruiting  pedicels  thickish,  4-5  mm.  long.  — Brooks  and  ditches 
about  Quebec  and  near  New  York  City.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

•*-*•  •»-*•  Capsule  strongly  flattened,  several-seeded. 

7.  V.  scutellata  L.  (MARSH  S.)     Smooth,  slender  and  weak,  1-5  dm.  high  ; 
leaves  sessile,  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  remotely  denticulate;  racemes 
several,   very  slender    and    zizag ;   flowers  few    and   scattered,   on   elongated 
spreading  or  reflexed  pedicels ;   capsule   very   flat,   much  broader  than  long, 
notched  at  both  ends  or  didymous.  — Swamps  and  wet  places,  Nfd.  to  B.  C.,  s. 
to  N.  Y.,  Wise.,  and  Cal.     May-Aug.     (Eurasia.)     Var.  VILLOSA  Schumacher. 
Stems  villous.  —  Ont.  and  w.  N.  Y.  to  Wash. 

8.  V.  officinalis  L.     (COMMON  S.)     Pubescent;  stem  prostrate,  rooting  at 
base;  leaves  short-petioled.  obovate-elliptical  or  wedge-oblong,  obtuse,  serrate; 
racemes  densely  many-flowered ;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  calyx  ;  capsule  obovate- 
triangular,  broadly  notched. — Dry  hills  and  open  woods,  Nfd.  to  Ont.,  Mich., 
and  southw.     May-Aug.     (Eurasia.) 

9.  V.  CHAMAEDRYS  L.     (BIRD'S-EYE.)      Stem  very  slender,  pubescent    (at 
least  in  two  lines),  ascending  from  a  creeping  base  ;  leaves  subsessile,  ovate  or 
cordate,   incisely  crenate ;  racemes  loosely  flowered,  flexuous ;  pedicels  little 
longer  than  the  4-parted  calyx  ;  capsule  triangular-sobcordate.  —  Pastures,  open 
woods,   etc.,  N.  S.  to  Ont.  and  O.,  local.     May,  June.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

10.  V.  TEticRiUM  L.     Stems  pubescent,   stiff  and  upright,   3-7  dm.  high  ; 
leaves  subsessile,  oblong,  coarsely  toothed,  pubescent ;   racemes  more  densely 
flowered,  strictly  ascending;  calyx   unequally  5-parted;  corolla  1  cm.  broad, 
bluish  ;  capsules  orbicular  or  oval.  —  Escaped  from  cultivation  to  roadsides,  etc., 
N.  E.     (Introd.  from  Eu.) 


728  SCROPHULAKIACEAE    (FIG WORT   FAMILY) 

H-  •«-  Leaves  opposite  ;  flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme  ;  the  lower  bracts  leaf-like ; 
capsules  flat,  several-seeded;  perennials,  mostly  turning  blackish  in  drying. 

11.  V.  alpina  L.,  var.  unalaschcSnsis  C.  &  S.     Stems  tufted,  erect,  simple, 
1-3  dm.  high  ;  leaves  elliptical,  or  the  lowest  rounded,  entire  or  toothed,  nearly 
sessile;  raceme  hairy,  few-flowered,  crowded;  capsule  obovate,  notched.     (V. 
Wormskjoldi  R.  &  S.)  —By  alpine  brooks,  Que.,  Me.,  N.  H.,  and  northw.     July, 
Aug.     (Eurasia.) 

12.  V.  serpyllif61ia  L.     (THYME-LEAVED  S.)     Much  branched  at  the  creeping 
base,  nearly  smooth;  branches  ascending  and  simple,  0.6-2  dm.  high;  leaves 
ovate  or  oblong,  obscurely  crenate,  1.5  cm.  or  less  long,  the  lowest  petioled  and 
rounded,  the  upper  passing  into  lanceolate  bracts  ;   raceme  loose,  the  rhachis 
and  pedicels  appressed-puberulent ;  corolla  3-4  mm.  broad,  whitish  or  pale  blue, 
with  deeper  stripes ;  capsule  rounded,  broader  than  long,  obtusely  notched,  3-4 
mm.  broad.  — Damp  grassy  ground,  Nfd.  to  Ont.,  and  south w. ;  both  indigenous 
and  introduced.     May-July.     (Eurasia.) 

13.  V.  humifusa  Dickson.     Stouter,  2-4  dm.  high;  leaves  1-2.5  cm.  long ; 
rhachis  and  pedicels  pubescent  with   spreading  viscid  or  gland-tipped  hairs; 
corolla  0.5-1  cm.  broad,  deep  blue  ;  capsule  4-6  mm.  broad.     (  V.  serpyllifolia, 
var.  borealis  Laestad.)  —  Springy  places,  Lab.  and  Nfd.  to  N.  B.,  n.  N.  E.,  and 
N.  Y.;  Rocky  Mts.,  etc.     (Eu.) 

•»-•*-•»-  Annuals;  floral  leaves  like  those  of  the  stem  (or  somewhat  reduced} , 
the  flowers  appearing  to  be  axillary  and  solitary,  mostly  alternate  ;  corolla 
shorter  than  the  calyx  (except  in  no.  17). 

•w-  Flowers  short-pediceled  ;  floral  leaves  reduced. 

14.  V.  peregrina  L.     (NECKWEED,  PURSLANE  S.)     Glandular-puberulent  or 
nearly  smooth,  erect,  1-3  dm.  high,   branched ;    lowest  leaves  petioled,    oval- 
oblong,  toothed,  thickish,  the   others   sessile,  obtuse  ;  the  upper  oblong-linear 
and  entire,  longer  than  the  almost  sessile  whitish  flowers  ;  capsule  orbicular, 
slightly  notched,  many-seeded.  —  Waste  and  cultivated  grounds,  in  damp  soil, 
N.  B.  to  Fla.,  and  across  the  continent.     Apr.-Oct.     (Eu.) 

15.  V.  ARVENSIS  L.     (CORNS.)     Simple  or  diffusely  branched,  0.5-4  dm.  high, 
hairy ;  lower  leaves  petioled,  ovate,  crenate ;  the  uppermost  sessile,  lanceolate, 
entire  ;  capsule  inversely  heart-shaped,  the  lobes  rounded.  —  Cultivated  grounds, 
N.  S.  to  B.  C.,  and  southw.;  in  N.  E.  and  Pa.  often  in  rocky  woods  as  if  indige- 
nous ;  rather  rare.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

++  -w-  Flowers  long-pediceled  in  axils  of  ordinary  leaves  ;  seeds  cup-shaped. 

16.  V.  AGRESTIS  L.     (FIELD  S.)     Leaves  round  or  ovate,  crenate-toothed,  the 
floral  somewhat  similar  ;  calyx-lobes  oblong  ;  flowers  small ;  ovary  many-ovuled, 
but  the  nearly  orbicular  and  sharply  notched  capsule  1-2-seeded.  — Sandy  fields, 
in  the  Maritime  Provinces  of  Canada,  and  from   the  Middle   States  southw., 
chiefly  near  the  coast,  local.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

17.  V.  TOURNEFORTII  C.  C.  Gmel.     Leaves  round  or  heart-ovate,  crenately  cut- 
toothed,  1-2.5  cm.  long  ;  flowers  large,  1  cm.  wide,  blue  ;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate, 
widely  spreading  in  fruit ;  capsule  obcor  date-triangular,  broadly  notched,  16-24- 
seeded.      ( V.   Buxbaumii  Tenore  ;   V.    byzantina   BSP.)  —  Waste  grounds,    e. 
Que.  to  Ont.,  0.,  and  N.  Y.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

18.  V.  HEDERAEF6LIA  L.     (IVY-LEAVED  S.)    Leaves  rounded  or  heart-shaped, 
3-7-toothed  or  -lobed }  calyx-lobes  somewhat  heart-shaped  ;  flowers  small ;  cap- 
sule turgid,  2-lobed,  2-4-seeded.  — Shaded   places,  N.  Y.  to  N.  C.    Apr.-June. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

18.   SYNTHYRIS  Benth. 

Stamens  inserted  just  below  the  upper  sinuses,  occasionally  with  another  pair 
from  the  other  sinuses,  exserted  ;  anther-cells  not  confluent.  Style  slender  ; 
stigma  simple.  Capsule  flattened,  rounded,  obtuse  or  notched,  2-celled  (rarely 
3-lobed  and  3-celled),  many-seeded,  loculicidal ;  the  valves  cohering  below  with 
the  axis.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  the  simple  stems  beset  with  partly  clasping 


SCROPHULARIACEAE    (FIGWORT   FAMILY)  729 

bract-like  alternate  leaves,  the  root-leaves  rounded  and  petioled,  crenate.  (Name 
from  (rtv,  together,  and  Ovpis,  a  little  door;  in  allusion  to  the  closed  valves  of 
the  pod.) 

1.  S.  Bullii  (Eaton)  Heller.  Hairy  ;  root-leaves  ovate,  heart-shaped  ;  spike 
dense,  1-3  dm.  long ;  corolla  greenish-white  or  yellowish,  not  longer  than  the 
calyx,  usually  2-3-parted.  (S.  Houghtoniana  Benth.;  Wulfenia  Houghtoniana 
Greene.)  —  Oak  barrens  and  prairies,  Mich,  to  Minn.,  s.  to  O.,  Ind.,  111.,  and 
la.  May,  June. 

19.    SEYMERIA  Pursh. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  deeply  5-cleft.  Corolla  with  a  short  and  broad  tube,  not 
longer  than  the  5  ovate  or  oblong  nearly  equal  and  spreading  lobes.  Anthers 
approximate  by  pairs,  oblong,  2-celled  ;  the  cells  equal  and  pointless.  Capsule 
many-seeded.  —  Erect  branching  herbs,  with  the  aspect  of  Gerardia;  leaves 
mostly  dissected  or  pinnatifid,  the  uppermost  alternate  and  bract-like.  Flowers 
yellow,  interruptedly  racemed  or  spiked.  (Named  for  Henry  Seymer,  an  English 
naturalist.)  AFZELIA  J.  G.  Gmel. 

1.  S.  macrophylla  Nutt.  (MULLEIN  FOXGLOVE.)  Rather  pubescent,  1-1.6 
m.  high ;  leaves  large,  the  lower  pinnately  divided,  with  the  broadly  lanceolate 
divisions  pinnatifid  and  incised,  the  upper  lanceolate  ;  tube  of  the  corolla 
incurved,  very  woolly  inside,  as  are  the  filaments  except  at  the  apex  ;  style  short, 
dilated  and  notched  at  the  point;  capsule  ovoid,  pointed.  (Afzelia  Kzte.)  — 
Shady  river-banks,  0.  to  Neb.,  s.  to  Tex.  July,  Aug. 

20.   GERARDIA   [Plumier]   L.     GERARDIA 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-toothed  or  5-cleft.  Corolla  swelling  above,  with  more  or 
less  unequal  lobes,  the  2  upper  usually  rather  smaller  and  more  united.  Stamens 
hairy ;  anthers  approaching  by  pairs,  2-celled,  the  cells  parallel,  often  pointed 
at  base.  Style  elongated,  mostly  enlarged  and  flattened  at  the  apex.  Capsule 
globular  or  ovoid,  pointed,  many-seeded.  —  Erect  branching  herbs  (more  or 
less  root-parasitic);  stem-leaves  opposite,  or  the  upper  alternate,  the  upper- 
most, reduced  to  bracts  and  subtending  1-flowered  peduncles,  which  often  form 
a  raceme  or  spike.  Flowers  showy,  pink,  purple,  or  yellow,  in  late  summer 
and  autumn.  (Dedicated  to  the  celebrated  herbalist,  John  Gerarde.) 

§  1.  DASYSTOMA  [Raf.]  Gray.  Corolla  yellow,  the  tube  woolly  inside,  as 
well  as  the  anthers  and  filaments;  anthers  alike,  awn-pointed  at  base; 
leaves  rather  large,  more  or  less  incised  or  pinnatifid. 

*  Pubescence  partly  glandular  and  viscid;  corolla  pubescent  outside. 

1.  G.  pedicularia  L.     Annual  or  biennial,  much  branched,  1  m.  or  less  high, 
very  leafy,  villous  at  base,  puberulent  above  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  pinnatifid, 
and  the  lobes  cut  and  toothed  ;  pedicels  glandular,  about  equaling  the  mostly 
serrate  slightly  glandular  or  glabrate  calyx-lobes.     (Dasystoma  Benth.)  —  Dry 
copses,  Me.  to  Ont.,  Minn.,  and  W.  Va. 

Var.  ambigens  Fernald.  Stems  glandular-villous  above  ;  pedicels  and  calyx 
usually  villous.  —  Wise,  to  N.  C.  and  Mo.  Passing  to  the  more  southern  var. 
PECTINATA  Nutt.,  with  densely  villous  stems  and  leaves,  and  glandular-hispid 
calyx. 

*  *  No  glandular  pubescence  ;  corolla  glabrous  outside;  perennial. 
1-  Stems  finely  and  closely  pubescent. 

2.  G.  grandiflbra  Benth.     Minutely  downy;  stem  much  branched,  0.6-1  m. 
high  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  even  the  upper  ones  more  or  less  cut  or  pinnatifid, 
the  lower  pinnatifid;  pedicels  rather  shorter  than  the  calyx;   corolla  4-5  cm, 
long,  4  times  the  length  of  the  broadly  lanceolate  entire  or  toothed  calyx-lobes  ; 
capsule  glabrous.     (Dasystoma  Wood.)  —  Oak  opening*    Wise,  and  Minn,  to 
Tenn.  and  Tex. 


730  SCROPHULARIACEAE    (FIGWORT   FAMILY^ 

Var.  serrata  (Torr.)  Robinson.  The  upper  leaves  oblong,  merely  serrate  01 
even  quite  entire.  (Var.  integriuscula  Gray  ;  Dasystoma  serrata  Small.)  — Mo. 
and  Kan.  to  La.  and  Tex.  —  Sometimes  well  marked,  but  not  always  so. 

3.  G.  flava  L.     (DOWNY  FALSE  FOXGLOVE.)     Pubescent  with  a  fine  close 
down;  stein  0.5-1  m.  high,  mostly  simple;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate   or  oblong, 
obtuse,  entire,  or  the  lower  usually  sinuate-toothed  or  pinnatifid ;  pedicels  very 
short ;  calyx-lobes  oblong,  obtuse,  rather  shorter  than  the  tube  ;  corolla  4-5- 
cm.  long;  capsule  pubescent.     (Dasystoma  Wood.)  —  Open   woods,   s.   Me.   to 
Ont.,  la.,  and  southw. 

t-  -i-  Stem  glabrous. 

4.  G.  virginica  (L.)  BSP.     (SMOOTH  FALSE  FOXGLOVE.)     Glaucous,  1-2  m. 
high,  usually  branching;   lower  leaves   commonly  twice  pinnatifid  ;  the   upper 
oblong-lanceolate,  pinnatifid  or  entire ;  pedicels  nearly  as  long  as  the  calyx ; 
calyx-lobes  lance-linear,  acute,  as  long  as  the  at  length  inflated   tube  ;  corolla 
4-5  cm.  long.     (Dasystoma  Britton  ;   G.  quercifolia  Pursh.)  — Dry  woods,  s.  Me. 
to  Minn.,  and  southw. 

5.  G.  laevigata  Raf.    Not  glaucous  ;  stem  3-8  dm.  high,  mostly  simple ;  leaves 
lanceolate,  acute,  entire,  or  the  lowest  obscurely  toothed  ;  pedicels  shorter  than 
the  calyx-tube  ;  corolla  2-3  cm.  long.     (Dasystoma  Chapm.)  —  Oak  barrens,  etc., 
Pa.  to  Mich,  and  Mo.,  s.  in  the  mts.  to  Ga. 

§  2.  OTOPHYLLA  Benth.  Corolla  purple  (rarely  white"),  naked  within,  as 
well  as  the  very  unequal  filaments  ;  anthers  dissimilar,  pointless,  glabrous 
or  sparingly  hairy. 

6.  G.  auriculata  Michx.     Rough-hairy  ;  stem  erect,  nearly  simple,  2-6  dm. 
high  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile,  the  lower  entire,  the  others 
with  an  oblong-lanceolate  lobe  on  each  side  at  the  base  ;  flowers  nearly  sessile 
in  the  axils,  1.5-2  cm.  long.  — Low  grounds  and  prairies,  Pa.  to  Minn.,  s.  to  N.  C. 
and  Kan. 

7.  G.  densiflbra  Benth.     More  hispid  and  rough,  very  leafy  ;   leaves  rigid, 
pinnately  parted  into  3-7  narrowly  linear  acute  divisions,  those  subtending  the 
densely  spicate  flowers  similar  and  crowded ;  corolla  2-3  cm.  long.  —  Prairies, 
e.  Kan.  to  Tex. 

§  3.  EUGERARDIA  Benth.  Corolla  purple  or  rose-color  (rarely  white} ; 
calyx-teeth  short ;  anthers  alike,  nearly  pointless,  pubescent ;  cauline  leaves 
linear  or  narrower,  entire. 

*  Perennial ;  leaves  erect,  very  narrow;  pedicels  erect,  as  long  as  floral  leaves. 

8.  G.  linifblia  Nutt.     Glabrous,    6-9  dm.    high,   sparingly    or  paniculately 
branched ;   leaves  flat,  thickish,  2-3   mm.  wide ;   calyx-teeth   minute ;   corolla 
2.5  cm.  long,  minutely  pubescent  outside,  villous  within  and  the  lobes  ciliate ; 
anthers  and  filaments  very  villous.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Del.  to  Fla. 

*  *  Annuals;  herbage  blackish  in  drying  (except  in  nos.  15  and  17). 

-«-  Pedicels  little  if  at  all  longer  than  the  calyx  and  capsule. 

•w  Capsule  ellipsoid,  distinctly  longer  than  thick. 

9.  G.  £spera  Dougl.     Sparingly  or  somewhat  fastigiately  branched,  3-6  dm. 
high  ;   leaves  linear,  rough ;   pedicels   often   alternate,  equaling  or  moderately 
exceeding  the  calyx;   calyx-teeth   triangular-lanceolate,  about  half  as  long  as 
the  tube  ;  corolla  1.8-2.6  cm.  long.  — Plains  and  prairies,  Mich,  and  w.  Ind.  to 
N.  Dak.,  Col. ,  and  Ark. 

•*-»•  •*-*.  Capsule  subglobose. 

=  Flowers  large  ;  corolla  2.3-3.1  cm.  long. 

10.  G.  fasciculata  Ell.     Tall,  6-12  dm.  high  ;  stem  subterete,  scabrous-puberu- 
lent;  branches  virgate,  elongated,  ascending,  subfastigiate,  mostly  \Q-\G-flow- 
ered ;  leaves  narrowly  linear,  with  smaller  ones  fasicled  in  their  axils ;  pedicels 
shorter  than  the  calyx  ;  corolla  about  2.5  cm.  long,  purple.  —  Sandy  fields,  low 
meadows  and  shores,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


SCKOPHULARIACEAE    (F1GWOJRT   FAMILY)  731 

11.  G.  purpurea   L.   (PURPLE  G.)     Stem  3-8  dm.  high,   somewhat  angled, 
nearly   or  quite  smooth,'  branches  long,    widely  spreading,  usually  flexuous, 
mostly  3-8-floivered ;  leaves   linear,    acute,  rough-margined;   calyx  commonly 
exceeding  the  pedicel,  its  teeth  sharp-pointed,  from  very  short  to  half  the  length 
of  the  tube;  corolla  usually  2.6-3  cm.  long,  bright  purple,  very  pubescent. — 
Low   mostly  sandy  ground,  e.  Mass,  to   Fla.  and   Tex.,  near  the  coast ;  also 
westw.  along  the  Great  Lakes  to  Wise. 

=  =  Flowers  smaller;  corolla  1.4-1.8  cm.  long. 

12.  G.  paupSrcula  (Gray)    Britton.     Slender  erect  annual,  1-6  dm.  high; 
stem  angled,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  subsimple  or  more  often  branched  above  ; 
leaves  narrowly  linear,  acute,  scabrous,  often  with  smaller  ones  fascicled  in 
their  axils ;  pedicels  usually  about  equaling  the  globose  capsules  ;   calyx-teeth 
deltoid-lanceolate,  sharp-pointed;  corolla   decidedly   smaller  than  in  the  pre- 
ceding species,  1.4-1.8  cm.  long,  lighter  rose-purple,  merely  puberulent  except  at 
the  hairy  margin.     (G.  purpurea,  var.  Gray.)  —  Sterile  soil,  bogs,  sandy  shores, 
etc.,  N.  S.  to  Man.,  and  south w. 

13.  G.  maritima  Raf.   (SEA-SIDE  G.)     Similar  to  the  preceding,  but  some- 
what fleshy;  leaves  linear,   obtuse  or  rounded  at  the   ends;  calyx-teeth  very 
short  and  obtuse  or  rounded ;  corolla  1-1.5  cm.  long.  —  Salt  marshes  along  the 
coast,  s.  Me.  to  Fla. 

H-  -•-  Pedicels  usually  exceeding  the  corolla  ;  woolly  anthers  cuspidate  at  base. 
•«-*•  Corolla-lobes  rounded  or  merely  emarginate  ;  capsule  subglobose. 

=  Corolla  glabrous  within, 
a.   Leaves  flat,  linear  to  lanceolate,  much  blackened  in  drying. 

14.  G.  tenuifblia  Vahl.     (SLENDER  G.)     Leaves  narrowly  linear,  acute,  the 
floral   ones  mostly   like   the   others ;    calyx-teeth   very   short,    acute ;   capsule 
globular;  corolla  1-1.5  cm.  long,  rose-purple,  the  upper  lip  somewhat  arched. 
(G.  Gattingeri  Small.)  — Low  or  dry  ground,  w.  Me.  and  w.  Que.  to  Neb.,  Fla., 
and  Tex.     Var.  MACROPHYLLA    Benth.     Stouter;    larger  leaves  3-5  cm.  long, 
and  4-5   mm.  wide,   scabrous;   pedicels   ascending;    calyx-teeth  larger.      (6?. 
Besseyana  Britton.)  — Ct.  to  Ont.,  N.  Mex. ,  and  the  Rocky  Mts. 

b.   Leaves  flliform  or  with  revolute  margins,  slightly  blackened  in  drying. 

15.  G.  Skinneriana  Wood.     Slender,  2-5  dm.  high,  with  ascending  branches, 
the   slightly  margined   angles  roughish ;    leaves   hispidulous-scabrous ;  pedicels 
rather  stiffly  ascending,  1-4  cm.  long ;  calyx  greenish,  the  lance-deltoid  lobes 
nearly  one  third  as  long  as  the  tube  ;  corolla  10-13  mm.  long,  rose-color ;  capsule 
globose-ovoid.     (G-.  tenuifolia,  var.  asperula  Gray.)  —  Dry  woods  and  hills,  Oct. 
to  Minn.,  Tenn.,  and  Mo. 

=  =  Corolla  villous  in  the  throat. 

16.  G.   setacea   Walt.      Slender,   3-6  dm.    high,    with    strongly  ascending 
branches  ;  leaves  setaceous-linear,  often  revolute,  somewhat  darkened  in  drying  ; 
pedicels  capillary,  1-2  cm.   long ;   calyx  green,  with   minute  subulate  teeth  ; 
corolla  rose-purple,  2  cm.  long,  ventricose  above  the  slender  exserted  tube,  the 
lobes  wide-spreading.     (G.  Holmiana  Greene.)  —  Sandy  barrens,  D.  C.  to  Fla. 
and  Tex.,  mostly  near  the  coast. 

++  ++  Corolla-lobes  obcordate ;  capsule  ellipsoid-ovoid. 

17.  G.  parvifblia  Chapm.     Rigid,  0.5-5  dm.  high,  with  stiff  upright  angled 
branches ;  leaves  linear-subulate,  rather  rigid,  not  darkened  in  drying  ;  inflores- 
cence subracemose,    the   floral  leaves  greatly   reduced ;    calyx  whitish-green, 
nervose,  with  short  subulate  teeth  ;  corolla  about  1  cm.  long,  bright  pink,  the 
lobes  all  spreading  ;  capsule  much  exceeding  the  calyx.     (&.  Skinneriana  Man. 
ed.  6,  not  Wood;  G.  decemloba  Greene) — Sandy  soil,  near  the  coast,  Mass, 
to  Fla.  and  La.;  and  apparently  in  the  Miss,  basin. 


732  SCKOPHULARIACEAE    (FIGWORT    FAMILY) 

21.    BUCHNERA   L.     BLUE  HEARTS 

Calyx  obscurely  nerved.  Corolla  with  a  straight  or  curved  tube  and  an 
almost  equally  5-cleft  limb,  the  lobes  oblong  or  wedge-obovate,  flat.  Stamens 
included  ;  anthers  one-celled  (the  other  cell  wanting).  Style  club-shaped  and 
entire.  Capsule  2-valved,  many-seeded.  —  Perennial  rough-hairy  herbs  (doubt- 
less root-parasitic),  turning  blackish  in  drying,  with  opposite  leaves,  or  the 
uppermost  alternate  ;  the  flowers  opposite  in  a  terminal  spike,  bracted  and  with 
2  bractlets.  (Named  in  honor  of  J.  G.  Buchner,  an  early  German  botanist.) 

1.  B.  americana  L.  Rough-hairy  ;  stem  wand-like,  3-8  dm.  high ;  lower 
leaves  obovate-oblong,  the  others  ovate-oblong  to  linear-lanceolate,  sparingly 
and  coarsely  toothed,  veiny  ;  spike  interrupted  ;  calyx  longer  than  the  bracts, 
one  third  the  length  of  the  deep-purple  corolla  (2  cm.  long). — Moist  sandy 
ground,  N.  J.  to  w.  N.  Y.,  s.  Ont.,  Minn.,  and  south w.  June- Aug. 

22.    CASTILLEJA   Mutis.     PAINTED  CUP 

Divisions  of  the  calyx  entire  or  2-lobed.  Tube  of  the  corolla  included  in  the 
calyx;  its  upper  lip  (galea)  keeled,  flattened  laterally.  Anther-cells  oblong- 
linear,  the  outer  fixed  by  the  middle,  the  inner  pendulous.  Capsule  many- 
seeded. —  Herbs  (root-parasitic),  with  alternate  entire  or  cut-lobed  leaves; 
the  floral  ones  usually  dilated,  colored,  and  more  showy  than  the  yellow  or 
reddish  spiked  flowers.  (Dedicated  to  Domingo  Castillejo,  a  Spanish  botanist.) 

1.  C.    coccinea   (L.)   Spreng.      (SCARLET  P.)      Hairy  biennial   or  annual; 
stem  simple  ;  root-leaves  clustered,  mostly  entire,  obovate  or  oblong ;  those  of 
the  stem  incised  ;  the  floral  3-5-cleft,  bright  scarlet  toward  the  summit  (rarely 
yellow) ;  calyx  about  the  length  of  the  pale  yellow  corolla,  equally  cleft  both  sides, 
the  lobes  quadrate-oblong,  entire  or  retuse. — Low   sandy  ground,    Mass,   to 
Man.,  s.  to  Va.,  Tenn.,  and  Tex. 

2.  C.  pallida  (L.)  Spreng.,  var.  septentrionalis  (Lindl.)  Gray.     Perennial, 
smooth   or  sparingly  hairy,  at  the  summit  woolly  ;   leaves  mainly  entire,  the 
lower  linear,  upper  broader  ;  the  floral  oblong  or  obovate,  greenish- white,  varying 
to  yellowish,  purple,  or  red  ;  calyx  equally  cleft,  the  lobes  oblong  or  lanceolate, 
2-cleft ;  corolla  1.5-2.5  cm.  long,  the  galea  decidedly  shorter  than  the  tube,  not 
over  2  or  3  times  as  long  as  the  lip.     (C.  acuminata  Spreng.)  — Damp  gravelly 
or  rocky  banks,  Lab.,  Nfd.,  and  westw.,  s.  to  the  St.  John  R.,  the  nits,  of  n.  N.  E., 
the  Great  Lakes,  Minn.,  and  the  Black  Hills.     June-Aug. 

3.  C.   sessiliflbra   Pursh.     Perennial,   1.5-3  dm.  high,  very  leafy,  cinereous- 
pubescent  ;  leaves  mostly  3-5-cleft,  with  narrow  diverging  sometimes  cleft  lobes  ; 
the  floral  similar  or  broader,  not  at  all  colored  ;  calyx  deeper  cleft  in  front,  the 
narrow  lobes  deeply  2-cleft ;  corolla  3-4  cm.  long,  the  short  galea  but  twice,  as 
long  as  the  slender-lobed  lip.  —  Prairies,  Man.  to  111.,  Mo.,  Tex.,  and  the  Rocky 
Mts.     May-July. 

23.    ORTHOCARPUS   Nutt. 

Corolla  with  the  upper  lip  (galea)  little  longer  and  usually  much  narrower 
than  the  inflated  1-3-saccate  lower  one.  Otherwise  nearly  as  Castilleja.  (Name 
from  6p06s,  upright,  and  Kaptrbs,  fruit.} 

1.  0.  luteus  Nutt.  Annual,  pubescent  and  hirsute,  sometimes  viscid,  erect, 
1.5-4  dm.  high;  leaves  linear  to  lanceolate,  occasionally  3-clef  t ;  spike  dense; 
bracts  broader,  mostly  3-cleft,  about  equaling  the  flowers,  not  colored  ;  corolla 
golden-yellow,  1  cm.  long,  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  calyx. — Plains,  n.  Minn., 
Man.,  and  westw. 

24.    MELAMPYRUM    [Tourn.]   L.     Cow  WHEAT 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  sharply  cleft.  Tube  of  corolla  cylindrical,  enlarging  above  ; 
upper  lip  compressed,  straight  in  front  ;  lower  erect-spreading,  biconvex,  3-lobed 
at  apex.  Anthers  approximate,  oblong,  nearly  vertical,  hairy ;  the  cells  minutely 


SCROPHULARIACEAE   (FIGWORT    FAMILY)  733 

pointed  at  base.  Capsule  1^4-seeded.  —  Erect  branching  annuals,  with  opposite 
leaves,  the  lower  entire,  the  upper  mostly  toothed  at  base.  Flowers  solitary  in 
the  upper  axils.  (Name  from  /<iAas,  black,  and  irvp6$,  wheat ;  from  the  color  of 
the  seeds  of  some  species.) 

1.  M.  lineare  Lam.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate  to  narrow-ovate,  short-petioled, 
the  floral  ones  like  the  lower,  or  truncate  at  base  and  beset  with  a  few  bristly 
teeth  ;  calyx-teeth  not  half  the  length  of  the  slender  tube  of  the  pale  greenish- 
yellow  or  purplish  corolla  (1  cm.  long);  seeds  white.  (M.  americanum  Michx. ; 
M.  latifoiium  Muhl.)  — Open  woods,  N.  S.  and  Que.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to  Ga.,  Tenn., 
and  la.  June-Sept. 

25.   EUPHRASIA   [Tourn.]   L.     EYEBRIGHT 

Calyx  tubular  or  bell-shaped,  4-cleft.  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  erect,  scarcely 
arched,  2-lobed,  and  the  sides  folded  back  ;  lower  lip  spreading,  3-cleft,  the  lobes 
obtuse  or  notched.  Anther-cells  pointed  at  the  base.  Capsule  flattened.  — 
Herbs,  with  opposite  toothed  or  cut  leaves.  Flowers  small,  spiked.  (Name 
ev(j>pa.<rla,  cheerfulness,  in  allusion  to  its  reputed  medicinal  properties.) 

*  Flowers  very  small,  borne  in  a  compact  leafy  head  or  very  short  subcapitate 

raceme ;  stems  filiform,  normally  simple ;  corolla  dorsally  3-4  mm.  long ; 
dwarf  arctic-alpine  species. 

1.  E.  Oakdsii  Wettst.     Leaves  ovate-orbicular,  bluntly  sinuate-toothed,  gray- 
ish-pubescent beneath  ;  corolla  white  or  nearly  so,  with  purple  or  violet  veins  and 
yellow  eye.  —  Open  stony  ground,  White  Mts.  of  N.  H.,  near  Mt.  Monroe  and 
at  the  head  of  Oakes  Gulf  ;  Mt.  Katahdin,  Me. 

2.  E.  Williamsii  Robinson.     Leaves  much  as  in  the  preceding  but  green  and 
glabrous  except  near  the  margin  /  corolla  brownish-purple,  with  deeper  colored 
veins  and  yellow  eye. — Slopes  of  Mt.  Washington,  N.  H.,  from  the  "Alpine 
Garden"  to  "Cape  Horn.1' 

**  Flowers  small   (corolla  3-4  mm.   long  dorsally),  borne  in  open  racemes; 
stems  usually  branched. 

3.  E.  Randii  Robinson.     Leaves  ovate  to  flabelliform,  bluntly  9-11-toothed, 
finely  pubescent  upon  both  surfaces  ;  corolla  varying  from  deep  violet  to  roseate 
or  cream-colored,  with  violet  veins  and  yellow  eye.  —  In  humus  and  damp  spots, 
along  the  coast,  Nfd.  and  e.  Que.  to  Knox  Co.,  Me.  (S.  Plaisted). 

Var.  Farlbwii  Robinson  has  smaller  grayish-pubescent  5-7-toothed  leaves 
(only  2-4  mm.  long).  —  Dry  crests  of  sea-cliffs,  Nfd.;  Dog  I.,  Eastport,  Me. 

*  *  *  Flowers  larger ;  corolla  dorsally  5-7  mm.  long,  white,  with  lavender  or 

purple  veins  and  yellow  eye. 

4.  E.  arctica  Lange.     Simple  or  branched,  4-12  cm.  or  more  in  height ;  leaves 
conspicuously  pubescent  upon  both  surfaces,  the  cauline  ovate,  rather  bluntly 
toothed,  the  floral  flabelliform,  more  sharply  toothed  ;  corolla  with  pale  lavender 
veins,  the  lobes  of  the  lower  lip  nearly  parallel.      (E.  latifolia  Pursh,  as  to 
plant,  but  not  as  to  name-bringing  synonym  ;  E.  hirtella  Robinson,  not  Jord.) 
—  Calcareous  soil,  Lab.  to  n.  Me.,  L.  Superior,  and  Arctic  Am. 

5.  E.  americana  Wettst.     Simple  or  more  often  with  elongated  strongly  as- 
cending branches,  1-3  dm.  tall,  flowering  for  the  most  part  above  the  middle; 
leaves  essentially  glabrous,  the  larger  8-14  mm.  long,  the  lateral  teeth  awn- 
pointed  ;  bracts  about  7-toothed  ;  calyx  usually  purple-nerved  ;  corolla  relatively 
large  and  showy,  8  mm.  long,  somewhat  suffused  with  purple  or  crimson  and 
marked  with  deep  purple  lines,  the  lateral  lobes  of  the  lower  lip  strongly  diver- 
gent. —  Damp  open  places,  Nfd.  and  e.  Que.,  along  the  coast  to  Lincoln  Co.,  Me. 

6.  E.   canad6nsis  Townsend.      Similar,  usually  smaller  and   more  diffuse, 
mostly  flowering  from  below  the  middle,  the  elongated  spikes  dense  ;   larger 
leaves  4-9  mm.  long  ;  bracts  9-11-toothed,  the  teeth  setose-tipped  ;  calyx  green, 
the  teeth  aristate  ;  corolla  6-7  mm.  long,  white,  with  bluish  or  lavender  veins 
and  yellow  eye.     (E.  americana,  var.  Robinson.) — Dry  grassy  or  rocky  places, 
from  the  lower  St.  Lawrence  to  N.  S.,  e.  Me.,  and  n.  N.  H. 


734  SCROPHULAKIACEAE    (FIGWORT   FAMILY) 

26.    ODONTITES    [Rivinius]  Ludwig. 

Calyx  equally  cleft.  Corolla  with  upper  lip  entire  and  sides  not  folded  back 
Otherwise  much  as  Euphrasia.  —  Herbs,  with  opposite  sessile  leaves,  and  sub- 
sessile  flowers  in  the  upper  axils  and  in  a  terminal  leafy  spike.  (Odontitis,  an 
ancient  plant-name  from  65ovs,  tooth,  applied  to  some  herb  used  for  tooth-ache.) 

1.  0.  RtiBRA  Gilib.  Stem  1-4  dm.  high,  from  an  annual  root,  branching, 
scabrous-pubescent ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  coarsely  and  remotely  serrate  ; 
spikes  elongated,  loosely-flowered  ;  corolla  small,  rose-red.  (Bartsia  Odontites 
Huds.;  Odontites  Odontites  Wettst.)  —  Fields,  roadsides,  etc.,  coast  of  Me., 
N.  B.,  and  N.  S.;  rarely  in  the  interior.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

27.   PEDICULARIS   [Tourn.]   L.     LOUSEWORT 

Calyx  various.  Corolla  strongly  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  flattened,  often 
beaked  at  the  apex ;  the  lower  erect  at  base,  2-crested  above,  3-lobed  ;  lobes 
commonly  spreading,  the  lateral  ones  rounded  and  larger.  Anthers  transverse  ; 
the  cells  pointless.  Capsule  mostly  oblique,  several-seeded.  —  Perennial  herbs, 
with  chiefly  pinnatifid  leaves  (the  floral  bract-like)  and  rather  large  flowers  in  a 
spike.  (Name  f rom  pediculus,  a  louse  ;  of  no  obvious  application.) 

*  Small-leaved  annual  or  biennial,  mostly  branched,  bearing  axillary  and  termi- 

nal flowers. 

1.  P.  palustris  L.      Essentially  glabrous,  2-6  dm.  high  ;  leaves  lanceolate, 
2-5  cm.  long,  pinnately  parted,  with  small  crenate  oblong  segments ;  calyx-lobes 
cristate  ;  corolla  1-1.5  cm.  long,  purplish  and  rose-color  (rarely  white),  the  tube 
longer  than  the  lips.     (  P.  parviflora  Britton,  not  Sm. )  —  Marshes  and  wet  places, 
Temiscouata  Co.  to  Gaspe"  Co.,  Que.,  Nfd.,  and  north w.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Large-leaved  perennials  •  simple  or  somewhat  branched,  with  terminal  spikes. 

2.  P.  canad§nsis  L.     (COMMON  L.,  WOOD  BETONY.)     Hairy  ;  stems  simple, 
clustered,  1.5-4  dm.  high  ;    leaves  scattered,   the  lowest  pinnately  parted,   the 
others  half-pinnatifid  ;  spike  short  and  dense  ;  calyx  split  in  front,  otherwise  al- 
most entire,  oblique  ;  upper  lip  of  the  dull  greenish-yellow  and  crimson  corolla 
hooded,  incurved,  2-toothed  under  the   apex ;   capsule  flat,  somewhat  sword- 
shaped.  —  Copses  and  banks,  N.  S.,  centr.  Me.,  and  w.  Que.  to  Man.,  and  south  w. 
May,  June. 

3.  P.  lanceolata  Michx.     Stem  upright,  3-9  dm.  high,  nearly  simple,  mostly 
smooth;    leaves  partly  opposite,   oblong-lanceolate,  doubly  cut-toothed;   spike 
crowded ;  calyx  2-lobed,  leafy-crested  ;  upper  lip  of  the  pale  yellow  corolla  in- 
curved and  bearing  a  short  truncate  beak  at  the  apex,  the  lower  erect,  so  as 
nearly  to  close  the  throat ;   capsule  ovate,  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx.  — 
Swamps,  Mass,  to  Ont.  and  Man.,  s.  to  Va.,  0.,  and  Neb.     Aug.,  Sept. 

4.  P.  Furbishiae  Wats.    Tall  (5-9  dm.  high),  pubescent  or  glabrate  ;  leaves 
lanceolate,  pinnately  parted  and  the  short  oblong  divisions  pinnatifld-incised, 
or  the  upper  simply  pinnatifid  and  the  lobes  serrate,  silvery-margined  ;  bracts 
ovate,  laciniate-dentate  ;  calyx  b-lobed,  the  lobes  rather  unequal,  linear-lanceo- 
late, entire  or  toothed  ;  upper  lip  of  corolla  straight  and  beakless,  the  truncate 
apex  bicuspidate,  the  lower  erect,  truncately  3-lobed ;  capsule  broadly  ovate.  — 
Banks  of  the  St.  John,  Me.  and  N.  B.     July,  Aug. 

28.   RHINANTHUS  L.     YELLOW  RATTLE 

Calyx  membranaceous,  flattened,  much  inflated  in  fruit,  4-toothed.  Upper 
lip  of  corolla  arched,  ovate,  obtuse,  flattened,  entire  at  the  summit,  but  with  a 
dark  tooth  on  each  side  below  the  apex  ;  lower  lip  3-lobed.  Anthers  approxi- 
mate, hairy,  transverse  ;  the  cells  pointless.  Capsule  orbicular,  flattened.  Seeds 
orbicular,  winged.  —  Annual  upright  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves;  the  yellow  or 
yellowish  flowers  crowded  in  a  one-sided  leafy-bracted  spike.  (Name  composed 


SCROPHULARIACEAE    (FIGWORT   FAMILY)  735 

of  ptv,  a  snout,  and  &i>6o<>,  a  flower,  from  the  beaked  upper  lip  of  species  once 
united  with  this  genus.) 

Teeth  of  the  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  elongate,  1.5-2  mm.  long  .        .        .        .1.  Ji.  major. 
Teeth  of  the  upper  lip  broad  and  low,  less  than  1  mm.  long. 
Branches  of  the  stern,  when  present,  short  and  scarcely  developed  at  flower- 
ing season,  later  if  elongating  bearing  only  reduced  flowers. 
Upper  part  of  the  stem  marked  with  fine  black  lines  ;  upper  lip  of  corolla 
with  purplish  teeth,  lateral  lobes  of  the  lower  lip  with  a  black  spot 

at  base 2.   Ji.  Crista-yalli. 

Stern  green,  without  black  lines  ;  corolla  yellow  throughout      .        .        .    8.   R.  oblongifolius. 
Branches  of  the  stem  in  well  developed  plants  elongate  at  flowering  season, 

their  flowers  like  those  of  the  primary  inflorescence. 
Upper  part  of  the  stem  marked  with  fine  black  lines ;  upper  lip  of  corolla 

with  bluish  teeth,  lower  lip  with  brown  markings        .        .        .        .    4.  R,  stenopJiyllun. 
Stem  green,  without  black  lines  ;  corolla  yellow  throughout,  the  teeth  of 

the  upper  lip  whitish-yellow  .        .        .        .        •        .        .        .        .    5.   Ji.  Kyrollae. 

1.  R.  M\JOR  Ehrh.     Simple  or  with  numerous  long  branches,  2-8  dm.  high  ; 
stem  with  conspicuous  black  lines  above,  essentially  glabrous,  the  branches  mostly 
without  axillary  fascicles  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  the  teeth  subappressed  ;  bracts  gla- 
brous, all  but  the  lowest  pale,  broadly  triangular,  the  tip  prolonged,  their  lowest 
lance-attenuate  teeth  5  mm.  long  ;  calyx  glabrous  except  for  the  slightly  scabrous 
margin  ;   corolla  2  cm.  long,  the  tube  slightly  curved,  the  purple  teeth  of  the 
upper  Up  horizontal. —  Damp  fields,  Plymouth,  Mass.  (Oakes).     (Adv.  or  nat. 
from  Eu.) 

2.  R.  Crfsta-galli  L.     Stems  1-6  dm.  high,  black-lineolate,  at  flowering  season 
usually  bearing  short  branches  in  all  but  the  lower  axils'  these  branches  remain- 
ing conspicuously  shorter  than  the  primary  stem,  sometimes  slightly  elongating 
and  bearing  reduced  flowers;  leaves   lanceolate   or  lance-attenuate,   crenate- 
dentate,   the    teeth    subappressed ;    bracts    glabrous,    dark    green,   the    lower 
lance-attenuate,  the  others  elongate-deltoid,  their  lower  lance-attenuate  spread- 
ing-ascending  crowded  teeth  (5  mm.  long)  much  exceeding  the  appressed  upper 
ones;  calyx  glabrous,  green,  often  black-striate  ;  corolla  yellow,  about  1.5  cm. 
long,  its  tube  straight,  the  teeth  of  the  upper  lip  depressed,  rounded,  violet,  the 
lateral  lobes  of  the  lower  lip  with  a  black  spot  at  base.     (E.  minor  Ehrh.)  — 
Dry  gravelly  thickets  and  sterile  fields,  near  the  coast,  Nfd.  and  e.  Que.  to  Ct. ; 
indigenous  northw.,  perhaps  naturalized  south w.     (Eu.)  — Plant  strongly  black- 
ened in  drying. 

3.  R.  oblongif&lius  Fernald.     Stems  6-40  cm.  high,  simple  or  with  few  very 
short  branches,  green  ;  leaves  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  crenate-dentate, 
scabrous  above,  minutely  pilose  beneath  ;  bracts  scabrous,  mostly  shorter  than 
the  mature  calyces,  deltoid-ovate,  laciniate-dentate,  the  lower  deltoid-lanceolate 
teeth  3-4  mm.  long;  calyx  glabrescent,  the  margins  ciliate,  in  fruit  1.3-1.9  cm. 
long,  greenish-yellow,  often  tinged  with  bronze;  corolla  yellow,  1-1.2  cm.  long. 
—  Lab.  to  alpine  regions  of  Me.,  N.  H.,  and  n.  N.  Y. — Plant  but  slightly 
blackened  in  drying. 

4.  R.  stenophylius  (Schur)  Schinz  &  Thellung.     Stems  2-6  dm.  high,  black- 
lineolate,  commonly  with  long  arcuate-ascending  branches  with  axillary  fascicles  • 
leaves  linear-  to   oblong-lanceolate,   crenate-dentate,   the  teetli  subappressed  ; 
bracts  glabrous,  purple-tinged,  the  lower  like  the  foliage  leaves  and  subtending 
the  remote  flowers ;  upper  bracts  subapproximate,  triangular,  equaling  the  calyx, 
their  teeth  lance-deltoid;  calyx  purple-tinged,  glabrous,  in  fruit  1.5  cm.  long; 
corolla  1.5  cm.  long,  canary-yellow,  turning  brownish,  the  teeth  of  the  upper  lip 
blue-gray,  the  lower  Up  with  brown  markings. — Boggy  'meadows  and  shores 
near  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  Gasp6  Co.,  Que.,  to  N.  S.     (Eu. ) 

5.  R.  Kyr611ae  Chabert.     Stems  3-7  dm.  high,  green,  not  black-lineolate, 
simple,  or  commonly  with  long  ascending  branches  without  axillary  fascicles ; 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  scabridulous,  the  teeth  subappressed  or  slightly  spread- 
ing ;  bracts  pale  green,  lance-deltoid,  with  lance-acuminate  spreading-ascending 
teeth;   calyx  yellow-green,  in  maturity  1.5  cm.  long;   corolla  8-13  mm.  long, 
light  yellow,  the  teeth  of  the  upper  lip  whitish-yellow. — Gravelly  thickets  and 
meadows  in  calcareous  districts,  e.  Que.  to  N.  S.  and  n.  Me.;  Wash. 


736  LENTIBULARIACEAE    (BLADDERWORT    FAMILY) 

29.   SCHWALBEA   [Gronov.]    L.     CHAFF-SEED 

Calyx  tubular,  10-12-ribbed,  5-toothed  ;  the  posterior  tooth  much  the  small- 
est, the  2  anterior  united  higher  than  the  others.  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  ob- 
long, entire ;  the  lower  little  shorter,  erect,  2-plaited,  with  3  very  short  and 
broad  ebtuse  lobes.  Anther-cells  parallel.  Capsule  ovate.  Seeds  linear,  with  a 
loose  chaff-like  coat. — A  perennial  minutely  pubescent  upright  herb,  3-6  dm. 
high,  with  leafy  simple  stems  terminated  by  a  loose  spike  of  rather  large  dull 
purplish-yellow  flowers  ;  leaves  alternate,  sessile,  3-nerved,  entire,  ovate  or  ob- 
long, the  upper  gradually  reduced  to  narrow  bracts  ;  pedicels  very  short,  with 
2  bractlets  under  the  calyx.  (Dedicated  to  C.  G.  Schwalbe,  an  obscure  German 
botanist.) 

1.  S.  americana  L. —  Wet  sandy  soil,  Mass,  to  La.,  near  the  coast.  May- 
July. 

LENTIBULARIACEAE    (BLADDERWORT  FAMILY) 

Small  herbs  (growing  in  water  or  wet  places),  with  a  1-lipped  calyx,  and  a  2- 
lipped  personate  corolla,  2  stamens  with  (confluently)  l-celled  anthers,  and  a 
l-celled  ovary  with  a  free  central  placenta,  bearing  several  anatropous  seeds, 
with  a  thick  straight  embryo,  and  no  albumen.  Corolla  deeply  2-lipped  ;  the 
lower  lip  larger,  3-lobed  and  with  a  prominent  palate,  spurred  at  the  base  in 
front ;  the  palate  usually  bearded.  Ovary  free  ;  style  very  short  or  none  ;  stigma 
1-2-lipped.  Capsule  often  bursting  irregularly.  Scapes  1-few-flowered. — The 
following  are  the  two  principal  genera. 

1.  Utricularia.     Calyx-lobes  mostly  entire.     Upper  lip  of  corolla  erect.     Filaments  strongly 

incurved.     Foliage  usually  dissected,  bladder-bearing. 

2.  Pinguicula.     Calyx  with  upper  lip  deeply  3-  and  lower  2-cleft.    Corolla-lobes  spreading.    Fila- 

ments straighter.    Terrestrial,  with  entire  rosulate  leaves  next  the  ground. 

1.   UTRICULARIA  L.     BLADDERWORT 

Corolla  personate,  the  palate  on  the  lower  lip  projecting,  often  closing  the 
throat.  Anthers  convergent.  — Aquatic  and  immersed,  with  capillary  dissected 
leaves  bearing  little  bladders,  which  float  the  plant  at  the  time  of  flowering ; 
or  rooting  in  the  mud,  and  sometimes  with  few  or  no  leaves  or  bladders.  Scapes 
1-few-flowered.  Bladders  furnished  with  a  valvular  lid  and  usually  with  a  few 
bristles  at  the  orifice.  (Name  from  utriculus,  a  little  bladder.) 

N.B.  — In  this  genus  the  figures  of  the  leaves  and  flowers  are  on  a  scale  of  f. 

*  Upper  leaves  in  a  whorl  on  the  otherwise  naked  scape,  floating  by  means  of 
large  bladders  formed  of  the  inflated  petioles ;  the  lower  leaves  dissected  and. 
capillary,  bearing  small  bladders ;  rootlets  few  or  none. 

1.  U.  inflata  Walt.  Swimming  free ;  bladder-like  petioles  oblong,  pointed 
at  ends  and  branched  near  apex,  bearing  fine  thread-like  divisions ;  flowers  3-10, 
large,  yellow  ;  appressed  spur  half  the  length  of  the  corolla ;  style  distinct.  — 
In  still  water,  Me.  to  Tex.,  mostly  near  the  coast.  July-Sept. 

*  *  Scapes  naked  (except  some  small  scaly  bracts),  from 
immersed  branching  stems,  which  commonly  swim 
free,  bearing  capillary  dissected  leaves  with  small 
bladders  on  their  lobes ;  roots  few  and  not  affixed, 
or  none;  mostly  perennial,  propagated  from  year  to 
year  by  tuber-like  buds. 

•*-  Cleistogamous  flowers  along  the  submersed  copiously 
bladder-bearing  stems. 

2.    U.   clandestina   Nutt.      Leaves  numerous  on  the 
U.  clandestina.        slender  immersed  stems,  several  times  forked,  capillary  ; 


LENT1BULARIACEAE    (BLADDER WORT   FAMILY)  737 


897.  U.  minor. 


scapes  slender,  1  dm.  high ;  lips  of  the  yellow  corolla  nearly  equal  in  length, 
the  lower  broader  and  3-lobed,  somewhat  longer  than  the  approximate  thick 
and  blunt  spur.  —  Ponds,  N.  B.  to  Del.  and  Pa.,  chiefly  near  the  coast.  July, 
Aug.  FIG.  896. 

•*-  •»-  No  cleistogamous  flowers. 
••-«•  Pedicels  recurved  in  fruit ;  corolla  yellow. 
3.    U.  vulgaris  L.     (GREATER  B.)     Immersed  stems 
3-10  dm.  long,  crowded  with  2-3-pinnately  many-parted 
capillary  leaves  bearing  many  bladders;  scapes  5-12- 
flowered,  1-3  dm.  long ;  corolla  closed,  1-2  cm.  broad, 
U  vuk  v  amer         tne  sides  reflexed  >  sPur  conical,  rather  shorter  than  the 
lower    lip,    thick    and   blunt.  —  Eurasia;    n.    w.    Am. 
Represented  with  us  by 

Var.  americana  Gray.     Spur  more  slender  and  rather  acute.  —  Common  in 
ponds  and  slow  streams,  Nfd.  to  Minn.,  s.  to  Va.  and  Tex.,  and 
westw.     June-Aug.     FIG.  896. 

4.  U.  minor  L.  (SMALLER  B.)  Leaves  scattered  on  the  thread- 
like immersed  stems,  2-4  times  forked,  short ;  scapes  weak,  2-8- 
flowered,  0.5-2  dm.  high  ;  upper  lip  of  the  gaping  corolla  not 
longer  than  the  depressed  palate ;  spur  very  short  and  blunt,  or 
almost  none.  —  Shallow  water,  e.  Que.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to  N.  J.,  w. 
N.  Y.,  Great  L.  region,  Utah,  and  Cal.  May-July.  (Eu.)  FIG. 
897. 

•M-  ++  Pedicels  erect  in  fruit,  few  and  slender  ;  corolla  yellow. 

6.  U.  gibba  L.  Scape  2.5-10  cm.  high,  1-2-flowered,  at  base 
furnished  with  very  slender  short  branches,  bearing  sparingly  dis- 
sected capillary  root-like  leaves  and  scattered  bladders ;  corolla 
6-8  mm.  broad,  the  lips  broad  and  rounded,  nearly  equal;  the 
lower  lip  with  the  sides  reflexed,  exceeding  and  approximate  to  the 
very  thick  and  blunt  conical  gibbous  spur.  —  Shallow  water,  Me. 
to  Fla.  and  Ala.,  near  the  coast ;  and  from  w.  Vt.  to  Ont.,  111.,  and 
898.  U.  gibba.  uMinn>,,  july_Sept.  FIG.  898. 

6.  U.  biflbra  Lam.     Scape  0.6-1.3  dm.  high,  l-3-flowered,  at  the  base  bearing 
somewhat  elongated  submersed  branches  with  capillary  root-like  leaves  and 
numerous  bladders ;  corolla  8-13  mm.  broad,  the  spur 

oblong,  equaling  the  lower  lip;  seeds  scale-shaped. — 
Ponds  and  shallow  waters,  Mass,  to  Fla.;  and  from 
Wise,  and  Minn,  to  Ala.  and  Tex.  Aug.,  Sept.  FIG. 
899. 

7.  U.  fibr6sa  Walt.    Leaves  crowded  or  whorled  on 
the  small  immersed  stems,  several  times  forked,  capil- 
lary ;  the  bladders  borne  mainly  along  the  stems  ;  flowers 
2-6,  1-1.3  cm.  broad ;  lips  nearly  equal,  broad  and  ex- 
panded, the  upper  undulate,  concave,  plaited-striate  in 
the  middle  ;  spur  nearly  linear,  obtuse,  approaching  and 
almost  equaling  the  lower  lip.  —  Shallow  pools  in  pine 
barrens,  L.  I.  and  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Ala.     May-July. 

8.  U.  intermedia  Hayne.  Leaves  crowded  on  the  im- 
mersed stems,  2-ranked,  4-5  times  forked,  rigid,  the  divi- 
sions linear-awl-shaped,  minutely  bristle-toothed  along  the 
margins  ;  the  bladders  borne  on  separate  leafless  branches  ; 
upper  lip  of  corolla  much  longer  than  the  palate  ;  spur 
conical-subulate,  acute,  appressed  to  and  nearly  as  long  as 
the  very  broad  (1-1.5  cm.)  lower  lip.  —  Shallow  pools  and 
streams,  Nfd.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  Great  L.  region, 
900.  U.  Intermedia.  Ia  ?  and  Cal.  May-July.  (Eurasia.)  FIG.  900. 

**  -w.  ++  Pedicels  erect  in  fruit,  rather  long  ;  corolla  violet-purple. 
9.   U.  purpurea  Walt.     Leaves  whorled  along  the  long  immersed  free-floating 
GRAY'S  MANUAL — 47 


U.  biflora. 


738  LENTIBULARIACEAE    (BLADDERWORT    FAMILY) 

stems,  petioled,  decompound,  capillary,  bearing  many  bladders  ;  flowers  2-4, 
1-1.3  cm.  Wide  ;  spur  appressed  to  the  3-lobed  2-saccate  lower  lip  of  the  corolla 
and  about  half  its  length.  —  Ponds,  N.  B.  to  Fla.;  also 
n.  Ind.  and  Mich,  to  Minn.  July-Sept.  FIG.  901. 

*  *  *  Scape  solitary,  slender  and  naked,  or  with  a  few 
small  scales,  the  base  rooting  in  the  mud  or  soil; 
leaves  small,  awl-shaped  or  grass-like,  often  raised 
out  of  the  water,  commonly  few  or  fugacious ;  air- 
bladders  few  on  the  leaves  or  rootlets,  or  commonly 

901.   U.  purpurea.  none. 

•«-  Flower  showy,  purple,  solitary  ;  leaves  bearing  a  few  delicate  lobes. 

10.  U.  resupinata  B.  D.  Greene.     Scape  0.5-2  dm.  high,  2-bracted  above ; 
leaves  thread-like,  on  delicate  creeping  branches ;  corolla  1  cm.  long,  deeply 
2-parted  ;  spur  slender-conical,  very  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  dilated  lower  lip 
and  remote  from  it,  both  ascending,  the  flower  resting  transversely  on  the  sum- 
mit of  the  scape. — Sandy  margins  of  ponds,  N.  B.  to  w.  Ont.,  s.  to  Fla.,  and 
the  Great  L.  region.     Aug. 

•»-  H-  Flowers  minute,  purplish  or  whitish,  solitary  or  few  ;  leaves  entire. 

11.  U.  cleist6gama  (Gray)  Britton.    Only  2-5  cm.  high,  bearing  1  or  2  evi- 
dently cleistogamous  flowers  (not  larger  than  a  pinhead) ;  capsule  becoming  2 
mm.  long.     (U.  subulata,  var.  Gray.)  —  Sandy  and  muddy  shores,  Cape  Cod, 
and  southw.     Aug.,  Sept. 

•i-  -i-  -i-  Flowers  2-10,  yellow  ;  leaves  entire,  rarely  seen. 
•w-  Stemflexuous;  flowers  long-pediceled. 

12.  U.  subulata  L.     Stem  capillary,  2-20  cm.  high  ;  the  raceme  zigzag  ;  pedi- 
cels capillary ;  lower  Up  of  the  corolla  flat  or  with  its  margins  recurved,  equally 
3-lobed,  much  larger  than  the  ovate  upper  one ;  spur  oblong,  acute,  straight, 
appressed  to  the  lower  lip,  which  it  nearly  equals  in  length.  —  Sandy  swamps 
and  pine  barrens,  Nantucket,  Mass.,  to  N.  J.,  Fla.,  and  Tex.,  near  the  coast. 
May-Sept. 

**  •»-*•  Stem  strict ;  flowers  sessile  or  short-pediceled. 

=  Corolla  conspicuously  exceeding  the  calyx. 

13.  U.  cornuta   Michx.     Stem   0.5-3  dm.  high,  1-5-flowered  ;   corolla  1.5-2 
cm.  broad,  the  lower  lip  large  and  helmet-shaped,  its  center  very  convex  and 
projecting,  while  the  sides  are  strongly  reflexed ;  upper  lip  obovate  and  much 
smaller;  spur  awl-shaped,  turned  downward  and   outward,  10-12  mm.   long. 
—  Peat-bogs  or  sandy  shores,  Nfd.  to   Ont.  and   Minn.,  s.   to  Fla.  and  Tex. 
June- Aug. 

14.  U.  juncea  Vahl.      Stem  1-4  dm.    high,  4-10-flowered ;  pedicels  short; 
corolla  barely  1  cm.  broad,  lower  lip  obovate,  consisting  principally  of  the  high- 
arched  palate;  spur  awl-shaped,  about  6  mm.  long.  —  Bogs  and  wet  shores,  Va., 
and  southw.    June-Sept. 

=  =  Corolla  barely  if  at  all  exceeding  the  calyx. 

15.  U.  virgatula  Barnhart.      Very   slender  and   strict,   2.5-25  cm.   high; 
flowers  2-6,  remotely  spicate,  rarely  solitary ;   corolla  usually  shorter  than  the 
purplish  calyx ;  the  upper  lip  spatulate,  emarginate  ;  the  lower  laterally  com- 
pressed, apiculate,  hairy  at  throat ;  the  conical   spur  2-3  mm .  long ;   capsule 
subglobose,  1.5-2  mm.  in  diameter,  seemingly  beaked  by  the  persistent  acuminate 
upper  calyx-lobe.     (U.  simplex  C.  Wright,  not  R.  Br.)  — Shores  of  ponds,  pine 
barrens  of  L.  I.  and  N.  J.;  also  Fla.  to  Miss.     Aug.,  Sept.     (Cuba.) 

2.    PINGUiCULA    [Tourn.]    L.     BUTTERWORT 

Upper  lip  of  the  calyx  3-cleft,  the  lower  2-cleft.     Corolla  with  an  open  hairy 
or  spotted  palate,  the  lobes  spreading.  —  Small  and  stemless  perennials,  growing 


OROBANCHACEAE    (BROOM-RAPE   FAMILY)  789 

on  damp  rocks,  with  1-flowered  scapes ;  the  broad  and  entire  leaves  soft-fleshy, 
mostly  greasy  to  the  touch  (whence  the  name,  from  pinguis,  fat) . 

1.  P.  vulgaris  L.  Leaves  spatulate  or  elliptical ;  scape  and  calyx  a  little 
pubescent ;  lips  of  the  violet  corolla  very  unequal,  the  tube  funnel-form  ;  spur 
straightish.  —  Wet  calcareous  rocks,  N.  B.  and  Que.  to  n.  N.  Y.,  Mich.,  Minn., 
and  far  north  w.;  very  local  south w.  June-Aug,  (Eurasia.) 

OROBANCHACEAE     (BROOM-RAPE  FAMILY) 

Herbs  (root-parasites}  destitute  of  green  foliage,  gamopetalous,  the  ovary 
one-celled  with  2  or  4  parietal  placentae  ;  pod  very  many-seeded;  seeds  minute, 
with  albumen  and  a  very  minute  embryo.  Calyx  persistent,  4-5-toothed  or 
-parted.  Corolla  tubular,  more  or  less  2-lipped,  ringent,  persistent  and  with- 
ering; upper  lip  entire  or  2-lobed,  the  lower  3-lobed.  Stamens  4,  didynamous, 
inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla ;  anthers  2-celled,  persistent.  Ovary  free, 
ovoid,  pointed  with  a  long  style  ;  stigma  large.  Capsule  1-celled,  2-valved  ;  each 
valve  bearing  on  its  face  one  placenta  or  a  pair.  Seeds  very  numerous,  minute. 
—  Low  thick  or  fleshy  herbs,  bearing  scales  in  place  of  leaves,  lurid  yellowish 
or  brownish  throughout.  Flowers  solitary  or  spiked. 

*  Flowers  of  two  sorts,  scattered  along  slender  panicled  branches. 

1.  Epifagus.    Upper  flowers  sterile,  with  a  tubular  corolla ;  the  lower  fertile,  with  the  corolla 

minute  and  not  expanding.     Bracts  inconspicuous. 

*  *  Flowers  all  alike  and  perfect ;  stems  mostly  simple. 

2.  ConopholiS.    Flowers  in  a  thick  scaly  spike.     Calyx  deeply  cleft  in  front.    Corolla  2-lipped. 

Stamens  exserted. 

3.  Orobanche.    Flowers  sessile,  spicate,  thyrsoid-spicate,  or  pedicellate.    Calyx  5-cleft.    Corolla 

2-lipped.    Stamens  included. 

1.   EPIFAGUS   Nutt.     BEECH-DROPS.     CANCER-ROOT 

Flowers  racemose  or  spiked  ;  the  upper  sterile,  with  long  filaments  and  style  ; 
the  lower  fertile,  with  a  very  short  corolla  which  is  forced  off  from  the  base 
by  the  growth  of  the  pod  ;  stamens  and  style  very  short.  Calyx  5-toothed. 
Stigma  capitate,  a  little  2-lobed.  Capsule  2-valved  at  the  apex,  with  2  approxi- 
mate placentae  on  each  valve.  —  Herbs,  slender,  purplish  or  yellowish-brown, 
much  branched,  with  small  scattered  scales,  1-6  dm.  high.  (Name  from  tirt, 
upon,  and  $7776?,  the  Beech,  because  it  grows  on  the  roots  of  that  tree.)  LEP- 
TAMNIUM  Raf.  EPIPHEGUS  Spreng. 

1.  E.  virginiana  (L.)  Bart.  Corolla  of  the  upper  (sterile)  flowers  whitish 
and  purple,  1  cm.  long,  curved,  4-toothed. —  Common  under  Beech-trees,  para- 
sitic on  their  roots ;  N.  B.  to  Ont.,  Wise.,  and  southw.  Aug. -Oct. 

2.    CON6PHOLIS    Wallr.     SQUAW-ROOT.     CANCER-ROOT 

Flowers  with  2  bractlets  at  the  base  of  the  irregularly  4-5-toothed  calyx,  its 
tube  split  down  on  the  lower  side.  Corolla  tubular,  swollen  at  base  ;  upper  lip 
arched,  notched  at  the  summit,  the  lower  shorter,  3-parted,  spreading.  Stigma 
depressed.  Capsule  with  4  placentae,  a  pair  on  the  middle  of  each  valve.  — 
Upper  scales  forming  bracts  to  the  flowers,  regularly  imbricate,  not  unlike  those 
of  a  fir-cone  (whence  the  name,  from  K&VOS,  a  cone,  and  <f>o\ls,  a  scale}. 

1.  C.  americana  (L.  f.)  Wallr.  —  In  woods,  mostly  under  oaks,  in  clusters 
among  fallen  leaves  ;  s.  Me.  to  Mich.,  s.  to  Fla.  and  Tenn.  May,  June.  —  A 
singular  plant,  chestnut-colored  or  yellowish  throughout,  as  thick  as  a  man's 
thumb,  1-2.5  dm.  high,  covered  with  fleshy  scales,  which  become  dry  and  hard. 


740  BIGNONIACEAE   (B1GNONIA 

3.    OROBANCHE   [Tourn.]  L.     BROOM-RAPE 

Upper  lip  of  corolla  more  or  less  spreading  and  2-lobed,  emarginate,  or  entire, 
the  lower  spreading,  3-lobed.  Stigma  broadly  2-lipped  or  crateriform.  Capsule 
with  4  placentae,  equidistant  or  contiguous  in  pairs.  — Plants  brownish,  purplish, 
or  whitish.  Flowers  (blue,  purple,  or  yellowish)  and  naked  or  bracted  stems 
minutely  glandular-pubescent.  (Name  from  6pof3os,  vetch,  and  Ayxbvi),  stran- 
gler.}  Including  APHYLLON  [Mitchell]  Gray. 

*  Flowers  spicate  or  thi/rsoid-spicate,  with  1-3  bracts  at  base  of  calyx;  corolla 

2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  generally  2-cleft. 

i-  Each  flower  with  3  bracts  (1  large  and  2  small)  at  base  of  calyx. 

1.  0.   PURptjREA   Jacq.     Stem  simple,    1-2   dm.  high,  bluish-  or  purplish- 
tinged;  flowers  deep  violet;  calyx  b-lobed;  corolla  2  cm.  long,  slightly  bilabiate. 
—  In  lawns,  on  Achillea,  Wingham,  Ont.   (J.  A.  Morton).     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  0.  RAM6SA  L.     Much  more   slender  and  usually  freely  branched,  straw- 
colored;  flowers  yellow  and  pale  blue;  calyx  4^-lobed ;  corolla  1-1.5  cm.  long.  — 
Parasitic  on  tomato,  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.  (Halsted);  on  hemp  and  tobacco, 
111.  and  Ky.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

•i-  -t-  Each  flower  with  1  or  2  bracts  at  base  of  calyx. 

3.  0.  MINOR  Srn.     Stem  1-3  dm.  high,  pubescent,  pale  yellowish-brown,  or 
with  purplish-tinged  flowers  in  a  rather  loose  spike;  calyx  cleft  before  and 
behind  almost  or  quite  to  the  base,  the  divisions  usually  2-cleft ;  corolla  1-1.5 
cm.  long,  the  limb  bluish,  with  rounded  lobes,  the  upper  lip  emarginate. — 
Parasitic  on  clover,  N.  J.  to  Va.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

4.  0.  ludoviciana  Nutt.     Simple  or  clustered,  1-3  dm.  high  ;  flowers  densely 
spicate  or  thyrsoid,  purplish,  bracts  1  or  2  ;  calyx  5-cleft,  nearly  regular ;  corolla- 
lobes  acutish.     (Aphyllon  Gray.)  — Sandy  soil,  Minn,  to  111.,  Tex.,  and  westw. 

*  *  Flowers  solitary  on  long  naked  scapes  or  peduncles,  without  bracts  ;  corolla 

with  a  long  curved  tube  and  spreading  5-lobed  limb. 

5.  0.  uniflbra  L.     (ONE-FLOWERED   CANCER-ROOT.)     Stem  subterranean  or 
nearly  so,  very  short,  scaly,  often  branched,  each  branch  sending  up  1-4  slender 
1-flowered  scapes  0.5-2   dm.  high ;    divisions  of  the  calyx  lance-awl-shaped, 
half  the  length  of  the  corolla,  which  is  1.5-2.5  cm.  long,  with  2  yellow  bearded 
folds  in  the  throat,  and  obovate  lobes.     (Aphyllon  Gray  ;  Thalesia  Brittori. )  — 
Damp  woodlands,  Nfd.  to  Va.  and  Tex.,  and  westw.  to  the  Pacific.     Apr. -.July. 

6.  0.  fasciculata  Nutt.     Scaly  stem   erect  and  rising  0.5-1  dm.  out  of  the 
ground,    mostly  longer  than   the   crowded   peduncles  ;   divisions   of  the   calyx 
triangular,  very  much  shorter  than  the  corolla,  which  has  rounded  short  lobes. 
(Aphyllon  Gray;  Thalesia  Britton.) — On  Artemisia,  Eriogonum,  etc.,  sandy 
ground,  L.  Michigan  ;  Minn.,  southw.  and  westw.     Apr. -Aug.     (Mex.) 

BIGNONIACEAE     (BIGNONIA  FAMILY) 

Woody  plants,  gamopetalous,  didynamous  or  diandrous,  with  the  ovary 
commonly  2-celled  by  the  meeting  of  the  two  parietal  placentae  or  of  a  projection 
from  them,  many-ovuled ;  fruit  a  dry  capsule,  the  large  flat  winged  seeds  with 
a  flat  embryo  and  no  albumen,  the  broad  and  leaf-like  cotyledons  notched  at 
both  ends.  Calyx  2-lipped,  5-cleft,  or  entire.  Corolla  tubular  or  bell-shaped, 
5*-lobed,  somewhat  irregular  or  2-lipped,  deciduous  ;  the  lower  lobe  largest. 
Stamens  inserted  on  the  corolla  ;  the  fifth  or  posterior  one,  and  sometimes  the 
shorter  pair  also,  sterile  or  rudimentary ;  anthers  of  2  diverging  cells.  Ovary 
free,  bearing  a  long  style,  with  a  2-lipped  stigma.  Leaves  compound  or  simple, 
opposite,  rarely  alternate.  Flowers  large  and  showy.  —  Chiefly  a  tropical  family. 


MARTYNIACEAE    (MAUTYNIA   FAMILY)  741 

1.  Tecoma.     Pod  flattish  contrary  to  the  partition.    Leaves  compound,  without  tendrils. 

2.  Catalpa.     Pod  terete.    Fertile  stamens  only  2.    Trees ;  leaves  simple. 

8.  Bignonia.    Pod  flattened  parallel  with  the  partition.    Leaves  compound,  tendril-bearing. 

1.    TECOMA  Juss.     TRUMPET-FLOWER 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-toothed.  Corolla  funnel-form,  5-lobed,  a  little  irregular. 
Stamens  4.  Capsule  2-celled,  with  the  partition  at  right  angles  to  the  convex 
valves.  Seeds  transversely  winged.  —  Woody,  with  compound  leaves,  climbing 
by  aerial  rootlets.  (Abridged  from  the  Mexican  name  tecomaxochitl.) 

1.  T.  radicans  (L.)  Juss.  (TRUMPET  CREEPER.)  Leaves  pinnate;  leaflets 
9-11,  ovate,  pointed,  toothed;  flowers  corymbed ;  stamens  not  protruded 
beyond  the  tubular-funnel-form  orange  and  scarlet  corolla  (6-8  cm.  long);  pod 
oblanceolate,  1-1.5  dm.  long.  —  Moist  soil,  N.  J.  to  s.  e.  la.,  s.  to  Fla.  and 
Tex. ;  common  in  cultivation  farther  north w.  Aug. ,  Sept. 

2.    CATALPA  Scop.     CATALPA.     INDIAN  BEAN 

Calyx  deeply  2-lipped.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  swelling  ;  the  undulate  5-lobed 
spreading  border  irregular  and  2-lipped.  Fertile  stamens  2,  or  sometimes  4  ; 
the  1  or  3  others  sterile  and  rudimentary.  Capsule  very  long  and  slender, 
nearly  cylindrical,  2-celled,  the  partition  at  right  angles  to  the  valves.  Seeds 
winged  on  each  side,  the  wings  cut  into  a  fringe.  —  Trees,  with  ovate  or  cordate 
and  mainly  opposite  leaves.  (The  aboriginal  name.) 

1.  C.    speciosa   Warder.     (CATAWBA   TREE,    CIGAR    TREE.)     A   large   and 
tall  tree,  with  thick  bark;  leaves  ample,  heart-shaped,  long-acuminate  ;  corolla 
3.6-5  cm.  long,  nearly  white,  inconspicuously  spotted,  with  obconical  tube  and 
slightly  oblique  limb,  the   lower  lobe  emarginate;  capsule   thick. — Low   rich 
woodlands,  s.  Ind.  to  Tenn.,  Mo.,  and  Ark.     May,  June. 

2.  C.    UIONONIOIDES  Walt.      A  low  much  branched   tree,   with  thin   bark; 
corolla  smaller  (2.5-4  cm.  long),  thickly  spotted,  with  oblique  limb   and  entire 
lower  lobe;  capsule  much  thinner.     (C.   Catalpa  Karst.) — Naturalized  from 
N.  Y.  southw. ;  indigenous  on  the  Gulf  coast. 

3.    BIGNdNIA   [Tourn.]   L. 

Calyx  truncate,  or  slightly  5-toothed.  Corolla  somewhat  bell-shaped,  5-lobed 
and  rather  2-lipped.  Stamens  4,  often  with  a  rudiment  of  the  fifth.  Capsule 
linear,  2-celled.  Seeds  transversely  winged. — Woody  climbers.  (Named  for 
the  Abbe  Jean-Paul  Bignon,  court-librarian  at  Paris  and  friend  of  Tournefort.) 

1.  B.  capreolata  L.  (CROSS-VINE.)  Smooth  ;  leaves  of  2  ovate  or  oblong 
leaflets  and  a  branched  tendril,  often  with  a  pair  of  accessory  leaves  in  the  axil 
resembling  stipules  ;  peduncles  few  and  clustered,  1-flowered  ;  corolla  orange, 
5  cm.  long ;  pod  1.5  dm.  long;  seeds  with  the  wing  4  cm.  long.  (B.  crucigera 
L.,  in  part.)  —  Rich  soil,  Va.  to  O.  and  111.,  s.  to  Fla.  and  La.  Apr  .-June.  — 
Climbing  tall  trees ;  a  transverse  section  of  the  wood  showing  a  cross. 

MARTYNIACEAE     (MARTYNIA  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  with  chiefly  opposite  simple  leaves,  and  flowers  as  of  the  Lentibu- 
lariaceae,  except  in  structure  of  ovary  and  fruit,  the  former  being  l-celled,  the 
latter  fleshy-drupaceous,  with  wingless  seeds  and  thick  entire  cotyledons.  Ovary 
(in  ours)  l-celled,  with  2  parietal  intruded  placentae  expanded  into  2  broad 
lamellae  or  united  into  a  central  columella.  —  Chiefly  tropical. 

1.    MARTYNIA   L.     UNICORN-PLANT 

Calyx  5-cleft,  mostly  unequal.  Corolla  gibbous,  bell-shaped,  5-lobed  and 
somewhat  2-lipped.  Fertile  stamens  4,  or  only  2.  Flesh  of  fruit  at  length 
falling  away  in  2  valves;  inner  part  woody,  terminated  by  a  2-horned  beak, 


742  ACANTHACEAE    (ACANTHUS    FAMILY) 

imperfectly  5-celled.  Seeds  several,  with  a  thick  roughened  coat.  — Low 
branching  annuals,  clammy-pubescent,  exhaling  a  heavy  odor ;  stems  thickish ; 
leaves  simple,  rounded  ;  flowers  racemed,  large.  (Dedicated  to  Prof.  John 
Martyn,  of  Cambridge,  England.) 

1.  M.  louisiana  Mill.  Leaves  heart-shaped,  oblique,  entire  or  undulate,  the 
upper  alternate  ;  corolla  dull  white  or  purplish,  or  spotted  with  yellow  and 
purple  ;  endocarp  of  the  fruit  crested  on  one  side,  long-beaked.  ( M.  proboscidea 
Gloxin.)  — River-banks  and  waste  places,  s.  Ind.,  111.,  and  la.  to  n.  Mex. ;  also 
cultivated  and  naturalized  northw. 

ACANTHACEAE    (ACANTHUS  FAMILY) 

Chiefly  herbs,  with  opposite  simple  leaves,  didynamous  or  diandrous  stamens 
inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  more  or  less  1-lipped  corolla,  the  lobes  of  which  are 
convolute  or  imbricated  in  the  bud;  fruit  a  ^-celled  and  few (4-1 2) -seeded 
capsule;  seeds  anatropous,  without  albumen,  usually  flat  and  supported  by 
hooked  projections  of  the  placentae  (retinacula} .  Flowers  commonly  much 
bracted.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Style  thread-form ;  stigma  simple  or  2-cleft.  Pod 
loculicidal,  usually  flattened  contraiy  to  the  valves  and  partition.  Cotyledons 
broad  and  flat.  —  Mucilaginous  and  slightly  bitter,  not  noxious.  A  large  family 
in  the  warmer  parts  of  the  world ;  represented  in  gardens  by  THUNBERGIA, 
which  differs  from  the  rest  by  the  globular  pod  and  seeds,  the  latter  not  on 
hooks. 

*  Corolla  bilabiate,  upper  lip  erect  and  concave,  lower  spreading ;  stamens  2. 

1.  Dianthera.    Capsule  obovate,  flattened,  4-seeded. 

*  *  Corolla  not  obviously  bilabiate,  the  5  lobes  broad  and  roundish,  spreading ;  stamens  4. 

2.  Ruellia.     Calyx-lobes  mostly  linear  or  lanceolate.    Capsule  6-20-seeded. 

3.  Dyschoriste.    Calyx-lobes  long-filiform.    Capsule  2-4-seeded. 

1.    DIANTHERA   [Gronov.]    L.     WATER  WILLOW 

Calyx  5-parted.  Upper  lip  of  corolla  notched  ;  the  lower  spreading,  3-parted, 
external  in  the  bud.  Anthers  2-celled,  the  cells  separated  and  somewhat  unequal. 
Capsule  contracted  at  base  into  a  short  stalk. — Perennial  herbs,  growing  in 
water  or  wet  places,  with  entire  leaves,  and  purplish  flowers  in  axillary  peduncled 
spikes  or  heads.  (Name  formed  of  dls,  double,  and  dvdrjpd,  anther,  the  separated 
cells  giving  the  appearance  of  two  anthers  on  each  filament.) 

1.  D.  americana  L.     Stem  3-9  dm.  high  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  elongated  ; 
spikes  cylindric,   dense,   long-peduncled  ;    corolla   1    cm.   long,  the   lower   lip 
rugose.  — In  water,  w.  Que.  and  Vt.  to  Wise.,  s.  to  Ga.  and  Tex.     July-Sept. 

2.  D.  ovata  Walt.     Slender,  1.5-4  dm.  high  ;  leaves  oblong  or  ovate-oblong  ; 
peduncles  mostly  shorter  than  the  leaves.  —  Swamps,  etc.,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Tex., 
inland  to  Mo. 

2.   RUELLIA   [Plumier]   L. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  funnel-form,  with  spreading  ample  border,  convo- 
lute in  bud.  Cells  of  the  somewhat  arrow-shaped  anthers  parallel  and  nearly 
equal.  Capsule  narrow,  in  ours  somewhat  flattened,  contracted  and  seedless 
at  base.  Seeds  with  a  mucilaginous  coat,  when  wet  exhibiting  under  the 
microscope  innumerable  tapering  short  bristles,  their  walls  marked  with  rings 
or  spirals.  —  Perennials,  with  large  showy  blue  or  purple  flowers,  sometimes 
also  with  small  flowers  precociously  close-fertilized  in  the  bud.  Calyx  often 
2-bracteolate.  (Named  for  the  early  French  herbalist,  Jean  Euelle.} 

1.  R.  cilidsa  Pursh.  Hirsute  with  soft  whitish  hairs,  3-9  dm.  high  ;  leaves 
nearly  sessile,  oval  or  ovate-oblong,  2.5-7  cm.  long;  flowers  1-3  and  almost 
sessile  in  the  axils;  tube  of  the  corolla  2.5-4  cm.  long,  fully  twice  the  length  of 


PLANTAGINACEAE   (PLANTAIN   FAMILY)  743 

the  setaceous  calyx-lobes;  the  throat  short. — Dry  ground,  N.  J.  to  Fla.,  w.  to 
Mich.,  Neb.,  and  Tex.  June-Sept.  Var.  PARVIFL6RA  (Nees)  Britton.  Spar- 
ingly hirsute-pubescent  or  glabrate  ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  usually  short-petioled, 
larger ;  tube  of  corolla  little  exceeding  the  hardly  hirsute  calyx.  (Var.  am- 
bigua  Gray.)  — Va.  and  Ky.  to  Ala.  — Appearing  as  if  a  hybrid  with  the  next. 

2.  R.  strSpens  L.     Glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent,  3-10  dm.  high  ;  leaves 
narrowed  at  base  into  a  petiole,  ovate,  obovate,  or  mostly  oblong,  0.7-1.5  dm. 
long ;  tube  of  the  corolla  (3-5  cm.  long)  little  longer  than  the  dilated  portion, 
slightly  exceeding  the  lanceolate  or  linear  calyx-lobes.  —  Rich  soil,  Pa.  to  Wise., 
s.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     July-Sept.     Var.  CLEISTANTHA  Gray.     Leaves  commonly 
narrower  and  oblong ;   flowers  for  most  of  the  season   cleistogamous.     (Var. 
micrantha  Britton.)  — Common  with  the  ordinary  form. 

3.  R.  pedunculata  Torr.     Puberulent,  slender,  3-8  dm.  high,  the  branches 
spreading ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  4-7  dm.  long,  short-petioled  ;  flowers  solitary 
or  3,  on  slender  peduncles  (1.5-5  cm.  long)  with  2  leaf -like  bracts  at  the  tip  ; 
corolla  3-5  cm.  long,  the  tube  slightly  exceeding  the  subulate-filiform  calyx- 
lobes.  —  Dry  woods,  Mo. ,  and  south  w. 

3.  DYSCHORfSTE  Nees. 

Calyx  deeply  5-clef t  or  -parted.  Corolla  funnel-form,  with  ample  limb,  con* 
volute  in  bud.  Anthers  mucronate  or  sometimes  aristate  at  base.  Ovules  a 
single  pair  in  each  cell.  Capsule  oblong-linear.  —  Low  branching  perennials, 
pubescent  or  hirsute,  with  few  proportionally  large  axillary  nearly  sessile  flowers 
and  blue  corolla.  (Name  from  Sus^ci/no-ros,  hard  to  separate,  referring  to  the 
firmly  coherent  valves  of  the  capsule.)  CALOPHANES  Don. 

1.  D.  oblongifblia  (Michx.)  Ktze.  Stems  usually  erect  and  simple,  1.5-4 
dm.  high ;  leaves  from  narrowly  oblong  to  oval,  very  obtuse,  sessile,  1.5-3  cm. 
long  ;  corolla  blue,  sometimes  purple-dotted  or  mottled,  seldom  2.5  cm.  long ; 
calyx-lobes  nearly  distinct,  filiform-setaceous,  hirsute.  (Calophanes  Don.)  — 
Pine  barrens,  s.  Va.  to  Fla. 

PHRYMACEAE     (LOPSEED  FAMILY) 

A  perennial  herb,  with  slender  branching  stems,  and  coarsely  toothed  ovate 
leaves,  the  lower  long-petioled ;  the  small  opposite  flowers  in  elongated  and 
slender  terminal  spikes,  strictly  reflexed  in  fruit.  Corolla  purplish  or  rose-color. 
Calyx  cylindrical,  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  of  3  bristle-awl-shaped  teeth ;  the 
lower  shorter,  2-toothed.  Corolla  2-lipped  ;  upper  lip  notched ;  the  lower  much 
larger,  3-lobed.  Stamens  included.  Style  slender ;  stigma  2-lobed.  Fruit  dry, 
in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx,  oblong,  1-celled  and  1-seeded.  Seed  orthotropous. 
Cotyledons  convolute  round  their  axis. 

1.  PHRYMA   L.     LOPSEED 

A  single  species,  with  characters  of  the  family.  (Derivation  of  the  name 
unknown.) 

1.  P.  LeptosUchya  L.  Plant  3--0  dm.  high  ;  leaves  0.5-1.5  dm.  long,  thin  ; 
calyx  strongly  ribbed  and  closed  in  fruit,  the  long  slender  teeth  hooked  at  the 
tip.  — Moist  and  open  woods,  N.  B.  and  Que.  to  Man.,  and  southw.  July,  Aug. 
(E.  Asia.) 

PLANTAGINACEAE     (PLANTAIN  FAMILY) 

Chiefly  stemless  herbs,  with  regular  4-merous  spiked  flowers,  the  stamens 
inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  dry  and  membranaceous  veinless  gamopetalous  corolla, 
alternate  with  its  lobes.  —  Chiefly  represented  by  the  two  following  genera. 


744  PLANTAGINACEAE    (PLANTAIN   FAMILY) 

1.  Littorella.    Scape  1-2-flowered.    Ovary  1-celled,  1-seeded.    Aquatic. 

2.  Plantago.    Scape  several-many-flowered.    Ovary  2-celled,  2-oo -seeded.    Terrestrial. 

1.  LITTORELLA  Bergius. 

Flowers  monoecious.  The  staminate  solitary,  on  a  mostly  simple  naked 
scape  ;  calyx  4-parted,  longer  than  the  cylindraceous  4-cleft  corolla  ;  anthers  ex- 
serted,  on  very  long  capillary  filaments.  Pistillate  flowers  usually  2,  sessile  at 
the  base  of  the  scape  ;  calyx  of  3  or  4  unequal  sepals  ;  corolla  urn-shaped,  with 
a  3-4-toothed  orifice.  Ovary  with  a  single  cell  and  ovule,  tipped  with  a  long 
laterally  stigmatic  style,  maturing  as  an  achene.  (Name  from  litus  or  littus, 
shore,  from  the  place  of  growth.) 

1.  L.  uniflbra  (L.)  Asch.  Stoloniferous  but  otherwise  stemless;  leaves 
terete,  linear-subulate,  2-7  cm.  long.  (L.  lacustris  L.)  — In  water  or  on  gravelly 
shores,  Nfd.  to  Me.,  Vt.,  Ont.,  and  Minn.;  very  rare.  (Eu.) 

2.    PLANTAGO    [Tourn.]  L.     PLANTAIN.    RIBWORT 

Calyx  of  4  imbricated  persistent  sepals,  mostly  with  dry  membranaceous 
margins.  Corolla  salver-form  or  rotate,  withering  on  the  pod,  the  border  4- 
parted.  Stamens  4,  or  rarely  2,  in  all  or  some  flowers  with  long  and  weak 
exserted  filaments,  and  fugacious  2-celled  anthers.  Ovary  2 (or  in  no.  6  falsely 
3-4) -celled,  with  1-several  ovules  in  each  cell.  Style  and  long  hairy  stigma 
single,  filiform.  Capsule  2-celled,  2-several-seeded,  opening  transversely,  so 
that  the  top  falls  off  like  a  lid  and  the  loose  partition  (which  bears  the  peltate 
seeds)  falls  away.  Embryo  straight,  in  fleshy  albumen.  —  Leaves  ribbed. 
Flowers  whitish,  small,  in  a  bracted  spike  or  head,  raised  on  a  naked  scape. 
(The  Latin  name.) 

a.  Corolla  not  closed  over  the  fruit  &. 

6.   Seeds  plump,  not  hollowed  on  the  face  c. 
c.   Leaves  with  more  or  less  dilated  strongly  ribbed  blade. 

Ribs  of  the  broad  leaves  rising  from  the  midrib        .        .        .  1.  P.  cordata. 

Kibs  of  the  leaf  free  to  the  contracted  base. 

Pod  circumscissile  near  the  middle 2.   P.  major. 

Pod  circumscissile  much  below  the  middle. 
Sepals  sharply  carinate  on  the  back. 

Spike  densely  flowered  ;  capsule  4-9-seeded  .        „        .        .      8.   P.  Rugelii. 
Spike  remotely  flowered  ;  capsule  2-seeded    .        .        .        .      4.  P.  sparsiflora. 
Sepals  rounded,  not  sharply  carinate  on  the  back     .        .  5.  P.  eriopoda. 

c.  Leaves  linear  to  subterete,  fleshy,  obscurely  ribbed    .        .        .  6.  P.  decipiens. 
&.   Seeds  flattened,  or  hollowed  on  the  face,  or  boat-shaped  d. 

d.  Leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate,  strongly  ribbed. 

Leaves  lanceolate  to  lance-oblong 7.  P.  lanceolata. 

Leaves  ovate  to  ovate-oblong 8.  P.  media. 

d.  Leaves  linear  to  setaceous. 

White,  silky-lanate ;  bracts  not  exceeding  the  calyx       .        .        .  9.  P.  Purshii. 

Green,  loosely  pubescent ;  lower  bracts  much  exceeding  the  calyx  10.  P.  aristata. 
a.   Corolla  (of  fertile  flowers)  closed  over  the  fruit. 

Leaves  spatulate-lanceolate  to  obovate  ;  stamens  4. 

Fruiting  calyx  1.5-2.5  mm.  long;  seed  0.8-1. 5  mm.  long    .        .        .11.  P.  virginica. 

Fruiting  calyx  3-4  mm.  long  ;  seed  2.5-3  mm.  long    .        .        .        .  12.  P.  rhodosperma. 
Leaves  linear  to  filiform  ;  stamens  2. 

Capsule  4-seeded 13.  p.  elongata. 

Capsule  10-28-seeded 14.  p.  heterophylla. 

§  1.    Stamens  4  ;  flowers  all  perfect ;  corolla  not  closed  over  the  fruit. 
*  Flowers  proterogynous,  the  style  first  projecting  from  the  unopened  corolla, 
the  anthers  long-exserted  after  the  corolla  has  opened;  seeds  not  hollowed 
on  the  face  (except  in  nos.  7  and  8). 

1.  P.  cordata  Lam.  Tall,  glabrous;  leaves  fleshy,  heart-shaped  or  round- 
ovate,  1-2.5  dm.  long,  long-petioled,  the  ribs  arising  from  the  midrib;  spike  at 
length  loosely  flowered;  bracts  round-ovate,  fleshy;  capsule  2-4-seeded. — 
Along  streams,  in  wooded  swamps,  etc.,  N.  Y.  and  Ont.  to  Minn.,  and  southw. 


PLANTAGINACEAE    (PLANTAIN    FAMILY)  745 

2.  P.  major  L.     (COMMON  P.)     Smooth  or  rather  hairy,  sometimes  roughish  ; 
leaves  thick  and  leathery,  0.5-3  dm.  long,  the  blade  from  broad-elliptic  to  cordate- 
ovate^  undulate  or  more  or  less  toothed,  the  broad  petiole  channeled  ;  scapes 

1.6-9  dm.  high,  commonly  curved-ascending ;  spike  dense,  obtuse, 
becoming  1-4  dm.  long ;  sepals  round-ovate  or  obovate  ;  capsule 
ovoid,  circumscissile  near  the  middle,  8-18-seeded ;  seeds  angled, 
reticulated.  —  Waysides  and  near  dwellings,  exceedingly  common. 
FIG.  902. — Sometimes  with  leafy-bracted  scapes  or  with  panicu- 
late-branched inflorescences.  (Cosmopolitan.)  Var.  INTERMEDIA 
(Gilibert)  Dene.  Leaves  lance-ovate  to  narrowly  elliptic,  coarsely 
sinuate-dentate,  sometimes  densely  pubescent,  closely  rosulate. 

902  P*ma'        (^  ^^ophila  Bicknell.)  —  Salt  marshes  and  coastal  rocks,  Me. 
Fruit'xai  '    toN-J-    (Eurasia.) 

Var.  asiatica  (L.)   Dene.      Leaves  upright,  the  thin  smooth 

blades  tapering  to  slender  petioles;  scapes  erect.  —  River-banks,  etc.,  e.  Que. 

to  B.  C.,  s.  to  n.  N.  E.,  L.  Superior,  N.  Dak.,  Col.,  etc.     (Asia.) 

3.  P.  Rugdlii  Dene.    Leaves  as  in  no.  2,  but  paler  and  thinner,  the  rather 
slender  petioles  crimson  at  base  ;  spikes  long  and  thin,  attenuate  at  the  apex; 
sepals  oblong,  acutely  carinate  ;  capsules  cylindraceous,  circum- 
scissile much  below  the  middle,  4-9-seeded ;  seeds  oval,  not  reticu- 
lated. —  N.  B.  to  Ont.  and  Minn.,  s.  to  Ga.  and  Tex.     FIG.  903. 

4.  P.  sparsiflbra  Michx.     Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  often  very 
long  (3-4  dm.),  villous  to  glabrous  ;  scape  elongate,  terminated  by 
a  long  loosely  flowered  spike  ;  sepals  oval,  rigid  ;  capsules  ellipsoid, 
about  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  circumscissile  toward  the  base, 
^-seeded.  —  Pine  barrens  and  damp  sands,  S.  C.  to  Fla.  j  reported 
from  s.  111. 

5.  P.  eri6poda  Torr.     Usually  with  a  mass  of  yellowish  wool 

at  the  base;  leaves  thickish,  oblanceolate  to  obovate,  with  short  90g  p  R     ,.. 
stout  petioles  ;  spike  dense  or  loose  ;  sepals  and  bract  more  or  less       '    '    "^f  ' 
scarious  but  not  carinate ;  capsule  ovoid,  never  over  ^-seeded.  — 
Salt  marshes,  e.  Que.  to  N.  S. ;  saline  soil,  Red  River  valley,  Minn.,  to  n.  Cal. 
and  the  Arctic  region. 

6.  P.  decfpiens  Barneoud.     (SEASIDE  P.)     Leaves  linear  to  nearly  filiform, 
1-10  mm.  broad,  entire  or  remotely  serrate,  fleshy,  indistinctly  ribbed;  scapes 
slightly  pubescent  below,  densely  so  at  tip,  2-30  cm.  high,  from  erect  to  strongly 
arcuate  ;  spikes  slender-cylindric,  0.5-12  cm.  long,  dense  or  loose  ;  scales  and 
sepals  from  drab  to  purplish-brown ;  corolla-tube  often  pubescent ;  seeds  2-4. 
(P.  maritima  Man.  ed.  6,  not  L.)  —  Salt  marshes  and  maritime  rocks,  Greenl. 
and  Lab.  to  N.  J.  —  Very  variable  in  size  and  habit,  the  most  dwarf  extreme 
sometimes  separated  as  P.  borealis  Lange. 

7.  P.    LANCEOLATA,    L.       (RlB    GRASS,    RlPPLE    GRASS,    ENGLISH    P.)       Mostly 

hairy ;  scape  grooved-angled,  at  length  much  longer  than  the  lanceolate  or 
lance-oblong  leaves,  slender,  2-7  dm.  high  ;  spike  dense,  at  first  capitate,  in  age 
cylindrical ;  bracts  and  sepals  scarious,  brownish ;  seeds  2,  hollowed  on  the 
face.  —  Very  common  in  grass  land.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

8.  P.  MEDIA  L.     ( HOARY  P.)     Resembling  the  preceding,  but  with  shorter 
ovate  or  broad-oblong  finely  canescent  leaves;  the  cylindric  spike  2.5-8  cm. 
long;  seeds  slightly  concave  or  flat  on  the  face;  flowers  fragrant.—  Sparingly 
in  fields,  etc.,  Me.  to  Ont.  and  N.  Y.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Flowers  of  2  sorts  (as  respects  length  of  anthers  and  filaments}  on  different 
plants,  mostly  cleistogamous ;  corolla-lobes  broad,  rounded,  persistently 
spreading ;  seeds  2,  boat-shaped;  inflorescence  and  narrow  leaves  silky- 
pubescent  or  woolly  ;  annual. 

9.  P.  Purshii  R.  &  S.     White  with  silky  wool;  leaves  1-3-nerved,  varying  from 
oblong-linear  to  filiform;  spike  slender-cylindric,  very  dense,  0.5-15  cm.  long, 
woolly  ;  bracts  not  exceeding  the  calyx  ;  sepals  very  obtuse,  scarious,  with  a  thick 
center.    (P.  patagonica  Jacq. ,  var.  gnaphalioides  Gray.)  —  Prairies  and  dry  plains, 
Minn,  to  Ind.,  Ky.,  Tex.,  and  westw.  to  the  Pacific ;  adventive  eastw.  to  N.  E. 


746  RUBIACEAE    (MADDER    FAMILY) 

10.  P.  aristata  Michx.     Similar  ;  loosely  hairy  and  green,  or  becoming  gla- 
brous ;  the  narrowly  linear  bracts  2-6  times  as  long  as  the  flowers.     (P.  patagon- 
ica,  var.  Gray.)  —  Dry  plains  and  prairies,  111.  to  La.,  and  westw.;  naturalized 
in  sterile  soil  eastw.  to  the  Atlantic. 

§  2.  Flowers  subdioecious  or  polygamo-cleistogamous  ;  the  corolla  in  the  fertile 
(or  mainly  fertile}  plant  closed  over  the  maturing  capsule  and  forming  a, 
kind  of  beak,  and  anthers  not  exserted  ;  sterile  flowers  with  spreading  corolla 
and  long -exserted  filaments  ;  seeds  mostly  flat;  small  annuals  or  biennials. 

11.  P.  virginica  L.     Hairy  or  hoary-pubescent,  0.5-4  dm.  high;  leaves  ob- 
long, varying  to  obovate  and  spatulate-lanceolate,  3-5-nerved,  slightly  or  coarsely 
and  sparingly  toothed  ;  spikes  mostly  dense,  1-9  cm.  long  ;  fruiting  calyx  1.5-2.5 
mm.  long  ;  mature  corolla  slender-cylindric ;  seeds  usually  2,  brown  or  yellow- 
ish, 0.8-1.5  mm.  long. —  Sandy  grounds,  chiefly  near  the  coast,  It.  I.  to  Fla.  and 
Tex.;  inland  in  Miss,  basin  to  s.  Mich.,  111.,  Mo.,  and  Kan.;  also  on  the  Pacific 
slope.     (Mex.) 

12.  P.  RHODOSPERMA  Dene.      Similar  to  the  preceding;  fruiting  calyx  3-4 
mm.  long;  mature  corolla  slender-conical;   seeds  reddish,  2.5-3  mm.  long.— 
Dry  prairies  and  open  woods,  La.  to  Ariz,  and  n.  Mex.;  adventive  in  Mo. 

13.  P.  elongata  Pursh.     Minutely  pubescent,  3-16  cm.  high ;  leaves  linear 
to  filiform,  entire;  capsule  short-ovoid,  ^-seeded,  little  exceeding  the  calyx  and 
bract.     (P.  pusilla  Nutt.)  — Sandy  soil,  s.  Mass,  to  Ga. ;  and  from  111.  to  Assina., 
La.,  and  westw.     Apr.-Aug. 

14.  P.  heterophylla  Nutt.     Leaves  rather  fleshy,  acute,  entire,  or  some  of 
them  2-4-lobed  or  toothed  below  ;  capsule  slender-conoidal,  W-28-seeded,  nearly 
twice  the  length  of  the  calyx  and  bract.  —  Low  sandy  ground,  N.  J.  to  Fla., 
Tex.,  and  Ark.     Apr.-June. 

RUBlACEAE     (MADDER  FAMILY) 

Woody  or  herbaceous  plants,  with  opposite  entire  leaves  connected  by  inter- 
posed stipules,  or  in  whorls  without  apparent  stipules,  the  calyx  adherent  to  the, 
2-4-celled  ovary,  the  stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  regular  corolla  (4-5), 
and  inserted  on  its  tube.  Flowers  perfect,  but  often  dimorphous  (as  in  Mitchella 
and  Houstonia).  Fruit  various.  Seeds  anatropous  or  arnphitropous.  Embryo 
commonly  rather  large,  in  copious  hard  albumen. — A  very  large  family,  the 
greater  part,  and  all  its  most  important  plants  (such  as  the  Coffee  and  Peruvian- 
bark  trees),  tropical. 

N.  B.  — The  figures  in  this  family  are  on  a  scale  of  f. 

SUBFAMILY  I.     COFFEOfDEAE.     Ovules  solitary  in  the  cells. 

*  Herbs. 
+-  Leaves  in  whorls. 

1.  Sherardia.    Corolla  funnel-form.     Calyx-lobes  lanceolate.    Flowers  subsessile,  involucrate. 

2.  Asperula.     Corolla  tubular-campanulate  below.     Calyx-lobes  obsolete.     Fruit  as  in  Oalium. 

3.  Galium.     Corolla  wheel-shaped,   4(or  rarely  3)-parted.      Calyx-teeth  obsolete.      Fruit  twin, 

separating  into  2  indehiscent  1-seeded  carpels. 

•«-  +-  Leaves  opposite. 
•H.  Flowers  axillary,  separate  ;  fruit  dry  when  ripe. 

4.  Spermacoce.     Corolla  funnel-form  or  salver-form  ;  lobes  4.    Fruit  separating  when  ripe  into 

2  carpels,  one  or  both  of  them  opening. 

5.  Diodia.     Fruit  separating  into  2  or  3  closed  and  indehiscent  carpels  ;  otherwise  as  no.  4. 

-H-  -M-  Flowers  twin  ;  their  ovaries  united  into  1 ;  fruit  a  2-eyed  berry. 

6.  Mitchella.    Corolla  funnel-form  ;  its  lobes  4.    A  creeping  herb. 

*  *  Shrubs  or  trees. 

7.  Cephalanthus.     Corolla  tubular ;  lobes  4.    Fruit  inversely  pyramidal,  2-4-seeded. 


RUBIACEAE    (MADDER   FAMILY)  747 

SUBFAMILY  II.      CINCHONOfDEAE.      Ovules  numerous  in  each  cell;   leaves 

opposite. 

8.  Houstonia.     Corolla  salver-form  or  funnel-form,  4-lobed.    Seeds  rather  few,  thimble-shaped 

or  saucer-shaped.     Low  herbs. 

9.  Oldenlandia.     Corolla  wheel-shaped  in  our  species,  4-lobed.    Seeds  very  numerous  and  minute, 

angular.    Low  herbs. 

1.   SHERARDIA    [Dill.]    L.    FIELD  MADDER 

Calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  persistent.  Corolla  funnel-form,  the  limb  4-5-lobed. 
Style  filiform,  2-cleft ;  stigmas  capitate.  Fruit  dry,  twin,  of  2  indehiscent 
1-seeded  carpels.  —  A  slender  procumbent  herb,  with  square  stems,  lanceolate 
pungent  leaves  in  whorls  of  4-6,  and  small  blue  or  pinkish  flowers  surrounded 
by  a  gamophyllous  involucre.  (Named  for  Dr.  William  Sherard,  patron  of 
Dillenius.) 

1.  S.  ARVENSIS  L.  The  only  species. — Waste  places  and  fields,  N.  S.  to  Ont., 
O.,  and  N.  J.,  local.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  ASPERULA  L. 

Similar  to  Galium,  but  with  tubular  or  tubular-campanulate  corolla.  —  An 
Old  World  genus.  (Name  from  asper,  rough,  in  reference  to  some  scabrous 
species.) 

1.  A.  GALIOIDES  Bieb.  Smooth  and  glaucous,  3-8  dm.  high;  leaves  5-10  in 
a  whorl,  linear,  subulate-tipped  ;  flowers  white,  short-pediceled  in  cymules  form- 
ing a  handsome  panicle.  —  Fields,  local,  Ct.  to  Mich.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.    GALIUM  L.     BEDSTRAW.     CLEAVERS 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4, 
rarely  3,  short.  Styles  2.  Fruit  dry  or  fleshy,  globular,  twin,  separating  when 
ripe  into  the  2  seed-like  indehiscent  1-seeded  carpels.  —  Slender  herbs,  with 
small  cymose  flowers  (produced  in  summer),  square  stems,  and  whorled  leaves, 
the  roots  often  containing  a  red  coloring  matter.  (Name  from  yd\a,  milk,  which 
some  species  are  used  to  curdle.) 

a.    Fruit  dry  &. 
b.  Annuals. 

Fruit  bristly. 

Flowers  sessile  or  subsessile  ;  leaves  4-7  mm.  long    .       .  1.   O.  virgatum. 

Flowers  on  long  ascending  axillary  peduncles     .        .        .  2.  O.  Aparine. 

Fruit  smooth  or  merely  granulate-roughened. 

Flowers  1-few  on  axillary  peduncles  ;  fruit  3-4  mm.  thick         .      8.   6.  tricorne. 
Flowers  tiny,  in  terminal  small  cymes ;  fruit  barely  1  mm.  thick      4.    G.  parisiense. 
b.   Perennials  c. 
C.   Flowers  yellow. 

Panicle  rather  dense,  its  lower  branches  much  exceeding  the 

internodes 5.   G.  verum. 

Panicle  loose,  slender,  interrupted,  its  lower  branches  shorter 

than  the  internodes 6.    6.  Wirtgenli. 

c.   Flowers  white,  greenish-white,  or  purplish  d. 
d.   Erect  plants,  neither  the  stems  nor  leaves  retrorsely  scabrous  e. 
e.   Leaves  mostly  in  4's  /. 
/.   Peduncles  loosely  3-several-flowered  ;  flowers  dull  purple 

to  greenish-white  g. 
g.   Fruit  uncinate-hispid. 

Mature  flowers  and  fruits  on  distinct  pedicels. 

Leaves  firm  and  dull,  the  whorls  uniform  .        .  7.   O.  pilosum. 

Leaves  filmy  and  lucid  ;  the  upper  whorl  largest       .      8.    G.  kamtschaticum. 
Flowers  and  fruits  mostly  sessile  or  subsessile  along 

the  loosely  divergent  branches  of  the  peduncles. 
Leaves  oval  or  oblong,  obtuse ;  flowers  commonly 

pubescent 9.    G.  circa  ezans. 

Leaves  lance-acuminate ;  flowers  glabrous          .        .    10.    G.  lanceolatum. 
g.   Fruit  smooth. 

Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  3-nerved 11.    G.latifolium. 

Leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  1-nerved      .        .        .        .    12.   G.  arkansanum. 


748  &UBIACEAE  (MADDER  FAMILY) 

/.   Flowers  bright  white,  numerous,  in  a  compact  panicle; 

leaves  linear-lanceolate 13.    G.  boreal*. 

6.  Leaves  mostly  in  6's  or  8's  ;  flowers  white,  numerous,  in  leafy 

panicles. 
Leaves  firm,  linear  or  oblanceolate,  rarely  2  cm.  long. 

Flowering  branches  and  pedicels  strongly  divaricate        .    14.    O.  Mollugo. 
Flowering  branches  and  pedicels  mostly  ascending  .        .    15.    G.  erectum. 
Leaves  thin,  lanceolate,  mostly  3-5  cm.  long        .        .        .16.    G.  sylvaticum* 
d.  Matted,  reclining,  or  ascending  plants,  usually  with  more  or  less 

retrorsely  scabrous  stems  or  leaves  h. 
h.   Fruit  smooth  or  merely  granulate-roughened  i. 
i.  Leaves  obtuse. 

Flowers  several  in  a  small  dichotomous  cyme  ;  the  pedi- 
cels horizontally  spreading 17.   G.  palustrt. 

Flowers  solitary  or  in  mostly  simple  cymes  of  2-5  flowers. 

Corollas  greenish-white,  small  (1.5  mm.  or  less  broad), 

commonly  with  3  obtuse  lobes ;   stems  retrorse- 

scabrous. 

Flowers  mostly  solitary,  on  capillary  arcuate  scabrous 

pedicels 18.    G.  trifidum. 

Flowers  in  2's  and  3's  ;  pedicels  straight,  smooth      .    19.    G.  Olaytoni. 
Corollas  white,  2-2.5  mm.  broad,  commonly  with  4  acute 

lobes  ;  stems  mostly  smooth. 

Leaves  chiefly  ascending ;  fruit  2.5-3.5  mm.  in  diam- 
eter   20.    G.  Unctorium. 

Leaves  chiefly  reflexed  ;  fruit  1-1.5  mm.  in  diameter    21.    G.  labradoricum. 
i.  Leaves  acute  or  cuspidate. 

Leaves  linear,  slightly  upward-scabrous  on  the  margins  .    22.    G.  concintiwm.. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  retrorse-scabrous 23.    G.  asprellum. 

h.   Fruit  bristly 24.    G.  triflorum. 

a.  Fruit  a  berry  ;  leaves  in  4's,  1-nerved 25.    G.  hispidulum. 

1.  G.  virgatum  Nutt.     Slender  and  erect;  stem  1-3  dm.  high,  simple  or 
branching  from  the  base  ;  leaves  mostly  in  4's,  thick,  oblong  or  linear,  4-7  mm. 
long  ;  flowers  solitary,  sessile,  subtended  by  a  pair  of  small  bracteal  leaves;  fruit 
uncinate-hispid.  —  Dry  soil,  Mo.  to  Tenn.  and  Tex. 

2.  G.  Aparine  L.     (CLEAVERS,  GOOSE  GRASS.)      Stem  weak  and  reclining, 
bristle-prickly  backward,  hairy  at  the  joints  ;  leaves  about  8  in  a  whorl,  lanceo- 
late, tapering  to  the  base,  short-pointed,  rough  on  the  margins  and  midrib, 
2.5-7  cm.  long  ;  peduncles  l-3-flowered;  flowers  white  ;  fruit  bristly,  3-4  mm.  in 
diameter.  — Seashores,  Que.  to  Fla.,  and  in  rich  or  shaded  ground  inland;  per- 
haps sometimes  introd.     (Eurasia.) 

Var.  Vailldntii  (DC.)  Koch.  Smaller;  the  leaves  less  than  2.5  cm.  long; 
hispidulous  fruit  smaller,  1.5-2  mm.  in  diameter.  (G.  spurium  L.) —  Ont., 
westw.  and  southwestw. 

3.  G.  TRICORNE  Stokes.    Resembling  no.  2,  rather  stout,  with  simple  branches ; 
leaves  6  or  8,  oblanceolate,  cuspidate-mucronate,  the  margins  and  stem  retrorsely 
prickly-hispid ;  flowers  mostly  in  clusters  of  3,  dull  white ;  fruits  rather  large, 
tuberculate-granulate,  not  hairy,  pendulous. — Ballast,  local.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

4.  G.  PARISIENSE  L.     Slender,  diffuse,  1-3  dm.  high,  glabrous  ;  leaves  5-7, 
oblanceolate  to  nearly  linear,  5-10  mm.  long,  their  margins  and  the  angles  of  the 
stem  spinulose-scabrous  ;  flowers  rather  few,  cymulose  on  leafy  branches,  green- 
ish-white, very  small;  fruit  glabrous,  more  or  less  tuberculate.     (G-.  anglicum 
Huds.)  —  Roadsides,  Va.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

5.  G.  VERUM  L.     (YELLOW  B.)     Stems  smooth,  erect ;  leaves  8  or  sometimes 
6  in  the  whorls,  linear,  roughish,  soon  deflexed;  flowers  yellow,  very  numerous, 
densely  paniculate,  the  lower  branches  of  the  panicle  at  anthesis  much  exceeding 
the  subtending  leaves;  fruit  usually  smooth.  — Dry  fields,  Me.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  and 
Ont.,  local.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

6.  G.   WIRTGENII  F.   Schultz.      Similar  to  the  preceding;   flowers  yellow, 
slightly  larger,  3  mm.  in  diameter  ;  the  panicle  long  and  interrupted,  the  lower 
branches  at  anthesis  shorter  than  or  scarcely  surpassing  the  subtending  leaves. 
—  Established  in  meadows,  Norfolk,  Ct.  (Miss  Seymour}.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

7.  G.  pilbsum  Ait.     Hairy ;  'leaves  oval,  dotted,  hairy,  2-2.5  cm.  long,  the 
lateral  nerves  obscure  ;  peduncles  2-3-forked,  the  flowers  all  pediceled.  —  Dry 
copses,  N.  H.  to  Ont.,  Mich.,  111.,  Kan."  and  south w. 

Var.  puncticulbsurn  (Michx.)  T.  &  G.  Almost  glabrous ;  leaves  varying 
to  elliptical-oblong,  hispidulous-ciliate.  —  N.  J.  to  Va.  and  Tex. 


RUBIACEAE   (MADDER   FAMILY) 


749 


8.  G.  kamtschaticum  Steller.     Stems  weak,  mainly  glabrous,  1-3  dm.  long ; 
leaves  orbicular  to  oblong-ovate,  thin,    1-3  cm.  long,  slightly  pilose  ;   flowers 
slender-pediceled  ;   corolla  glabrous,  yellowish-white,  not  turning  dark,  its  lobes 
merely  acute.  — Mts.  of  Cape  Breton  I.,  Que.,  N.  E.,  and  N.  Y.     (E.  Asia.) 

9.  G.    circaSzans   Michx.      (WILD  LIQUORICE.)      More   or  less  pubescent, 
3  dm.  high  ;  leaves  oval,  varying  to  ovate-oblong,  mostly  obtuse,  ciliate,  1.5-4.6 
cm.  long  ;  peduncles  usually  once  forked,  the  branches  elongated  and  widely 
diverging  in  fruit,  bearing  several  remote  flowers  on  very  short  lateral  pedicels, 
reflexed  in  fruit ;  lobes  of  the  greenish  corolla  hairy  outside,  acute  or  acuminate. 
—  Rich  woods,  s.  Me.  and  w.  Que.  to  Minn.,  s.  to  Ma.  and  Tex.     Var.  GLABRUM 
Britton.     Smoothish,  leaves  sparingly  pubescent  on  the  upper  surface  or  merely 
ciliate;   corolla   glabrous.      (Var.    glabellum    Britton.)  —  Rensselaer,   Albany, 
and  Washington  Cos.,  N.  Y.  (according  to  Peck). 

10.  G.  lanceolatum  Torr.      (WILD   LIQUORICE.)      Nearly   glabrous ;   leaves 
(except  the  lowest)  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  tapering  to  the  apex,  3-7.5 
cm.  long ;  corolla  glabrous,  yellowish,  turning  dull  purple,  its  lobes  more  acumi- 
nate; otherwise  like  the  preceding.  — Dry  woods,  s.  Me.  and  w.  Que.  to  Minn., 
s.  to  O.,  Ky.,  and  Va. 

11.  G.  latifblium  Michx.     Smooth,  3-6  dm.  high  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute,  3-6  cm.  long,  the  midrib  and  margins  rough,  the  lateral  nerves 
prominent ;  cymes  panicled,  loosely  many-flowered,  the  purple  flowers  on  slender 
spreading  pedicels;  fruit  rather  fleshy. — Dry  woods,  mts.  of  Pa.  to  N.  C.  and 
Tenn.    Var.  HfsriDUM  Small.     Stems  and  leaves  hispid.  —  Iron  Mts.,  Va. 

12.  G.  arkansanum   Gray.     Similar ;  leaves  lanceolate  to  linear,  2-3.5  cm. 
long,  the  lateral  nerves  obscure  or  none.  —  Rocky  woods,  s.  Mo.,  Ark.,  and  Okla. 

13.  G.  boreale  L.     (NORTHERN  B.)     Smooth,  3-9  dm.  high;  leaves  in  4's, 

linear-lanceolate  ;  flowers  bright  white,  in  compact  panicles  ; 
fruit  minutely  bristly,  sometimes  smooth.  —  Rocky  banks, 
shores,  etc.,  Que.  to  Alaska,  s.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  Mich.,  Mo., 
S.  Dak.,  Col.,  etc.;  rare  eastw. 

14.  G.  MoLLtjoo  L.  Perennial,  smooth  throughout  or 
pubescent  below  ;  stems  erect  or  diffuse,  usually  numerous, 
3-9  dm.  long ;  leaves  in  8's  or  on  the  branchlets  in  6's, 
oblanceolate  to  nearly  linear  ;  flowers  white,  very  numerous 
in  loose  ample  almost  leafless  panicles ;  branches  and  pedi- 
cels mostly  wide-spreading  ;  fruit  smooth.  —  Roadsides  and  fields, 
Nfd.  to  Del.  and  0.  (Nat.  from  Eu.)  FIG.  904. 

16.  G.  ERECTUM  Huds.  Similar  ;  stems  mostly  erect ;  flowers 
fewer  and  slightly  larger ;  the  branches  and  pedicels  mostly 
ascending. — Fields,  etc.,  e.  Que.  to  Vt.  and  Ct.  (Nat.  from 
Eu.)  FIG.  905. 

16.  G.  SYLVATICUM  L.  (SCOTCH  MIST,  BABY'S  BREATH.) 
Stems  very  many,  tall,  suberect,  shining,  somewhat  geniculate 
at  base;  lower  leaves  8,  upper  4  or  6  in  a  whorl,  acuminate, 
smooth,  entire,  glaucous  beneath  ;  pedicels  capillary,  very  ascend- 
ing, in  loose  terminal  panicles ;  fruit  smooth.  —  Fields  and 

thickets,   N.   E.,   escaped  from   cultivation, 
from  Eu.) 

17.  G.  paliistre  L.  Slender,  2-5  dm.  high,  slightly 
branched,  branches  solitary  or  opposite  ;  leaves  linear- 
elliptic  or  spatulate,  thin,  dull,  barely  1  cm.  long ; 
flowers  numerous  in  terminal  cymes ;  pedicels  becoming 
strongly  divaricate  ;  corolla  ^-parted,  white  or  rose- 
tinged,  2.5-3.3  mm.  broad;  fruit  glabrous,  lunate  in 
cross-section.  —  Wet  meadows  and  banks,  Nfd.  and  Que. 
to  Ct.,  N.  Y.,  and  Mich.  June,  July.  (Eu.)  FIG.  906. 
Slender  and  weak,  very  freely  branched,  forming  dense 
mats ;  primary  leaves  oftenest  in  4's,  linear-spatulate,  0.5-1.3  cm.  long  ;  flowers 
solitary,  or  when  terminal  in  3's,  on  capillary  scabrous  arcuate  pedicels; 
corolla  whitish,  0.6  mm.  long ;  fruit  annular  in  cross-section.  (G.  trifidum, 


G.  Mollugo. 


905.  G.  erectum. 


(Introd. 


906.   G.  palustre. 

18.    G.  trffidum  L. 


750 


RUBIACEAE    (MADDER   FAMILY) 


ciaytoni 


var.  pusillum  Gray.  )  —  Bogs,  mossy  woods,  and  wet  shores, 
Nfd.  and  Lab.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to  n.  and  w.  N.  E.,  centr.  N.  Y., 
O.,  Mich.,  Neb.,  etc.  July-Sept.  (Eurasia.)  FIG.  907. 

19.  G.    Clayton!   Michx.      Stouter,   ascending  or  reclining; 
primary  leaves  in  4's  and  6's  ;  flowers  in  terminal  clusters  of  2's 
and  3's  ;  pedicels  stout,  straight,  and  glabrous. 

(G-.  trifidum  Man  ed.  6,  in  part.)  —  Swamps 
and  damp  places,  e.  Que.  to  N.  C.,  Neb.,  and 
Tex.  July-Sept.  FIG.  908. 

20.  G.  tinct6rium  L.    Erect  ;  stem  smooth, 
fidum-    stiffish,  1.5-8  dm.  high,  freely  branched  from 

near  the  base  ;  leaves  mostly  in  4's,  linear  or  lanceolate, 
1.5-2.5  cm.  long,  cuneate  at  base,  dull  green,  slightly  sca- 
brous on  margin  and  midrib  ;  flowers  2  or  3  in  terminal 
clusters,  the  pedicels  scarcely  divaricate  even  in  fruit;  fruit 
2  5-3.5  mm.  in  diameter.  (&.  trifidum,  var.  latifolium  Torr.) 

—  Damp  shady  places,  w.  Que.  to  Neb.,  s.  to  N.  C.  and 
Ariz.     May-July.     FIG.  909. 

Var.  filifblium  Wiegand.  More  slender  ;  leaves  nearly 
filiform  ;  inflorescence  more  open  ;  corolla  broader.  —  Va., 
and  southw.  near  the  coast. 

21.  G.  labradtiricum  Wiegand.  Low;  stem  smooth, 
slender,  0.5-3  dm.  high,  from  capillary  rootstocks  ;  leaves 
small,  0.5-1.5  cm.  long,  soon  reflexed, 
scabrous  beneath  on  the  margin  and 
nervf  5  flowers  as  in  the  preceding  but 
smaller  ;  fruit  much  smaller.  (G.  tinc- 
torium,  var.  Wiegand.)  —  In  moss,  mostly  beneath  Larch  or 
Arbor  Vitae,  Nfd.  to  Wise.,  N.  Y.,  and  n.  Ct.  FIG.  910. 

22.  G.  concinnum  T.  &  G.     Stems  low  and  slender,  1.5-3 
dm.  high,  with  minutely  roughened  angles  ;  leaves  all  in  6's, 
linear,    slightly    pointed,   veinless,    the    margins    upwardly 
roughened  ;  peduncles  2-3  times  forked,  diffusely  panicled  ; 

pedicels  short.  —  Dry   hills,   N.   J.   and  Pa.  to  Va.,  w.  to   910.  G.  labradoricum. 
Minn.,  la.,  and  Ark. 

23.  G.   aspr611um    Michx.      (ROUGH    B.)      Stem  0.5-1.8    m.   high,   much 
"branched,  rough  backwards  with  hooked  prickles,  leaning  on  bushes  ;  leaves  in 
whorls  of  6,  or  4-5  on  the  branchlets,  oval-lanceolate,  with  almost  prickly  mar- 
gins and  midrib  ;  peduncles  short,  2-3  times  forked.  —  Alluvial  ground,  Nfd.  to 
N.  C.,  w.  to  Ont.,  Minn.,  Neb.,  and  Mo. 

24.  G.  triflbrum  Michx.     (SWEET-SCENTED  B.)     Stem  3-10  dm.  long,  bristly- 
roughened  backward  on  the  angles  ;  leaves  elliptical-lanceolate,  bristle-pointed, 
with  slightly  roughened  margins,  2-8.5  cm.  long;  peduncles  ^-flowered,  the 
flowers  all  pediceled,  greenish  ;  fruit  beset  with  hooked  bristles.  —  Rich  wood- 
lands, Nfd.  to  B.  C.,  and  southw.  —  Sweet-scented  in  drying.     (Greenl.,  Eu.) 

25.  G.  hispldulum  Michx.     Hirsute-pubescent,  scabrous,  or  sometimes  nearly 
smooth,  3-6  dm.  high,  diffusely  branched  ;  leaves  oblong  or  oval,  mucronate, 
0.5-2  cm.  long  ;  pedicels  solitary  or  commonly  2  or  3  from  the  small  involucral 
whorl,  all  naked,  or  one  of  them  bracteolate  ;   flowers  white  ;   berry  purple, 
glabrate.  —  Dry  or  sandy  soil,  s.  N.  J.  to  Fla.  ,  along  the  coast. 


909.  G.tinctorium. 


4.   SPERM  ACdCE   [Dill.]   L.     BUTTONWEED 

Calyx-tube  short;  the  limb  parted  into  4  teeth.  Corolla  funnel-form  or 
salver-form,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stigma  or  style  2-cleft.  Fruit  small  and  dry, 
2-celled,  splitting  when  ripe  into  2  carpels,  one  of  them  usually  carrying  with 
it  the  partition,  and  therefore  closed,  the  other  open  on  the  inner  face.  —  Small 
herbs,  the  bases  of  the  leaves  or  petioles  connected  by  a  bristle-bearing  stipular 
membrane.  Flowers  small,  whitish,  crowded  into  sessile  axillary  whorled  clus- 


RUBIACEAE    (MADDER    FAMILY) 


751 


911.  S.  glabra. 


912.   D.  virginiana. 


ters  or  heads.  (Name  compounded  of  <rir{pfjia, 
seed,  and  CIKWK?;,  a  point,  probably  from  the  pointed 
calyx-teeth  on  the  fruit. ) 

1.  S.  glabra  Michx.  Glabrous  perennial; 
stems  spreading,  2-5  dm.  long ;  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate  ;  heads  many-flowered ;  corolla  little 
exceeding  the  calyx,  bearded  in  the  throat, 
bearing  the  anthers  at  its  base  ;  filaments  and 

style  hardly  any.  —  River-banks,   s.  O.  to  111.,   Ark.,   Tex.,  and  Fla.    Aug. 

FIG.  911. 

5.  DI6DIA   [Gronov.]   L.     BUTTONWEED 

Calyx-teeth  2-5,  often  unequal.  Fruit  2 (rarely  3) -celled,  the  crustaceous 
carpels  into  which  it  splits  all  closed  and  indehiscent.  Flowers  1-3  in  each 
axil.  —  Resembling  Spermacoce.  Flowering  all  summer.  (Name  from  SfoSos, 
a  thoroughfare ;  the  species  often  growing  by  the  wayside. ) 

1 .  D.  virginiana  L.     Smooth  or  hairy  perennial ;  stems  spreading,  3-6  dm. 
long ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile ;  corolla  white,  1  cm.  long, 
the  slender  tube  abruptly  expanded  into  the 

large  limb  ;  style  2-parted  ;  fruit  ellipsoid, 
strongly  furrowed,  crowned  mostly  with 
2  slender  calyx-teeth.  —  Low  grounds  along 
streams,  s.  N.  J.  to  Fla.,  w;  to  Mo.,  Ark., 
and  Tex.  FIG.  912. 

2.  D.  tdres  Walt.     Hairy  or  minutely 
pubescent  annual ;  stem  spreading,  1-8  dm. 
long,    nearly   terete ;    leaves   linear-lance- 
olate, closely  sessile,  rigid  ;  corolla  funnel- 
form,  4-6  mm.  long,  whitish,  with  short  lobes,  not  exceeding  the  long  bristles 
of  the  stipules  ;  style  undivided  ;  fruit  obovoid-turbinate,  not  furrowed,  crowned 
with  4  short  calyx-teeth.  — Sandy  shores  and  barrens,  Ct.  to  Fla.;  and  from  O. 
to  Kan.,  and  southw.     (Mex.,  W.  I.) 

6.  MITCHELLA  L.     PARTRIDGE  BERRY 

Flowers  in  pairs,  with  their  ovaries  united.  Calyx  4-toothed.  Corolla-lobes 
spreading,  densely  bearded  inside,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Style  1 ;  stigmas  4, 
linear.  Fruit  a  berry-like  double  drupe,  crowned  with  the  calyx-teeth  of  the  two 
flowers,  with  4  small  seed-like  bony  nutlets  to  each  flower. — A  smooth  and 
trailing  small  evergreen  herb,  with  round-ovate  and  shining  petioled  leaves, 
minute  stipules,  white  fragrant  flowers  often  tinged  with  purple,  and  scarlet 
(rarely  whitish)  edible  (but  nearly  tasteless)  berries,  which  remain  over  winter. 
Flowers  occasionally  3-6-merous,  always  dimorphous  ;  all  those  of  some  indi- 
viduals having  exserted  stamens  and  included  stigmas ;  of  others,  included 
stamens  and  exserted  style.  (This  very  pretty  plant  commemorates  Dr.  John 
Mitchell,  an  early  correspondent  of  Linnaeus,  and  an  excellent  botanist,  who 
resided  in  Virginia.) 

1 .  M.  repens  L.  —  Dry  woods,  creeping  about  the  bases  of  trees,  especially 
Coni ferae,  throughout  our  range,  and  southw.  June,  July. — Leaves  often 
variegated  with  whitish  lines.  Rarely  the  two  flowers  completely  confluent  into 
one,  with  a  10-lobed  corolla.  * 

7.  CEPHALANTHUS   L.     BUTTONBUSH 

Calyx-tube  inversely  pyramidal,  the  limb  4-toothed.  Corolla-teeth  imbricated 
in  the  bud.  Style  thread-form,  much  protruded.  Stigma  capitate.  Fruit  small, 
at  length  splitting  from  the  base  upward  into  2-4  closed  1-seeded  portions.  — 
Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  the  white  flowers  densely  aggregated  in  spherical 
peduncled  heads.  (Name  composed  of  /ce0o\^,  a  head,  and  &vdos,  a  flower.} 


752  RUBIACEAE    (MADDER   FAMILY) 

1.  C.  occidentals  L.  Smooth ;  leaves  petioled,  essentially  glabrous,  ovate 
or  lanceolate-oblong,  pointed,  opposite  or  whorled  in  threes,  with  short  interven- 
ing stipules.  — Swamps  and  along  streams,  s.  w.  N.  B.  to  w.  Ont.,  and  south w. 
July,  Aug.  —  Usually  a  shrub  with  us,  rarely  arborescent  and  5  or  6  m.  high. 
(Mex.,  W.  I.) 

Var.  pub6scens  Raf.    Branchlets  and  at  least  the  lower  surfaces  of  the  leaves 


8.  HOUST6NIA  L. 

Calyx  4-lobed,  persistent ;  the  lobes  in  fruit  distant.  Corolla  usually  much 
longer  than  the  calyx-lobes,  the  lobes  valvate  in  the  bud.  Anthers  linear  or 
oblong.  Style  1  ;  stigmas  2.  Ovary  2-celled.  Pod  top-shaped,  globular,  or 
didymous,  thin,  its  summit  or  upper  half  free  from  and  projecting  beyond  the 
tube  of  the  calyx,  loculicidal  across  the  top.  Seeds  4-20  in  each  cell,  pitted.  — 
Small  herbs,  with  short  entire  stipules  connecting  the  petioles  or  narrowed  bases 
of  the  leaves,  and  cymose  or  solitary  and  peduncled  flowers  ;  these  dimorphous, 
in  some  individuals  with  exserted  anthers  and  short  included  style  ;  in  others 
the  anthers  included  and  the  style  long,  the  stigmas  therefore  protruding. 
(Named  for  Dr.  William  Houston,  an  English  botanist,  who  collected  in  tropi- 
cal America. ) 

*  Small  and  delicate,  vernal-flowering;  peduncles  l-flowered;  corolla  salver- 
form  ;  upper  half  of  the  broad  and  somewhat  2-lobed  pod  free  ;  seeds  globu- 
lar, with  a  very  deep  round  cavity  occupyiny  the  inner  face. 

•»-  Perennial  by  delicate  filiform  creeping  rootstocks  or  creeping  stems ;  pedun- 
cles filiform,  2-5  cm.  long. 

1.  H.  caerulea  L.     (BLUETS,  INNOCENCE.)     Glabrous ;  stems  erect,  slender, 
sparingly  branched  from  the  base,  0.5-2  dm.  high  ;  leaves  oblong- spatulate,  6-9 
mm.  long  ;  peduncle  filiform,  erect ;  corolla  light  blue,  pale  lilac  or  nearly  white, 
with  a  yellowish  eye,  the  straight  slender  long-exserted  tube  much  longer  than 
its  lobes  or  than  those  of  the  calyx.  —  Moist  and  grassy  places,  N.  S.  to  Ga., 
w.  to  Ont.,  Wise.,  and  Ala.;  producing  from  early  spring  to  midsummer  its 
delicate  little  flowers. 

Var.  Faxon6rum  Pease  &  Moore.  Corolla  white,  with  a  prominent  yellow 
eye,  the  tube  shorter,  gradually  expanding  to  the  limb.  —  Alpine  regions, 
White  Mts.,  N.  H. 

2.  H.  serpyllifblia  Michx.     Like  the  preceding  species,  but  the  filiform  stems 
prostrate,  extensively  creeping  and  rooting;  leaves  orbicular  to  ovate,  4-9  mm. 

long ;   corolla  rather  larger,  and  deep  violet-blue.  —  Along 
streamlets  and  on  mts. ,  Pa.  to  Tenn.  and  S.  C. 

H-  -»-  Winter-annuals,  branching  chiefly  from  the  base  ;  root 
simple;  peduncles  much  shorter. 

3.  H.  patens  Ell.     Stems  2  cm.  to  at  length  1  dm.  high, 
with  ascending  branches  and  erect  peduncles  ;  leaves  spatu- 
late to  ovate  ;    corolla  much  smaller  than  that  of  no.   1, 
violet-blue  or  purplish  without  yellowish  eye,  the  tube  longer 
than  its  lobes,  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx-lobes.     (H.  minor 
Britton.)  —  Dry  or  sandy  soil,  Va.  to  111.  and  Mo.,  s.  to  Ga. 
and  Tex.    FIG.  913. 

4.  H.  minima  Beck.     More  diffuse,  commonly  scabrous ; 
stems  at  length   much  branched  and  spreading,  2-10  cm. 
high  ;  lowest  leaves  ovate  or  spatulate,  the  upper  oblong 

913  H  patens  or  nearty  linear  ;  earlier  peduncles  elongated  and  spreading 
in  fruit,  the  later  ones  short ;  tube  of  the  purplish  corolla 
not  longer  than  its  lobes  or  the  ample  calyx-lobes  (3  mm.  long).  — Dry  hills, 
s.  e.  la.  to  Tex.  Mar.-May. 


RUBIACEAE    (MADDER    FAMILY) 


753 


914.   H.  purpurea. 


*  *  Erect,  mostly  perennial  herbs,  1-5  dm.  high,  with  stem-leaves  sessile,  and 
flowers  in  small  terminal  cymes  or  clusters ;  corolla  funnel-form,  white  to 
purplish,  often  hairy  inside;  seeds  meniscoidal,  with  a  ridge  across  the 
hollowed  inner  face. 

H-  Pod  free  above  the  middle. 

•*-*•  Pod  distinctly  broader  than  high. 

6.  H.  purpurea  L.  Smooth  or  slightly  pubescent,  1-5  dm. 
high  ;  leaves  varying  from  roundish-ovate  to  lanceolate,  3-5- 
ribbed  ;  calyx-lobes  longer  than  the  half-free  globular  pod. 
—  Woodlands,  Md.  to  s.  la.,  and  southw.  May-Sept.  FIG. 
914.  Var.  PDBESCENS  Britton.  Stems  and  leaves  densely 
pubescent.  — Range  of  the  typical  form. 

6.  H.  tenuifblia  Nutt.  Slender,  lax,  diffuse,  1.6-3  dm. 
high,  with  loose  inflorescence,  and  almost  filiform  branches 
and  peduncles  ;  cauline  leaves  all  linear,  hardly  over  2  mm. 
wide.  (H.  purpurea,  var.  Gray.)  — Dry  rocks,  e.  O.  to  Va., 
N.  C.,  and  Tenn. 

•H-  •«•  Pod  as  high  as  broad. 
=  Leaves  smooth. 

7.  H.  longifblia  Gaertn.    Similar  to  no.  5  ;  stem  1-2.5  dm.  high,  mostly  gla- 
brous ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  linear,  1.5-2.5  cm.  long ;  radical  oval  or  ob- 
long, less  rosulate,  not  ciliate  ;  calyx-lobes  subulate-,  1.5-2.5  mm. 

long.     (H.  purpurea,  var.  Gray.)  —  Rocky  or  gravelly  ground, 
centr.  Me.  to  Man.,  s.  to  Ga.  and  Mo.     FIG.  915. 

8.  H.  lanceolata  (Poir.)  Britton.     Stoutish,  1.5-4  dm.  high; 

leaves  broadly  lanceolate,  thickish  ;   inflorescences  very  leafy  ; 

calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  herbaceous,  5-9  mm.  long,  much  exceed- 
ing the  globose-ovoid  capsule.  (H.  purpurea, 
var.  calycosa  Gray.)  —  Dry  soil,  s.  Me.  to  111., 
Okla.,  and  Ala.  FIG.  916. 

915.  H.  longifolia. 

=  =  Leaves  (at  least  the  basal)  ciliate. 

9.  H.  ciliolata  Torr.  Stems  1-2  dm.  high ;  leaves  1-2  cm. 
long,  thickish  ;  cauline  oblong-spatulate  ;  radical  oval  or  oblong,  rosulate,  hirsute- 
ciliate ;  calyx-lobes  a  little  longer  than  the  pod.  (H.  purpurea,  var.  Gray.)  — 
Rocky  banks  and  shores,  w.  N.  Y.  and  s.  Ont.  to  Minn.,  111.,  and  Ky. 

•«-  -i-  Pod  free  only  at  summit. 

10.  H.  angustifblia  Michx.  Stems  tufted,  from  a  hard  or  woody  root ;  leaves 
narrowly  linear,  acute,  1-ribbed,  many  of  them  fascicled  ;  flowers  crowded, 
short-pediceled  ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  densely  bearded  inside  ;  pod  obovoid,  acute 
at  base,  only  its  summit  free,  opening  first  across  the  top,  at  length  through  the 
partition.  —  Barrens,  111.  to  Kan.,  s.  to  Tex.  and  Fla.  (Mex.) 

9.   OLDENLANDIA   [Plumier]   L. 

Calyx  4-lobed,  persistent.     Corolla  short,  the  limb  valvate  in  the  bud.     An- 
thers short.    Style  1  or  none  ;  stigmas  2.     Pod  thin,  2-celled,  opening  loculi 
cidally  across  the  summit.  —  Low  herbs,  with  small  stipules  united 
to  the  petioles.     (Dedicated  to  the  memory  of  H.  B.  Oldenland, 
a  Danish  physician  and  botanist,  who  died  about  the  end  of  the 
17th  century  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.) 

1.  0.  uniflbra  L.  An  inconspicuous  pubescent  or  smoothish 
branched  and  spreading  annual,  0.2-4  dm.  high ;  leaves  ovate 
to  oblong ;  flowers  in  sessile  axillary  clusters ;  corolla  nearly 
wheel-shaped,  white,  much  shorter  than  the  calyx.  (  O.  glomerata 
Michx.) — Wet  places,  near  the  coast,  N.  Y.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 
FIG.  917.  917.  O.  uniflora 


916.  H.  lanceolata. 


GRAY'S  MANUAL  —  48 


754  CAPRIFOLIACEAE    (HONEYSUCKLE   FAMILY) 

CAPRIFOLIACEAE     (HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY) 

Shrubs,  or  rarely  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  the  calyx-tube  adherent  to  the 
2-5-celled  ovary,  the  stamens  as  many  as  (I  fewer  in  Linnaea,  doubled  in 
Adoxa)  the  lobes  of  the  tubular  or  rotate  corolla,  and  inserted  on  its  tube. 
Fruit  a  berry,  drupe,  or  pod,  1-several-seeded.  Seeds  anatropous,  with  small 
embryo  in  fleshy  albumen. 

Tribe  I.    LONICEREAE.    Corolla  tubular,  often  irregular,  sometimes  2-lipped.     Style  slender; 
stigma  capitate. 

*  Erect  or  climbing  shrubs,  with  scaly  winter-buds. 

1.  Diervilla.    Stamens  5.    Corolla  funnel-form,  nearly  regular.     Pod  2-celled,  2-valved,  many- 

seeded,  slender. 

2.  Lonicera.     Stamens  5,  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  tubular  and  more  or  less  irregular  corolla. 

Berry  several-seeded  ;  all  the  2  or  3  cells  fertile. 

3.  Symphoricarpos.    Stamens  4  or  5,  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  bell-shaped  regular  corolla. 

Berry  4-celled,  but  only  2-seeded  ;  two  of  the  cells  sterile. 
*  *  Herbs,  with  axillary  flowers. 

4.  Linnaea.     Stamens  4,  one  fewer  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla.    Fruit  dry,  3-celled,  but  only 

1-seeded.    Creeping,  with  long-pedunculate  twin  flowers. 

5.  Triosteum.    Stamens  5.    Corolla  gibbous  at  the  base.    Fruit  a  3-celled  drupe.    Erect ;  flowers 

sessile. 

Tribe  II.    SAMBtfCEAE.    Corolla  wheel-shaped  or  urn-shaped,  regular,  deeply  5-lobed.    Stigmaa 
1-5,  sessile  or  nearly  so.     Inflorescence  terminal  and  cymose. 
*  Shrubs,  with  stamens  as  many  as  corolla-lobes,  the  flowers  in  broad  compound  cymea. 

6.  Viburnum.     Fruit  a  1-celled  1-seeded  drupe,  with  a  compressed  stone.    Leaves  simple. 

7.  Sambucus.     Fruit  berry -like,  containing  3  small  seed-like  nutlets.     Leaves  pinnate. 

*  *  Dwarf  herb,  with  stamens  doubled  and  flowers  in  a  capitate  cluster. 

8.  Adoxa.     Fruit  a  dry  greenish  drupe,  with  3-5  cartilaginous  nutlets.     Cauline  leaves  a  single 

pair  and  ternate. 

1.  DIERVfLLA   [Tourn.]   Mill.    BUSH  HONEYSUCKLE 

Calyx-tube  tapering  at  the  summit ;  the  lobes  slender,  awl-shaped,  persistent. 
Corolla  5-lobed.  Pod  slender,  pointed,  septicidal. — Low  upright  shrubs,  with 
ovate  or  oblong  pointed  serrate  leaves,  and  cymosely  3-several-flowered  pedun- 
cles, from  the  upper  axils  or  terminal.  (Named  in  compliment  to  Dr.  TV. 
Diereville,  who  carried  it  from  Canada  to  Tournefort.)  Several  early-flowering 
Asiatic  shrubs  of  this  genus  are  frequent  in  cultivation  under  the  name  WEIGELA, 
and  may  in  some  instances  persist  or  spread. 

1.  D.  LonicSra  Mill.  Leaves  oblong-ovate,  taper-pointed,  petioled  ;  pedun- 
cles mostly  3-flowered  ;  pod  long-beaked.  (D.  trifida  Moench;  D.  Diervilla 
MacM.)  — Dry  woods  and  rocky  places,  Nfd.  to  Man.,  s.  to  N.  C.  and  the  Great 
L.  region.  June-Aug.  —  Flowers  at  first  pale  yellow,  turning  to  deep  yellow, 
scarlet,  crimson,  or  even  maroon. 

2.  LONICERA  L.     HONEYSUCKLE 

Calyx-teeth  very  short.  Corolla  tubular  or  funnel-form,  often  gibbous  at  the 
base,  irregularly  or  almost  regularly  5-lobed.  Berry  several-seeded. — Erect 
or  climbing  shrubs.  Leaves  entire.  Flowers  often  showy  and  fragrant. 
(Named  in  honor  of  Adam  Lonitzer,  latinized  Lonicerus,  a  German  herbalist 
of  the  16th  century.)  A  large  boreal  genus  most  abundant  in  Asia  and  long 
popular  in  cultivation. 


CAPRIFOLIACEAE    (HONEYSUCKLE   FAMILY)  755 

§  1.  XYL6STEON  [Tourn.]  Pers.  Leaves  all  distinct;  peduncles  axillary, 
single,  ^-flowered  at  the  summit;  the  two  berries  sometimes  united  into  one; 
calyx-teeth  not  persistent. 

*  Upright  bushy  shrubs. 

•«-  Bracts  (2  or  sometimes  4)  at  the  base  of  the  ovaries  small,  lance-oblong  to 

linear. 

•w-  Corolla-lobes  subequal. 
=  Peduncles  short  (3-7  mm.  in  length}. 

1.  L.  caerulea  L.,  var.  vil!6sa  (Michx.)  T.  &  G.     (MOUNTAIN  FLY  H.)     Low 
(3-9  dm.  high)  ;   branches  upright;  leaves  oval,  downy  when  young;   bracts 
awl-shaped,  longer  than  the  ovaries  which  are  united  into  one  blue  edible  berry ; 
calyx-lobes  glabrous;  corolla  yellowish.  — Low  woods  and  bogs,  Lab.  to  Alaska, 
s.  to  Pa.,  Mich.,  Wise.,  Minn.,  etc.     May,  June. 

2.  L.  MoRR6wi  Gray.     Shrub,  1.5-2  m.  high,  soft-downy  ;  branches  spread- 
ing;  leaves  oblong,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base,  dark  green  and  somewhat 
rugose   above,  much  paler  and   grayish-tomentose  beneath,  obtuse  or  barely 
acutish  ;  calyx-teeth  hirsute  or  ciliate  ;  corolla-lobes  subequal,  nearly  as  long  as 
the  tube,  widely  spreading,  white  or  cream-colored;  berries  bright  red.  —  Fre- 
quently cultivated,  and  now  locally  established  in  e.  Mass.      (Introd.   from 
Japan. ) 

=  =  Peduncles  long  and  slender  (1.4-3  cm.  in  length}. 

3.  L.  TATARICA  L.     (TARTARIAN  H.)     Smooth  shrub,  1.5-3  m.  high;  leaves 
thin,  glabrous,  entire,  cordate-oval,  on  short  petioles ;  corolla  showy,  white  or 
rose-colored ;  the  lobes  subequal,  widely  spreading,  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube ; 
berries  united  at  the  base,  red  or  orange.  — Escaped  from  cultivation  and  estab- 
lished on  rocky  shores  and  sheltered  banks,  Me.  to  Ont.,  N.  J.,  and  Ky.     May, 
June.     (Introd.  from  Asia.) 

4.  L.  canadSnsis  Marsh.    (AMERICAN  FLY  H.)     Branches  straggling,  1-1. 6m. 
high  ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  often   heart-shaped,  petioled,  thin,  downy  beneath 
when  young,  ciliate  ;  corolla  funnel-form,  2  cm.  long,  greenish-yellow,  the  lobes 
much  shorter  than  the  tube  ;  berries  separate,  red.    (L.  ciliata  Muhl.)  —  Woods, 
e.  Que.  to  Sask.,  s.  to  Pa.,  Mich.,  Wise.,  and  Minn.     Apr. -June. 

•w  ++  Corolla  strongly  bilabiate,  the  lips  of  very  unequal  breadth,  the  upper 
shallowly  4-lobed,  the  lower  of  a  single  entire  lobe. 

5.  L.  XYL6STEUM  L.      (EUROPEAN  FLY  H.)     Erect  shrub,   1-2  m.  high; 
leaves  broadly  oval,  thin,  very  pubescent  beneath,   especially  when  young; 
peduncles  rather  short  (8-12  mm.  in  length),  thickish;  bracts  and  calyx  pubes- 
cent ;  corolla  yellowish  ;  berries  separate,  red.  —  Escaping  from  cultivation  and 
becoming  locally  established  in  s.  N.  E.,  N.  Y.,  and  N.  J.     (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

6.  L.  oblongifblia  (Goldie)  Hook,     (SWAMP  FLY  H.)     Shrub,  5-15  dm.  high; 
branches  upright ;   leaves  2-7   cm.  long,  oblong,  downy  when  young,  smooth 
when  old ;  peduncles  slender,  1.5-4   cm.  long ;  bracts  minute  or  deciduous ; 
corolla  deeply  2-lipped,  1-1.5  cm.  long,  yellowish-white ;  berries  red  or  purplish, 
united  or  nearly  distinct.  — Larch  and  Arbor  Vitae  swamps,  n.  N.  B.  to  Man., 
s.  to  Me.,  Vt.,  N.  Y.,  w.  Pa.,  Mich.,  and  Minn.     May-July. 

-H-  -»-  The  two  flowers  involucrate  by  4  conspicuous  and  broad  foliaceous  bracts. 

7.  L.  involucrata  (Richards.)  Banks.      Pubescent,  or  becoming  glabrous  ; 
branches  4-angular ;  leaves  0.5-1.5   dm.  long,  exceeding  the  peduncle,  ovate- 
oblong,   mostly  pointed,  petioled,  and  with  a  strong  midrib  ;  corolla  yellowish, 
viscid-pubescent,  cylindraceous,  1-1.5  cm.  long  ;  ovaries  and  globose  dark  purple 
berries  distinct.  — Woods  and  banks  of  streams,  n.  N.  B.  and  e.  Que.,  shores  of 
L.  Superior,  northw.  and  westw.     June,  July. 

*  *  Twining  or  trailing  shrub. 

8.  L.  JAP6NICA  Thunb.     (JAPANESE  H.)     Pubescent ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong, 
thickish,  entire,  short-petioled  ;  peduncles  rather  short  ;   bracts  leaf-like,  con- 


756  CAPKIFOLIACEAE   (HONEYSUCKLE    FAMILY) 

spicuous ;  corolla  white,  pink,  or  yellow,  the  slender  pubescent  tube  2.5  cm. 
long  ;  berries  black.  —  Escaped  from  cultivation  and  established  in  woods  and 
thickets,  Ct.  to  Fla.  May- July.  (Introd.  from  Asia.) 

§  2.  CAPRIF6LIUM  [Tourn.]  Pers.  Twining  shrubs,  with  the  flowers  in 
sessile  whorled  clusters  from  the  axils  of  the  often  connate  upper  leaves, 
forming  interrupted  terminal  spikes,'  calyx-teeth  persistent  on  the'  red  or 
orange  berry. 

*  Corolla  trumpet-shaped,  almost  regular;  stamens  and  style  little  exserted. 

9.  L.  sempSrvirens  L.     (TRUMPET  H.)     Branches  and  upper  surface  of  the 
leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so  ;   flowers  in  somewhat  distant  whorls,  scentless, 
nearly  5  cm.   long,  deep  red   outside,  yellowish  within  or  rarely  throughout, 
glabrous ;  leaves  oblong,  smooth,  the  lower  petioled,  the  uppermost  pairs  con- 
nate. —  Copses,  Me.  to  Neb.,  and  southw. ;  common  in  cultivation.     May-Oct.  — 
Leaves  deciduous  at  the  north.     Var.  HIRS^JTULA  Rehder.     Branchlets  villous  or 
glandular-pubescent ;   upper  surface  of  leaves  appressed-villous  ;   corolla  exter- 
nally pubescent.  —  Va.  and  N.  C. 

*  *  Corolla  ringent ;  the  lower  lip  narrow,  the  upper  broad  and  4-lobed  ;  stamens 
and  style  conspicuously  exserted. 

-i-  Corolla-tube  2-2.5  cm.  long,  glabrous  inside;  stamens  and  style  glabrous. 

10.  L.  CAPRIFOLIUM   L.     ("AMERICAN"  or   ITALIAN   WOODBINE.)     Leaves 
smooth,   glaucous  beneath,    obovate,    the   2  or  3  upper  pairs   united  ;   flowers 
whorled  in  the  uppermost  axils  ;   corolla  whitish,  with  a  purple  tube,  fading 
yellowish,  not  gibbous  at  base,  fragrant.     (L.  grata  Ait.)  —  Rocky  woodlands, 
N.  Y.,  N.  J.,  and  Pa.  to  Mich.,  Mo.,  and  southw.;   escaped  from  cultivation. 
May,  June.     (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

-i-  -•-  Corolla  hairy  within,  the  tube  1.3  cm.  long  or  less. 
•w-  Branches  glandular-villous ;  leaves  pubescent  on  both  sides. 

11.  L.  hirsiita  Eat.     (HAIRY  H.)    Twining  and  rather  high-climbing  ;  leaves 
ciliate,   deep  green   and   more   or  less   appressed-setulose  above,    downy-hairy 
beneath,  as  well  as  the  branches,  veiny,  dull,  broadly  oval,  the  uppermost  united, 
the  lower  short-petioled  ;  flowers  in  approximate  whorls  ;  corolla  2-2.5  cm.  long, 
orange-yellow,  clammy-pubescent;  the  tube  slightly  gibbous  at  base,  slender. — 
Damp  copses  and  rocks,  w.  N.  E.  to  Pa.,  Mich.,  and  Man.     July. — A  coarse 
large-leaved  species. 

++  *+  Branches  glabrous  ;  leaves  glabrous  above. 
=    Corolla  mostly  1.2-2.4  cm.  long. 

12.  L.  Sullivantii  Gray.      Much  whitened  with  glaucous  bloom,    1-2  m. 
high,  glabrous  except  for  a  slight  puberulence  on  the  lower  surface  of  the  leaves; 
disk  of  the  uppermost  connate  leaves  orbicular  or  nearly  so,  its  ends  rounded 
or  often  retuse,  sometimes  slightly  mucronate  ;  inflorescence  tending  to  elongate  ; 
corolla  pale  yellow ;  the  tube  1-1.5  cm.  long,  slightly  gibbous  at  the  base;  fila- 
ments nearly  glabrous.  —  Rocky  woods  or  banks,  Tenn.  to  O.,  centr.  la.,  and 
Minn. 

13.  L.  glaucSscens  Rydb.     Less  glaucous ;  leaves  glabrous  above  but  decid- 
edly pubescent  beneath,  the  uppermost  connate  ones  forming  a  somewhat  oblong 
or  rhombic  disk,  usually  pointed  acutely  or  obtusely  at  the  ends,  the   margin 
cartilaginous,  not  ciliate;   corolla  pale  yellow,  1.2-2  cm.  long,  the  pubescent 
tube  gibbous  at  the  base  ;  ovary  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  —  Ont.  and  Man.,  s.  to 
Va.,  O.,  and  Neb.     Var.  DASYGYNA  Rehder.     Ovary  densely  hirsute  and  some- 
what glandular.  —  O. 

14.  L.   dioica   L.     Glabrous,   1-3   m    high ;   leaves  oblong,   5-10  cm    long, 
glaucous  and  glabrous  beneath,  the  upper  1-4  pairs  connate  into  disks  ;  even  the 
uppermost  disks  somewhat   oblong  or  rhombic,  more  or  less  pointed  (at  least 
obtusely^)  at  each  end;  corolla  greenish-yellow  or  purplish,  the  tube  barely  1  cm. 


CAPRIFOLIACEAE    (HONEYSUCKLE   FAMILY)  757 

long,  hirsute  within  ;  style  and  stamens  also  hairy.     {L.  glauca  Hill.)  —  Rocky 
grounds,  s.  Me.  to  Man.,  s.  to  N.  C.,  O.,  and  Mo.     May,  June. 

=  =  Corolla  about  3  cm.  long. 

15.  L.  flava  Sims.  (YELLOW  H.)  Leaves  oblong  to  oval,  the  uppermost 
united  into  oval  disks,  dark  green,  not  glaucous  above,  but  pale  or  glaucous 
beneath ;  inflorescence  short,  capitate ;  corolla  orange-yellow,  the  tube  not 
gibbous  at  base,  only  slightly  hairy  within.  —  Mts.  of  N.  C.  to  Ky.,  Mo.,  and 
southw.  Apr.,  May. 

3.   SYMPHORICARPOS    [Dill.]  Ludwig.     SNOWBERRY 

Calyx-teeth  short,  persistent.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  regularly  4-5-lobed,  with 
as  many  short  stamens  inserted  into  the  throat.  Berry  4-celled,  2-seeded. 
Seeds  bony.  —  Low  and  branching  upright  shrubs,  with  oval  short-petioled 
leaves,  which  are  usually  downy  underneath  and  entire,  or  wavy-toothed  or 
lobed  on  the  young  shoots.  Flowers  white,  tinged  with  rose-color,  in  close 
short  spikes  or  clusters.  (Name  composed  of  <rv/j.<j>opeiv,  to  bear  together,  and 
Kapirbs,  fruit ;  from  the  clustered  berries.) 

*  Style  bearded;  fruit  red;  flowers  all  in  short  dense  axillary  clusters. 

1.  S.  orbiculatus  Moench.     (INDIAN  CURRANT,  CORAL-BERRY.)     Flowers  in 
the  axils  of  nearly  all  the   leaves  ;   corolla  sparingly  bearded  ;   berries  small. 
(S.   vulgaris  Michx.;    /S'.   Symphoricarpos  MacM.)  —  Rocky   banks,   N.   Y.  to 
Dak.,  s.  to  Ga.  and  Tex. ;  escaping  from  cultivation  eastw.     July. 

*  *  Style  glabrous  ;  fruit  white  ;  flowers  in  clusters  or  sometimes  solitary. 

2.  S.  occidentalis   Hook.     (WOLFBERRY.)     Flowers  in  dense  terminal  and 
axillary  spikes ;  corolla  funnel-form,  much  bearded  within;  stamens  and  style 
protruded.  —  Rocky  ground,  n.  Mich,  and  111.  to  Kan.,  w.  to  the  Rocky  Mts. 

3.  S.   racembsus   Michx.      (SNOWBERRY.)      Shrub,    2-10   dm.   high;   leaves 
from  elliptic-oblong  to  orbicular,  green  both  sides,  pilose  beneath  ;  flowers  1-2, 
or  in  short  interrupted  spikes  at  the  ends  of  the  branches  ;  corolla  campanulate, 
bearded  inside;  stamens  and  style  included.     (Var.  pauciflorus  Man.  ed.  6,  in 
part,  not  Robbins  ;  S.  pauciflorus  Britton,  in  part.)  — Dry  limestone  ridges  and 
banks,  n.  e.  Que.  to  Alaska,  s.  to  w.  Mass.,  centr.  Pa.,  Mich.,  Mont.,  Ida.,  and 
Cal.     June,  July. 

Var.  paucifl6rus  Robbins.  Dwarf  shrub ;  leaves  more  or  less  pubescent, 
strongly  whitened  underneath.  {S.  pauciflorus  Britton,  in  part.)  —  L.  Superior 
to  L.  Winnipeg ;  and  locally  in  the  mts.  from  Alb.  to  Ore.  and  Col. 

Var.  laevigatus  Fernald.  (SNOWBERRY  of  the  gardens.)  Taller  shrub 
(1-1.5  m.  high);  leaves  glabrous  beneath ;  flowers  often  numerous  in  interrupted 
spikes.  (S.  racemosus  of  auth.,  not  Michx.)  —  Saguenay  Co.,  Que.,  to  Wash., 
locally  in  the  mts.  to  Va. ;  freely  cultivated  and  commonly  escaping  to  roadsides, 
etc. 

4.  LINNAEA   [Gronov.]   L.     TWIN-FLOWER 

Calyx- teeth  5,  awl-shaped,  deciduous.  Corolla  slender-bell-shaped  or  funnel- 
form,  almost  equally  6-lobed.  Stamens  4,  two  of  them  shorter,  inserted  toward 
the  base  of  the  corolla.  Ovary  and  the  small  dry  pod  3-celled,  but  1-seeded.  — 
A  slender  creeping  and  trailing  little  evergreen,  somewhat  hairy,  with  rounded- 
oval  sparingly  crenate  leaves  contracted  at  the  base  into  short  petioles,  and 
thread-like  upright  peduncles  forking  into  2  (rarely  4  or  6)  pedicels  at  the  top, 
each  bearing  a  delicate  and  fragrant  nodding  flower.  Corolla  whitish,  tinged  and 
striped  with  rose-purple,  hairy  inside.  (Dedicated  to  the  immortal  Linnaeus, 
who  first  pointed  out  its  characters,  and  with  whom  the  European  type  of  this 
pretty  little  plant  was  a  special  favorite.) 

1.  L.  borealis  L.,  var.  americana  (Forbes)  Rehder.  —  Moist  mossy  woods 
arid  cold  bogs,  Lab.  to  N.  J.  and  the  mts.  of  Pa.  and  Md.,  w.  to  Minn.;  also  fai 
northvv.  and  westw.  June-Aug. ;  rarely  flowering  in  late  autumn. 


758  CAPRIFOLIACEAE    (HONEYSUCKLE   FAMILY) 

5.    TRI6STEUM   L.     FEVERWORT.     HORSE  GENTIAN 

Calyx-lobes  linear-lanceolate,  leaf -like,  persistent.  Corolla  tubular,  some- 
what equally  5-lobed,  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx.  Ovary  mostly  3-celled, 
in  fruit  forming  a  dry  drupe  containing  3  ribbed  1-seeded  bony  nutlets.  — Coarse 
hairy  perennial  herbs,  leafy  to  the  top  ;  the  ample  entire  pointed  leaves  tapering 
to  the  base  or  connate  round  the  simple  stem.  Flowers  solitary  or  clustered 
in  the  axils.  (Name  an  abbreviation  of  Triosteospermiim,  alluding  to  the  three 
bony  nutlets.) 

1.  T.  perfoliatum  L.     (TINKER'S  WEED,  WILD  COFFEE.)     Coarse,  0.5  to  1.2 
m.  high  ;  stem  densely  glandular-puberulent  above  ;  leaves  dark  green,  thickish, 
oval,  the  primary  ones  abruptly  narrowed  below  to  connate-clasping  bases  2-7 
cm.  broad,  the  uppermost  tapering  or  scarcely  connate  at  base  ;  corolla  tubular- 
campanulate,  hardly  bilabiate,  from   purplish  to  yellowish  or  greenish,  about 
equaling  the  stamens  ;  fruits  usually  6-8  at  each  node,  subglobose,  dull  orange- 
yellow. —  Rich  low  woods,  s.  Mass,  to  Neb.,  Mo.,  and  Ala.     Fl.  May,  June; 
fr.  Aug.,  Sept. 

2.  T.    aurantiacum    Bicknell.      Sparingly   glandular-puberulent,    and  with 
spreading  longer  glandless  hairs,  or  glabrate  ;   leaves  ovate-oblong  to  oblong- 
lanceolate,  abruptly  narrowed  below  to  winged  sessile  hardly  clasping  bases 
(0.5  to  1.5  cm.  broad}  ;  corolla  dilated  above,  distinctly  bilabiate,  purplish-red, 
much  exceeding  the  stamens'  fruits  2-6  at  each  node,  ellipsoid-ovoid,  bright 
orange-red.  —  Open  rocky  or  sandy  woods,  N.  B.  to  Ont.,  la.,  and  N.  C.     Fl. 
May,  June  ;  fr.  Aug. -Oct. 

3.  T.  angustif61ium  L.     Smaller,  bristly-hairy;  leaves  lanceolate,  tapering 
to  the  base ;  flowers  greenish-cream-color,  mostly  single  in  the  axils.  —  Shady 
grounds,  Ct.  to  Del.  and  Ala.,  w.  to  Mo.     Fl.  May  ;  fr.  Aug. 

6.   VIBURNUM    [Tourn.]   L.      ARROW-WOOD.     LAURESTINUS 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  spreading,  deeply  5-lobed.  Stamens  5.  Stigmas 
1-3.  Fruit  a  1-celled  1-seeded  drupe,  with  soft  pulp  and  a  thin-crustaceous 
(flattened  or  tumid)  stone.  —  Shrubs,  with  simple  leaves,  and  white  (rarely  pink) 
flowers  in  flat  compound  cymes.  Petioles  sometimes  bearing  little  appendages 
which  are  evidently  stipules.  Leaf-buds  naked,  or  with  a  pair  of  scales.  (The 
classical  Latin  name,  of  unknown  meaning.) 

a.   Cyme  radiant,  the  marginal  flowers  neutral  and  very  showy. 

Leaves  pinnately  veined,  not  lobed 2.    V.  alnifolium. 

Leaves  palmately  veined,  3-lobed 3.    F.  Opulus. 

a.   Cyrnes  not  radiant,  the  flowers  all  small  and  uniform  b. 
b.   Leaves  for  the  most  part  palmately  veined  and  8-lobed. 

Leaves  glabrous  ;  drupe  bright  red  ;  stone  flat 4.    F.  pauciflorum. 

Leaves  soft-downy  beneath  ;  drupe  finally  purple-black ;  stone  len- 
ticular         5.    F.  acerifolium. 

b.   Leaves  pinnately  veined,  not  lobed  c. 
c.   Leaves    prominently    toothed    and    with   straightish  veins ;    stone 

grooved  d. 
d.   Stipules  slender,  prominent,  exceeding  the  very  short  petioles; 

stone  flat        . 6.    F.  pubescens. 

d.  Stipules  wanting  or  much  shorter  than  the  petioles ;  stone  deeply 

grooved. 

Winter-buds  naked ;  leaves  finely  toothed 1.    V.  Lantana. 

Winter-buds  covered  by  scales  ;  leaves  coarsely  toothed. 

Petioles  stipulate  ;  bark  of  older  branches  loose  and  exfoliating      7.    V.  molle. 
Petioles  without  stipules  ;  bark  close. 
Lower  surface  of  leaves,   petioles,   and  young  branchlets 

stellate-tomentose. 

Principal  leaves  with  7-11  pairs  of  veins,  the  teeth  acute    .      8.    V.  venosum. 
Principal  leaves  with  5-7  pairs  of  veins,  the  teeth  blunt      .      9.    V.  scabrellum. 
Lower  surface  of  leaves  and  petioles  glabrous,  or  with  simple 

caducous  hairs 10.    F.  dentatum. 

c.   Leaves  finely  toothed  or  entire  ;  the  veins  inconspicuous,  curved  and 
anastomosing  ;  stone  flat  and  even  e. 

e.  Cymes  peduncled  ;  drupes  less  than  1  cm.  long. 

Peduncle  usually  shorter  than  the  rays  of  the  cyme  ;  leaves  dull 

above .  .    11.    F.  cassinoides. 


CAPRIFOLIACEAE    (HONEYSUCKLE   FAMILY)  759 

Peduncle  usually  longer  than  the  rays  ;  leaves  glossy  above        .     12.   V.  nudum. 
e.   Cymes  sessile  ;  drupes  in  ore  than  1  cm.  long. 

Leaves  subtending  the  inflorescence  mostly  caudate-acuminate  .    13.    V.  Lentago. 
Leaves  blunt  or  merely  acutish. 

Winter-buds  and  petioles  green  and  glabrous     .        .        .        .14.    V.  prunifolium . 

Winter-buds  and  petioles  red-tomentose 15.    V.  rufidulum. 

§  1.   LANTANA  Spach.     Winter-buds  naked ;  leaves  pinnately  veined ;  drupes 
coral-red,  turning  darker,  not  acid;  stone  sulcate. 

1.  V.  LANTANA   L.     (WAYFARING  TREE.)     Shrub  or  small  tree;  the  buds, 
young  branches,  lower  surface  of  the  leaves,  etc.,  cinereous  with  minute  stellate 
pubescence  ;  leaves  cordate-ovate  to  broad-oblong,  closely  serrulate ;  cymes  short- 
peduncled,  about  1-rayed ;  the  flowers  small  and  all  alike.  —  Frequently  culti- 
vated, and  occasionally  established  by  roadsides,  etc.     (In trod,  from  Eurasia.) 

2.  V.    alnif61ium   Marsh.     (HOBBLE-BUSH,    WITCH    HOBBLE,   MOOSEWOOD.) 
Leaves  1-2  dm.  across,  round-ovate,  abruptly  pointed,  heart-shaped  at  the  base, 
closely  serrate,  the  veins  and  veinlets  beneath  with  the  stalks  and  branchlets 
very  rusty-scurfy   (midsummer  leaves  sometimes  narrower,  coarsely  toothed, 
thin  and  glabrous);  cymes  sessile,  commonly  5-rayed,  very  broad  and  flat,  the 
marginal  flowers  neutral,  with  greatly  enlarged  flat  white  (rarely  pink)  corollas. 
(V.  lantanoides  Michx.)  —  Moist  woods,  N.  B.   to  Ont.  and  Mich.,  s.  to  Pa., 
and   in  the  rats,  to   N.  C.     May,  June.  —  A  straggling  shrub  ;  the   reclining 
branches  often  taking  root. 

§  2.  6PULUS  [Tourn.]  DC.  Winter-buds  scaly  ;  leaves  palmately  veined  and 
lobed;  drupe  bright  red,  acid,  globose  ;  stone  very  flat,  orbicular,  not  sulcate. 

3.  V.  6pulus  L.,  var.  americanum  (Mill.)  Ait.     (CRANBERRY-TREE,  HIGH- 
BUSH  CRANKERRY,  PIMBINA.)     Nearly  smooth,  upright,  1-4.  m.  high  ;  leaves  3-5- 
ribbed,  strongly  3-lobed,  broadly  wedge-shaped  or  truncate  at  base,  the  spread- 
ing lobes  pointed,  mostly  toothed  on  the  sides,  entire  in  the  sinuses ;  petioles 
bearing  2  glands  at  the  apex ;  cyme  broad,  the  marginal  flowers  neutral,  with 
greatly  enlarged  flat  corollas,'   stamens  elongate.      {V.  americanum  Mill.)  — 
In  woods  and  along  streams,  Nfd.  and  e.  Que.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  Mich., 
Wise.,  and  n.  e.  la.    June,  July.     (E.  Asia.)  —  The  acid  fruit  of  this  and  the 
next  is  a  substitute   for  cranberries.     The  well-known   SNOW-BALL   TREE,  or 
GUELDER  ROSE,  is  a  cultivated  state  of  the  typical  Old  World  form,  with  the 
whole  cyme  turned  into  showy  sterile  flowers. 

4.  V.  pauciflbrum  Raf.     (SQUASHBERRY,  PIMBINA.)    A  low  straggling  shrub  ; 
leaves  glabrous  or  loosely  pubescent  beneath,  5-ribbed  at  base,  unequally  serrate 
nearly  all  round,  with  3  short  lobes  at  the  summit ;  cyme  few-flowered,  the  flowers 
small  and  uniform;  stamens  shorter  than  the  corolla.  —  Cold  woods,  Nfd.  and 
Lab.  to  Alaska,  s.  to  the  mts.  of  Cape  Breton  I.,  n.  N.  E.,  Allegheny  Co.,  Pa. 
(according  to  Porter),  n.  Mich.,  Minn.,  Col.,  and  Wash.    June,  July. 

§3.  EUVIBtfRNUM  Koehne  (restricted).  Winter-buds  scaly;  leaves  pin- 
nately veined  (except  in  no.  5),  the  veins  straightish  and  terminating  in 
coarse  teeth ;  cymes  never  radiant,  peduncled ;  drupes  blue  to  black ;  stone 
usually  grooved. 

*  Leaves  3-ribbed  from  the  rounded  or  subcordate  base,  somewhat  3-lobed. 

5.  V.  acerifblium  L.     (DOCKMACKIE,  ARROW-WOOD.)     Shrub,  1-1.5  m.  high; 
leaves  soft-downy  beneath,  the   pointed  lobes  diverging,    unequally  toothed  ; 
stipules  bristle-form  ;  cymes  small,  slender-peduncled  ;  stamens  exserted  ;  fruit 
crimson,  turning  purple-black  ;  stone  lenticular,  hardly  sulcate.  — Rocky  woods, 
N.  B.  to  Minn.,  Ky.,  and  Ga.     May,  June.  —  Leaves  crimson  in  autumn. 

*  *  Leaves  cordate  or  subcordate  at  base,  coarsely  toothed,  prominently  pinnate- 
veined. 

•*-  Stone  flat;  leaves  all  short-petioled  or  subsessile. 

6.  V.  pub^scens  (Ait.)  Pursh.    (DOWNY  A.)     A  low  straggling  shrub  ;  leaves 
ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  acute  or  taper-pointed,  the  veins  and  teeth  fewer  and  less 


760  CAPRIFOLIACEAE   (HONEYSUCKLE   FAMILY) 

conspicuous  than  in  no.  10,  the  lower  surface  and  very  short  petioles  soft-downy, 
at  least  when  young ;  fruit  dark  purple  ;  the  stone  slightly  2-sulcate  on  the  faces. 

—  Calcareous  ridges  and  banks,  w.  Que.  and  Vt.  to  Man.,  s.  to  Ga.,  111.,  la.,  and 
Wyo.     May,  June. 

i-  1-  Stone  very  deeply  sulcate  ventrally  ;  leaves  rather  slender-petioled. 

7.  V.  mdlle  Michx.     Shrub,  3-4  m.  high,  with  gray  exfoliating  bark ;  leaves 
suborbicular  or  broadly  ovate,  short-acuminate,  cordate,  coarsely  dentate,  dark 
green  and  glabrous  above,  pale  and  soft-pubescent  beneath,  5-13  cm.  long,  on 
petioles  2-4  cm.  long ;   stipules  rather  short,  finally  deciduous ;  fruit  dryish, 
ellipsoid,  1  cm.  long,  much  compressed ;  stone  deeply  grooved.     (  V.  Demetrio- 
nis  Deane  &  Robinson.)  —  Bluffs  and  rocky  woods,  Ky.   (and  probably  O.), 
Mo.,  and  la.     May. 

8.  V.  ven6sum  Britton.      Shrub,  with   close  gray-brown  bark,  the  young 
branches  cinereous  with  stellate  tomentum  ;  leaves  elliptic-ovate  to  orbicular, 
3-6  cm.  long,  sharply  serrate-dentate,  dark  green  above,  beneath  pale  with  stel- 
late tomentum  andwith  7-9  pairs  of  prominent  veins;  cymes  4-6  cm.  broad,  the 
long  peduncle  and  7  rays  pubescent ;  drupe  subglobose  or  short-ovoid,  7  mm. 
long.     (V.  molle  Man.  ed.  6,  in  part,  not  Michx.) — Dry  open  soil,  Martha's 
Vineyard  and  Nantucket  to  Pa.  and  Del.     June,  July.     Var.  CANBYI  Rehder. 
Leaves  larger  (6-8  cm.  long),  glabrous  or  glabrate  beneath  ;  cymes  7-9  cm. 
broad.  —  Pa.  and  Del.  to  the  mts.  of  Va. 

9.  V.  scabr611um  (T.  &  G.)  Chapm.    Similar;  branches  reddish-brown;  leaves 
oblong  to  obovate,  rarely  orbicular,  4-10  dm.  long,  shallowly  crenate-dentate, 
with  5-7  pairs  of  less  prominent  veins;   cymes  similar,  the  flowers  larger. 
(V.  molle  Man.  ed.  6,  in  part,  not  Michx.;    V.  semitomentosum  Rehder.)  — 
Woods  and  banks  of  streams,  Pa.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     June. 

10.  V.  dentatum  L.     (ARROW-WOOD.)      Smooth,  1-4.5  m.  high,  with  ash- 
colored  bark ;  leaves  broadly  ovate,  glabrous,  or  with  hairy  tufts  in  the  axils 
beneath,  very  numerously  sharp-toothed  and  strongly  veined,  5-8   cm.  long ; 
fruit  globose-ovoid,  6  mm.  long  ;   cross-section  of  stone  between  kidney-  and 
horseshoe-shaped.  —  Wet  places,  N.  B.  to  n.  Ga.,  w.  to  w.  N.  Y.  and  s.  Ont. 
June,  July. 

§  4.  TlNUS  (Borkh.)  Koehne.  Winter-buds  with  opposite  scales;  leaves  finely 
toothed  or  entire,  pinnately  veined,  the  veins  curved  and  anastomosing  near 
the  margin  ;  drupes  blue  or  black,  sweet ;  stone  flat  and  even. 

11.  V.  cassinoides  L.     (WITHE-ROD,  WILD  RAISIN.)     Shrub  or  small  tree, 
0.5-3.6  m    high;  shoots  scurfy-punctate;  leaves  thickish  and  opaque  or  dull, 
ovate  to  oblong,  mostly  with  obtuse  acumination,  obscurely  veiny,  2.5-10  cm. 
long,  with  margins  irregularly  crenulate-denticulate  or  sometimes  entire  ;  pedun- 
cle shorter  than  the  usually  5-rayed  cyme ;  drupe  ellipsoid  to  spherical,  6-9  mm. 
long,  yellowish  and  pink  when  young,  finally  blue-black,  with  a  bloom. —  Swamps 
and  open  situations,  Nfd.  to  N.  C.,  Minn.,  and  Man.    June,  July. 

12.  V.  nudum  L.     Similar ;  obscurely  scurfy-punctate  ;  leaves  more  veiny, 
thickish,  oval,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  entire  or  obsoletely  denticulate,  lucid  above, 
5-10  cm.  long  ;  peduncle  usually  equaling  the  cyme.  —  Ct.  to  Ky.,  Fla.,  and  Tex. 

13.  V.  Lentago  L.     (SWEET  VIBURNUM,  SHEEPBERRY,  NANNYBERRY,  WILD 
RAISIN.)     Shrub  or  tree,  sometimes  9  m.  high  ;  leaves  ovate,  closely  and  very 
sharply  serrate,  at  least  the  upper  caudate-acuminate  and  on  winged  petioles; 
cyme  sessile,  6-10  cm.  broad,  S-4-rayed;  drupe  ovoid  or  ellipsoid,  blue-black, 
1-1.5  cm.  long  — Woods  and  banks  of  streams,  Que.  to   Man.,  and  southw. 
May,  June.     An  extreme  form  with  spherical  fruit  8-10  mm.  in  diameter  has 
been  distinguished  as  var.  SPHAEROCARPUM  Gray. 

14.  V.  prunif61ium  L.      (BLACK  HAW.)     Tall  shrub  or  small  tree  ;    leaves 
oval,  obtuse  or  slightly  pointed,  finely  and  sharply  serrate,  2-7  cm.  long,  the 
lower  surfaces  and  slender  or  slightly  winged  petioles  glabrous  ;  cyme  3-5-rayed  ; 
fruit  ellipsoid  or  ovoid,  similar  to  that  of  the  preceding  species  or  rather  smaller. 

—  Dry  or  moist  ground,  Ct.  to  Mich.,  Kan.,  and  southw.     May,  June.     The 
extreme  form  with  smaller  globose  fruit  is  var.  GLOBOSUM  Nash. 


VALERIANACEAE   (VALERIAN   FAMILY)  761 

15.  V.  ruffdulum  Raf .  Similar  ;  the  winter-buds,  wing-margined  petioles,  and 
lower  leaf-surfaces  red-tomentose  ;  leaves  often  larger  (4-9  cm.  long).  (V.  rufo- 
tomentosum  Small.)  —  Woods  and  thickets,  Va.  to  111.,  Kan.,  and  southw. 
Apr.,  May. 

7.   SAMBtTCUS    [Tourn.]    L.     ELDER 

Calyx-lobes  minute  or  obsolete.  Corolla  open-urn-shaped,  with  a  broadly 
spreading  5-cleft  limb.  Stamens  5.  Stigmas  3.  Fruit  a  berry-like  juicy  drupe, 
containing  3  small  seed-like  nutlets.  — Shrubby  plants,  with  a  rank  smell  when 
bruised,  pinnate  leaves,  serrate-pointed  leaflets,  and  numerous  small  flowers  in 
compound  cymes.  (The  Latin  name,  perhaps  from  CTCI/X/SI/KT;,  an  ancient  musical 
instrument. ) 

1.  S.  canade"nsis  L.    (COMMON  E.)    Stems  scarcely  woody,  1-4  m.high,  with 
white  pith;   leaflets  6-11,  oblong,  mostly  smooth,  the  lower  often  3-parted  ; 
cymes  flat;    flowers  white;  fruit  black-purple.  —  Rich   soil,  in  open  places, 
throughout  our  range,  also  southw.  and  westw.     June,  July. 

2.  S.  racembsa  L.     (RED-BERRIED  E.)     Stems  woody,  0.5-3.5  cm.  high,  the 
bark  warty,  the  pith  brown ;  leaflets  5-7,  ovate-lanceolate,  downy  underneath ; 
cymes  panicled,  convex  or  pyramidal ;  flowers  yellowish-white,  sometimes  tinged 
with  crimson;  fruit  bright  red  (rarely  white).     (S.  pubens  Michx.) — Rocky 
woods,  Nfd.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to  Ga.,  Mich.,  la.,  Col.,  etc.     May;   fruit  ripening 
in  June.     (Eu.)     Var.  LACINIA.TA  Koch.    Leaflets  divided  into  linear-lanceolate 
or  laciniate  segments.  —  L.  Superior  and  "Pa." 

8.   ADOXA  L.     MOSCHATBL 

Calyx-tube  reaching  not  quite  to  the  summit  of  the  3-5-celled  ovary ;  limb 
of  3  or  more  teeth.  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  4-6-cleft,  bearing  at  each  sinus  a 
pair  of  separate  or  partly  united  stamens  with  1-celled  anthers.  Style  3-5-parted. 
Dry  drupe  greenish,  with  3-5  cartilaginous  nutlets.  — A  dwarf  perennial,  with 
scaly  rootstock  and  ternately  divided  leaves,  the  cauline  a  single  pair.  An 
anomalous  genus.  (From  A5o£os,  obscure  or  insignificant.} 

1.  A.  Moschatellina  L.  Smooth,  musk-scented ;  radical  leaves  1-3-ternate, 
the  cauline  3-cleft  or  3-parted  ;  leaflets  obovate,  3-cleft ;  flowers  several  in  a 
close  cluster  on  a  slender  peduncle,  greenish  or  yellowish.  —  Mossy  woods,  wet 
rocks,  etc.,  n.  e.  la.,  Wise.,  Minn.,  and  north w.  June,  July.  (Eurasia.) 

VALERIAN  ACE  AE    (VALERIAN  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  with  opposite  leaves  and  no  stipules ;  the  calyx-tube  adherent  to  the 
ovary,  which  has  one  fertile  l-ovuled  cell  and  two  abortive  or  empty  ones ;  the 
stamens  distinct,  1-3,  fewer  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  and  inserted  on  its 
tube.  Corolla  tubular  or  funnel-form,  often  irregular,  mostly  5-lobed,  the  lobes 
imbricated  in  the  bud.  Style  slender  ;  stigmas  1-3.  Fruit  indehiscent,  1-celled 
(the  two  empty  cells  of  the  ovary  disappearing),  or  3-celled,  two  of  the  cells 
empty,  the  other  1-seeded.  Seed  suspended,  anatropous,  with  a  large  embryo 
and  no  albumen.  Flowers  in  panicled  or  clustered  cymes.  —  Roots  often 
odorous  and  antispasmodic. 

1.  Valeriana.    Calyx-liinb  of  several  plumose  bristles.    Perennials. 

2.  Valerianella.    Calyx-limb  entire  or  merely  toothed.    Annuals  or  biennials. 

1.    VALERIANA   [Tourn.]   L.     VALERIAN 

Calyx-limb  of  several  plumose  bristles  (like  a  pappus)  which  are  rolled  up 
inward  in  flower,  but  unroll  and  spread  as  the  seed-like  1-celled  fruit  matures. 
Corolla  commonly  gibbous  near  the  base,  the  5-lobed  limb  nearly  regular.  Sta- 


762  VALERIANACEAE    (VALERIAN    FAMILY) 

mens  3.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  thickened  strong-scented  roots,  and  simple  or 
pinnate  leaves.  Flowers  in  many  species  imperfectly  dioecious  or  dimorphous. 
(A  mediaeval  Latin  name  of  uncertain  origin.) 

*  Root  spindle-shaped,  large  and  deep,  1.5-3  dm.  long ;  leaves  thickish. 

1.  V.  edulis   Nutt.     Smooth,  or  minutely  downy  when  very  young;   stem 
straight,  3-12   dm.  high,  few-leaved  ;   leaves  commonly  minutely  and  densely 
ciliate,  the  basal  spatulate  and  lanceolate,  the  cauline  pinnately  parted  into 
3-7  long  and  narrow  divisions  ;  flowers  in  a  long  and  slender  interrupted  panicle, 
nearly  dioecious ;    corolla  whitish,   obconical,  4  mm.  long.  —  Wet  plains  and 
prairies,  O.  and   Ont.   to   la.,  Minn.,  and  westw. ;  sometimes  cultivated,   and 
escaping  eastw.     May,  June. 

*  *  Root  fibrous  ;  leaves  thin;  stems  3-15  dm.  high. 

2.  V.  uliginbsa  (T.  &  G.)  Rydb.     (SWAMP  V.)     Smooth  or  minutely  pubes- 
cent ;  root-leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  entire,  rarely  with  small  lobes  ;  stem-leaves 
pinnate,  with  7-15  oblong-ovate  or  lanceolate  nearly  entire  leaflets  ;   cyme  at 
first  close,  many-flowered  ;  corolla  inversely  conical,  6  mm.  long,  rose-color  or 
white.     (  V.  sylvatica  Man.  ed.  6,  not  Banks.)  —  Wet  ground,  chiefly  under  Arbor 
Vitae  and  Larch,  e.  Que.  to  w.  Ont.,  s.  to  Me.,  Vt.,  s.  N.  Y.,  and  Mich.     June- 
Aug. 

3.  V.  OFFICINALIS  L.      (GARDEN  HELIOTROPE.)      Coarse,  somewhat  pubes- 
cent, especially  at  the  nodes  ;  leaves  all  pinnate,  with  many  lanceolate  leaflets  ; 
cyme  many-flowered  ;  corolla  white  or  rose-color,  4  mm.  long.  —  Roadsides  and 
thickets,  N.  E.  to  N.  J.  and  O. ;  escaped  from  cultivation.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

4.  V.    pauciflbra   Michx.      Smooth,    slender,    surculose ;    root-leaves    ovate, 
heart-shaped,  toothed,  pointed,  sometimes  with  2  small  lateral  divisions ;  stem- 
leaves  pinnate,  with  3-7  ovate  toothed  leaflets  ;  branches  of  the  panicled  cyme 
few-flowered ;  tube  of  the  pale  pink  corolla  slender,  1  cm.  long.  —  Woods  and 
alluvial  banks,  Pa.  to  s.  111.,  Mo.,  and  Tenn.     June. 

2.    VALERIANELLA   [Tourn.]    Hill.     CORN  SALAD.    LAMB'S  LETTUCE 

Limb  of  the  calyx  obsolete  or  merely  toothed.  Corolla  funnel-form  or  salver- 
form,  equally  or  unequally  5-lobed.  Stamens  3,  rarely  2.  Fruit  3-celled,  two 
of  the  cells  empty  and  sometimes  confluent  into  one,  the  other  1-seeded.  — An- 
nuals and  biennials,  usually  smooth,  with  forking  stems,  tender  and  rather 
succulent  leaves  (entire  or  cut-lobed  toward  the  base),  and  white  or  pale 
cymose-clustered  and  bracted  small  flowers.  Our  species  all  have  the  limb  of 
the  calyx  obsolete,  and  are  so  much  alike  in  aspect,  flowers,  etc.,  that  good  char- 
acters are  to  be  taken  only  from  the  fruit.  (Name  a  diminutive  of  Valeriana.} 

§  1.    Corolla  nearly  regular,  funnel-form;  the  tube  short ;  fruit  with  2  empty 
cells  manifest,  or  often  enlarged  and  closed,  sometimes  conjluent  into  1  cell. 

*  Corolla  bluish;  fruit  with  a  corky  mass  at  the  back  of  the  fertile  cell. 

1.  V.  LOCUSTA  (L.)  Betcke.     Fruit  flattish,  obliquely  rhomboidal ;  empty  cells 
as  large   as  the   fertile,  contiguous,  the  thin  partition  at  length  breaking  up. 
(V.  olitoria  Poll.) — Old  fields  and  waste  places,  Me.  to  w.  N.  Y.,  Ont.,  and 
south  w. — Sometimes  cultivated  for  salad.     (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Corolla  white  ;  no  corky  mass  behind  the  fertile  cell. 
H-  Fertile  cell  broader  than  the  empty  ones;  cross-section  of  fruit  triangular. 

2.  V.  chenopodif&lia   (Pursh)   DC.      Stems  with  long  internodes  and  few 
forks ;   glomerate  cymes   few,   slender-peduncled  ;    bracts  broadly  lanceolate ; 
fruit  glabrous  or  pubescent,  4  mm.  long.  — Moist  grounds,  w.  N.  Y.  to  Minn., 
s.  to  Va.  and  Ky. 

-t-  H-  Fertile  cell  as  broad  as  the  empty  ones,  beaked;  cross-section  quadrate. 

3.  V.  radiata  (L.)  Dufr.     Fruit  ovate-tetragonal,  downy-pubescent;  empty 
cells  as  thick  as  the  oblong-ovate  fertile  one,  or  thicker,  a  broad  shallow  groove 


DIPSACACEAE    (TEASEL   FAMILY)  763 

between  them.  — Low  grounds,  Mass,  to  Minn.,  Tex.,  and  Fla.     Var.  LEIOCARFA 
(T.  &  G.)  Krok.     Fruit  glabrous.  — Of  similar  range,  not  rare. 

4.  V.  stenocdrpa  (Engelin.)  Krok.     Fruit  oblong-tetragonal,  commonly  gla- 
brous •  oblong  fertile  cell  thicker  than  the  linear-oblong  approximate  empty 
ones.  —  Mo.  and  Kan.  to  Tex. 

+-  ->-  -t-  Fertile  cell  much  the  narrowest,  dorsally  l-nerved ;  section  roundish. 

5.  V.  Woodsiana  (T.  &  G.)  Walp.     Fruit  2  mm.  long  or  more;  fertile  cell 
ovate,  tipped  with  a  tooth  ;  empty  ones  inflated,  with  oblong  depression  (some- 
times an  open  cavity)  in  the  middle.  —  Moist  grounds,  N.  Y.  to  Tex. 

Var.  umbilicata  (Sulliv.)  Gray.  Empty  cells  becoming  confluent,  vesicular 
by  incurvation  of  the  circular  margin,  forming  a  deep  and  round  umbilication. — 
N.  Y.  to  O.,  and  southw. 

Var.  patellaria  (Sulliv.)  Gray.  Fruit  saucer-shaped,  emarginate  at  base  and 
apex,  winged  by  the  divergent  cells.  —  Same  range. 

§  2.  SIPHONELLA  (T.  &  G.)  Walp.  Corolla  salver-form;  the  tube  slender, 
2-4  times  the  length  of  the  bilabiate  limb ;  fruit  with  divergent  empty  cells 
much  larger  than  the  fertile. 

6.  V.  longifldra   (T.    &    G.)    Walp.  —  Erect    several    times    dichotomously 
branched  annual ;   leaves  oblong,  the  lower  spatulate  ;   corolla  12  mm.  long, 
rose-tinged  or  purplish.  —  Rocky  places,  Mo.  and  Ark. 

DIPSACACEAE    (TEASEL  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  with  opposite  or  whorled  leaves,  no  stipules,  and  the  flowers  in  dense 
heads,  surrounded  by  an  involucre,  as  in  the  Composite  Family  ;  but  the  stamens 
distinct,  and  the  suspended  seed  destitute  of  albumen.  —  Represented  by  the 
following  introduced  genera. 

1.  Dipsacus.    Chaff  of  the  receptacle  with  long  rigid  points. 

2.  Succisa.    Chaff  herbaceous,  about  equaling  the  flowers,  not  rigid-pointed. 

3.  Knautia.    Chaff  none. 

1.   DIPSACUS    [Tourn.]   L.    TEASEL 

Involucre  many-leaved,  longer  than  the  chaffy  leafy-tipped  bracts  among  the 
densely  capitate  flowers ;  each  flower  with  a  4-leaved  calyx-like  involucel 
investing  the  ovary  and  fruit  (achene).  Calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  the 
limb  cup-shaped,  without  a  pappus.  Corolla  nearly  regular,  4-cleft.  Stamens 
4,  inserted  on  the  corolla.  Style  slender.  —  Stout  and  coarse  biennials,  hairy 
or  prickly,  with  large  ovoid-ellipsoid  heads.  (Name  from  Si^ijv,  to  thirst, 
probably  because  the  united  cup-shaped  bases  of  the  leaves  in  some  species  hold 
water. ) 

1.  D.  SYLVESTRIS  Huds.     (WILD  T.)     Prickly;  leaves  lance-oblong,  toothed 
and  often  prickly  on  the  margin ;  leaves  of  the  involucre  slender,  ascending, 
longer  than  the  head ;  bracts  (chaff)  tapering  into  a  long  flexible  awn  with  a 
straight  point.  —  Roadsides,  rather  rare.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  D.   LACINIATOS  L.     Leaves  pinnatifid  or  bipihnatifid,  finely  and  rather 
conspicuously  ciliate;  leaves  of  the  involucre  lance-linear,  spreading,  usually 
shorter  than  the  head.  —  Established  at  Albany,  N.  Y.  (Peck}.     (Adv.  from  Eu. ) 

2.    SUCCiSA   (Rupp.)  Neck.     DEVIL'S-BIT 

Involucre  many-leaved.  Involucels  (often  called  outer  calyx)  closely  in- 
vesting the  ovary  and  fruit,  4-8-furrowed  throughout  their  entire  length,  pris- 
matic or  somewhat  fusiform,  the  limb  shortly  4-lobed  or  -toothed,  erect  or 
spreading.  Limb  of  the  true  calyx  minutely  5-toothed,  or  of  6  awns.  Corolla 
funnel-form  or  campanulate,  4(-5)-lobed.  Stamens  4,  borne  on  the  corolla. 


764  CUCURBIT  ACE  AE    (GOURD   FAMILY) 

(Name  from  succidere,  to  bite  off,  from  the  praemorse  rootstock. )     Often  united 
with  SCABIOSA  L. 

1.  S.  PRATENSIS  Moench.     Smoothish  or  hairy,  4-9  dm.  high  ;  leaves  chiefly 
basal,  oblanceolate,  undulate  or  entire,  the  cauline  mostly  2  pairs,  considerably 
reduced  ;  heads  subglobose  ;  involucels  somewhat  ^-angled,  villous,  4-toothed  ; 
calyx-limb  &-awned;  corolla   bright  blue.     (Scabiosa   Succisa  L.) — To  some 
extent  established  in  fields  about  Louisburg,  Cape  Breton  I.  (Macouri).     (Adv. 
from  Eu.) 

2.  S.  AUSTRALIS  (Wulf.)  Reichenb.     Tall,  loosely  and  mostly  trichotomously 
branched,  covered  above  with  minute  crisped  mostly  reflexed  gray  hairs  ;  leaves 
elongated-lanceolate ;   heads  8-15  mm.    in   diameter,    at  length  subcylindric ; 
involucels  glabrous,   somewhat  fusiform,    ^-ribbed,   with   small  crenate-lobed 
spreading  border;   calyx  shortly  5-toothed,  without  awns;  corolla  light  blue. 
(Scabiosa  Wulf.)  —  Locally  established  in  meadows,  etc.,  Mass.,  N.  Y.,  and  Pa. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 

3.   KNAUTIA  L. 

Involucre,  habit,  etc.,  much  as  in  the  preceding.  Chaff  wanting,  but  the 
receptacle  more  or  less  hairy.  Involucels  strongly  compressed,  the  limb  obscure, 
at  most  indicated  by  minute  teeth.  Calyx  cup-shaped,  the  limb  mostly  8-awned. 
Corolla  light  blue  to  lilac-purple,  rarely  pink  or  white.  (Dedicated  to  Christian 
Knaut,  1654-1716,  Saxon  physician  and  botanist.) 

1.  K.  ARVENSIS  (L.)  T.  Coulter.  Pubescent,  4-9  dm.  high,  few-branched; 
some  or  all  of  the  leaves  deeply  pinnatifid  or  bipinnatifid  ;  heads  depressed-hemi- 
spherical ;  corollas  lilac.  (Scabiosa  L.)  —  Dry  pastures,  etc.,  e.  Que.  and  N.  E. 
to  Pa. ,  locally  well  established  and  abundant.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

CUCURBITACEAE     (GOURD  FAMILY) 

Mostly  succulent  herbs  with  tendrils,  dioecious  or  monoecious  flowers,  the 
calyx-tube  adhering  to  the  1-3-celled  ovary,  and  the  5  or  usually  2^  stamens 
(i.e.  1  with  a  1-celled  and  2  with  2-celled  anthers)  commonly  united  by  their 
often  tortuous  anthers,  and  sometimes  also  by  the  filaments.  Fruit  (pepo) 
fleshy,  or  sometimes  membranaceous.  Limb  of  the  calyx  and  corolla  usually 
more  or  less  combined.  Stigmas  2  or  3.  Seeds  large,  usually  flat,  anatropoug 
with  no  albumen.  Cotyledons  leaf-like.  Leaves  alternate,  palmately  lobed  or 
veined.  —  Mostly  a  tropical  or  subtropical  family. 

*  Flowers  large,  yellow  ;  stem  trailing. 

1.  Cucurbita.    Corolla  campanulate,  deeply  5-lobed.    Fruit  large,  indehiscent,  fleshy. 

*  *  Flowers  small,  white  or  greenish ;  stems  high-climbing  by  tendrils. 

-»-  Fruit  prickly  ;  seeds  few,  erect  or  pendulous  ;  flowers  white ;  annual. 
•H-  Ovary  1-celled  ;  seed  solitary,  pendulous. 

2.  Sicyos.     Corolla  of  the  sterile  flowers  flat  and  spreading,  5-lobed.    Fruit  indehiscent. 

•H-  -H-  Ovary  2-3-celled  ;  seeds  few,  erect  or  ascending. 

3.  EchinocystiS.     Corolla  of  the  sterile  flowers  flat  and  spreading,  6-parted.     Anthers  8.    Fruit 

bladdery,  2-celled,  4-seeded,  bursting  at  the  top. 
+-  +-  Fruit  smooth ;  seeds  numerous,  horizontal,  attached  to  the  3-5  parietal  placentae  ;  perennial. 

4.  Melothria.     Flowers  small,  greenish ;  corolla  5-parted.    Slender,  climbing.     Fruit  small. 

1.   CUCURBITA    [Tourn.]  L.     GOURD.     SQUASH.     PUMPKIN 

Flowers  monoecious.  Corolla  campanulate,  deeply  5-lobed,  the  lobes  with 
recurved  tips.  Anthers  united,  1  of  them  1-locular,  the  others  2-locular.  Style 
short,  with  3  lobed  or  divided  stigmas.  Fruit  fleshy,  covered  by  a  firm  rind, 
with  many  horizontal  seeds.  —  Herbs,  with  annual  or  perennial  roots,  large 


CAMPANULACEAE    (BLUEBELL    FAMILY)  765 

cordate  angulate  or  lobed  leaves,  large  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils,  and  large 
fruits.  (Classical  Latin  name  for  a  gourd.) 

1.  C.  foetidlssima  H  B  K.  (MISSOURI  GOUKD,  FETID  WILD  PUMPKIN.)  Stems 
elongate,  scabrous,  from  a  thickish  fusiform  root ;  leaves  ovate,  the  margin 
somewhat  angulate,  denticulate,  densely  scabrous-pubescent,  somewhat  whitened 
beneath  ;  corolla  5-12  cm.  long  ;  fruit  smooth,  subglobose,  7-8  mm.  long.  —  Dry 
or  sandy  soil,  Mo.  to  s.  Cal.  and  Tex.  (Mex.) 

C.  MAXIMA  Duchesne  (SQUASH),  C.  MOSCHATA  Duchesne  (CROOKNECK  SQUASH), 
and  C.  PEPO  L.  (PUMPKIN)  are  familiar  in  cultivation,  and  incline  to  appear 
spontaneously  in  waste  places  south w.,  as  do  CUCUMIS  MELO  L.  (MUSKMELON), 
C.  SATIVUS  L.  (CUCUMBER),  CITRULLUS  VULGARIS  Schrad.  (WATERMELON), 
and  LAGENARIA  VULGARIS  Ser.  (GOURD). 

2.    SiCYOS  L.     ONE-SEEDED  BUR  CUCUMBER 

Flowers  monoecious.  Petals  5,  united  below  into  a  bell-shaped  or  flattish 
corolla.  Anthers  cohering  in  a  mass.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  a  single  suspended 
ovule  ;  style  slender  ;  stigmas  3.  Fruit  ovoid,  dry  and  indehiscent,  filled  by  the 
single  seed,  covered  with  barbed  prickly  bristles  which  are  readily  detached.  — 
Climbing  annuals,  with  3-forked  tendrils,  and  small  whitish  flowers  ;  the  sterile 
and  fertile  mostly  from  the  same  axils,  the  former  corymbed,  the  latter  in 
a  capitate  cluster,  long-peduncled.  (Greek  name  for  the  Cucumber.) 

1.  S.  angulatus  L.  Leaves  roundish-heart-shaped,  5-angled  or  -lobed,  the 
lobes  pointed  ;  plant  clammy-hairy.  — River-banks  and  damp  yards,  s.  Me.  and 
w.  Que.  to  Fla.,  w.  to  Minn.,  e.  Kan.,  and  Tex.  July-Sept. 

3.   ECHINOCYSTIS   T.  &  G.     WILD  BALSAM-APPLE 

Flowers  monoecious.  Petals  6,  lanceolate,  united  at  the  base  into  an  open 
spreading  corolla.  Anthers  more  or  less  united.  Ovary  2-celled,  with  2  erect 
ovules  in  each  cell ;  stigma  broad.  Fruit  fleshy,  at  length  dry,  clothed  with 
weak  prickles,  bursting  at  the  summit,  2-celled,  4-seeded,  the  inner  part  fibrous- 
netted.  Seeds  large,  flat,  with  a  thickish  hard  and  roughened  coat.  —  Tall 
climbing  annual,  nearly  smooth,  with  3-forked  tendrils,  thin  leaves,  and  very 
numerous  small  greenish-white  flowers  ;  the  sterile  in  compound  racemes  often 
3-4  dm.  long,  the  fertile  in  small  clusters  or  solitary,  from  the  same  axils. 
(Name  composed  of  ^x?I/<>*»  «  hedgehog,  and  Ktfo-m,  a  bladder,  from  the  prickly 
fruit.)  MICRAMPELIS  Raf. 

1.  E.  lobata  (Michx.)  T.  &  G.  Leaves  deeply  and  sharply  5-lobed ;  fruit 
ovoid,  5  cm.  long;  seeds  dark-colored. — Rich  soil  along  rivers,  N.  B.  to  Pa. 
and  Ky.,  w.  to  Man.  and  Tex.;  also  cultivated  for  arbors  and  freely  escaping. 
July-Oct. 

4.  MEL6THRIA  L. 

Flowers  polygamous  or  monoecious ;  the  sterile  campanulate,  the  corolla 
5-lobed  ;  the  fertile  with  the  calyx-tube  constricted  above  the  ovary,  then  cam- 
panulate. Anthers  more  or  less  united.  Berry  small,  pulpy,  filled  with  many 
flat  and  horizontal  seeds.  —  Tendrils  simple.  Flowers  very  small.  (Altered 
from  /j.-/i\(t}0pov,  an  ancient  name  for  a  sort  of  white  grape.) 

1.  M.  p&ndula  L.  Slender,  from  a  perennial  root,  climbing  ;  leaves  small, 
roundish  and  heart-shaped,  5-angled  or  -lobed,  roughish  ;  sterile  flowers  few,  in 
small  racemes ;  the  fertile  solitary,  greenish  or  yellowish  ;  berry  ovoid,  green, 
1  cm.  long.  — Copses,  Pa.  to  Fla.,  w.  to  Mo.  and  La. 

CAMPANULACEAE   (BLUEBELL  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  with  milky  juice,  alternate  leaves,  and  scattered  flowers ;  calyx  adher- 
ent to  the  ovary ;  the  regular  5-lobed  corolla  bell(rarely  wheels-shaped,  valvate 
in  the  bud;  the  5  stamens  usually  free  from  the  corolla.  Style  1,  usually  beset 
with  collecting  hairs  above  ;  stigmas  2  or  more.  Capsule  2-several-celled,  many- 


766  CAMPANULACEAE    (BLUEBELL   FAMILY^) 

seeded.     Seed  small,  anatropous,  with  a  straight  embryo  in  fleshy  albumen.  — 
Flowers  generally  blue  and  showy. 

*  Capsule  opening  by  pores  on  the  sides ;  anthers  free. 

1.  Specularia.     Corolla  rotate.     Capsule  slender-cylindric  or  -prismatic. 

2.  Campanula.     Corolla  campanulate  (rarely  with  flaring  limb).     Capsule  obconic  or  turbinate 

to  globose. 

*  *  Capsule  opening  by  valves  at  the  apex ;  anthers  connate  at  base. 

3.  Jasione.     Flowers  crowded  into  dense  involucrate  heads.    Corolla  with  slender  segments. 

1.   SPECULARIA   [Heist.]   Fabricius.     VENUS'S  LOOKING-GLASS 

Calyx  5(or  3-4)-lobed.  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  5-lobed.  Stamens  5,  sepa- 
rate  ;  the  membranaceous  hairy  filaments  shorter  than  the  anthers.  Stigmas  3. 
Capsule  prismatic  or  slender-cylindric,  3-celled,  opening  by  3  small  lateral  valves. 
—  Low  annuals,  with  axillary  blue  or  purplish  flowers,  in  American  species 
dimorphous,  the  earlier  small  and  cleistogamous.  (Name  from  Speculum  Ve- 
neris,  the  early  name  of  the  common  European  species.)  LEGOUZIA  Durande. 

1.  S.  perfoliata  (L.)  A.  DC.     Somewhat  hairy,  1-9  dm.  high  ;  leaves  round- 
ish or  ovate,  clasping  by  the  heart-shaped  base,  toothed  ;  flowers  sessile,  solitary 
or  2-3  together  in  the  axils,  only  the  upper  or  later  ones  having  a  conspicuous 
and  expanding  corolla  ;  capsule  ellipsoid,  short,  straight,  opening  rather  below 
the  middle  ;  seeds  lenticular.     (Legouzia  Britton.)  — Sterile  open  ground,  s.  Me. 
to  Ont.,  westw.  and  south w. 

2.  S.  biflbra  (fe.  &  P.)  Fisch.  &  Mey.    Similar ;  leaves  sessile,  ovate  or  ob- 
long, the  upper  narrower,  slightly  crenate  ;   flowers  solitary  or  by  2's  in  the 
axils,  the  lower  with  3-4  short  calyx-lobes,  the  upper  with  4-5  longer  lobes 
hardly  equaling  the  corolla ;  capsule  short-cylindric,  the  valves  near  the  summit. 
(Legouzia  Britton.)  —  Va.,  westw.  and  south  w. 

3.  S.  leptocarpa  (Nutt.)  Gray.     Minutely  hirsute  or  nearly  glabrous,  1.5-4 
dm.  high  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  with  flowers  closely  sessile  in  their  axils  ;  calyx- 
lobes  of  lower  flowers  3  ;  capsule  nearly  cylindrical,  1.5-2  cm.  long,  2  mm.  thick, 
inclined  to  curve,  opening  by  one  or  two  uplifted  valves  near  the  summit ;  seeds 
oblong.     (Legouzia  Britton.)  — Dry  open  ground,  w.  Mo.  and  Ark.  to  Col.  and 
w.  Tex.  —  Expanded  corolla  1-2  cm.  wide. 

2.   CAMPANULA   [Tourn.]   L.    BELLFLOWER 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Corolla  generally  bell-shaped,  5-lobed.  Stamens  5,  separate  ; 
the  filaments  broad  and  membranaceous  at  the  base.  Stigmas  and  cells  of  the 
capsule  3  in  our  species,  the  short  pod  opening  on  the  sides  by  as  many  valves 
or  holes.  —  Herbs,  with  terminal  or  axillary  flowers.  (A  diminutive  of  the 
Italian  campana,  a  bell,  from  the  shape  of  the  corolla.) 

a.    Flowers  in  glomerules,  spikes,  or  racemes,  mostly  numerous  5. 

&.   Flowers  sessile,  chiefly  in  glomerules  or  leafy-bracted  heads        .        .    1.    C.  glomerata. 

b.  Flowers  distinctly  pediceled. 

Calyx  and  outer  surface  of  unexpanded  corolla  bristly-ciliate  with 

long  pale  trichomes 2.   C.  Trackelium. 

Calyx  and  corolla  smooth,  or  the  former  minutely  pubescent ;  ra- 
cemes elongate  and  spiciform. 
Corolla  campanulate  ;  style  straight ;  capsule  campanulate-ovoid, 

opening  by  pores  at  the  base     . 8.    C.  rapunculoides, 

Corolla  rotate ;    style  declined  and  upwardly  curved ;  capsule 

obconic  to  subcylindric,  the  pores  at  the  summit    .        .        .4.    C.  americana. 
(i.    Flowers  1-co ,  on  slender  peduncles  or  in  loose  inflorescences   e. 

c.  Style  not  exserted. 

Sterns  smooth  (rarely  villous),  not  retrorse-scabrous  on  the  angles  ;  ' 

leaves  not  retrorse-scabrous  on  the  nerves  and  margin      .        .  5.    (7.  rotundifolia. 
Stems  retrorse-scabrous  on  the  angles  ;  leaves  with  retrorse-sca- 
brous nerves  and  margin. 

Corolla  2-3  cm.  long ,        .  6.    C.  patula. 

Corolla  shorter. 

Peduncles  strongly  divergent ;  corolla  5-8  mm.  long         .        .  1.    C.  aparinoides. 
Peduncles  ascending ;  corolla  10-12  mm.  long    .        .        .        .8.    G.uliginosa. 

e.   Style  long-exserted 9.    C.  divaricata. 


CAMPANULACEAE   (BLUEBELL  FAMILY)  767 

1.  C.  GLOMER\TA  L.     (CLUSTERED  B.)     Somewhat  hairy,  stout  and  erect, 
3-6  dm.  high  ;  basal  leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong-ovate,  long-petioled  ;  stem-leaves 
oblong  or  lanceolate,  cordate-clasping ;  flowers  sessile,  clustered  in  the  upper 
axils,  forming  a  leafy  head ;  corolla  open-bell-shaped,  deep  purple,  2-3  cm.  long. 
—  Roadsides,  Que.  and  e.  Mass.     June,  July.     (Introd.  from  Eurasia.) 

2.  C.  TRACHELIUM  L.     (NETTLE-LEAVED  B.,  THROATWORT.)     Stems  simple 
below,  3-9  dm.  high,  often  bristly  above  ;  basal  leaves  broadly  cordate-ovate  to 
reniform,  coarsely  toothed  ;  the  upper  short-petioled  or  subsessile,  ovate  to  lanceo- 
late'; flowers  in  2's  or  3's  (rarely  solitary)  in  terminal  and  axillary  loose  clus- 
ters ;  calyx  bristly,  the  oblong-lanceolate  lobes  somewhat  f oliaceous ;  corolla 
2.5-3.5  cm.  long.  —  Roadsides  and  thickets,  Quebec  to  Montreal,  etc.      Aug. 
(Introd.  from  Eurasia.) 

3.  C.  RAPUNCDLOIDES  L.     Stems  slender,  6-10  dm.  high,  smoothish,  or  finely 
pubescent  above ;    lower  leaves  long-petioled,  cordate-ovate ;  the  upper  ovate- 
lanceolate,  short-petioled  to  sessile,  irregularly  serrate-dentate,  hispidulous  be- 
neath;  flowers  nodding,  single  in  the  axils  of  bracts,  forming  racemes'  calyx 
and  capsule  scabrous-puberulent ;  corolla  campanulate,  2-3  cm.  long ;  capsule 
opening  by  pores  at  base.  —  Roadsides,  thickets,  etc.,  e.  Que.  to  Ont.,  O.,  and 
s.  N.  Y.     July,  Aug.     (Introd.  from  Eurasia.)     Var.  UCR^NICA  (Bess.)  C.  Koch. 
Smoother;  the  calyx  and  capsule  essentially  glabrous.  —  Similar  situations,  Que. 
and  N.  E.     (Introd.  from  Russia.) 

4.  C.  americana  L.     (TALL  B.)     Annual;  stem  mostly  simple,  0.5-1.8  m. 
high ;  leaves  ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  serrate,  mostly  on  mar- 
gined petioles,  thin,  somewhat  hairy,  0.5-1.5  dm.  long;  spiciform  raceme  3-6 
dm.  long,  the  flowers  solitary  or  clustered  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves  and 
bracts;  corolla  rotate,  light  blue,  2.5  cm.  broad;  capsule  glabrous,  opening  by 
pores  at  the  summit.  — Moist  rich  soil,  Ont.  and  N.  Y.  to  Neb.,  s.  to  Ga.  and 
Ark.     June-Aug. 

5.  C.  rotundifblia  L.     (HAREBELL,  BLUEBELL.)     Slender  perennial,  simple 
to  freely  branched,  1-5  dm.  high,  1-15-flowered ;  basal  leaves  (rarely  present  on 
the  flowering  stems)  round-heart-shaped  to  ovate,  mostly  toothed,  long-petioled, 
early  withering ;  stem-leaves  numerous,  linear  or  narrowly  lanceolate,  smooth  ; 
calyx-lobes  awl-shaped,  from  £-f  the  length  of  the  purplish-blue  corolla  (1.5-2.5 
cm.  long)  ;   capsule  nodding,  short-ovoid  to  subcylindric,  opening  by  pores  at 
base.  —  Open  or  rocky  banks,   meadows,  shores,  etc.,  widely  distributed  in 
boreal  regions,  extending  south  in  our  range  to  N.  J.,  the  Great  L.  region,  and 
Neb.     (Eurasia.)  — Extremely  variable  in  stature,  degree  of  branching,  number 
and  size  of  flowers,  texture  of  foliage,  divergence  of  calyx-lobes,  etc.,  characters 
which  seem  to  respond  readily  to  slight  changes  of  environment.     Typical  C. 
rotundifolia  of  Eurasia,  with  the  stems  closely  puberulent  all  over  at  base,  is 
comparatively  scarce  in  eastern  America,  but  becomes  common  westw.    With 
us  it  passes  to  a  commoner  form  (C.  intercedens  Witasek)  in  which  the  stems 
are  glabrous  or  have  the  hairs  confined  to  lines  at  the  base  of  the  stem.     This 
in  exposed  situations  becomes  dwarfed  and  rigid  (var.  arctica  Man.  ed.  6,  and 
perhaps  Lange  ;  var.  Langsdorflana  Britton  ;  C.  dubia  A.  DC.).     In  shade  the 
leaves  are  thin  and  elongate,  in  exposed  situations  firmer  and  shorter,  characters 
upon  which  other  artificial  separations  are  sometimes  made. 

Var.  velutina  DC.     Stems  and  leaves  canescent  with  close  pubescence. — 
Sand  hills  of  Burt  Lake,  Mich.  (E.  J.  Hill}.     (Eu.) 

6.  C.  PA^TULA  L.    Erect  slender  annual  or  biennial,  simple  or  with  long  as- 
cending branches  ;   stems  retrorse-scabrous  on  the  angles,  in  age  smoothish  ; 
basal  leaves  spatulate  or  obovate,  the  cauline  lanceolate  to  linear  and  sessile, 
entire  or  crenate,  the  nerves  beneath  and  often  the  margins  retrorse-scabrous; 
flowers  long-peduncled  ;   calyx-lobes  linear-lanceolate ;   corolla  2-3  cm.  long, 
purplish;  capsule  obconic,  opening  by  pores  at  summit.  —  Locally  in  fields,  Ct. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

7.  C.  aparinoides  Pursh.      (MARSH  B.)     Stem  simple   or  branched,  weak, 
2-6  dm.  long,  somewhat  3-angled,  rough  backward  on  the  angles,  as  are  the 
slightly  toothed  edges  and  midrib  of  the  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate  soft 
leaves ;  flowers  chiefly  terminating  strongly  divergent  leafy  branches ;  lobes  of 


768  LOBEL1ACEAE    (LOBELIA   FAMILY) 

the  calyx  triangular,  half  the  length  of  the  bell-shaped  nearly  ivhite  corolla  (5-8 
mm.  long);  capsule  erect.  —  Wet  grassy  ground,  Me.  to  Neb.,  s.  to  Ga.,  Ky.,  and 
111.  June-Aug.  —  With  the  habit  of  a  Galium. 

8.  C.  uliginbsa  Rydb.     tftiffer  ;  leaves  linear  or  elongate-lanceolate  ;  flowers 
chiefly  borne  on  simple  naked  erect  or  ascending  leafless  peduncles  (2.5-5.5  cm. 
long);   corolla   bluish,  10-12  mm.  long.  —  Meadows  and  wet  shores,  N.  B.  to 
N.  Y.,  la.,  and  Sask.     July,  Aug. 

9.  C.  divaricata  Michx.     Very  smooth  ;  stem  loosely  branched,  3-9  dm.  high ; 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed  at  both  ends,  coarsely  and  sharply  toothed; 
flowers  numerous  in  a  large  compound  panicle  ;  calyx-lobes  awl-shaped,  about 
half  the  length  of  the  small  pale  blue  corolla  (6-8  mm.  long);  style  exserted.  — 
Dry  woods  and  rocks,  mts.  of  Va.  to  Ky.,  and  south w. 

3.    JASI6NE   L.     SHEEP' S-BIT 

Calyx  5-lobed.  Corolla  with  5  very  narrow  lobes.  Anthers  united  at  base 
into  a  ring  about  the  style.  Capsule  opening  by  2  valves.  —  Herbs  with  small 
flowers  in  involucrate  heads.  (Name  used  by  Theophrastus,  perhaps  for  Con- 
volvulus sepium.) 

1.  J.  MONTANA  L.  Annual  or  biennial,  2-5  dm.  high,  simple  or  branching ; 
leaves  linear  or  lanceolate  ;  flowers  blue,  in  heads  1-2  cm.  broad. — Fields  and 
roadsides,  especially  about  Newport,  R.  I.;  also  sparingly  elsewhere,  from  Mass, 
to  N.  Y.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

LOBELIACEAE    (LOBELIA  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  with  acrid  milky  juice,  alternate  leaves,  and  scattered  flowers,  an  irreg- 
ular gamopetalous  5-lobed  corolla,  the  5  stamens  free  from  the  corolla  and  united 
into  a  tube  commonly  by  their  filaments  and  always  by  their  anthers.  Calyx- 
tube  adherent  to  the  many-seeded  pod.  Style  1  ;  stigma  often  fringed.  Seeds 
anatropous,  with  a  small  straight  embryo,  in  copious  albumen.  —  Often  united 
with  the  preceding  family. 

1.   LOBELIA   [Plumier]   L. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  with  a  short  tube.  Corolla  with  a  straight  tube  split  down  on 
the  (apparently)  upper  side,  somewhat  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  of  2  rather  erect 
lobes,  the  lower  lip  spreading  and  3-cleft.  Two  of  the  anthers  in  our  species 
bearded  at  the  top.  Pod  2-celled,  many-seeded,  opening  at  the  top. — Flowers 
axillary  or  chiefly  in  bracted  racemes  ;  in  summer  and  early  autumn.  (Dedi- 
cated to  Matthias  de  VObel,  an  early  Flemish  herbalist.) 

*  Flowers  deep  red,  large  ;  stem  simple. 

1.  L.  cardinalis  L.     (CARDINAL-FLOWER.)     Tall  (0.5-1.3  m.  high),  perennial 
by  offsets,  smoothish ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  slightly  toothed  ;  raceme  elon- 
gated, rather  _l-sided,  the  pedicels  much  shorter  than  the  leaf-like  bracts  ;  the 
large  corolla  intensely  red,  rarely  rose-color  or  white.  —  Low  grounds,  s.  N.  B. 
to  Ont. ,  and  southw.  —  Hybrids  with  the  next  species  occur. 

*  *  Flowers  blue,  or  blue  variegated  with  white. 

•«-  Flowers  rather  large  (corolla-tube  1-1.3  cm.  long},  spicate-racemose ;  stems 
leafy,  0.3-1  m.  high;  perennial. 

++  Leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate,  numerous;  lip  of  corolla  glabrous. 

2.  L.  siphilitica  L.     (GREAT  LOBELIA.)     Somewhat  hairy ;  leaves  thin,  acute 
at  both  ends,  0.5-1.5  dm.  long,  irregularly  serrate ;  flowers  nearly  2.5  cm.  long, 
pediceled,  longer  than  the  leafy  bracts ;  corolla  light  blue,  rarely  white  ;  calyx 
hirsute,  the  sinuses  with  conspicuous  deflexed  auricles,  the  short  tube  hemispheri- 
cal.— Low  grounds,  Me.  to  Ont.,  westw.  and  southw.;  rare  eastw. 


LOBELIACEAE   (LOBELIA    FAMILY)  769 

3.  L.  pub6rula  Michx.     Finely  soft-pubescent;  leaves  thickish,  obtuse,  2.5-5 
cm.  long,  with  small  glandular  teeth  ;  spike  rather  1-sided  ;  bracts  ovate  ;  sinuses 
of  the  calyx  with  short  and  rounded  or  often  inconspicuous  auricles,  the  hairy 
tube  top-shaped;  corolla  bright  blue,  1.5-2  cm.  long.  —  Moist  sandy  grounds, 
N.  J.  to  la.,  s.  to  Tex.  and  Fla. 

4.  L.  amoena  Michx.     Glabrous  or  nearly  so ;  raceme  virgate  ;  leaves  nar- 
rower ;  bracts  lanceolate  or  linear,  often  glandular-denticulate  ;  calyx-lobes  long 
and  very  slender,  usually  without  auricles,  the  tube  glabrous.  —  South  Atlantic 
States,  in  swamps.     Var.  GLANDULfFERA  Gray.     A  slender  form  with  secund 
raceme,  oval  to  lance-oblong  obtuse  gland-toothed  leaves,  and  the  bracts  and 
calyx-teeth  beset  with  slender  gland-tipped  teeth.  — Del.,  and  south w. 

-M-  -M-  Leaves  long  and  narrow,  sparse  above;  lip  of  corolla  pubescent  at  base. 

5.  L.  glandulbsa  Walt.     Glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent ;  leaves,  bracts,  and 
usually  the  lobes  of  the  calyx  strongly  glandular-toothed  ;  calyx-tube  densely 
hispid,  rarely  sparsely  so  or  smoothish,  the  sinuses  not  auriculate.  —  Pine  barren 
swamps,  s.  Va.  to  Fla. 

•*-  -i-  Flowers  smaller  (corolla-tube  not  more  than  4-8  mm.  long'}. 

•*-*•  Stem  leafy,  mostly  simple,  continued  into  an  elongated  virgate  spike-like  ra- 
ceme ;  leaves  lanceolate  to  obovate,  barely  denticulate  or  repand. 

6.  L.  Iept6stachys  A.  DC.     Smooth  above  ;  leaves  obtuse,  thick,  denticulate, 
oblong-lanceolate,  the  upper  gradually  reduced  to  awl-shaped  bracts  ;   calyx-- 
lobes nearly  equaling  the  corolla,  with  10  reflexed  awl-shaped  appendages  as  long 
as  the  hemispherical  tube. — Sandy  soil,  O.  to  Kan.;  also  Va.  to  Ga. ;  rarely 
adventive  in  the  Northeast. 

7.  L.  spicata  Lam.    Stem  slender,  strict,  0.3-1  m.  high,  minutely  pubescent 
below,  as  are  the  barely  denticulate  leaves ;  lower  leaves  obovate  or  spatulate, 
the  upper  reduced  to  linear  or  club-shaped  bracts ;  calyx-tube  short,  obconical 
or  becoming  almost  hemispherical,   sinuses  not  appendaged. — Moist  or  dry 
mostly  gravelly  or  sandy  soil,  P.  E.  I.  to  Ont.,  westw.  and  southw.     Var.  PARVI- 
FLORA  Gray.    A  small  form,  with  calyx-lobes  broadly  subulate,  and  pale  corolla 
but  6  mm.  long.  —  Swamps,  Lancaster,  Pa.  (Porter).      Var.  HIRTELLA  Gray. 
With  somewhat  scabrous  pubescence,  and  minutely  hirsute-ciliate  bracts  and 
calyx-lobes.  —  111.,  Mich.,  and  northwestw. 

•*-<•  •»-»•  Stem  leafy,  often  paniculately  branched  ;  flowers  loosely  racemose  ;  sinuses 
of  calyx  not  appendaged  ;  annual  or  biennial. 

=  Leaves  chiefly  linear,  entire  or  denticulate  ;  pod  not  inflated. 

8.  L.  Canbyi  Gray.     Stem  strict,  3-9  dm.  high,  minutely  angled  ;  pedicels 
shorter  than  the  bracts  and  flowers,  minutely  roughened  under  a  lens  ;  bractlets 
none ;  calyx-tube  top-shaped,  acute  at  base,  only  half  the  length  of  the  lobes 
(which,  with  the  linear  leaves,  are  sparsely  glandular-denticulate),  in  fruit  be- 
coming ellipsoid,  covering  the  whole  pod  ;  corolla  deep  blue,  fully  1  cm.  long, 
more  or  less  bearded  in  the  throat.  —  Wet  places,  N.  J.,  Del.,  and  S.  C. 

9.  L.  Kalmii  L.     Stem  mostly  low  (1-5  dm.  high),  minutely  angled  ;  pedicels 
filiform,  not  exceeding  the  linear  or  setaceous  bracts,  but  as  long  as  the  flower, 
minutely  2-bracteolate  or  2-glandular  above  the  middle  ;  calyx-tube  top-shaped  or 
obovoid,  fully  half  the  length  of  the  lobes,  in  fruit  rather  longer  than  they,  cov- 
ering the  whole  pod;  corolla  light  blue,  1  cm.   long. —  Wet  limestone  shores 
and  bogs,  Nfd.  to  N.  J.,  w.  to  n.  la.,  Minn.,  and  Man. 

10.  L.  Nuttallii  R.  &  S.     Stem  very  slender,  3-9  dm.  high,  terete  ;  pedicels 
mostly  longer  than  the  bracts  and  shorter  than  the  flowers,  usually  with  very 
minute  bractlets  near  the  base  ;  calyx-tube  very  short,  depressed-hemispherical 
in  fruit,  the  globular  pod  half  free;  corolla  pale  blue,  5-8  mm.  long.  —  Sandy 
swamps,  L.  I.,  N.  J.,  and  Pa.  to  Ga. 

=  =  Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  obtusely  toothed  ;  pod  inflated,  wholly  inferior. 

11.  L.  inflata  L.     (INDIAN  TOBACCO.)     Stems  paniculately  much  branched 
from  an  annual  root,  pubescent  with  spreading  hairs,  3-8  dm.  high;   leaves 

GRAY'S  MANUAL — 49 


fl 

la 


770  COMPOSITAE    (COMPOSITE   FAMILY) 

gradually  diminishing  into  leaf-like  bracts,  which  exceed  the  lower  short-pedi- 
celed  flowers ;  calyx-tube  ovoid  ;  corolla  only  3-4  mm.  long.  —  Dry  open  fields 
arid  thickets.  —  Plant  poisonous  and  a  noted  quack  medicine. 

•w-  -M.  n-t.  Stem  scape-like,  mostly  simple,  hollow ;  leaves  fleshy ;  fibrous-rooted 
perennials,  very  glabrous,  mostly  aquatic,  with  pale  blue  or  whitish  flowers. 

12.  L.  paludbsa  Nutt.     Nearly  smooth  ;  stem  slender,  0.3-1.2  m.  high  ;  leaves 

a  at,  scattered  near  the  base,  linear-spatulate  or  oblong-linear,  glandular-denticu- 
te,  mostly  tapering  into  a  petiole  ;  lower  lip  of  corolla  bearded  in  the  middle  ; 
calyx-tube  about  half  the  length  of  the  short  lobes,  hemispherical  in  fruit.  — 
In  water  (but  foliage  emerging),  Del.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

13.  L.  Dortmanna  L.     (WATER  LOBELIA.)      Very  smooth  ;   scape  thickish, 
1-5  (or  in  deep  water  even  9)  dm.  high,  few-flowered ;  leaves  all  tufted  at  the 
base,  linear,  terete,  hollow,  with  a  partition  lengthwise  ;  lower  lip  of  corolla 
slightly  hairy ;  calyx-tube  about  as  long  as  the  lobes,  in  fruit  much  longer.  — 
Borders  of  ponds  (often  immersed),  Nfd.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  and  north westw.     (Eu.) 

COMP6SITAE     (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

Flowers  in  a  close  head  (the  compound  flower  of  the  older  botanists),  on  a 
common  receptacle,  surrounded  by  an  involucre,  with  5  (rarely  4)  stamens  in- 
serted on  the  corolla,  their  anthers  united  in  a  tube  (syngenesious).  Calyx-tube 
united  with  the  1-celled  ovary,  the  limb  (called  a  pappus)  crowning  its  summit 
in  the  form  of  bristles,  awns,  scales,  teeth,  etc.,  or  cup-shaped,  or  else  entirely 
absent.  Corolla  either  strap-shaped  or  tubular ;  in  the  latter  chiefly  5-lobed, 
valvate  in  the  bud,  the  veins  bordering  the  margins  of  the  lobes.  Style  2-cleft 
at  the  apex  (in  sterile  flowers  usually  entire).  Fruit  seed-like  (achene),  dry, 
containing  a  single  erect  anatropous  seed,  with  no  albumen. — An  immense 
family,  in  temperate  regions  chiefly  herbs,  without  stipules,  with  perfect,  polyga- 
mous, monoecious,  or  dioecious  flowers.  The  flowers  with  a  strap-shaped 
(ligulate}  corolla  are  called  rays  or  ray-flowers  •  the  head  which  presents  such 
flowers,  either  throughout  or  at  the  margin,  is  radiate.  The  tubular  flowers 
compose  the  disk ;  and  a  head  which  has  no  ray-flowers  is  said  to  be  discoid. 
When  the  head  contains  two  sorts  of  flowers  it  is  said  to  be  heterogamous ;  when 
only  one  sort,  homogamous.  The  leaves  of  the  involucre,  of  whatever  form  or 
texture,  are  termed  bracts.  The  bracts  or  scales,  which  often  grow  on  the  re- 
ceptacle among  the  flowers,  are  called  the  chaff;  when  these  are  wanting,  the 
receptacle  is  said  to  be  naked.  The  largest  family  of  phaenogamous  plants. 
The  genera  are  divided  by  the  corolla  into  three  series,  only  two  of  which  are 
represented  in  our  region.  The  first  is  much  the  larger. 

SERIES  I.     TUBULIFL6RAE 

Corolla  tubular  in  all  the  perfect  flowers,  regularly  5 (rarely  3-4)-lobed,  ligu- 
late  only  in  the  marginal  or  ray-flowers,  which  when  present  are  either  pistillate 
only,  or  neutral  (with  neither  stamens  nor  pistil). 

Tribe  I.  VERNONlEAE.  Heads  discoid  ;  the  flowers  all  alike,  perfect  and  tubular,  never  yellow. 
Branches  of  the  style  long  and  slender,  terete,  thread-shaped,  minutely  bristly-hairy  all  over. 
Leaves  alternate  or  scattered. 

1.  Vernonia.     Heads  several-many-flowered,  separate.      Involucre  of  many  bracts.     Pappus 

double,  the  inner  capillary,  the  outer  of  minute  chaffy  bristles. 

2.  Elephantopus.     Heads  2-5-flowered,  several  crowded  together  into  a  compound  head.    In- 

volucre of  8  bracts.     Pappus  of  several  chaffy  bristles. 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  771 

Itibe  II.  BUPATORlEAE.  Heads  discoid ;  the  flowers  all  alike,  perfect  and  tubular,  never  yel- 
low. Branches  of  the  style  thickened  upward  or  club-shaped,  obtuse,  very  minutely  and 
uniformly  pubescent ;  the  stigmatic  lines  indistinct. 

*  Pappus  a  row  of  hard  oval  obtuse  scales. 
8.  Sclerolepis.    Head  many-flowered.    Bracts  of  the  involucre  equal.    Leaves  whorled. 

*  *  Pappus  of  slender  bristles, 
-t-  Achene  5-angled ;  bristles  of  the  pappus  roughish. 

4.  Eupatorium.    Involucre  of  more  than  4  bracts  and  the  flowers  few  or  many.     Stems  not 

twining. 

5.  Mikania.    Flowers  and  involucral  bracts  only  4.    Stems  twining. 

+-  +-  Achene  10-ribbed  ;  involucral  bracts  striate-nerved. 

6.  Trilisa.     Pappus  minutely  barbellate.    Corolla  rose-purple.    Heads  corymbed  or  panicled, 

the  involucre  little  imbricated. 

7.  Brickellia.     Involucral  bracts  in  several  series.     Pappus  merely  scabrous. 

8.  Kuhnia.     Pappus  very  strongly  plumose.     Bracts  of  the  involucre  few. 

9.  Liatris.     Pappus  plumose  or  only  barbellate.     Corolla  red-purple,  strongly  5-lobed.     Heads 

spicate  or  racemose,  the  involucre  well  imbricated. 

Tribe  III.  ASTEREAE.  Heads  discoid,  the  flowers  all  alike  and  tubular ;  or  else  radiate,  the 
outer  ones  ligulate  and  pistillate.  Anthers  not  caudate  at  base.  Branches  of  the  style  in  the 
perfect  flowers  flat,  smooth  up  to  where  the  conspicuous  marginal  stigmatic  lines  abruptly 
terminate,  and  prolonged  above  this  into  a  flattened  lance-shaped  or  triangular  appendage 
which  is  evenly  hairy  all  around  or  pubescent  outside.  Leaves  alternate.  Eeceptacle  naked 
(destitute  of  chaff)  in  all  our  species. 

*  Kay-flowers  yellow  (in  one  species  of  no.  15  whitish),  or  sometimes  none  at  all. 
*-  Pappus  of  not  numerous  slender  bristles  ;  heads  radiate  ;  involucre  of  firm  bracts  with  greenish 
tips,  commonly  coated  with  resin. 

10.  Grindelia.    Heads  large,  many-flowered.    Flowers  all  fertile.    Pappus  of  2-8  rigid  caducous 

awns.     Coarse  herbs  with  toothed  leaves. 

11.  Gutierrezia.     Heads  small,  numerous.     Ray-  and  disk-flowers  8  or  4  each,  all  fertile.     Pappus 

of  several  short  chaffy  scales.    Suffrutescent ;  leaves  very  narrow. 

12.  Amphiachyris.     Heads  small.     Ray -flowers  5-10 ;  pappus  coroniform.    Disk-flowers  infer- 

tile ;  pappus  of  several  bristle-like  scales.    Annual ;  leaves  very  narrow. 
•*-  •*-  Pappus  (at  least  of  the  disk)  of  copious  slender  or  capillary  bristles. 
•H-  Pappus  double. 

13.  Heterotheca.    Resembling  Chrysopsis,  but  the  achenes  of  the  ray  thicker  than  those  of  the 

disk  and  without  pappus  or  nearly  so.    Western. 

14.  Chrysopsis.     Heads  many-flowered  ;  rays  numerous.    The  outer  pappus  of  very  small  chaffy 

bristles,  much  shorter  than  the  inner  of  copious  capillary  bristles. 
•H-  -H-  Pappus  simple. 

15.  Solidago.    Heads  few-many-flowered ;  rays  1-16.    Pappus  of  numerous  slender  and  equal 

capillary  bristles. 

16.  Brachychaeta.     Heads  8-10-flowered,  clustered ;  rays  4  or  5.     Pappus  a  row  of  minute 

bristles,  shorter  than  the  achene. 

17.  Aplopappus.     Heads  many-flowered,  many-radiate.     Involucre  hemispherical.     Pappus  of 

many  unequal  bristles.     Western. 

18.  Bigelowia.    Heads  8-4-flowered  ;  rays  none.    Receptacle  awl-shaped.    Pappus  a  single  row 

of  capillary  bristles. 

*  *  Ray -flowers  white,  blue,  pink,  or  purple,  scarcely  ever  yellow. 

•i-  Pappus  none  or  very  short,  with  or  without  a  few  awns. 

•H-  Receptacle  conical ;  awns  none. 

19.  Bellis      Achenes  marginless,  flattened  ;  pappus  none.     Involucral  bracts  equal. 

++  -H-  Receptacle  flat  or  convex  ;  pappus  usually  with  awns. 

20.  Chaetopappa.     Achenes  fusiform  ;  pappus  of  5  or  fewer  thin  chaffy  scales  and  often  alter 

nating  awns.     Western. 


772  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

21.  Boltonia.     Achenes  very  flat,  thick-winged  ;  pappus  of  short  bristles  and  usually  2-4  awns. 

-t-  +-  Pappus  of  numerous  long  and  capillary  bristles  ;  receptacle  flat. 

22.  Aster.    Heads  many-flowered,  on  leafy  peduncles.    Involucral  bracts  mostly  unequal,  loosely 

or  closely  imbricated.     Achenes  Saltish  ;  pappus  simple  (rarely  double),  copious. 

23.  Erigeron.     Heads  many-flowered,  on  naked  peduncles.     Involucre  of  narrow  equal  bracts, 

little  imbricated.    Achenes  flattened  ;  pappus  simple  and  rather  scanty,  or  with  some 
outer  minute  scales. 

24.  Sericocarpus.     Heads  12-20-flowered ;  rays  4  or  5.     Involucre  subcylindric  or  club-shaped, 

imbricated,  cartilaginous.     Achenes  short,  narrowed  downward,  silky. 
*  *  *  Rays  none  ;  heads  dioecious  (all  pistillate  or  all  staminate). 

25.  Baccharis.     Heads  many-flowered.     Pappus  capillary.     Smooth  glutinous  shrubs. 

Tribe  IV.  INULEAE.  Heads  discoid  (radiate  only  in  Inula),  the  pistillate  flowers  mostly  filiform 
and  truncate.  Anthers  sagittate,  the  basal  lobes  attenuate  into  tails.  Style-branches  with  un- 
appendaged  obtuse  or  truncate  naked  tips.  Pappus  capillary  or  none. 

*  Receptacle  flat,  naked  ;  involucre  not  scarious,  imbricated  ;  not  woolly. 

26.  Pluchea.     Heads  containing  a  few  perfect  but  sterile  flowers  in  the  center,  and  many  pistillate 

fertile  ones  around  them.     Pappus  capillary. 

*  *  Receptacle  chaffy  ;  involucral  bracts  few,  mostly  scarious  ;  low  floccose-woolly  annuals  ;  flowers 

as  in  no.  26. 

27.  Gifola.     Receptacle  subulate.    Achenes  terete.    Outer  flowers  without  pappus. 

*  *  *  Receptacle  naked  ;  involucral  bracts  many,  scarious  ;  floccose-woolly  herbs. 

28.  Antennaria.    Heads  dioecious.     Pappus  of  sterile  flowers  club-shaped  or  barbellate,  of  the 

fertile  capillary,  united  at  base  and  deciduous  together. 

29.  Anaphalis.     Heads  dioecious  or  nearly  so.     Pappus  not  thickened  above  nor  at  all  united  at 

base. 

30.  Gnaphalium.     Heads  all  fertile  throughout.     Pappus  all  capillary. 

*  *  *  *  Heads  radiate  ;  receptacle  naked  ;  involucre  herbaceous  ;  pappus  copious. 

31.  Inula.     Heads  large,  many-flowered.     Flowers  yellow.     Stout  perennial. 

*****  Corollas  all  somewhat  broadly  tubular  and  lobed  ;  involucre  not  scarious ;  receptacle  naked  ; 

pappus  none. 

82.  Adenocaulon.      Heads   few -flowered  and  bracts  few ;  outer  flowers  pistillate.     Somewhat 
woolly. 

Tribe  V.  HELIANTHEAE.  Heads  radiate  or  discoid.  Involucre  not  scarious  (nut-like  in  fruit  in 
nos.  40,  41,  and  42).  Receptacle  chaffy.  Pappus  never  capillary,  sometimes  none.  Anthers 
not  caudate.  Style-branches  truncate  or  hairy-appendaged. 

*  Ray-flowers  fertile  and  ligulate  (sometimes  obscurely  so);  disk-flowers  sterile. 

-I-  Achenes  thickish,  not  strongly  flattened  either  way. 

33.  Polyrrmia.     Achenes  partially  enveloped  by  the  inner  bracts  of  the  involucre,  these  unarmed. 

Perennials. 

34.  Acanthospermum.     Achenes  closely  invested  by  the  glochidiate  or  prickly  inner  involucral 

bracts.     Annuals, 
•i-  -i-  Achenes  strongly  flattened  parallel  to  the  bracts  of  the  involucre,  i.e.  obcom pressed. 

35.  Silphium.     Achenes  wing-margined,  in  several  rows  ;  pappus  none  or  of  2  teeth.    Bracts  of 

the  involucre  thick,  in  several  rows. 

36.  Berlandiera.    Achenes  wingless,  5-12  in  one  row,  without  pappus.    Involucral  bracts  thin, 

obovate,  the  outer  smaller  and  more  foliaceous. 

37.  Chrysogonum.     Achenes  wingless,  about  5;  pappus  a  one-sided  2-3-toothed  crown.    Inner 

bracts  5,  chaff-like,  the  outer  5  longer  and  leaf-like. 

38.  Parthenium.    Rays  5,  very  short,  persistent.     Pappus  of  2  small  chaffy  scales.     Involucral 

bracts  short,  roundish,  in  2  rows. 
*  *  None  of  the  flowers  ligulate,  the  fertile  few  (1-5),  with  minute  tubular  corolla  or  none. 

-*-  Heads  alike. 
89.  lya.    Achenes  short,  thick.     Involucre  of  few  roundish  bracts. 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  773 

+-  •*-  Heads  of  two  kinds,  the  fertile  with  a  tubcrculate  or  bur-like  involucre. 

40.  Ambrosia.      Bracts  of  staminate  involucre  united;  fertile  involucre  with  a  single  row  ol 

tubercles  near  the  summit.    Fruiting  head  1-seeded. 

41.  Franseria.      Staminate  involucre  as  in  no.  40;    fertile  involucre  with  more  than  1  row  of 

tubercles  or  prickles.    Fruiting  head  2-4-seeded. 

42.  Xanthium.     Bracts  of  the  staminate  involucre  distinct.    Fruiting  head  1-4-celled,  1-4-beaked. 

*  *  *  Disk-flowers  fertiJo,  their  corollas  funnel-form  ;  anthers  blackish  ;  pappus  none,  or  a  crown 

or  cup,  or  of  1-2  chaffy  awns,  neither  capillary,  nor  of  several  uniform  chaffy  scales  ;  leaves 
more  commonly  opposite. 

+-  Eays  persistent  upon  the  mature  achenes. 

43.  Heliopsis.     Ray-flowers  fertile.     Achenes  4-sided.     Leaves  opposite. 

+-  +-  Rays  deciduous  or  absent. 
•H-  Chaff  of  the  flat  receptacle  bristle-shaped. 

44.  Eclipta.     Rays  short.     Involucral  bracts  10-12,  in  two  rows,  herbaceous. 

*+  -H-  Chaff  scale-like,  embracing  or  subtending  the  achenes. 
=--  Involucre  double  ;  the  outer  forming  an  angled  cup. 

45.  Tetragonotheca.     Outer  involucre  4-leaved.     Achenes  obovoid  ;  pappus  none. 

=  =  Involucre  of  one  or  more  rows  of  separate  bracts. 
a.   Receptacle  high,  conical  or  columnar  in  fruit ;  pappus  none  or  a  short  crown  or  awn. 

46.  Rudbeckia.     Rays  neutral.     Achenes  4-sided  or  terete,  flat  at  the  top,  rnarginless. 

47.  Brauneria.     Rays  rose-colored  (rarely  yellow),  pistillate,  sterile.    Achenes  short,  4-sided. 

Chaff  spinescent. 

48.  Lepachys.     Rays  few,  neutral.     Achenes  flattened  laterally  and  margined. 

49.  Spilanthes.     Rays  yellow  or  white  and  fertile,  or  none.    Ray-achenes  3-sided  or  obcom- 

pressed. 

5.   Receptacle  flat  to  convex  ;  achenes  not  winged  nor  very  flat. 

50.  Borrichia.     Achenes8-4-angled  ;  pappus  a  short  4- toothed  crown.    Shrubby. 

51.  Helianthus.     Achenes  flattened,  bearing  2  very  deciduous  chaffy  pointed  scales  and  rarely 

minute  intermediate  ones. 

c.  Receptacle  convex   (rarely  conical);   achenes   flat,  compressed  laterally,  winged  or  wingless, 
2-3-awned ;  leaves  decurrent. 

52.  Actinomeris.    Bracts  few,  soon  deflexed.    Achenes  obovate,  squarrosely  spreading. 

53.  Verbesina.     Involucral  bracts  closely  imbricated  in  2  or  more  rows. 

*  *  *  *  Rays  few  and  neutral,  or  wanting;  achenes  obcompressed,  i.e.  flattened  parallel  with  the 

scales  of  the  involucre   (rarely   terete) ;    involucre  double ;  the  outer    spreading    and  often 
foliaceous  ;  receptacle  flat ;  leaves  opposite. 

54.  Coreopsis.     Involucral  bracts  distinct  or  united  only  at  base.     Pappus  of  2  (or  rarely  more) 

scales,  teeth,  or  awns,  which  are  naked,  not  barbed,  sometimes  obsolete  or  a  mere  crown. 

55.  Thelesperma.    Inner  involucre  connate  to  the  middle.    Achenes  terete.    Awns  2,  retrorsely 

hispid. 

56.  Bidens.     Involucral  bracts  distinct  or  united  merely  at  base.    Pappus  of  2  or  more  rigid  and 

persistent  barbed  awns  or  teeth. 
*****  Heads  radiate  or  discoid  ;  disk-flowers  all  perfect  and  fertile  ;  achenes  turbinate,  5-angled  ; 

pappus  of  several  chaffy  scales. 
+-  Leaves  alternate,  entire ;  disk-flowers  purplish. 

57.  Balduina.     Rays  numerous,  long,  neutral.     Involucre  much  imbricated.    Receptacle  deeply 

honeycombed. 

58.  Marshallia.     Rays  none.     Involucre  of  narrow  leafy  equal  bracts.     Receptacle  chaffy. 

+-  +-  Leaves  opposite,  serrate  ;  disk-flowers  yellow. 

59.  Galinsoga.     Rays  few,  short,  pistillate,  whitish.     Involucre  of  4-5  thin  ovate  bracts.    Recep- 

tacle chaffy. 

Tribe  VI.    HELEINEAE.     Nearly  as  Tribe  V.,  but  receptacle  not  chaffy  (somewhat  so  in  nos.  6C 
and  66).     In  our  genera,  the  disk-flowers  perfect  and  fertile  ;  the  pappus  a  row  of  several  chaffy 


774  COMPOSITAE   (COMPOSITE   FAMILY) 

scales  (bristly -dissected  in  no.  66) ;  the  involucre  hardly  at  all  imbricated  (partly  scarious  in 
no.  61). 

*  Involucral  bracts  .distinct,  not  glandular-punctate. 

-H  Pappus  none ;  bracts  2-5,  carinate. 

60.  Flaveria.    Heads  small.     Ray  single  or  none. 

+-  •*-  Pappus  of  distinct  scales  or  bristles  or  wanting ;  bracts  more  than  5. 
•H-  Tips  of  bracts  colored  or  petaloid. 

61.  Hymenopappus.     Lower  leaves  pinnatifld.     Kays  none.    Disk-flowers  with  ovate  lobes. 

62.  Polypteris.    Leaves  undivided.    Rays  generally  none.     Disk-flowers  with  linear  lobes. 

++  -H-  Tips  of  bracts  not  colored  and  petaloid. 

63.  Actinea.     Rays  fertile,  8-toothed.    Receptacle  elevated.    Involucral  bracts  appressed. 

64.  Helenium.     Rays  fertile  or  sterile,  8-5-cleft.     Receptacle  elevated.     Involucre  small,  reflexed. 

Leaves  decurrent. 

65.  Gaillardia.    Rays  3-toothed,  or  none.     Receptacle  usually  beset  with  fine  fimbrillate  chaff. 

Outer  involucral  bracts  loose  and  leafy.    Pappus-chaff  tipped  with  the  projecting  mid- 
vein.    Western. 

*  *  Dotted  with  oil-glands  ;  involucral  bracts  united  into  a  cup. 

66.  Dyssodia.     Pappus  a  row  of  chaffy  scales  dissected  into  many  bristles. 

Tribe  VII.  ANTHEMlDEAE.  Distinguished  from  the  last  two  tribes  by  the  more  or  less  dry 
and  scarious  imbricated  bracts  of  the  involucre.  Heads  radiate  (rays  mostly  white)  or  discoid, 
the  perfect  flowers  sometimes  sterile  and  the  pistillate  rarely  tubular.  Achenes  small ;  pappus 
a  short  crown  or  none.  Mostly  strong-scented ;  leaves  alternate. 

*  Receptacle  chaffy,  at  least  in  part ;  heads  radiate,  many-flowered. 

67.  Achillea.    Receptacle  flattish.    Achenes  obcompressed.   Heads  small,  campanulate  or  obovoid. 

68.  Anthemis.    Achenes  subterete,  angled  or  ribbed.    Heads  hemispherical,  rather  large. 

*  *  Receptacle  naked. 

•H  Heads  solitary  or  corymbose. 

•H-  Receptacle  conical  at  least  in  age. 

69.  Matricaria.    Heads  pedunculate.    Rays  pistillate  or  none.    Pappus  crown-like  or  none. 

Leaves  finely  dissected. 

•H-  -H-  Receptacle  flattish  or  moderately  convex. 
=  Corollas  of  the  perfect  flowers  5-toothed  ;  achenes  sessile. 

70.  Chrysanthemum.     Heads  radiate  (or  rayless  in  one  variety  with  leaves  almost  or  quite 

unlobed);  rays  pistillate.    Achenes  5-1 0-nerved  ;  pappus  none. 

71.  Tanacetum.    Heads  discoid.     Pistillate  flowers  few,  marginal,  their  corollas  inconspicuous, 

2-3-toothed.    Achenes  3-5-angled  ;  pappus  none  or  a  short  crown. 

=  =  Corollas  of  the  perfect  flowers  4- toothed  ;  achenes  stalked. 

72.  Cotttla.     Heads  long-ped uncled,  discoid.     Pistillate  flowers  destitute  of  corolla.     Achenes 

raised  upon  papillae  which  persist  upon  the  receptacle. 

+-  +-  Inflorescence  from  spike-like  to  chiefly  racemose-paniculate. 

73.  Artemisia.    Heads  small,  usually  drooping,  discoid.     Pappus  none. 

Tribe  VIII.  SENECI6NEAE.  Heads  radiate  or  discoid,  the  involucre  little  or  not  at  all  imbricated, 
not  scarious.  Receptacle  naked.  Anthers  tailless.  Pappus  capillary. 

*  Heads  monoecious  or  subdioecious,  the  perfect  flowers  mostly  sterile,  and  the  small  (ligulate  or 

tubular)  ray-flowers  in  more  than  one  row  (at  least  in  the  fertile  heads);  style-branches 
obtuse,  not  appendaged  nor  hispid  ;  leaves  chiefly  radical. 

74.  Tussilago.     Head  solitary,  yellow-flowered,  monoecious. 

75.  Petasites.     Heads  corymbed,  subdioecious.    Flowers  white  or  purplish. 

*  *  Flowers  all  fertile ;  style-branches  truncate  or  capitellate,  often  appendaged  ;  involucral  bracts 

connivent-erect. 
+-  Leaves  opposite. 

76.  Arnica.     Heads  showy.     Pappus  rather  rigid,  scabrous  or  barbellate. 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  775 

-i-  •«-  Leaves  alternate ;  pappus  soft-capillary,  copious. 

77.  Erechtites.     Heads  discoid.     Flowers  whitish,  the  outer  pistillate  with  filiform  corollas. 

78.  Cacalia.     Heads  discoid.    Corollas  white  or  cream-colored,  5-cleft. 

79.  Senecio.     Heads  usually  radiate.    Corollas  yellow,  5-toothed. 

Tribe  IX.  CYNAREAE.  Flowers  all  tubular  and  perfect  (the  outer  ray-like  and  neutral  in  nos. 
86  and  87).  Involucre  much  imbricated.  Anthers  caudate,  long-appendaged  at  tip.  Style- 
branches  short  or  united,  obtuse,  unappendaged,  smooth,  with  often  a  pubescent  ring  below. 
Pappus  mostly  bristly.  Leaves  alternate. 

*  Achenes  attached  by  the  base ;  flowers  all  alike. 
+-  Leaves  not  prickly  ;  style-branches  partly  distinct ;  filaments  glabrous. 

80.  Arctium.     Involucral  bracts  hooked  at  the  tip.     Pappus  of  short  rough  bristles. 

4-  -i-  Leaves  prickly  ;  style-branches  coherent,  usually  a  pubescent  ring  below. 
•H-  Involucres  1-flowered,  aggregated  into  dense  globose  heads. 

81.  Echinops.    General  involucre  small,  reflexed,  and  hidden.    Coarse  thistle-like  herbs,  with 

large  globular  (compound)  heads  of  pale  flowers. 

•H-  -H-  Involucres  many-flowered. 

=  Filaments  papillose-pilose,  free. 

a.  Eeceptacle  densely  bristly. 

82.  Carduus.    Pappus-bristles  not  plumose. 

83.  Cirsium.     Pappus-bristles  plumose. 

&.  Eeceptacle  deeply  honeycombed,  scarcely  or  not  at  all  bristly. 

84.  Onopordum.  Pappus-bristles  not  plumose. 

=  =  Filaments  glabrous,  united  into  a  tube. 

85.  Silybum.     Involucral  bracts  ending  in  a  long  stout  spinescent  appendage,  spreading  or 

reflexed.     Eeceptacle  densely  bristly.     Pappus-bristles  not  plumose.    Stout  thistle-like 
herbs,  with  large  heads. 
*  *  Achenes  obliquely  attached  ;  marginal  flowers  often  enlarged  and  ray-like. 

86.  Centaurea.    Pappus  of  several  series  of  short  scales  or  bristles  or  none.    Flowers  red, 

purple,  blue,  white,  or  rarely  yellow. 

87.  Cnicus.    Pappus  of  10  short  horny  teeth,  10  long  bristles,  and  10  shorter  ones.    Flowers 

yellow. 

SERIES  II.     LIGULIFL6RAE 

Corolla  ligulate  in  all  the  flowers  of  the  head,  and  all  the  flowers  perfect. 
Herbs,  with  milky  juice.     Leaves  alternate. 

Tribe  X.    CICHORlEAE.    Characters  of  the  series. 

*  Pappus  none  ;  annuals. 
+-  Leafy-stemmed. 

88.  Lapsana.    Involucre  cylindrical,  calyculate-bracteate  at  base. 

89.  Serinia.    Involucre  not  calyculate. 

•*-  -«-  Leaves  all  basal. 

90.  Arnoseris.    Involucral  bracts  narrow,  at  length  carinate-thickened. 

*  *  Pappus  chaffy,  or  of  both  chaff  and  bristles. 

91.  Cichorium.    Involucre  double.    Pappus  a  small  crown  of  many  bristle-form  scales. 

92.  Krigia.     Involucre  simple,  not  calyculate.     Pappus  of  both  chaff  and  bristles. 

*  *  *  Pappus  plumose. 

9u.   Hypochaeris.     Involucre  calyculate.     Achenes  fusiform,  the  inner  produced  into  long  slendei 
beaks.     Leaves  radical. 

94.  Leontodon.     Similar.     Achenes  uniform. 

95.  Picris      Outer  involucral  bracts  spreading.    Achenes  terete,  not  beaked.     Stems  leafy. 

96.  Tragopogon.     Involucre  simple,  not  calyculate.    Achenes  long-beaked.    Stems  leafy. 


776  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

*  *  *  *  Pappus  composed  entirely  of  capillary  bristles,  not  plumose. 
•*-  Achenes  strongly  muricate  or  spinulose  above. 

97.  Chondrilla.     Stem  branching,  leafy.     Involucre  few-flowered,  calyculate.     Achenes  terete, 

several-ribbed. 

98.  Taraxacum.     Scapose.     Involucre  calyculate,  many-flowered.    Achenes  fusiform,  4-5-ribbed, 

+-  +-  Achenes  not  muricate  above. 

t+  Achenes  flat  or  flattish.     Pappus  white,  fine  and  soft.    Involucre  imbricated.    Leafy-stemmed, 
with  panicled  heads. 

99.  Sonchus.    Achenes  flattish,  not  at  all  beaked.     Flowers  50  or  more  in  each  head,  yellow. 

100.  Lactuca.    Achenes  usually  more  or  less  beaked.    Flowers  6-30  in  each  head,  yellow,  blue, 

or  purple. 

-H-  *+  Achenes  columnar,  often  slender. 

=  Achenes  not  conspicuously  narrowed  at  base.    Flowers  rose  or  purple. 

101.  Lygodesmia.    Achenes  long,  slightly  tapering  above.     Pappus  white.    Stems  nearly  leafless; 

Head  erect.    Western. 

=  =  Achenes  narrowed  at  base. 
a.  Achenes  beaked  (sometimes  beakless  in  no.  102);  flowers  yellow. 

102.  Agoseris.     Scapose.    Involucre  loosely  imbricated.    Achenes  10-ribbed. 

103.  Pyrrhopappus.    Scapose  or  branched.     Achenes  4-5-ribbed. 

b.  Achenes  not  beaked. 
1.  Involucral  bracts  in  a  single  row. 

104.  Crepis.     Pappus  white,  soft.    Flowers  yellow  or  orange. 

2.   Bracts  in  more  than  one  row. 

105.  Prenanthes.      Involucre  calyculate.      Achenes   short,    blunt.      Pappus  whitish,  tawny,  or 

brown.     Flowers  white,  cream-color,  or  pinkish. 

106.  Hieracium.     Involucre  imbricated.    Pappus  tawny.     Flowers  yellow  or  orange. 

Artificial  Key  to  Genera 
SERIES    I.      DISK-FLOWERS    WITH    TUBULAR    REGULAR    COROLLAS  ;    LIGULATE 

FLOWERS    IF    PRESENT    MARGINAL. 

§  1.     Rays  or  ligulate  flowers  none  /  corollas  all  tubular  (or  rarely  none). 

*  Flowers  of  the  head  all  perfect  and  alike  a. 

a.  Pappus  composed  of  bristles  b. 

b.    Pappus  double,  the  outer  of  very  short,  the  inner  of  longer  bristles     .      1.    Vernonia. 
b.    Pappus  simple,  the  bristles  all  of  the  same  sort  c. 
c.   Heads    few-flowered,   themselves    aggregated    into    compound   or 

dense  clusters 2.   Elephantopua. 

c.   Heads  separate  d. 
d.   Receptacle  (when  the  flowers  are  pulled  off)  bristly-hairy. 

Leaves  not  prickly 80.   Arctium. 

Leaves  prickly. 

Filaments  glabrous,  united  into  a  tube 85.   Silybum. 

Filaments  papillose-pilose,  separate. 

Pappus-bristles  not  plumose 82.   Carduus. 

Pappus-bristles  plumose 83.    Cirsium. 

d.   Keceptacle  deeply  honeycomb-like   .        .        .        .        .        .        .84.    Onopordum. 

d.   Eeceptacle  naked. 

Pappus-bristles  plumose. 
Corollas  rose-color  or  purple ;  heads  racemose  or  spicate        .      9.  Liatris. 

Corollas  whitish  ;  heads  corymbose 8.   Kuhnia. 

Pappus-bristles  sometimes  roughened  but  not  plumose. 

Stem  twining ;  leaves  opposite,  triangular-hastate  .        .      5.   Mikania. 

Stem  not  twining. 

Achenes  5-angIed,  5-ribbed 4.    Eupatorium, 

Achenes  8-10-ribbed  or  without  definite  angles  or  ribs. 

Annual 77.   Erechtites. 

Perennial. 

Flowers  yellow. 

Involucral  bracts  much  imbricated  in  several  series   .     18.   Bigelowia. 
Involucre  simple  or  merely  calyculate         .        .        .79.   Se'necio. 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 


777 


Flowers  purple 

Flowers  whitish. 
Involucral  bracts  much  imbricated  ;    leaves  chiefly 

opposite 

Involucral  bracts  little  imbricated  ;  leaves  alternate  . 

of  bristles  e. 

'appus  none  or  a  mere  crown-like  margin  to  the  fruit. 
Heads  1-tlowered,  themselves  aggregated  into  globose  glomerules; 
leaves  prickly          .......... 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  leaves  not  prickly. 
Outer  involucre  foliaceous  ;  leaves  opposite  at  least  below     . 
Outer  involucre  not  foliaceous  ;  leaves  alternate. 

Receptacle  conical,  becoming  elongated 

Receptacle  flattish  or  merely  convex. 
Heads  chiefly  nodding,  in  spikes,  racemes,  or  panicles    . 

Heads  corymbose 

6.   Pappus  present/. 
/.    Pappus  composed  of  scales  or  chaff. 
Receptacle  naked. 

Leaves  in  whorls ' 

Leaves  alternate. 

Leaves  dissected 

Leaves  entire 

Receptacle  bearing  chaff  among  the  flowers. 

Leaves  toothed  or  lobed , 

Leaves  entire 

f.   Pappus  of  2-several  teeth  or  awns. 

Pappus  caducous        .......... 

Pappus  persistent. 

Achenes  laterally  compressed 

Achenes  terete  or  flattened  parallel  with  the  involucral  bracts. 
Pappus  barbed. 

Bracts  of  inner  involucre  connate  to  middle  ;  achenes  terete 
Bracts  of  inner  involucre  distinct  or  nearly  so;  achenes 

obcom  pressed „ 

Pappus  not  barbed 

*  *  Flowers  of  two  kinds  in  the  same  head  g. 

.  Marginal  flowers  neutral  and  sterile,  either  conspicuous  or  inconspicuous. 
Leaves  spiny  ;  heads  subtended  by  foliaceous  bracts     .... 
Leaves  not  spiny ;  no  conspicuous  foliaceous  bracts      .... 
.   Marginal  flowers  pistillate  and  fertile  7t. 
h.   Receptacle  chaffy. 

Receptacle  awl-shaped  ;  achenes  terete 

Receptacle  flattish  or  moderately  convex  ;  achenes  flattened    . 
h.  Receptacle  naked  or  bearing  no  conspicuous  chaff  i. 
i.   Pappus  of  capillary  bristles  j. 
j,   Involu^>*al  bracts  imbricated  in  several  rows. 


6.   Trilisa. 


7.  BrickelUa. 
78.    Cacalia. 


81.   Echinops. 
33.  Polymnia. 

69.  Matricaria . 

73.   Artemisia. 

70.  Chrysanthemum 


3.   Sclerolepis. 

61.  Hymenopappi 

62.  Polypteris. 


65.    Gaillardia. 
58.   Marshallia. 


Leaves  toothed  ;  not  woolly 
Leaves  entire  ;  plant  more  or  less  woolly. 
Some  flowers  staminate  and  sterile    . 
All  flowers  fertile,  either  pistillate  or  perfect    . 
j.   Involucral  bracts  chiefly  in  one  row. 

Leaves  cordate,  triangular  or  palmately  lobed 
Leaves  not  cordate. 

Involucre  carnpanulate 

Involucre  ovoid  at  base,  cylindric  above   . 
i.   Pappus  a  short  crown  or  none. 

Achenes  becoming  much  longer  than  the  involucre 
Achenes  not  exceeding  the  involucre. 

Heads  corymbose,  erect 

Heads  solitary  on  long  peduncles  .... 
Heads  racemose  or  paniculate,  nodding. 


10.  Orindelia. 

53.  Verbesina. 

55.  Thelesperma. 

56.  Bidens. 

54.  Coreopsis. 


87.    Cnicus. 
86.    Centaurea. 


27.   Oifola. 
51.  Helianthus. 


26.   Pluchea. 

29.  Anaphalis. 

30.  Gnaphalium. 


75.  Petasites. 


23.    Erigeron. 
77.   Erechtites. 


J.  Adenocaulon. 


71.  Tanacetum. 

72.  Cotula. 


Lower  leaves  opposite 
Lower  leaves  alternate 


39.   Iva. 

73.  Artemisia. 


*  *  *  Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  in  separate  heads  k. 


fc.   Pappus  capillary. 

Leaves  prickly  ;  heads  large 

Leaves  not  prickly  ;  heads  small. 
Shrubs ;  leaves  mostly  toothed     ........ 

Herbs ;  leaves  entire. 

Pappus-bristles  somewhat  club-shaped  in  sterile  flowers,  but  capil- 
lary and  slightly  connate  at  base  in  the  fertile 
Pappus-bristles  all  capillary,  not  at  all  connate        . 
k.   Pappus  none  ;  fertile  involucre  becoming  bur-like. 

Bracts  of  the  staminate  involucre  united  into  a  cup. 
Fertile  involucre   armed  with  one  ring  of  spines,  teeth,  or  blunt 


83.    Oirsium. 
25.  Baccharis. 


28.  Antennaria. 

29.  Anaphalis. 


40. 


778  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

Fertile  involuere  armed  with  2  or  more  rows  of  spines  or  these 

irregularly  distributed 41.   Franseria. 

Bracts  of  staminate  involucre  distinct ;  fertile  involucre  horned  in 

fruit  and  very  prickly 42.   Xanthium. 

§  2.    Hays  present,  i.e.  the  marginal  flowers  or  some  of  them  with  strap-like 

corollas. 

*  Pappus  of  capillary  bristles,  at  least  in  the  disk-flowers;  ray  flowers  pistillate  I. 

I.    Kays  occupying  several  rows. 

Kays  yellow 74.    Tuwilago. 

Rays  white  or  purplish. 

Leaves  cordate 75.    Petasites. 

Leaves  not  cordate 23.   Erigeron. 

I.   Kays  in  one  marginal  row  m. 
m.    Kays  not  yellow. 

Upper  part  of  stem  bearing  ovate  or  lanceolate  phyllodia  .        .        .    75.   Petasites. 
Phyllodia  none. 

Rays  and  disk-flowers  similarly  colored 15.  Solidago. 

Rays  and  disk-flowers  of  contrasting  colors. 

Kays  4  or  5 24.   Sericocarpus. 

Rays  numerous. 

Involucral  bracts  subequal,  narrow,  chiefly  in  1  series      .        .    23.    Erigeron. 
Involucral  bracts  imbricated  in  several  mostly  unequal  series      22.   Aster. 
m.   Rays  yellow  n. 

n.   Pappus  (at  least  in  the  disk-flowers)  double,  the  outer  short  and 
minute. 

Ray -flowers  with  pappus  of  capillary  bristles 14.    Chrysopsis. 

Ray -flowers  with  coroniform  pappus 13.   Heterotkeca. 

n.   Pappus  simple. 

Leaves  opposite 76.   Arnica. 

Leaves  alternate. 

Involucral  bracts  equal  and  in  1  row  (though  often  calyculate)  .     79.   Senecio. 
Involucral  bracts  imbricated  in  several  series. 

Heads  3-5  cm.  in  diameter 31.   Inula. 

Heads  2  cm.  or  less  in  diameter. 
Pappus  of  several  very   narrow  scales  rather  than  truly 

capillary  bristles. 
Pappus  of  disk-flowers  nearly  or  quite  as  long  as  the 

corolla 12.    Amphiachyris. 

Pappus  of  disk-flowers  much  shorter  than  the  corolla        .    11.    Gutierrezia. 


Pappus-bristles  hair-like. 
Pappus- 


'appus-bristles  equal 15.  Solidago. 

Pappus-bristles  unequal 17.   Aplopappus. 

*  *  Pappus  a  circle  of  awns  or  rigid  bristles  at  least  in  the  disk- 
flowers 10.   Grindelia. 

*  *  *  Pappus  a  circle  of  chaffy  scales  dissected  into  bristles        .       .    66.  Dyssodia. 
*  *  *  *  Pappus  a  circle  of  thin  chaffy  scales  or  short  chaffy  bristles  o. 

o.   Receptacle  deeply  honeycombed 57.  Balduina. 

o.  Receptacle  not  deeply  honeycombed,  naked. 

Receptacle  flattish  ;  heads  small,  few-flowered. 
Leaves  serrate,  the  lower  heart-shaped        .        .  .        .        .16.   Brachychaeta. 

Leaves  entire,  linear,  never  cordate 11.    Gutierrezia. 

Receptacle  elevated,  strongly  convex  ;  heads  many-flowered. 

Scapose 63.  Aetinea. 

Leafy-stemmed  ;  leaves  decurrent 64.  Helenium. 

o.   Receptacle  not  deeply  honeycombed,  chaffy. 

Heads  less  than  1  cm.  in  diameter 59.    Galinsoga. 

Heads  more  than  1  cm.  in  diameter 65.    Gaillardia. 

*****  pappus  none,  or  a  cup  or  crown,  or  of  a  or  3  awns,  teeth  or  chaffy  scales  corresponding 
with  the  edges  or  angles  of  the  achene,  often  with  intervening  minute  bristles 
or  scales. 

-t-  RECEPTACLE  NAKED  p. 
p.  Achenes  flattened. 

Achenes  wing-margined  ;  pappus  present 21.  Boltonia. 

Achenes  marginless ;  pappus  none 19.   Bellis. 

p.   Achenes  terete  or  prismatic. 

Receptacle  conical 69.   Matricaria. 

Receptacle  flattish. 

Heads  very  small ;  ray-flowers  mostly  1 60.    Flaweria. 

Heads  rather  large ;  rays  numerous 70.   Chrysanthemum 

p.   Achenes  fusiform  ;  pappus  of  few  scales,  usually  alternating  with  awns    20.   Chaetopappa. 

-t-  +-  RECEPTACLE  CHAFFY  q. 

q.   Rays  neutral  (rarely  pistillate  but  sterile);  the  disk-flowers  perfect 
and  fertile. 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  779 

Receptacle  flat  or  nearly  so. 

Achenes  cylindrical,  2-awned 56.    Theleaperma. 

Achenes  flattened  parallel  to  the  chaff. 

Pappus-awns  barbed 56.  Bidens. 

Pappus-awns  not  barbed 54.    Coreopsis. 

Jieceptacle  convex  to  columnar. 

Involucral  bracts  with  thin  scarious  margins         .        .        .        .68.  Anthemis, 
Involucral  bracts  distinctly  herbaceous. 
Pappus  of  2  awns. 

Pappus-awns  very  deciduous 51.   Helianthus. 

Pappus-awns  persistent .    52.  Actinomeris. 

Pappus  none  or  a  crown  of  short  teeth. 

Kays  rose-color  (rarely  yellow),  pistillate         .        t        .        .47.   Srauneria. 
Kays  yellow  to  brownish-red  or  orange,  neutral. 

Achenes  4-sided,  inarginless 46.  Jtudbeckia. 

Achenes  flattened  and  margined 48.  Lepachys. 

q.   Rays  pistillate  and  fertile  r. 

r.  Disk-flowers  also  fertile,  their  achenes  maturing  ». 
«.   Leaves  alternate. 

Pappus  of  1-3  awns  or  teeth 58.    Verbe»i/na. 

Pappus  none. 

Heads  less  than  1  cm.  broad  ;  achenes  obcompressed     .        .    67.  Achillea. 
Heads  more  than  1  cm.  broad  ;  achenes  not  compressed       .    68.  Anthemis. 
8.  Leaves  opposite. 

Maritime  shrub 50.  Sorrichia. 

Herbs. 

Annual,  with  white  rays 44.   Eclipta. 

Perennial,  with  yellow  rays. 

Outer  involucre  of  4  connate  bracts 45.    Tetragonotheca. 

Outer  involucral  bracts  not  connate. 

Weak  creeping  herb 49.   Spilanthes. 

Stout  erect  herbs. 

Achenes  laterally  flattened 58.    Verbesina. 

Achenes  thickish 48.   Hettopsis. 

r.  Disk-flowers  not  maturing  achenes  ;  disk  chaffy. 
Achenes  thickish,  not  strongly  flattened. 

Inner  bracts  of  the  involucre  not  armed 88.  Polymnia. 

Inner  bracts  of  the  involucre  glochidiate,  closely  investing  the 

achenes 84.  Acantfiospermun*. 

Achenes  flattened  dorsally,  i.e.  parallel  with  the  chaff. 

Rays  5,  obcordate,  scarcely  exceeding  the  disk,  whitish    .        .    88.   Parthenium. 
Rays  yellow,  much  longer  than  the  disk. 

Achenes  wing-margined,  in  several  rows         ....    85.  Silphium. 
Achene  wingless,  in  a  single  row. 

Rays  5  ;  leaves  serrate 87.    Chrysogonum. 

Rays  usually  more  numerous ;  leaves  dentate  or  lyrately 

lobed 86.  Eerlandiera. 

SERIES  II.     ALL  THE  FLOWERS  OP  THE  HEAD  WITH  STRAP-SHAPED  COROLLA  t 

t.  Pappus  none. 

Leaves  basal       .        .        ,       .        .       .       . 90.  Arnoseris. 

Leafy-stemmed. 

Involucre  calyculate «...      88.   Lapsana. 

Involucre  not  calyculate 89.  Serinia. 

t.    Pappus  wholly  or  in  part  of  scales. 

Flowers  blue,  rose-colored,  or  rarely  white 91.    Cichorium. 

Flowers  yellow 92.   Krigia. 

t.  Pappus  bristle-formed,  capillary  u. 
u.  Bristles  plumose. 
Leaves  basal. 
Inner  achenes  long-beaked         ........      98.   Hypochaeris. 

Inner  achenes  not  beaked 94.   Leontodon. 

Leafy-stemmed. 

Hispid-pubescent 95.   Picris. 

Glabrous 96.    Tragopogon. 

u.   Bristles  simple,  at  most  scabrous  •». 

v.   Achenes  strongly  muricate  or  cpinulose  above. 

Leafy-stemmed 97.    Chondrilla. 

Scapose 98.    Taraxacum. 

V.  Achenes  not  muricate  above  w. 
V).  Achenes  flat  or  flattish. 

Achenes  beakless  ;  flowers  50  or  more  in  each  head,  yellow        .      99.   Sonchus. 
Achenes  mostly  beaked  ;  heads  6-80-flowered ;  flowers  yellow, 

blue,  or  purple 100.   Lactuca. 

«?.   Achenes  columnar,  often  slender. 

Flowers  cream -color,  white,  rose-color,  or  purple. 

Pappus  white  ;  heads  erect 101.   Lygodesmia 

Pappus  cream-color  or  tawny  ;  heads  nodding  ....    105.  Pr&nanthea. 


780  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

Flowers  bright  yellow  to  deep  orange-red. 
Achenes  beaked. 

Achenes  10-ribbed 102.   Agoseris. 

Achenes  4-5-ribbed 103.   Pyrrhopappua. 

Achenes  not  beaked. 
Pappus  white. 

Leaves  entire 102.   Agofserin. 

Leaves  toothed  or  rnncinate-pinnatifid        ....    104.    Crepis. 
Pappus  tawny 106.   IHeracium. 

1.    VERN6NIA   Schreb.     IRONWEED 

Heads  discoid,  15-many-flowered,  in  corymbose  cymes  ;  flowers  perfect ;  in- 
volucre  shorter  than  the  flowers,  of  much  imbricated  bracts.  Achenes  cylin- 
drical, ribbed  ;  pappus  double,  the  outer  of  minute  scale-like  bristles,  the  inner 
of  copious  capillary  bristles.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  leafy  stems,  alternate 
acuminate  or  very  acute  serrate  leaves  and  mostly  purple  (rarely  white)  flowers. 
(Named  for  William  Vernon,  an  early  English  botanist,  who  traveled  in  North 
America. ) 

Involucral  bracts  tipped  with  long  filiform  spreading  appendages. 

Heads  large,  mostly  60-80-flowered  ;  involucre  1.4-2  cm.  in  diameter    .    1.    V.  crinita. 
Heads  smaller,  usually  about  40-flowered ;  involucre  about  1  cm.  in 
diameter. 

Pappus  purple  or  at  least  purplish-tinged 2.    V.  noveboracensis. 

Pappus  cream-colored  or  stramineous 3.    V.  glauca. 

Involucral  bracts  obtuse,  acute,  or  acuminate,  but  not  conspicuously 

caudate. 
Lower  surface  of  the  leaves  smooth  or  merely  puberulent. 

Cyme  dense,  fastigiate 4.    V.fusciculata. 

Cyme  open  and  loose,  the  branches  wide-spreading     .        .        .        .    5.    F.  altissima. 
Lower  surface  of  the  leaves  tomentulose. 
Involucral  bracts  obtuse  to  acute,  appressed  or  nearly  so. 

Pappus  purple 6.   F.  illinoensis. 

Pappus  tawny       ...........    7.    F.  niisswrien. 

Involucral  bracts  with  acuminate  more  or  less  squarrose  tips      .        .    8.    V.  Baldwini. 

1.  V.  crinita  Raf.     Tall,  nearly  glabrous  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  retrorsely 
denticulate;  heads  large,  usually  QO-SQ-flowered ;  involucre  very  squarrose,  the 
bracts  with  long  filiform  tips.     (V.  arkansana  DC.)  —  Mo.,  Kan.,  and  south  w. 

2.  V.  noveboraci§nsis  Willd.     Rather  tall  (1-2  m.)  ;   leaves  long-lanceolate 
to  lance-oblong,  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath,  gradually  narrowed  but  not 
at  all  acuminate  toward  the  base  ;   cyme  open  ;   heads  mostly  30-40-Jlowered ; 
involucre  purplish  (or  in  white-flowered  individuals  green),  campanulate ;  the 
bracts  ovate  or  lance-ovate,  with  loosely  ascending  or  recurved-spreading  fili- 
form tips ;  pappus  purple  or  purplish.  —  Low  ground  near  the  coast,  Mass,  to 
Va.  and  Miss.;  reported  from  Pelee  I.,  L.  Erie  (Macouri). 

3.  V.  glauca  (L.)  Willd.     Similar  to  the  preceding;  leaves  mostly  broader, 
ovate-lanceolate,  contracted  at  the  base  to  an  acuminately  winged   petiolar 
portion,  paler  and  tending  to  be  more  loosely  pubescent  on  the  nerves  beneath  ; 
involucral  bracts  mostly  with  shorter  filiform   tips ;  pappus  cream-colored  or 
stramineous.     (  V.  noveboracensis,  var.  latifolia  Gray.)  —  Pa.  to  Ga.  and  Ala. 

4.  V.  fasciculata  Michx.     Leaves  ascending,  narrow,  linear  to  oblong-lanceo- 
late, green  and  nearly  glabrous  beneath;  heads  rather  small,  about  20-flowered, 
many,  crowded,  in  a  fastigiate  cyme;  involucral  bracts  closely  appressed,  obtuse 
or  the  uppermost  merely  mucronate  ;  achenes  mostly  smooth  as  seen  with  an 
ordinary  lens  ;  flowers  reddish-purple.  — Prairies,  O.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  and  Okla. 

5.  V.  altissima   Nutt.     Usually  tall  (1-2  or  more  m.  high)  ;    leaves  lance- 
oblong,   acuminate,    spreading,   smooth   or  merely  puberulent   beneath;  cyme 
large,   widely  spreading,    rather  loose;  heads  about    25-flowered ;    involucral 
bracts  closely  appressed,  ovate,  acute,  obtuse,  or  cuspidate,  mostly  purple-tinged  ; 
flowers  red-purple.     (V.  maxima  Small.) — Rich  soil  of  prairies,  etc.,  N.  Y.  to 
Mich.,  Mo.,  and  south  w.;  also  sporadic  northeastw. 

6.  V.    illinoSnsis   Gleason.      Tall   and   rather  stout ;   leaves  large,  oblong- 
lanceolate,    acuminate,    tomentulose    and    slightly    scabrous    beneath ;    heads 
medium-sized,  about  40-flowered,  sessile  or  shortly  and  stoutly  pediceled  in  a 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  781 

rather  dense  cyme ;  involucre  campanulate ;  its  bracts  regularly  imbricated  and 
closely  appressed,  chiefly  rounded  or  obtuse,  usually  purple-  or  violet-tinged  ; 
flowers  red-purple  ;  pappus  purple.  —  Rich  dry  prairies,  s.  Ont.  and  O.  to  111. 
and  la. 

7.  V.    missurica  Raf.     Similar  in  habit  to  the  preceding;  heads  35-50- 
flowered  ;  involucre  ovoid-  or  subcylindric-campanulate,  mostly  greenish  ;  the 
bracts  rather  narrow,  very  numerous,  closely  appressed,  the  middle  and  lower 
ones  acutish  ;  pappus  tawny  or  with  only  a  slight  purple  tinge.     (  V.  altissima, 
var.    grandiflora  Gray.) — Prairies,   Ill.(?)    and   Mo.  to  Tex.  and  Kan. — An 
obscure  species. 

8.  V.  Baldwin!  Torr.     Tomentulose ;  heads  small  or  medium-sized,  about 
30-flowered ;    leaves    lance-oblong  or  -ovate ;    involucre  hoary -tomentose   and 
arachnoid,  mostly  greenish;   the  bracts  squarrose,   acuminate. — Prairies  and 
barren  hills,  la.  to  Kan.  and  Tex.     V.  interior  Small,  though  sometimes  distin- 
guishable by  its  less  squarrose  mostly  purple-tinged  involucral  bracts,  does  not 
appear  satisfactorily  separable. 

2.   ELEPHANTOPUS    [Vaill.]    L.     ELEPHANT'S-FOOT 

Heads  discoid,  2-5-flowered,  several  together  clustered  into  a  compound 
pedunculate  head  ;  flowers  perfect.  Involucre  narrow,  flattened,  of  8  oblong 
dry  bracts.  Achenes  10-ribbed ;  pappus  of  stout  bristles,  chaffy-dilated  at  the 
base.  —  Perennials,  with  alternate  leaves  and  purplish  flowers.  (Name  com- 
posed of  A^>as,  elephant,  and  TTOIJS,  foot.) 

*  Stem  leafy ;  upper  leaves  very  like  the  basal. 

1.  E.  carolinianus  Willd.     Somewhat  hairy,  corymbose,  leafy  ;  leaves  ovate- 
oblong,  thin.  —  Dry  soil,  N.  J.  and  Pa.  to  111.,  Kan.,  and  southw.     (Mex.,  W.  I.) 

*  *  Stem  scape-like,  with  a  few  bract-like  leaves  or  naked. 

2.  E.  tomentbsus  L.     Somewhat  hairy  ;  basal  leaves  obovate  to  narrowly 
spatulate,  silky  and  prominently  veined  beneath ;  heads  large  ;   pappus-scales 
attenuate.  — Va.  to  Ky.,  Ark.,  and  southw. 

3.  E.  nudatus  Gray.     Strigose-puberulent ;  basal  leaves  thin,  green,  spatu- 
late-obovate  or  oblanceolate,  not  prominently  veined  beneath  ;  heads  smaller ; 
pappus-scales  broadly  deltoid.  —  Del.  to  Ark.,  and  southw. 

3.   SCLER6LEPIS  Cass. 

Head  discoid,  many-flowered ;  flowers  perfect.  Involucral  bracts  linear, 
equal,  in  1  or  2  rows.  Receptacle  naked.  Corolla  5-toothed.  Achenes  5-angled  ; 
pappus  a  single  row  of  5  almost  horny  oval  and  obtuse  scales.  —  Smooth  peren- 
nial, with  simple  stems,  rooting  at  the  base,  linear  entire  leaves  in  whorls  of 
4-6,  and  a  terminal  head  of  flesh-colored  flowers  in  summer.  (Name  composed 
of  <7/f\?7p6s,  hard,  and  \eirls,  a  scale,  from  the  pappus.) 

1.  S.  uniflbra  (Walt.)  BSP.  (S.  verticillata  Cass.)  —  In  water  or  sandy 
bogs,  Bradford,  N.  H.  (F.  T.  Lewis} ;  pine  barrens,  from  N.  J.  southw. 

4.   EUPAT6RIUM    [Tourn.]   L.     THORODGHWORT 

Heads  discoid,  3-many-flowered  ;  flowers  perfect.  Involucre  cylindrical  or 
bell-shaped,  of  more  than  4  bracts.  Receptacle  flat  or  conical,  naked.  Corolla 
5-toothed.  Achenes  5-angled ;  pappus  a  single  row  of  slender  capillary  barely 
roughish  bristles.  —  Erect  perennial  herbs,  often  sprinkled  with  bitter  resinous 
dots,  with  generally  corymbose  heads  of  white,  bluish,  or  purple  blossoms,  ap- 
pearing near  the  close  of  summer.  (Dedicated  to  Eupator  Mithridates,  who  is 
said  to  have  used  a  species  of  the  genus  in  medicine.) 


782  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

§  1.   EUPAT6RIUM  proper.     Receptacle  flat. 

*  Heads  cylindrical,  3-15-flowered  ;  the  purplish  bracts  numerous,  closely  im- 

bricated in  several  rows,  of  unequal  length,  slightly  striate ;   stout  herbs, 
with  ample  mostly  whorled  leaves,  and  flesh-colored  flowers. 

1.  E.  purpureum  L.     (JOE-PYE  WEED,  TRUMPET  WEED.)     Stems  tall  (0.5-3 
m.  high)  and  stout,  simple  ;  leaves  3-6  in  a  whorl,  oblong-ovate  or  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  thin,  srnoothish,  rather  finely  crenate-dentate  ;  inflorescence  hemi- 
spherical, ovoid,  or  pyramidal-paniculate,  the  branches  long  and  spreading,  much 
overtopping  the  leaves;  flowers  pale  pink  or  whitish.     (E.  trifoliatum  L.)  — 
Low  ground,  often  in  woods  and  thickets,  N.  H.,  westw.  and  south w.     Var. 
ANGUSTIF6LIUM  T.  &  G.  (var.  falcatum  Britton),  with  narrowly  oblong-lanceolate 
to  lance-linear  often  falcate  leaves,  seems  to  be  only  a  weak  form  or  state. 

Var.  maculatum  (L.)  Darl.  More  pubescent,  with  thicker  more  rugose  ovate 
to  ovate-oblong  incisely  and  coarsely  toothed  leaves  and  flattish-topped  cymose- 
panicles  of  more  crowded  rose-purple  or  paler  heads.  {E.  maculatum  L.)  — 
Generally  in  wetter  places,  Nfd.,  westw.  and  southw. 

Var.  amoSnum  (Pursh)  Gray.  Low ;  leaves  fewer,  often  opposite,  ovate 
or  oblong  ;  heads  few.  — Range  of  the  preceding  variety. 

Var.  folibsum  Fernald.  Leaves  thin,  elongate,  the  upper  much  overtopping 
the  compact  flat-topped  inflorescence.  —  Nfd.  to  n.  Mich,  and  la. 

*  *  Heads  3-'2Q-flowered  ;  involucre  of  8-15  more  or  less  imbricated  and  unequal 

bracts,  the  outer  ones  shorter  ;  flowers  white  or  nearly  so. 

•H-  Leaves  all  alternate,   mostly  dissected;   heads  panicled,   very  small,   3-5- 

flowered. 

2.  E.  capillifblium  (Lam.)  Small.     (Doa  FENNEL.)     Smooth  or  nearly  so, 
paniculately  much  branched,  1-3  m.  high,  leaves  1-2-pinnately  parted,  filiform. 
(E.  foeniculaceum  Willd.) — Va.,  near  the  coast,  and  southw.;  adventive  near 
Philadelphia. 

•»-  -t-  Leaves  long-petioled,  the  upper  ones  alternate;  heads  12-15-flowered,  in 

compound  corymbs. 

3.  E.  ser6tinum  Michx.    Stem  pulverulent-pubescent,  bushy-branched,  1-2 
m.  high  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  tapering  to  a  point,  triple-nerved  and  veiny, 
coarsely  serrate,  0.5-1.5  dm.  long ;  involucre  very  pubescent.  — Alluvial  ground, 
Md.  to  Minn.,  e.  Kan.,  and  southw. 

•«-  •«-  -i-  Leaves  sessile  or  nearly  so,  with  a  narrow  base,  mostly  opposite;  heads 

mostly  ^-flowered. 

•w-  Involucral  bracts  with  white  and  scarious  acute  tips. 

4.  E.  album  L.     Houghish-hairy,  3-8  dm.  high ;   leaves  oblong-lanceolate, 
coarsely  toothed,  veiny  ;  heads  clustered  in  the  corymb  ;  involucral  bracts  closely 
imbricated,  rigid,  narrowly  lanceolate,   longer  than  the  flowers.  —  Sandy  and 
barren  places,  pine  barrens  of  L.  I.  to  Va.,  and  southw.;  also  dry  slopes  of  the 
southern  Alleghenies. 

Var.  subven6sum  Gray.  Less  rough  ;  leaves  2.5-5  cm.  long,  finely  toothed 
and  less  veiny.  —  L.  I.  and  N.  J. 

5.  E.  Ieuc61epis  T.  &  G.     Minutely  pubescent,  simple,  3-6  dm.  high  ;  leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  closely  sessile,  1-nerved,  obtuse,  minutely  serrate,  rough  both 
sides;  corymb  hoary.  —  Sandy  bogs,  L.  I.,  N.  J.,  and  southw. 

•w-  -w-  Bracts  not  scarious  or  only  obscurely  so,  obtuse,  at  length  shorter  than 

the  flowers. 

6.  E.  hyssopifblium  L.     Minutely  pubescent,  3-6  dm.  high  ;  leaves  narrow, 
linear  or  nearly  so,  3-5  cm.  long,  obtuse,  1-3-nerved,  entire,  or  the  lower  toothed, 
often  crowded  in  the  axils,  acute  at  the  base.  —  Sterile  soil,  Mass,  to  Va.,  e.  Ky., 
and  southw. 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  783 

7.  E.  Torreyanum  Short.     Erect,  slender,  8-12  dm.  high,  grayish-pubera- 
lent ;  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  coarsely  toothed,  the  larger  ones  5-7  cm.  long, 
8-12  mm.  wide,  commonly  proliferous  in  the  axils  ;  corymbs  flat-topped  ;  heads 
small;  involucral  scales  woolly.     (E.  hyssopi folium,  var.  laciniatum  Gray.)  — 
Barrens,  etc.,  Pa.,  Ky.,  and  southw. 

8.  E.  semiserratum  DC.     Minutely  velvety-pubescent,  branching,  6-9  dm. 
high  ;    leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  triple-ribbed  and  veiny,  serrate  above  the 
middle,  tapering  to  the  base,  1.5-2.5  cm.  wide,  the  lower  slightly  petioled  ;  heads 
small.  —Damp  soil,  Va.  to  Mo.,  and  southw.  —Leaves  sometimes  whorled  in 
threes,  or  the  upper  alternate. 

9.  E.  altissimum  L.     Stem  stout  and  tall,  1-2  m.  high,  downy  •  leaves  lan- 
ceolate, tapering  at  both  ends,  conspicuously  3-nerved,  entire,  or  toothed  above 
the  middle,  0.5-1.3  dm.  long,  the  uppermost  alternate  ;  corymbs  dense ;  bracts 
of  the  involucre  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  flowers.  — Dry  soil,  Pa.  to  Minn.,  Neb., 
and  southw. 

t-  •*-•«-  -i-  Leaves  sessile  or  nearly  so,  with  a  broad  base,  opposite  or  in  threes  ; 

heads  pubescent. 

•«•  Heads  5-8-flowered  /  leaves  not  clasping. 

10.  E.  verbenaefblium  Michx.    Roughish-pubescent,  0.5-2.5  m.  high  ;  leaves 
ovate-oblong  and  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  truncate  at  base,  slightly  triple- 
nerved,  veiny,  coarsely  toothed  or  incised  toward  the  base,  the  lower  shortly  peti- 
oled, the  upper  usually  alternate  ;  branches  of  the  corymb  few,  unequal ;  bracts 
of  the  involucre  oblong-lanceolate,  at  length  shorter  than  the  flowers.     (Includ- 
ing var.  Saundersii  Porter;  E.  teucrifolium  Wi\\d.) — Low  grounds,  Mass,  to 
Va.,  and  southw.,  near  the  coast. 

11.  E.  rotundifblium  L.     Downy-pubescent,  3-8  dm.  high  ;  leaves  roundish- 
ovate,  obtuse,  truncate  or  slightly  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  crenate  or  crenate- 
serrate,  triple-nerved,  veiny,  roughish,  2.5-5  cm.  long;  corymb  large  and  dense  ; 
bracts  of  the  b-flowered  involucre  linear-lanceolate,  slightly  pointed.  — Dry  soil, 
R.  I.  to  Va.,  Ark.,  and  southw.,  chiefly  near  the  coast. 

12.  E.  pub6scens  Muhl.      Pubescent,  7-12  dm.  high  ;   leaves  ovate,  acute, 
hardly  truncate  at  base,  strongly  serrate ;  heads  5-8-flowered.     {E.  rotundifo- 
lium,  var.  ovatum  Torr.) — Rocky  woods,  s.  Me.  to  Va.  and  Ky.,  chiefly  near 
the  coast. 

13.  E.  sessiUf^ium  L.     (UPLAND  BONESET.)     Stem  tall  (0.5-1.8  m.  high),. 
smooth,  branching ;  leaves  oblong-  or  ovate-lanceolate,  tapering  from  near  the 
rounded  sessile  base  to  the  sharp  point,  serrate,  veiny,  smooth,  0.7-1.5  dm.  long ; 
corymb  very  compound,  pubescent ;  bracts  of  the  b-flowered  involucre  oval  and 
oblong,  obtuse.  —  Copses  and  banks,  Vt.  and  Mass,  to  111.,  Mo.,  and  southw. 
along  the  mts. 

Var.  Brittonianum  Porter.  Leaves  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  acute  or  short- 
acuminate,  2.5-4  cm.  long  ;  inflorescence  very  contracted.  — Budd's  Lake,  N.  J. 
(Porter}. 

•*-«•  -w-  Leaves  opposite,  clasping  or  united  at  the  base,  long,  widely  spreading ; 
heads  10-40-flowered  ;  corymbs  very  compound  and  large. 

14.  E.  perfoliatum  L.     (THOROUGHWORT,  BONESE.T.)     Stem  stout,  0.5-1. 5m. 
high,  hairy;  leaves  lanceolate,  united  at  the  base  around  the  stem  (connate- 
perfoliate),  tapering  to  a  slender  point,  serrate,  very  veiny,  wrinkled,  downy 
beneath,  1-2  dm.  long  ;  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear-lanceolate.  —  Low  grounds ; 
common  and  well  known.     Var.  T.RUNCXTUM  Gray.     At  least  the  upper  leaves 
separate,  truncate  or  rounded  at  base.  —  With  the  typical  form. 

Var.  cuneatum  Engelm.  Leaves  smaller,  narrowed  at  base  and  separate ; 
the  heads  fewer-flowered.  —  Mo.,  and  southw.  —  Perhaps  a  hybrid  with  no.  8. 

15.  E.  resinftsum  Torr.     Minutely  velvety-downy,  6-9  dm.  high  ;  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  elongated,  serrate,  partly  clasping,  tapering  to  the  point,  slightly 
veiny  beneath,  1-1 .5  dm.  long ;  bracts  of  the  involucre  oval,  obtuse.  —  Wet  pine 
barrens,  N.  J.  —  Name  from  the  copious  resinous  globules  of  the  leaves. 


784  COMPOSTTAE    (COMPOSITE    FAMILY) 

*  *  *  Heads  S~30-flowered ;  involucral  bracts  nearly  equal,  in  one  row  or  but  a 
very  few  of  the  outermost  shorter ;  leaves  opposite,  ovate,  petioled,  triple- 
nerved,  not  resinous-dotted. 

-»-  Leaves  broadly  ovate;  flowers  pure  white. 

16.  E.  urticaefblium  Reichard.     (WHITE  SNAKEROOT.)     Smooth,   branching, 
0.5-1  in.  high  ;  leaves  broadly  ovate,  pointed,  coarsely  and  sharply  toothed,  long- 
petioled,  thin,  7-12  cm.  long;  corymbs  compound.     (E.  ageratoides  L.  f.)  — 
Rich  woods,  not  rare.     Var.  VILLICAULE  Fernald.     Stems  and  petioles  viscid-, 
villous. — Pa.  (Heller)  to  Va.  (Curtiss). 

17.  E.  aromaticum  L.      Smooth  or  slightly  downy;   stems  nearly  simple; 
leaves  on  short  petioles,  ovate,  rather  obtusely  toothed,  not  pointed,  thickish. — 
Copses,  etc.,  Mass,  to  Fla.,  near  the  coast.  —  Not  aromatic. 

-»-  -t-  Leaves  deltoid-ovate  ;  flowers  pink  to  pale  purple. 

18.  E.  incarnatum  Walt.      Freely  branched,  6-12  dm.  high,  puberulent ; 
branches  spreading-ascending ;  leaves  rather  narrowly  deltoid-ovate,  long-pointed, 
coarsely  crenate-serrate   or  bluntly  toothed  ;   slender  petioles  mostly  1-4  cm. 
long.  — Va.  (Mackenzie)  and  Ky.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

§  2.   CONOCLlNIUM   (DC.)   Baker.      Receptacle  conical ;    involucral  bracts 
nearly  equal,  somewhat  imbricated. 

19.  E.   coelestinum  L.      (MIST-FLOWER.)      Somewhat  pubescent,  0.3-1  m. 
high ;    leaves  opposite,   petiolate,   triangular-ovate    and  slightly   heart-shaped, 
coarsely  and  bluntly  toothed ;  heads  many-flowered,  in  compact  cymes ;  flowers 
blue  or  violet.  —  Rich  soil,  N.  J.  to  Mich.,  Kan.,  and  southw. 

5.  MIKANIA   Willd.     CLIMBING  HEMP-WEED 

Heads  discoid,  4-flowered.  Involucre  of  4  bracts.  Receptacle  small.  Flow- 
ers, achenes,  etc.,  as  in  Eupatorium. —  Twining  perennials,  with  opposite  com- 
monly heart-shaped  and  petioled  leaves,  and  corymbose-pan icled  flesh-colored 
flowers.  (Named  for  Joseph  Gottfried  Mikan,  1743-1814,  professor  in  the 
University  of  Prague.)  WILLUGBAEYA  Neck. 

1.  M.  scandens  (L.)  Willd.  Nearly  smooth  ;  leaves  somewhat  triangular- 
heart-shaped  or  halberd-form,  pointed,  toothed  at  the  base.  (Willoughbya 
•Ktze.)  —  Copses  along  streams,  and  in  sandy  swamps,  s.  Me.  to  Fla.,  chiefly 
near  the  coast,  w.  to  Ont.,  and  s.  to  Miss,  and  Tex.  July-Sept. 

6.    TRILISA  Caps. 

Heads  discoid,  6-10-flowered ;  'flowers  perfect.  Involucral  bracts  nearly 
equal,  little  imbricated.  Receptacle  naked.  Corolla-lobes  short-ovate  or  oblong. 
Achenes  10-ribbed  ;  pappus  of  rather  rigid  bristles,  not  plumose.  —  Perennial 
herbs,  fibrous-rooted,  with  broad  entire  leaves,  obscurely  or  not  at  all  punctate, 
and  cy mules  of  small  heads  in  a  thyrse  or  panicle.  Flowers  rose-purple,  in 
autumn.  (Name  an  anagram  of  Liatris.) 

1.  T.  paniculata  (Walt.)  Cass.       Viscid-hairy;  leaves  narrowly  oblong  or 
lanceolate,  srnoothish,  those  of  the  stem  partly  clasping  ;  heads  panicled.  — Low 
pine  barrens,  Va.,  and  southw. 

2.  T.  odoratissima  (Walt.)  Cass.     Very  smooth;  leaves  obovate-spatulate. 
pale  ;  heads  corymbed ;  plant  with  the  odor  of  vanilla  when  bruised.  —  S.  C.  to 
Fla.,  and  said  to  reach  our  limits  in  s.  Va. 

7.   BRICKELLIA   Ell. 

Characters  as  in  Kuhnia ;  involucral  bracts  more  numerous.  Bristles  of  the 
pappus  merely  scabrous  or  at  most  barbellate  or  subplumose.  Leaves  often  all 
opposite.  (In  memory  of  Dr.  John  Brickell  of  Savannah,  Ga.,  amateur  botanist 


COMPOSITAE    (COMPOSITE   FAMILY)  785 

and  helpful  correspondent  of  Muhlenberg,  Eraser,  and  others.)     COLEOSANTHUS 
Cass. 

1  B.  grandiflbra  (Hook.)  Nutt.  Nearly  glabrous,  6-9  dm.  high;  leaves 
deltoid,  cordate,  the  upper  deltoid-lanceolate,  coarsely  dentate-serrate,  acumi- 
nate, 1  dm.  long  or  less;  heads  about  40-flowered.  (Coleosanthus  Ktze.)  — 
Mo.  and  Kan.,  westw.  and  southwestw. 

8.    KtTHKIA  L. 

Heads  discoid,  10-25-flowered  ;  flowers  perfect.  Involucral  bracts  thin,  few, 
and  loosely  imbricated,  narrow,  striate-nerved.  Corolla  slender,  5-toothed. 
Achenes  cylindrical,  10-striate  ;  pappus  a  single  row  of  very  plumose  bristles.  — 
A  perennial  herb,  resinous-dotted,  with  mostly  alternate  leaves,  and  paniculate- 
corymbose  heads  of  cream-colored  flowers.  (Dedicated  to  Dr.  Adam  Kuhn  of 
Philadelphia,  who  carried  the  living  plant  to  Linnaeus.) 

1.  K.  eupatorioides  L.  Stems  3-9  d*m.  high;  pubescence  minute;  leaves 
varying  from  broadly  lanceolate  and  toothed  to  linear  and  entire.  —  Dry  soil, 
N.  J.  to  Minn.,  S.  Dak.,  and  southw.  Sept. — Very  variable.  Var.  CORYM- 
BUL6SA  T.  &  G.  Stouter  and  somewhat  more  pubescent,  the  heads  rather 
crowded.  (K.  glutinosa  Ell.)  — 111.,  westw.  and  southw. 

9.   LlATRIS   Schreb.    BUTTON  SNAKEROOT.     BLAZING  STAR 

Heads  discoid,  few-many-flowered ;  flowers  perfect.  Involucral  bracts  well 
imbricated,  appressed.  Receptacle  naked.  Corolla  5-lobed,  the  lobes  long  and 
slender.  Achenes  slender,  tapering  to  the  base,  10-ribbed.  Pappus  of  15-40 
capillary  plumose  or  barbellate  bristles.  — Perennial  herbs,  often  resinous-dotted, 
with  simple  stems  from  a  roundish  corm  or  tuber,  rigid  alternate  narrow  entire 
leaves  (sometimes  twisted  so  as  to  become  vertical),  and  spicate  or  racemed 
handsome  rose-purple  flowers,  late  in  summer  or  in  autumn.  (Derivation  of 
name  unknown. )  LACINARIA  Hill.  LACINIARIA  Hill. 

*  Pappus  very  plumose ;  bracts  of  the  ^-flowered  involucre  with  ovate  or  lanceo- 
late spreading  petal-like  (rose  or  sometimes  white)  tips,  exceeding  the  flowers. 

1.  L.  Slogans  (Walt.)   Willd.     Stem  (0.6-1  m.  high)  and  involucre  hairy; 
leaves  linear,  short  and  spreading ;  spike  or  raceme  compact,  1-5  dm.  long. 
(Laciniaria  Ktze.)  — Barren  soil,  Va.,  and  southw. 

*  *  Pappus  very  plumose ;  bracts  of  the  cylindrical  many-flowered  involucre 

imbricated  in  many  rows,  the  tips  rigid,  not  petal-like  ;  corolla-lobes  hairy 
within. 

2.  L.   squarr&sa  Willd.      (BLAZING  STAR,  etc.)      Often  hairy,    1.5-6  dm. 
high;  leaves  rigid,  linear,   elongated;   heads  usually  few,  1.5-3.5  cm.    long; 
bracts  mostly  with  elongated  and  leaf-like  spreading  tips.     (Laciniaria  Hill.)  — 
Dry  soil,  Pa.  to  Minn.,  and  southw.     Var.  INTERMEDIA  (Lindl.)  DC.     Heads 
narrow  ;  bracts  shorter,  erect  or  nearly  so.     (Lacinaria  squarrosa,  var.  Porter.) 
—  Ont.  to  Neb.  and  Tex. 

3.  L.  cylindracea  Michx.     Commonly  smooth,  1.5-5  dm.  high;  leaves  linear  ; 
heads  few,  1.5-2.5  cm.  long;  bracts  with  short  and  rounded  abruptly  mucronate 
appressed  tips.     (Laciniaria  Ktze.)  — Dry  open  places,  Ont.  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 
— •  Heads  sometimes  reduced  to  a  solitary  slightly  enlarged  terminal  one  (var. 
SOLITARIA  MacM.). 

***  Pappus  very  plumose  ;  heads  ^-Q-flowered ;  bracts  acuminate  ;  corolla-lobes 

naked. 

4.  L.  punctata   Hook.     Stout,  1.5-8  dm.  high,  from  a  branching  or  globose 
rootstock ;   leaves  narrowly  linear  or  the  upper  acerose,  rigid  ;   heads  usually 
many  in  a  dense    spike.     (Laciniaria  Ktze.)  — "  O."  ;    Minn.,    westw.    and 
southw. 

GRAY'S  MANUAL — 50 


786  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

*  *  *  *  Pappus  not  obviously  plumose  to  the  naked  eye  ;  corolla-lobes  smooth  inside, 

5.  L.  scari6sa   Willd.     Stem   stout,  0.3-1.8   m.  high,  pubescent  or   hoary; 
leaves  (smooth,  rough,  or  pubescent)  lanceolate ;  the  lowest  oblong-lanceolate  or 
obovate-oblong ,  tapering  into  a  petiole  ;  heads  few  or  many,  large,  25-40-flow- 
ered  ;  bracts  of  the  broad  or  depressed  involucre  obovate  or  spatulate,  very  numer- 
ous, with  dry  and  scarious  often  colored  tips  or  margins.     (Laciniaria  Hill.)  — 
Dry  soil,  s.  Me.  to  Ont.,  Neb.,  and  southw.  —  Widely  variable  ;  heads  2.5  cm.  or 
less  in  diameter. 

Var.  squarrulbsa  (Michx.)  Gray.  Slender  ;  heads  smaller,  14-20-flowered  ; 
bracts  numerous.  (Lacinaria  scariosa,  var.  Small.) — Open  woods,  Va.,  and 
southw. 

6.  L.    pycnostachya   Michx.      Hairy  or  snioothish ;   stem  stout,  0.5-1.5  m. 
high,  very  leafy  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  the  upper  very  narrowly  linear  ;  spike 
thick  and  dense,  1.5-5  dm.  long ;  heads  about  5-flowered,  1  cm.  long  ;  bracts  of 
the  cylindrical  involucre  oblong  or  lanceolate,  with  recurved  or  spreading  colored 
tips.     (Laciniaria  Ktze.) —  Prairies,  from  Ind.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  and  southw. 

7.  L.  spicata  (L.)  Willd.     Smooth  or  somewhat  hairy;  stems  very  leafy, 
stout,  0.5-1.8  m.  high  ;  leaves  linear,  the  lower  8-5-nerved  ;  heads  8-12-flowered, 
1  cm.  long,  crowded  in  a  long  spike  ;  bracts  of  the  cylindrical-bell-shaped  invo- 
lucre oblong  or  oval,  obtuse,  appressed,  with  slight  margins ;  achenes  pubescent 
or  smoothish.     (Laciniaria  Ktze.)  — Moist  grounds,  Mass,  to  s.  Ont.,  Minn.,  and 
southw.  —  Involucre  often  resinous,  very  smooth. 

Var.  montana  Gray.  Low  and  stout ;  leaves  broader,  obtuse  ;  spike  short 
and  heads  large.  (Lacinaria  spicata,  var.  pumila  Porter.)  —  Mountain-tops, 
Va.,  and  southw. 

8.  L.  graminifblia  (Walt.)  Willd.     Hairy  or  smoothish  ;  stem  3-9  dm.  high, 
slender,  leafy  ;  leaves  linear,  elongated,  1-nerved  ;  heads  several  or  numerous, 
in  a  spike  or  raceme,  7-12-flowered  ;  bracts  of  the  obconical  or  obovoid  involucre 
spatulate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  or  somewhat  pointed,  rigid,  appressed;  achenes 
hairy.     (Laciniaria  Ktze.;  Lacinaria  Smallii  Britton.) — Va.,  and  southw. — 
Inflorescence  sometimes  panicled,  especially  in 

Var.  dubia  Gray.  Bracts  of  involucre  narrower  and  less  rigid,  oblong,  often 
ciliate.  (Lacinaria  graminifolia,  var.  pilosa  Britton.)  —  Wet  pine  barrens, 
N.  J.,  and  southw. 

10.   GRINDELIA  Willd.    GUM-PLANT.     TAR-WEED 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate  (or  rayless);  rays  pistillate.  Bracts  of  the 
hemispherical  involucre  imbricated  in  several  series,  with  slender  more  or  less 
spreading  green  tips.  Achenes  short  and  thick,  compressed  or  turgid,  truncate, 
glabrous ;  pappus  of  2-8  caducous  awns.  —  Coarse  perennial  or  biennial  herbs, 
often  resinous-viscid,  ours  glabrous  and  leafy  with  sessile  or  clasping  alternate 
and  spinulose-serrate  or  laciniate  rigid  leaves,  and  large  heads  terminating  leafy 
branches.  Disk  and  ray  yellow.  (Named  for  Prof.  David  Hieronymus  G-rindel, 
1776-1836,  a  Russian  botanist.) 

1.  G.  squarrbsa  (Pursh)  Dunal.     Leaves  spatulate-  to  linear-oblong;  invo- 
lucre squarrose ;  achenes  not  toothed  ;  pappus-awns  2  or  3. — Prairies  and  dry 
banks,  111.  to  Minn.,  southw.  and  westw. ;  rarely  adv.  eastw.     July-Oct.     Var. 
NfrDA  (Wood)  Gray.     Rays  wanting.  — Mo.,  and  westw. 

2.  G.  lanceolata  Nutt.     Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear  ;  involucral  bracts  erect 
or  the  lower  tips  spreading ;  achenes  with  1  or  2  short  teeth  at  the  summit ; 
awns  2.  — Prairies  and  barrens,  Tenn.,  Mo.,  Kan.,  and  southw.    July,  Aug. 

11.   GUTIERREZIA  Lag. 

Heads  few-several-flowered,  radiate  ;  rays  1-6,  pistillate.  Involucre  cylin- 
dric-clavate  ;  bracts  coriaceous,  with  green  tips,  closely  imbricated,  the  outer 
shorter.  Receptacle  small,  naked.  Achenes  short,  terete  ;  pappus  of  about  9 
chaffy  scales,  shorter  in  the  ray -flowers.  —  Suffrutescent  (our  species),  glabrous, 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  787 

and  often  glutinous,  much  branched,  with  narrowly  linear  entire  alternate 
leaves,  and  small  heads  of  yellow  flowers  in  fastigiate  or  paniculate  cymes. 
(Named  for  Pedro  Gutierrez,  correspondent  of  the  botanical  garden  of  Madrid.) 
1.  G.  Sarbthrae  (Pursh)  Britton  &  Rusby.  Low;  leaves  numerous,  1-5  cm. 
long  ;  heads  usually  crowded,  the  disk-  and  short  ray-flowers  usually  3  or  4  each. 
{G.  JEuthamiae  T.  &  G.)  —  Dry  plains,  Man.  and  Minn.,  westw.  and  south westw. 
July- Sept. 

12.   AMPHlACHYRIS   (DC.)   Nutt. 

Heads  hemispherical ;  rays  5-10.  Disk-flowers  perfect  but  infertile.  Pappus 
of  the  rays  minute,  coroniform  ;  of  the  disk-flowers  of  bristle-like  scales,  more  or 
less  dilated  and  united  at  base.  —  A  diffusely  much  branched  annual,  with  heads 
solitary  on  the  branchlets  ;  otherwise  as  Gutierrezia.  (From  a^L,  around,  and 
&-)(_vpov,  chaff.} 

1.  A.  dracunculoides  (DC.)  Nutt.  Low,  slender;  leaves  narrowly  linear, 
the  upper  filiform  ;  disk-flowers  10-20,  their  pappus  of  5-8  bristle-like  scales 
united  at  base  and  slightly  dilated  upward.  —  Plains,  Mo.,  Kan.,  and  southw. 
Aug.,  Sept. 

13.   HETEROTHECA  Cass. 

Characters  as  in  Chrysopsis,  but  the  achenes  of  the  ray  thickish  or  triangular, 
without  pappus  or  obscurely  crowned,  and  those  of  the  disk  compressed,  with  a 
double  pappus,  the  inner  of  numerous  long  bristles,  the  outer  of  many  short  and 
stout  bristles. —  (From  2re/>os,  different,  and  0^*77,  case,  alluding  to  the  unlike 
achenes.) 

1.  H.  subaxillaris  (Lam.)  Britton  &  Rusby.  Annual  or  biennial,  3-9  dm. 
high,  bearing  numerous  small  heads;  leaves  oval  or  oblong,  the  lower  with 
petioles  auricled  at  base,  the  upper  mostly  subcordate-clasping.  (H.  Lamarckii 
Cass.)  — Sandy  soil,  near  the  coast,  Del.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.,  inland  to  Kan.,  N. 
Mex. ,  and  Ariz. ;  locally  on  ballast  north w.  July-Sept.  (Mex.) 

14.    CHRYS6PSIS  Nutt.     GOLDEN  ASTER 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate;  the  rays  numerous,  pistillate.  Involucral 
bracts  linear,  imbricated,  without  herbaceous  tips.  Receptacle  flat.  Achenes 
obovate  or  linear-oblong,  flattened,  hairy  ;  pappus  in  all  the  flowers  double,  the 
outer  of  very  short  and  somewhat  chaffy  bristles,  the  inner  of  long  capillary 
bristles.  —  Chiefly  perennial  low  herbs,  woolly  or  hairy,  with  rather  large  often 
corymbose  heads  terminating  the  branches.  Disk-  and  ray-flowers  yellow. 
(Name  composed  of  xp"cr6s,  gold,  and  8\{/is,  aspect,  from  the  golden  blossoms.) 

*  Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  or  linear  ;  achenes  linear. 

1.  C.   graminifblia  (Michx.)  Nutt.      Silvery-silky,  with  long  close-pressed 
hairs ;  stem  slender,  often  with  runners  from  the  base,  naked  above,  bearing 
few  heads  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  elongated,  grass-like,  nerved,  shining, 
entire. — Dry  sandy  soil,  N.  J.  and  Del.   to  Ky.,   southw.  and  southwestw. 
July-Oct. 

2.  C.  falcata  (Pursh)  Ell.     Stems  1-3  dm.  high,  very  woolly  ;  leaves  crowded, 
linear,  rigid,  about  3-nerved,  entire,  somewhat  recurved  or  scythe-shaped,  hairy, 
or  smooth  when  old,  sessile  ;  heads  small,  corymbed.  —  Dry  sandy  soil  on  the 
coast,  pine  barrens  of  N.  J.  to  Cape  Cod,  Mass.    July-Sept. 

*  *  Leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  entire  or  slightly  serrate,  mostly  sessile,  veined, 
not  nerved ;  achenes  obovate,  flattened. 

•«-  Pubescence  soft-villous  or  arachnoid  and  floccose. 

3.  C.  mariana  (L.)  Nutt.      Perennial,  silky  with  long  and  weak  hairs,  or 
when  old  smoothish ;  leaves  oblong;  heads  corymbed,  on  glandular  peduncles 
—  Dry  barrens,  from  «   N  ^r .  and  Pa.  southw.     Aug. -Oct. 


788  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

4.  C.  gossypina  (Michx.)  Nutt.     Biennial,  densely  lanate,  the  pubescence 
becoming  floccose  ;  leaves  short-spatulate  to  oblong,  rounded  at  tip,  white-lanate ; 
heads  few,  long-peduncled  ;  involucre  woolly  or  becoming  glabrate  and  merely 
glandular.     (C.  pilosa  Britton,  not  Nutt.)  — Pine  barrens,  Va.  to  Fla. 

•«-  -t-  Stems  hirsute  to  villous,  the  hairs  persistent. 

5.  C.    villbsa   Nutt.      Hirsute    and    villous-pubescent ;     stem    corymbosely 
branched,   the  branches  terminated  by  single   short-peduncled   heads  ;    leaves 
narrowly  oblong,  hoary  with  rough  pubescence  (as  also  the  involucre},  bristly- 
ciliate  toward  the  base  ;  achenes  3-5-nerved ;  outer  pappus  setulose-squamellate. 
(C.  camporum  Greene.)  —  Dry  plains  and  prairies,  Man.  and  Wise,  to  Ky., 
westw.  and  southw.     July-Sept. 

6.  C.  pi!6sa  Nutt.    Annual,  soft-hirsute  or  villous  ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  ; 
involucre  viscid;  achenes  10-nerved;  outer  pappus  chaffy  and  conspicuous.     (G. 
Nuttallii  Britton.)  — Open  places,  Kan.,  and  southw. 

15.    SOLIDAGO  L.    GOLDEN-ROD 

Heads  few-many-flowered,  radiate  ;  the  rays  1-16,  pistillate.  Bracts  of  the 
involucre  appressed,  destitute  of  herbaceous  tips  (except  nos.  1  and  2).  Recep- 
tacle small,  not  chaffy.  Achenes  many-ribbed,  nearly  terete  ;  pappus  simple, 
of  equal  capillary  bristles.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  mostly  wand-like  stems  and 
sessile  or  nearly  sessile  never  heart-shaped  stem-leaves.  Heads  small,  racemed 
or  clustered;  flowers  both  of  the  disk  and  ray  yellow  (cream-color  in  no.  6). 
Closely  related  species  tending  to  hybridize  freely.  (Name  from  solidare,  to 
join,  or  make  whole,  in  allusion  to  reputed  vulnerary  qualities.) 

§  1.   VIRGAtlREA  DC.     Hays  mostly  fewer  than  the  disk-flowers;  heads  all 
more  or  less  pediceled. 

*  Bracts  of  the  much  imbricated  and  rigid  involucre  with  abruptly  spreading 
herbaceous  tips ;  heads  in  clusters  or  glomerate  racemes,  disposed  in  a  dense 
somewhat  leafy  and  interrupted  wand-like  compound  spike. 

1.  S.  squarrbsa  Muhl.      Stem  stout,  0.2-1.6  m.  high,  hairy  above  ;   leaves 
large,  oblong,  or  the  lower  spatulate-oval  and  tapering  into  a  margined  petiole, 
serrate,  veiny  ;   heads  numerous  ;  bracts  obtuse  or  acute  ;  disk-flowers  16-24, 
the  rays  12-16.  — Rocky  and  wooded  hills,  N.  B.  to  Ont.,  s.  to  Va.  and  O. ;  rare 
southw.     Aug.-early  Oct. 

2.  S.  petiolaris  Ait.     Minutely  hoary  or  downy  ;  stem  strict,  simple,  0.2-1  in. 
high  ;  leaves  small  (1-7  dm.  long),  oval  or  oblong,  mucronate,  veiny,  rough- 
ciliolate,  minutely  puberulent,  dull  or  slightly  lustrous  ;  the  upper  entire  and 
abruptly  very  short-petioled,  the  lower  often  serrate  and  tapering  to  the  base  ; 
heads  few,  in  a  wand-like  raceme  or  panicle,  on  slender  bracted  pedicels  ;  rays 
about  10,  elongated  ;  bracts  of  the  pubescent  involucre  lanceolate  or  linear-awl- 
shaped,  the  outer  loose  and  spreading,  more  or  less  foliaceous.  —  Dry  woods, 
s.  w.  111.  to  Kan.,  N.  C.,  and  southw.     Aug. -Oct.  — The  name  is  misleading,  as 
the  leaves  are  hardly  petioled.     Var.  WARDII  (Britton)  Fernald.     Leaves  firm 
and  strongly  glutinous,  somewhat  lustrous.     (S.  Wardii  Britton.)  —  Open  rocky 
or  sandy  ground,  Mo.  and  Kan.  to  Tex. 

*  *  Involucral  bracts  without  green  tips  and  wholly  appressed. 

•*-  Heads  small ;  the  involucres  2-5  (rarely  6)  mm.  long,  clustered  along  the 
stem  in  the  axils  of  the  feather-veined  leaves,  or  the  upper  forming  a  thyrse. 

*+  Achenes  pubescent. 
=  Stem  terete,  mostly  glaucous  (the  bloom  easily  rubbed  off}. 

3.  S.  caSsia  L.     Smooth ;   at  length  much  branched  and  diffuse ;   leaves 
lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  serrate,  pointed,  sessile  ;   heads  in  very  short 
clusters,  or  somewhat  racemose-panicled  on  the  branches. — Deciduous  woods, 
s.  Me.  to  Ont.,  Minn.,  and  southw.     Aug.-Oct.     Var.  AXILLA.RIS  (Pursh)  Gray, 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  789 

Mostly  simple  ;  leaves  thin,  elongate-lanceolate,  all  much  exceeding  the  very 
small  axillary  clusters. — N.  S.  to  Que.,  Ont,  and  south w.  Var.  PANICUIATA 
Gray.  Paniculately  branched;  leaves  smaller;  heads  densely  racemose-pani- 
cled.  —  Rich  woods  and  clearings,  from  s.  Me.  southw. 

=  =  Stem  angled,  not  glaucous. 

4.  S.  Iatif61ia  L.    Smooth  or  nearly  so  ;  stem  zigzag,  simple  or  paniculate- 
branched,  0.3-1  in.  high  ;  leaves  broadly  ovate  or  oval,  very  strongly  and  sharply 
serrate,  conspicuously  pointed  at  both  ends,  thin,  0.5-1.5  dm.  long,  the  lower 
abruptly  narrowed  to  winged  petioles  ;  heads  in  very  short  axillary  clusters,  or 
the  clusters  somewhat  prolonged  at  the  ends  of  the  branches  ;  rays  3-4.     (S. 
flexicaulis  L. ,  in  part.)  —  Moist  shaded  banks,  throughout ;  commonest  north  w., 
and  s.  along  the  mts.     Late  July-early  Oct. 

5.  S.  Curtisii  T.  &  G.    Smooth  or  nearly  so ;  stem  usually  branched  ;  leaves 
oblong  to  long-lanceolate  with  gradually  narrowed  entire  base,  serrate  above 
with  subulate  teeth  ;  heads  in  small  loose  clusters;  rays  4-7.  —  Open  woods  at 
low  elevations  in  the  mountains,  Va.,  W.  Va.,  Ky.,  and  southw.     Aug. -Oct. 
Var.  PREENS  (M.  A.  Curtis)  Gray.    Stems  and  often  the  under  surfaces  of  the 
leaves  tomentose.  —  Similar  range. 

•w.  ++  Achenes  glabrous  (rarely  a  little  setulose)  ;  inflorescence  more  thyrsoid. 
=  Stems  pubescent. 

6.  S.  bicolor  L.     Hoary  or  grayish  with  soft  hairs  (rarely  glabrate) ;  stem 
simple  or  paniculate-branched ;  leaves  oblong  or  elliptical-lanceolate,  acute  at 
both  ends,  or  the  lower  oval  and  tapering  into  a  petiole,  slightly  serrate  ;  clusters 
or  short  racemes  from  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  forming  an  interrupted  spike 
or  crowded  panicle  ;   involucre  3-5  mm.  long ;  the  chartaceous  whitish-yellow 
obtuse  bracts  usually  with  the  greenish  midrib  slender  below  but  conspicu- 
ously dilated  above;  rays  5-14,  small,  cream-color  or  nearly  white;  achenes 
columnar.  —  Dry  soil,  P.  E.  I.  to  Ga.,  rarely  inland  to  Ky.,  Mich.,  and  Ont. 
Late  Aug. -Oct. 

7.  S.  hispida  Muhl.     Similar  ;  cauline  leaves  oblanceolate  to  narrowly  obo- 
vate,  narrowed  at  base,  blunt  or  acutish  at  tip  ;  basal  leaves  mostly  rounded  at 
tip,  crenate-serrate ;  involucre  4-6  mm.  long ;  the  subherbaceous  greenish  or 
greenish-straw-colored  obtuse  bracts  usually  with  the  green  midrib  nearly  uni- 
form or  only  obscurely  dilated  above;  rays  orange-yellow;  achenes  slightly 
broadened  upward.     (S.  bicolor,  var.  concolor  T.  &  G.)  —  Dry  or  rocky  banks, 
Nfd.  to  Man.,  s.  to  the  mts.  of  Ga.,   Mich.,  and  Mo.;  chiefly  in  calcareous 
districts.     July-early  Sept. 

=  =  Stems  glabrous  or  essentially  so. 

8.  S.  er6cta  Pursh.     Glabrous,  or  merely  puberulent  above  ;  leaves  thickish, 
firm,  the  lowest  oblong  or  ovate-spatulate,  crenate,  the  others  narrower,  entire  ; 
inflorescence  as"  in  no.  6;  rays  pale  yellow  or  cream-colored.  —  Dry  soil,  L.  I., 
N.  J.,  Pa.,  and  southw.     Aug.-Oct. 

0.  S.  monticola  T.  &  G.  Nearly  glabrous ;  stem  slender,  3-9  dm.  high  ; 
leaves  thin,  oblong-ovate  to  lanceolate,  acute  or  tapering  at  both  ends,  the  lower 
serrate;  heads  small,  the  bracts  acutish;  rays  5-6.  (S.  roanensis  Porter.)  — 
Allegheny  Mts.,  from  Pa.  southw.  July-Sept. 

•*-  s-  Heads  mostly  large,   the    involucres  6(rarely  5)-12   mm.   long,   many- 
flowered,  forming  an  erect  terminal  thyrse;  leaves  feather-veined. 

*+  Leaves  numerous,  short,  sessile,  entire,  uniform  in  size  and  shape  ;  cinereous 
plant  of  the  Southwest. 

10.  S.  Lindheimeriana  Scheele.  Somewhat  cinereous-puberulent,  2.5-8  dm. 
high  ;  leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong,  sessile,  subacute,  often  glutinous  ;  inflorescence 
dense;  involucre  slender-campanulate,  6.5-7  mm.  long;  achenes  glabrous. — 
Limestone  bluffs  and  gravel,  and  in  rocky  woods,  Kan.  to  Tex.  Sept.-Nov. 


790  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

•«•  ++  Leaves  elongate,  the  basal  much  larger  than  the  upper  and  more  or  less 
petioled  ;  green  plants  of  northern  and  mountainous  regions. 

=  Leaves  thin,  the  basal  with  ovate  or  oblong  blades,  sharp-serrate,  abruptly 
narrowed  to  the  comparatively  slender  petioles. 

11.  S.   macrophylla  Pursh.     Stem  stout,   3.5-12  dm.   high,   pubescent  at 
summit,  simple  below  the  inflorescence  ;  leaves  very  thin,  scattered,  irregularly 
and  coarsely  serrate  with  sharp  salient  teeth,  all  but  the  uppermost  abruptly 
contracted  into  long  margined  petioles,  the  lowest  with  blades  5-20  cm.  long ; 
heads  many-flowered,  in  a  wand-like  compound  raceme  or  contracted  panicle 
1-6   dm.   long,    the   lower  heads    much  exceeded  by  their  subtending  leaves; 
involucre  slender-campanulate   or  thick-cylindric,    8-12   mm.  long;  its  bracts 
thin,   scarious,  linear-attenuate ;   rays  8-10,   elongated ;   achenes  smooth,   3-4 
mm.  long.  — Woods,  Nfd.  to  L.  Superior,  s.  to  N.  S.,  N.  B.,  e.  and  centr.  Me., 
and  on  upland  slopes  to  Mt.  Monadnock,  N.  H.,  Mt.  Greylock,  Mass.,  and  the 
Catskill  Mts.,  N.  Y.     July-early  Sept. 

Var.  thyrsoldea  (Mey.)  Fernald.  Lower;  the  involucre  much  fuller  and 
broader  (8-20  mm.  broad),  subglobose  to  cup-shaped;  its  bracts  firmer,  often 
subherbaceous,  narrowly  deltoid  "to  lanceolate.  —  Lab.  to  alpine  regions  of  Gasp6 
Co.,  Que.,  Mt.  Katahdin,  Me.,  and  Mt.  Washington,  N.  H.  July,  Aug. 

12.  S.  calcicola  Fernald.     Stems  2-10  dm.    high,   purplish,  simple  or  with 
few  erect  branches,  glabrous  below,  pubescent  and  somewhat  glutinous  above, 
very  leafy  to   the  inflorescence;   basal  leaves  elliptic,  sharp-serrate,   slenderly 
wing-petioled ;    the  cauline    oblanceolate,   acuminate,   sharply   and  irregularly 
serrate  above  the  middle,  entire  below  and  narrowed  to  broad-winged  petioles, 
or  the  uppermost  sessile ;  inflorescence  from  racemo-thyrsoid  to  thyrsoid-panicu- 
late ;   involucre    6-8    mm.    long,   its  bracts  mostly   lance-attenuate,    acute  or 
acutish  ;   rays  rather  short ;   achenes  pubescent,   1-2   mm.  long.  —  Calcareous 
cliffs  and  rich  woods,  Gaspe"  Co.,  Que.,  to  Aroostook  Co.,  Me.     Aug.,  Sept. 

=  =  Leaves  thick  and  firm,  the  basal  with  the  oblanceolate,  spatulate,  or  nar- 
rowly obovate  blades  crenate  or  crenate-serrate  (rarely  sharp-serrate)  and 
tapering  gradually  to  the  winged  petioles. 

a.  Involucre  BO-5Q-flowered  ;  cauline  leaves  2-4  (rarely  5)  below  the  inflorescence. 

13.  S.  Cutldri  Fernald.     Dwarf  (5-25  cm.  high) ;  the  stem  rather  prominently 
angled ;  basal  leaves  obovate  to  broadly  oblanceolate,  crenate  to  serrate  above 
the  middle  ;  the  few  cauline  leaves  oblanceolate  to  spatulate,  of  nearly  uniform 
size;   inflorescence   a  few-headed  terminal   corymb   or  frequently  the  heads 
clustered  in  the  axils  of  the  rather  large  divergent  upper  leaves;  heads  very 
full ;   the  short  campanulate  involucre  6-8  mm.  high,  7-10  mm.  broad,  com- 
posed of  subherbaceous  often  glutinous  oblong  or  lanceolate  obtuse  to  acutish 
bracts;  achenes  3-3.5  mm.  long,  hirsute  with  spreading-ascending  short  hairs; 
pappus  barbellate.     (8.  Virgaurea,  var.   alpina  Bigel.;    S.  alpestris  of  recent 
Am.  auth.,  not  Waldst.  &  Kit. )  — Highest  alpine  districts  of  Me.,  N.  H.,  Vt., 
and  N.  Y.    July-early  Sept. 

b.  Involucre  15-3Q-flowered  ;  cauline  leaves  (except  in  abnormally  floriferous 
individuals')  more  numerous,  ^(rarely  4)-30  or  more  below  the  inflorescence. 

1.    Midrib  of  the  leaves  usually  prominent  beneath;  inflorescence  (simple   or 
paniculately  compound)  dense,  the  pedicels  rarely  more  than  3-4  mm.  long. 

14.  S.  Randii  (Porter)  Britton.     Often  glutinous  ;  stems  stoutish,  commonly 
purple-tinged,  glabrous  below,  usually  puberulent  above,  3-8  dm.  high  ;  leaves 
numerous;  the  basal  narrowly  obovate  to  oblanceolate,  acute  or  obtuse,  serrate 
or  dentate,  7-20  cm.  long;    the  cauline   lanceolate  or  oblanceolate  to  elliptic, 
gradually  reduced  upward,  rarely   bearing  axillary  fascicles,  the   lower  often 
serrate,  the  uppermost  entire  and  2-7  cm.  long ;  heads  crowded  in  a  dense  thyrse 
or  at  the  ends  of  the  branches  of  an  ample  panicle  (1-3  dm.  long);  involucre 
5-6  mm.   high,   3-5  mm.  broad,  the  bluntish  or  acute  bracts  lance-deltoid  to 
linear;    achenes    2-2.6   mm.    long,   sparingly   appressed-setulose    or   glabrate ; 
pappus  barbellate.     (S.  Virgaurea  of  recent  Am.  auth.,  in  part,  not  L.;  8.  Vir- 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  791 

gaurea,  vai-s.  Bandit  and  Redfieldii  Porter ;  8.  humilis  Man.  ed.  6,  in  part, 
not  Pursh.) — Dry  or  rocky  (commonly  granitic,  etc.)  soil,  e.  Me.  to  Mich., 
southw.  along  the  mts.  to  s.  N.  H.  and  w.  Mass.  July-early  Sept.  Passing 
freely  to  var.  MONT/COLA  (Porter)  Fernald.  Lower  (0.5-5  dm.  high),  with  a 
dense  solitary  thyrse  2-10  cm.  long.  (S.  Virgaurea,  var.  Porter  ;  S.  Virgaurea, 
var.  Deanei  Porter.)  — More  exposed  situations. 

2.  Midrib  of  the  leaves  usually  obscure;  inflorescence  l-several  racemes  or 
interrupted  thyrses,  many  of  the  pedicels  5-15  (or  rarely  25)  mm.  long. 

15.  S.  racembsa  Greene.     Often  glutinous  ;  stems  usually  clustered,  rather 
strict,  slender  and  nearly  terete,  very  leafy,  1-6  dm.  high  ;   basal  and  lower 
leaves  oblanceolate,  mostly  acute  or  subacute,  3-12  cm.  long,  5-7  mm.  broad, 
more  or  less  crenate  or  serrate  above  the  middle  ;  cauline  leaves  10-30  or  more, 
oblanceolate  to  linear,  the  uppermost  entire  and  1-3.5  cm.  long,  all  (in  well- 
developed  plants}  bearing  axillary  fascicles  ;  racemes  solitary,  5-15  cm.  long, 
rarely  panicled  ;  involucre  5-8  mm.  high,  the  linear  bracts  obtuse  or  acutish  ; 
achenes  2-3  mm.  long,  finely  appressed-setulose ;  pappus  minutely  serrulate. 
(S.  humilis  Man.  ed.   6,  in  great  part,  not  Pursh  ;    /S.   Purshii  Porter,  as  to 
description,  but  not  as  to  type,  i.e.  the  Pursh  plant.)  —  Calcareous  ledges  and 
cliffs,  local,  N.  B.  to  Va.,  w.  to  the  sand-hills  of  L.  Mich.     July-Sept. 

Var.  Gillmani  (Gray)  Fernald.  Much  larger;  basal  leaves  1.5-3  dm.  long, 
coarsely  toothed ;  the  abundant  racemes  forming  a  panicle  3-4  dm.  long. 
(S.  humilis,  var.  Gray;  8.  Virgaurea,  var.  Porter.)  —  Sand-hills  and  rocks 
along  the  Great  Lakes,  Ont.  and  Mich. 

16.  S.  deciimbens  Greene.     Similar;   the  decumbent  rigid  stems  0.5-4  dm. 
high,   simple,   remotely  leafy,'    basal  and    lower   leaves   spatulate-obovate  to 
-oblanceolate,  chiefly  rounded  or  blunt  at  tip,  1.5-9  cm.  long,  8-20  mm.  broad, 
toothed  above  the  middle  ;  cauline  leaves  4-9  below  the  inflorescence,  without 
axillary  fascicles;  raceme  lax,  3-20  cm.  long;  involucre  6-7  mm.  high,  its  firm 
linear  bracts  obtuse.  —  Serpentine  rock,  Mt.  Albert,  Que. ;  shores  of  L.  Superior  ; 
Alb.  and  B.  C.  to  Col.,  and  Wash.     July,  Aug. 

•«-•»--»-  Heads  small  or  middle-sized,  the  involucres  2-5  (rarely  6)  mm.  long, 
panicled  or  thyrsoidal,  not  in  a  terminal  corymbiform  cyme;  neither  alpine 
nor  high-northern. 

•w-  Leaves  commonly  veiny,  not  B-ribbed  (but  sometimes  obscurely  triple- 
nerved). 

=  Heads  in  a  slender  virgate  or  thyrsoid  panicle, 
a.  Stem  puberulent  or  pulverulent. 

17.  S.  pubSrula  Nutt.     Stem  (2-10  dm.  high,  simple  or  branched)  and  pan- 
icle minutely  hoary;  stem-leaves  numerous,  lanceolate,  acute,  tapering  to  the 
base,  mostly  entire,  smoothish,  the  uppermost  1.5-5  cm.  long  ;  the  lower  wedge- 
lanceolate  and  sparingly  toothed  ;  heads  very  numerous  and  crowded  in  compact 
short  racemes  forming  a  prolonged  and  dense  slender  or  pyramidal  panicle; 
involucre  3-4  mm.  long,  its  bracts  linear-awl-shaped,  appressed  ;  rays  about  10. 
— Dry  or  sandy  soil,  P.  E.  I.  to  w.  Que.,  s.  to  Fla.  and  Miss.,  mostly  near  the 
coast.    Aug.-Oct. 

b.    Stem  glabrous. 

1.  Axis  and  branches  of  the  inflorescence  glabrous. 

18.  S.  stricta  Ait.     Very  smooth  throughout ;  stem  strict  and  simple,  wand- 
like,  0.5-2.5  m.  high,  slender,  beset  with  small  and  entire  appressed  lanceolate- 
oblong  thickish  leaves,  these  gradually  reduced  upward  to  mere  bracts  (5-15  mm. 
long)  ;  the  lowest  oblong-spatulate  ;  heads  crowded  in  a  very  slender  compound 
spicate  raceme  ;  involucre  4-5  mm.  long ;  rays  5-7.  —  Damp  pine  barrens  and 
prairies,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.    Sept.-Nov.     (W.  I.) 

2.  Axis  and  branches  of  the  inflorescence  pubescent. 

19.  S.  uligin&sa  Nutt.     Smooth  up  to  the  inflorescence ;  stem  simple,  strict, 
3--10  dm.  high  ;   leaves  thickish,  lanceolate,  pointed,  the  lower  1-4  dm.  long, 


792  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

tapering  into  winged  petioles,  partly  sheathing  at  the  base,  sparsely  serrulate  01 
entire,  the  uppermost  3-8  cm.  long ;  racemes  much  crowded  and  appressed  in 
a  dense  wand-like  panicle;  involucre  4-6  mm.  long,  its  bracts  linear-oblong, 
rays  5-6,  small.  —  Bogs  and  wet  shores,  Nfd.  to  Keewatin,  s.  to  Minn.,  Pa.,  and 
in  the  mts.  to  N.  C.  July-early  Sept. 

20.  S.  speci&sa  Nutt.      Stem  stout,  0.5-2  m.    high,   smooth  below,   often 
roughish  above  ;  leaves  thickish,  smooth,  with   rough  margins,  oval  or  ovate, 
slightly  serrate  ;  the  uppermost  2-4  cm.  long,  oblong-lanceolate  ;  the  lower  1.5-3 
dm.  long,  5-10  cm.  wide,  contracted  into  a  margined  petiole  ;  heads  somewhat 
crowded  in  numerous  erect  racemes,  forming  an  ample  pyramidal  or  thyrsiform 
panicle;  peduncles  and  pedicels  rough-hairy;  involucre  cylindric,  often  gluti- 
nous, 4.5-6  mm.  long,  its  firm  bracts  oblong;  rays  about  5,  large.  —  Dry  open 
woods  and  thickets,  local,  Mass,  to  Minn.,  and  south w.     Sept.,  Oct. 

Var.  angustata  T.  &  G.  Lower,  rarely  1  m.  high  ;  leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate- 
lanceolate,  more  nearly  uniform,  the  lower  8-12  cm.  long,  2-3  cm.  wide; 
inflorescence  usually  smaller.  (S.  rigidiuscula  Porter.)  —  Dry  open  ground, 

0.  to  S.  Dak. ,  and  south  w.     Aug.-Oct. 

=  =  Heads  paniculate,  in  mostly  spreading  or  recurved-ascending  secund 

clusters. 

a.  Leaves  fleshy  ;  plant  maritime. 

21.  S.  sempeYvirens  L.     Smooth  and  stout,  0.3-2.5  m.  high  ;  leaves  entire, 
lanceolate,  slightly  clasping;  the  lower  ones  lanceolate-oblong,  1.5-6  dm.  long, 
obscurely  triple-nerved  ;  the  uppermost  4-15  cm.  long ;   racemes   short,  in   an 
open  or  contracted  panicle  ;  involucre  4-6  mm.  long,  many-flowered  ;  rays  showy 
7-10.  — Salt  marshes,  or  rocks  on  the  shore,  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  and  southw., 
Aug.-Nov. (rarely   Dec.). — Varies,    in    less    brackish    swamps,  to  forms  with 
thinner  elongated  linear-lanceolate  leaves  tapering  to  each  end,  and  more  erect 
racemes  in  a  more  slender  panicle. 

b.   Leaves  not  fleshy  ;  plants  not  maritime. 

1.  Basal  leaves  long-petioled,  conspicuously  larger  than  the  10-30  (-40)  remote 

or  subremote  cauline  ones. 

o  Stems  strongly  angled  ;  leaves  shagreen-scabrous  on  the  upper  surface  ;  heads 

15-20-flowered. 

22.  S.  patula  Muhl.     Stem  sharply  4-angled,  smooth,  0.5-2  m.  high  ;  lower 
leaves  1-4  dm.  long,  ovate,  acute,  serrate,  pale,  very  smooth  and  veiny  under- 
neath, but  the  upper  surface  very  rough,  like  shagreen  ;  uppermost  leaves  lanceo- 
late, 2-5  cm.  long ;  racemes  rather  short  and  numerous  on   the   leafy-bracted 
spreading  branches  ;  heads  rather  large  and  full ;  the  involucre  3-4.5  mm.  long, 
nearly  as  broad,  its  linear-oblong  bracts  obtuse.  —  Bogs  and  swamps,  chiefly  in 
calcareous  regions,  w.  Me.  to  Out.,  and  southw.     Aug.,  Sept. 

o  o  Stems  terete  or  nearly  so ;  leaves  smooth  or  smoothish  (rarely  scabrous")  ; 
heads  6-1 5  (-20)  ^ flowered. 

+  Leaves  mostly  serrate,  the  lower  and  middle  cauline  (as  well  as  the  basal} 
rather  abruptly  narrowed  to  the  petiolar  base.  (Extreme  forms  of  S. 
ulmifolia  might  be  sought  here.) 

23.  S.  arguta  Ait.     Smooth;  stem  6-15  dm.  high,  obscurely  angled  above; 
leaves  usually  thin,  sharply  double-serrate ;  the  lower  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
1.5-4  dm.   long,  pointed  at   both  ends,    their  petioles   margined;    the  upper 
elliptical-lanceolate,  3-9  dm.  long  ;  racemes  pubescent,  spreading,  disposed  in 
an  elongate  open  panicle  ;  involucre  about  4  mm.  long,  its  thin  bracts  bluntish  ; 
rays  6-7,  large;  achenes  glabrous.  —  Open  woods  and  thickets,  w.  Me.  to  Ont., 
and  southw.     Aug.,  Sept. 

24.  S.    Bo6ttii   Hook.      Smooth,   or  scabrous-pubescent  or  below  hirsute, 
slender,  often  branched,  0.5-1.5  m.  high  ;  leaves  rather  finely  serrate,  ovate  to 
oblong-lanceolate,  pointed  ;  the  lower  6-15  cm.  long ;  the  upper  small,  oblong  tc 
narrowly  lanceolate,  often  entire  ;  heads  loosely  racemose  at  the  tips  of  the  very 


COMPOSTTAE    (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  793 

few  elongate  leafy-bracted  branches ;  rays  1-5  or  none ;  achenes  pubescent.  — 
Dry  grounds,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.,  north w.  in  Miss,  basin  to  Mo.     July-Sept. 

-}-  +  Leaves  all  tapering  gradually  to  the  base,  the  uppermost  chiefly  entire. 
X  Panicle  usually  as  broad  as  high  ;  rays  8-12. 

25.  S.  juncea  Ait.     Smooth  throughout,  5-12  dm.  high ;  radical  and  lower 
stem-leaves  1.5-4  dm.  long,  elliptical  or  lanceolate-oval,  sharply  serrate  with 
spreading  teeth,  pointed,  tapering  into  winged  and  ciliate  petioles ;  the  others 
lanceolate  or  narrowly  oblong,  slightly  triple-nerved,  tapering  to  each  end,  the 
uppermost  entire,  3-6  cm.  long;  racemes  dense,  naked,  at  length  elongated  and 
recurved,  forming  a  crowded  corymb-like  panicle  ;  involucre  2.5-4  mm.  long,  its 
closely  appressed  rigid  pale  oblong  bracts  blunt  or  acutish.  —  Dry  copses  and 
banks,  N.  B.  to  Sask.,  s.  to  N.  C.,  and  Mo.    Late  June-Sept.     Var.  SCABRELL> 
(T.  &  G.)  Gray.     Foliage  scabrous.  —  Vt.  to  Ky.,  and  westw. 

Var.  rambsa  Porter  &  Britton.     The  numerous  branches  upright,  only  slightly 
secund,  with  short  terminal  racemes.  —  N.  J.  to  W.  Va.  and  O. 

x   x  Panicle  usually  longer  than  broad;  rays  2-8. 

26.  S.  neg!6cta  T.  &  G.     Smooth ;  stem  stout,  6-15  dm.  high,  rather  leafy  ; 
leaves  thickish,  smooth  both  sides,  opaque  ;  the  cauline  20-40  ;  the  upper  oblong- 
lanceolate,  mostly  acute  and  nearly  entire  ;  the  uppermost  2-5  cm.  long  ;  the 
lower  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong,  sharply  serrate,  2-4  dm.  long,  3-8  cm.  broad, 
tapering  into  a  petiole  ;  racemes  short  and  dense,  at  first  erect  and  scarcely 
1-sided,  at  length  spreading,  disposed  in  an  elongated  or  pyramidal  close  panicle  ; 
involucre  3-4.5  mm.  long,  its  blunt  bracts  subherbaceous ;  rays  3-8;  peduncles 
and  achenes  nearly  glabrous.  —  Swamps,  brook-sides,  and  prairies,  e.  Mass,  and 
Vt.  to  Md.,  111.,  and  Wise.    Aug.-early  Oct. 

27.  S.  uniligulata  (DC.)  Porter.    Smooth;  stem  slender,  1.5-9  dm.  high; 
leaves  thick,  opaque;  the  cauline  5-20  (rarely  30),  linear  or  linear-lanceolate, 
appressed-ascending ;  the  lower  narrowly  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  appressed- 
serrate,  1-3  dm.  long,  0.7-3  cm.  broad,  tapering  to  a  long  petiole  ;  panicle  much 
is  in  no.  26,  but  smaller ;  involucre  3.5-5  mm.  long,  its  pale  straw-colored  bracts 
chartaceous;  rays  2-5.     (S.  neglecta,  var.  linoides  Gray.)  —  Sphagnum  bogs 
And  mossy  banks,  Nfd.  to  Ont.,  s.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  and  111.     July-Sept. 

2.  Basal  leaves  similar  to  the  30-100  (-200)  ordinarily  almost  uniform  or 
gradually  reduced  approximate  cauline  ones. 

o  Leaves  all  (or  all  but  the  lower)  entire,  with  prominent  midrib  but  obscure 

veins. 

+  Stem  glabrous  or  merely  puberulent  /  leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate. 

28.  S.  odbra  Ait.     (SWEET   GOLDEN-ROD.)     Smooth  or  nearly  so  through- 
out ;  stem  slender,  0.5-1  m.  high,  often  reclined ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  entire, 
shining,  pellucid-dotted,  the  middle  ones  6-10  cm.  long;  racemes  spreading,  in  a 
small  one-sided  panicle  ;  involucre  3-5  mm.  long,  the  few  inner  yellowish  bracts 
much  longer  than  the  outer ;  rays  3-4,  rather  large.  —  Borders  of  thickets  in 
dry  or  sandy  soil,  s.  N.  H.  and  s.  Vt.  to  Fla.,  w.  to  Mo.  and  Tex.     July-Sept.— 
The  crushed  leaves  yield  a  pleasant  anisate  odor;  but  an  occasional  form  is 
nearly  scentless. 

29.  S.  tortifblia  Ell.     Stem  scabrous-puberulent,  5-9  dm.  high  ;  leaves  linear, 
short  (the  middle  ones  1.5-5  cm.  long),  commonly  twisted,  roughish-puberulent 
or  glabrate,  often  as  many  as  200 ;    panicle  of  numerous  slender  recurved 
racemes;  involucre  2.5-3.5  mm.  long,  the  obtuse  scales  pale  straw-color ;  rays 
very  short.  —Dry  soil,  coast  of  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     Sept.,  Oct. 

-f  +  Stem  hirsute ;  leaves  oblong. 

30.  S.  fistul&sa  Mill.     Stem  stout,   upright,   0.9-2  m.   high,   clothed  with 
spreading  hairs ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  roughish,  hairy  beneath,  at  least  on 
the  midrib,  serrulate,  the  upper  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong  and  entire,  closely 
sessile  ;  racemes  many,  recurved,  in  a  dense  pyramidal  panicle  ;  rays  7-10,  very 


794  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

short.     (/&  pilosa  Walt.) — Low  grounds,  pine  barrens  of  N.  J.  to  Va.,  and 
southw.     Aug.-Oct. 

o  o  Leaves  all  or  nearly  all  toothed,  the  veins  prominent. 
+  Stems  glabrous  ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  elliptic-ovate. 

x  Branches  of  the  crowded  ellipsoid  to  pyramidal  panicle  floriferous  nearly 
throughout,  ascending  or  ascending-spreading. 

31.  S.  Elli6ttii  T.  &  G.     Smooth;  stem  stout,  0.5-1.8  in.  high,  very  leafy; 
leaves   elliptical  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,    0.5-1   dm.    long,  closely  sessile, 
slightly  serrate,  strongly  veined,  thick,  smooth  both  sides,  shining  above;  heads 
in  dense  slightly  spreading  racemes  which  are  crowded  in  a  close  pyramidal 
panicle ;  involucre  4-5  mm.  long  ;  peduncles  and  achenes  strigose-pubescent ; 
rays  8-12.  —  Swamps  (fresh  or  brackish)  near  the  coast,  Mass,  to  N.  J.,  and 
southw.     Sept.,  Oct. 

x   x  Longer  branches  of  the  loose  panicle  chiefly  flowerless  at  base,  strongly 

recurved-spreading. 

32.  S.  ulmifblia  Muhl.     Stem  smooth,  slender,  5-15  dm.  high,  the  branches 
hairy ;  leaves  thin,  elliptical-ovate  or  oblong -lanceolate,  pointed,  tapering  to  the 
base,  loosely  veined,  usually  beset  with  soft  hairs  beneath  ;  racemes  panicled, 
loosely  recurved-spreading  ;  involucre  3-4  mm.  long,  its  bracts  lanceolate-oblong ; 
rays  about  4.  —Dry  or  rocky  woods  and  copses,  N.  S.  and  s.  Me.  to  Minn.,  and 
southw.     Aug.,  Sept. 

+  +  Stems  pubescent  (or  glabrous  only  in  var.  of  no.  33,  which  has  lanceolate 
leaves  and  strongly  recurved  panicle-branches}. 

33.  S.  rugbsa  Mill.     Stem  villous  or  villous-hirsute  with  long  sordid  hairs, 
0.5-2  m.  high  ;  leaves  crowded,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  narrowed  at  base, 
mostly  sharp-serrate,  pubescent  (especially  beneath),  thin  and  loosely  veiny,  not 
conspicuously  rugose  ;  racemes  spreading  in  a  broad  pyramidal  panicle,  all  much 
exceeding  the  subtending  leaves;   involucre  3-4  mm.  long,  its  bracts  linear; 
rays  6-9;  disk-flowers  4-7.     (S.  altissima  of  auth.,  not  L.) — Damp  thickets 
and  borders  of  fields,  Nfd.  to  w.  Ont.,  and  southw.     Aug.,  Sept.     Var.  SPHAG- 
NOPHILA  Graves.     Stems  and  leaves  glabrous.  —  Wet  shores  and  mossy  swamps, 
e.  Mass,  to  Ct. 

Var.  villbsa  (Pursh)  Fernald.  Panicle  elongate,  most  of  the  racemes  nearly 
equaled  or  even  exceeded  by  the  large  subtending  leaves.  —  The  common  ex- 
treme from  Lab.  and  w.  Nfd.  to  w.  Que.  and  n.  Me. 

x  S.  asperula  Desf.  Smooth  below,  somewhat  rough-pubescent  above  ;  stem 
stout,  7-14  dm.  high,  very  leafy  ;  leaves  thick  and  slightly  veiny,  lanceolate  or 
elliptic,  scabrous  or  rarely  glabrous,  the  lower  1-2  dm.  long ;  racemes,  etc., 
intermediate  between  those  of  nos.  21  and  33.  —  Dryish  borders  of  salt  marshes, 
Me.  to  Ct.;  apparently  a  hybrid  of  the  preceding  species  and  no.  21,  more  widely 
distributed  than  most  such  plants  of  this  genus. 

34.  S.  aspera  Ait.     Stem  scabrous-puberulent  or  short-hispid;  leaves  ovate, 
oblong,  or  ovate-lanceolate,  rounded  at  base,  appressed-serrate,  very  scabrous  on 
both  surfaces,  thick  and  strongly  rugose;  inflorescence  much  as  in  no.  33,  but 
the  elongate  racemes  mostly  forming  a  more  slender  panicle.     (S.  rugosa  Man. 
ed.  6,  in  part.)  —Dry  woods  and  fields,  rarely  in  meadows,  e.  Mass,  and  O.  tc 
Ma.  and  Tex.    Aug.-Oct. 

•*•+  •»-<•  Leaves  more  or  less  plainly  3-ribbed,  2  of  the  lower  veins  becoming  promi- 
nent and  elongated  parallel  with  the  midrib  ;  heads  in  l-sided  chiefly  spread- 
ing or  recurved  racemes,  forming  an  ample  panicle  ;  not  maritime. 

=  Branches  of  the  panicle  glabrous. 

35.  S.  missouriensis  Nutt.     Smooth  throughout,  2.5-10  dm.  high  ;  leaves  firm 
and  rigid,  linear-lanceolate,  or  the  lower  broadly  lanceolate,  tapering  to  both 
ends,  with  very  rough  margins,  commonly  bearing  axillary  fascicles;   teeth, 
if  any,  sharp  and  rigid  ;  heads  and  dense  crowded  recurved  racemes  nearly  as  in 
no.  25  ;  involucre  3-5  mm.  long,  its  very  unequal  thickish  straw-colored  bracts 


COMPOSITAE   (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  795 

blunt;  rays  6-13,  small;  achenes  nearly  glabrous.  —  Dry  prairies  and  open 
woods,  Tenn.  to  Man.,  and  westw.     July-Sept. 

36.  S.  GattingSri  Chapm.     Slender  and  strict,  4-10  dm.  high  ;  stems  smooth 
throughout;  leaves  ciliolate,  smooth  beneath,  harsh  above,  the  lowest  0.7-1.5 
dm.  long,  lance-spatulate,  appressed-serrulate  or  subentire,  the  upper  reduced 
rapidly  to  minute  entire  bracts  with  naked  axils;  branches  of  the  naked  subco- 
rymbiform  panicle  elongate  and  ascending,  hardly  recurved;  involucre  3-4  mm. 
long,  its  oblong  bracts  obtuse  ;    rays  6-10  ;  achenes  appressed-puberulent,  or 
glabrate  below.  — Limestone  hills  and  barrens,  Tenn.  and  Mo.     July-Sept. 

=  =  Branches  of  the  panicle  pubescent. 

a.  Leaves  firm  and  often  rigid,  the  lower  usually  elongated  and  many  times  ex- 

ceeding the  reduced  upper  ones  (except  in  no.  39);  involucral  bracts  thick 
and  rigid. 

1.   Lower  portion  of  the  stem  and  the  leaves  essentially  glabrous. 

37.  S.  Sh6rtii  T.  &  G.      Stem  slender,  simple,  0.5-1.2  m.  high,  minutely 
roughish-pubescent  above  ;  leaves  (the  larger  0.5-1  dm.  long)  oblong-lanceolate, 
acute,  the  lower  mostly  serrate  with  a  few  fine  teeth  ;  racemes  recurved,  usually 
in  a  crowded  panicle  ;  involucre  slender,  4-6  mm.  long  ;  achenes  silky-pubescent. 
—  Recks  at  the  Falls  of  the  O. 

2.   Stem  and  leaves  pubescent. 
o  Stems  and  leaves  ashy  or  whitish  with  close  puberulence. 

38.  S.  nemoralis  Ait.     Clothed  with  minute  grayish-hoary  soft  or  roughish 
pubescence  ;  stem  simple  or  corymbed  above,  1.5-7.5  dm.  high  ;  leaves  oblan- 
ceolate  or  spatulate-oblong ,  mostly  subtending  axillary  fascicles  ;  the  lower  long- 
petioled,  usually  crenate-toothed,  5-15  cm.  long  ;  the  uppermost  greatly  reduced, 
1-3  cm.  long  ;  racemes  numerous,  dense,  at  length  recurved,  and  ordinarily  form- 
ing a  crowded  compound  raceme  or  panicle  which  is  turned  to  one  side  ;  invo- 
lucre 3.5-6  mm.  long,  its  firm  yellowish  bracts  linear-oblong,  appressed  ;  rays 
5-9,  bright  yellow.  — Dry  open  soil  (rarely  in  woods  J,  P.  E.  I.  to  the  Saskatche- 
wan, and  south  w.    July-Nov.  (rarely  Dec.). 

39.  S.  m611is  Bartl.     Stout,  rigid,  canescent;  the  stems  1.5-5  dm.  high,  soli- 
tary or  clustered  from  &  freely  stoloniferous  subligneous  base;  leaves  rigid,  oval 
or  oblong,  obtuse  or  rarely  acutish,  gradually  reduced  upward,  the  uppermost 
1-3  cm.  long,  the  lower  3-8  cm.  long;  racemes  ascending  in  a  dense  thyrse; 
involucre  4-6  mm.  long,  greenish-yellow.     (S.  nemoralis,  var.  incana  Gray.)  — 
Dry  hills  and  plains,  Man.  and  Minn.,  westw.  and  south  w.     July-Sept.     (Mex.) 

o  o  Stems  and  leaves  green. 

40.  S.  radula  Nutt.     Stem  and  oblong  or  obovate-spatulate  leaves  rigid  and 
very  rough,  not  hoary,  the  upper  leaves  sessile  ;  bracts  oblong,  rigid  ;  rays  3-6  ; 
otherwise  nearly  as  in  no.  39.  —  Limestone  bluffs  and  dry  open  soil.  s.  w.  111.  to 
w.  La.  and  Tex.     Aug. -Oct. 

b.  Leaves  thinner,  essentially  uniform  from  base  to  summit  of  the  stem  ;  invo- 

lucral bracts  thin. 

1.   Leaves  elongate,  linear  to  lance-oblong. 
o  Involucre  2-2.8  mm.  long. 

41.  S.  canadSnsis  L.     Stem  rather  slender,  0.3-1.5  m.  high,  glabrous  at  least 
below,  often  minutely  pubescent  above ;  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  thin,  gla- 
brous above,  minutely  pubescent  on  the  nerves  beneath,  mostly  sharp-serrate,  the 
middle  ones  6-13  cm.  long,  5-18  mm.  wide  ;  heads  tiny;  crowded  in  recurved 
racemes  and  forming  dense  broadly  pyramidal  panicles ;  pedicels  strongly  pilose ; 
involucral  bracts  linear,  mostly  attenuate,  greenish-straw-color.     (Var.  glabrata 
Porter.)  —Thickets  and  rich  open  soil,  Nfd.  to  N.  Dak.,  s.  to  W.  Va.  and  Ky. 
July-Sept. 

Var.  gilvocanSscens  Rydb.     Stems  and  leaves  cinereous  or  canescent  with 
minute  puberulence;  leaves  broadly  lanceolate  to  lance-oblong,  the  middle  ones 


796  COMPOSITAB  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

4-7  cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  broad. — Dry  or  sterile  situations,  Gasp£  Co.,  Que.;  and 
from  111.  to  Man.,  Kan.,  and  westw. 

42.  S.  rupSstris  Raf.     Stem  smooth,  slender,  5-10  dm.  high  ;  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  tapering  both  ways,  entire  or  nearly  so,  glabrous  upon  both  surfaces; 
racemes  ascending,  scarcely  recurved,  forming  somewhat  open  or  elongate  pan- 
icles ;  pedicels  slightly  pilose  or  glabrate.  — Rocky  river-banks,  W.  Va.,  Ky., 
and  Ind.     Aug.,  Sept.  —  Too  near  the  preceding,  of  which  it  may  be  a  variety. 

o  o  Involucre  3.2-5  mm.  long. 
+  Stem  closely  and  minutely  pubescent  throughout. 

43.  S.  altissima  L.     Stem  cinereous-puberulent,  stout,  0.7-2  m.  high ;  leaves 
thickish,  lanceolate,  suberitire  or  more  or  less  toothed,  minutely  pubescent  or 
scabrous  above,  short-pilose  beneath,  the  middle  ones  6-13  cm.  long,  10-18  mm. 
broad  ;  heads  crowded  in  recurved  racemes  forming  dense  high  broadly  pyram- 
idal panicles ;    involucre  3.2-4.5    mm.   long,  its  subherbaceous  bracts  linear. 
(S.  canadensis  Man.  ed.  6,  in  part,  including  var.  scabra  T.  &  G.)  —  Rich  open 
ground,   Aroostook  valley,  Me.;   Mass,  and  Vt.  to  Mich.,  Kan.,  and  south w. 
Aug.-Oct. 

Var.  pr6cera  (Ait.)  Fernald.  Stem  and  lower  surface  of  the  leaves  more 
loosely  pubescent  with  distinct  soft  hairs ;  branches  of  the  panicle  strongly 
ascending,  scarcely  if  at  all  recurved  at  tip.  (S.  procera  Ait. ;  S.  canadensis, 
var.  T.  &  G.) — A  little  known  extreme,  apparently  best  developed  in  the 
L.  Superior  region.  —  In  inflorescence  simulating  S.  elongata  Nutt.  of  the  North- 
west and  of  the  lower  St.  Lawrence,  which  has  glabrous  or  glabrate  stems  and 
leaves,  and  less  herbaceous  involucre. 

+  +  Stem  glabrous  throughout  (or  except  in  the  inflorescence'). 

44.  S.  ser6tina  Ait.     Stem  stout,  0.5-2.5  m.  high,  smooth,  often  glaucous; 
leaves  quite  smooth  both  sides,  lanceolate  to  oblanceolate,  taper-pointed,  very 
sharply  serrate,  except  the  narrowed  base,  rough-ciliate  ;  the  middle  ones  7-16 
cm.  long,  1-3  cm.  wide  ;  thp  ample  panicle  pubescent ;  involucre  3.5-5  mm.  long, 
its  bracts  linear,  subherbaceous  ;  rays  7-14,  rather  long.  — Thickets,  in  rich  soil, 
N.  B.  to  B.  C.,  and  southw.    July-Sept. 

Var.  gigantea  (Ait.)  Gray.  Leaves  glabrous  above,  slightly  pubescent  be- 
neath, especially  on  the  nerves;  involucre  3.2-4  mm.  long.  —  Low  ground, 
e.  Que.  to  111.,  and  southw. 

2.    Leaves  broad-elliptic  or  -ovate. 

45.  S.  Drumm6ndii  T.  &  G.     Stem  (3-9  dm.  high)  and  lower  surface  of  the 
broadly  ovate  or  oval  somewhat  triple-ribbed  leaves  minutely  velvety-pubescent, 
some  of  the  leaves  almost  entire  ;   racemes  panicled  ;   bracts  of  the  involucre 
oblong,  obtuse;  rays  4  or  5. — Limestone  cliffs  and  rocky  woods,  s.  w.  111.  and 
Mo.  to  La.     Sept.,  Oct. 

H-  -i-  H-  H-  Heads  in  a  compound  corymb  terminating  the  simple  stem,  not  at  all 
racemose  ;  leaves  mostly  with  a  strong  midrib. 

++  Leaves  flat,  not  3-nerved. 

46.  S.  rfgida  L.      Hough  and  someivhat  hoary  with  a  minute  pubescence  ; 
stem  stout,  0.3-1.5  m.  high,  very  leafy ;  leaves  oval  or  oblong,  copiously  feather- 
veined,  thick  and  rigid,  the  basal  1-3  dm.  long,  petioled  ;  the  upper  closely  ses- 
sile by  a  broad  base,  slightly  serrate,  the  uppermost  entire  ;   corymb  dense  ; 
heads  more  than  ^-flowered  ;  the  involucre  6-8  mm.  long  ;  rays  7-10.  —  Dry  soil, 
Mass,  to  Man.,  and  southw.     Aug.-Oct. 

47.  S.  ohioSnsis  Riddell.      Very  smooth  throughout ;   stem  wand-like,  slen- 
der, leafy,  6-9  dm.  high  ;  stem-leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  flat,  entire,  rough-mar- 
gined, obscurely  feather-veined,  closely  sessile,  the  upper  only  3-4  cm.  long  ; 
the  lower  and  radical  ones  elongated,  3  dm.  long,  slightly  serrate  toward  the 
apex,  tapering  into  long  margined  petioles  ;  heads  numerous,  on  smooth  pedicels, 
lQ-2Q-flowered ;  the  involucre  4.5-6  mm.  long  ;  rays  6  or  7. —  Swamps  and  wet 
prairies,  Ont.  and  w.  N.  Y.  to  Ind.  and  Wise.     Aug.,  Sept. 


COMPOSITAE    (COMPOSITE   FAMILY)  797 

•M.  4H-  Leaves  somewhat  folded,  entire,  the  lower  slightly  %-nerved. 

48.  S.  Ridd611ii  Frank.     Smooth  and  stout,  0.5-1  m.  high,  very  leafy,  the 
branches  of  the  dense  corymb  and  pedicels  rough-pubescent ;  leaves  linear-lan- 
ceolate, the  cauline  elongated  (1-1.5  dm.  long),  acute,  partly  clasping  or  sheath- 
ing, mostly  recurved,  the  lowest  elongated-lanceolate  (3-5  dm.  long)  and  tapering 
into  a  long  keeled  petiole  ;  heads  very  numerous,  clustered,  20-30-flowered  ;  rays 
7-9. —  Wet  grassy  prairies,  Ont.  to  Minn,  and  Mo.;  Ft.   Monroe,  Va.     Aug., 
Sept.  —  Heads  larger  than  in  the  preceding. 

49.  S.  Hought6nii  T.  &  G.     Smooth;  stem  rather  low  and  slender,  3-6  dm. 
high;  leaves  scattered,  linear-lanceolate,  acutish,  rough-margined,  0.5-1.3  dm. 
long,  5-10  mm.  wide,  tapering  into  a  narrowed  slightly  clasping  base,  1-nerved, 
or  the  lower  3-nerved  and  with  margined  petioles ;  veins  obscure ;  heads  few  or 
several,  20-30-flowered  ;  involucre  6-8  mm.  long,  with  obtuse  bracts  ;  rays  7-9. 
—  Swamps,  north  shores  of  Lakes  Michigan  and  Huron;  Genesee  Co.,  N.  Y. 
July,  Aug. 

§2.  EUTHAMIA  Nutt.  Corymbosely  much  branched;  heads  small,  sessile  or 
subsessile,  in  little  clusters  crowded  in  flat-topped  corymbs;  the  closely 
appressed  involucral  bracts  somewhat  glutinous;  receptacle  flmbrillate; 
rays  6-20,  short,  more  numerous  than  the  disk-flowers;  leaves  Harrow, 
entire,  sessile. 

*  Leaves  distinctly  3-5-ribbed  ;  heads  2Q-3Q-flowered. 
•<-  Involucre  4-5  mm.  long,  the  bracts  usually  without  conspicuous  tips. 

50.  S.  graminifMia    (L.)  Salisb.     Stem  5-10  dm.    high,   glabrous;   leave? 
lance-linear,  the  primary  ones  6-13  cm.  long,  4-9  mm.  broad,  glabrous  except 
for  the  scabrous  margins  and  the  minutely  pubescent  nerves  beneath  ;  branches 
of  the  inflorescence  glabrous  or  at  most  minutely  serrulate  on  the  angles  ;  leafy 
bracts  of  the  inflorescence  ascending ;  heads  obovoid-cylindric,  sessile,  in  dense 
corymbed  gloinerules ;   involucral   bracts  straw-color  or  yellowish-green,  their 
tips  rarely  darker,  the  outermost  ovate  or  oblong.     (Euthamia  Nutt.;  S.  lanceo- 
lata  Man.  ed.  6,  and  perhaps  L.)  —  Moist  soil,  e.  Que.  to  Sask.,  s.  to  N.  J.,  111., 
Mo. ,  and  along  the  mts.  to  N.  C.     Aug.-Oct. 

Var.  Nuttallii  (Greene)  Fernald.     Leaves  more  pubescent ;  branches  of  the 
inflorescence  hirtellous.  —  N.  S.  to  Mich,  and  Ala. 

•»-  -t-  Involucre  3-3.5  mm.  long,  the  bracts  with  conspicuous  green  tips. 

51.  S.    polyce'phala    Fernald.      Similar    to  the    preceding  variety;    leaves 
elongate,    thin,    puberulous ;    branches  of  the    corymb    very   hirtellous,    their 
small  bracts  wide-spreading  or  deflexed;  involucre  turbinate,  very  small,  its 
somewhat puberulent  bracts  with  closely  appressed  deltoid  green  tips. — Apparently 
local,  s.  N.  J.  and  e.  Pa.     Aug.,  Sept. 

*  *  Leaves  l-ribbed  or  obscurely  3-nerved;  heads  12-20(rarefy  ^-flowered. 
-•-  Leaves  almost  acicular,  the  middle  cauline  1-1.5  mm.  wide. 

52.  S.  minor  (Michx.)  Fernald.     Very  slender,  4-8  dm.  high,  the  glabrous 
stem  freely  fastigiate-branched  above  the   middle  ;    leaves   extremely  slender, 
the  primary  ones  3-5  cm.  long,  acerose-tipped,  l-ribbed,  punctate,  commonly 
subtending  axillary  fascicles  as  do  many  of  the  rameal  ones  ;  heads  mostly  short- 
pediceled,  in  numerous  small  corymbs  ;  involucre  nearly  cylindric,  acute  at  base, 
3-4   mm.    long,    1-1.5   mm.  thick,  its  firm  appressed   glutinous  straw-colored 
bracts  with  slightly  green  acutish  tips.     (S.  tenuifolia  Pursh,  in  part.)  —  Sandy 
soil,  near  the  coast,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Ala.     Sept.,  Oct. 

•»-  M-  Leaves  flat,  broader,  2-6  mm.  wide. 
•M-  Involucre  3-4  mm.  long. 

53.  S.  tenuifblia  Pursh.     Rather  slender,  3-9  dm.  high,  the  glabrous  stem 
freely  fastigiate-branched  above  the  middle  ;  leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate, 
soon  spreading  or  reflexed ;   the  primary  ones  4-7  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  broad, 
taper-pointed,  l-ribbed,  often  obscurely  2-nerved,  minutely  punctate,  usually 


798  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

subtending  axillary  fascicles ;  rameal  leaves  smaller,  usually  without  axillary 
fascicles ;  heads  mostly  in  glomerules,  a  few  pediceled,  the  pedicels  smooth  or 
scabrous ;  involucre  campanulate,  3-4  mm.  long,  2-3  mm.  thick,  its  firm  oblong 
glutinous  bracts  blunt.  (Euthamia  Greene  ;  E.  caroliniana  Am.  auth.,  in  part, 
not  Greene.)  —  Sandy  or  gravelly  soil,  chiefly  near  the  coast,  e.  Mass,  to  Fla.; 
also  n.  Ind.  to  s.  Wise.  Aug.-Oct. 

54.  S.  MoselSyi  Fernald.     Similar,  5-6  dm.  high  ;  leaves  lance-linear,  taper- 
pointed,  without  axillary  fascicles  ;  heads  mostly  on  scabrous  pedicels  subtended 
by  very  minute  subulate   bracts;   involucre  subcylindric,  3-4  mm.  long,  1.5-2 
mm.  thick,  its  very  unequal  soft  bracts  linear.  —  Oxford  Prairie,  Erie  Co.,  O. 
(Moseley).     Sept. 

•M-  -M.  Involucre  5-6  mm.  long. 

55.  S.  leptocSphala  T.  &  G.     Stem  strict  and  simple  nearly  to  the  summit, 
3-6  dm.  high ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  firm,   light  green,   strongly   1-ribbed, 
with  or  without  obscure  lateral  nerves,  somewhat  punctate  but  not  viscid,  the 
middle  ones  4-6   cm.  long,  4-6  mm.  wide ;  heads  sessile  or  short-pediceled  ; 
involucre  cylindric-clavate,  its  linear  pale  straw-colored  bracts   barely  viscid. 
(Euthamia  Greene.) — Damp  sandy  ground,  e.  Neb.  to  Miss,  and  Tex.    Aug.-Oct. 

56.  S.    gymnospermoides    (Greene)    Fernald.      Similar,    freely  fastigiate- 
branched  from   near  the  middle;    leaves   linear-attenuate,    1-ribbed,   strongly 
punctate,  glutinous;  the  middle  ones  5-7  cm.  long,  2-3  mm.  wide;  involucre 
very  viscid.    {Euthamia  Greene. )  —  Dry  soil,  e.  Kan.  to  La.  and  Tex.    Aug.-Oct. 

16.    BRACHYCHAETA  T.  &  G.     FALSE  GOLDEN-ROD 

Habit  and  flowers  nearly  as  in  Solidago,  except  as  to  the  pappus,  which  is  a 
row  of  minute  rather  scale-like  bristles,  shorter  than  the  achene.  — A  perennial 
herb,  with  rounded  or  ovate  serrate  leaves,  all  the  lower  ones  heart-shaped  ;  the 
small  yellow  heads  in  sessile  clusters  racemed  or  spiked  on  the  branches. 
(Name  composed  of  fipaxfa,  short,  and  xalry,  bristle,  from  the  pappus.) 

1.  B.  sphacelata  (Raf.)  Britton.  Slender,  about  1  in.  high.  (B.  cordata 
T.  &  G.)  —  Wooded  hills,  s.  Ind.  to  Va.  and  Ga.  Aug.-Oct. 

17.   APLOPAPPUS  Cass. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  rays  many,  pistillate.  Involucre  hemi- 
spherical, of  many  closely  imbricated  bracts  in  several  series.  Receptacle 
flat.  Achenes  short,  turbinate  to  linear ;  pappus  simple,  of  numerous  unequal 
bristles.  —  Mostly  herbaceous  perennials,  with  alternate  rigid  leaves.  Ray-  and 
disk-flowers  both  yellow.  (From  a-jr\6os,  simple,  and  irdiriros,  pappus.') 

1.  A.  ciliatus  (Nutt.)  DC.     Annual  or  biennial,  glabrous,  0.5-1.5  m.  high, 
leafy;  leaves  oval  (or  the  lower  obovate),  obtuse,  dentate  with  bristle-pointed 
teeth  ;  heads  very  large,  few  and  clustered,  the  outer  bracts  spreading ;  achenes 
glabrous,  the  central  abortive.     (Prionopsis  Nutt.)  —  Mo.,  Kan.,  and  southw. 

2.  A.  spinulbsus  (Pursh)  DC.     Perennial,  branching,  puberulent  or  glabrate, 
low  ;  leaves  narrow,  pinnately  or  bipinnately  parted,  the  lobes  and  teeth  bristle- 
tipped  ;   heads  small,  the  appressed   bracts   bristle-tipped ;   achenes  pubescent. 
(/Sideranthus  Sweet ;  Eriocarpum  Greene.)  — Minn,  and  la.  to  the  Saskatchewan 
and  Tex. 

18.   BIGELdWIA   DC.     RAYLESS  GOLDEN-ROD 

Heads  3-4-flowered  ;  flowers  all  tubular  and  perfect.  Involucre  club-shaped, 
yellowish  ;  the  rigid  somewhat  glutinous  bracts  linear,  closely  imbricated  and 
appressed.  Receptacle  narrow,  with  an  awl-shaped  prolongation  in  the  center. 
Achenes  somewhat  obconical,  hairy  ;  pappus  a  single  row  of  capillary  bristles.  — 
Flowers  yellow.  Leaves  scattered,  oblanceolate  or  linear,  1-3-nerved.  A  large 
chiefly  western  genus,  few  species  approaching  our  limits.  (Dedicated  to  Dr. 
Jacob  Bigelow,  author  of  the  Florula  Bostoniensis,  and  of  the  American 
Medical  Botany.)  CHONDROPHORA  Raf.  BIGELOVIA  T.  &  G. 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  799 

1.  B.  nudata  (Michx.)  DC.  A  smooth  perennial ;  the  slender  stem  3-8  dm. 
high,  simple  or  branched  from  the  base,  naked  above,  bearing  small  heads  in  a 
flat-topped  corymb.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  N.  J.,  and  south w.  Sept. 

19.   BELLIS   [Tourn.]   L.     DAISY 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  rays  numerous,  pistillate.  Bracts  of  the  involucre 
herbaceous,  equal,  in  about  2  rows.  Receptacle  conical,  naked.  Achenes 
obovate,  flattened,  wingless,  and  without  any  pappus.  —  Low  herbs,  chiefly  of 
the  Old  World,  either  stemless,  like  the  true  Daisy,  B.  PERENNIS  L.  (which 
is  found  as  an  occasional  escape  from  cultivation),  or  leafy-stemmed,  as  is  the 
following.  (The  Latin  name,  of  uncertain  derivation.) 

1.  B.  integrifblia  Michx.  (WESTERN  D.)  Annual  or  biennial,  diffusely 
branched,  1-4  dm.  high,  smoothish;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  the  lower 
spatulate-obovate ;  heads  on  slender  peduncles;  rays  pale  violet-purple. — 
Prairies  and  banks,  Ky.,  and  southwestw.  May,  June. 

20.  CHAETOPAPPA    DC. 

Heads  several-flowered,  radiate  ;  disk-flowers  often  sterile.  Involucral  bracts 
imbricated  in  2  or  more  rows,  the  outer  shorter.  Receptacle  flat,  naked. 
Achenes  fusiform  or  compressed  ;  pappus  of  5  or  fewer  thin  nerveless  scales, 
alternating  with  rough  bristly  awns,  or  these  wanting.  —  Low  southwestern 
branching  annuals,  with  narrow  entire  leaves  and  solitary  terminal  heads  ;  rays 
white  or  purple.  (XcuVij,  a  bristle,  and  ird-mros,  pappus.) 

1 .  C.  asteroides  DC.  Slender,  0.5-3  dm.  high,  pubescent ;  involucres 
slender,  4  mm.  long;  rays  5-12;  achenes  pubescent. — Dry  grounds,  Mo., 
and  southwestw. 

21.   BOLTdNIA  L'He'r. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  rays  numerous,  pistillate.  Bracts  of  the  hemispheri- 
cal involucre  imbricated  somewhat  in  2  rows,  appressed,  with  narrow  mem- 
branaceous  margins.  Receptacle  conical  or  hemispherical,  naked.  Achenes 
very  flat,  obovate  or  inversely  heart-shaped,  margined  with  a  callous  wing,  or  in 
the  ray  3-winged,  crowned  with  a  pappus  of  several  minute  bristles  and  usually 
2-4  longer  awns.  —  Perennial  bushy-branched  smooth  herbs,  pale  green,  with  the 
aspect  of  Aster;  the  thickish  leaves  chiefly  entire,  often  turned  edgewise. 
Flowers  autumnal ;  disk  yellow  ;  rays  white  or  purplish.  (Dedicated  to  James 
Bolton,  English  botanist  of  the  18th  century.) 

*  Heads  middle-sized,  loosely  corymbed. 

1.  B.  asteroides  (L.)  L'He'r.     Stems  0.2-2.5  m.  high;   leaves  lanceolate; 
involucral  bracts  acuminate  ;  pappus  of  few  or  many  minute  bristles  and  2  awns 
OL1  none. — Moist  places  along  streams,  Ct.  to  Neb.,  and  southw.     Aug.-Oct. 
Var.  DECIJRRENS  (T.  &  G.)  Engelm.     A  large  form  with  the  leaves  alate-decur- 
rent  upon  thft  stem  and  branches.     (J5.  decurrens  Wood.)  — 111.  and  Mo. 

2.  B.  latisquama  Gray.     Heads  rather  larger;   involucral  bracts  oblong  to 
ovate,  obtuse  or  mucronate-apiculate  ;  pappus-awns  conspicuous.  — Prairies,  etc., 
w.  Mo.,  Kan.,  and  Okla. 

*  *  Heads  small,  panicled  on  the  slender  branches. 

3.  B.  diffusa  Ell.     Stem  diffusely  branched ;  leaves  lance-linear,  those  on 
the  branchlets  very  small  and  awl-shaped  ;  rays  short,  mostly  white ;  pappus  of 
several  very  short  bristles  and  2  short  awns. — Prairies,  etc.,  s.  111.  to  Fla.  and 
Tex.    Aug.-Oct. 

22.    ASTER  [Tourn.]  L.     STARWORT.     FROST-FLOWER.     ASTER 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  the  ray-flowers  in  a  single  series,  fertile. 
Bracts  of  the  involucre  more  or  less  imbricated,  usually  with  herbaceous  or  leaf- 


800 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 


like  tips.  Receptacle  flat,  alveolate.  Achenes  more  or  less  flattened  ;  pappus 
simple,  of  capillary  bristles  (double  in  §§  4  and  5). — Perennial  herbs  (annual 
only  in  §§  7  and  8),  with  corymbed,  panicled,  or  racemose  heads,  flowering 
chiefly  in  autumn.  Kays  white,  purple,  blue,  or  pink  ;  the  disk  yellow,  often 
changing  to  purple.  Species  often  without  sharply  defined  limits,  freely  hybrid- 
izing. (Name  dvrrip,  a  star,  from  the  radiate  heads  of  flowers. ) 

N.B.  — In  this  genus  the  heads  are  drawn  on  a  scale  of  f,  the  leaves  £. 


A .    At  least  the  basal  leaves  cordate  and  definitely  petioled  B. 
B.   Stein-leaves  petioled  or  sessile,  not  clasping   G. 
C.   Kays  white  D. 
D.   Plant  not  glandular   E. 
E.    Heads  corymbose. 

Involucre  ovoid-cam  pan  ulate,  thick -cylindric,  or  turbinate; 

tufted  basal  leaves  few  or  none. 
Leaves  thin,  smoothish,  at  least  not  rough  above 
Leaves  thick,  rough  above. 

Inflorescence  slightly  forking ;  heads  few,  1-1.5  cm.  high 
Inflorescence  much  branched;  heads  numerous,  hardly 

1  cm.  high 

Involucre  slender,  cylindric ;  large  tufted  basal  leaves  abun- 
dant       

E.   Heads  paniculate 

D.   Glandular,  at  least  as  to  the  branches  of  the  inflorescence     . 
C.    Rays  blue,  or  violet  F. 
F.   Plant  not  glandular   G. 

G.   Involucral  bracts  with  squrroase  tips ;  rays  many  (about  40)   . 

G.  Involucral  bracts  appressed  or  ascending ;  rays  fewer  (10-20)  H, 

H.   Leaves  entire  or  essentially  so,  firm,  much  longer  than  wide. 

Leaves  harsh  above        ........ 

Leaves  smooth  above 

H.   Leaves  serrate,  mostly  thinner  /. 

/.   Involucre  4-6  mm.  high  ;  bracts  appressed,  with  conspicu- 
ous colored  tips  ;  heads  abundant,  paniculate. 
Cordate  leaves  mostly  on  slender  petioles,  neither  glau- 
cous nor  very  smooth 

Cordate  leaves  mostly  on  winged  petioles,  glaucous  be- 
neath, smooth 

I.   Involucre  6-10  mm.  high ;  bracts  loose,  without  conspicu- 
ously colored  tips. 
Heads  abundant,  densely  racemo-paniculate. 

Stem  essentially  glabrous 

Stem  densely  short-pubescent 

Heads  fewer,  loosely  paniculate  or  subcorymbose    . 
F.   At  least  the  branches  of  the  inflorescence  glandular 

E.  Stem-leaves  mostly  cordate-clasping 

A.  None  of  the  leaves  at  once  cordate  and  definitely  petioled  J. 

J.  At  least  the  lower  leaves  abruptly  narrowed  or  constricted  below 

the  middle. 
Leaves  essentially  entire,  at  most  slightly  constricted  above  the 


2.  A.  divaricatus. 

3.  A.furcatus. 

4.  A.  glomeratus. 


5.  A.  Schreberi. 
23.   A.  cordifolius. 

6.  A.  macrophyllu 


19.  A.  anomalus. 


20.  A.  azureus. 

21.  A.  Shortii. 


23.  A.  cordifolius. 

24.  A.  Lowrieanus. 


25.  A.  sagittifolius. 

26.  A.  Drummondii, 

27.  A.  Lin dley anus. 
6.   A.  maerophyllus. 

22.  A,  undulatua. 


Leaves  sharply  serrate,  the  lower  contracted  to  winged  petioles. 
Leaves  with  abruptly  dilated  auriculate-clasping  bases 
Leaves  withoxit  dilated  bases,  scarcely  clasping     .... 
J.    Leaves  not  abruptly  narrowed  or  constricted  below   K. 
K.   Stem-leaves  with  cordate-  or  auriculate-clasping  bases  L. 
L.   Involucre  glandular-hairy  ;  rays  usually  deep  violet  M. 
M,  Leaves  conspicuously  cordate-clasping,  mostly  entire. 

Branchlets  glandular-viscid  ;  involucre  hemispherical ;  bracts 

subequal,  linear-attenuate,  loose 

Branchlets  not  glandular;   involucre  turbinate;  bracts  un- 
equal, linear-oblong,  with  slightly  spreading  green  tips  . 
M.  Leaves  obscurely  cordate-clasping. 

Plant  rigid,  freely  branching ;  leaves  mucronate-tipped ;  in- 
volucral  bracts   unequal,   linear  or  linear-oblong,  with 

spreading  tips 

Plant  not  rigid,  bearing  few  terminal  heads;  leaves  thin, 

acuminate  ;  bracts  equal,  linear-attenuate 
L.   Involucre  not  glandular-hairy   N'. 
N.   Bracts  of  the  involucre  distinctly  imbricated,  i.e.  the  outer 

series  successively  shorter   O. 
O.   Plant  smooth  and  glaucous. 

Leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate  ;  heads  paniculate 
Leaves  narrower  ;  heads  solitary  or  racemose 
O.  Plant  not  glaucous. 

Tips  of  bracts  squarrose  or  recurved-spreading. 


18.  A.  patens. 

48.  A.prenanthoidt 
47.  A.  tardiflorus. 


14.  A.novae-angliae 
18.  A.  patens. 


13.   A.  oblongifoli'us. 
15.  A.  modestus. 


).  A.  laevis. 
).  A.  virgatus. 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 


801 


Plant  cinereous-pubescent,  with  small  leaves  (5  cm.  or 

less  long)  ;  heads  6  mm.  high 

Plant  green  and  essentially  glabrous ;  leaves  and  heads 
larger  ;  bracts  herbaceous,  the  outer  often  foliaceous 
Tips  of  bracts  ascending,  not  recurved. 
Bracts  linear-oblong  or  lanceolate,   firm,   with    dilated 

herbaceous  tips  ;  rays  deep  blue  or  violet. 
Leaves  conspicuously  clasping,  the  auricles  generally 

meeting  around  the  stem 

Leaves  slightly  or  inconspicuously  clasping  . 
Bracts  linear-attenuate,  thin,  with  slender  green  or  col- 
ored tips  ;  rays  white  or  lavender     .  . 
Jf.   Bracts  of  the  involucre  essentially  equal,  only  the  very  outer- 
most sometimes  broader  and  shorter. 
Tips  of  bracts  acute  (not  attenuate),  recurved-spreading  or 

squarrose 

Tips  of  bracts  (except  occasional  outer  foliaceous  ones)  long- 
attenuate,  ascending,  not  recurved. 
Stem  slender,  glabrous  or  villous  ;  leaves  long-lanceolate ; 

involucre  5-8  mm.  high 

Stem  stout,  glabrous  or  harshly  pubescent ;  leaves  lanceo- 
late to  narrowly  rhombic-obovate ;  involucre  7-12  mm. 

high  ...  

Y.   Stem-leaves  narrowed  or  rounded  or  cordate  at  base,  but  not 

clasping   P. 
P.  Leaves  silvery-silky  on  both  faces,  entire. 

Heads  solitary  or  few  at  the  tips  of  the  branches ;  achenes 

smooth 

Heads  in  a  wand-like  raceme  ;  achenes  silky      .... 
P.   Leaves  green,  not  silvery-silky,  sometimes  pilose  or  villous   Q. 
Q.   Involucre  glandular-viscid  ;  rays  violet  R. 
R.   Basal  leaves  petioled,  much  larger  than  the  cauline. 

Basal  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  on  nearly  naked  peti- 
oles ;  involucral  bracts  erect 

Basal  leaves  narrower,  on  margined  petioles  ;  involucre 

squarrose. 
Tall ;  basal  leaves  spatulate-  to  lance-oblong ;  involucre 

1-1.5  cm.  high,  very  glandular 

Low ;  basal  leaves  lanceolate ;  involucre  mostly  shorter, 

barely  glandular 

R.  Basal  and  stem-leaves  uniform,  linear  to  oblong,  the  lower 

not  conspicuously  petioled. 
Leaves   firm,    linear-  to   lance-oblong,   entire,  blunt   or 

acutish. 
Stem  hispid ;  uppermost  leaves  passing  into  involucral 

bracts 

Stem  glandular-puberulent ;  uppermost  leaves  and  invo- 
lucral bracts  distinct   .        .         .        .  "     . 
Leaves  thin,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  subentire  to  serrate     . 
Q.   Involucre  not  glandular  S. 
S-  Basal  leaves  with  definite  margined  petioles. 
Involucral  bracts  oblong,  coriaceous. 
Leaves  entire  or  slightly  dentate. 
Bracts  strongly  ciliate ;  involucre  turbinate-hemispher- 

ical 

Bracts  not  ciliate,  nearly  or  quite  glabrous  ;  involucre 

slender-turbinate 

Leaves  serrate 

Involucral  bracts  linear  or  linear-subulate,  thin  . 
S.  None  of  the  leaves  definitely  petioled,  or  the  lower  incon- 
spicuously so    T. 
T.  Stem-leaves  linear    U. 
U*  Stem  glabrous  or  glabrate,  or  only  slightly  pubescent 

above    V. 

V.   Involucre  5  mm.  or  less  high    W. 
W.   Bracts  with  definite  firm  subulate  tips. 

Involucre  hemispherical  or  campanulate,  as  broad 

as  high 

Involucre  turbinate,  only  2-8  mm.  broad 
W.   Bracts  without  firm  subulate  tips  X. 
X.  Bracts  with  conspicuous  elliptic  or  subrhombic 

green  tips. 

Heads  terminating  minutely  foliose  branchlets  . 
Heads  paniculate  or  if  few  on  leafy  (not  minutely 

foliose-bracteolate)  branchlets 

X.   Bracts  attenuate,  without  conspicuous  dilated  tips. 
Kays  white  (or  lavender-tinged). 
Branches  ascending-paniculate  ;  heads  in  ra- 
cemo-paniculate  clusters. 

GRAY'S  MANUAL  —  51 


35.   A.  amethystinus. 
46.  A.  novi-belgii. 


18.  A.  patens. 
81.  A.  concinnus. 

42.  A.  paniculatu8< 


46.  A.  novi-belgU. 

45.  A.  longifoUus. 
49.  A.  puniceus. 


16.  A.  aericeus. 

17.  A.  concolor. 


1.  A.Herv&yi. 

8.  A.  spectribUte. 

9.  A.  surculosus. 


12.  A.  grandiflorus. 


13.  A.  oblongifolii 
15.  A.  modest  us. 


9.  A.  surculosits. 

10.  A.  gracilis. 

11.  A,  radula. 

47.  A.  tardifloru8. 


33.  A.  ericoides 
84.  A.  depauperatus 


38.  A.  dumosus. 
48.    A.  saHcifollus. 


802 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 


Eays  6  mm.  or  less  long- ;  leaves  slightly  serrate      .        .    41.   A.  Tradescanti. 
Rays  longer ;  leaves  entire         .        .         (42)   A.  paniculatus,  v.  bellidiflorus 
Branches  divaricate  ;  small  heads  in  1 -sided  racemes          .    89.   A.  vimineus. 
Branches  ascending,  terminated  by  solitary  heads  (39)  A.  vimineus,  v.  saxatilis- 
Rays  violet  or  rose-pink  (exceptionally  white). 

Leaves  at  most  4.5  cm.  long,  becoming  revolute         .        .    55.  A.  nemoralis. 
Leaves  longer,  plane       ........    44.  A.junceus. 

V.    Involucre  more  than  5  mm.  high    Y. 

Y.   Bracts  with  definite  firm  subulate  tips 32.  A.  polyphyllus. 

Y.    Bracts  without  firm  subulate  tips  Z. 
Z.   Leaves  at  most  4.5  cm.  long. 

Stems  many,  rigid,  from  a  woody  caudex  ;  bracts  firm,  the 

inner  blunt ;  rays  blue-violet 

Stem  single,  from  a  slender  rootstock ;  bracts  thin,  linear- 
attenuate  ;  rays  rose-pink 
Z.   Leaves  longer  a. 


52.   A.  linariifolius. 
.    55.  A.  nemoralis. 


57.  A.  subulatus. 

58.  A.  angustus. 

59.  A.frondosus. 


56.  A.  tenuifolius. 
1.  A.paludosus. 


Annuals,  with  inconspicuous  rays. 

Bracts  definitely  imbricated,  linear  or  linear-subulate 
Bracts  subequal,  the  outer  foliaceous. 
Leaves  linear-attenuate  ;  rays  shorter  than  the  style 
Leaves  linear-oblanceolate  to  spatulate  ;  rays  longer  than 

the  style 

a.   Perennials,  with  mostly  conspicuous  rays  b. 
&.   Bracts  firm,  lanceolate. 

Bracts  unequal,  regularly  imbricated,  not  foliaceous 
Bracts  subequal  or  imbricated,  with  spreading  foliaceous 

tips 

6.    Bracts  thin,  linear  or  linear-lanceolate. 

Bracts  with  conspicuous  elliptic  or  subrhombic  green  tips. 
Heads  terminating  minutely  foliose-bracteolate  branch- 
lets     38.  A.  dumosus. 

Heads  paniculate,  or  if  few  on  leafy  (not  minutely 

foliose-bracteolate)  branches 

Bracts  without  conspicuous  colored  tips. 

Eays  white ;    bracts   very  narrowly  linear-attenuate, 

regularly  imbricated,  4-6  mm.  long  (42)  A.  paniculatus,  v.  bellidiflorus. 
Eays  violet  or  rose-pink  ;  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  less 

definitely  imbricated,  mostly  longer       .        .        .44.  A.junceus. 
U".  Stem  conspicuously  pubescent. 

Involucral  bracts  (or  at  least  the  outer  ones)  bristly-ciliate. 
Leaves  crowded,  rigid  ;  rays  white  (rarely  purple-tinged). 

Heads  5-6  mm.  high 36.  A.  multiflorus. 

Heads  7-9  mm.  high 37.  A.  commutatus. 

Leaves  not  rigid  ;  rays  blue 35.   A.  amethystinus. 

Involucral  bracts  not  bristly-ciliate. 

Bracts  with  firm  subulate  tips  ;  short  rays  usually  white. 

Involucre  hemispherical  or  campanulate,  as  broad  as  high  (33)  A.  ericoides,  v.  villosiw. 
Involucre  turbinate,  narrower  than  high     .        .   (84)  A.  depauperatus,  \.parviceps. 


43.  A.  salicifolius. 


Bracts  thin,  linear-attenuate,  without  firm  subulate  tips  ;  stem 

puberulent;  long  rays  violet  or  rose-pink 
T.   Stem-leaves  lanceolate  or  broader  c. 


55.    A.  nemoralis. 


0.    Heads  in  flat-topped  corymbs  ;  rays  white  or  whitish  (not  blue  or  violet). 
Leaves  rigid,  linear-lanceolate  ;  pappus  simple 


53.   A.  ptarmicoides. 


Leaves  not  rigid,  broader  ;  pappus  double. 
Involucre  3-4.5  mm.  high  ;  leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate    .        .        .50.   A.  umbellatus. 
Involucre  5-7  mm.  high  ;  leaves  obovate  to  oblong       .        .        .51.   A.  infirmus 
Heads  paniculate  or  racemose   d. 
d.   Sterns  glabrous  or  essentially  so   e. 
6.   Involucre  5  mm.  or  less  high. 

Bracts  with  definite  firm  subulate  tips 33.  A.  ericoicfes. 

Bracts  without  firm  subulate  tips. 
Heads  in  more  or  less  1-sided  racemes. 

Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  scarcely  serrate  ;  bracts  linear- 
attenuate  39.   A.  vimineus. 

Leaves  broader,   serrate  ;  bracts   with  the  midrib  dilated 

upward  and  rather  conspicuous 40.   A.  lateriflorus. 

Heads  on  ascending-paniculate  branches. 
Bracts  linear-attenuate. 
Heads  (including  rays)  1-1.5  cm.    broad ;  bracts  very 

slender  and  green 41.   A.  Tradescanti. 

Heads  larger  ;  bracts  green  chiefly  at  tip  .        .        .        .    42.   A.  paniculatus. 
Bracts    broad-linear  or  linear-oblong,   with    conspicuous 

elliptic  or  subrhombic  green  tips 43.   A.  salicifolius. 

«.   Involucre  more  than  5  mm.  high  /. 

/.   Bracts  with  definite  firm  subulate  tips 32.   A  polyphyllus. 

f.    Bracts  without  firm  subulate  tips   g. 
g.   Leaves  on  branchlets  reduced  to  rigid  subulate  tracts. 

Perennial;  involucre  9  mm.  or  more  high,  of  firm  closely 

imbricated  bluntish  bracts  .     28.    A.  turbinellus. 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 


803 


Annual ;  Involucre  6-8  min.  high,  of  linear-subulate  loosely 

imbricated  bracts 57.  A.  tubulatua. 

g.   Leaves  on  branchlets  broader  h. 

h.   Inflorescence  loosely  paniculate-corymbose. 

Bracts  thin,  uniform,  linear-lanceolate ;  rays  few,  white  or 

pinkish,  rarely  wanting 54.  A.  acuminatu*. 

Bracts  firm,   oblong,   the   tips  foliaceous ;  rays  numerous, 

violet 11.  A.  radula. 

h.   Inflorescence  definitely  paniculate  *. 

i.   Bracts  ascending,  their  tips  not  squarrose. 

Bracts  regularly  imbricated  in  several  series. 

Bracts  linear-attenuate 42.  A.  paniculatus. 

Bracts  broad-linear  or  linear-oblong,  with  conspicuous 

elliptic  or  subrhombic  green  tips       .        .        .        .    43.  A.  salicifolius. 

Bracts  subequal 45.  A.  longifolius. 

i.   Bracts  with  spreading  or  squarrose  tips,  the  outer  mostly 

foliaceous 46.  A.  novi-belgii. 

d.  Stem  conspicuously  pubescent  j. 
j.   Bracts  with  definite  firm  subulate  tips. 

Involucre  hemispherical  or  campanulate,  as  broad  as  high ;  leaves 

lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate      ....      (33)  A.  ericoides,  v.  platyphyllus. 
Involucre  turbinate,  narrower  than  high    .        .          (34)   A.  depauperatus,  v.  parviceps. 
j.   Bracts  without  firm  subulate  tips. 

Heads  solitary  or  loosely  paniculate-corymbose  ;  bracts  thin,  linear- 
lanceolate,  loosely  imbricated  ;  rays  whitish,  violet,  or  rose-pink. 
Leaves  essentially  uniform  and  crowded  on  the  stem,  entire  or 

slightly  toothed,  blunt  or  acutish 

Upper  leaves  largest,  coarsely  toothed,  long-acuminate 
Heads  paniculate  or  racemose  ;  bracts  rather  closely  imbricated. 
Bracts  regularly  imbricated  in  several  series ;  rays  short,  white 

to  lavender. 
Heads  regularly   paniculate ;   bracts  linear-attenuate ;  leaves 

lanceolate (42)  A.  paniculatus,  vars. 

Heads  in  more  or  less  1 -sided  racemes;  bracts  generally  with 

colored  dilated  midribs  ;  leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong  .        .    40.  A.  lateriflorus. 
Bracts  subequal ;  rays  long,  blue  or  violet ;  stem  densely  villous 

(45)  A.  longifolius,  v.  viUicaulis. 


55.  A.  nemoraUs. 
54.  A.  acuminatus. 


§  1.  HELEASTRUM  (DC.)  B.  &  H.  Pappus  simple,  coarse  and  rigid,  the 
stronger  bristles  somewhat  clavate  /  bracts  rigid,  more  or  less  foliaceous, 
nearly  equal. 

1.  A.  palud&sus  Ait.     Stems  3-7  dm.  high,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  heads 
rather  few,  racemose  or  spicate  ;  involucre  1  cm.  high  ;  outer  bracts  lax,  foli- 
aceous ;  rays  purple  ;  leaves  linear,  entire.  —  Kan.  to  Tex. , 
N.  C.,  and  Ga.    FIG.  918. 

§  2.  BIOTIA  (DC.)  T.  &  G.  Involucre  obovoid-bell- 
shaped,  turbinate,  or  cylindric;  the  bracts  regularly 
imbricated  in  several  rows,  appressed,  nearly  destitute 
of  herbaceous  tips  ;  rays  6-18  ;  achenes  slender  ;  pap- 
pus slightly  rigid,  simple ;  lower  leaves  heart-shaped, 
petioled,  coarsely  serrate;  heads  in  open  corymbs 
(rarely  congested). 

*  Eays  white  (sometimes  colored  in  age) ; 
branches  of  inflorescence  without  glands. 


918.  A.  paludosus. 


*-  Involucre  ovoid-bell -shaped  or  turbinate;   plants  simple, 
rarely  producing  large  tufted  basal  leaves. 

•w-  Leaves  thin,  smooth  or  sparsely  hairy  but  not  rough. 

2.  A.  divaricatus  L.  Stem  slender,  somewhat  zigzag,  3-9 
dm.  high,  glabrous  or  sparingly  pilose  ;  leaves  coarsely  and 
unequally  serrate  with  sharp  spreading  teeth,  taper-pointed, 
ovate,  ovate-lanceolate,  or  deltoid-ovate,  all  but  the  upper- 
most heart-shaped  at  the  base  and  on  slender  naked  petioles ; 
involucre  0-8  mm.  high  ;  bracts  thin,  scarious,  mostly  obtuse 
and  ciliate,  with  inconspicuous  green  tips,  the  outer  short  and 
oblong  or  oblong-triangular,  the  inner  linear;  rays  6-12. 


919.   A.  divaricatus 


804 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 


(A.  corymbosus  Ait.)  —  Woodlands,  s.  Me.  and  w.  Que.  to  L.  Superior,  s.  to  Ga. 

Aug.-Oct.  FIG.  919.  —  Extremely  variable  in  outline  of  foliage,  intensity  of 
coloring  of  disk-flowers,  etc.,  characters  upon  which  Professor 
E.  S.  Burgess  proposes  as  separable  species  A.  carmesinus, 
A.  tenebrosus,  and  26  others. 

t-f  tf  Leaves  thick,  rough  above. 
=  Heads  few,  large  (1-1.5  cm.  high). 

3.  A.  furcatus  Burgess.  Stem  slender,  3-6  dm.  high,  almost 
uniformly  leafy  to  the  slightly  forked  summit ;  leaves  ovate  or 
elliptic,  acuminate,  coarsely  serrate,  lower  short-petioled  and 
slightly  cordate,  upper  mostly  sessile,  often  with  broad-winged 
laciniate  bases ;  involucre  of  4-5  series  of  pubescent  pale  green 
regularly  imbricated  blunt  bracts,  the  outer  oblong,  the  inner 
linear,  all  with  dark  tips  ;  rays  I  cm.  or  more  long,  narrow. 
—  Woods  and  rocky  shaded  banks,  111.  and  Mo.  Aug.-Oct.  FIG.  920. 

=  =  Heads  smaller  (hardly  1  cm.  high),  numerous  in  corymbose  or  subumbel- 
late  clusters  at  the  tips  of  the  branches. 

4.  A.  glomeratus  Bernh.  Rather  stout,  4.5-9  dm.  high  ; 
stem  smooth,  or  pilose  toward  the  summit  ;  leaves  pilose 
beneath  or  glabrate  ;  the  lower  broadly  ovate,  acuminate,  long- 
petioled  ;  the  upper  gradually  smaller  and  narrower,  on  winged 
petioles  or  sessile  ;  involucre  green,  broadly  campanulate  ;  bracts 
ciliate,  dark-tipped,  the  inner  ones  slightly  elongated,  scarious 
only  on  the  margins  ;  rays  short,  rarely  0.5  cm.  long.  — Thick- 
ets and  wooded  banks,  Me.  to  Va.  Aug.,  Sept.  FIG.  921. 


920.  A.  furcatus. 


921.  A.  glomeratus. 


922.   A.Schreberi. 


-»-  -i-  Involucre  slender,  cylindric;  bracts  thin  and  scarious  (loose  and  spreading 
when  dry) ,  the  innermost  much  exceeding  the  next  outer  series ;  large  tufted 
basal  leaves  abundant. 

5.  A.  Schrebdri  Nees.  Resembling  the  preceding ;  stem  smooth  or  pilose  ; 
leaves  thin,  often  pilose  on  the  petioles  and  veins  beneath,  smooth  or  harsh 
above  ;  basal  ones  large,  when  well  developed  with  broad 
rectangular  sinuses  ;  involucre  slightly  imbricated  ;  rays 
1  cm.  long.  (Including^,  curvescens Burgess.) — Damp 
woods  and  thickets,  N.  E.  to  Va.  July-Sept.  FIG.  922. 

*  *  Hays  violet  or  blue  (rarely  white)  ;  branches  of  the 
infloresence  glandular. 

6.  A.  macrophyllus  L.  Rather  coarse,  0.3-1.5  m. 
high,  viscid-glandular  at  least  in  the  inflorescence; 
sterile  tufts  of  large  ovate  cordate  leaves  abundant ;  basal  leaves  large,  cordate  ; 
the  upper  of  various  forms,  usually  smaller  and  narrower ;  involucre  generally 
3-4-seriate  ;  bracts  greenish,  the  outer  short-ovate,  blunt,  and 
pubescent;  the  inner  elongated,  linear,  more  scarious,  some- 
times roseate-tinged  on  the  margins.  —  An  extremely  variable 
plant,  from  which  several  forms  are  separated,  by  some 
authors,  as  species.  —  The  typical  plant  is  simple,  3-9  dm. 
high,  characterized  by  thick  harsh  foliage,  stout  rather 
smooth  stem,  and  broad  terminal  corymbose  inflorescence 
with  many  conspicuous  stipitate  glands.  (Including  A.  ros- 
cidus,  etc.,  Burgess.)  —  Open  woods  and  thickets,  N.  B.  to  923.  A.  macrophyllus, 
Minn,  and  N.  C.  Aug.,  Sept.  FIG.  923.  The  following 
varieties  include  the  best-marked  extremes.  Var.  piNGuirdLius  Burgess.  Stem 
glabrous,  5-6  dm.  high  ;  many  of  the  basal  leaves  very  smooth  (almost  greasy), 
others  scabrous  at  least  in  spots.  — Me.  to  N.  Y.  and  westw.  Var.  EXCELSIOR 
Burgess.  Stem  smoothish,  1  m.  or  so  high,  glaucous;  leaves  pale,  for  the  most 
part  narrowly  ovate,  oblong,  or  lanceolate;  bracts  elongated.  —  N.  H.  to  Ont. 
and  Mich,  Var.  vELtJTraus  Burgess.  Stems  villous-pubescent ;  leaves  pilose 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 


805 


beneath,  all  but  the  lowest  truncate  or  tapering  at  base.  — Throughout  the  range, 
the  commonest  form  northw.  Var.  SEJUNCTUS  Burgess.  Similar  to  the  pre- 
ceding variety,  but  most  of  the  stem-leaves  long-petroled,  broad  and  cordate.  — 
Me.  to  Pa.  and  Wise.  Var.  APRICENSIS  Burgess.  Freely  branching  from  near 
the  base,  bearing  innumerable  heads. — Me.  to  Pa.  Var.  IANTHINUS  (Burgess) 
Fernald.  Glands  minute,  rarely  stipitate  ;  leaves  thin.  (Including  A.  ianthinus, 
violaris,  multiformis,  and  nobilis  Burgess.)  —  Me.  to  Ont.  and  W.  Va. 

§  3.  EUASTER  Gray.  Bracts  imbricated  in  various  degrees,  with  herbaceous 
or  leaf-like  summits,  or  the  outer  entirely  foliaceous ;  rays  numerous;  pap- 
pus simple,  soft  and  nearly  uniform  (coarser  and  more  rigid  in  the  first 
group};  achenes flattened. 

*  Bracts  well  imbricated,  coriaceous,  with  short  herbaceous  mostly  obtuse  spread- 
ing tips;  pappus  of  rigid  bristles;  stem-leaves  all  sessile,  none  heart-shaped 
or  clasping  ;  heads  few  or  when  several  corymbose,  large  and  showy. 

i-  Lowest  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  on  nearly  naked  petioles,  some  rounded 
or  subcordate  at  base. 

7.  A.  Hervdyi  Gray.     Slightly  scabrous,  3-9  dm.  high,  the 
summit  and  peduncles  glandular-puberulent ;  leaves  roughish, 
obscurely  serrate,  the  upper  lanceolate  ;  heads  loosely  corym- 
bose, 1  cm.  or  so  high  ;  involucre  nearly  hemispherical ;  bracts 
obscurely  glandular,  all  erect,  with  very  short  or  indistinct 
green  tips;    rays  violet,   1-1.5  cm.  long. — Borders   of   oak 
woods,  in  rather  moist  soil,  e.  Mass,  to 

Ct.  and  L.I.  FIG.  924.  — An  ambigu- 
ous species,  approaching  the  preceding 
and  the  next. 

•»-  -H-  Radical  leaves  (usually  absent  in 
no.  11)  all  tapering  into  margined 
petioles;  involucres  squarrose  (hardly 
so  in  no.  11)  ;  rootstocks  slender. 

8.  A.  spectabilis  Ait.     Stems  3-6  dm. 
high,  roughish  and  glandular-puberulent 
above  ;    leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  the 

lower  spatulate-oblong,  obscurely  serrate  or  the  upper  en- 
tire;  heads  few,  hemispherical ;  involucre  1-1.5  cm.  high; 
bracts  glandular-puberulent  and  viscid,  mostly  with  the 
upper  half  herbaceous  and  spreading  ;  rays  about  20,  bright 
violet,  2  cm.  long.  —  Sandy  soil,  Mass,  to  Del.,  near  the 
coast ;  also  w.  N.  C.  Aug. -Oct.  FIG.  926. 

9.  A.  surcul&sus  Michx.     Stems  2.5-4  dm.  high,  from  long 
filiform  rootstocks  ;  leaves  entire  or  nearly  so,  rigid,  lanceolate 
or  the  upper  linear ;  heads  few  or  solitary,  as  in  the  preceding, 
but  generally  smaller,  the  bracts  hardly  glandular.  —  Moist 
ground,  coast  of  N.  J.,  and  south  w.     Aug.-Oct.     FIG.  926. 

10.  A.   gracilis  Nutt.     Rootstocks  occasion- 
ally tuberous-thickened  ;  stems  slender,  3-4  dm. 
high  ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  entire  or  nearly 
so,  small  (2-5  cm.  long)  ;  heads  few  or  several ; 
involucre  top-shaped,  6-9  mm.  long,  glabrous, 
not  glandular  nor  viscid,  the  coriaceous  whitish 
bracts  with  very  short  deltoid  or  ovate  tips  ;  rays 
9-12,  0.5-1  cm.  long.  —  Pine  barrens,  N.  J.  to 
N.  C.,  Ky.,  and  Tenn.     July-Sept.     FIG.  927. 

11.  A.  radula  Ait.     Stem  simple  or  corym- 
bose at  the  summit,  smooth  or  sparsely  hairy, 

many-leaved,  3-12  dm.   high  ;    leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed, 

sharply  serrate  in  the  middle,  very  rough  both  sides  and  rugose-    927.  A.  gracilis. 


924.  A.  Herveyi. 


A.  spectabilis. 


926.  A.  surculosus. 


806 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 


oeined,  closely  sessile,  5-8  cm.  long,  nearly  uniform  ;  heads  1-40  ;  bracts  of  bell- 
shaped  involucre  oblong,  obtuse,  appressed,  clearly  in  several  series,  with  very 
short  and  slightly  spreading  herbaceous  ciliate  tips;  rays  pale 
violet ;  achenes  smooth.  —  Bogs  and  low  woods,  Nfd.  to  Del.  and 
w.  Va.  July-Sept.  FIG.  928. 

Var.  strictus  (Pursh)  Gray.  Slender,  1-8  dm.  high ;  heads 
1-8 ;  involucral  bracts  more  foliaceous,  acute  or  acutish,  nearly 
equal.  (Var.  biftorus  Porter.)  —  Damp  rocky  or  mossy  places, 
n.  Lab.  and  Hudson  B.  to  Nfd.,  N.  B.,  and  n.  N.  E. 

*  *  Involucre  and  usually  the  branchlets  viscid-  or  pruinose- 
glandular,  well  imbricated  or  loose  ;  pubescence  not  silky ; 
leaves  entire  (or  the  lower  with  few  teetli),  the  cauline  all 
sessile  or  clasping;  rays  showy,  violet  to  purple  ;  involucral 
bracts  spreading,  in  few  or  many  ranks. 

928  A  radula  l^-    ^-    grandiflbrus   L.      Minutely 

hispid;  stems  slender,  loosely  much 
branched,  3-9  dm.  high  ;  leaves  very  small  (0.5-4  cm. 
long),  oblong-linear,  obtuse,  rigid,  the  uppermost 
passing  into  bracts  of  the  hemispherical  squarrose 
many-ranked  involucre  ;  rays  bright  violet,  2.5  cm. 
long;  achenes  hairy. — Dry  open  places,  Va.,  and 
south  w.  —  Heads  large  and  very  showy.  FIG.  929. 

13.  A.  oblongifblius  Nutt.  Minutely  glandular- 
puberulent,  much  branched  above,  rigid,  paniculate- 
corymbose,  3-7  dm.  high  ;  leaves  narrowly  oblong  or 

lanceolate,  mucronate-pointed,  partly  clasping,  thick-          929.  A.  grandiflorus. 
ish,  2.5-5  cm.  long,  0.5-1  cm.  wide  ;  involucral  bracts 

nearly  equal,  broadly  linear,  appressed  at  the  base ;  rays 
violet-purple;  achenes  canescent.  —  Bluffs  and  rocky  banks, 
Pa.  and  Va.  to  Minn,  and  Kan.  Sept.,  Oct.  —  Heads  middle- 
sized  or  smaller.  FIG.  930. 

Var.  rigidulus  Gray.  Low,  rarely  more  than  3  dm.  high, 
with  more  rigid  and  hispidulous-scabrous  leaves.  (A.  Kum- 
leini  Fries.) — More  exposed  situations,  111.,  Wise.,  and 
southwestw.  Late  July-Oct. 

14.  A.  nbvae-angliae  L.  Stem  stout,  hairy,  0.5-2.6  m. 
high,  corymbed  at  the  summit;  leaves  numerous,  lanceolate, 
entire,  acute,  auriculate-clasping, 
930.  A.  oblongifolius.  clothed  with  minute  pubescence,  0.5- 
1  dm.  long ;  bracts  nearly  equal, 
linear-awl-shaped,  loose,  glandular-viscid,  as  well  as 
the  branchlets  ;  rays  violet-purple,  rarely  white,  very 
numerous  ;  achenes  hairy.  —  Moist  chiefly  calcareous 
grounds,  centr.  Me.  to  w.  Que.,  westw.  and  south  w. 
Aug.-Oct.  —  Heads  large  ;  a  very  handsome  species, 
popular  in  cultivation.  (Escaped 
from  gardens,  and  locally  natu- 
ralized in  Eu.)  FIG.  931.  Var. 
R6sEus  (Desf.)  DC.  Rays  pink 
or  rose-color.  —  Range  of  the  typ- 
ical form,  local. 

15.  A.    mode"stus   Lindl.     Pu- 
bescent or  glabrate  ;  stem  slender, 

simple,  with  few  large  heads  terminating  slender  branch- 
lets ;  leaves  lanceolate,  very  acute,  narrowed  to  a  sessile 
base,  sparingly  serrate  or  serrulate  ;  bracts  linear-attenuate, 
equal,  mostly  herbaceous  ;  rays  dark  violet.  (A.  major 
Porter.)  —  Rich  soil,  w.  Out.  and  n.  Minn,  to  B.  C.  and 
982.  A.  modestus.  Ore.  July-Sept.  FIG.  932. 


A.  novae-angliae. 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 


807 


*  *  *  Leaves  whitened,  silvery-silky  both  sides,  all  sessile  and  entire,  mucronu- 

late  ;  involucre  imbricated  in  ^-several  rows  ;  rays  showy,  purple-violet. 

16.  A.  serlceus  Vent.     Stems  slender,  2-6  dm.  high, 
branched  ;  leaves  silver-white,  lanceolate  or  oblong ;  heads 
mostly  solitary,  terminating  the  short  branchlets ;  bracts 
of  the  globular  involucre  similar  to  the  leaves,  spread- 
ing, except  the  short  coriaceous  base ;  achenes  smooth, 
many-ribbed.  —  Prairies  and  dry  banks, 

Wise,  to  Man.,  Tex.,  and  Tenn.  Aug.- 
Oct.  — Heads  large;  rays  20-30.  FIG. 
933. 

17.  A.  c6ncolor  L.    Stems  wand-like, 
nearly   simple,   3-9   dm.  high ;    leaves 

o  A        •  crowded,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  appressed, 

the  upper  reduced  to  little  bracts  ;  heads 
in  a  simple  or  compound  wand-like  raceme ;  bracts  of  the 
obovoid  involucre  closely  imbricated  in  several  rows,  appressed, 
rather  rigid,  silky,  lanceolate  ;  achenes  silky.  —  Dry  sandy  soil 
near  the  coast,  Mass.,  and  south w.  Late  Aug.-Nov.  FIG.  934. 

*  *  *  *  Leaves  entire,  the  lower  not  heart-shaped,  the  cauline  all  with  sessile  and 

cordate-clasping  base,  the  auricles  generally  meeting  around  the  stem. 

18.  A.  patens  Ait.  Rough-pubescent ;  stem  loosely  pan- 
icled  above,  3-9  dm.  high,  with  widely  spreading  branches  ; 
heads  mostly  solitary,  terminating  slender  branchlets,  1-2 
cm.  broad,  with  showy  deep  blue-purple  rays ;  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate  or  ovate-oblong,  often  contracted  below 
the  middle,  rough,  especially  above  and  on  the  margins, 
the  cauline  2.5-7  cm.  long ;  bracts  of  the  minutely  rough- 
ish  involucre  with  spreading  pointed  tips ;  achenes  silky. 
—  Dry  ground,  centr.  Me.  to  Minn.,  and  southw.  Aug.- 
Oct.  FIG.  935.  Var.  piiLOGiF6Lius  Nees.  A  form 
usually  of  shady  places,  with  the  larger  (6-15  cm.  long) 
and  elongated  thin  scarcely  rough  leaves  downy  under- 
neath, sometimes  toothed  toward  the  end,  mostly  much 
contracted  below  the  middle.  (A.  phlogifolius  Muhl.) 


A.  concolor. 


A.  patens. 


—  Mass,  to  O.  and  Tenn. 

Var.  gracilis  Hook.    Stem-leaves  very  short  (1-2  cm.  long),  thickened  and 
harsh,  those  of  the  flowering  branches  mostly  minute. — Ky.  to   Kan.,  and 

southwestw. 

*****  Lower  leaves  heart-shaped  and  petioled;  no  glandular  or  viscid  pubes- 
cence; heads  with  short  and  appressed  green-tipped  bracts  (except  in  nos. 
19  and  26),  mostly  small  and  numerous,  racemose  or  panicled. 

•H-  Heads  middle-sized,  with  many  rays,  and  squarrose  foliaceous  involucre. 

19.  A.   an6malus    Engelm.      Somewhat    pubescent    and 
scabrous ;   stems  slender,   1  m.   high,  simple   or  racemose- 
branched  above  ;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed, 
entire  ;  the  upper  small,  almost  sessile  ;  bracts  of  the  hemi- 
spherical involucre   imbricated  in  several  rows,  appressed, 
with  linear  spreading  leafy  tips  ;   achenes  smooth.  —  Lime- 
stone   cliffs  and  rocky  woods,  111.,  Mo.,  and  Ark.     Sept., 
Oct.  —  Rays  violet-purple.     FIG.  936. 

•H-  t-  Rays  10-20  ;  involucral  bracts  appressed  or  erect. 

•w-  Leaves  entire   or  slightly  serrate;    heads  middle-sized; 
rays  bright  blue. 

20.  A.  azureus  Lindl.    Stem  rather  rough,  erect,  racemose- 
compound  at  the  summit,  the  branches  slender  and  rigid ;      936.  A.  anomalus. 


808 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 


A.  azureus. 


938.  A.  Shortii. 


leaves  rough,  the  lower  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong,  heart-shaped,  on  long  often 
hairy  petioles;  the  others  lanceolate  or  linear,  sessile,  on  the  branches  awl- 
shaped  ;  involucre  inversely  conical.  —  Copses  and  prairies, 
w.  N.  Y.  and  Ont.  to  Minn.,  Mo.,  and  southw.  Sept.,  Oct. 
—  Involucre  much  as  in  A.  laevis,  but  smaller  and  slightly 
pubescent.  FIG.  937. 

21.  A.  Sh6rtii  Lindl.  Stem  slender,  spreading,  nearly 
smooth,  bearing  very  numerous  heads  in  racemose  panicles ; 
leaves  smooth  above,  minutely  pubescent 
underneath,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
elongated,  tapering  gradually  to  a  sharp 
point,  all  but  the  uppermost  more  or  less 
heart-shaped  at  base  and  on  naked  petioles, 
none  clasping ;  involucre  bell-shaped.  — 
Cliffs  and  banks,  w.  Pa.  to  111. ,  and  southw. 
Aug. -Oct.  —  A  pretty  species,  1  m.  high  ; 
leaves  0.5-1.5  dm.  long.  FIG.  938. 

22.  A.  undulatus  L.  Pale  or  somewhat  hoary  with  close 
pubescence  ;  stem  spreading,  bearing  numerous  heads  in  race- 
mose panicles ;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  with  wavy  or  slightly  toothed 
margins,  roughish  above,  downy  under- 
neath ;  the  lowest  heart-shaped,  on  margined  petioles  ;  the 
others  abruptly  contracted  into  short  broadly  winged  peti- 
oles which  are  dilated  and  clasping  at  the  base,  or  directly 
sessile  by  a  heart-shaped  base ;  involucre  obovoid,  the 
bracts  less  rigid.  — Dry  copses,  N.  B.  to  Ont.,  Minn.,  and 
southw.  Aug.-Nov.  FIG.  939.  —  Very  variable  in  outline 
of  leaves,  etc.,  upon  which  characters  Professor  E.  S.  Bur- 
gess proposes  many  species. 

•w-  -w-  Leaves  for  the  most  part  conspicuously  serrate;  rays 
pale  blue  or  nearly  white. 

23.   A.   cordifblius    L.      Stem  nearly  glabrous,   much 
branched  above,  the  spreading  or  diverging  branches  bearing 
very  numerous  panicled  heads  ;  leaves  thin,  sharply  serrate, 
minutely  scabrous  above;   the  lower  all  heart-shaped,  on 

generally  slender  and  naked  ciliate  peti- 
oles ;  the  upper  chiefly  cordate  ;   bracts 

of   the   inversely  conical    involucre    all 

oppressed  and  tipped  with  very  short  green 

points,  obtuse  or  acutish.  —  Woods  and 

thickets,  e.  Que.  to  la. ,  s.  to  Ga.  and  Mo. 

Aug. -Oct.  —  Heads  profuse,   but  rather 

small.    FIG.  940.     Var.  FuRBfsniAE  Fer- 

nald.     Stems,  petioles,  and  lower  surfaces 

of   leaves    densely    villous.  —  Banks    of 

streams,  N.  B.,  Me.,  and  N.  H.     Var.  POLYCEPHALUS  Porter. 

Most  of  the  upper  leaves  truncate  or  narrowed  at  base. — 

Range  of  the  typical  form. 

24.    A.   Lowrieanus   Porter.      Resembling  A.  cordifolius; 

leaves  thickish,  glaucous  beneath,  smooth,  often  greasy  to  the 

touch,  sharply  or  obscurely  serrate  ;  the  lower  ovate,  cordate, 

on  mostly  winged  petioles.  — Open  woods  and  thickets,  Ct.  to 
941.  A.  sagittifolius.  Ont.  and  N.  C.  Sept.,  Oct.  Var.  LANCEOL\TUS  Porter.  Most 

of  the  lower  leaves  lanceolate  or  lance-ovate,  truncate  or  nar- 
rowed at  base.  (Var.  lancifolius  Porter.)  —  Similar  range.  Var.  mclsus  Porter. 
Leaves  all  lanceolate,  the  lower  incised.  (Var.  Bicknellii  Porter.)  —  N.  Y.  and 
Pa.,  local. 

25.  A.    sagittifblius    Wedemeyer.      Stem    rigid,   erect,   smooth   or  slightly 


939.   A.  undulatus. 


940.   A.  cordifolius. 


COMPOSITAE    (COMPOSITE   FAMILY) 


809 


943.  A.  Lindleyanus. 


hairy,  with  ascending  branches  bearing  numerous  racemose  heads;  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  pointed ;  the  lower  heart-shaped  at  base,  on  margined  petioles ;  the 
upper  lanceolate  or  linear,  pointed  at  both  ends ;  bracts  of 
the  oblong  involucre  linear,  tapering  into  awl-shaped  slender 
and  loose  tips.  —  Dry  ground,  Vt.  to  Ky.,  and  westw.  Aug.- 
Oct.  — Heads  rather  larger  than  in  no.  23.  FIG.  941. 

26.  A.  Drumm6ndii  Lindl.     Pale  with  fine  gray  pubes- 
cence; leaves  cordate  to  cordate-lanceolate,  mostly  on  mar- 
gined petioles,  the  uppermost  lanceolate 

and  sessile  ;  bracts  acute  or  acutish.  • — 
Open  ground,  etc.,  111.  to  Minn,  and 
Tex.  Aug.-Oct.  FIG.  942. —Passing 
into  the  preceding. 

27.  A.  Lindleyanus  T.  &  G.    Rather 
stout,  3-10  dm.  high,  nearly  glabrous  ; 
radical  and  lowest  leaves  ovate,  moder- 
ately or  obscurely  cordate,  the  upper- 
most sessile  and  pointed  at  both  ends  ; 
heads    larger,   in    a  loose   thyrse    or 

A.  Drummondii.  panicle,  the  linear-attenuate  bracts 
looser  and  less  imbricated ;  rays  blue- 
violet. —  Thickets  and  open  places,  Lab.  to  Mackenzie, 
s.  to  N.  B.,  n.  N.  E.,  Mich.,  S.  Dak.,  and  Mont.  Aug.-Oct.  FIG.  943.  Var. 
ExfMius  Burgess.  Tall  (often  2  m.  high);  leaves  harsh  above.  —  N.  Y.  and  O. 
Var.  COMA.TUS  Fernald.  Stems,  petioles,  and  lower  surfaces  of  the  leaves  villous. 

—  Range  of  the  typical  form,  local. 

******  Without  heart-shaped  petioled  leaves,  the  radical  and  lower  all  acute 
or  attenuate  at  base  ;  not  glandular  nor  viscid,  nor  silky-canescent. 

•i-  Smooth  and  glabrous  throughout  (or  nearly  so, 
except  forms  of  no.  33),  and  usually  pale  and 
glaucous;  involucral  bracts  closely  imbricated, 
firm  and  whitish-coriaceous  below,  green-tipped; 
leaves  firm,  usually  entire. 

++  Hays  violet  or  blue  ;  bracts  rather  abruptly  green- 
tipped;  leaves  on  the  branchlets  reduced  to  rigid 
subulate  bracts. 

28.  A.  turbin611us  Lindl.  Stem  slender,  0.5-1  m. 
high,  paniculately  branched  ;  leaves  oblong  to  narrowly 
lanceolate,  tapering  to  each  end,  with  rough  margins  ; 
involucre  elongated-obconical  or  almost  club-shaped, 
9  mm.  or  more  in  length ;  the  bracts  linear,  with  very  short 
and  blunt  green  tips  ;  rays  violet-blue ;  achenes  nearly  smooth. 

—  Dry  hills,  etc.,  111.  to  Neb.,  and  southwestw.     Sept.,  Oct. 

—  Well  marked  and  handsome.     FIG.  944. 

29.  A.  ladyis  L.     Stouter,  0.6-1  m. 
high  ;  heads  in  a  close  panicle  ;  leaves 
thickish,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
chiefly  entire,  the  upper  more  or  less 
clasping  by  an  auricled  or  heart-shaped 
base ;  bracts  of  the  short-obovoid  or 
hemispherical    involucre    with    short 
abrupt    green    tips ;    rays    blue-violet 
(rarely  white);  achenes  smooth. —  Dry 
soil,  Me.  to  Ont.,  westw.  and  southw. 

Aug.-Oct.  —  A  variable  and  elegant  species.  FIG.  945. 
A  form  with  broad  ovate  leaves  is  var.  AMPLir6Lius 
Porter. 

30.  A.  virgatus  Ell.     Slender,  strict  and  simple,  with 
946.  A.  virgatus.          few  or  several  racemose  or  terminal  heads,  like  those  oi 


944.  A.  turbinellus. 


945.   A.  laevis. 


810 


COMPOSITAE    (COMPOSITE   FAMILY) 


947.  A.  concinnus. 


the   last ;    leaves    lanceolate   or    linear,    the   lower  usually  long  and  narrow. 
(A.  purpuratus  Nees.)  —  Va.,  W.  Va.,  and  southw.     Sept.,  Oct.     FIG.  946. 

31.  A.   concinnus  Willd.      Not  glaucous,  slender,  3-9  din. 
high  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  mostly  somewhat  serrate,  the  lowest 
spatulate-lanceolate  on  winged  petioles  ;  heads  smaller  than  in 

.  no.  29,  numerous,  panicled;  bracts  of  involucre  loose,  with 
more  herbaceous  narrower  green  tips;  rays  violet. — Rocky 
woods,  rare,  Ct.,  and  southw.  Aug.,  Sept. — An  ambiguous 
species.  FIG.  947. 

**  -M-  Bays  white,  rarely  purplish;  bracts  narrow,  subulately 
green-tipped;  leaves  mostly  narrow,  narrowed  at  base,  on 
the  branchlets  lax  and  attenuate. 

32.  A.  polyphyllus  Willd.    Low  or  tall,  1-15  dm.  high,  with 
virgate  branches;  cauline  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  0.6-1  dm. 

long  ;  heads  paniculate  ;  bracts  lanceolate-subulate,  the  outer- 
most much  shorter  ;  rays  1  cm.  long.  (A.  Faxoni  Porter). — 
Rocky  or  gravelly  soil,  e.  Me.  and  n.  Vt.  to  Ont.,  Wise.,  and 
southw.  Aug.-Oct.  FIG.  948.  —  Heads  larger  than  in  the 
next. 

33.  A.  ericoides  L.  Smooth,  3-9  dm.  high  ;  the  simple 
branchlets  or  peduncles  racemose  along  the  upper  side  of  the 
wand-like  spreading  branches  ;  lowest  leaves  oblong-spatulate, 
sometimes  toothed  ;  the  others  linear-lanceolate  or  linear-awl- 
shaped  ;  heads  6mm.  high  or  less;  involucre  hemispheric  or 
campanulate ;  bracts  often  nearly  equal,  with  attenuate  or 
awl-shaped  green  tips.  —  Dry  open  places,  N.  E.  to  Ont. , 
Minn.,  and  southw.  Aug.-Oct.  FIG.  949.  Var.  viLL6sus  948  A  poivphviiu8 
T.  &  G.  Similar,  but  the  stem  and  generally  the  narrow  leaves 

villous-hirsute.     (Var.  pilosus  Porter.)  —  Same  range.    Var. 

PRfNGLEi  Gray.     A  low  slender  northern  form,  with  few  erect 

branches  and  rather  small  scattered  mostly   solitary   heads. 

(A.  Pringlei  Britton. )  —  Me.  to  Ont.,  s.  to  "Mass,  and  Wise. 
Var.    platyphyllus    T.   &  G.      Stout;    stem   and  branches 

densely  white-villous  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate, 

mostly  pubescent ;  heads  as  in  the  typical  form,  but  larger.  — 

O.  to  Mich.,  111.,  and  southw. 

34.  -A.  depauperatus  (Porter)  Fernald.     Slender,  glabrous, 

1-4  dm.  high  ;  basal  leaves  small,  spatulate  ; 

stem-leaves   linear,   those   of  the  branches 

linear-subulate  ;  heads  small,  4-5  mm.  high, 
terminating  the  slender  divaricate  branches ;  involucre  tur- 
binate,  2-3  mm.  broad,  of  about  20  linear-subulate  bracts, 
these  less  rigid  than  those  of  the  preceding  species.  (A. 
ericoides,  var.  pusillus  Gray,  and  var.  depauperatus  Porter.) 
—  Serpentine  barrens,  s.  Pa.  and  adjacent  W.  Va.  July- 
jept.  FIG.  950. 

Var.    pdrviceps    (Burgess)    Fernald.     Stout,    pilose,   3-7 
dm.  high  ;  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate  ;  heads  rather  crowded. 

(A.    ericoides,    var.  Burgess.) — Prairies  and  woods,    111. 
and  Mo. 

•t-  -i-  Hoary-pubescent  or  hirsute;  herbaceous  tips  of  the 
more  or  less  bristly-ciliate  involucral  bracts  squarrose 
or  spreading;  cauline  leaves  small,  linear,  entire, 
scarcely  narrowed  at  the  sessile  or  partly  clasping  base; 
heads  numerous,  small,  racemose. 

35.    A.  amethystinus  Nutt.     Tall  (0.5-1.5  m.  high),  up- 
right,  much  branched,  puberulent   or  somewhat  hirsute  ; 
951.  A.  amethystinus.     leaves  not  rigid;  heads  6  mm.  high;  the  tips  of  the  bracts 


A.  ericoides. 


950.  A.  depauperatus. 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  811 

merely   spreading;    rays    light  clear  blue   or  rarely   violet.  —  Moist  grounds, 

e.  Mass,  and  s.  Vt.  to  Pa.,  Mo.,  and  la.,  rare.     Sept.     FIG.  961. — Perhaps 

a  hybrid  of  nos.  14  and  36. 

36.   A.  multiflbrus  Ait.     Pale  or  hoary  with  minute  close  pubescence,  3-9 

dm.  high,  much  branched  and  bushy  ;  the  heads  much  crowded  on  the  spreading 

racemose  branches;   leaves  rigid,  crowded,    spreading,   with   rough   or  ciliate 
margins,  the  uppermost  passing  into  the  spatulate  obtuse 
hispidulous-ciliate    bracts;    heads    5-6   mm.    long;     rays 
white  or  rarely  purplish,  10-20.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  s.  Me. 
to  Ont.,  westw.  and  southw.     Aug.-Oct.     FIG.  952.     Var. 
Exfouus   Fernald.      Heads   solitary  or  slightly   clustered 
q*>2    A  multiflorus       at  tne  ^P8  °^  slender  flexuous  branches.  —  Less  common. 
37.   A.  commutatus  (T.  &  G.)  Gray.    Similar;  heads 

larger   (7-9  mm.  long);   rays  20-30      (A.  incanopilosus  Sheldon.) — Plains, 

Minn,  to  Sask.,  westw.  and  south  westw.     July-Oct. 

•«-  H-  -i-  Bracts  glabrous,  closely  imbricated  (the  outer  regularly  shorter},  not 
coriaceous,  with  short  appressed  green  tips  ;  branches  slender,  divaricate  or 
divergent;  leaves  lanceolate  to  subulate;  heads  small  (4-7  mm.  high}  and 
numerous. 

-M.  Heads  scattered,  terminating  minutely  foliose  slehder  branchlets. 

38.  A.  dumbsus  L.     Smooth  or  nearly  so,  3-9  dm.  high,  the  branches  slender, 
loosely  paniculate,  divergent ;  leaves  linear  or  the  upper  oblong,  crowded,  entire, 
with   rough    margins ;    heads   rather    numerous ;    involucre 

obconical  or  campanulate,  with  4-6  rows  of  linear-spatulate 
obtuse  bracts  with  abrupt  green  tips  ;  rays  pale  purple  or  blue, 
larger  than  in  no.  39.  —  Sandy  soil,  s.  Me.  to  Ont.,  and  southw., 
except  in  the  upland  regions.  Aug.,  Sept.  FIG.  953. 

Var.  coridifolius  (Michx.)  T.  &  G.  Branchlets  slender 
and  flexuous,  elongated,  with  minute  crowded  divergent 
small  leaves,  and  generally  solitary  terminal  heads. — Bar- 
rens, Mass.,  and  southw. 

Var.  strictior  T.  &  G.     Branches  stiff  and  ascending.-      *       '     dumo8 
Mass,  to  Ont.  and  N.  C. 

•M-  ++  Heads  racemosely  unilateral  upon  very  short  minutely  leafy  branchlets. 

39.  A.  vimineus  Lam.     Smooth  or  smoothish,  0.5-2  m.  high,  bushy,  the  long 
branches  almost  horizontally  spreading;  leaves  linear  or  narrowly  lanceolate, 

elongated,  the  larger  ones  remotely  serrate  in  the  middle  with 
fine  sharp  teeth  ;  heads  small,  4-6  mm.  high,  crowded  ;  bracts 
narrowly  linear,  acute  or  acutish,  in  3-4  rows  ;  rays  white.  — 
Moist  soil,  s.  Me.  to  Ont.,  westw.  and  southw.  Aug.-Oct. 
FIG.  954.  Var.  FOLioubsus  (Ait.)  Gray.  Leaves  linear,  en- 
tire ;  the  ascending  branches  with  more 
scattered  paniculate  heads.  —  Similar 
range. 

Var.  saxatilis  Fernald.     Low  (1.6-6 
954.  A.  vimineus.     dm.   high);    branches    and    branchlets 
short,  ascending,  leafy-bracteate,  termi- 
nated by  solitary  larger  heads  (often  1.5  cm.  broad). — 
Rocky  shores,  N.  E.  and  Que.  to  O. 

40.  A.  lateriflbrus  (L.)  Britton.     More  or  less-  pubes- 
cent, much  branched  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lance-        Q55    .      .    .fl 
olate,  tapering  or  pointed  at  each  end,  sharply  serrate  in 

the  middle  ;  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear,  acute  or  rather  obtuse,  imbricated  in 
3-4  rows.  (A.  diffusus  Ait.) — Thickets,  fields,  etc.,  very  common  from  N.  S. 
to  Ont.,  and  southw.  Aug.-Oct.  —  Extensively  variable  ;  leaves  larger  than  in 
either  of  the  two  preceding  ;  the  involucre  intermediate  between  them,  as  to  tjie 
form  of  the  bracts.  Kays  mostly  short*  white  or  pale  bluish-purple.  FIG.  966 


812 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 


Var.  GLOMERELLUS  (T.  &  G.)  Burgess.  Simple  or  subsimple  ;  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate,  hispidulous;  inflorescences  small  and  axillary,  or  short,  terminal, 
and  spicate.  —  N.  Y.  to  O.  and  S.  C. 

Var.  hirsuticaiilis  (Lindl.)  Porter.  Slender;  the  stem  and  the  midveins  of 
the  elongated  lanceolate  leaves  generally  villous  or  hirsute  ;  branches  slender, 
spreading  or  ascending,  simple.  (A.  hirsuticaulis  Lindl. )  — Mostly  in  low 
woods  and  thickets,  N.  B.  to  Mich,  and  Ky. 

Var.  bifrons  (Gray)  Fernald.  A  luxuriant  form,  with  large  thin  leaves 
(1-1.5  dm.  long,  2.5-4  cm.  wide),  and  rather  larger  heads  loosely  disposed  on 
the  spreading  branches.  (A.  diffusus,  var.  Gray  ;  A.  lateriflorus,  var.  grandis 
Porter.)  —  N.  Y.  to  S.  C.,  Mo.,  and  Minn. 

Var.  thyrsoideus  (Gray)  Sheldon.  Cinereous-pubescent  or  glabrate,  with 
ovate-oblong  to  lanceolate  leaves,  the  branches  ascending  and  often  short,  and 
the  thyrsoid  or  spicate-glomerate  heads  less  secund.  (A.  missouriensis  Britton.) 
—  N.  E.  to  Ont.,  Mo.,  and  Tenn. 

H_  n_  H_  H_  Involucre  various;    the  heads  when  numerous  densely  or  loosely 
paniculate  on  erect  or  ascending  branches. 

•w-  Cauline  leaves  sessile,  but  the  base  not  conspicuously  cordate  nor  auriculate, 
.  nor  contracted  to  a 


=  Heads  small  or  middle-sized;  bracts  narrow,  in  several  lengths,  the  erect 
green  tips  not  dilated. 

41.    A.  Tradescanti  L.    Stem  much  branched,  0.5-1.6  m.  high  ;  the  numerous 

heads  (1-1.5  cm.  broad)  somewhat  panicled  or  racemed ;  leaves  lanceolate  to 
linear,  5-15  cm.  long,  tapering  to  a  long  slender  point ;  the 
lower  somewhat  serrate  in  the  middle  ;  involucre  3-5  mm. 
long ;  its  bracts  linear,  acutish,  partly  green  down  the  back ; 
rays  short  and  narrow,  white  or  purplish.  — Low  grounds,  Me. 
to  Ont.  and  Minn.,  s.  to  Va.  and  Mo.  Aug. -Oct.  FIG.  956.— 
Some  forms  approach  no.  39,  others  differ  from  A.  paniculatus 
only  in  the  smaller  heads  and  shorter  rays. 

42.  A.  paniculatus  Lam.  Stem  smoothish,  0.5-2. 5m.  high, 
much  branched  ;  the  branches  and  scattered  heads  (about  2  cm. 
broad)  loosely  paniculate  ;  leaves  elongate-oblong  to  narrowly 
lanceolate,  pointed,  somewhat  serrate  or  entire ;  the  cauline 

956.  A.  Tradescanti.  0.5-1.5  dm.  long,  about  1  cm.  wide;  involucre  8  mm.  long; 
its  bracts  narrowly  linear,  ivith  attenuate  green  tips,  or  the 

outermost  wholly  green  ;  rays  white  or  purplish,  6-8  mm.  long.  —  Wet  meadows, 

thickets,  etc.,  throughout.     Aug. -Oct.     FIG.  957. — Approaches  in  its  different 

forms  the  preceding  and  the  three  following  species.    Var. 

LANATUS  Fernald.     Stems  densely  white-villous  or  lanate. 

—  L.  Willoughby,  Vt.,  to  L.  Winnipeg.     Var.  BELLIDI- 

FL6RUS  (Willd.)  Burgess.     Leaves  linear  or  narrow-lance- 
olate, mostly  entire  ;  branches  ascending,  with  numerous 

clustered  heads.  —  Throughout  the  range.     Var.  SIMPLEX 

(Willd.)  Burgess.     Leaves  large  and  thin,  oblong-lance- 
olate to  oblanceolate,  the  cauline  1-2  dm.  long,  2-4  cm. 

wide,  entire  or  slightly  serrate  ;  heads  scattered  in  leafy 

panicles. — N.  H.  to  Neb.  and  Va.    Var.  ActiTiDENS  Burgess. 

Leaves  as  in  the  preceding  variety,  but  conspicuously  and 

coarsely  serrate  ;  branches  short,  usually  shorter  than  or 

little  exceeding  the  subtending  leaves.  —  Me.  to  111.,  Kan., 

and   Ky.      Var.    CINERASCENS    Fernald.      Stem    closely 

cinereous-puberulent ;  leaves  dull  green,  scabrous  above, 

lanceolate,  with  slightly  clasping  bases,  subentire.  —  Me. 

to  Mass,  and  Vt.,  local. 

43.  A.  salicifblius  Ait.     Similar  to  no.  42 ;  the  leaves  commonly  shorter, 

firmer,  often  scabrous,  mostly  entire  ;  involucre  more  imbricated,  the  firmer 

linear  or  linear-oblong  bracts  with  shorter  acute  or  obtusish  green  tips  /  heads  as 


957.  A.  paniculatus. 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 


813 


959.   A.  junceus. 


large,  disposed  to  be  thyrsoid  or  racemose-clustered ;  rays 
rarely  white. — Low  grounds,  Mass,  to  Ont.,  westw.  and 
southw.  ;  most  abundant  westw.  Aug.-Oct.  FIG.  958.  Var. 
SUBASPER  (Lindl.)  Gray.  Rigid,  scabrous,  with  contracted 
leafy  inflorescence,  the  broad  heads  usually  leafy-bracteate, 
and  the  broader  scales  often  obtuse.  —  111.  to  Neb.  and  Tex. 

=  =  Heads  small  or  middle-sized;  the 
looser  linear  bracts  generally  subequal 
and  erect,  and  the  acute  green  tips 
not  dilated,  the  outer  often  wholly 
herbaceous. 

058.  A.  salicifolius.        44.    A.  junceus  Ait.     Slender,  3-9  dm. 
high,   simple  with  few  heads  or    loosely 

branching ;  leaves  linear  or  narrow,  0.5-1.5  dm.  long,  entire 

or  the  lower  sparingly  denticulate,  scabrous  on  the  margins; 

heads  small  (6-8  mm.  high)  ;  bracts  small,  narrow,  in  3-4 

rows,  the  outer  somewhat  shorter;    rays  purple,   roseate, 

or  white,  1  cm.  long.  —  Wet  meadows  and  cold  bogs,  e. 

Que.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to  n.  and  w.  N.  E.,  n.  Pa.,  O.,  Wise.,  and 

Neb.     June-Sept.     FIG.  959. 

45.  A.  Iongif61ius  Lam.  Glabrous,  1  m.  or  less  high, 
more  or  less  branched  and  corymbosely  panicled  ;  leaves 
long-lanceolate  to  linear-lanceolate,  1-2  dm.  long,  narrowed 
to  both  ends  or  slightly  clasping,  entire  or  sparingly  ser- 
rate ;  heads  as  in  the  preceding ;  the  bracts  nearly  equal 
and  usually  little  imbricated,  the  outer  looser;  rays 
0.6-1.5  cm.  long,  violet  or  purplish,  rarely  whitish. — Low 
grounds,  Lab.  to  Sask.,  s.  to  N.  S.,  n.  and  w.  N.  E.,  and 
the  Great  L.  region.  July-Oct.  FIG.  960.  Var.  VILLI- 
n/sA  A  i  ^1*1.  CAULIS  Gray.  Stem  and  midrib  of  the  leaves  densely 

960.  A.  longifolius.       white_villous.  _Lab.  to  n.  N.  Y. 

a  =  =  Heads  middle-sized ;  bracts  in  few-several  rows,  more  or  less  unequal, 
linear  to  spatulate,  more  herbaceous  and  firmer,  the  tips  often  slightly 
spreading  or  squarrose. 

46.  A.  nbvi-b61gii  L.  Slender,  2-10  dm.  high  ;  leaves  oblong  to  linear-lanceo- 
late, entire  or  sparingly  serrate,  the  upper  partly  clasping  and  often  somewhat 
auriculate ;  heads  about  1  cm.  high ;  rays  from  bright  blue- 
violet  to  white.  —  Nfd.  to  Ga.,  mainly  near  the  coast;  also  in 
the  White  Mts.,  and  doubtfully  reported  westw.  Late  July- 
Oct. —  The  commonest  late-flowered  Aster  of  the  Atlantic 
border,  and  very  variable.  The  typical  form  has  thin  narrow- 
to  oblong-lanceolate  leaves,  sometimes  scabrous  above,  and 
linear  bracts  with  narrow  acute  spreading  or  recurved  tips. 
FIG.  961.  Var.  LAEVIG\TUS  (Lam.)  Gray.  Usually  glabrous 
throughout ;  the  thin  leaves  mostly  oblong- 
lanceolate,  the  upper  half-clasping  by  an 
abrupt  base ;  bracts  nearly  equal,  loosely 
erect,  with  short  acutish  tips.  —  N.  E.,  little 
known.  Var.  LiT6REtis  Gray.  Rigid,  mostly 
low,  very  leafy  ;  leaves  thickish,  usually  very 
smooth,  oblong  to  lanceolate,  the  upper  some- 
times auriculate ;  bracts  in  several  loose  rows,  961.  A.  novi-belgii. 
962  A  novibeUrii  a^  but  tlie  innerrnost  witn  broadish  obtuse 

v  iitoreus       '    tips,  the  outer  usually  spatulate.  —  Salt  marshes  and  shores, 
Que.  to  Ga.    FIG.  962.    Var.  EI^DES  (T.  &G.)  Gray.    Slender, 
often  low  and  simple  ;  leaves  thickish,  long,  narrowly  linear,  entire,  the  upper- 
most small  and  bract-like  ;   bracts  narrow,  with  short  and  mostly  spreading 
acutish  tips.  —  Swamps,  N.  J.  to  Va. 


814 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 


963.  A.  tardiflorus. 


964.   A.  prenanthoides. 


•M.  ++  Cauline  leaves  (at  least  the  lowest}  conspicuously  contracted  into  a  winged 
petiole-like  base  or  auriculate-clasping  ;  involucre  lax. 

47.  A.  tardiflbrus  L.  Glabrous  or  subpubescent,  0.3-1.5  m.  high  ;  leaves 
ovate-  or  oblong-lanceolate,  sharply  serrate  in  the  middle,  narrowed  at  loth  ends, 
the  lower  to  a  winged  petiole,  not  auriculate  or  only  obscurely 
so ;  heads  loosely  panicled  ;  involucre  5-7  mm.  high ;  bracts 
subequal  or  2-3-seriate,  linear  or  linear-subulate  ;  rays  light 
blue.  (A.patulus  Lam.)  —  N.  B.  to  Pa.,  commonest  northw. 
Aug.-Oct.  FIG.  963,  Var.  VES- 
TITUS  Fernald.  Stems  densely  vil- 
lous  ;  leaves  somewhat  so  beneath. 
—  N.  B.  to  Vt. 

48.    A.     prenanthoides     Muhl. 
Stem  1  m.  or  less  high,  corymbose- 
panicled,    hairy    abo^e    in    lines; 
leaves  rough  above,  smooth  under- 
neath, ovate  to  lanceolate,  sharply 
cut-toothed    in    the    middle,    con- 
spicuously taper-pointed,  and  rather 
abruptly  narrowed  to  a  long  con- 
tracted   entire    portion,   which    is 
abruptly  dilated  into   a   conspicu- 
ously auricled  base  ;  heads  on  short  divergent  pedun- 
cles ;  involucre  5-8  mm.  high  ;  bracts  narrowly  linear, 
tips    recurved-spreading ;    rays    violet.  —  Borders    of 

streams  and  rich  woods,  w.  N.  E.  to  Va.  and  Ky.,  w.  to 
Minn,  and  la.     Aug.-Oct.     FIG.  964. 

49.  A.  puniceus  L.  Stem  tall  and  stout,  0.5-2.5  m. 
high,  rough-hairy  all  over  or  in  lines,  usually  purple  below, 
panicled  above ;  flowering  branches  (in  well  developed 
plants)  much  exceeding  the  subtending  leaves ;  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate  or  lanceolate,  not  narrowed  or  but 
slightly  so  to  the  auricled  base,  regularly  and  coarsely  ser- 
rate to  sparingly  denticulate  in  the  middle,  rough  above, 
generally  hispid  on  the  midrib  beneath,  pointed  ;  heads 
subsessile  or  short-pediceled  ;  involucre  7-12  mm.  high  ; 
bracts  thin,  narrowly  linear,  attenuate,  loose,  subequal,  in 
about  2  rows,  the  outer  sometimes  foliaceous  ;  rays  long 
and  showy,  lilac-blue  to  white.  — Low  thickets  and  swamps, 
Nfd.  to  Man.  and  Ga.  Aug.-Oct.  FIG.  965.  Var.  DEMfssus 
Lindl.  Leaves  elongate-lanceolate  ;  inflorescences  mostly 
shorter  than  the  subtending  leaves ;  otherwise  as  in  the 
typical  form.  —  N.  E.  Var.  COMPACTUS  Fernald.  Stout, 
6-8  dm.  high,  conspicuously  hispid  ;  leaves  sub-rhomboidal, 
irregularly  toothed,  harsh  above  ;  branches  of  inflorescence  mostly  shorter  than 
the  leaves.  —  Mass,  to  Pa.  Var.  rf RMUS  (Nees)  T.  &  G.  Stem  mostly  green, 
smooth  and  naked  below,  sparsely  hirsute  above  ;  leaves  serrate,  smooth  beneath. 
(V&r.laevicaulis  Gray.)  —  Range  of  typical  form.  Var.  LUCIDULUS  Gray.  The 
very  leafy  stems  glabrous  or  sparingly  hispidulous  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  entire  or 
slightly  denticulate,  glabrous  and  somewhat  shining  ;  heads  usually  numerous, 
thyrsoid-paniculate  ;  bracts  less  loose  and  less  attenuate.  —  N.  E.  to  Wise,  and 
111.  Var.  OLIGOCEPHALUS  Fernald.  Stem  essentially  glabrous;  leaves  as  in  the 
preceding  variety  ;  heads  few  or  solitary ;  outer  bracts  often  broad  and  folia- 
ceous.—  Lab.  and  Nfd.  to  L.  Superior  and  the  White  Mts. 

§  4.    DOELLINGERIA  (Nees)  Gray.     Pappus  manifestly  double,  the  inner  of 

long  capillary  bristles  (some  thickened  at  top),  the  outer  of  very  short  and 

rigid  bristles;  bracts  short,  without  herbaceous  tips;  heads  corymbose  or 

solitary ;  rays  rather  few,  white,  rarely  rose-tinged;  leaves  not  rigid,  veiny. 

50.    A.  umbellatus  Mill.     Smooth  or  nearly  so,  leafy  to  the  top,  0.3-2.5  m. 


965.  A.  puniceus. 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 


815 


high  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  elongated,  taper-pointed  and  tapering 

at  the  base.  1-1.5  dm.  long;  heads  very  numerous  in  com- 

pound flat  corymbs  ;    bracts  rather  close,  obtusish,  scarcely 

longer  than  the  achenes.     (Diplopappus  Hook.  ;  Doellingeria 

Nees.)  —  Moist  thickets;  common,  especially  northw.     Aug., 

Sept.     FIG.  966.     Var.   PUBENS   Gray. 

Lower  surface   of  the  leaves  and  the 

branchlets  tomentulose.  —  Upper  Mich. 

to  Neb.  and  Man. 

Var.  Iatif61ius  Gray.    Leaves  shorter, 

ovate-lanceolate  to  ovate,  less  narrowed 

or  even  rounded  at  base.     (Diplopap- 

pus amygdalinus  Hook.  ;  Doellingeria 
966.  A.  umbellatus.  humilis  Britton.)  —  Pine  barrens,  etc., 

N.  J.,  Pa.,  and  south  w. 

51.  A.  infirmus  Michx.  Stem  slender,  often  flexuous, 
1  m.  or  less  high,  less  leafy,  bearing  few  or  several  heads 
on  divergent  peduncles  ;  leaves  obovate  to  ovate  or 
oblong-lanceolate,  narrowed  at  base  and  ciliate,  the 
midrib  hairy  beneath  ;  bracts  more  imbricated,  thicker 
and  more  obtuse  ;  rays  sometimes  creamy  ;  pappus  more 

rigid.     (Doellingeria  Greene;   Diplopappus  cornifolius   Less.)  —  Open  wood- 
lands, e.  Mass,  to  S.  C.  and  Ala.     July-Sept.     FIG,  967. 

§  5.  lANTHE  Gray.  Pappus  less  distinctly  double,  inner 
bristles  not  thickened  at  top,  outer  shorter;  bracts  well 
imbricated,  appressed,  without  herbaceous  tips  ;  rays  violet 
or  rarely  white  ;  achenes  narrow,  villous  ;  leaves  numer- 
ous, rigid,  small,  linear,  l-nerved  and  veinless. 

52.    A.  linariifblius  L.      Stems  1-6 

dm.  high,  several  from  a  woody  root  ; 

heads  solitary  or  terminating   simple 

branches,  rather  large  (1-1.2  cm.  high)  ; 
968.  A.  linadifolius.  leaves  2-3  cm.  long,  rough-margined, 

passing  above  into  the  rigid  acutish 
bracts.  (Diplopappus  Hook.;  lonactis  Greene.)  —  Dry 
soil,  centr.  Me.  to  Wise.,  and  south  w.,  except  in  the 
mountains.  Aug.-Oct.  FIG.  968. 


967.  A.  inflrmus. 


A  ptarmlcoides. 


970.  A.  acuminatus. 


§  6.  ORTH6MERIS  T.  &  G.  Pap- 
pus simple  ;  bracts  imbricated, 
appressed,  without  herbaceous 
tips,  often  scarious-edged  or  dry  ; 
perennial,  as  all  the  preceding. 

53.  A.   ptarmicoides    T.    &    G. 

Smooth  or  roughish ;  stems  clus- 
tered, 1.5-6  dm.  high,  simple;  leaves  linear-lanceolate, 
acute,  rigid,  entire,  tapering  to  the  base,  1-3-nerved,  with 
rough  margins,  0.5-1  dm.  long;  heads  small,  in  a  flat 
corymb;  bracts  imbricated  in  3-4  rows,  short ;  rays  white, 
5-8  mm.  long,  —  Dry  calcareous  soil,  w.  N.  E.  and  w.  Que. 
to  Man.,  Col.,  and  Mo.  June-Sept.  FIG.  969.  Var. 
LUTESCENS  (Hook.)  Gray.  Rays  small,  pale  yellow. — 
Englewood,  111.  (Hill};  Sask. 

54.  A.  acuminatus   Michx.      Somewhat    hairy ;    stem 
3-9  dm.  high,  simple,  zigzag,  panicled-corymbose  at  the 
summit ;  peduncles  slender  ;  leaves  oblong -lanceolate,  con- 
spicuously pointed,   coarsely   toothed  above,  wedge-form 
and  entire  at  the  base  ;  involucral  bracts  few  and  loosely 
imbricated,  linear-lanceolate,  pointed,  thin,  0.5-1  cm,  long  j 


816 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 


971.   A.  nemoralis. 


heads  few-several;  rays  12-18,  white,  or  slightly  purple. — Cool  rich  woods, 
Lab.  to  Out.,  Pa.,  and  southw.  along  the  Alleghenies.  June-Sept.  FIG.  970.  — 
A  monstrous  form  occurs  in  N.  E.  and  N.  Y.  ha.ving  a 
chaffy  receptacle  and  the  flowers  turned  to  tufts  of  chaffy 
paleae. 

55.  A.  nemoralis  Ait.  Minutely  roughish-pubescent ; 
stem  slender,  simple  or  corymbose  at  the  summit,  very 
leafy,  2-6  dm.  high  ;  leaves  small  (2-4  cm.  long),  rather 
rigid,  lanceolate,  nearly  entire,  with  revolute  margins; 
heads  1-3 (-12);  bracts  of  the  inversely  conical  involucre 
narrowly  linear-lanceolate,  the  outer  awl-shaped ;  rays 
lilac-purple,  elongated.  —  Bogs  and 
swamps,  Nfd.  to  Hudson  B.,  s.  to 
N.  J.,  n.  N.  Y.,  and  e.  Ont.,  chiefly 
coastal.  July-Sept.  FIG.  971. 
Passing  to 

Var.  Blake i  Porter.  Leaves  larger  (1-2  cm.  wide), 
oblong-lanceolate,  toothed  ;  heads  few-many.  — N.  S.  to 
N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  —  A  very  showy  plant  about  equally 
related  to  this  and  the  preceding  species,  and  not  clearly 
distinct  from  either. 

56.   A.   tenuifblius  L.      Very  glabrous;   stem  often 
zigzag,  simple  or  forked,  1.5^-6  dm.  high  ;  heads  rather 
large,    1  cm.  high,    terminal ;    leaves  few,    long-linear,         972    A  tenuifolius. 
tapering  to  both  ends,  rather  thick  and  fleshy,  entire,  the 

upper  subulate,  pointed ;  involucre  top-shaped,  the  bracts  subulate-lanceolate 
with  attenuate  acute  points ;  rays  large,  numerous, 
pale  purple.  —  Salt  marshes,  Mass,  to  Fla.  Aug.-Oct. 
FIG.  972. 

§  7.  OXYTRIP6LIUM  (DC.)  T.  &  G.  Involucre  as 
in  §  6  ;  pappus  simple,  flne  and  soft ;  glabrous 
annuals,  with  numerous  small  heads  and  narrow 
entire  leaves. 

57.  A.  subulatus  Michx.  Stem  0.2-1.5  m.  high; 
leaves  linear-lanceolate,  pointed,  flat,  on  the  branches 
awl-shaped  ;  bracts  of  the  subcylindric  involucre  (7-8 
mm.  high)  linear-awl-shaped,  in  few  rows  ;  rays  some- 
what in  two  rows,  short,  not  project- 

973.  A.  subulatus.  ing  beyond  ^  disk>  more  numerous 

than  the  disk-flowers,  purplish.  —  Salt 

marshes  on  the  coast,  e.  N.  B. ;  N.  H.  to  Fla.      Late  July-Oct. 
FIG.  973. 

§  8.  CONYZ6PSIS  T.  &  G.  Bracts  of  the 
campanulate  involucre  in  2-3  rows,  nearly 
equal,  linear,  the  outer  foliaceous  and 
loose  ;  pappus  copious,  very  soft ;  rays  very 
short  or  none  ;  low  annuals,  with  numer- 
ous rather  small  heads. 


58.  A.  angustus  (Lindl.)  T.  &  G.  Branch-  974'  A-an^ustu8- 
ing,  1.5-6  dm.  high,  nearly  glabrous  ;  leaves  linear-attenuate, 
entire,  more  or  less  short-ciliate  ;  involucral  bracts  all  linear, 
acute,'  corolla  of  the  ray-flowers  reduced  to  a  tube,  much 
shorter  than  the  elongated  style.  (Brachyactis  Britton.)  — 
Alkaline  soil,  lower  St.  Lawrence  "R.,  Que.;  Minn,  to  Sask., 
and  westw.,  spreading  east  to  Chicago,  etc.  Aug.,  Sept. 
(Siber.)  FIG.  974. 

59.    A.  frond6sus  (Nutt.)  T.  &  G.     Similar;   leaves  linear-oblanceolate  to 
spatulate,   blunt,    ciliolate    only  at  base ;    outer   involucral    bracts  oblong  to 


975.   A.  frondosus. 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  817 

oblanceolate,  wholly  foliaceous ;  rays  pinkish,  longer  than  the  style.  —  Saline 
soil,  P.  E.  I.;  Wyo.  to  N.  Mex.,  and  westw.     July-Get.     FIG.  976. 

23.   ERiGERON   L.     FT,EABANE 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate,  mostly  flat  or  hemispherical ;  the  narrow  rays 
very  numerous,  pistillate.  Involucral  bracts  narrow,  equal,  and  little  imbri- 
cated, never  coriaceous,  neither  foliaceous  nor  green-tipped.  Receptacle  flat  or 
convex,  naked.  Achenes  flattened,  usually  pubescent  and  2-nerved ;  pappus 
a  single  row  of  capillary  bristles,  with  minuter  ones  intermixed,  or  with  a  dis- 
tinct short  outer  pappus  of  little  bristles  or  chaffy  scales.  —  Herbs,  with  entire 
or  toothed  and  generally  sessile  leaves,  and  solitary  or  corymbed  naked-pedun- 
culate heads.  Disk  yellow  ;  rays  white,  pink,  or  purple.  (The  ancient  name 
presumably  of  a  Senecio,  from  %p,  spring,  and  ytpwv,  an  old  man,  suggested 
by  the  hoariness  of  some  vernal  species.) 

§  1.   EUERtGERON  DC.     Rays  elongated  (short  in  a  form  of  no.  7),  crowded 

in  one  or  more  rows. 

*  Leafy-stemmed  perennials. 
M-  Pappus  double. 

1.  E.  glabSllus  Nutt.     Stem  1.5-4  dm.  high,  stout,  hairy  above,  the  leafless 
summit  bearing  1-7  large  heads  ;  leaves  nearly  glabrous,  except  the  margins, 
entire,  the  upper  oblong-lanceolate  and  pointed,  closely  sessile  or  partly  clasp- 
ing, the  lower  spatulate  and  petioled ;  rays  more  than  100,  purple,  more  than 
twice  the  length  of  the  hoary-hispid  involucre  ;  outer  pappus  of  minute  bristles. 
(E.  asper  Nutt.)  — Plains  of  n.  Wise.,  Man.,  and  westw.     June-Sept. 

•*-  H-  Pappus  simple. 
•M-  Stems  slender,  densely  tufted,  very  leafy  ;   leaves  narrowly  linear,  entire. 

2.  E.  hyssopifblius  Michx.     Slightly  pubescent,  1-3  dm.  high,  from  filiform 
rootstocks ;  branches  prolonged  into  slender  naked  peduncles,  bearing  solitary 
small  heads;  rays  20-30,  rose-purple  to  whitish.  —  Wet  calcareous  rocks,  Nfd. 
and  Lab.  to  Mackenzie,  s.  to  N.  B.,  Me.,  Vt.,  and  Mich.    June,  July. 

•w  ••->  Stems  stouter,  not  tufted;  leaves  broader,  toothed. 

3.  E.  pulch611us   Michx.     (ROBIN'S   PLANTAIN.)     Hairy,    producing  offsets 
from  the  base;  stem  simple,  rather  naked  above,  bearing  few  (1-9)  large  heads 
on  slender  peduncles  ;  basal  leaves  obovate  and  spatulate,  sparingly  toothed,  the 
cauline  distant,  lanceolate-oblong,  partly  clasping,  entire  ;  rays  (about  50)  rather 
broad,  light  bluish-purple.     (E.  bellidifolius  Muhl.)  — Copses  and  moist  banks, 
s.  Me.  to  Ont.,  Minn.,  and  sou^hw.     Apr.-June. 

4.  E.  philade'lphicus  L.     Hairy;  stem  leafy,  corymbed,  bearing  several  small 
heads  ;  leaves  thin,  with  a  broad  midrib,  oblong ;  the  upper  smoothish,  clasping 
by  a  heart-shaped   base,   mostly  entire  ;   the   lowest  spatulate,  toothed  ;   rays 
innumerable  and  very  narrow,  rose-purple  or  flesh-color. — Throughout,  locally 
common,  generally  in  alluvial  soil.     May-Aug. 

*  *  Perennial  by  rosulate  offsets,  with  scape-like  stems;  pappus  simple. 

5.  E.  vdrnus  (L.)  T.  &  G.     Glabrous ;  leaves  clustered  at  the  base,  oval  or 
spatulate;  scape  leafless,  slender,  3-7  dm.  high,  bearing  5-12  small  corymbed 
heads;    rays  white.      (E.    nudicaulis  Michx.)  —  Low    grounds,   e.    Va.,   and 
southw.     May. 

*  *  *  Annuals  (or  sometimes  biennials),  leafy-stemmed  and  branching  ;  pappus 
double,  the  outer  a  crown  of  minute  scales,  the  inner  of  deciduous  fragile 
bristles,  usually  wanting  in  the  ray. 

6.  E.  Annuus  (L.)  Pers.     (DAISY  F.,  SWEET  SCABIOUS.)     Stem  stout,  2-15 
dm.  high,  branched,  beset  with  spreading  hairs;   leaves  coarsely  and  sharply 
toothed;  the  lowest  ovate,  tapering  into  a  margined  petiole;  the  upper  ovate- 

GRAY'B  MANUAL  —  52 


818  COMPOSITAE    (COMPOSITE   FAMILY) 

lanceolate,  acute  and  entire  at  both  ends  ;  heads  corymbed  ;  rays  white,  tinged 
with  purple,  not  twice  the  length  of  the  bristly  involucre.  — Fields  and  waste 
places  ;  a  very  common  weed.  June-Oct.  (Nat.  in  Eu.) 

7.  E.  ramosus  (Walt.)  BSP.      (DAISY   F.)      Stem  panicled-corymbose   at 
the  summit,  roughish  like  the  leaves  with  minute  appressed  hairs,  or  almost 
smooth ;  leaves  entire  or  nearly  so,  the  upper  lanceolate,  scattered,  the  lowest 
oblong  or  spatulate,  tapering  into  a  slender   petiole  ;   rays  white,  twice  the 
length  of  the  minutely  hairy  involucre.     (E.  strigosus  Muhl.) — Fields,  etc., 
common.     June-Oct.  —  Stem  smaller  and  more  simple  than  the  preceding,  with 
smaller  heads  but  longer  rays.      Var.  DiscofDEus  (Robbins)  BSP.,  with  the 
rays  minute,  scarcely  exceeding  the  involucre,  occurs  in  s.  N.  E.  and  N.  Y. 

§  2.   CAEN6TUS  Nutt.     Mays  inconspicuous,  in  several  rows,  scarcely  longer 
than  the  simple  pappus  ;  annuals. 

8.  E.  canad£nsis  L.     (HORSE- WEED,  BUTTER-WEED.)     Bristly-hairy  ;   stem 
erect,  wand-like,  0.1-3  m.  high;  leaves  linear,  mostly  entire,  the  radical  cut- 
lobed  ;  heads  very  numerous  and  small,  cylindrical,  panicled.    (Leptilon  Britton. ) 
—  Waste  places,  etc.,  a  common  weed,  now  widely  diffused  over  the  world. 
July-Oct.  — Ligule  of  the  ray-flowers  much  shorter  than  the  tube,  white. 

9.  E.    divaricatus  Michx.     Diffuse  and  decumbent,  1-3  dm.  high ;  leaves 
linear  or  awl-shaped,  entire  ;  heads  loosely  corymbed ;  rays  purple ;  otherwise 
like  no.  8.     (Leptilon  Raf.) — Ind.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  and  south w. 

§  3.  TRIMORPHAEA  (Cass.)  Reichenb.  Like  §  2,  but  with  a  series  of  filiform 
rayless  pistillate  flowers  within  the  outer  row  of  ray-flowers  •  biennial  or 
sometimes  perennial. 

10.  E.  acris  L.,  var.  asteroides  (Andrz.)  DC.     Hirsute-pubescent  or  smooth- 
ish  ;  stem  erect,  2-5  dm.  high  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  the  lower  spatulate-oblong, 
entire  ;  heads  several  or  rather  numerous,  racemose  or  at  length  corymbose, 
nearly  hemispherical,  about  1  cm.  long ;  involucre  minutely  glandular-puberu- 
lent,  or  somewhat  hirsute  toward  the  base ;  rays  purplish  or  bluish,  equaling  or 
a  little  exceeding  the  copious  pappus.     (Var.  droebachensis  Blytt ;  E.droeba- 
chiensis  O.  F.  Mull.)  —  Rocky  banks  and  clearings,  lower  St.  Lawrence,  n.  N.  B., 
n.  Me.,  L.  Superior,  Rocky  Mts.,  westw.  and  north  w.     July,  Aug.     (Eu.) 

24.  SERICOCARPUS  Nees.     WHITE-TOPPED  ASTER 

Heads  12-20-flowered,  radiate  ;  rays  about  5,  fertile,  white.  Involucre  some- 
what cylindrical  or  club-shaped ;  the  bracts  closely  imbricated  in  several  rows, 
cartilaginous  and  whitish,  appressed,  with  short  and  abrupt  often  spreading 
green  tips.  Receptacle  alveolate-toothed.  Achenes  short,  inversely  pyramidal, 
very  silky  ;  pappus  simple,  of  numerous  capillary  bristles.  —  Perennial  tufted 
herbs,  2-7  dm.  high,  with  sessile  somewhat  3-nerved  leaves,  and  small  heads 
mostly  in  little  clusters,  disposed  in  a  flat  corymb.  Disk-flowers  pale  yellow. 
(Name  from  <ri7/K/c6s,  silky,  and  Kapir6s,  fruit.') 

*  Pappus  rusty  /  leaves  sparingly  serrate,  veiny,  rather  thin. 

1.  S.  asteroides  (L.)  BSP.     Somewhat  pubescent;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate 
or  the  lower  spatulate,   ciliate  ;    heads  rather  loosely  corymbed,   obconical ; 
involucre  5-9  mm.  long.     (S.  conyzoides  Nees.) — Dry  ground,  s.  Me.  to  O., 
and  southw.     June-Aug. 

*  *  Pappus  white  ;  leaves  entire,  obscurely  veined,  firmer  and  smaller. 

2.  S.  linifblius  (L.)  BSP.      Smooth,  slender ;   leaves  linear,  rigid,  obtuse, 
with  rough  margins,  tapering  to  the  base  ;  heads  narrow,  in  close  clusters,  few- 
flowered  ;  involucre 4-7  mm.  long.     (S.  solidagineus  Nees.)  — Thickets,  s.  N.  E. 
to  O.,  and  southw.     June-Aug. 

3.  S.  bifoliatus  (Walt.)  Porter.     Hoary-pubescent;  leaves  obovate  or  oblong- 
spatulate,  short  (1-2.5  cm.  long),  vertical,  both  sides  alike  ;  heads  rather  loosely 


COMPOSITAE    (COMPOSITE   FAMILY)  819 

corymbed,  obovoid ;   involucre  6-8  mm.  long.      (&  tortifolius  Nees.) — Pine 
woods,  Va.,  and  south w.     Aug. 

25.  BACCHARIS  L.    GROUNDSEL  TREE 

Heads  many-flowered ;  flowers  all  tubular,  dioecious,  i.  e.  the  pistillate  and 
staminate  borne  by  different  plants.  Involucre  imbricated.  Corolla  of  the 
pistillate  flowers  very  slender  and  thread-like  ;  of  the  staminate  larger  and 
5-lobed.  Anthers  tailless.  Achenes  ribbed;  pappus  of  capillary  bristles,  in  the 
staminate  plant  scanty  and  tortuous,  in  the  pistillate  very  long  and  copious.  — 
Shrubs,  commonly  smooth  and  resinous  or  glutinous.  Flowers  whitish  or  yellow. 
(Name  of  some  shrub  anciently  dedicated  to  Bacchus.} 

1.  B.  halimifolia  L.     Glabrous  but  somewhat  scurfy,  1-3  m.  high;  branches 
angled  ;  leaves  obovate  and  wedge-form,  petiolate,  coarsely  toothed,  or  the  upper 
entire  ;  heads  scattered  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  forming  pyramidal  panicles ; 
involucre  5-6  mm.  high ;  bracts  acutish.  —  Sea  beaches  and  marshes,  Mass,  to 
Va.,  and  southw.  —  The  fertile  plant  conspicuous  in  autumn  by  its  very  long 
(1-1.5  cm.)  white  pappus. 

2.  B.  glomerulifl6ra  Pers.     Brighter  green ;  heads  of  both  kinds  sessile  01 
nearly  so  in  the  axils,  forming  glomerules  ;  otherwise  much  like  the  preceding 
—  N.  C.  to  Fla.  ;  said  to  reach  s.  Va.     (Bermuda.) 

26.  PLtrCHEA  Cass.    MARSH  FLEABANE 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  flowers  all  tubular,  the  central  perfect  but  sterile, 
few,  with  a  5-cleft  corolla  ;  all  the  others  with  a  thread-shaped  truncate  corolla, 
pistillate  and  fertile.  Involucre  imbricated.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Anthers 
with  tails.  Achenes  grooved ;  pappus  in  a  single  row.  —  Herbs,  somewhat 
glandular,  emitting  a  strong  or  camphoric  odor,  the  heads  cymosely  clustered. 
Flowers  purplish,  in  summer.  (Dedicated  to  the  Abbe  Pluche,  French  natural- 
ist of  the  18th  century.) 

1.  P.  foetida  (L.)  DC.    Perennial,  5-9  dm.  high  ;  leaves  closely  sessile  or 
half-clasping,  oblong  to  lanceolate,  sharply  denticulate,  veiny,  only  5-8  cm. 
long;  heads  clustered  in  a  corymb;   bracts  lanceolate.      (P.  bifrons  DC.)  — 
Low  ground,  N.  J.,  and  southw. 

2.  P.  camphorata  (L.)  DC.     (SALT  MARSH  FLEABANE.)     Annual, pale,  3-15 
dm.  high  ;  leaves  slightly  petioled,  oblong-ovate  or  lanceolate,  thickish,  obscurely 
veiny,  subentire  or  serrate  ;  corymb  flat ;  heads  5-9  mm.  high  ;  involucral  bracts 
ovate  to  lanceolate,  puberulent.  —  Salt  marshes,  Mass,  to  Va. ,  and  southw. 

3.  P.  petiolata  Cass.     Greener  and  smoother  ;  leaves  slender-petioled,  more 
finely  and  sharply  serrate  ;  heads  smaller;  bracts  merely  granular.  —  Moist  soil, 
Md.  to  111.,  Kan.,  and  southw. 

27.   GiFOLA  Cass.     COTTON  ROSE 

Heads  rather  many-flowered,  discoid  ;  flowers  as  in  Pluchea,  the  central  usually 
sterile.  Receptacle  elongated  or  top-shaped ;  the  chaff  resembling  the  proper 
involucral  bracts,  each  scale  covering  a  single  pistillate  flower.  Achenes  terete  ; 
pappus  of  the  central  flowers  capillary,  of  the  outer  ones  mostly  none.  —  Annual, 
with  entire  leaves,  and  small  heads  in  capitate  clusters.  (Name  an  anagram  of 
Filago,  the  name  of  a  related  genus.) 

1.  G.  GERMANICA  (L.)  Durnort.  (HERBA  IMPIA.)  Stem  erect,  short,  clothed 
with  lanceolate  upright  crowded  leaves,  and  producing  a  capitate  cluster  of 
woolly  heads,  from  which  rise  one  or  more  branches,  each  terminated  by  a 
similar  head,  and  so  on; — hence  the  common  name  applied  to  it  by  the  old 
botanists,  as  if  the  offspring  were  undutifully  exalting  themselves  above  the 
parent.  (Filago  L.)  —  Dry  fields,  N.  Y.  to  Va.  July-Oct.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 


820 


COMPOSITAE    (COMPOSITE   FAMILY) 


28.   ANTENNARIA  Gaertn.    EVERLASTING.    LADIES'  TOBACCO.    PUSSY'S  TOES 

Heads  many-flowered,  dioecious  ;  flowers  all  tubular  ;  pistillate  corollas  very 
slender.  Involucre  dry  and  scarious,  white  or  colored,  imbricated.  Receptacle 
convex  or  flat,  not  chaffy.  Anthers  caudate.  Achenes  terete  or  flattish  ;  pap- 
pus a  single  row  of  bristles,  in  the  fertile  flowers  capillary,  united  at  the  base  so 
as  to  fall  in  a  ring,  and  in  the  sterile  thickened  and  club-shaped  or  barbellate  at 
the  summit.  —  Perennial  white-woolly  herbs,  with  entire  leaves  and  corymbose 
or  racemose  (rarely  single)  heads.  Corolla  whitish.  Staminate  plants  smaller 
than  the  pistillate,  abundant  only  in  nos.  3,  9,  and  10,  though  occasionally  found 
in  most  of  the  others  ;  many  species  parthenogenetic  or  apogamous.  Involucral 
bracts  of  the  staminate  heads  with  broad  white  petaloid  tips.  (Name  from  the 
resemblance  of  the  sterile  pappus  to  the  antennae  of  certain  insects.) 

N.B.  —  The  figures  in  this  genus  are  on  a  scale  of  f. 

*  Stolons  assurgent,  i.e.  decumbent  at  base  but  with  definitely  ascending  tips, 
rather  leafy  throughout,  but  with  the  terminal  leaves  much  the  larger.  (In 
shade  the  stolons  elongating  and  suggesting  those  of  the  last  group.) 

H-  Basal  leaves  and  those  at  the  tips  of  the  stolons  bright  green  above,  glabrous 
from  the  first,  or  at  most  only  a  little  arachnoid  when  young  and  soon  quite 
glabrate. 

•»-<•  Basal  leaves  large,  5-12  cm.  long,  broadly  obovate  or  obovate-spatulate,  obtuse 
or  rounded  at  tip,  definitely  3-nerved. 

1.  A.  Parllnii  Fernald.  Stout  and  tall,  becoming 
3-5  dm.  high  ;  the  stem,  stolons,  and  stem-leaves  bear- 
ing purplish  glandular  hairs;  lower  stem-leaves 
crowded,  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  acu- 
tish ;  heads  of  the  pistillate  plant  loosely  or  densely 
corymbose;  involucre  8-10.5  mm.  high,  of  about  3 
rows  of  bracts  ;  styles  becoming  crimson.  (A.  arno- 
glossa  Greene.)  —  Rich  soil,  often  in  open  woods, 
N.  E.  to  la.  and  B.C.  May-July.  FIG.  976. 

++  •*-»•  Basal  leaves  small,  generally  less  than  5  cm.  long, 
spatulate  to  oblanceolate,  acute  or  obtuse,  only  1 
nerve  prominent. 

A.  DiofcA  (L.)  Gaertn.    Low  (1.5dm.  or  less  high); 
9T6.  A.  Pariinii  basal  leaves  rarely  2  cm.  long;  stem-leaves  crowded; 

heads  subsessile,  subglomerulate  ;  bracts  of  pistillate 
heads  rose-color,  the  outer  oblong  and  obtuse,  the 
inner  acutish. — Found  "in  woods"  at  Providence, 
R.  L,  by  Geo.   Thurber  in  1844,  but  not  since  col- 
lected ;  probably  a  casual  introduction. 

2.  A.  canadSnsis  Greene.     Forming  broad  mats; 
stems  slender,  becoming  3-5  dm.  high  ;  basal  leaves 
generally  more  than  2  cm.  long;   stem-leaves  scat- 
tered ;  heads  loosely   corymbose  ;    involucre  of  the 
pistillate    head    7-11    mm.    long;    staminate    heads 
smaller,  their  bracts  with  broad  white  petaloid  tips  ; 
styles  pale,    drying  brownish.  —  Dry   mostly    open 
soil,  Nfd.  to  Man.,  s.  to  Ct.,  centr.  N.  Y.,  and  Mich. 

•*-  -»-  Basal  leaves  and  those  at  the  tips  of  the  stolons  dull  above,  invested  with 

tomentose  or  arachnoid  pubescence,  only  the  very  oldest  becoming  glabrate. 
++  Basal  leaves  mostly  long,  5-12  (in  reduced  specimens  rarely  4.5)  cm.  in  length. 

(Large  specimens  of  no.  7  might  be  looked  for  here.) 

—  Heads  comparatively  small,  the  involucre  averaging  7  (6-8)  mm.  high;  stems 

slender. 

3.  A.  plantaginifblia  (L.)  Richards.      (PLANTAIN-LEAVED  E.)     Stems  1-5 


977.   A.  canadensis. 
May-July.     FIG.  977. 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 


821 


978.   A.  fallax. 


dm.  high  ;  basal  leaves  from  broadly  obovate  with  rounded  tips  to  oblanceolate 
and  acutish,  distinctly  3-nerved ;  stem-leaves  scattered,  lanceolate,  acuminate  ; 
heads  loosely  or  densely  corymbose  ;  bracts  of  the  pistil- 
late heads  linear,  purplish  or  green,  with  pale  tips ;  styles 
crimson.  (A.  plantaginea  R.  Br.) — Dry  soil,  s.  Me.  to 
Minn.,  and  south  w.  Apr.-June. 

=  =  Heads  comparatively  large,  averaging  9  (8-10.5) 
mm.  high  ;  stems  stoutish. 

a.  Basal  leaves  mostly  broad-obovate  or  rhombic-obovate, 
narrowed  from  near  the  middle  to  the  acutish  or  blunt 
tip. 

4.  A.  fallax  Greene.  Stems  1-4  dm.  high,  sometimes 
slightly  glandular ;  basal  leaves  large,  the  mature  ones 
2-5  cm.  broad  ;  lower  stem-leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate,  rather  crowded ;  corymb 
rather  dense ;  bracts  of  the  pistillate 
head  attenuate  to  scarious  tips  or  broad 
and  somewhat  petaloid ;  styles  pale, 
sometimes  crimson.  (A.  ambigens  Fer- 
nald.) —  Rich  open  woods  and  fields, 
centr.  Me.  to  Minn.,  and  southw.  May, 
June.  FIG.  978. 

b.   Basal  leaves  from  spatulate  to  narrowly  spatulate-obovate, 
with  rounded  tips. 

5.   A.  occidentalis  Greene.      Stout;  the  stem  at  first  low, 
becoming  2.5-4  dm.  high  ;  basal  leaves  1-2.5  cm.  broad,'  stem- 
leaves  lanceolate  to  oblanceolate,  rather  conspicuous  ;  inflores-   979.  A.  occidentalis. 
cence  subcapitate  ;  bracts  lanceolate  to  oblong,  with  conspicu- 
ous white  tips;  styles  crimson.     (A.  Farwellii  Fernald,  not  Greene.) — Rich 
open  soil,  e.  Que.  to  Minn.,  s.  to  s.  w.  Me.,  s.  N.  H.,  w.  Mass.,  N.  Y.,  and  111. 
May,  June.     FIG.  979. 

+*  -M.  Basal  leaves  small,  2-5  cm.  long.     (^Vbs.  10  and  11  with  poorly  developed 
stolons  might  be  sought  here. ) 

=  Basal  leaves  spatulate,  with  little  or  no  distinction  of  blade  and  petiole. 

6.  A.  rupicola  Fernald.  Stem?  slender,  1.5-3  dm. 
high  ;  stolons  very  numerous  and  short,  forming  dense 
mats  ;  basal  leaves  mucronate,  1-4  cm.  long  ;  stem-leaves 
numerous  (10-18),  linear-attenuate,  the  upper  dark 
green,  strongly  contrasting  with  the  white-pubescent 
stem ;  corymb  compact ;  involucre  of  pistillate  plant  8- 
10  mm.  high  ;  bracts  with  conspicuous  long  yellowish 
white  firm  papery  tips ;  styles  pale.  — 
Slaty  ledges  by  the  Mattawamkeag  R., 
Me.  June.  FIG.  980. 


980.   A.  rupicola. 


=  =  Basal  leaves  with  more  distinct  petioles  and  obovate 
blades. 

a.    Stem  bearing  purplish    glandular    hairs;    basal    leaves 
Z-nerved. 

7.    A.  BrainSrdii  Fernald.     Stem  slender,  2-3  dm.  high ; 
basal  leaves  obovate   or  orbicular-obovate,   1-2  cm.   broad ; 
stem-leaves  remote,  small ;  corymb  rather  loose ;   involucre 
6-8  mm.  high  ;  bracts  white-tipped,  the  outer  blunt,  the  inner  attenuate  ;  si 
crimson.  —  Rich  meadows  and  open  woods,  s.  Me.,  Vt.,  and  e.  N.  Y.     May, 
June.     FIG.  981. 


981.  A.  Brainerdii. 


822 


COMPOSITAE    (COMPOSITE   FAMILY) 


A.  neodioica. 


b.  Stem  glandlessj  basal  leaves  1-nerved. 

8.  A.  neodioica  Greene.  Forming  broad  mats  ; 
stems  slender,  0.5-4  dm.  high;  basal  leaves  obo- 
vate,  5-18  mm.  broad;  stem-leaves  scattered,  few 
(5-10),  rather  small  and  inconspicuous,  linear- 
attenuate,  3  mm.  or  less  wide  ;  corymbs  ordinarily 
loose  ;  involucre  6-9  mm.  high  ;  bracts  with  scari- 
ous  blunt  or  acute  tips  ;  styles  pale.  —  Open  woods, 
fields,  etc.,  Nfd.  to  w.  Out.,  S.  Dak.,  and  Va. 
May-  July.  FIG.  982. 

Var.  grandis  Fernald.  Stouter  throughout, 
greener  ;  stems  3-5  dm.  high  ;  stem-leaves  oblance- 
olate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  more  conspicuous,  5-8 

mm.  broad  ;  bracts  with  white  petaloid  tips.  —  Woods  and  meadows,  e.  Me.  to 

Mass,  and  n.  N.  Y. 

*  *  Stolons,  when  well  developed,  procumbent,  bracteate,  not  leafy  except  at  tip. 
•»-  Heads  solitary  ;  basal  leaves  1.5  cm.  or  more  broad. 

9.  A.  solitaria  Rydb.     Stems  0.5-2  dm.  high,  very  slender  ;  stolons  flag  fili- 
form ;  basal  leaves  obovate-spatulate,  4.5-7  cm.  long,  1.5-3.5  cm.  broad,  tomen- 
tose  beneath,  arachnoid,  becoming  glabrate  above,  3-nerved;  stem-leaves  few, 
small,  appressed  ;    involucre    1  cm.   high,   its  bracts  linear-attenuate  ;   styles 
crimson.  —  Rich  wooded  slopes,  Pa.  and  O.  to  Ga.  and  La.     Apr.,  May. 

H-  -<-  Heads  more  than  1  (solitary  in  a  rare  variety  of  no.  10,  which  has  leaves 
less  than  1.5  cm.  broad). 

•M-  Heads  sessile  or  subsessile  in  capitate  clusters  or  distinctly  racemose  ;  styles 

crimson. 

10.  A.  neglScta  Greene.     Stems  0.3-4  dm.  high, 
slender,  becoming  much  elongated  in  fruit  ;  stolons 
flagelliform  ;   basal  leaves  from  cuneate-spatulate 
to  spatulate-obovate,  4  (rarely  5)  cm.  or  less  long  ; 
stem-leaves    few    and    scattered  ;     heads    at    first 
crowded,  later  becoming  racemose  by  the  develop- 
ment of  the  rhachis  •  involucre  7-9  mm.  high,  fre- 
quently purple-tinged  at  base  ;   bracts  of  pistillate 
heads  with  linear  whitish  tips,   of  the   staminate 
heads  with   broad   white    petaloid    tips.  —  Fields, 
plains,  and  open  woods,  N.  B.  to  Va.,  w.  to  la.  and 
Kan.     Apr.,  May.     FIG.  983.     Var.  sfMPLEX  Peck. 
nated  by  solitary  heads.  —  Sand  Lake,  N.  Y. 


A.  neglecta. 

Stems  stiffly  erect,  termi- 


984.  A.  petaloidea. 


«-*•  +H.  Heads  in  a  comparatively  loose  corymb,  never  race- 
mose; styles  pale,  drying  brownish. 

11.  A.  petaloidea  Fernald.  Stouter  than  no.  10  ;  stems 
2-4.5  dm.  high  ;  stolons  generally  shorter  and  rather 
stiff  er  •  basal  leaves  spatulate-obovate  to  oblanceolate  ; 
involucres  of  the  pistillate  heads  brown  or  green  at  base, 
their  bracts  with  petaloid  or  scarious  tips.  —  Fields,  dry 
banks,  and  open  woods,  e.  Que.  to  Ont.,  s.  to  n.  and 
w.  N.  E.,  N.  Y.,  and  Mich.  May-July.  FIG.  984. 


29.    AWAPHALIS   DC.     EVERLASTING 

Characters  of  Antennaria,  but  the  pappus  in  the  sterile  flowers  not  thickened 
at  the  summit  or  scarcely  so,  and  that  of  the  fertile  flowers  not  at  all  united  at 
base  ;  fertile  heads  usually  with  a  few  perfect  but  sterile  flowers  in  the  center. 
(Said  to  be  an  ancient  Greek  name  of  some  similar  plant.) 

1.    A.  margaritacea  (L.)  B.  &  H.     (PEARLY  E.)     Stem  erect,  2-9  dm  high, 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  823 

corymbose  at  the  summit,  with  many  heads,  leafy ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate, 
taper-pointed,  sessile,  tomentose  on  both  surfaces,  finally  dull  green  above  ; 
involucral  bracts  pearly-white,  very  numerous,  obtuse  or  rounded,  radiating  in 
age.  —  Dry  hills,  woods,  and  recent  clearings  ;  common  northward.  July,  Aug. 
(Asia.) 

Var.  occidentalis  Greene.  Leaves  broadly  lanceolate,  bright  green  and  gla- 
brous above  from  the  first.  —  Gravelly  or  sandy  soil,  Nf d.  and  e.  Que. ;  Alaska 
to  Cal. 

30.   GNAPHALIUM   L.     CUDWEED 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  flowers  all  tubular,  the  outer  pistillate  and  very  slen- 
der, the  central  perfect.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  dry  and  scarious,  white  or 
colored,  imbricated  in  several  rows.  Receptacle  flat.  Achenes  terete  or  flattish  ; 
pappus  a  single  row  of  rough  bristles.  —  Woolly  herbs,  with  sessile  or  decurrent 
leaves,  and  clustered  or  corymbed  heads ;  fl.  in  summer  and  autumn.  Corolla 
whitish  or  yellowish.  (rVc^dXiov,  ancient  Greek  name  of  some  downy  plant, 
from  Kvd<j>a\ov,  a  lock  of  wool.") 

§  1.  EUGNAPHALIUM  B.  &  H.     Bristles  of  the  pappus  distinct. 
*  Tall  erect  annuals  or  biennials,  with  smooth  achenes. 

1.  G.  polyce'phalum  Michx.     (COMMON  EVERLASTING.)    Erect  woolly  annual, 
3-9  dm.  high,  fragrant;  leaves  lanceolate,  tapering  at  the  base,  undulate,  not 
decurrent,  smoothish  above  ;  heads  clustered  at  the  summit  of  panicled-corymbose 
branches,  ovoid-conical  before  expansion,  then  obovoid;   bracts  whitish,  ovate 
and  oblong,  rather  obtuse;  perfect  flowers  few.     (£r.  obtusifolium  L.  ?)  —  Old 
fields  and  woods,  common. 

Var.  Helldri  (Britton)  Fernald.  Stems  glandular-viscid,  not  tomentose. 
(G.  Helleri  Britton.)  —  N,  Y.  to  Va.,  Ky.,  and  southw. 

2.  G.  deciirrens  Ives.     (EVERLASTING.)     Stout,  erect,  6-9  dm.  high,  annual 
or  biennial,    branched   at  the    top,   clammy-pubescent,   white-woolly  on    the 
branches,  bearing  numerous  heads  in  dense  corymbed  clusters;  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  partly  clasping,  decurrent;  bracts  yellowish-white,  oval,  acutish. — 
Clearings,  etc.,  e.  Que.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to  Pa.,  O.,  Mich.,  Minn.,  and  in  the  Rocky 
Mts.  to  Ariz. 

*  *  Low  chiefly  diffuse  or  tufted  plants,  with  smooth  or  scabrous  achenes. 

3.  G.  uliginbsum  L.    (Low  C.)     Diffusely  branched  or  subsimple  appressed- 
woolly  annual,  0.6-3   dm.   high  ;   leaves  spatulate-oblanceolate  or  linear,   not 
decurrent ;   heads  small,   in   terminal  sessile  capitate  clusters  subtended  by 
leaves;   bracts  brownish,  less  imbricated. — Ditches,   roadsides,  etc.,  Nfd.  to 
Sask.,  s.  to  Va.,  and  the  Great  L.  region.     (Eu.) 

4.  G.  supinum  L.     (MOUNTAIN  C.)     Dwarf  and  tufted  perennial,  1  dm.  or 
less  high  ;  leaves  linear,  woolly  ;  heads  solitary  or  few  and  spiked  on  the  slen- 
der simple  flowering  stems  ;  bracts  brown,  lanceolate,  acute,  nearly  glabrous  ; 
achenes   broader   and   flatter. — Alpine   summits   of  Mt.  Katahdin,  Me.,  Mt. 
Washington,  N.  H.,  and  high  northw.     (Eu.) 

§  2.    GAMOCHAETA  (Weddell)  B.  &  H.     Bristles  of  the  pappus  united  at  the 
very  base  into  a  ring,  so  falling  off  all  together;  achenes  hispidulous. 

*  Strict  perennial,  with  mostly  simple  stems  and  narrow  acute  leaves. 

5.  G.  sylvaticum  L.      Silvery-silky,  slender,  1-5  dm.  high,  leafy ;   leaves 
linear  or  oblanceolate,  the  lower  often  glabrate  above,  the  broadest  barely  6 
mm.  wide  ;  heads  abundant  in  an  elongated  leafy  spiciform  inflorescence  ;  invo- 
lucral bracts  linear-oblong,  pale,  with  a  brown  spot  below  the  hyaline  tip. — 
Clearings  and  open  places,  Gaspe  Co.,  Que.,  to  n.  Me.,  N.  B.,  and  N.  S.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Simple  or  branching  annual  or  biennial,  with  broad  obtuse  spatulate  leaves. 

6.  G.  purpureum  L.     (PURPLISH  C.)     Ascending,  0.5-6  dm.  high,  silvery- 
canescent  with  dense  white  wool ;  leaves  not  decurrent,  green  above  ;  heads  in 
sessile   clusters  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  and  spiked  at  the  wand-like 


824  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

summit  of  the  stem  ;  bracts  tawny,  the  inner  often  marked  with  purple.  — 
Sandy  or  gravelly  soil,  coast  of  s.  Me.  to  Fla.;  and  from  O.  to  Kan.,  and 
southw.  (Trop.  Am.) 

31.  tNULA  L.     ELECAMPANE 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  disk-flowers  perfect  and  fertile.  Involucre 
imbricated,  hemispherical,  the  outer  bracts  herbaceous  or  leaf -like.  Receptacle 
naked.  Anthers  caudate.  Achenes  more  or  less  4-5-ribbed;  pappus  simple, 
of  capillary  bristles.  —  Coarse  herbs,  not  floccose-woolly,  with  alternate  simple 
leaves,  and  large  yellow  heads.  (The  ancient  Latin  name.) 

1.  I.  HELENIUM  L.  (ELECAMPANE.)  Stout  perennial,  1-1.5  m.  high  ;  leaves 
large,  woolly  beneath  ;  those  from  the  thick  root  ovate,  petioled,  trie  others 
partly  clasping  ;  rays  very  many,  narrow.  —  Roadsides  and  damp  pastures.  Aug. 
—  Heads  very  large.  Root  mucilaginous.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

32.  ADENOCAULON   Hook. 

Heads  5-10-flowered  ;  the  flowers  all  tubular  and  with  similar  corollas,  the 
marginal  flowers  pistillate,  fertile ;  the  others  perfect  but  sterile.  Involucral 
bracts  equal,  in  1  row.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Anthers  caudate.  Achenes 
elongated  at  maturity,  club-shaped,  beset  with  stalked  glands  above  ;  pappus 
none.  —  Slender  perennials,  with  alternate  thin  petioled  leaves  smooth  and  green 
above,  white-woolly  beneath,  and  few  small  (whitish)  heads  in  a  loose  panicle, 
beset  with  glands  (whence  the  name,  from  dd-^v,  a  gland,  and  Kav\6s,  a  stem}. 

1.  A.  bicolor  Hook.  Stem  3-9  dm.  high  ;  leaves  triangular,  rather  heart- 
shaped,  with  angular-toothed  margins;  petioles  margined. — Moist  woods,  shores 
of  L.  Huron,  L.  Superior,  and  westw. 

33.   POLYMNIA  L.     LEAFCUP 

Heads  broad,  many-flowered  ;  rays  several  (rarely  abortive),  pistillate  ;  disk- 
flowers  perfect  but  sterile.  Involucral  bracts  in  two  rows  ;  the  outer  large, 
spreading;  the  inner  membranaceous,  partly  embracing  the  thick  achenes. 
Receptacle  flat,  membranous-chaffy.  Pappus  none. — Tall  branching  peren- 
nials, viscid-hairy,  exhaling  a  heavy  odor.  Leaves  large,  thin,  opposite,  or  the 
uppermost  alternate,  lobed,  with  dilated  appendages  at  the  base.  Heads  in 
panicled  corymbs.  Flowers  light  yellow,  in  summer  and  autumn.  (Dedicated 
to  the  Muse,  Polyhymnia,  for  no  obvious  reason.) 

1.  P.  canadensis  L.     Clammy-hairy,  0.5-1.5  in.  high  ;  lower  leaves  deeply 
pinnatifid,  the  uppermost  triangular-ovate  and  3-5-lobed  or  -angled,  petioled  ; 
heads  small ;  rays  5,  obovate  or  wedge-form,  shorter  than  the  involucre,  usually 
minute  or  abortive,  whitish-yellow,  but  sometimes  (var.  RADI!TA  Gray)  more 
developed,  3-lobed,  1  cm.  long,  and  whitish;  achenes  3-costate,  not  striate.  — 
Moist  shaded  ravines,  w.  Vt.  to  Ont.,  Minn.,  southw.  and  south  westw. 

2.  P.  uvedalia  L.    Eoughish-hairy,  stout,  1-3  m.  high  ;  leaves  broadly  ovate, 
angled  and  toothed,  nearly  sessile  ;   the  lower  palmately  lobed,  abruptly  nar- 
rowed into  a  winged  petiole  ;  outer  involucral  bracts  very  large  ;   rays  10-15, 
linear-oblong,  much   longer'  than  the  inner  bracts  of  the  involucre,  yellow ; 
achenes  strongly  striate.  —  Rich  soil,  N.  Y.  to  Mo.,  and  southw. 

34.   ACANTHOSPERMUM  Schrank 

Heads  small,  axillary  or  subsessile  in  the  forks  of  the  stem.  Ray-flowers  few, 
fertile  ;  the  ligules  small,  yellow,  usually  3-dentate  ;  the  disk-flowers  with  cam- 
panulate  yellow  5-toothed  corolla,  sterile.  Involucre  double,  the  outer  bracts 
herbaceous,  the  inner  more  or  less  strongly  modified,  closely  enveloping  the 
fertile  ray-achenes,  muricate  or  prickly.  —  Diffuse  annuals  with  opposite  toothed 
or  lobed  leaves.  (Name  from  dicavBa,  a  thorn,  and  <nrtp/ji.a,  seed,  from  the  prickly 
fruit  formed  by  the  achene  and  its  investing  bract.) 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  825 

1.  A.  AUSTR\LE  (Loefl.)  Ktze.  Sordid-pubescent;  leaves  ovate  or  obovate, 
1.5-2.5  cm.  long,  toothed  above  the  middle,  and  cuneately  narrowed  at  the 
entire  base  to  a  short  but  slender  petiole  ;  bristly  fruits  5,  stellate-divaricate, 
8-10  mm.  long.  —  S.  C.  to  Fla.  and  La. ;  extending  northw.  (according  to 
Harper)  to  s.  Va.,  where  presumably  of  recent  introduction  ;  also  sporadically 
adventive  northeast w.  (Trop.  Am.) 

35.   SiLPHIUM  L.     ROSIN-WEED 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  rays  numerous,  pistillate  and  fertile,  their  broad  flat 
ovaries  imbricated  in  2-3  rows  ;  disk-flowers  apparently  perfect  but  with  entire 
style  and  sterile.  Bracts  of  the  broad  and  flattish  involucre  broad  and  with 
loose  leaf-like  summits,  except  the  innermost,  which  resemble  the  linear  chaff  of 
the  flat  receptacle.  Achenes  broad  and  flat,  dorsally  compressed,  surrounded 
by  a  wing  notched  at  the  top,  without  pappus  or  with  2  teeth  confluent  with  the 
winged  margins,  the  achene  and  its  subtending  chaff  usually  falling  together ; 
achenes  of  the  disk  sterile  and  stalk-like.  —  Coarse  and  tall  perennial  herbs, 
with  copious  resinous  juice,  and  large  corymbose-panicled  yellow-flowered  heads. 
(2l\<f>iov,  the  ancient  name  of  some  resinous  plant,  transferred  by  Linnaeus  to 
this  genus.) 

*  Stem  terete,  alternate-leaved;  root  very  large  and  thick. 

1.  S.  laciniatumL.    (ROSIN-WEED,  COMPASS  PLANT.)    Hough-bristly  through- 
out; stem  stout,  1-3.5  m.  high,  leafy;   leaves  pinnately  parted,  petioled  but 
dilated  and  clasping  at  the  base;   their  divisions  lanceolate  or  linear,  acute, 
cut-lobed  or  pinnatifid,  rarely  entire  ;  heads  few,  0.5-1  dm.  broad,  sessile  or 
short-peduncled  along  the  naked  summit ;  bracts  ovate,  tapering  into  long  and 
spreading  rigid  points;  achenes  broadly  winged  and  deeply  notched,  1-4  cm. 
long.  —  Prairies,  Mich,  to  N.  Dak.,  and  south  w.     July-Sept.  — Lower  and  root- 
leaves  vertical,  3-9  dm.  long,  ovate  in  outline,  on  the  wide  open  prairies  dis- 
posed to  present  their  edges  north  and  south  ;  hence  the  name  Compass  Plant. 

2.  S.  terebinthinaceum  Jacq.     (PRAIRIE  DOCK.)     Stem  smooth,  slender,  1-3 
m.  high,  panicled  at  the  summit  and  bearing  several-many  large  heads,  leafless 
except  toward  the  base  ;  leaves  ovate  and  ovate-oblong,  somewhat  heart-shaped, 
serrate-toothed,   thick,   rough    especially  beneath,  3-6  dm.   long,   on  slender 
petioles  ;   scales  roundish,  obtuse,  smooth ;  achenes  narrowly  winged,  slightly 
notched  and  2-toothed.     Var.  piNNATfriouM  (Ell.)  Gray.     Leaves  deeply  cut  or 
pinnatifid.  —  Prairies  and  oak-openings,  Ont.  and  O.  to  Minn.,  and  southw. 
July-Sept. 

*  *  Stem  terete  or  slightly  ^-angled,  leafy  /  leaves  undivided,  not  large,  some 

opposite. 

3.  S.  trifoliatum  L.     Stem  smooth,  often  glaucous,  rather  slender,  1-2  m. 
high,  branched  above  ;  stem-leaves  lanceolate,  pointed,  entire  or  scarcely  serrate, 
rough,  short-petioled,  in  whorls  of  3  or  4,  the  uppermost  opposite ;  heads  loosely 
panicled ;  achenes  rather  broadly  winged,   sharply  2-toothed  at  the  top.  — 
Dry  plains  and  banks,  Pa.  to  s.  Ont.,  and  southw.    July-Sept. 

4.  S.  Asteriscus  L.     Stem  hispid,  about  1  m.  high ;  leaves  opposite,  or  the 
lower  rarely  in  whorls  of  3,   the  upper  alternate,  oblong  or  oval-lanceolate, 
coarsely  toothed,  rarely  entire,  rough-hairy,  the  lower  short-petioled ;  heads 
nearly  solitary,  large,  squarrose  ;  achenes  obovate,  winged,  2-toothed,  the  teeth 
usually  awn-like.  — Dry  sandy  soil,  "  Md."  and  Va.  to  Mo.,  and  southw.     Var. 
LAEvicAtfLE  DC.     Stem  nearly  or  quite  smooth.  —  Va.,  and  southw. 

5.  S.  integrifolium  Michx.     Stem  smooth  or  rough,  rather  stout,  0.5-1. 5m. 
high,  rigid,  4-angular  and  grooved  ;  leaves  all  opposite,  rigid,  lanceolate-ovate, 
entire  or  denticulate,  tapering  to  a  sharp  point  from  a  roundish  heart-shaped 
and  partly  clasping  base,  rough-pubescent  or  nearly  smooth,  thick,  8-12  cm. 
long  ;  heads  in  a  close  forking  corymb,  short-peduncled  ;  achenes  broadly  winged, 
deeply  notched,  — Prairies,  Mich,  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  and  southw.    Aug. 


826  COMPOSITAB   (COMPOSITE   FAMILY) 

*  *  *  Stem  square;  leaves  opposite,  connate,  1.5-3.5  dm.  in  length. 

6.  S.  perfoliatum  L.  (Cup  PLANT.)  Stem  stout,  often  branched  above, 
1-2.5  m.  high,  leafy  ;  leaves  ovate,  coarsely  toothed,  the  upper  united  by  their 
bases  and  forming  a  cup-shaped  disk,  the  lower  abruptly  narrowed  into  winged 
petioles  which  are  connate  by  their  bases  ;  heads  corymbose  ;  bracts  ovate; 
achenes  winged  and  variously  notched.  —  Rich  soil,  Ont.  to  S.  Dak.,  and  south w., 
common  ;  also  escaped  from  gardens  eastw.  July-Sept. 

36.    BERLANDIERA  DC. 

With  the  characters  of  Silphium,  but  the  5-12  fertile  ray-flowers  in  a  single 
series.  Involucral  bracts  in  about  3  series,  thinner ;  the  inner  dilated,  obovate, 
exceeding  the  disk ;  the  outer  smaller  and  more  foliaceous.  Achenes  without 
pappus,  obovate,  neither  winged  nor  notched  at  the  apex,  deciduous  with  the 
subtending  bract  and  2-3  scales  of  the  chaff. — Alternate-leaved  perennials 
of  the  Southern  and  Southwestern  States  ;  head  pedunculate.  (Named  for  J.  L. 
Berlandier,  a  Swiss  botanist  who  collected  in  Texas  and  Mexico.) 

1.  B.  texana  DC.  Hirsute-tomentose  or  villous,  6-9  dm.  high,  very  leafy; 
leaves  crenate,  the  radical  oblong,  petiolate,  the  cauline  oblong-cordate  to  sub- 
cordate-lanceolate,  the  upper  closely  sessile  ;  heads  somewhat  cymose,  3-4  cm. 
broad. — Mo.  and  Kan.,  south  w.  and  south  westw. 

37.   CHRYS6GONUM  L. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate  ;  rays  about  5,  pistillate  and  fertile  ;  the  disk- 
flowers  perfect  but  sterile.  Involucre  of  about  5  outer  leaf-like  oblong  bracts 
which  exceed  the  disk,  and  as  many  interior  shorter  and  chaff-like  concave 
scales.  Receptacle  flat,  with  a  linear  scale  to  each  disk-flower.  Achene  obovate, 
obcompressed,  4-angled,  partly  inclosed  by  the  short  subtending  involucral  bract ; 
pappus  a  small  chaffy  2-3-toothed  crown.  —  A  hairy  perennial  herb,  with  oppo- 
site long-petioled  leaves,  and  solitary  long-peduncled  heads  of  yellow  flowers, 
nearly  stemless  when  it  begins  to  flower,  the  flowerless  shoots  forming  runners. 
'The  Greek  name  of  some  plant,  composed  of  %pv<r6s,  golden,  and  761/1;,  knee.) 

1.  C.  Virginia num  L.  Usually  low  (0.5-3.5  dm.  high);  leaves  ovate,  mostly 
obtuse,  crenate,  rarely  somewhat  cordate,  or  the  radical  obovate  with  cuneate 
base  ;  rays  1-1.5  cm.  long.  —  Dry  soil,  s.  Pa.  to  Fla.  May-Aug.  Var.  DENT!TUM 
Gray.  Leaves  deltoid-ovate,  acute,  coarsely  dentate-serrate;  involucral  scales 
more  acute.  —  High  Island  at  the  Falls  of  the  Potomac. 

38.  PARTHENIUM  L. 

Heads  many-flowered,  inconspicuously  radiate  ;  ray-flowers  5,  with  very  short 
and  broad  obcordate  ligules  not  projecting  beyond  the  woolly  disk,  pistillate  and 
fertile  ;  disk-flowers  staminate,  with  imperfect  styles,  sterile.  Involucre  hemi- 
spherical, of  2  ranks  of  short  ovate  or  roundish  bracts.  Receptacle  conical, 
chaffy.  Achenes  only  in  the  ray,  surrounded  by  a  slender  callous  margin, 
crowned  with  the  persistent  ray-corolla.  —  Leaves  alternate.  Heads  small, 
corymbed  ;  the  flowers  whitish.  (An  ancient  name  of  some  plant,  from  irapdtvos, 
virgin. ) 

*  Upper  leaves  sessile,  but  not  auricled. 

1.  P.  integrifblium   L.     Scabrous  perennial,  1  m.  or  less  high,  from  a  thick- 
ened rootstock  ;  the  stems  glabrous  below,  minutely  puberulent  above;  leaves 
oblong  or  ovate,  crenate-toothed,  or  the  lower  (0.5-1.5  dm.  long)  cut-lobed  be- 
low the  middle  ;  heads  many  in  a  very  dense  flat  corymb.  —  Dry  soil,  Md.  to 
Minn.,  and  southw.     June-Aug. 

2.  P.  repens  Eggert.     Similar  but  lower,  from  a  slender  stoloniferous  root- 
stock;  stems  and  leaves  pilose-hispid ;  heads  few,  rather  larger.  —  Barrens,  Mo. 
and  Kan.  to  Tex.    May,  June. 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  827 

*  *  Stem-leaves  auriculate-clasping. 

3.  P.  auriculatum  Britton.  Kootstock  very  thick  and  tuber-like  ;  stem  4-7 
dm.  high,  villous  ;  some  of  the  leaves  pinnatifid  at  base,  pubescent  on  the  veins 
beneath  with  conspicuous  appressed  strongly  divergent  hairs.  —  Mts.  of  Va. 

39.   iVA  L.     MARSH  ELDER.     HIGHWATER-SHRUB 

Heads  several-flowered,  not.  radiate  ;  pistillate  and  staminate  flowers  in  the 
same  heads,  the  former  few  and  marginal.  Anthers  nearly  separate.  Bracts 
of  the  involucre  few,  roundish.  Receptacle  small,  with  narrow  chaff  among  the 
flowers.  Achenes  obovoid  or  lenticular  ;  pappus  none.  —  Herbaceous  or  shrubby 
coarse  plants,  with  thickish  leaves  (the  lower  opposite)  and  small  nodding 
greenish- white  heads  of  flowers ;  in  summer  and  autumn.  (Name  of  unknown 
derivation.) 

§  1.  EUlVA  Hoffm.     Heads  spicate  or  racemose  in  the  axils  of  leaves  or  leaf- 
like  bracts  ;  fertile  flowers  with  evident  corolla. 

1.  I.  oraria  Bartlett.     Shrubby  at  base,  nearly  smooth,  5-10  dm.  high  ;  leaves 
oval  or  lanceolate,  coarsely  and  sharply  toothed,  fleshy,  the  upper  reduced  to 
linear  bracts,  in  the  axils  of  which  the  heads  (5-6  mm.  in  diameter)  are  disposed 
in  leafy  panicled  racemes ;  fertile  flowers  and  bracts  of  involucre  5.     (/.  frutes- 
cens  Man.  ed.  6,  not  L.)  — Salt  marshes,  coast  of  Mass,  to  Md. 

2.  I.  imbricata  Walt.     Suffruticose,  glabrous,  simple,  3-6  dm.  high  ;  leaves 
alternate,  fleshy,  spatulate-oblong  or  lanceolate,  entire  or  slightly  serrate  ;  heads 
6-8  mm.  high ;  hemispherical  involucre  of  6-9  bracts,  the  outer  orbicular.  — 
Sandy  coast,  Va.,  and  southw. 

3.  I.  ciliata   Willd.     Annual,  3-6  dm.  high,  rough  and  hairy  ;  leaves  ovate, 
pointed,  coarsely  toothed,  downy  beneath,  on  slender  ciliate  petioles;  heads  in 
dense  spikes,  with  conspicuous  ovate-lanceolate  rough-ell  iate  bracts  :  bracts  of 
the  involucre  and  fertile  flowers  3-5.  — Moist  ground,  111.  to  Neb.,  and  southw.; 
occasionally  on  dumps,  etc.,  eastw. 

§  2.  CYCLACHAENA  (Fresenius)  Gray.     Heads  in  panicled  spikes,  scarcely 
bracteate  ;  corolla  of  the  5  fertile  flowers  a  mere  rudiment  or  none. 

4.  I.  xanthifblia  Nutt.     Annual,  tall,  roughish ;  leaves  nearly  all  opposite, 
hoary  with  minute  down,  ovate,  rhombic,  or  the  lowest  heart-shaped,  doubly  or 
incisely  toothed,  or  obscurely  lobed;   heads  small,  crowded,  in   axillary  and 
terminal  panicles.  — Ont.  and  Mich,  to  Assina.,  Kan.,  westw.  and  south westw.  ; 
locally  established  eastw. 

40.  AMBRdSIA  [Tourn.]  L.     RAGWEED 

Fertile  heads  1-3  together,  sessile  in  axils  of  leaves  or  bracts,  at  the  base  of 
racemes  or  spikes  of  sterile  heads.  Sterile  involucres  flattish  or  top-shaped,  of 
7-12  united  bracts,  containing  6-20  staminate  flowers,  with  or  without  slender 
chaff  intermixed.  Anthers  almost  separate.  Fertile  involucre  (fruit)  ellipsoid, 
obovoid,  or  top-shaped,  closed,  pointed,  resembling  an  achene  and  inclosing  a 
single  flower;  elongated  style-branches  protruding.  Achenes  ovoid.  —  Coarse 
homely  weeds,  with  opposite  or  alternate  lobed  or  dissected  leaves,  and  incon- 
spicuous greenish  flowers,  in  late  summer  and  autumn  ;  ours  annuals,  except 
the  last.  (The  Greek  and  later  Latin  name  of  several  plants,  as  well  as  of  the 
food  of  the  gods.) 

§  1.  Sterile  heads  sessile  in  a  dense  spike,  the  top-shaped  involucre  extended  on 
one  side  into  a  large  lanceolate  hooded  bristly-hairy  tooth  or  appendage; 
fertile  involucre  ellipsoid  or  ovoid  and  ^-angled. 

1.  A.  bidentata  Michx.  Hairy,  3-9  dm.  high,  very  leafy  ;  leaves  alternate, 
lanceolate,  partly  clasping,  nearly  entire,  except  a  short  lobe  or  tooth  on  each 
side  near  the  base;  fruit  with  4  stout  spines  and  a  central  beak. — Prairies  of 
111.  to  Kan.,  and  southw. 


828  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

§  2.    Sterile  heads  in  single  or  panicled  racemes  or  spikes,  the  involucre  regular. 
*  Leaves  opposite,  only  once  lobed  ;  sterile  involucre  3-ribbed  on  one  side. 

2.  A.  trifida   L.     (GREAT  R.)     Stem  stout,  1-6  m.  high,  rough-hairy,  as  are 
the  large  deeply  3-lobed  leaves,  the  lobes  oval-lanceolate  and  serrate  ;  petioles 
margined  ;  fruit  obovoid,  6-£-ribbed  and  tubercled.  —  Rich  soil,  common  westw. 
and  southw.,  much  less  so  northeastw.     Var.  INTEGRIFOLIA  (Muhl.)  T.  &  G. 
Smaller,  with  the  upper  leaves  (or  all  of  them)  undivided,  ovate  or  oval.  —  Same 
habitat,  not  rare. 

*  *  Leaves  all  once  or  twice  pinnatifid,  many  of  them  alternate. 

3.  A.  artemisiifblia  L.     (ROMAN  WORMWOOD,    HOG-WEED,   BITTER-WEED.) 
Much  branched,  0.3-2.5  m.  high,  hairy  or  roughish-pubescent ;  leaves  thin,  bi- 
pinnatifid,  smoothish  above,  paler  or  hoary  beneath  ;  fruit  obovoid  or  globular, 
armed  with  about  6  short  acute  teeth  or  spines.  —  Roadsides,  etc.,  very  common. 
—  Extremely  variable,  with  finely  cut  leaves,  those  of  the  flowering  branches 
often  undivided  ;  rarely  the  spikes  all  fertile. 

4.  A.  psilostachya  DC.     Paniculately  branched  perennial,  5-15  dm.  high, 
with  slender  running  rootstocks,  rough  and  somewhat  hoary  with  short  stiflish 
hairs  ;  leaves  once  pinnatifid,  thickish,  the  lobes  acute,  those  of  the  lower  leaves 
often  incised  ;  fruit  obovoid,  pubescent,  the  tubercles  absent  or  small.  —  Prairies 
and  plains,  111.  and  Wise,  to  the  Saskatchewan,  westw.  and  southwestw. 

41.   FRANSERIA  Cav. 

Sterile  and  fertile  heads  separate  as  in  Ambrosia,  or  sometimes  mixed  in  the 
inflorescence.  Fertile  involucre  1-4-celled,  with  a  single  pistil  in  each  cell, 
armed  with  spines  in  more  than  1  series,  bur-like.  —  Herbs  (with  us)  or  shrubs, 
with  mostly  alternate  leaves,  flowering  in  late  summer  and  autumn.  (Named 
for  Antonio  Franseri,  Spanish  botanist  and  contemporary  of  Cavanilles.) 
GAERTNERIA  Medic. 

1.  F.  toment&sa  Gray.     Perennial,  white  with  sericeous  tomentum;  leaves 
pinnately  3-7 -parted  ;  segments  lanceolate,  mostly  serrate,  the  basal  ones  small ; 
sterile   racemes  1-many  ;    spines  of  fertile   involucre  mostly  uncinate-tipped. 
(Gaertneria  Ktze.)  — Low  ground,  Neb.,  Kan.,  and  Col. 

2.  F.  acanthicarpa  (Hook.)  Coville.    Annual,  hispid-hirsute,  erect  or  diffuse, 
loosely  branched ;  leaves  bipiunatifid  ;   spines  of  the  fertile  involucre  4-5  mm. 
long,  stramineous,  flattened,  the  tip  usually  straight.     (Gaertneria  Britton.)  — 
"Minn.,"  Sask.,  and  southwestw. 

42.    XANTHIUM    [Tourn.]   L.     COCKLEBUR.     CLOTBUR 

Sterile  and  fertile  flowers  in  different  heads,  the  latter  clustered  below,  the 
former  in  short  spikes  or  racemes  above.  Sterile  involucres  and  flowers  as  in 
Ambrosia,  but  the  bracts  separate  and  receptacle  cylindrical.  Fertile  involucre 
coriaceous,  ovoid  or  ellipsoid,  clothed  with  hooked  prickles  so  as  to  form  a 
rough  bur,  2-celled,  2-flowered  ;  the  flower  consisting  of  a  pistil  and  slender 
thread-form  corolla.  Achenes  oblong,  flat.  —  Coarse  annuals,  with  branching 
stems,  and  alternate  toothed  or  lobed  petioled  leaves  ;  flowering  in  summer  and 
autumn.  (Greek  name  of  some  plant  used  to  dye  the  hair ;  from  £ai>66s,  yellow.) 

N.  B.  —  The  figures  in  this  genus  represent  the  mature  fertile  involucre  x  1|. 

Leaves  attenuate  to  both  ends,  with  triple  spines  at  base 1.  X.  spinosum.. 

Leaves  cordate  or  ovate  ;  axils  unarmed. 

Body  of  mature  bur  fusiform-ellipsoid,  more  than  twice  as  long  as  thick. 

Beaks  of  bur  straight  or  nearly  so  ;  prickles  relatively  few    .        .        .        .2.   X.  canadense. 
Beaks  of  bur  incurved  or  hooked;  prickles  very  numerous. 

Prickles  3-6  mm.  long,  shorter  than  the  diameter  of  the  body  .        .        .    3.   X.  commivne 
Prickles  8-10  mm.  long,  exceeding  the  diameter  of  the  body. 

Prickles  crowded,  weak,  filiform,  conspicuously  hairy     .        .        .        .    4.   X.  speciosum. 
Prickles  more  rigid,  merely  granular  or  obscurely  puberulent        .        .     5.   X.  injlexum. 
Body  of  mature  bur  thick-ovoid,  not  more  than  twice  as  long  as  thick. 

Prickles  8-10  mm.  long,  equaling  or  exceeding  the  diameter  of  the  body      .     4.   X.  speciosum. 
Prickles  3-5  (-7)  mm.  long,  much  shorter  than  the  diameter  of  the  body    .    6.   X.  echinatum. 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 


829 


986.   X.  caiiudohse. 


1.  X.  spix6suM  L.  Hoary-pubescent,  armed  at  the  axils 
with  triple  spines ;  stems  slender ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  short-petiolate,  white-downy 
beneath,  often  2-3-lobed  or  -cut ;  fruit 
about  1  cm.  long,  with  a  single  short  beak 
or  beakless.  —  Waste  places,  Me.  to  Ont., 

westw.   and   southw.      (Nat.  from   Trop. 
935.  X.  spinosum.    Am  }     FJG    9g5< 

2.  X.  canade"nse  Mill.  Leaves  broadly  ovate,  cordate, 
usually  3-lobed  and  simply  or  doubly  dentate  ;  burs  gla- 
brous or  merely  granular-  or  glandular-puberulent ;  the 
body  fusiform-ellipsoid,  14-17  mm.  long,  5-8  mm.  in 

diameter ;  the  beaks  usually  2,  straight 

or  but  slightly  curved  ;  prickles  scat- 
tered, straight-tipped  or  hooked.  {X. 

pensylvanicum  Wallr.  ?  ;   X.  pungens 

Wallr.  ;  X.  0ta&m£wm  Britton.)  —  Rich 

soil,  especially  in  moist  places.     FIG. 

986. 

3.  X.  commune  Britton.     Similar  in  habit  and  foliage  ; 
beaks  of  the  bur  more  or  less  strongly  incurved,  usually 
hooked  at  the  summit ;  prickles  numerous,  crowded,  3-6  mm. 
long,  hooked  at  the  summit,  hairy  as  is  the  body.  —  Similar 
situations.     FIG.  987. 

4.  X.  specibsum  Kearney. 
Of  the  same  habit,  foliage, 
etc. ;    bur   with    numerous 
long   (8-10  mm.)    filiform 

usually  stramineous  and  very  hairy  prickles; 

beaks  moderately  incurved  and  hooked.  —  Waste 

places  and  low  moist  ground,  Tenn.  to  N.  Dak. 

and  Tex. ;    also  sparingly  adventive  on  wool- 
waste,  etc.,  eastw.     FIG.  988. 

5.   X.  infl6xum  Mackenzie  &  Bush.     Habit, 

foliage,  etc.,  as  in  the  three  preceding  species; 

bur  large,  the  body  2  cm.  long,  6-7  mm.  thick, 

ovoid-fusiform,  merely  granular-puberulent ; 
beaks  2,  very  strongly 
incurved,  often  forming 
a  loop  or  arch  over  the 
fruit ;  prickles  numerous 
but  less  crowded  than  in 
the  preceding,  firm  in 
texture,  brownish,  arcu- 
ate, hooked  at  the  summit,  granular-puberulent,  at  least 
toward  the  base.  — Bottom  lands,  Courtney,  Mo.  (Busty . 

6.  X.  echinitum  Murr.  Of  the  same  habit,  etc.;  burs 
plumper;  the  body  thickish-ovoid,  15-22  mm.  long,  8-12 
mm.  thick,  for  the  most  part  densely  pubescent  as  are  also 
the  numerous  short  rigid  hooked  prickles  and  stout  falcate- 
incurved  beaks.  ( X.  canadense,  var.  Gray.)  —  Sea- 

beaches,  lake-shores,  etc.,  Me.  to  N.  C.,  and  westw.  chiefly 

X.  echiiiatuiu.        along  the  Great  Lakes  to  N.  Dak.  and  Sask.    FIG.  989. 


X.  speciosum. 


43.   HELI6PSIS  Pers.    OX-EYE 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  rays  10  or  more,  fertile.  Involucral  bracts  in  2  or  3 
rows,  nearly  equal ;  the  outer  leaf-like  and  somewhat  spreading,  the  inner  shorter 
than  the  disk.  Receptacle  conical;  chaff  linear.  Achenes  smooth,  thick%  4- 


830  COMPOSITAE    (COMPOSITE   FAMILY) 

angular,  truncate  ;  pappus  none,  or  a  mere  border.  —  Perennial  herbs,  resem- 
bling Helianthus.  Heads  showy,  peduncled,  terminal.  Leaves  opposite,  peti- 
oled,  triple-ribbed,  serrate.  Flowers  yellow.  (Name  from  ij\ios,  sun,  and  fr/us, 
appearance,  from  the  likeness  to  the  Sunflower.) 

1.  H.  helianthoides  (L.)  Sweet.      Nearly  smooth,  0.3-1.5  m.  high;   leaves 
ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong-ovate,  rather  narrowly  pointed,  occasionally  ternate ; 
bracts  (as  in  the  next)  with  a  rigid  strongly  nerved  base  ;  rays  linear ;  pappus 
none  or  0/2-4  obscure  teeth.     (H.  laevis  Pers.) — Banks  and  copses,  Out.  to 
111.,  and  south w.     Aug. 

2.  H.  sc&bra  Dunal.     Boughish,  especially  the  leaves,  which  are  disposed  to 
be  less  narrowly  pointed,  the  upper  sometimes  entire  ;  rays  broadly  oblong  to 
linear  or  oblanceolate  ;  pappus  coroniform  and  chaffy  or  of  2  or  3  conspicuous 
teeth.  —  Me.  to  Man.,  s.  to  N.  J.  and  Ark.;  rare  eastw. 

44.    ECLIPTA   L. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  ray  short ;  disk-flowers  perfect,  4-toothed,  all  fertile. 
Involucral  bracts  10-12,  in  2  rows,  leaf-like,  ovate-lanceolate.  Receptacle  flat, 
with  almost  bristle-form  chaff.  Achenes  short,  3-4-sided,  or  in  the  disk  later- 
ally flattened,  roughened  on  the  sides,  hairy  at  summit ;  pappus  none  or  an 
obscure  denticulate  crown.  — Annual  rough  herb,  with  slender  stems  and  oppo- 
site leaves.  Heads  solitary,  small.  Flowers  white;  anthers  brown.  (Name 
from  tK\ei-rreiv,  to  be  deficient,  alluding  to  the  absence  of  pappus.) 

1.  E.  alba  (L.)  Hassk.  Rough  with  fine  appressed  hairs  ;  stems  procumbent 
or  ascending,  2-9  dm.  high  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  acute  at  each  end, 
mostly  sessile,  slightly  serrate  ;  rays  equaling  the  disk.  —  Wet  river-banks  and 
waste  places,  Mass. ,  westw.  and  southw. ;  in  the  Northeast  an  introduced  plant. 
(Trop.) 

45.  TETRAGONOTHECA   [Dill.]   L. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate  ;  the  rays  6-9,  fertile.  Involucre  double,  the 
outer  of  4  large  and  leafy  ovate  bracts,  united  below  by  their  margins  into  a 
4-angled  or  winged  cup  ;  the  inner  of  small  chaffy  bracts,  as  many  as  the  ray- 
flowers  and  partly  clasping  their  achenes.  Receptacle  convex  or  conical,  with 
narrow  and  membranaceous  chaff.  Achenes  very  thick,  obovoid,  flat  at  the  top  ; 
pappus  none. — Erect  perennials,  with  opposite  coarsely  toothed  sessile  some- 
times connate  leaves,  and  large  single  heads  of  pale  yellow  flowers,  on  terminal 
peduncles.  (Name  from  Terpdyuvos,  four-angled,  and  6-^Kr],  a  case,  from  the 
shape  of  the  involucre.) 

1.  T.  helianthoides  L.  Villous  and  somewhat  viscid,  3-7  dm.  high,  simple ; 
leaves  ovate  or  rhombic-oblong,  sessile  by  a  narrow  base ;  involucral  bracts  and 
rays  2-3  cm.  long.  —  Sandy  soil,  Va. ,  and  southw.  June. 

46.  RUDBECKIA   L.     CONE-FLOWER 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate  ;  the  rays  neutral.  Bracts  of  the  involucre 
leaf-like,  in  about  2  rows,  spreading.  Receptacle  conical  or  columnar ;  the  short 
chaff  concave,  not  rigid.  Achenes  4-angled  (in  our  species),  smooth,  not  mar- 
gined, flat  at  the  top,  with  no  pappus,  or  a  minute  crown-like  border.  — Chiefly 
perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  showy  terminal  heads  ;  the  rays  gen- 
erally long,  yellow,  often  darker  at  base.  (Named  in  honor  of  the  Professors 
Rudbeck,  father  and  son,  predecessors  of  Linnaeus  at  Upsal.) 

*  Achenes  angulate  ;  chaff  persisting  in  age. 
H-  Disk  hemispherical  to  ellipsoid-ovoid  in  fruit,  dark  purple  or  brown. 

•t-f  Lower  leaves  3-lobed  or  parted. 
1.    R.  trfloba  L,     Hairy,  biennial,  much  branched,  0.5-1.5  m.  high  ;  branches 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  831 

slender  and  spreading  ;  upper  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  sparingly  toothed  ;  lower 
3-lobed,  tapering  at  base,  coarsely  serrate  (those  from  the  base  pinnately  parted 
or  undivided) ;  rays  8-10,  oval  or  oblong ;  chaff  of  the  black-purple  depressed- 
globular  disk  smooth,  awned. — Rich  soil,  N.  J.  to  Minn.,  Kan.,  and  southw.; 
escaped  from  cultivation  further  northeastw.  July,  Aug.  —  Heads  small,  but 
numerous  and  showy. 

2.  R.  subtoment&sa  Pursh.     Stem  branching  above,  0.5-1.5  m.  high,  downy, 
as  well  as  the  petiolate  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate  serrate  leaves  beneath  ;  heads 
short-peduncled ;   disk  globular,  dull  brown ;   receptacle  sweet-scented  ;   blunt 
apex  of  chaff  downy.  —  Prairies  and  low  ground,  Wise,  to  Kan.,  and  southw. 

•w  tf  Leaves  undivided,  rarely  laciniate-toothed. 
=  Pappus  none  ;  annuals  or  biennials. 

3.  R.  hirta  L.     (YELLOW  DAISY,  BLACK-EYED  SUSAN,  NIGGER-HEAD.)     Bien- 
nial, very  rough  and  bristly-hairy  throughout ;  stems  simple  or  branched  near 
the  base,  stout,  3-8  dm.  high,  naked  above,  bearing  single  large  heads  ;  leaves 
nearly  entire,  the  upper  oblong  or  lanceolate,  sessile  ;  the  lower  spatulate,  triple- 
nerved,  petioled  ;  rays  (about  14)  more  or  less  exceeding  the  involucre  ;  chaff 
of  the  dull  brown  disk  hairy  at  the  tip,  acutish.  — Dry  soil,  w.  N.  Y.  to  Man., 
and  southw. ;  now  common  as  a  weed  in  eastern  fields,  where  introduced  with 
seed  from  the  West.     June-Sept.  —  Variable  as  to  the   pubescence,  and  the 
breadth  and  toothing  of  the  leaves.     R.  Brittonii  and  E.  monticola  Small  ap- 
pear to  be  mountain  phases  with  somewhat  broader  and  more  dentate  cauliue 
leaves. 

=  =  Pappus  a  short  crown;  perennials. 

4.  R.  fulgida  Ait.     Hairy,  3-9  dm.  high,  the  branches  naked  at  the  summit 
and  bearing  single  heads  ;  leaves  spatulate-oblong  or  lanceolate,  partly  clasping, 
triple-nerved,  the  upper  entire,  mostly  obtuse;   rays  about  12,  orange-yellow, 
equaling  or  exceeding  the  ample  involucre  ;  chaff  of  the  dark  purple  disk  nearly 
smooth  and  blunt. — Dry  soil,  N.  J.  and  Pa.  to  Ivy.,  Mo.,  and  southw.  —  E.  pa- 
lustris  Eggert,  with  ovate-lanceolate  leaves,  and  E.  missouriensis  Engelin.,  with 
oblong-lanceolate  obtusish  somewhat  more  pubescent  leaves  and  slightly  more 
fasciculate  branching,  fail  to  maintain  satisfactory  specific  differences. 

6.  R.  spat  hula  ta  Michx.  Pubescence  short  and  appressed;  slender,  3-9  dm. 
high  ;  leaves  obovate  or  spatulate  or  the  upper  ovate  to  lanceolate,  sometimes  all 
lanceolate  or  oblanceolate  to  linear,  denticulate  ;  heads  long-peduncled,  smaller 
than  in  the  preceding,  the  rays  fewer  and  broader. — Pine  woods,  Pa.,  Va., 
Tenn.,  and  southw. 

6.  R.  specibsa  Wenderoth.     Roughish-hairy,  1  m.  or  less  high,  branched  ; 
the  branches  upright,  elongated  and  naked  above,  terminated  by  single  large 
heads  ;  basal  leaves  elliptic-ovate ;  the  cauline  lanceolate,  pointed  at  both  ends, 
petioled,  3-5-nerved,  coarsely  and  unequally  toothed  or  incised ;  involucre  much 
shorter  than  the  numerous  elongate  rays  (3  cm.  long)  ;  chaff  of  the  dark  purple 
disk  acutish,  smooth.     (E.  umbrosa  Boynton  &  Beadle?) — N.  J.  and  Pa.  to 
Ga.  and  Mo.    Var.  SULLIVANTI  (Boynton  &  Beadle)  Robinson.      Stem-leaves 
ovate,  less  coarsely  toothed,  not  incised.     (E.  Sullivanti  Boynton  &  Beadle.)  — 
O.  to  Mich,  and  Ark. 

•»-  -»-  Disk  columnar  in  fruit,  dull  greemsh-yeUoio. 
•«-».  Leaves  divided  or  cut. 

7.  R.  laciniata  L.     Stem  smooth,  branching,  0.5-2  m.  high  ;  leaves  smooth 
or  roughish,  the  lowest  pinnate,  with  5-7-cut  or  3-lobed  leaflets ;  upper  leaves 
irregularly  3-5-parted,  their  lobes  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed,  or  the  uppermost 
undivided ;  heads  long-peduncled  ;  disk  at  first  globular  or  hemispherical  ;  chaff 
truncate,   downy  at  tip;    rays   oblanceolate,   3-5  cm.   long,   drooping.  —  Low 
thickets,  w.  Me.  and  w.  Que.,  westw.  and  southw.    July-Sept. 

Var.  humilis  Gray.  Low  and  glabrous  ;  some  of  the  radical  leaves  undivided 
or  with  roundish  divisions  ;  heads  smaller  (12  mm.  high)  and  rays  shorter.  — 
Mts.  of  Va.  and  Tenn. 


832  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

•*-*•  *+  Leaves  entire. 

8.  R.  MAXIMA  Nutt.    Very  robust,  1-3  m.  high  ;  leaves  large,  entire  or  repand- 
denticulate,  ovate-lanceolate  to  oblong,  obtuse,  smooth  and  glaucous,  the  upper 
cordate-clasping;  columnar  disk  at  length  4-8  cm.  long;  rays  yellow.  —  Shef- 
field, Mo.  (Bush},  where  sparingly  introduced  on  railroad  ballast;  Ark.,  La., 
and  Tex. 

*  *  Achenes  subterete,  not  angled;  chaff  soon  deciduous. 

9.  R.  amplexicaulis  Vahl.     Annual,  3-6  dm.  high,  glabrous,  glaucous,  leafy ; 
leaves  1-ribbed,  entire,  serrate  or  sinuate,  upper  oblong  or  ovate,  cordate-clasp- 
ing ;  heads  showy,  3-5  cm.  broad  ;   involucral  bracts  small,  lanceolate  ;   rays 
yellow  or  with  brown  bases;  disk  becoming  2-3  cm.  high. — Mo.,  southw.  and 
southwestw. 

47.   BRAUNERIA  Neck.     PURPLE  CONE-FLOWER 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  rays  mostly  drooping,  pistillate  but  sterile.  Bracts 
of  the  involucre  imbricated,  lanceolate,  spreading.  Receptacle  conical,  the  lan- 
ceolate carinate  spiny-tipped  chaff  longer  than  the  disk-flowers.  Achenes  thick, 
short,  4-sided;  pappus  a  small  toothed  border. — Perennial  herbs,  with  stout 
and  nearly  simple  stems  naked  above  and  terminated  by  a  single  large  head ; 
leaves  chiefly  alternate,  3-5-nerved.  Rays  rather  persistent ;  disk  purplish. 
(Named,  it  is  said,  for  Jacob  Brauner,  a  German  herbalist  of  the  early  part 
of  the  18th  century.)  ECHINACEA  Moench. 

*  Rays  purple,  rose-color,  or  rarely  white. 

1.  B.  purpurea  (DC.)  Britton.     Stem  smooth,  or  in  one  form  rough-bristly  ; 
leaves  rough,  often  serrate  ;  the  lowest  ovate,  5-nerved,  veiny,  long-petioled  ;  the 
others  ovate-lanceolate;   involucre  imbricated  in  3-5  rows;    rays  15-20,  dull 
purple  (rarely  whitish),  2.5-4.5  cm.  long  or  more.     (Echinacea  Moench.)  — 
Prairies  and  banks,  from  w.  Pa.  and  Va.  to  Mich.,  la.,  and  southw.;  reported 
as  adventive  eastw.    July. 

2.  B.  angustifblia  (DC.)  Heller.     Low,  2-4  dm.  high,  hirsute;  leaves  lanceo- 
late and  linear-lanceolate,  attenuate  at  base,  3-nerved,  entire;  involucre  less 
imbricated  and  heads  often  smaller ;  rays  2-2.5  cm.  long,  2-3-toothed,  spread- 
ing, purplish  or  white.     (Echinacea  DC.)  — Limestone  barrens  and  dry  slopes, 
Tenn.  to  the  Saskatchewan  and  Tex.     May-Aug. 

3.  B.  pallida  (Nutt.)  Britton.     Taller  than  the  preceding,  1  m.  or  less  high ; 
rays  slender  and  drooping,  4-7  cm.  long,  2-toothed.     (Echinacea  Nutt.)  —  Mich, 
and  111.  to  Ala.  and  Tex.;  also  locally  naturalized  eastw.     June,  July. 

*  *  Hays  bright  yellow. 

4.  B.  parad6xa  Norton.     In  habit  similar  to  the  two  preceding,  but  nearly 
glabrous,  5-8  dm.  high ;  the  narrowly  lance-linear  somewhat  rigid  and  strongly 
3-veined  leaves  1-2  dm.  long,  0.8-3.5  cm.  wide,  scabrous  on  the  margins,  spar- 
ingly strigillose  or  quite  smooth  on  the  surfaces;  rays  drooping,  3-4  cm.  long. 
(?  B.  atrorubens  Britton,  in  part,  not  Nutt.)  — Prairies  arid  barrens,  Mo.  (Busli) 
to  Tex.    June. 

48.  LEPACHYS  Raf. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  rays  few,  neutral.  Involucral  bracts  few  and  small, 
spreading.  Receptacle  columnar  ;  the  chaff  truncate,  thickened  and  bearded 
at  the  tip,  partly  embracing  the  flattened  and  margined  achenes.  Pappus  none 
or  of  2  teeth.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  pinnately  divided  leaves ;  the 
grooved  stems  or  branches  naked  above,  bearing  single  generally  showy  heads. 
Rays  yellow  or  party-colored,  drooping ;  disk  grayish.  (Name  from  \ewis,  a 
scale,  and  ira%^s,  thick,  from  the  thickened  tips  of  the  chaff.) 

1.  L.  pinnata  (Vent.)  T.  &  G.  Hoary  with  minute  appressed  hairs,  slender, 
0.5-1.5  m.  high,  branching  ;  leaflets  3-7,  lanceolate,  acute  ;  disk  ellipsoid,  much 
shorter  than  the  large  (5  cm.  long)  and  drooping  light-yellow  rays.  (Batibida 
Barnhart.) — Dry  soil,  w.  N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  and  southw.  ;  also  locally 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  883 

adventive  eastw.     June,  July. —  The  receptacle  exhales  a  pleasant  anisate  odor 
when  bruised. 

2.  L.    columnaris    (Sims)  T.  &   G.    Branching  from  base,   3-8   dm.  high  ; 
leaflets  5-9,  oblong  to  narrowly  linear,  entire  or  2-3-cleft ;  disk  columnar,  often 
3  cm.  long  or  more ;    ray  as  long  or  shorter,  yellow  or  (var.   PULCHERRIMA 
T.  &  G.)  in  part  or  wholly  brown-purple.      (Ratibida  D.  Don.)  —  Minn,  to 
Assina.  and   Tex. ;    also  established  near  Ottawa,  Ont.    (according  to  J.  M. 
Macoun).     May,  June. 

49.    SPILANTHES  Jacq. 

Heads  small,  many-flowered  ;  rays,  when  present,  fertile.  Involucral  bracts 
few,  loose.  Receptacle  elongated,  columnar ;  chaff  conduplicate,  enwrapping 
the  achenes.  Ray-achenes  3-angled  or  obcompressed  ;  disk-achenes  somewhat  - 
compressed,  with  acute  margins  continued  into  setiform  awns,  or  the  pappus 
none.  —  Slender  spreading  or  depressed  herbs  with  opposite  leaves  and  ovoid- 
conical  pedunculate  heads.  Rays  yellow  or  white.  (Name  from  o-TrtXos,  a  stain, 
and  Avdos,  flower.) 

1.  S.  americana  (Mutis)  Hieronymus,  var.  ripens  (Walt.)  A.  H.  Moore 
Pubescent  or  glabrous,  decumbent  or  loosely  ascending  ;  leaves  elliptic-ovate  to 
lanceolate,  2-9  cm.  long,  petioled,  strongly  but  equally  toothed  ;  peduncles  3-12 
cm.  long ;  heads  9-16  mm.  in  length.  (S.  repens  Michx.)  —  Low  moist  places, 
Mo.  to  S.  C.,  Fla.,  and  Tex. 

50.  BORRiCHIA  Adans.     SEA  OX-EYE 

Heads  many-flowered ;  rays  fertile.  Bracts  of  the  hemispherical  involucre 
imbricated.  Receptacle  flat,  covered  with  lanceolate  rigid  and  persistent  chaff. 
Achenes  somewhat  wedge-shaped,  3-4-angled  ;  pappus  a  short  4-toothed  crown. 
—  Shrubby  low  maritime  plants,  coriaceous  or  fleshy,  with  opposite  nearly 
entire  leaves,  and  solitary  peduncled  terminal  heads  of  yellow  flowers ;  anthers 
blackish.  (Named  for  Olof  Borrich,  a  Danish  botanist.) 

1.  B.  frut6scens  (L.)  DC.  Whitened  with  a  minute  silky  pubescence,  0.2-1 
m.  high ;  leaves  obovate  to  spatulate-oblong  or  lanceolate,  often  toothed  near 
the  base  ;  chaff  rigidly  pointed.  —  Salt-marshes,  Va.,  and  south w. 

51.   HELlANTHUS  L.     SUNFLOWER 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  rays  several  or  many,  neutral.  Involucre  imbricated, 
herbaceous  or  foliaceous.  Receptacle  flat  or  convex ;  the  persistent  chaff  embrac- 
ing the  4-sided  and  laterally  compressed  smooth  achenes,  which  are  neither 
winged  nor  margined.  Pappus  very  deciduous,  of  2  thin  chaffy  scales  on  the  prin- 
cipal angles,  and  sometimes  2  or  more  small  intermediate  scales.  —  Coarse  and 
stout  herbs,  with  solitary  or  corymbed  heads,  and  yellow  rays  ;  flowering  toward 
autumn.  (Named  from  ^Xios,  the  sun,  and  tLvdos,  a  flower.) 

§  1.  Annuals;  leaves  mostly  alternate,  petiolate  ;  receptacle  flat ;  disk  brownish. 

1.  H.  dnnuus  L.     (COMMON  S.)     Tall,  rough  ;  leaves  triple-ribbed,   ovate  or 
the  lower  cordate,  serrate  ;    involucral   bracts  broadly  ovate  to   oblong,  long- 
pointed,  ciliate  ;  disk  usually  2.5  cm.  broad  or  more.  —  Rich  soil,  Minn,  to  Tex., 
and  westw.  ;  long  cultivated,  and  occasionally  found  in  waste  grounds  eastw. 

2.  H.  petiolaris  Nutt.     More  slender,  0.3-2  in.  high  ;  leaves  oblong-  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  smaller  (2.5-8  cm.  long),  mostly  entire  ;  bracts  lanceolate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  seldom  ciliate;  disk  about  1.5  cm.  broad.  —  Minn,  to  Man.,  Tex., 
and  westw.  ;  occasionally  in  waste  places,  etc.,  eastw. 

§  2.    Perennials  ;  receptacle  convex  or  at  length  low-conical ;  lower  leaves  usually 

opposite. 

*  Involucral  bracts  loose,  becoming  squarrose,  narrowly  lanceolate,  pointed^ 
1-1.5  cm.  long  ;  disk  usually  purple  or  brownish;  leaves  linear,  l-nerved. 

3.  H.  orgyalis  DC.    Stem  glabrous,  tall,  very  leafy  ;  leaves  mostly  alternate. 

GRAY'S  MANUAL  —  53 


834  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

linear  to  filiform  and  entire,  or  the  lowest  lanceolate  and  serrulate  ;   bracts 
filiform-attenuate.  —  Dry  plains,  Mo.  to  Neb.,  southw.  and  westw. 

4.  H.  angustifblius  L.     Stem  slender,  0.5-2  in.  high,  usually  scabrous;  leaves 
mostly  opposite,  long  and  linear,  sessile,  entire,  with  revolute  margins ;  heads 
loosely  corymbed,  long-peduncled  ;  bracts  acute  or  pointed.  — Low  pine  barrens, 
L.  I.  and  N.  J.  to  Ky.,  and  southw. 

*  *  Involucral  bracts  closer,  more  imbricated,  short,  unequal  and  not  foliaceous  / 
leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate,  mostly  opposite  and  3-nerved. 

H-  Disk  dark. 

5.  H.  atr6rubens  L.      Rough-hairy ;  stem  slender,  1.5-2.5  m.  high,  smooth 
and  naked  and  forking  above  ;  leaves  thinnish,  ovate  or  oval  to  oblong-lanceolate, 
or  the  lowest  heart-shaped,  7-15  cm.  long,  serrate,  abruptly  contracted  into  a 
margined    petiole ;    heads    small,    corymbed ;    bracts   ovate,    obtuse,   ciliolate, 
appressed;  rays  10-16  ;  pappus  of  2  fringed  scales. — Dry  soil,  Va.  to  Mo.,  and 
southw.  ;  said  to  extend  north  westw.  to  Minn. 

6.  H.  scab6rrimus  Ell.     /Stem  stout,  0.5-2  m.  high  or  more,  simple  or  spar- 
ingly branched,  rough  ;  leaves  very  thick  and  rigid,  rough  both  sides,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  usually  pointed  at  both  ends,  nearly  sessile,  entire  or  serrate,  the 
lowest  oval ;  heads  nearly  solitary,  rather  large  ;  bracts  ovate  or  oblong,  obtuse, 
or  mostly  acute,  ciliate,  appressed  ;  rays  20-25  ;  pappus  of  2  large  and  often  sev- 
eral small  scales.     (H.  rigidus  Desf.)  — Dry  prairies,  Mich,  to  the  Saskatchewan, 
westw.  and  south  westw.  ;  adventive  in  e.  Mass. 

••-  H-  Disk 


7.  H.   laetiflbrus  Pers.      Closely  resembling  the  preceding ;  leaves  rather 
thinner  ;  heads  single  or  corymbed  ;  bracts  rather  fewer  (in  2  or  3  rows),  nar- 
rower and  acute  or  mostly  acuminate. — Dry  open  places,  Pa.  to  Minn.,  and 
southw.  ;  sparingly  adventive  in  e.  Mass. — Rays  showy,  3-5  cm.  long. 

8.  H.  occidentalis   Riddell.     Somewhat  hairy;  stem  slender,  simple,  naked 
above,  1  m.  or  less  high,  sending  out  runners  from  the  base,  bearing  1-5  small 
heads  on   long  peduncles ;    lowest  leaves  oval   or   lanceolate-ovate,   entire   or 
obscurely  serrate,  roughish-pubescent   beneath,  abruptly   contracted  into   long 
hairy  petioles ;  the  upper  small  and  remote;  bracts  ovate  to  lanceolate,  acute  or 
pointed,  sometimes  ciliate'.  —  Dry  barrens,  O.  to  Minn.,  and  southw. ;  somewhat 
established  on  the  N.  J.  coast  (E.  F.  Williams}. 

Var.  Dowellianus  (Curtis)  T.  &  G.  More  robust,  leafy  in  the  middle,  merely 
strigillose  or  puberulent ;  leaves  larger,  broadly  oval,  5-9  cm.  wide.  —  Mts.  of 
N.  C.  and  Ga.  ;  said  to  extend  northw.  to  D.C. 

9.  H.  illinoSnsis  Gleason.     Very  similar  to  the  preceding  variety,  but  the 
petioles,  lower  part  of  stem,  etc.,  loosely  villous;  leaves  lance-oblong  to  ovate, 
strictly  opposite,  the  pairs  separated  by  well  developed  internodes ;  the  blade 
contracted  into  a  winged  petiole  of  nearly  its  own  length.  —  Sandy  soil,  in  oak 
woods,  etc.,  along  the  Illinois  R.  (Gleason).  —  Recently  discovered  and  as  yet 
but  little  known  ;  perhaps  only  a  form  of  the  preceding  species. 

*  *  *  Involucre  looser,  the  bracts  more  acuminate  or  elongated  or  foliaceous; 

disk  yellow  (anthers  dark). 
4-  Leaves  all  opposite,  sessile,  serrulate  ;  pubescence  rather  soft. 

10.  H.  m611is  Lam.     Stem  simple,  leafy  to  the  top,  1  m.  high ;  leaves  ovate 
to  lanceolate,  with  broad  cordate  clasping  base,  pointed  ;  scales  lanceolate,  sel- 
dom exceeding  the  disk.  —  Dry  barrens,  Mass,  to  la.,  Kan.,  and  southw. 

•t-  -i-  Leaves  mostly  alternate  and  3-nerved,  soft-pubescent  beneath,  scabrous 
above;  scales  very  long  and  loose,  hairy;  tips  of  chaff  and  corolla-lobes 
hirsute. 

11.  H.  tomentbsus  Michx.     Stem  hairy,  stout,  1-2.5  m.  high  ;  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate,  or  the  lowest  ovate,  tapering  at  both  ends,  obscurely  serrate,  large 
(1.5-3  dm.  long),  somewhat  petioled ;  disk  2.5  cm.  broad;  rays  12-16,  about 
2.5  cm.  long.  — Rich  woods,  Va.,  and  southw.  along  the  mts. 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  835 

*-  •«-  •»-   Leaves  narrow,  the  uppermost  alternate,  not  ^-nerved,  scabrous  both 
sides  ;  heads  rather  small  ;  bracts  loose,  attenuate. 

•w-  Stem  smooth  and  glaucous. 

12.  H.  Kellermani  Britton.    Slender,  leafy,  paniculately  branched  above  ; 
leaves  narrowly  lance-linear  to  linear,  attenuate  to  the  apex  and  subsessile  base, 
chiefly  alternate,  green   both  sides,  somewhat   scabrous,  finely  and   sparingly 
serrate ;  heads  numerous,  3-4.5  cm.  wide  ;  involucral  bracts  lance-linear,  sub- 
equal,  about  1  cm.  long;  rays  golden-yellow,  1-2  cm.  long.  — Near  Columbus, 
O.  (Kellerman). 

13.  H.  grosseserratus  Martens.     Stem  2-3  m.  high  ;  leaves  elongated-lanceo- 
late or  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  sharply  serrate  or  denticulate,  acute  or 
attenuate  at  base,  petioled,  often  whiter  and  finely  pubescent  beneath ;  bracts 
lance-awl-shaped,  slightly  ciliate.  — Dry  plains,  w.  Me.  to  N.  J.,  westw.  to  Ont., 
Dak.,  and  Tex.  —  Probably  runs  into  the  next. 

•w  •«-<•  Stem  hairy  or  scabrous. 

14.  H.  gigantdus  L.    Stem  0.5-3  m.  high,  branched  above  ;  leaves  lanceolate, 
pointed,  minutely  serrate  or  nearly  entire,  green  both  sides,  narrowed  and  ciliate 
at  base,  but  nearly  sessile ;  bracts  long,  linear-lanceolate,   pointed,   hairy  or 
strongly  ciliate.     (H.  Dalyi  Britton  ?)  —  Low  thickets  and  swamps,  w.  N.  E. 
to  Ont.,  westw.  and  south  w.  —  Heads  somewhat  corymbed ;  the  pale  yellow  rays 
15-20;  roots  often  becoming  tuber-like,  especially  in  var.  suBTUBER6sus  (Bour- 
geau)   Britton  which  has  mostly  opposite  leaves,  and  occurs  from  n.  Mich, 
northwestw. 

15.  H.  Maximiliani  Schrad.     Resembling  the  preceding  ;  stout,  often  simple, 
0.5-3  m.  high  ;  leaves  becoming  rigid  and  very  scabrous,  entire  or  sparingly  den- 
ticulate ;  heads  rather  large,  usually  short-peduncled,  terminal  and  in  the  upper 
axils  ;  bracts  longer-attenuate,  more  rigid.  —  Prairies,  Minn,  and  the  Saskatche- 
wan to  Tex. ;  occasionally  adventive  eastw. 

H-  •«-  •«-  -i-  Leaves  all  or  most  of  them  opposite,  B-nerved  (faintly  in  no.  17). 

++  Heads  very  small  (about  8  mm.  broad} ;  rays  5-8 ;  bracts  few,  short,  irregu- 
larly imbricated,  the  outer  with  spreading  foliaceous  pointed  tips ;  stems 
smooth. 

16.  H.  microcSphalus  T.  &  G.    Stem  1-2  m.  high,  with  numerous  slender 
branches  above  ;  leaves  thin,  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  somewhat  serrate, 
petioled,  rough  above,  pale  and  puberulent  beneath  ;  peduncles  slender,  rough  ; 
bracts  ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  ciliate.     (H.  parviflorus  Bernh.,  not  HBK.) 
—  Thickets,  etc.,  Pa.  and  "s.  Mich."  to  Mo.,  and  southw. 

17.  H.  laevigatus  T.  &  G.     Stem  slender,  0.5-2  m.  high,  simple  or  sparingly 
branched,  glaucous,  glabrous  throughout,  as  well  as  the  slightly  serrate  lanceo- 
late leaves  which  are  usually  narrow  and  attenuate  to  the  base.  —  Dry  soil, 
Allegheny  Mts.,  Va.,  and  southw. 

•*•+  ++  Heads  larger  ;  rays  usually  over  10  ;  spreading  by  creeping  rootstocks. 
=  Leaves  sessile  or  subsessile  to  short-petiolate,  serrulate  or  entire. 

18.  H.  doronicoides  Lam.     Finely  pubescent   and   roughish,  1-3  m.  high  ; 
leaves  sessile,  ovate-oblong,  acute,  triply-nerved  above  the  broadly  cuneate  base, 
serrulate;  bracts  loose,  attenuate,  mostly  1-1.5  cm.  long,  hairy.  — Dry  ground, 
O.  to  Mo. 

19.  H.  divaricatus  L.    Stem  simple  or  forked  and  corymbed  at  the  top,  0.5- 
2  m.  high,  smooth  below ;  leaves  all  opposite  and  divaricate,  ovate-lanceolate, 
%-nerved  from  the  rounded  or  truncate  sessile  base,  tapering  gradually  to  a  sharp 
point,  0.5-2  dm.  long,  serrate,   thickish,  rough  both  sides;     bracts  narrowly 
lanceolate,  attenuate,  ciliate,  equaling  the  disk  (1  cm.  wide) ;  rays  8-12,  2.5  cm. 
long. — Thickets  and  barrens,  s.  Me.  to  L.  Winnipeg,  Neb.,  and  southw. 

20.  H.  hirsutus  Raf.      Stem  simple  or  forked  above,  stout,  0.5-1  m.  high, 
bristly-hairy ;    leaves  all    short-petioled,    ovate-lanceolate,   gradually   pointed, 
slightly  serrate,  rounded  or  obtuse  at  the  base,  very  rough  above,  usually  rough 


836  COMPOSITAE    (COMPOSITE   FAMILY) 

hairy  beneath ;  bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed,  equaling  the  disk ;  rays  about 
12.  —  Dry  soil,  Pa.  to  Wise.,  "Minn.,"  southw.  and  southwestw. 

21.  H.  strumbsus  L.     Stem  1-2  m.  high,  very  smooth  below,  often  glaucous  ; 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  tapering  gradually  to  a  point,  or  the  lower  ovate  and 
acute,  abruptly  contracted  into  short  margined  petioles,  rough  above,  whitish 
and  naked  or  minutely  downy   underneath;    bracts  broadly  lanceolate,  with 
spreading  tips,  ciliate,  equaling   the  disk ;    rays  9-15.  —  River-banks  and  low 
copses,  N.  E.  to  Ont.,  Minn.,  and  southw.     Var.  MOLLIS  T.  &  G.     Leaves  downy 
underneath,  often  subcordate  ;  bracts  looser  and  more  attenuate.     (Var.  macro- 
phyllut,  Britton.)  — N.  E.  and  Pa.  to  Ont.  and  la. 

22.  H.  tracheliifblius  Mill.      Similar  to  the  preceding ;    leaves  thinner  and 
nearly  equally  green  both  sides,  more  sharply  serrate,  all  distinctly  petioled  ; 
bracts  all  loose  and  spreading,   exceeding  the  disk,  often  much  elongated.  — 
Copses,  Ct.  to  Minn.,  southw.  and  southwestw. 

=  =  Leaves  longer-petiolate,  thinnish  or  soft,  coarsely  serrate,  commonly  broad  ; 
bracts  loose,  hirsute-ciliate. 

23.  H.   decapStalus   L.     Stem  branching,   0.5-1.5  m.  high,   smooth  below; 
leaves  smooth  or  roughish,  ovate,  pointed,  abruptly  contracted  into  margined 
petioles  ;  bracts  lanceolate-linear,  elongated,  loosely  spreading,  sometimes  foli- 
aceous,  the  outer  longer  than  the  disk;  rays  about  10.     (H.  scrophulariifolius 
Britton?) — Copses   and  low  banks   of   streams,    centr.    Me.   and  w.   Que.  to 
Minn.,  Mo.,  and  southw. 

24.  H.  tuberbsus  L.     (JERUSALEM  ARTICHOKE.)     Pubescent  or  hirsute,  1.5- 
3.5  m.  high  ;  leaves  ovate  or  subcordate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  sca- 
brous   above,    minutely   pubescent   or   cinereous   beneath  ;    bracts   lanceolate, 
attenuate,  little  exceeding  the  disk;   rays  12-20. — N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  westw.  and 
southw.;    often  cultivated,  and  introduced  eastw.     Var.  SUBCANESCENS  Gray. 
Usually  dwarf,  the  lower  side  of  the  leaves  whitish  with  soft  fine  pubescence.  — 
Minn,  to  Mo.,  and  westw. 

52.   ACTIN6MERIS  Nutt. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  rays  neutral,  few  or  none.  Involucral  bracts  few, 
herbaceous,  nearly  equal,  soon  deflexed  beneath  the  globular  disk.  Receptacle 
small,  chaffy.  Achenes  flat,  obovate,  winged  or  wingless,  at  maturity  spreading 
in  all  directions;  pappus  of  2-3  smooth  persistent  awns.  —  Tall  branching 
perennials,  with  serrate  feather-veined  leaves  tapering  to  the  base  and  mostly 
decurrent  on  the  stem.  Heads  corymbed  ;  flowers  chiefly  yellow.  (Name  from 
farts,  a  ray,  and  /mepls,  apart;  alluding  to  the  irregularity  of  the  rays.) 

1.  A.  alternifblia  (L.)  DC.  Stem  somewhat  hairy,  usually  winged  above, 
1-2  m.  high  ;  leaves  alternate  or  the  lower  opposite,  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
pointed  at  both  ends;  rays  2-8,  irregular.  (A.  squarrosa  Nutt.;  Verbesina 
alternifolia  Britton.) — Rich  soil,  N.  J.  to  Ont.,  la.,  Kan.,  and  southw.  Aug., 
Sept. 

53.   VERBESiNA  L.     CROWNBEARD 

Heads  several-many-flowered  ;  rays  pistillate,  or  sometimes  neutral  and 
sterile,  few  or  sometimes  none.  Involucral  bracts  imbricated  in  2  or  more  rows. 
Receptacle  rather  convex  (conical  in  no.  3),  the  chaff  concave.  Achenes  flat 
(laterally  compressed),  winged  or  wingless,  2-awned.  — Mostly  perennial  herbs; 
the  toothed  leaves  decurrent  on  the  stem.  Flowers  mostly  yellow.  ("  Name 
metamorphosed  from  Verbena.") 

*  Heads  slender,  small,  cymosely  paniculate  ;  rays  few,  pistillate,  usually  fertile  ; 

involucre  erect. 

1.  V.  occidentalis  (L.)  Walt.  Stem  tall,  4-winged ;  leaves  opposite,  ovate 
to  oblong-lanceolate,  triple-nerved,  serrate,  pointed  at  both  ends,  often  pubes- 
cent beneath,  large  and  thin  ;  heads  in  compound  corymbs  ;  receptacle  flattish  ; 
flowers  yellow;  rays  1-5,  lanceolate;  achenes  wingless.  —  Rich  soil,  Pa.  to  KyM 
and  southw.  Aug.-Oct. 


COMPOSITAE   (COMPOSITE   FAMILY)  837 

2.  V.  virginica  L.  Stem  narrowly  or  interruptedly  winged,  downy-pubescent, 
like  the  lower  surface  of  the  ovate-lanceolate  feather-veined  alternate  leaves  ; 
heads  in  compound  corymbs  ;  receptacle  convex  ;  flowers  white;  rays  3-4,  oval ; 
achenes  winged.  —  Dry  soil,  Pa.  to  Kan.,  and  southw.  Aug. 


*  Heads  broader,  solitary  or  few. 


3.  V.  helianthoides  Michx.     Perennial;  stem  hairy,  1  m.  or  less  high,  widely 
winged  by  the  decurrence  of  the  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate  sessile  alternate  leaves, 
which  are  rough  above  and  soft-hairy  beneath  ;  involucre  appressed  ;  rays  8-15, 
pistillate  or  neutral,  usually  sterile;  achenes  winged,  tipped  with  2  fragile  awns.  — 
Prairies  and  copses,  O.  to  la.,  southw.  and  south westw.     June,  July. 

4.  V.  ENCELIOIDES  (Cav.)  B.  &  H.,  var.  EXAURICULATA  Robinson  &  Green- 
man.     Annual,  branching,  3-6  dm.  high,  cinereous  ;  leaves  alternate,  ovate  or 
cordate  to  deltoid-lanceolate,  the  petioles  destitute   of  the  wings  or  auricles 
(characteristic  of  the  typical  more  southern  form)  ;  involucral  bracts  linear, 
equal,  foliaceous,  spreading ;  rays  numerous,  fertile.  —  Kan.  to  Tex.,  and  westw.  ; 
adventive  by  roads,  w.  Mo.;  also  casual  northeastw.,  e.g.  in  s.  Me.  (Parlin). 

64.    CORE6PSIS    L.     TICKSEED 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate  ;  rays  mostly  8,  neutral,  rarely  wanting.  In- 
volucre double  ;  each  series  of  about  8  bracts,  the  outer  foliaceous  and  somewhat 
spreading;  the  inner  broader  and  appressed,  nearly  membranaceous.  Receptacle 
flat,  with  membranaceous  chaff  deciduous  with  the  fruit.  Achenes  flat,  obcom- 
pressed  (i.e.  flattened  parallel  with  the  bracts  of  the  involucre),  often  winged, 
not  narrowed  at  the  top,  2-toothed  or  2-awned,  or  sometimes  naked  at  the  sum- 
mit ;  the  awns  not  barbed  downwardly.  —  Herbs,  generally  with  opposite  leaves 
and  yellow  or  party-colored  (rarely  purple)  rays.  Too  near  the  last  section  of 
Bidens,  but  generally  well  distinguished  as  a  genus.  (Name  from  Kdpis,  a  bug, 
and  6i/as,  appearance-,  from  the  form  of  the  acliene.) 

§  1 .    Style-tips  truncate  or  nearly  so ;  outer  involucre  small  and  short ;  rays  rose- 
color  or  yellow,  with  brown  base;  pappus  an  obscure  border  or  none. 

1.  C.  r6sea  Nutt.     Perennial;  stem  branching,  leafy,  smooth,  2-6  dm.  high  ; 
leaves  linear,  entire;  heads  small,  somewhat  corymbed,  on   short  peduncles; 
rays  rose-color,  3-toothed  ;    achenes  oblong,  wingless.  —  Sandy  grassy  swamps 
and  shores,  e.  Mass,  to  N.  J.,  and  southw.     July-Sept. 

2.  C.  tinct6ria  Nutt.     Annual,  glabrous,  often  1  m.  high ;    leaves  1-2-pin- 
nately  divided,  the  lobes  lanceolate  to  linear;  achenes  oblong,  wingless  ;  rays 
yellow,  with  more  or  less  of  crimson-brown. — Minn,  to  Tex.,  etc.;  common  in 
cultivation  ;  often  escaping  to  roadsides,  etc.,  eastw. 

§2.  Style-tips  abruptly  cuspidate,  hispid;  involucres  nearly  equal;  achenes 
roundish,  winged,  incurved,  often  papillose  and  with  a  callus  inside  at  base 
and  apex;  pappus  2  small  teeth  or  none;  rays  mostly  yellow  andpalmately 
lobed;  perennials,  with  long -pedunculate  heads  ;  lower  leaves  petiolate. 

*  Wings  of  achene  broad,  thin,  spreading. 

3.  C.  lanceolata  L.     Smooth  or  hairy,  3-6  dm.  high,  tufted,  branched  only 
at  the  base  ;  leaves  all  entire  (the  lower  rarely  with  a  pair  of  small  lateral  lobes), 
lanceolate,  the  lowest  oblanceolate  or  spatulate;  outer  bracts  ovate-lanceolate. 
—  Rich  or  damp  soil,  Ont.  and  Mich,  to  Va.,  Mo.,  and  southw.;  also  cultivated 
on  account  of  its  showy  heads,  and  sometimes  escaping  eastw.     May-July. 

Var.  villbsa  Michx.  Hirsute  below,  the  hirsute  or  villous  leaves  rather 
broader.  (C.  crassifolia  Ait.)  —  111.  and  Mo.  to  Fla. 

4.  C.  grandiflbra  Hogg.    Mostly  glabrous  ;  lower  leaves  lanceolate  and  spatu- 
late, entire,  the  upper  ?*-5-parted,  with  lanceolate  to  linear  and  sometimes  2-3- 
parted  lobes ;  heads  as  in  the  preceding  or  larger.  —  Damp  soil,  Mo.  and  e. 
Kan.  to  Tex.  and  Ga.     May-July. 


838  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

5.  C.  pub£scens  Ell.      More  leafy,  0.5-1.3  in.  high,   pubescent  or  nearly 
glabrous  ;    leaves  thickish,   oblong  or  the  lower  oval-obovate  and  the  upper 
oblong-lanceolate,  entire  or  with  2-4  small  lateral  lobes ;  heads  usually  smaller. 
—  Woods,  Va.  to  s.  111.,  Mo.,  and  south w.    June-Sept. - 

*  *  Wings  of  achene  narrow,  callous-thickened,  involute. 

6.  C.  auriculata  L.     Pubescent  or  glabrous ;  stems  5-13  dm.  high,  branch- 
ing, sometimes  with  runners ;   leaves  mostly  petioled,  the  upper  oblong  or  oval- 
lanceolate,  entire;   the  lower  oval  or  roundish,  some  of  them  variously  3-5-lobed 
or -divided;  outer  bracts  oblong-linear  or  lanceolate.  —  Rich  woods  and  banks, 
Va.  to  111.,  and  southw.    June-Sept. 

§  3.    Style-tips  cuspidate ;  achenes  oblong,  nearly  straight,  without  callus,  the 
wing  narrow  or  none  ;  rays  yellow,  mostly  entire  or  slightly  toothed. 

*  Outer  bracts  narrow,  about  the  length  of  the  inner,  all  more  or  less  united  at 

base  ;  rays  mostly  entire,  acute  ;  pappus  ^-toothed  or  none  ;  leaves  opposite, 
sessile,  mostly  ^-divided,  appearing  as  ifwhorled;  perennial,  3-9  dm.  high. 

-i-  Leaves  3-cleft,  but  not  to  the  base. 

7.  C.  palmata  Nutt.     Nearly  smooth,  simple  ;  leaves  broadly  wedge-shaped, 
rigid;   the  lobes  broadly  linear,  entire,  or  the  middle  one  3-lobed. — Prairies, 
Mich,  to  Man.,  and  southwestw.     July. 

H-  H-  Leaves  divided  to  the  base,  uppermost  and  lowest  sometimes  simple. 

8.  C.  major  Walt.    Plant  minutely  soft-pubescent ;  leaves  each  divided  into 
3  sessile  ovate-lanceolate  entire  leaflets,  therefore  appearing  like  6  in  a  whorl. 
((7.  senifolia  Michx.)  — Sandy  woods,  Va.,  and  southw.     July. 

Var.  stellata  (Nutt.)  Robinson.  Glabrous;  the  leaves  narrower.  (C.  seni- 
folia, var.  T.  &  G. ;  C.  major,  var.  Oemleri  Britton.)  —  Va.,  Ky.,  and  southw. 

9.  C.  delphinifblia  Lam.      Glabrous  or  nearly  so ;    leaves  divided  into  3 
sessile  leaflets  which  are  2-5-parted,  their  divisions  lance-linear,  2-6  mm. broad, 
rather  rigid  ;  disk  brownish.  — Pine  woods,  Va.,  and  southw.     July. 

10.  C.  verticillata  L.     Glabrous ;  leaves  divided  into  3  sessile  leaflets  which 
are  l-2-pinnately  parted  into  narrowly  linear  or  flliform  divisions.  — Dry  ridges 
and  open  woods,  Md.  to  S.  C.  and  Ark.;  reported  from  w.  Ont.  and  n.  Mich.; 
cultivated  in  old  gardens,  but  not  showy ;  occasionally  escaping.     July-Sept. 

*  *  Outer  bracts  narrow,  shorter,  all  united  at  base  ;  rays  entire,  obtuse  ;  pappus 

none;  leaves  petiolate,  pinnately  3-5-divided;  perennial. 

11.  C.  tripteris  L.     (TALL   COREOPSIS.)     Smooth;  stem  simple,  1-2.7  m. 
high,  corymbed  at  the  top;  leaflets  lanceolate,  acute,  entire. — Pa.  to  s.  Ont., 
Wise.,  e.  Kan.,  and  southw.     Aug.,  Sept.  —  Heads  exhaling  the  odor  of  anise 
when  bruised  ;  disk  turning  brownish. 

55.   THELESPERMA  Less. 

Heads  many -flowered ;  rays  about  8  and  neutral,  or  none.  Involucre  as  in 
Coreopsis,  the  inner  bracts  scarious-margined.  Receptacle  flat,  the  scarious 
chaff  falling  with  the  wingless  and  beakless  achenes ;  pappus  of  2  stout  subulate 
retrorsely  hispid  awns.  —  Smooth  herbs,  with  opposite  dissected  leaves  and 
pedunculate  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  (From  #17X1),  a  nipple,  and  airtpua,  seed, 
on  account  of  the  papillose  achenes.) 

1.  T.  trifidum  (Poir.)  Britton.     Annual  or  biennial,  3-7  dm.  high,  loosely 
branching  and  very  leafy ;  leaves  2-pinnate,  the  lobes  filiform  ;  outer  involucral 
bracts  8,  subulate-linear,  hardly  equaling  the  inner  which  are  united  only  below 
the  middle  ;  rays  1  cm.  or  more  long  ;  outer  achenes  conspicuously  roughened  on 
the  back.  — Barrens  and  plains,  Mo.  to  Neb.,  westw.  and  southwestw.    May-Aug. 

2.  T.  gracile  (Torr.)  Gray.     Perennial,  rather  rigid,  naked  above;  leaves 
with  narrow  or  filiform  divisions  or  the  upper  entire  ;  bracts  4-6,  the  outer  very 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  839 

short-ovate  or  oblong,  the  inner  connate  above  the  middle  ;  rays  short  or  usually 
none;  achenes  less  roughened.  —  Neb.  and  Kan.,  southw.  and  westw.;  adv. 
in  Mo. 

56.   BlDENS  L.     BUR  MARIGOLD 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  rays  when  present  3-8,  neutral.  Involucre 
double,  the  outer  commonly  large  and  foliaceous.  Receptacle  flattish  ;  chaff 
deciduous  with  the  fruit.  Achenes  flattened  parallel  to  the  bracts  of  the  invo- 
lucre, or  slender  and  4-sided  (rarely  terete),  crowned  with  awns  or  short  teeth 
(these  rarely  naked).  —  Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  opposite  various  leaves, 
and  mostly  yellow  flowers.  (Latin,  bidens,  two-toothed.) 

,  N.  B.  —  In  this  genus  the  measurements  of  the  fruit  relate  to  the  inner 
mature  achenes.  The  outer  are  often  shorter  and  uncharacteristic.  The  figures 
of  the  heads  are  on  a  scale  of  f ,  those  of  the  achenes  are  life  size. 

a.  Achenes  flat  (or  at  most  with  a  strong  rib  on  either  face)  6. 
6.   Kays  small  or  wanting  c. 
c.   Inner  achenes  less  than  2  mm.  broad. 

Heads  cyliridric  or  ellipsoid,  much  longer  than  broad ;  disk-florets 

3-4  mm.  long ;  leaves  simple. 

Inner  achenes  1  cm.  or  more  long  ;  awns  6-8  mm.  long     .        .      1.  JB.  bidentoides. 
Inner  achenes  7-9  mm.  long ;  awns  3-4.5  mm.  long    .        .        .      2.  B.  Eatoni. 
Heads  hemispherical,  nearly  or  quite  as  broad  as  long;  disk-florets 
1-1.5  mm.  long ;  achenes  5.5-8.5  mm.  long ;  awns  1.5-2.5  mm. 

long  ;  leaves  ternately  compound 8.  B,  discoidea. 

c.   Inner  achenes  2  mm.  or  more  broad  d. 

d.  Leaves  simple ;  heads  subtended  by  long  thick  entire  leafy  bracts ; 
achenes  8-10  mm.  long,  2-3  mm.  broad,  retrorsely  barbed, 
the  3  (rarely  2  or  4)  awns  unequal,  at  most  6  mm.  long  .  6.  B.  comosa. 

d.  Leaves   pinnate ;    achenes  upwardly   barbed   at  least  at  base ; 

awns  2. 
Outer  involucre    of    5-8  leafy  bracts ;    inner   bracts   oblong, 

equaling  the  disk ;  achenes  2-8.3  mm.  broad      .        .        .      4.  B.  frondosa. 
Outer  involucre  of  10-16  leafy  bracts  ;  inner  bracts  ovate-trian- 
gular, shorter  than  the  disk ;  achenes  3.3^4  mm.  broad        .      5.  B.  vulgata. 
b.   Rays  conspicuously  exceeding  the  disk  e. 

e.   Leaves  mostly  pinnate  ;  awns  (if  present)  upwardly  barbed  f. 
f.   Inner  achenes  2  mm.  or  less  broad,  cuneate. 

Inner  achenes  8-4.5  mm.  long 11.  B.  coronata. 

Inner  achenes  5-7  mm.  long 12.  B.  trichosperma. 

f.  Inner  achenes  more  than  2  mm.  broad,  elliptic-obovate,  with  thin 

scarious  margins. 
Outer  foliaceous  bracts  8-10,  smooth  or  merely  ciliate,  shorter 

than  the  inner 13.  2?.  aristosa. 

Outer  foliaceous  bracts  12-20,  coarsely  hispid,  mostly  longer 

than  the  inner 14.  B.  involucrata. 

e.  Leaves  simple  or  slightly  divided  ;  achenes  obovate,  3-4.5  mm.  long, 

with  short  teeth 11.  A  coronata. 

a.   Achenes  angled  or  terete  g. 

y.   Achenes  distinctly  angled  ;  terrestrial  or  marsh  plants  A. 
h.  Leaves  pinnate. 

Heads  few-flowered,  slender ;  achenes  linear,  4-angled,  the  inner 

1.2-1.8  cm.  long,  about  1  mm.  broad 10.  B.  bipinnata. 

Heads  hemispherical,  many-flowered ;  achenes  cuneate,  3-4  angled, 

4-6  mm.  long (7)  B.  connata,  v.  pinnata. 

h.  Leaves    simple ;     heads   hemispherical,    many-flowered ;   achenes 

cuneate  or  obovate. 
Leaves  petioled  or  with  conspicuously  narrowed  bases ;  fruiting 

heads  erect 7.  B.  connata. 

Leaves  sessile  or  connate ;  fruiting  heads  mostly  nodding. 
Outer  bracts  unequal,  mostly  exceeding  the  disk ;  rays  at  most 
twice  the  length  of  the  disk  ;  achenes  dilated  above ;  leaves 

mostly  connate 8.  B.  cerntta. 

Outer  bracts  subequal,  rarely  exceeding  the  disk  ;  rays  2-4  times 
as  long  as  the  disk;  achenes  not  dilated  above;  leaves 

sessile,  but  rarely  connate 9.  B.  laevis. 

g.  Achenes  terete,  truncate  at  both  ends,  with  the  8-6  very  long  awns 

smooth  below  ;  aquatic,  with  the  immersed  leaves  finely  divided  .    15.   B.  Beckii. 

1.  B.  bidentoides  (Nutt.)  Britton.  Glabrous,  paniculately  branched,  2-8  dm. 
high ;  leaves  lanceolate,  coarsely  toothed,  tapering  at  both  ends ;  heads  1.5-2 
cm.  long  j  the  outer  involucre  of  4-5  bracts ;  rays  usually  wanting  ;  achenes 


840 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 


990.  B.  bidentoides. 


991.   B.  Eatoni. 


992.  B.  Eat., 
v.  fal. 


993.  B.  discoidea. 


hairy,  1  em.  or  more  long,  with  2  very  slender  upwardly 
roughened  awns  (6-8  mm.  long}  surpassing  the  yellowish 
^-toothed  corolla,  and  often  2  minute  intermediate  teeth. 
(  Coreopsis  Nutt.)  —  Shores  of  Delaware  R.  and 
Bay.  Sept.,  Oct.  FIG.  990. 

2.  B.  Eatbni  Fernald.  Simple  or  branched, 
2.5-6  dm.  high  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  with  long- 
acuminate  tips  and  slender  petiolar  bases, 
coarsely  serrate  ;  outer  involucre  of  3-5  bracts, 
inner  of  5  oblong  conspicuously  striate  ones  1  cm.  long  ;  rays 
none  ;  disk-flowers  15-25  ;  inner  achenes  7-9  mm.  long,  1-1.7 
mm.  broad,  with  strong  midribs,  usually  with  retrorse  hairs  on 

the  margin  ;  the  2-4  awns  3-4.5  mm.  long,  downwardly  barbed.  — 
Brackish  shores,  lower  Merrimac  R.,  Mass.     Sept.,  Oct.     FIG.  991. 
Var.  FALLAX  Fernald.    Achenes  and  awns  upwardly 
oarbed.  —  With  the  typical  form.     FIG.  992. 

3.  B.  discoidea  (T.  &  G.)  Britton.  Diffusely 
branched  ;  leaves  ternately  divided,  slender-petioled  ; 
leaflets  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed,  coarsely  serrate  ; 
heads  small,  5  mm.  high  ;  outer  involucral  bracts 
usually  4  ;  achenes  linear-wedge-shaped,  tuberculate  or  smooth, 
bearing  a  pair  of  short  and  stout  upwardly  barbed  awns  of  the 
length  of  the  orange  5-toothed  corolla.  (Coreopsis  T.  &  G.) 
—  Wet  banks  and  swamps,  Mass,  to  Mich.,  111., 
southw.  and  southwestw.  July-Oct.  FIG.  993. 

4.  B.  frondbsa  L.  (BEGGAR-TICKS.)  Stems  tall  (7  dm.  or 
less  in  height),  paniculate-branched  ;  leaves  3-5-divided,  gla- 
brous, the  terminal  leaflet  long-stalked,  acuminate,  often  again 
divided,  lateral  ones  shorter,  less  acuminate,  all  sharply  serrate  ; 
heads  1.5  cm.  long  or  less,  on  slender  peduncles; 
outer  involucre  of  5-8  ciliate  bracts;  rays  small, 
yellow;  achenes  narrowly  cuneate,  7-10  mm.  long, 
black,  strongly  1-nerved  on  each  face,  often  slightly 
994.  B.  frondosa.  hairy,  the  retrorsely  barbed  slightly  divergent  slender 
awns  barely  half  as  long,  exceeding  the  5-toothed 
orange  corolla.  (B.  melanocarpa  Wiegand.)  —  Common  in  damp 
ground,  throughout.  Aug.,  Sept.  FIG.  994.  Var.  ANOMALA  Porter. 
Awns  upwardly  barbed.  —  Local,  N.  S.  to  Pa.  FIG.  995. 

5.  B.  vulgata  Greene.      (BEGGAR-TICKS,    STICK-TIGHT.)     Stem  tall   (often 
1.5  m.  high)  and  branching,  glabrous  ;    leaves  pinnately  3-5-divided,  slender- 
petioled,  nearly  glabrous  ;  leaflets  lanceolate,  very  acute,  coarsely  serrate,  all 

short-stalked;  heads  large,  1.5-2.5  cm.  broad,  stout-peduncu- 
late; outer  involucral  bracts  10-16,  unequal,  about  equaling  the 
disk  or  sometimes  longer,  coarsely  ciliate-hispid  ;  rays  pale 
yellow  ;  achenes  9-12  mm.  long,  obovate-  or  oblong  -cuneate, 
usually  glabrous,  but  often  tuberculate-roughened,  brown  or 
olive;  awns  retrorsely  barbed,  exceed- 
ing the  4-5-toothed  yellow  corolla.  (B. 
996.  B.  vulgata.  frondosa  Wiegand,  not  L.)  —  Moist 
waste  places  and  roadsides,  throughout, 

but  less  common  eastw.  than  the  preceding.     Aug.  -Oct. 

FIG.  996. 

Var.  pubSrula  (Wiegand)  Greene.     Peduncles,  leaves, 

and  outer  bracts  puberulent.  —  Wise,  to  Sask.  and  Mo. 

6.  B.  com&sa  (Gray)  Wiegand.     Stem  stout,  8  dm.  or 
less  in  height,  glabrous  ;    branches  short  ;  leaves  pale, 

elliptic,  acute,  with  winged  petioles,  regularly  serrate,  or  upper  entire  ;  heads 
few,  large,  1  cm.  or  so  high,  short-pedunculate  ;  outer  involucre  of  6-8  nearly 
erect  linear  or  lanceolate  usually  entire  unequal  large  bracts,  the  longest  2-5 
times  exceeding  the  disk  ;  rays  wanting  •  achenes  about  1  cm.  long,  cuneate, 


f 
'' 


997.   B.  comosa. 


COMPOSITAE    (COMPOSITE   FAMILY) 


841 


olive  or  brown,  nearly  glabrous,  obscurely  nerved  or  nerveless,  sometimes 
punctate  ;  awns  nearly  f  as  long  as  the  achene,  equaling  the  4-toothed  pale-yellow 
corolla.  (B.  connata,  var.  Gray.)  — Sandy  shores  and  rich  soil,  N.  E.  to  Minn., 
westw.  and  southw.  Sept.,  Oct.  FIG.  997. 

Var.  acuta  Wiegand.  Leaves  subsessile  ;  heads  larger  ;  outer  bracts  shorter 
(barely  twice  exceeding  the  disk),  spreading,  acute.  (B.  acuta  Britton.)  —  Mo. 
and  Kan. 

7.  B.  connata  Muhl.     (SWAMP  BEGGAR-TICKS.)     Tall  arid  branching,  0.5-1.5 
m.  high;  leaves  bright  green,  undivided  or  some  of  the  lower  deeply  parted, 

lanceolate  or  elliptic,  large,  acuminate,  slender-petioled,  coarsely 
serrate  ;  heads  about  1  cm.  high,  short-pedunculate ;  outer  invo- 
lucre of  4  or  5  short  entire  bracts;  rays  golden-yellow,  generally 
f7/*T          wanting ;  achenes  4-6  mm.  long,  cimeate,  the  outer  3-angled  and 
jjs  3-awned,  inner  4-angled,  4-awned  ;  awns  barely  half  as  long  as 

i  the  achene,  retrorsely  barbed,  equaling  the  b-toothed  corolla. — 

398  B  connata    Swamps  and  ditches,  N.  E.  to  Minn,  and  Mo.     Sept.     (Estab- 
lished in  Eu.)     FIG.  998. 

Var.  pinnata  Wats.  Leaves  nearly  all  pinnately  divided,  the  5-7  divisions 
sparingly  incised  ;  achenes  4-awned.  —  HermepinCo.,  Minn.  (F.  L.  Couillard)- 

8.  B.  cSrnua  L.     (STICK-TIGHT.)     Smooth  or  hispidulous, 
2-7  dm.  high ;  branches  short ;   leaves   lanceolate  to  linear- 
lanceolate,   acuminate,   unequally  serrate,  connate  at  base; 
heads  erect  in   anthesis,  short-pedunculate  ;    outer  involucre 
longer  than  the  head;  rays,  when  present,  one  half  exceeding 
the  disk  or  longer ;    achenes  wedge-obovate,  5-6  mm.  long, 
4-awned,  4-angled,  retrorsely  barbed,  tuberculate  on  the  angles, 
and  prominently  many-nerved  ;  awns  half  as  long  as  the  achene, 

shorter   than    the    yellow    5-toothed    corolla.  —  Wet  places,       999    B  cerima 
throughout.     July-Oct.     (Eu.)     FIG.   999. — Very  variable. 

9.  B.  laevis  (L.)  BSP.     Smooth,  erect,  or  reclining  at  base,  1  m.  or  less  high  ; 
leaves  lanceolate,  tapering  at  both  ends,  sessile,  rarely  connate  finely  and  regu- 
larly serrate;   outer  involucre   mostly   shorter  than  the   showy   golden-yellow 
(2-3  cm.  long)  rays;  achenes  6-9  mm.   long,  wedge-shaped,  retrorsely  almost 

serrate  on  the  margins;  awns  2,  3,  or  4,  downwardly  barbed, 
barely  f  as  long  as  the  achene,  and  hardly  equaling  the  yellow 
5-toothed  disk-corolla.  (B.  chrysanthemoides  Michx.)  —  Swamps 
near  the  coast,  Mass.,  and  southw.;  also  centr.  N.  Y.  Aug.-Oct. 

10.  B.  bipinnata  L.  (SPANISH  NEEDLES.)  Smooth  annual, 
branched  ;  leaves  l-S-pinnately  parted,  petioled ;  leaflets  ovate- 
lanceolate,  mostly  wedge-shaped  at  the  base ;  heads  small,  on 
slender  peduncles ;  outer  involucre  of  linear  bracts  equaling  the 
short  pale  yellow  rays;  achenes  4-grooved,  nearly  smooth,  3-4- 
awned,  very  unequal. — Damp  soil,  R.  I.,  westw.  and  southw.; 
occasional  on  ballast  northw.  FIG.  1000. 

11.  B.  coronata  (L.)  Fisch.     Nearly  glabrous,  3-9  dm.  high  ;  leaves  variable, 
commonly  3-7 -divided,  or  all  undivided,  the  segments  incisely  serrate  or  lobed  ; 
rays  golden-yellow,  showy  ;    achenes  flat,   1-nerved  on  each 

face,  broadly  cuneate,  3-4.5  mm.  long,  with  2  very  short  blunt 
spreading  teeth.  (Coreopsis  aurea  Ait.)  —  Wet  ground,  Va. 
toFla.  FIG.  1001. 

12.  B.  trichospSrma  (Michx.)  Britton.      (TICKSEED  SUN- 

FLOWER.)    Smooth,  branched  ;  leaves  short-peti- 

Vj  oled,  nearly  all  3-7-divided ;   leaflets  lanceolate 

or  lance-linear,  cut-toothed,  or  the  upper  leaves 

only  3-5-cleft  and  almost  sessile  ;  heads  panicled-corymbose  ;  rays 

If  conspicuous,  golden-yellow ;  achenes  narrowly  wedge-oblong  or  the 

1002  B  trich     inner  ones  wedge-linear,  5-7  mm.  long,  smooth  or  sparsely  hairy, 

marginless,  crowned  with  2  erect  triangular  or  awl-shaped  stout 

teeth.     (Coreopsis  Michx.)  —Swamps,  Mass,  to  Va.  near  the  coast ;  also  N.  Y. 

to  111.  and  Ky.;  said  to  extend  northwestw.  to  Minn.     Aug.-Oct.     FIG.  1002. 


1000.  B.  bipin. 


1001.   B.  coronata. 


842  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

Var.  TENufLOBA   (Gray)   Britton.      Leaf-segments  narrowly  linear;    achenes 

shorter. — Less  common. 

13.  B.  arist6sa  (Michx.)  Britton.  Some  what  pubescent;  leaves  1-2-pinnately 
5-7 -divided,  petioled  ;  leaflets  lanceolate,  cut-toothed  or  pinnatifid  ;  heads  pani- 
cled-corymbose ;  outer  bracts  8-10,  not  exceeding  the  inner, 
barely  ciliate ;  rays  showy  ;  achenes  with  2  (rarely  4)  long  and 
slender  diverging  awns  as  long  as  the  achene  itself  or  reduced 
to  short  teeth.  (Coreopsis  Michx.) — Swamps,  O.  to  Mich., 
Minn.,  and  southwestw. ;  adventive  in  waste  places  eastw.  Aug.- 
Oct.  FIG.  1003. 

1003.  B.  aristosa.  14.  B.  involucrata  (Nutt.)  Britton.  Heads  rather  larger ; 
the  outer  bracts  12-20,  mostly  exceeding  the  inner,  slender  anc* 
hispid;  achenes  with  2  short  acute  teeth.  (Coreopsis  Nutt.) 
—  Swamps,  w.  111.  to  Kan.  and  Tex. ;  rarely  adventive  eastw. 
FIG.  1004. 

15.  B.    Beckii    Torr.      (WATER    MARIGOLD.)      Aquatic, 
perennial,  smooth  ;  stems  long  and  slender  ;  immersed  leaves 
crowded,  many  times  dissected  into  capillary  segments;  the 
few  emerging  leaves  lanceolate,  slightly  connate,  toothed ;    low  B  involucrata 
heads  single,  short-peduncled ;  involucre  much  shorter  than 
the  showy  (golden  yellow)  rays;  achenes  thickish,  smooth,  1-1.5  cm.  long;  the 
stout  divergent  awns  longer,  barbed  only  toward  the  apex.  —  Ponds  and  slow 
deep  streams,  Me.  and  Que.  to  N.  J. ,  and  westw.    Aug.-Oct. 

57.  BALDUINA  Nutt. 

Heads  globular,  many-flowered,  radiate  ;  the  long  and  narrowly  wedge-shaped 
rays  neutral.  Involucre  short,  of  many  thickish  small  bracts  imbricated  in  3-4 
rows,  the  outer  obovate  and  obtuse.  Receptacle  strongly  convex,  with  deep 
honeycomb-like  cells  containing  the  obconical  or  oblong  silky-villous  achenes ; 
pappus  of  7-9  lance-oblong  erect  chaffy  scales.  —  Perennial  herb,  srnoothish  ; 
the  slender  simple  stems  6-9  dm.  high,  bearing  alternate  oblanceolate  leaves, 
and  a  large  showy  long-pedunculate  head.  Rays  yellow,  2.5  cm.  long ;  disk 
often  turning  dark  purple.  (Named  for  Dr.  William  Baldwin,  1779-1819,  dis- 
criminating amateur  botanist,  friend  of  Muhlenberg.)  ACTINOSPERMUM  Ell. 

1.  B.  unifl&ra  Nutt.  (Actinospermum  Barnhart.)  —  Borders  of  swamps,  from 
Va.  (?)  southw.  Aug. 

58.   MARSHALLIA  Schreb. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  flowers  all  tubular  and  perfect ;  corolla-lobes  slendei 
and  spreading.  Involucral  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  foliaceous,  erect,  in  1-2 
rows,  nearly  equal.  Receptacle  convex  or  conical,  with  narrowly  linear  rigid 
chaff.  Achenes  top-shaped,  5-angled  ;  pappus  of  5  or  6  membranaceous  pointed 
scales. —  Smooth  low  perennials,  with  alternate  entire  3-nerved  leaves,  and  long- 
pedunculate  heads  terminating  the  simple  stem  or  branches.  Flowers  purplish  ; 
anthers  blue.  (Named  at  the  request  of  Muhlenberg  for  Dr.  Moses  Marshall, 
nephew  of  the  more  distinguished  Humphrey  Marshall.) 

1.  M.   trine'rvia   (Walt.)   Porter.      Stems    leafy;    leaves   ovate-lanceolate, 
pointed,  sessile  but  not  amplexicaul,  6-7.5  cm.  long.     (M.  latifolia  Pursh.)  — 
Dry  soil,  Va.,  and  southw. 

2.  M.  obovata  (Walt.)  Beadle  &  Boynton.     Leaves  chiefly  basal,  narrowly 
obovate,  obtusish  or  rounded  at  the  apex  ;  involucral  bracts  linear-oblong,  blunt  ; 
chaff  spatulate,  more   or  less  distinctly  expanded   at  the  tip,  blunt ;    achene 
longer  than  pappus.  —  River-banks  and  open  woods,  s.  w.  Pa.,  and  southw. 

Var.  platyphylla  (Curtis)  Beadle  &  Boynton.  Stem  leafy  about  to  the  middle; 
leaves  lanceolate,  narrowed  to  an  obtusish  tip,  conspicuously  amplexicaul.  — 
Dry  open  woods,  etc.,  Pa.,  and  southw.  M.  grandiftora  Beadle  &  Boynton 
appears  to  be  only  a  very  robust  form  or  state  of  this  variety,  with  stems  4-7  dm. 
high,  and  cauline  leaves  2-3  cm,  wide, 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  843 

59.   GALINS6GA  R.  &  P. 

Heads  several-flowered,  radiate ;  rays  4-5,  small,  roundish,  pistillate.  Invo- 
-ucre  of  4-5  ovate  thin  bracts.  Receptacle  conical,  with  narrow  chaff.  Pappus 
of  small  oblong  cut-fringed  chaffy  scales,  sometimes  wanting.  —  Annual  herbs, 
with  opposite  triple-nerved  thin  leaves,  and  small  heads;  disk  yellow;  rays 
white  or  reddish.  (Named  for  Dr.  Mariano  Martinez  de  Galinsoga,  a  Spanish 
botanist.) 

*  Rays  white  ;  pappus  of  disk-flowers  about  equaling  the  achenes. 

1.  G.  PARVIFL6RA   Cav.    Pubescence  subappressed  ;  leaves  ovate,  crenate- 
serrate,  petioled;  pappus  of  the   disk-flowers  of  spatulate  obtusish  scales. — 
Roadsides  and  waste  places,  from  N.  E.  across  the  continent.      (Adv.  from 
Trop.   Am.)      Var.    H^SPIDA  DC.    Pubescence  more  copious,  not  appressed ; 
pappus-scales  of  the  disk-flowers  attenuate  and  bristle-tipped.  —  Me.  to  Ont., 
Wise.,  and  southw.     (Nat.  from  Trop.  Am.) 

*  *  Rays  reddish;  pappus  of  disk-flowers  about  half  as  long  as  the  achenes. 

2.  G.  CARACASANA   (DC.)   Sch.  Bip.      Pubescence  loose  and  often  rather 
copious  ;  leaves  as  in  no.  1.     (G.  hispida  Benth.)  —  Waste  land,  Camden,  N.  J.  ; 
about  mills,  etc.,  Cumberland,  Md.  (fichriver),  and  probably  elsewhere.     (Adv. 
from  Trop.  Am.) 

60.   FLAVERIA  Juss. 

Heads  3-15-flowered,  usually  with  but  1  ray-flower;  flowers  all  fertile. 
Involucral  bracts  few,  subequal  or  1-2  of  the  outer  much  shorter.  Receptacle 
small,  naked  or  setose.  Achenes  oblong,  8-10-ribbed,  glabrous ;  pappus  none. 
—  Opposite-leaved  annuals  with  clustered  small  yellowish  heads.  (Name  from 
flavus,  yellow,  the  plant  being  used  in  dyeing.) 

1.  F.  campestris  Johnston.  Erect  and  glabrous,  3-6  dm.  high,  branched 
above  ;  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  3-nerved,  mostly  serrulate  ;  heads  subsessile, 
in  mostly  terminal  glomerules  ;  involucre  3-bracteate,  2-5-flowered.  (F.  angus- 
tifolia  of  auth.,  not  Pers.)  —  Alkaline  soil,  w.  Mo.  (Bush)  to  Col.  and  Mex. 
May-Sept 

61.  HYMENOPAPPUS  L'He*r. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  flowers  all  tubular  and  perfect,  with  large  revolute 
corolla-lobes.  Involucral  bracts  6-12,  loose  and  broad,  thin,  the  upper  part  petal- 
,;ke,  usually  white.  Receptacle  small,  naked.  Achenes  top-shaped,  with  a 
slender  base,  striate  ;  pappus  of  15-20  blunt  scales  in  a  single  row,  very  thin 
(whence  the  name  of  the  genus,  from  v/j-^v,  membrane,  and  irdiriros,  pappus. )  — 
Biennial  or  perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  mostly  dissected  leaves,  and  corymbed 
small  heads  of  usually  whitish  flowers. 

*  Pappus  of  very  small  roundish  nerveless  scales. 

1.  H.  carolin6nsis  (Lam.)  Porter.     Somewhat  flocculent-woolly  when  young, 
leafy  to  the  top,  3-9  dm.  high  ;  leaves  1-2-pinnately  parted  into  linear  or  oblong 
lobes  ;   involucral  bracts  roundish,  mainly  whitish ;  pappus-scales  very  small, 
roundish,  nerveless.     (H.  scabiosaeus  L'He'r.) —  Sandy  barrens,  111.  to  S.  C., 
and  southw.     May,  June. 

2.  H.  corymbbsus  T.  &  G.     More  slender,  glabrate,  naked  above;  bracts 
obovate-oblong,  petaloid  at  apex.  — Woods  and  plains,  Mo.  and  Neb.  to  Tex. 

62.     POLYPTERIS   Nutt. 

Head's  few-flowered,  small  ;  flowers  all  tubular,  deeply  5-parted.  Involucral 
bracts  8-10,  herbaceous.  Achenes  slender-obpyramidal ;  pappus  of  short 
rounded  pales  or  wanting.  —  Scabrous  herbs  with  narrow  short-petioled  mostly 
alternate  leaves,  and  pedunculate  loosely  corymbose  or  paniculate  small  purplish 


844  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

heads.     (Name  from  TroXri-,  many,  and  TTT^US  (wrephv),  wing,  referring  to  the 
pappus  of  some  species.) 

1.  P.  callbsa  (Nutt.)  Gray.  Annual,  slender,  6  dm.  or  less  in  height;  leaves 
linear  ;  peduncles  glandular  ;  involucral  bracts  with  dry  reddish  tips.  — Dry  soil, 
Mo.  to  Tex. ,  etc. 

63.   ACTfNEA  Juss. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  rays  several,  wedge-oblong,  3-toothed,  pistillate. 
Bracts  of  the  hemispherical  involucre  ovate  or  lanceolate,  membranaceous  or 
coriaceous,  nearly  equal,  in  2-3  ranks,  little  shorter  than  the  disk.  Achenes 
top-shaped,  densely  silky-villous  ;  pappus  of  5  or  more  ovate  or  lanceolate  very 
thin  chaffy  scales.  —  Low  herbs,  with  narrow  alternate  leaves,  dotted  with 
resinous  atoms  and  bitter-aromatic  ;  the  solitary  heads  terminating  scapes  or 
slender  naked  peduncles  ;  flowers  yellow.  (Name  from  d/trk,  ray.}  ACTINELLA 
Pers.  PICRADENIA  Hook.  TETRANEURIS  Greene. 

1.  A.  herbacea  (Greene)  Robinson.  Perennial,  caespitose  ;  branches  of  the 
caudex  rather  stout,  bearing  numerous  thickish  spatulate  to  linear  1-nerved 
sparingly  villous  glandular-punctate  leaves  and  scape-like  peduncles  (villous  or 
Ian  ate  especially  toward  the  summit)  ;  heads  (including  the  showy  rays)  3-4 
cm.  in  diameter.  (  Tetraneuris  Greene  ;  Actinella  acaulis,  var.  glabra  Gray,  in 
part.)  — Ottawa  Co.,  O.,  and  about  Joliet,  111. 

64.    HELENIUM    L,     SNEEZE  WEED 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  rays  several,  wedge-shaped,  3-5-cleft,  fertile, 
rarely  sterile.  Involucre  small,  reflexed ;  the  bracts  linear  or  awl-shaped. 
Receptacle  globose  or  ellipsoid.  Achenes  top-shaped,  ribbed ;  pappus  of  5-8 
thin  1-nerved  chaffy  scales,  the  nerve  usually  extended  into  a  bristle  or  point. 
—  Erect  branching  herbs  with  alternate  leaves,  often  sprinkled  with  bitter 
aromatic  resinous  globules  ;  heads  yellow,  rarely  purple,  terminal,  single  or 
corymbed.  (The  Greek  name  of  some  plant,  said  to  be  named  after  Helenus, 
son  of  Priam.) 

*  Leaves  broad,  decurrent  on  the  angled  stem. 

1.  H.   nudiflbrum  Nutt.     Perennial,   somewhat  puberulent,  3-9  dm.  high  ; 
leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  or  oblong  to  linear,  entire,  or  the  radical  spatulate 
and   dentate ;   heads  mostly  small  ;   disk   brownish,  globose  ;   rays  yellow  or 
partly  brown-purple,  sterile  (neutral  or  style  abortive),  shorter  than  or  exceed- 
ing the  disk.  —  111.  and  Mo.  to  N.  C.  and  Tex.  ;  also  abundantly  established 
locally  from  N.  E.  to  Pa.     June-Aug.—  Hybridizes  with  the  next. 

2.  H.  autumnale  L.     Perennial,  nearly  smooth,  0.2-2  m.  high  ;  leaves  mostly 
toothed,  lanceolate  to  ovate-oblong;  heads  larger  (2-4  cm.  broad)  ;  disk  yellow  ; 
rays  fertile,  yellow. — Alluvial  river-banks  and  wet  ground,  w.  Que.  and  w. 
Mass,  to  Man. ,  southw.  and  westw.     Aug.-Oct. 

*  *  Leaves  linear-filiform,  not  decurrent. 

3.  H.  tenuifblium  Nutt.     Glabrous  annual,  much  branched,  very  leafy  ;  heads 
1.5-2  cm.   broad;  rays  fertile.  —  Prairies,  roadsides,  etc.,   Va.   to  Kan.,  and 
southw. ;  locally  established  by  railroads,  etc.,  northeastw.  to  e.  Mass. 

65.    GAILLARDIA  Foug. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  rays  3-cleft  or  -toothed,  neutral  or  sometimes  fertile, 
or  none.  Involucral  bracts  in  2-3  rows,  the  outer  larger,  loose,  and  foliaceous. 
Receptacle  convex  to  globose,  with  bristle-like  or  subulate  or  short  and  soft 
chaff.  Achenes  top-shaped,  6-costate,  villous  ;  pappus  of  5-10  long  thin  awn- 
tipped  scales.  —  Erect  alternate-leaved  herbs  with  long-peduncled  showy  heads 
of  yellow  or  purplish  fragrant  flowers.  (Named  after  Gaillard  de  Charenton- 
neau,  a  botanical  amateur.) 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  845 

1.  G.  lutea  Greene.     Erect  or  nearly  so,  4  dm.  or  more  in  height,  puberulent 
and  somewhat  scabrous,  leafy-stemmed,  branched  above  ;  branches  ascending ; 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  somewhat  amplexicaul  at  the  broadish  base,  toothed  or 
subentire  ;  both  disk-flowers  and  rays  yellow.     (G.  lanceolata  of  auth.,  in  part, 
not  Michx.)  — Mo.  (Bush)  to  Tex. 

2.  G.  aristata  Pursh.     Perennial,  hirsute  ;  leaves  lanceolate  to  oblanceolate, 
broad  or  narrow,  entire  to  coarsely  pinnatifid  ;   disk-flowers  brownish-purple; 
rays  usually  numerous  and  long,  yellow;  chaff  bristly  or  subulate.  —  Minn,  to 
Man.,  westw.  and  south w. ;  now  spreading  eastw. 

66.  DYSSODIA  Cav.     FETID  MARIGOLD 

Heads  many-flowered,  usually  radiate  ;  rays  pistillate.  Involucre  of  1  row  of 
bracts  united  into  a  firm  cup,  with  a  few  loose  bracts  at  the  base.  Receptacle 
flat,  beset  with  short  chaffy  bristles.  Achenes  slender,  4-angled  ;  pappus  a  row 
of  chaffy  scales,  dissected  into  numerous  rough  bristles.  —  Herbs,  mostly  annuals 
or  biennials,  dotted  with  large  pellucid  glands,  which  give  a  strong  odor  ;  heads 
terminating  the  branches ;  flowers  yellow.  (Name  dvwdla,  an  ill  smell,  which 
the  plants  exemplify.)  BOEBERA  Willd. 

1.  D.  pappbsa  (Vent.)  Hitchc.  Nearly  smooth,  diffusely  branched,  1-5  dm. 
high  ;  leaves  opposite,  pinnately  parted,  the  narrow  lobes  bristly-toothed  or  cut ; 
rays  few,  scarcely  exceeding  the  involucre.  (D.  chrysanthemoides  Lag.)  —  Road- 
sides and  banks  of  rivers,  Minn,  to  111.,  Tenn.,  and  south  westw. ;  occasional  as 
a  weed  further  eastw.  July-Oct. 

67.   ACHILLEA   [Vaill.]   L.     YARROW 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  the  rays  few,  fertile.  Involucral  bracts 
imbricated,  with  scarious  margins.  Receptacle  chaffy,  flattish.  Achenes 
oblong,  flattened,  margined ;  pappus  none.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  small 
corymbose  heads.  (So  named  because  its  virtues  are  said  to  have  been  discov- 
ered by  Achilles.) 

*  Leaves  simple  ;  involucre  hemispherical ;  receptacle  low. 

1.  A.  PT-ARMICA  L.     (SNEEZEWEED.)     Stem  rather  rigid,  smooth  or  slightly 
pubescent ;  leaves  lance-linear,  finely  appressed-serrate  ;  corymb  loose,  the  heads 
long-pediceled  ;   rays  8-12,    white,   much  longer  than  the  involucre. — Damp 
fields,  etc.,  Nfd.  to  Mich,  and  Mass.,  local.     Aug.,  Sept.     (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Leaves  bipinnately  parted  ;  involucre  slender-cylindric ;  receptacle  becoming 

elongated. 

•»-  Bays  comparatively  showy,  their  blades  \-%  as  long  as  the  involucre ;  bracts 
with  dark  brown  or  black  margins. 

2.  A.  borealis  Bongard.     Stem  erect,  0.5-4  dm.  high,  more  or  less  lanate ; 
stem-leaves  few  (5-9) ,  silky-lanate  especially  beneath  ;  corymbs  2-6  cm.  broad, 
very  convex ;  involucre  4-6  mm.  long,  its  bracts  all  dark-margined ;  rays  10-20, 
white  (rarely  pink),  short-oblong  or  suborbicular,  2.5-4  mm.  long.  — Wet  rocks 
and  mossy  slopes,  Lab.  to  Alaska,  s.  to  Nfd.,  e.  Que.,  and  along  the  Rocky  Mts. 
to  N.  Mex.    June-Aug.     (Boreal  Eurasia.) 

•H-  -i-  Bays  small,  their  blades  rarely  \  as  long  as  the  involucre ;  bracts  pale, 
very  rarely  the  uppermost  dark-margined. 

3.  A.  Millef&lium  L.     (COMMON  Y.,  MILFOIL.)     Stem  simple  or  sometimes 
forked  above,  3-10  dm.  high,  arachnoid  or  nearly  smooth;  stem-leaves  numerous 
(8-16),  smooth  or  loosely  pubescent ;  corymbs  very  compound,  6-20  cm.  broad, 
flat-topped,  the  branches  stiff ;  involucre  3-5  mm.  long,  its  bracts  all  pale,  or  in 
exposed  situations  the  uppermost  becoming  dark-margined  ;   rays  5-10,  white 
to  crimson,  short-oblong,  1.5-2.5  mm.  long.  —  Fields  and  river-banks,  common. 
(Eurasia. ) 

4.  A.  lanulbsa  Nutt.     Similar;  stem  3-6  dm.  high,  densely  woolly;   stem- 


846 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 


leaves  silky-lanate  ;  corymbs  2-10  cm.  broad,  very  convex;  involucre  pubescent, 
none  of  its  bracts  dark-margined  ;  rays  1-2.5  mm.  long.  — Gravelly  shores  and 
open  ground,  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  to  Mich.,  thence  westw.  and  southwestw.; 
naturalized  in  the  Eastern  States.  (Mex.) 


1005.  A.  Cotula. 
Leaf  and  ray  x  1% 


68.    ANTHEMIS    [Mich.]   L.     CHAMOMILE 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  rays  pistillate  or  (in  no.   1)  neutral.    Invo- 
lucre hemispherical,  of  many  small  imbricated  dry  and  scarious  bracts  shorter 
than  the  disk.     Receptacle  conical,  usually  with  slender  chaff  at  least  near  the 
summit.    Achenes  terete  or  ribbed,  glabrous,  truncate ;  pappus  none  or  a  minute 
crown.  —  Branching  often  strong-scented  herbs,   with  pin- 
nately  dissected  leaves  and  solitary  terminal  heads ;    rays 
white  or  yellow  (rarely  wanting)  ;  disk  yellow.     ('Apfle/^s, 
the  ancient  Greek  name  of  the  Chamoiiiile.) 

*  Bays  white. 
•«-  Chaff  of  the  receptacle  sharp-pointed. 

1.  A.  COTULA  L.     (MAY-WEED,  DOG  FENNEL.)     Annual, 
acrid,  ill-scented ;  leaves  finely  3-pinnately  dissected ;  rays 
mostly    neutral ;    receptacle  without  chaff 

near  the  margin;  pappus  none;  achenes 
tuberculate-roughened.  (Maruta  DC.)  — 
Common  by  roadsides.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 
FIG.  1005. 

2.  A.  ARVENSIS  L.     (CORN  C.)     Pubes- 
cent annual  or  biennial,  resembling  May- 
weed,  but  not  ill-scented ;    leaves    less   finely   1-2-pinnately 
parted  ;  chaff  of  the  receptacle  lanceolate,  pointed,  subtending 
all  the  disk-flowers  and   distinctly   exceeding  them  ;   achenes 
smooth  on  the  sides ;  pappus  a  minute   border.  —  Roadsides, 
waste  places,  etc.,  occasional.      (Adv.  from  Eu.)      FIG.  1006. 
Var.  AGRESTIS  (Wallr.)  DC.     Chaff  of  the  receptacle  shorter 
than  the  disk-flowers.  —  Fields,  etc. ,  becoming  frequent.     (Nat. 
from  Eu.) 

-t-  -t-  Chaff  of  the  receptacle  blunt. 

3.  A.  NOBILIS   L.     (GARDEN   C.)     More  downy  and  perennial,   pleasantly 
strong-scented;  sterile  shoots  depressed  or  creeping;    leaves  very  finely  dis- 
sected ;  pappus  none.  —  Occasionally  spontaneous  about  old  gardens.     (Introd. 
from  Eu.) 

*  *  Bays  yellow. 

4.  A.  TiNCx6RiA  L.     (YELLOW  C.)     Pubescent  perennial;  leaves  pinnately 
divided  ;  heads  long-peduncled,  3-4  cm.  broad ;  chaff  of  the  receptacle  lanceo- 
late ;  pappus  a  short  crown.  —  Fields  and  waste  places,,  becoming  frequent. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 

A.  AUREA  (L.)  DC.,  with  small  rayless  heads  has  been  found  near  St.  Louis, 
Mo.  (Engelmann). 

69.    MATRICARIA   [Tourn.]    L.     WILD  CHAMOMILE 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  rays  pistillate  or  wanting.  Bracts  of  the  involucre 
imbricated,  with  scarious  margins.  Receptacle  conical  (at  least  in  fruit),  naked. 
Achenes  3-5-ribbed,  wingless ;  pappus  a  membranaceous  crown  or  border,  or 
none.  —  Smooth  and  branching  herbs  (ours  annuals  or  biennials)  with  finely 
divided  leaves  and  single  or  corymbed  heads.  Rays  white  or  none  ;  disk  yellow. 
(Named  for  reputed  medicinal  virtues.) 

1.  M.  INODORA  L.  Leaves  bipinnately  divided  into  fine  almost  filiform  lobes  ; 
heads  large,  3-4  cm.  broad,  naked-peduncled,  and  with  many  long  rays;  achenes 


1006.  A.  arvensis. 
Leaf  and  ray  x  1%, 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 


847 


strongly  3-ribbed  ;  pappus  a  short  crown  or  border.  —  Road- 
sides and  fields,  Nfd.  to  Ct.  and  Mich. ;  abundant  in  e.  Me.  and 
adjacent  Canada.  July,  Aug.  (Nat.  from  Eu.)  FIG.  1007. 

2.  M.  CIIAMOMILLA  L.     Similar;   heads  smaller,  about  2 
cm.  broad ;  rays  shorter  ;  receptacle  more  convex ;   achenes 
less  distinctly  ribbed  ;  pappus  obsolete.  —  Roadsides  and  waste 
places,  Atlantic  States,  west  to  O.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.  M.  SUAVEOLENS  (Pursh)  Buchenau.    (PINEAPPLE-WEED.) 
Low ;  leaves   2-3-pinnately-parted    into   short  linear   lobes ; 
heads  rayless,  short-peduncled ;  bracts  oval,  with  broad  mar- 
gins,   much   shorter   than  the    conical    disk ;    achenes  more 
terete  ;  pappus  obsolete  ;  odor  of  the  bruised  plant  suggesting 
pineapple.     (M.  discoidea  DC.;  M.  matricarioides  Porter.) 
—  Roadsides  and  old  fields,  locally  abundant  in  N.  B. ,  N.  E. , 

N.  Y.,  and  Pa.;  also  about  St.  Louis,  Mo.;   naturalized,   probably  from  the 
Pacific  slope,  where  it  is  common.     (Established  in  n.  Eu.) 


100T.   M.  inodora. 
Leaf  x  1%. 


70.    CHRYSANTHEMUM    [Tourn.]   L.     OX-EYE  DAISY 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  rays  numerous,  fertile.  Scales  of  the  broad  and  flat 
involucre  imbricated,  with  scarious  margins.  Receptacle  flat  or  convex,  naked. 
Disk-corollas  with  a  flattened  tube.  Achenes  of  disk  and  ray  similar,  striate. 
—  Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  toothed,  pirmatifid,  or  divided  leaves,  and 
single  or  corymbed  heads.  Rays  white  or  yellow  (rarely  wanting);  disk  yellow. 
(Old  Greek  name,  xPvff^vdf^Qvi  i-e-  golden  flower.) 


*  Heads  large,  solitary,  terminating  the  long  branches. 

1.  C.  LEUC!NTHEMUM  L.  (OX-EYE  or  WHITE  DAISY,  MARGUERITE,  WHITE- 
WEED.)  Stem  erect,  simple  or  forked  toward  the  summit;  basal  leaves  spatu- 
late-obovate,  on  long  slender  petioles,  the  blades  crenate-dentate  ;  middle  and 
upper  stem-leaves  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  coarsely  and 
regularly  crenate  or  dentate  above,  with  larger  spreading 
teeth  at  base;  heads  4-6  cm.  broad;  involucral  bracts 
narrow,  brown-margined  ;  rays  white  (rarely  tubular, 
laciniate,  or  deformed).  —  Fields,  etc.,  Nfd.  and  e.  Que. 

to    N.    J.;    rare    southw.      June-Aug. 

(Nat.  from  Eu.)     FIG.  1008. 

Var.   PINNAT^FIDUM    Lecoq    &    La- 

motte.    Basal  leaves  pinnatifid,  subpin- 

natifid,    or    coarsely    and    irregularly 

toothed  ;  middle  and  upper  stem-leaves 

narrowly  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  con- 

spicuously subpinnatifid  at  base  ;  heads 

usually    smaller    than    in    the    typical 

form.    (Var.  subpinnatiftdum  Fernald.) 

—  Fields  and  meadows,  throughout  ;  an     1008>  c  Leucantheinum. 

abundant  and  pernicious  weed  eastw.  Leaves  x  % 

(Nat.  from  Eu.)     FIG.  1009. 

2.   C.  SEGETUM   L.     (CORN  CHRYSANTHEMUM,  CORN  MARI- 

GOLD.)    Similar  ;  leaves  oblong,  somewhat  clasping,  coarsely 

toothed  or  pinnatifid  ;   rays  golden-yellow  ;  bracts  broad  and 

scarious.  —  Ballast  along  the  coast,  N.  B.  to  N.  J.;  also  in  fields 
near  Schenectady,  N.  Y.  (Wibbe).     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 
*  *  Heads  small,  corymbed. 

3.  C.  PARTHENIUM  (L.)  Bernh.    (FEVERFEW.)    Tall,  branched,  leafy  ;  leaves 
bipinnately  divided,  the  divisions  ovate,  cut;  rays  white.  —  Escaped  from  gar- 
dens, and  naturalized  in  some  places.     (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

4.  C.  BALSAMITA  L.,  var.  TANACETO!DES  Boiss.     (COSTMARY,  MINT   GERA- 
NIUM.)    Leaves  oblong,  crenate,  the  upper  sessile,  the  lower  petioled,  often 


1009.   C.  Leuc., 

v.  pinnat. 
Leaves  x  %. 


848  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

with  2  small  lateral  lobes  at  base  ;  heads  rayless.  —  Frequently  escaped  from 
gardens.     (Introd.  from  Asia.) 

71.    TANACETUM  L.     TANSY 

Heads  many-flowered,  nearly  discoid  ;  flowers  all  fertile,  the  marginal  chiefly 
pistillate  and  3-5-toothed.  Involucre  imbricated,  dry.  Receptacle  convex, 
naked.  Achenes  angled  or  ribbed,  with  a  large  flat  top  ;  pappus  a  short  crown. 

—  Bitter  and  acrid   mostly  strong-scented  herbs  (ours  perennial),  with  1-3- 
pinnately  dissected  leaves,  and  coryrnbed  (rarely  single)  heads.     Flowers  yellow, 
in  summer.     (Name  of  uncertain  derivation.) 

1.  T.  VULGARE  L.  (COMMON  T.)  Stem  0.5-1  m.  high,  smooth;  leaflets  and 
the  wings  of  the  petiole  cut-toothed ;  corymb  dense ;  pistillate  flowers  terete, 
with  oblique  3-toothed  limb  ;  pappus  5-lobed.  — Escaped  from  gardens  to  road- 
sides, etc.  (Introd.  from  Eu.)  Var.  CRfspuM  DC.  Leaves  more  cut  and  crisped. 

—  Frequent  in  similar  places.     (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

2.  T.  huronSnse  Nutt.  Hairy  or  woolly  when  young,  stout,  3-9  dm.  high  ; 
lobes  of  leaves  oblong;  heads  large  (1-2  cm.  wide)  and  usually  few;  pistillate 
flowers  flattened,  3-5-cleft ;  pappus  toothed.  —  River-banks,  e.  Que.  to  N.  B.  and 
n.  Me. ;  shores  of  the  upper  Great  Lakes  ;  coast  of  Ore.,  Wash.,  and  B.  C. 

72.    C6TULA   [Tourn.]   L. 

Heads  hemispherical  to  globose,  many-flowered,  discoid  ;  the  marginal  flowers 
(reduced  rays)  pistillate  and  fertile,  nearly  or  quite  apetalous  ;  disk-flowers 
tubular,  4-toothed,  fertile.  Chaff  none.  Achenes  at  maturity  raised  on  pedi- 
cels, which  remain  attached  to  the  flat  or  moderately  convex  receptacle.  Pappus 
obsolete  or  none.  —  Low  mostly  diffuse  or  creeping  strong-scented  herbs,  with 
alternate  toothed,  lobed,  or  dissected  leaves,  and  pedunculate  heads  of  yellow 
flowers.  (Name  from  KOTI/XTJ,  a  small  cup,  alluding  to  the  hollow  at  the  base  of 
the  amplexicaul  leaves.) 

1.  C.  CORONOPIFOLIA  L.  Branched  from  the  base,  decumbent  and  often 
somewhat  repent,  slightly  fleshy,  nearly  or  quite  smooth  ;  leaves  linear-oblong, 
irregular,  3-m any- toothed  ;  heads  at  length  subglobose,  about  1  cm.  in  diame- 
ter, on  slender  terminal  peduncles.  —  Brackish  mud,  P.  E.  I.  (Churchill};  on 
ballast  about  Chelsea,  Mass. ;  also  on  the  Pacific  coast.  (Adv.  from  s.  Afr.) 

73.    ARTEMISIA  L.     WORMWOOD 

Heads  discoid,  few-many-flowered  ;  flowers  all  tubular,  the  marginal  ones 
pistillate,  or  sometimes  all  similar  and  perfect.  Involucre  imbricated,  dry  and 
scarious.  Receptacle  small  and  flattish,  naked.  Achenes  obovoid,  with  a  small 
summit  and  no  pappus.  —  Herbs  or  shrubby  plants,  bitter  and  aromatic,  with 
small  commonly  nodding  heads  in  panicled  spikes  or  racemes ;  flowering  in 
summer.  Corolla  yellow  or  purplish.  (Ancient  name  of  the  Mugwort,  in 
memory  of  Artemisia,  wife  of  Mausolus.) 

§  1.   Eeceptacle  smooth;  marginal  flowers  pistillate  and  fertile;  disk-flowers 
perfect  but  sterile,  the  style  mostly  entire;  root  perennial,  except  in  no.  1. 

*  Leaves  dissected. 

1.  A.  caudata  Michx.     Glabrous  or  silky,  0.5-1.5  m.  high  ;  upper  leaves  pin- 
nately,  the  lower  2-3-pinnateiy  divided  ;  the  divisions  thread-form,  diverging  ; 
heads  small  (2-3  mm.  broad}  ;  the  racemes  in  a  wand-like  elongated  panicle; 
root  biennial.  —  Sandy  soil,    Atlantic  coast ;   also  Vt.  to   Man.,   westw.   and 
south  west  w. 

2.  A.  canad6nsis  Michx.     Smooth,  or  hoary  with  silky  down,  3-6  dm.  high  •, 
lower  leaves  bipinnately  divided,  the  upper  3-7 -divided ;  divisions  linear,  rather 
rigid;  heads  rather  large  (4-6  mm.  broad),  in  panicled  racemes;  involucre 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  849 

generally  glabrous,  green;  root  perennial.  —  Calcareous  rocks,  Nfd.  to  B.  C.,  s. 
to  n.  N.  E.,  Minn.,  etc.     (Eu.) 

3.  A.  borealis    Pall.      Similar,    1-3  dm.   high ;    lower   leaves    l-2-ternately 
divided;  upper  linear,    mostly   entire ;    heads  fewer,   subracemose;    involucre 
pilose  or  glabrate,  brownish  ;  root  perennial.  —  Arctic  regions,  s.  to  the  serpen- 
tine mts.  of  e.  Que.,  Keweenaw  Point,  Mich.,  Col.,  and  Wash.     (Asia.) 

*  *  Leaves  entire  or  some  3-cleft. 

4.  A.  dracunculoides  Pursh.     Tall  (0.5-1.5  m.),  somewhat  woody  at  base, 
slightly  hoary  or  glabrous;  leaves  narrowly   linear  and  entire  or  the  lower 
3-cleft ;  heads  small  and  numerous,   panicled.  —  Sandy  banks  and  prairies, 
Man.  to  111.,  Mo.,  westw.  and  southwestw. 

5.  A.  glaiica  Pall.     Strict,  3-6  dm.  high,  somewhat  woody  at  base,  minutely 
silky-pubescent  or  glabrate  and  glaucous;  leaves  linear-  to  oblong-lanceolate; 
heads  as  in  the  preceding. — Prairies,  Sask.  to  Minn,  and  N.  Dak.     (Siber.) 

§  2.   Receptacle  smooth  ;  flowers  all  fertile,  a  few  pistillate,  the  others  perfect. 

Two  cultivated  shrubby  species,  from  Europe,  with  filiformly  divided  leaves, 
have  occasionally  escaped  from  gardens  and  become  spontaneous,  viz.  A. 
ABROTANUM  L.  (the  SOUTHERNWOOD),  of  strict  habit,  with  1-2-pinnatiM  leaves 
and  pubescent  heads  ;  and  A.  PROCERA  Willd.,  with  more  spreading  branches, 
all  the  leaves  finely  2-pinnatifid,  and  heads  glabrous. 

*  Branching  perennials,  whitened  with  fine  and  close-pressed  wool;  heads  small, 

in  leafy  panicles. 

6.  A.  serrata  Nutt.     Very  leafy,   1.5-3  m.  high ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  the 
upper  linear,  serrate,  white-tomentose  beneath,  green  above  ;  heads  greenish, 
subcylindric,   4.3  mm.  long  or  less.  —  111.  to  S.  Dak.;  sparingly  naturalized 
eastw. 

7.  A.  longifblia  Nutt.     Stem  0.5-1.5  m.  high  ;  leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceo- 
late, entire,  usually  glabrate  above  ;  heads  subcylindric,  canescent,  4-6  mm.  long. 
—  Minn,  to  Neb.,  and  westw. 

8.  A.  ludoviciana  Nutt.     (WESTERN  MUG  WORT,  WHITE  SAGE.)      Whitened- 
woolly  throughout ;  leaves  lanceolate,  the  upper  mostly  entire,  the  lower  usually 
cut-lobed,  toothed  or  pinnatifid,  the  upper  surface  sometimes  glabrate   and 
green  ;  heads  campanulate,  mostly  sessile  in  slender  panicles.     (Including  A. 
gnaphalodes  Nutt.)  —  Dry  banks,  Sask.  to  Mich.,  111.,  Tex.,  and  westw.;  locally 
naturalized  eastw.  —  Very  variable. 

9.  A.  VULGARIS  L.     (COMMON  MUGWORT.)    Tall ;  leaves  mostly  glabrous  and 
green  above,  the  lower  surface  (and  the  branches)  white-woolly,  all  pinnatifid, 
with  the  divisions  often  cut-lobed,  linear-lanceolate  ;  heads  small,  in  open  pani- 
cles. —  Waste  places  and  roadsides,  and  along  streams,  e.  Que.  to  Ont.  and  Pa. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 

10.  A.  KANS\NA  Britton.     Low,  1-6  dm.  high  ;  leaves  finely  pinnatifid  into 
linear  segments;  heads  densely  woolly,  in  strict  close  panicles. — Plains  and 
foot-hills,  w.  Kan.,  Col.,  and  N.  Mex.;  adventive  eastw. 

*  *  Densely  white-tomentose,  perennial ;  heads  large,  racemose-glomerate  ;  invo- 

lucral  bracts  herbaceous. 

11.  A.   STELLERI\NA   Bess.     (BEACH   W.,  DUSTY   MILLER,   OLD   WOMAN.) 
Stout,  3-6  dm.  high,  from  a  creeping  base  ;  leaves  obovate  or  spatulate,  pin- 
natifid, the  lobes  obtuse.  —  Sandy  sea-beaches,  e.  Que.  to  N.  J.,  and  shores  of 
Oneida  L.,  N.  Y.  (Haberer)',  commonly  cultivated  in  old  gardens,  and  recently 
spreading  extensively  to  sandy  soil.     (Introd.  from  n.  e.  Asia.) 

*  *  *  Less  branched,  biennial  or  annual,  glabrous. 

12.  A.  bi6nnis   Willd.     Strict,    tall ;   lower  leaves  2-pinnately   parted,    the 
upper  pinnatifid ;  lobes  linear,  acute,  in  the  lower  leaves  cut-toothed  ;  heads  in 
short  axillary  spikes  or  clusters,  crowded  in  a  slender  and  glomerate   leafy 
panicle.  — Gravelly  banks,  O.  to  Tenn.,  Mo.,  and  northweatw.;  now  established 
eastw.  by  railroads  and  in  waste  places. 

GRAY'S  MANUAL  —  54 


850  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

13.  A.  ANNUA   L.     Much  branched,  very  sweet-scented;  leaves  2-pinnately 
divided,  the  oblong  segments  deeply  pinnatifid  ;  heads  small,    in  a  loose  ample 
panicle.  —  Waste  places,  etc.,  throughout,  locally  a  bad  weed.     (Nat.  from  Old 
World.) 

§  3.   Receptacle  hairy  ;  flowers  all  fertile,  the  marginal  ones  pistillate. 

14.  A.  ABSINTHIUM  L.      (WORMWOOD.)      Rather    shrubby,    6-9   dm.    high, 
silky-hoary;  leaves  2-3-pinnately  parted  ;  lobes  lanceolate ;  heads  hemispherical, 
panicled. — Roadsides,  dry  banks,  etc.,  thoroughly  established   and   common, 
e.  Can.  and  n.  N.  E.;  elsewhere  local.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

15.  A.  frfgida  Willd.     Low  (1.5-5  dm.  high),  in  tufts,  slightly  woody  at  the 
base,  white-silky  ;  leaves  p innately  parted  and  3-5-cZe/i,  the  divisions  narrowly 
linear;  heads  globose,  racemose.  — Dry  hills  and  rocks,  Sask.  to  Minn.,  w.  Tex., 
and  westw. 

74.    TUSSILAGO   [Tourn.]  L.     COLTSFOOT 

Head  many-flowered  ;  ray-flowers  in  several  rows,  narrowly  ligulate,  pistil- 
late, fertile  ;  disk-flowers  with  undivided  style,  sterile.  Involucre  nearly  simple. 
Receptacle  flat.  Achenes  slender-cylindric  or  prismatic  ;  pappus  copious,  soft, 
and  capillary.  —  Low  perennial,  with  horizontal  creeping  rootstocks,  sending  up 
scaly  scapes  in  early  spring,  bearing  a  single  head,  and  producing  rounded- 
heart-shaped  angled  or  toothed  leaves  later  in  the  season,  woolly  when  young. 
Flowers  yellow.  (Name  from  tussis,  a  cough,  for  which  the  plant  is  a  reputed 
remedy.) 

1.  T.  FARFARA  L.  —  Wet  places  and  along  brooks,  e.  Que.  to  Pa.,  O.,  and 
Minn.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

75.   PETASITES   [Tourn.]    Hill.    SWEET  COLTSFOOT 

Heads  many-flowered,  somewhat  dioecious  ;  in  the  substerile  plant  with  a 
single  row  of  ligulate  pistillate  ray-flowers,  and  many  tubular  sterile  ones  in 
the  disk ;  in  the  fertile  plant  wholly  or  chiefly  of  pistillate  flowers,  tubular  or 
distinctly  ligulate.  Otherwise  as  Tussilago.  —  Perennial  woolly  herbs,  the  leaves 
all  from  the  rootstock,  the  scape  with  sheathing  scaly  bracts,  bearing  heads  of 
purplish  or  whitish  fragrant  flowers  in  a  corymb.  (The  Greek  name  for  the 
Coltsfoot,  from  TT^T  euros,  a  broad-brimmed  hat,  on  account  of  its  large  leaves.) 

*  Pistillate  flowers  ligulate ;  flowers  whitish. 
-t-  Leaves  deeply  lobed. 

1.  P.  palmatus  (Ait.)  Gray.    Leaves  rounded,  somewhat  kidney-form,  pal- 
mately  and  very  deeply  5-7 '-lobed,  the  lobes  toothed  and  cut.  —  Woods,  swamps, 
and  recent  clearings,  Lab.,  to  Alb.,  s.  to  e.  Mass.,  w.  Ct.,  N.  Y.,  Mich.,  Wise.,  and 
Minn.     Apr. -June.  — Full-grown  leaves  1-2.5  dm.  broad. 

•i-  •*-  Leaves  shallowly  or  not  at  all  lobed. 

2.  P.  trigonophyllus  Greene.     Leaves  from  broadly  cordate-deltoid  to  sub- 
orbicular,  closely  invested  beneath  with  dense  white  tomentum,  the  7-11  shal- 
low lobes  more  or  less  sharply  toothed,  in  maturity  0.5-1.5  dm.  broad.  —  Wet 
meadows,  local,  Gasp6  Co.,  Que.,  Sask.,  and  n.  Minn.     May. 

3.  P.  sagittatus  (Pursh)  Gray.     Leaves  deltoid-oblong  to  reniform-hastate, 
acute   or  obtuse,    repand-dentate,   very  white-tomentose  beneath,  when   fully 
grown  1.7-2.5  dm.  broad.  — Cold  swamps,  Lab.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to  Minn.,  Col.,  etc. 
May,  June. 

*  *  Ligules  none ;  flowers  purplish. 

4.  P.  VULGARIS  Hill.     (BUTTERBUR.)     Rootstock  very  stout ;  leaves  round- 
cordate,  angulate-dentate  and  denticulate.  —  Waste  or  cultivated  ground,  e.  Mass, 
and  e.  Pa.     Apr.,  May.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  851 

76.    ARNICA  L. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  rays  pistillate.  Bracts  of  the  bell-shaped  involucre 
lanceolate,  equal,  somewhat  in  2  rows.  Receptacle  flat,  fimbrillate.  Achenes 
slender  or  spindle-shaped ;  pappus  a  single  row  of  rather  rigid  and  strongly 
roughened-denticulate  bristles.  —  Perennial  herbs  (chiefly  of  mountains  and  cold 
northern  regions),  with  simple  stems,  bearing  single  or  corymbed  large  heads 
and  opposite  leaves.  Flowers  yellow.  (Name  thought  to  be  a  corruption  of 
Ptarmica. ) 

*  Basal  leaves  petioled ;  stem  leafy. 

•*-  Basal  leaves  tapering  to  the  petiole. 
•M-  Pappus  barbellate,  bright  white. 

1.  A.  chionopappa  Fernald.     Stem  0.7-3.5  dm.  high,  villous  with  flat  white 
hairs;  leaves  3-5  pairs,  lanceolate  to  narrowly  ovate,  mostly  confined  to  the 
lower  half  of  the  stem,  the  basal  on  very  long  slender  petioles  ;  the  lower  cauline 
petioled,  the  upper  sessile  and  much  reduced;  heads  1-3,  3-4  cm.  broad  ;  invo- 
lucre villous,  the  linear-  or  lance-attenuate   bracts  7-10  mm.  long  ;  achenes 
3.5-5  mm.  long,  densely  setulose  ;  pappus  in  fruit  5-6.5  mm.  long.  —  Cold  lime- 
stone cliffs  and  ledges,  e.  Que.  and  n.  N.  B.     June,  July. 

•w-  -W-  Pappus  plumose,  sordid. 

2.  A.  m611is  Hook.     Stem  1.5-7  dm.  high,  more  or  less  crisp-villous  through- 
out, somewhat  glandular  above ;  leaves  oblanceolate  to  ovate,  the  basal  slender- 
petioled  ;   the  cauline  (3-5  pairs)  mostly  sessile,  0.3-1.5  dm.  long,  the  upper- 
most only  slightly  smaller;  heads   1-9,  on  short  (3-12   cm.  long)  naked  or 
rarely  bracted  glandular-villous  peduncles,  4-6  cm.  broad  ;  involucre  glandular 
and  villous,  its  lance-attenuate  often  purple-tipped  bracts  1-1.6  cm.  long  ;  achenes 
hirsute,  4-5  mm.  long,  shorter  than  the  plumose  yellow-brown  or  olive-tinged 
pappus.     (A.  Chamissonis  Man.,  ed.  6,  not  Less.;  A.  lanceolata  Nutt.)  —  Banks 
of  streams,  e.  Que.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to  the  mts.  of  Me.  and  N.  H.,  Col.,  and  Cal. 
June-Aug. 

Var.  petiolaris  Fernald.  Leaves  narrow,  oblanceolate,  all  but  the  very 
uppermost  tapering  to  slender  petioles;  heads  3-4  cm.  broad;  involucral  bracts 
scarcely  1  cm.  long.  — By  alpine  brooks,  Me.,  N.  H.,  and  n.  N.  Y. 

H-  -»-  Basal  leaves  rounded  or  cordate  at  base. 

3.  A.  cordifblia  Hook.     Stem  1.5-6  dm.  high,  more  or  less  villous  throughout, 
glandular  above  ;  basal  and  lower  cauline  leaves  ovate,  coarsely  dentate,  slender- 
petioled,.  upper  short-petioled  or  subsessile  ;  heads  1-8,  slender-peduncled,  6-7 
cm.  broad ;  involucre  villous,  especially  at  base  ;   bracts  lanceolate  to  oblong, 
acuminate,  1.3-2   cm.  long ;   rays  about   15  ;   achenes  hirsute  ;   pappus  white, 
barbellate.  —  Very  local,  n.  Mich.;  Yukon  to  S.  D.,  Col.,  Utah,  and  Cal. 

*  *  Basal  leaves  rosulate,  broad  and  sessile  ;  stem-leaves  remote  and  small. 

4.  A.  acaiilis  (Walt.)  BSP.    Hairy  and  rather  glandular,  1  m.  or  less  in 
height ;  leaves  thickish,  3-5-nerved,  ovate  or  oblong ;  heads  several,  corymbed, 
showy.     (A.  nudicaulis  Nutt.)  —Damp  pine  barrens,  Del.,  s.  Pa.,  and  south w. 
May,  June. 

77.   ERECHTlTES  Raf.    FIREWEED 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  flowers  all  tubular  and  fertile ;  the  marginal 
pistillate,  with  a  slender  corolla.  Bracts  of  the  cylindrical  involucre  in  a  single 
row,  linear,  acute,  with  a  few  small  bractlets  at  the  base.  Receptacle  naked. 
Achenes  oblong,  tapering  at  the  end  ;  pappus  copious,  of  very  fine  and  white 
soft  hairs.  —  Erect  and  coarse  annuals,  of  rank  smell,  with  alternate  simple 
leaves,  and  paniculate-corymbed  heads  of  whitish  flowers.  (The  ancient  name 
of  some  species  of  Groundsel,  probably  called  after  Erechtheus.} 

1.   E.  hieracif61ia  (L.)  Raf.    Often  hairy;  stem  grooved,  0.3  to  3  m.  high  ; 


852  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  acute,  cut-toothed,  sessile,  the  upper  auricled  at 
base  or  petioled.  —  Moist  woods,  and  in  recently  burned  clearings,  whence  the 
popular  name  ;  common,  especially  northw.  July-Sept. 

78.    CACALIA  L.     INDIAN  PLANTAIN 

Heads  5-many-fiowered  ;  the  flowers  all  tubular  and  perfect.  Involucral 
bracts  in  a  single  row,  erect,  connivent,  with  a  few  bractlets  at  the  base. 
Receptacle  naked.  Corolla  deeply  5-cleft.  Achenes  oblong  or  slender-cylindric, 
smooth;  pappus  of  numerous  soft  capillary  bristles. — Smooth  and  tall  peren- 
nial herbs,  with  alternate  often  petioled  leaves,  and  rather  large  heads  in  flat 
corymbs.  Flowers  white  or  whitish.  (An  ancient  name,  of  uncertain  meaning.) 

*  Involucre  25-3Q-flowered,  with  several  bracts  at  its  base;  receptacle  flat. 

1.  C.    suavdolens   L.      Stem   grooved,    1-1.6   m.    high ;    leaves  triangular- 
lanceolate,   halberd-shaped,   pointed,    serrate,    those   of    the    stem   on  winged 
petioles.     (Synosma  Raf.) — River-banks,  rich  woods,  etc.,  Ct.  to  la.,  Minn., 
arid  southw.  in  the  Allegheny  region  to  Fla.;  Newton,  Mass.  (Farlow},  where 
probably  an  escape.     Aug. ,  Sept. 

*  *  Involucre  5-bracted  and  ^-flowered,  its  basal  bracts  minute  or  none  ;  recepta- 
cle bearing  a  more  or  less  evident  scale-like  pointed  appendage  in  the  center. 

2.  C.  renif6rmis  Muhl.     (GREAT  INDIAN  P.)     Not  glaucous;   stem   1-3  m. 
high,   grooved  and   angled ;    leaves   green   on   both  sides,   dilated-fan-shaped, 
or  the  lowest  kidney-form,  3-6  dm.  broad,  repand-toothed  and  angled,  palmately 
veined,  petioled  ;  the  teeth  pointed  ;  corymbs  large.     (Mesadenia  Raf.)  —  Rich 
damp  woods,  N.  J.  to  Minn.,  and  southw.  along  the  mts.  to  N.  C.  and  Tenn. 
July,  Aug. 

3.  C.  atriplicifblia  L.     (PALE  INDIAN  P.)     Glaucous ;   stem  terete,  1-2  m. 
high;  leaves  palmately  veined  and  angulate-lobed ;  the  lower  triangular-kidney- 
form  or  slightly  heart-shaped  ;   the  upper  rhomboid  or  wedge-form,  toothed. 
{Mesadenia  Raf.) — Rich  woodlands  and  prairies,  N.  J.  to  Minn.,  Kan.,  and 
southw.  in  the  Alleghenies  to  Ga. 

4.  C.  tuberbsa  Nutt.     Stem   angled   and  grooved,  6-20   dm.  high,  from   a 
thick  tuberous  root;  leaves  green  on  both  sides,  thick,  strongly  b-1-nerved;  the 
lower  lance-ovate  or  oval,  nearly  entire,  tapering  into  long  petioles ;  the  upper 
on  short  margined  petioles,  sometimes  toothed  at  apex.     (Mesadenia  Britton.)  — 
Wet  prairies,  etc.,  O.  and  w.  Ont.  to  Minn.,  Kan.,  and  southw. 

79.    SENECIO    [Tourn.]    L.     GROUNDSEL.     RAGWORT.     SQUAW-WEED 
REVISED  BY  J.  M.  GREENMAN 

Heads  many-flowered ;  rays  pistillate  or  none ;  involucre  cylindrical  to  bell- 
shaped,  simple  or  with  a  few  bractlets  at  the  base,  the  bracts  erect-connivent. 
Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Pappus  of  numerous  very  soft  and  capillary  bristles.  — 
Ours  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves  and  solitary  or  corymbed  heads.  Flowers 
chiefly  yellow.  (Name  from  senex,  an  old  man,  alluding  to  the  hoariness  of 
many  species,  or  to  the  white  hairs  of  the  pappus.) 

a.    Annuals  (rarely  becoming-  biennial) ;   stems  leafy  to  the  inflores- 
cence; heads  medium-sized,  1  cm.  or  less  high  during  anthesis  6. 
6.   Heads  discoid 1.  S.  vulgaris. 

b.  Heads  radiate  ;  rays  inconspicuous. 

Pubescence  viscid-glandular 2.  &  viscosus. 

Pubescence  not  viscid-glandular 3.   S.  sylvaticus. 

.   Heads  radiate  ;  rays  conspicuous. 

Leaves  irregularly  laciniate-dentate  to  entire ;  plant  pubescent  .      4.   S.  palustris. 
Leaves  lyrate  or  pinnately  divided  ;  plant  glabrous      .        .  5.   S.  gldbellus. 

«.    Biennials  or  perennials  c. 

c.  Heads  medium-sized,  in  anthesis  about  1  cm.  long  d. 

A.  Stems  leafy  to  the  inflorescence  ;  leaves  mostly  2-3-pinnatisect  .      6.  S.  Jaeobaea. 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  853 

d.  Stems  mostly  leafy  below,  nearly  naked  above ;  leaves  variable ; 
the  lower  ovate,  obovate,  or  oblanceolate ;  the  upper  much 
reduced,  often  bract-like  e. 

6.    Pubescence  when  present  floccose-lanate  and  confined  chiefly 
to  the  base  of  the  stem  and  to  the  leaf-axils  /. 

/.    Heads  discoid 7.  &  discoideus. 

f.   Heads  radiate  (except  in  S.  obovatus,  var.  elongatus)  g. 
g.   Lower  leaves  obovate,  occasionally  subrotund  or  oblong ; 

stolons  when  well  developed  slender  and  creeping      .      8.   &  obovatus. 
g.  Lower  leaves  subrotund  to  lanceolate ;  the  earliest  leaves 
•ordate  or  subeordate^  usually  long-petioled ;  stolons 
short  and  stout,  assurgent. 
Basal  leaves  all  broad-ovate,  deeply  cordate  and  relatively 

large     .        .        . 9.  S.  aureus. 

Basal  leaves  mostly  lanceolate ;  onlv  the  earliest  ones 

subrotund,  cordate,  and  relatively  small  .        .        .10.   S.  Robbinsii. 
g.  Lower  leaves    oblong-oblanceolate  to  spatulate,   usually 
narrowed  gradually  at  the  base ;  the  earliest  rarely 
subrotund  or  oblong. 

Stem  but  slightly  woolly  at  the  base,  comparatively  few- 
headed         11.   S.  Balsamitae. 

Stern  rather  densely  and  permanently  woolly  at  the  base ; 

heads  usually  numerous 12.  S.  Smallii. 

0.   Pubescence  white-lanate  and  more  or  less  persistent  over  stem 

and  leaves  (rarely  in  no.  13  completely  absent). 
Basal  leaves  subrotund-ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate. 

Stem-leaves  deeply  and  irregularly  divided         .        .        .13.   S.  plattensis. 
Stem-leaves  usually  dentate,  not  deeply  divided,  only  a 

few  at  most  lyrate 14.  S.  tomentosus. 

Basal  leaves  oblong-obovate,  oblanceolate,  or  spatulate. 

Eastern  species 15.  S.  antennariifolius. 

Western  species 16.  S.  canus. 

e.   Pubescence  of  crisp-hirsute  or  subvillous  hairs,  not  floccose 

or  lanate,  rarely  quite  glabrous     .        .        .        .        .        .    IT.   S.  integerrimux. 

G.   Heads  larger,  1.5-2  cm.  high  during  anthesis    0        .        .        .        .    18.  S.  Pseudo-Arnica. 

1.  S.  VDLGA.RIS  L.      (COMMON  GROUNDSEL.)     Low  annual,  1-5  dm.   high, 
corymbosely  branched,  glabrate,  leafy  to  the  inflorescence  ;   leaves  pinnatifid 
and  toothed,  1-8  cm.  long,  0.5-3  cm.  broad  ;  calyculate  bracts  (bracteoles)  of 
the  involucre  distinctly  black-tipped ;  rays  none  ;   achenes  hirtellous.  —  Waste 
grounds,  common.     July-Sept.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  S.  visc6sus  L.      Coarser,  1.5-4  dm.  high,  viscid-pubescent  and  heavy- 
scented  ;  leaves  pinnatifid  with  toothed  segments  or  2-pinnatifid,  2-10  cm.  long, 
0.5-5  cm.  broad  ;  calyculate  bracts  (bracteoles)  of  the  involucre  not  black-tipped ; 
rays  minute,  bright  yellow.  —  Waste  grounds,  coast  of  e.  Que.  to  N.  E.;  also  on 
ballast  near  Philadelphia.     July-Sept.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

3.  S.  sYLvAxicus  L.     Stem  erect,  1-7  dm.  high,  simple  or  branched,  some- 
what pubescent ;  lower  leaves  petioled  and  more  or  less  lyrate,  the  upper  pin- 
natifid with  unequal  lobes,  sessile  and  sagittate  at  the  clasping  base,  2-15  cm. 
long,  1-8  cm.  broad  ;  inflorescence  corymbose,  naked  or  nearly  so  ;  heads  cylin- 
drical ;   involucre  barely  calyculate ;  ligules  but  slightly  surpassing  the  disk- 
flowers.  —  Clearings  and  waste  places,  Nfd.  and  e.  Que.  to  Me.,  chiefly  near  the 
coast ;  also  near  Painesville,  O.     July-Sept.     (Nat.  from  Eu. ) 

4.  S.  palustris  (L.)  Hook.     Annual  or  biennial,  loosely  villous  to  nearly  gla- 
brous ;  stem  stout,  2-7  dm.  high  ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  irregularly  toothed 
or  laciniate,  the  upper  with  a  heart-shaped  clasping  base  ;  rays  20  or  more, 
short,  pale  yellow  ;  pappus  copious  and  becoming  very  long.  —  Wet  grounds,  la. 
to  n.  Wise.,  N.  Dak.,  and  north w.     June-Sept.     (Eu.) 

5.  S.  glab611us  Poir.     (BUTTER-WEKD.)     Rather  tall,  2-5  dm.  or  more  high  ; 
leaves  somewhat  fleshy,  lyrate  or  pinnately  divided,'  divisions  crenate  or  cut- 
lobed,  variable  ;  heads  less  than  1  cm.  high,  in  a  naked  corymbose  inflorescence  ; 
rays  6-12,  conspicuous.     (S.  lobatus  Pers.)  —  Wet  grounds,  N.  C.  to  centr.  111., 
Mo.,  and  south  w.     March-June. 

6.  S.  JACOBAEA  L.     (STINKING  WILLIE.)     Arachnoid-tomentulose  to  nearly 
glabrous  ;  stem  erect,  2-6  dm.  or  more  high  ;   basal  leaves  somewhat  lyrate  , 
those  of  the  stem  2-3-pinnatisect,  sessile,  2-15  cm.  long,  1-7  cm.  broad ;  inflo- 
rescence a  many-headed  corymbose  cyme  ;  heads  radiate.  — Roadsides,  pastures, 
and  ballast,  Nfd.  and  e.  Que.  to  Me.,  and  locally  to  Ont.  and  N.  J.     July-Aug. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 


854  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

7.  S.  discoideus  (Hook.)  Britton.     Stems  erect,  2-8  dm.  high,  striate  ;  lower 
leaves  broadly  ovate,  1.5-8  cm.  long,  1-4.5  cm.  broad,  rounded  or  obtuse  at  the 
apex,  crenate  to  coarsely  dentate,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  slightly  winged 
petiole  equaling  or  exceeding  the  blade  ;  inflorescence  subumbellate  ;  heads  on 
rather  long  peduncles,  discoid'  involucre  sparingly  calyculate ;   bracts  of  the 
involucre  slightly  shorter  than  the  flowers  of  the  disk,  often  purplish-tipped ; 
achenes  glabrous. — Calcareous  ledges,  or  in  damp  thickets,  e.  Que.,  n.  Mich., 
northw.  and  westw.     June-Aug. 

8.  S.  obovatus  Muhl.     Stem  3-6  dm.  hign,  bearing  flagelliform  stolons  at. 
base;  lower  leaves  obovate,  1-10  cm.  long,  two  thirds  as  broad,  gradually  nar- 
rowed into  a  narrowly  ivinged  petiole,  crenate-dentate,  glabrous  on  both  sur- 
faces ;  upper  stem-leaves  pinnatifid,  sessile ;  inflorescence  a  corymbose  cyme, 
riot  infrequently  umbellate  ;  heads  radiate  ;  achenes  glabrous.     ($.  aureus,  var. 
T.  &  G.)  —  Calcareous  ledges  and  open  woods,  e.  Mass,  and  s.  Vt.  to  N.  C.,  Ala., 
Ark.,  and  Kan.     Apr. -Aug. 

Var.  rotiindus  Britton.  Lower  leaves  more  or  less  orbicular  or  rotund,  other- 
wise like  the  species.  —  On  moist  banks  and  rocks,  centr.  0.,  and  south  westw. 

Var.  elongatus  (Pursh)  Britton.  Habit  and  foliage  of  the  typical  form,  but 
with  elongated  peduncles  and  discoid  heads.  —  Near  Easton,  Pa.  May,  June. 

9.  S.  aiireus  L.     (GOLDEN  R. )     Stems  erect  from  rather  slender  rootstocks, 
3-8  dm.  high,  at  first  often  lightly  floccose-tomentose,  soon  glabrate  ;    lower 
leaves  long-petioled,  ovate-rotund  to  slightly  oblong,  1.5-8  cm.  long,  two  thirds 
as  broad,  crenate-dentate  ;  stem-leaves  lyrate  to  laciniate-pinnatifid  ;  the  upper- 
most sessile,  amplexicaul,  often  bract-like  ;   inflorescence   cymose-corymbose  ; 
heads  radiate  ;  rays  yellow  ;  achenes  glabrous.  —  In  wet  meadows,  moist  thick- 
ets, and  swamps,  Nfd.,  s.  to  Va.,  w.  to  Wise.,  Mo.,  and  Ark.     May-Aug. 

Var.  gracilis  (Pursh)  Britton.  Somewhat  more  slender,  with  lower  stems, 
smaller  leaves,  and  fewer  heads.  —  Pa.  and  Mich.  May,  June. 

10.  S.  Robbinsii  Oakes.     Stems  strict,  5-8  dm.  high ;  the  first  leaves  small, 
ovate-rotund  to  ovate-oblong,  1-3  cm.  long,  from  two  thirds  to  nearly  or  quite 
as  broad,  crenate-dentate  to  rather  sharply  toothed  ;  the  later  radical  and  lower 
cauline  leaves  lanceolate  to  slightly  oblong-lanceolate,  3-10  cm.  long,  1.5-3  cm. 
broad,  sharply  and  somewhat  unequally  dentate-serrate;  the  uppermost  leaves 
much  reduced;  inflorescence   cymose-corymbose;  achenes  pubescent. — In  wet 
meadows  or  swamps,  N.  B.  and  N.  S.  to  n.  N.Y.     June,  July. 

11.  S.  Balsamitae  Muhl.     Stems  1.5-3  dm.  high,  slightly  woolly  or  floccose- 
tomentose  at  the  base,  nearly  or  quite  glabrous  above  ;  lower  leaves  mostly  ob- 
long-oblanceolate  (rarely  oblong-elliptic),  1-5  cm.  long,  0.5-1.5  (rarely  3)  cm. 
broad,  gradually  narrowed  at  the  base  into  the  petiole,  crenate-dentate  to  rather 
sharply  dentate-serrate,  often  pubescent  in  the  early  stages  and  glabrate,  or  gla- 
brous from  the  beginning ;  petioles  usually  not  much  exceeding  the  blade  ;  the 
upper  leaves  lyrate,  pinnatifid,  or  much  reduced  and  entire  ;  achenes  glabrous 
or  pubescent.    (S.  aureus,  var.  T.  &  G.)  — Gaspe"  Co.,  Que.,  to  Md..  Tenn.,  111., 
and  Mich.,  thence  north  westw.  essentially  across  the  continent.     May-Aug. — 
A  variable  species.     In  shaded  alluvium  passing  into  forms  essentially  glabrous, 
with  more  pronounced  foliar  development.     Var.  PAUPERCULUS  (Michx.)  Fer- 
nald.     Smaller,  sometimes  not  over  3  cm.  in  height,  and  with  the  inflorescence 
not  infrequently  reduced  to  a  single  head.  —  In  cool  or  much  exposed  situations, 
Me.,  and  northw.     July- Aug. 

Var.  prae!6ngus  Greenman.  Taller  ;  lower  leaves  long-petioled  ;  stem-leaves 
rather  large,  often  1  dm.  in  length,  2  cm.  in  breadth,  pinnatifid  with  remote 
lateral  lobes  and  deep  rounded  sinuses  ;  achenes  hirtellous-pubescent.  —  Rocky 
woods  and  banks,  Mass.,  Vt.,  and  N.  Y.  June,  July. 

Var.  Crawf6rdii  (Britton)  Greenman.  Lower  leaves  slender-petioled  ;  the 
blade  oblong-elliptic,  2-6  cm.  long,  1-3  cm.  broad,  mostly  rather  sharply  serrate- 
dentate  ;  petioles  1.5  dm.  or  less  in  length;  involucral  bracts  7-8  mm.  long. 
(8.  Crawfordii  Britton.)—  Near  Philadelphia  (Crawford).  May. 

12.  S.  Smallii  Britton.     Stem  tall,  erect,  2.5-7  dm.  high,  simple  to  the  in- 
florescence, densely  and  persistently  woolly  at  the  base  ;  lower  leaves  lanceolate 
or  oblanceolate,  2.5  dm.  or  less  in  length,  1-2  cm.  broad,  crenate-dentate  to 


COMPOSITAE    (COMPOSITE   FAMILY)  855 

rather  sharply  serrate;  upper  stem-leaves  sessile,  pinnatifid  with  remotish  seg- 
ments and  rounded  sinuses  ;  inflorescence  cymose-corymbose,  many-headed  ; 
heads  radiate,  6-8  cm,  high  during  anthesis  ;  achenes  usually  hispidulous  along 
the  angles.  —  Va.,  and  south w.  May,  June. 

13.  S.  plattSnsis  Nutt.     Stems  one  to  several,  simple  or  branched  from  the 
base,  1.5-6  dm.  high ;  lower  leaves  petiolate,  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  5-10  cm. 
long,  1-2.5  cm.   broad,  crenate-dentate  to  deeply  and  irregularly  pinnatifid, 
thickish  and  as  well  as  the  stem  usually  white-tomentose,  more  or  less  glabrate  ; 
inflorescence  a  corymbose  cyme  ;    heads  about  I  cm.  high,  radiate  ;   achenes 
commonly  hispidulous.  —  Dry,  sandy,  or  gravelly  soil,  s.  w.  Ont.  to  e.  Mont, 
and  Tex.     Apr. -July. 

14.  S.  toment6sus  Michx.     (WOOLLY  R.)     Clothed  with  scarcely  deciduous 
hoary  wool;  stems  3-6  dm.  high  ;   basal  leaves  oblong,  2-15  cm.  long,  1-7  cm. 
broad,  obtuse,  crenate  or  entire,  often  on  elongated  stout  petioles,  2.5  dm.  or 
less  in  length  ;  the  stem-leaves  similar,  lyrate-pinnatijld  to  entire  ;  inflorescence 
cymose-corymbose  ;  heads  radiate  ;  rays  12-15.  —  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.    Apr.- 
June. 

15.  S.  antennariifblius  Britton.     Stem  erect,  3-4  dm.  high  ;  leaves  mostly 
basal,  oblong-obovate  to  spatulate,  including  the  petiole  3-6  cm.  long,  0.5-1.5 
cm.  broad,  rounded  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  somewhat  remotely  and  shallowly 
angulate-dentate,  narrowed  below  into  the  petiole,  finely  and  densely  matted- 
tomentose  beneath,  loosely  floccose-tomentose  above  ;  stem-leaves  sublyrate  or 
merely  dentate,  the  uppermost  reduced  to  linear  entire  bracts  ;    inflorescence 
cymose-corymbose,  few-headed  ;  heads  radiate  ;  achenes  papillose-hirsute  along 
the  angles.  —  Blue  Ridge,  Va.    June. 

16.  S.  canus  Hook.     Usually  low,  1.5-3.5  dm.  high,  persistently  tomentose, 
rarely  at  all  glabrate;  lower  leaves  oblong-oblanceolate  or  subspatulate,  includ- 
ing the  petiole  5-10  cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  broad,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  apex, 
entire  or  sparingly  toothed,  white-tomentose  on  both  surfaces,  rarely  glabrate 
above  ;  stem-leaves  entire  or  slightly  pinnatifid,  the  uppermost  becoming  sessile 
and  not  infrequently  clasping  the  stem  by  a  sub-auriculate  base  ;  inflorescence 
few-headed  ;  heads  10-12  mm.  high,  radiate  ;  involucre  arachnoid-tomentose  to 
nearly  glabrous,  sparingly  calyculate  ;    ray-flowers  commonly  8  ;    disk-flowers 
numerous.  — Sask.,  Alb.,  and  along  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  Col.,  eastw.  to  n.  Minn, 
(according  to  Upham).    June-Aug. 

17.  S.  integlrrimus  Nutt.     Covered  when  young  with  long  jointed  crisp-hir- 
sute or  subvillous  hairs,  soon  more  or  less  glabrate  ;  lower  leaves  oblong-lanceo- 
late or  suboblong,  including  the  narrowly  winged  petiole  usually  1-2  dm.  long, 
1-4  cm.  broad,  entire  or  denticulate  ;  the  upper  bract-like,  attenuate  from  a 
broad  subclasping  base;  inflorescence  few-headed;  heads  10-12  mm.  high;  in- 
volucral  bracts  usually  green-tipped.  —  Sask.,  Man.,  Dak.,  la.,  and  westw.    May- 
July. 

18.  S.  Pseudo- Arnica  Less.    Loosely  white-woolly,  sometimes  becoming  gla- 
brous ;   stem  stout,  0.5-10  dm.  high,  leafy  above,  often  nearly  naked  below; 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  subovate,  0.5-1.5  dm.  long,  1-5  cm.  broad,  repand- 
dentate  to  subentire,  the  lower  tapering  into  a  narrow  petiole-like  base,  the 
upper  sessile  ;  heads  1.5-2  cm.  high  ;  rays  20  or  more,  yellow.  —  Gravelly  beaches, 
e.  Me.  to  Lab.;  and  in  the  Alaskan  region. 

80.  ARCTIUM  L.    BURDOCK 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  flowers  all  tubular,  perfect,  similar.  Involucre  globu- 
lar ;  the  imbricated  bracts  coriaceous  and  appressed  at  base,  attenuate  to  long 
stiff  points  with  hooked  tips.  Receptacle  bristly.  Achenes  oblong,  flattened, 
wrinkled  transversely  ;  pappus  short,  of  numerous  rough  bristles,  separate  and 
deciduous. — Coarse  biennial  weeds,  with  large  unarmed  petioled  roundish  or 
ovate  mostly  cordate  leaves  floccose-tomentose  beneath,  and  small  solitary  or 
clustered  heads ;  flowers  purple,  rarely  white.  (Name  probably  from  d/j/cros, 
a  bear,  from  the  rough  involucre.) 

1.  A.  LAPPA  L.     (GREAT  B.)     Heads  subcorymbose,  3-5  cm.  broad;  invo- 


856  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

lucre  glabrous ;  bracts  straightish,  lance-  to  linear-attenuate.  (A.  Lappa,  var. 
majus  Gray;  A.  majus  Bernh.)  —  Roadsides  and  waste  places,  N.  B.,  N.  E., 
and  probably  westw.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  A.  MINUS  Bernh.  (COMMON  B.)  Heads  racemose  or  subracemose,  1.5-3 
cm.  broad;  involucre  glabrous  or  arachnoid;  bracts  shorter,  more  slender  and 
more  arcuate  than  in  the  preceding.  (A.  Lappa,  var.  Gray.) — Similar  situa- 
tions, too  common  throughout  our  range  except  on  the  northeastern  borders 
where  largely  replaced  by  the  preceding.  —  Including  A.  Lappa,  var.  tomen- 
tosum  Gray,  a  form  differing  only  in  its  more  or  less  arachnoid  involucre,  and 
apparently  less  marked  or  characteristic  than  the  European  A.  tomentosum  Mill. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 

81.    ECHINOPS   L.     GLOBE  THISTLE 

Heads  1 -flowered,  many,  aggregated  in  dense  globular  capitate  clusters,  the 
common  involucre  of  small  reflexed  bracts.  Proper  involucres  cylindrical,  of 
several  series  of  unequal  imbricated  spinescent  paleaceous  bracts  ;  corollas  with 
slender  tube  and  cylindric  5-parted  limb.  Filaments  glabrous.  Achenes  cylin- 
drical or  somewhat  tetragonal ;  pappus  coroniform  or  of  many  short  distinct  or 
connate  subpaleaceous  bristles.  —  Stately  thistle-like  herbs,  with  alternate  spinose 
pinnatifid  or  dentate  leaves,  and  large  globose  terminal  (compound)  heads  of 
whitish  or  bluish  flowers.  (Name  from  <?xZVos,  hedgehog,  and  6\j/is,  appearance, 
from  the  bristly  nature  of  the  armed  foliage  or  perhaps  of  the  spreading  indi- 
vidual heads  in  the  dense  spherical  glomerules.) 

1.  E.  SPHAEROCEPHALUS  L.  Tall,  1-2  m.  high,  grayish-  or  white-arachnoid 
on  the  stem  and  lower  surface  of  leaves.  — Frequent  in  cultivation  and  not  rare 
as  an  escape  upon  waste-heaps,  etc.  (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

82.    CARDUUS    [Tourn.]    L.     PLUMELESS  THISTLE 

Bristles  of  the  pappus  naked  (not  plumose),  merely  rough  or  denticulate.  — 
Leaves  conspicuously  decurrent,  spiny ;  wings  of  stem  spiny.  Otherwise  as  in 
Cirsium.  (The  ancient  Latin  name.) 

*  Heads  large,  nodding,  solitary  on  long  nearly  naked  peduncles ;  involucre 

3-4  cm.  in  diameter. 

1.  C.  NtrTANS  L.     (MusK  THISTLE.)     Biennial ;  heads  solitary,  hemispherical, 
3-5  cm.  broad  ;  bracts  lanceolate,  the  outer  reflexed;  flowers  purple.  —  Fields 
near  Harrisburg,  Pa. ;  also  pastures,  waste  places,  and  ballast,  n.  to  N.  B.  and 
Que.    June-Oct.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Heads  smaller,  chiefly  clustered  at  the  ends  of  winged  branches ;  involucre 

1-2.5  cm.  in  diameter. 

2.  C.  ACANTHOIDES  L.     Annual  or  biennial ;  involucre  hemispherical,  1.5-2.5 
cm.  broad  ;  bracts  linear,  the  outer  somewhat  herbaceous  and  spreading  ;  flowers 
rose-purple  ;  corollas  about  18  mm.  long.  —  Waste  places  and  ballast,  N.  S.  to 
N.  J.     June- Aug.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.  C.  CRfspus  L.     Annual  or  biennial ;  heads  mostly  clustered  and  sessile  or 
nearly  so;  involucre  ovoid,  1-1.3  cm.  broad;  bracts  linear-attenuate,  the  outer 
rather  rigid,  hardly  spreading  ;  flowers  purple  or  white  ;  corollas  about  14  mm. 
long.  —  Roadsides,  Sydney,  Cape  Breton  ;  Philadelphia,  Pa. ;  and  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Aug.-Sept.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

83.    ClRSIUM    [Tourn.]    Hill.     COMMON  or  PLUMED  THISTLE 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  flowers  all  tubular,  perfect  and  similar,  rarely  imper- 
fectly dioecious.  Bracts  of  the  ovoid  or  spherical  involucre  imbricated  in  many 
rows,  tipped  with  a  point  or  prickle.  Receptacle  thickly  clothed  with  soft 
bristles  or  hairs.  Achenes  oblong,  flattish,  not  ribbed  ;  pappus  of  numerous 
bristles  united  into  a  ring  at  the  base,  plumose  to  the  middle,  deciduous.— 


COMPOSITAE    (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  857 

Herbs,  mostly  biennial ;  the  sessile  alternate  leaves  often  pinnatifid,  prickly. 
Heads  usually  large,  terminal.  Flowers  reddish-purple,  rarely  white  or  yellow- 
ish ;  in  summer.  (Name  from  /a/xr6s,  a  swelled  vein,  for  which  the  Thistle  was 
a  reputed  remedy.)  CNICUS  of  many  auth.,  not  L.  By  some  recent  Am.  auth. 
included  in  CARDUUS. 

*  Bracts  of  the  involucre  all  tipped  with  spreading  prickles. 

1.  C.  LANCEOLATUM  (L.)  Hill.     (COMMON  or  BULL  THISTLE.)     Leaves  decur- 
rent  on  the  stem,  forming  prickly  lobed  wings,  pinnatifid,  rough  and  bristly 
above,  woolly  with  deciduous  webby  hairs  beneath,  prickly  ;   flowers  purple. 
(Carduus  L.;    Cnicus  Willd.) — Pastures  and  roadsides.      July-No v.      (Nat. 
from  Eu.) 

*  *  Heads  leafy-bracteate  at  base  (see  also  no.  11);  proper  bracts  not  prickly. 

2.  C.  spinosissimum  (Walt.)  Scop.     (YELLOW  THISTLE.)     Stout,  0.3-1.5  m. 
high,  webby-haired  when  young  ;  leaves  partly  clasping,  green,  soon  smooth, 
lanceolate,  pinnatifid,  the  short  toothed  and  cut  lobes  very  spiny  with  yellowish 
prickles ;  heads  4-8  cm.  broad,  surrounded  by  very  prickly  bract-like  leaves, 
which  usually  equal  the  narrow  involucral  bracts  ;  flowers  pale  yellow  or  purple. 
(Carduus  Walt.;    Cnicus  horridulus  Pursh.)  —  Sandy  soil,   Me.  to  Va.,  and 
south w.,  near  the  coast ;  reported  from  L.  Superior.     June-Aug. 

*  *  *  Bracts  appressed,  the  inner  not  at  all  prickly. 

•i-  Leaves  white-woolly  beneath,  and  sometimes  also  above ;  outer  bracts  succes- 
sively shorter,  spinose-tipped. 

•H-  Leaves  white  above. 
=  Leaves  pinnate,  with  linear  mostly  entire  divisions. 

3.  C.  PitchSri  (Torr.)  T.  &  G.     White-woolly  throughout,  low;  stem  very 
leafy ;    leaves  all  pinnately  parted  into  rigid  narrowly  linear  and  elongated 
sometimes  again  pinnatifid  divisions,  with  revolute  margins ;   inner  involucral 
bracts  acuminate,  generally  to  a  weak  prickle ;  flowers  cream-color.     (Cnicus 
Torr.;  Carduus  Porter.) — Sandy  shores  of  Lakes  Michigan,  Huron,  and  Supe- 
rior.    July,  Aug. 

=  =  Leaves  pinnatifid  or  pinnately  parted,  the  lobes  lanceolate  or  triangular. 

4.  C.  undulatum  (Nutt.)  Spreng.     Resembling  the  preceding  ;  root  biennial ; 
leaves  partly  clasping,  undivided,  undulate-pinnatifid,  or  rarely  pinnately  parted, 
moderately  prickly  ;  involucre  2-3  cm.  high  ;  bracts  with  a  definite  glandular 
ridge  on  the  back,  and  twice  or  thrice  as  long  as  the  slender  spreading  prickle  ; 
flowers  reddish-purple.     (Carduus  Nutt.;   Cnicus  Gray.) — Islands  of  L.  Huron 
to   Mich.,    la.,  Kan.,    and  westw.      June-Oct.      Var.   MEGACEPHALUM   (Gray) 
Fernald.     Heads  larger  ;  involucre  3-4.6  cm.  high.  —Minn,  to  Okla.,  Tex.,  and 
westw. 

5.  C.  canSscens  Nutt.     Deep-rooted  perennial;   leaves  narrower  and  more 
deeply  pinnatifid  than  in  no.  4  ;  involucre  2-2.6  cm.  high,  its  narrow  bracts  end- 
ing in  very  slender  spines.  —  Minn,  and  w.  la.,  westw.  and  southwestw. 

•*•+  •»-«•  Leaves  green  above. 

=  Stems  leafy  up  to  the  heads. 

a.   Leaves  deeply  pinnatifid  into  linear-lanceolate  lobes. 

6.  C.  discolor  (Muhl.)  Spreng.     Branching  perennial,  1-2  m.  high  ;  stem 
strongly  furrowed,  hirsutulous  ;   basal  leaves  3-4  dm.  long,  deeply  pinnatifid, 
the  lobes  often  cleft ;  upper  leaves  with  somewhat  falcate  lobes,  white-woolly 
beneath  ;  heads  mostly  solitary  at  the  tips  of  the  branches;  involucre  2.5-3  cm. 
high  ;  bracts  appressed  ;  the  outer  tipped  by  a  weak  recurved  prickle  ;  the  inner 
linear-  or  lance-attenuate,  with  a  very  long  colorless  entire  appendage.    (  Carduus 
Nutt.;  Cnicus  altissiimts,  var.  Gray.)  — Rich  soil,  N.  B.  to  Ont.,  Minn.,  and 
southw. 


858  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

b.   Leaves  entire  or  sparingly  sinuate-lobed  (only  the  basal  sometimes  deeply 

pinnatijid.} 

7.  C.  altissimum  (L.)  Spreng.     Biennial;  stem  downy,  branching,  1-3.8  m. 
high  ;  leaves  roughish-hairy  above,  whitened  with  close  wool  beneath,  oblong- 
ovate  to  narrowly  lanceolate,  undivided,  sinuate-toothed,  or  undulate-pinnatijid, 
the  lobes  or  teeth  with  weak  prickles  ;  involucre  2-3  cm.  high  ;  outer  bracts  with 
a  short  dark  glandular  line  on  the  back,  abruptly  tipped  by  a  spreading  setiform 
prickle  ;  inner  with  a  lanceolate  or  deltoid  usually  serrulate  tip;  flowers  chiefly 
purple.     (Carduus  L.;    Cnicus  Willd.)  —  Fields  and  copses,  Mass,  to  Minn., 
Neb.,  and  south w. 

8.  C.  iowense  (Pammel)  Fernald.     Similar,  but  with  larger  heads  ;  involucre 
3-3.5  cm.  high;  bracts  with  broad  long  dark  glandular  back;  the  inner  with  a 
prolonged  linear-  or  lance-attenuate  colorless  tip.  —  la.,  S.  Dak.,  and  Kan. 

=  =  Heads  on  naked  peduncles. 

9.  C.  virgini&num  (L.)  Michx.     Stem  woolly,  slender,  simple  or  sparingly 
branched,  0.3-1  m.  high,  the  branches  or  long  peduncles  naked;  leaves  lanceo- 
late, green  above,  whitened  with  close  wool  beneath,  ciliate  with  prickly  bristles, 
entire  or  sparingly  sinuate-lobed,  sometimes  the  lower  deeply  sinuate-pi nnatifid  ; 
heads  small;    outer  bracts  scarcely  prickly;    flowers   purple.      (Carduus  L. ; 
Cnicus  Pursh.)  —  Woods  and  plains,  Va.,  O.,  and  southw. 

-t-  •»-  Leaves  green  both  sides,  or  only  with  loose  cobwebby  hairs  underneath; 
heads  large  ;  bracts  scarcely  prickly -pointed. 

10.  C.  muticum  Michx.      (SWAMP  THISTLE.)      Stem   tall,   1-2.5  m.   high, 
angled,  smoothish,  panicled  at  the  summit ;  branches  sparingly  leafy,  bearing 
single  or  few  rather  large  heads ;  leaves  somewhat  hairy  above,  whitened  with 
loose  webby  hairs  beneath  when  young,  deeply  pinnatijid,  the  divisions  lanceolate, 
acute,  cut-lobed,  prickly-pointed  ;  bracts  of  the  webby  and  glutinous  (sometimes 
glabrate)  involucre  closely  appressed,  pointless  or  barely  mucronate  ;   flowers 
purple.     (Carduus  Pers. ;  Cnicus  Pursh.) — Swamps  and  low  woods,  common, 
July-Sept.     Var.  suBPiNNATfpiDUM  (Britton)  Fernald.     Leaves  slightly  lobed, 
not  deeply  pinnatifid.     (Carduus  muticus,  var.  Britton.)  — Nfd.  to  W.  Va. 

11.  C.  pumilum  (Nutt.)  Spreng.     (PASTURE  or  BULL  THISTLE.)     Biennial; 
stem  low  and  stout,  3-9  dm.  high,  hairy,  bearing  very  large  heads  (4-8  cm. 
broad),   which  are   often  leafy-bracted  at  the  base;    leaves  green,  lanceolate- 
oblong,  partly  clasping,  somewhat  hairy,   pinnatijid,  with  short  and  cut  very 
prickly-margined  lobes  ;  outer  bracts  prickly -pointed,  rarely  a  little  glutinous  on 
the  backs,  the  inner  very  slender ;   flowers  purple  or  rarely  white,  fragrant, 
5  cm.  long;  anthers  scarcely  acuminate;  roots  terete,  solid.     (Cnicus  odoratus 
Muhl.,  nomen  subnudum;  Carduus  odoratus  Porter.)  — Dry  fields,  N.  E.  to  Pa. 
and  Del.    July-Sept. 

12.  C.  Hillii  (Canby)  Fernald.     Similar  to  the  preceding,  perennial,  rarely 
with  more  than  1  head  ;  leaves  less  deeply  and  more  bluntly  pinnatifid,  with 
finer  and  shorter  prickles  ;  bracts  with  a  conspicuous  dark  glutinous  line  down 
the  back ;  anthers  acuminate  ;  perpendicular  root  fusiform,  hollow.     ( Cnicus 
Canby  ;   Carduus  Porter.)  — Fields,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  s.  to  Pa.,  111.,  and  la. 

*  *  *  *  Outer  bracts  of  the  appressed  involucre  barely  prickly-pointed;  heads 
mostly  small  and  numerous. 

-<-  None  of  the  leaves  strongly  decurrent. 

13.  C.  ARVENSE  (L.)  Scop.      (CANADA  THISTLE.)     Perennial,  slender,  3-9 
dm.    high,    the   rootstock  extensively  creeping;    leaves    oblong   or  lanceolate, 
smooth,  or  slightly  woolly  beneath,  finally  green  both  sides,  strongly  sinuate- 
pinnatifid,  very  prickly-margined,  the  upper  sessile  but  scarcely  decurrent ;  heads 
imperfectly  dioecious ;    flowers    rose-purple    or  whitish.      ( Carduus    Robson ; 
Cnicus  Hoffm.)  —  Cultivated  fields,  pastures,  and  roadsides,  common;  a  most 
troublesome  weed,  extremely  difficult  to  eradicate.     (Nat.  from  Eu.)     Var.  VES- 
TITUM  Wimm.  &  Grab.     Leaves  permanently  white-lanate  beneath.  —  Locally 
established.     (Nat.  from  Eu.)     Var.  INTEGRIF6LIUM  Wimm.  &  Grab.     Leaves 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  859 

chiefly  plane  and  uncut,  or  the  lowest  slightly  pinnatifid.  — Local,  Que.,  N.  E., 
andN.  Y.     (Nat.  from  Eu. ) 

•*-  -i-  At  least  the  lower  leaves  strongly  decurrent. 

14.  C.  PALTJSTRE  (L.)  Scop.    Tall,  not  stoloniferous  ;  stem  armed  throughout 
by  the  prickly  decurrent  wings  which  extend  down  from  the  very  long  linear  or 
linear-lanceolate  more  or  less  pinnatifid  spinose-ciliate  leaves  •  heads  resembling 
those  of  no.  13,  but  in  denser  glomerulate  clusters,  hermaphrodite.  — Thoroughly 
naturalized  in  woods,  East  Andover,  N.  H.  (G.  W.  Holt).     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

15.  C.  CANUM  (L.)  Bieb.     Boots  fusiform ;  lower  leaves  very  long,  lanceo- 
late, toothed  or  slightly  pinnatifid,  green  on  both  sides,  their  bases  decurrent  as 
ciliate  wings  along  the  stem  ;  upper  leaves  sessile ;  heads  comparatively  large, 
hemispherical,  on  long  peduncles.  —  Established  at  Kendal  Green,  Mass.  ( Miss 
Parsons).     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

84.    ONOP6RDUM   [Vaill.]   L.     COTTON  or  SCOTCH  THISTLE 

Receptacle  deeply  honey-combed,  not  setose.  Pappus  not  plumose.  Other- 
wise as  Cirsium.  —  Coarse  branching  annuals  or  biennials,  with  the  stems 
winged  by  the  decurrent  bases  of  the  lobed  and  toothed  somewhat  prickly  leaves. 
Heads  large ;  flowers  purple.  (Latinized  from  the  ancient  Greek  name  of  the 
plant. ) 

1.  0.  AcANTHiuM  L.  Stem  (1-3  m.  high)  and  leaves  cotton-woolly;  scales 
linear-awl-shaped.  — Roadsides  and  waste  places,  N.  B.  and  N.  S.  to  Ont.,  s.  to 
N.  J.  and  Mich.,  rather  rare.  July-Sept.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

85.    SILYBUM   [Vaill.]   Adans.     MILK  THISTLE 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  flowers  all  alike,  tubular,  perfect,  fertile.  Involucre 
large,  depressed-globose ;  the  bracts  large,  prickly,  the  broadly  ovate  base 
gradually  or  rather  abruptly  contracted  to  a  straightish  rigid  spreading  or 
reflexed  herbaceous  but  indurated  and  pungent  tip.  Receptacle  flattish,  densely 
bristly.  Achenes  glabrous ;  pappus  of  numerous  flattish  barbellate  bristles 
united  into  a  ring  at  the  base  and  deciduous  together.  —  Thistle-like  tall  stout 
prickly  herbs  with  sinuate-lobed  or  pinnatifid  mottled  leaves  and  large  solitary 
heads  of  purple  flowers.  (Derived  from  <rf\v£os,  the  ancient  Greek  name  of  an 
edible-stemmed  thistle.) 

1.  S.  MARI\NUM  (L.)  Gaertn.  (LADY'S  THISTLE.)  Stout  and  nearly  gla- 
brous annual  or  biennial,  with  large  mottled  amplexicaul  leaves  variously  lobed 
and  prickly  on  the  margin.  (Mariana  Hill.) — An  occasional  escape  from  gar- 
dens, or  weed  on  ballast  and  waste  grounds.  (In trod,  from  s.  Eu.) 

86.    CENTAUREA  L.     STAR  THISTLE 

Heads  many-flowered ;  flowers  all  tubular,  the  marginal  often  much  larger 
(as  it  were  radiate)  and  sterile.  Receptacle  bristly.  Involucre  ovoid  or  globose, 
imbricated ;  the  bracts  margined  or  appendaged.  Achenes  obovoid  or  oblong, 
compressed  or  4-angled,  attached  obliquely  at  or  near  the  base  ;  pappus  setose 
or  partly  chaffy,  or  none.  —  Herbs  with  alternate  leaves ;  the  single  heads  rarely 
yellow.  (Kevravply,  an  ancient  Greek  plant-name,  poetically  associated  with 
Chiron,  the  Centaur,  but  without  wholly  satisfactory  explanation.) 

Bracts  of  the  Involucre  (or  at  least  the  outer  ones)  terminated  by  a  definite 
elongate  rigid  spine;  annuals. 

Sterns  not  winged 1.    (7.  Calcitrapa. 

Steins  winged. 

Spines  of  the  involucre  stout,  straw-colored,  12-18  mm.  long     ...      2.   C.  solattitialis. 
Spines  of  the  involucre  slender,  purplish,  6-9  mm.  long     ....      8.    C.  melitensis. 
Bracts  not  spinose-tipped,  or  merely  with  short  firm  tip  hardly  longer  than 

the  lateral  teeth,  cilia,  or  fringe. 

Bracts  entire  or  merely  with  irregularly  denticulate  or  lacerated  (not  regu- 
larly toothed  or  pectinate)  margin 4.    C.  Jac*a. 


860 


COMPOSITAE    (COMPOSITE   FAMILY) 


Some  bracts  with  regularly  pectinate  or  toothed  margin  or  tip. 
Annual,  with  floccose  white  pubescence  and  simple  entire  linear  or  lanceo- 


late leaves 


Biennials  or  perennials   (exceptionally  annuals),  green ;  lowest  leaves 
jinnatifid  or  coarsely  toothed. 


5.    C.  Cyawm. 


Middle  and  outer  bracts  pectinate  or  fringed  two  thirds  to  the  base. 
Leaves  all  pinnatifid ;  green  bodies  of  the  involucral  bracts  con- 
spicuous, their  margins  dark 6.    Q.  Scabiosa. 

At  least  the  upper  leaves  entire  or  merely  short-toothed;  pale 
bodies  of  the  involucral  bracts  mostly  hidden  by  the  imbricated 
appendages. 

Heads  2-5  cm.  broad ;  involucral  bracts  with  dark  appendages 
Heads  6-12  cm.  broad ;  bracts  with  pale  brown  or  straw-colored 


7.   C.  nigra. 


appendages " 8.   C.  americana. 

Middle  and  outer  bracts  pectinate  only  at  the  usually  darker  tip. 
Lower  leaves  pinnatifid  into  linear  or  lanceolate  segments,  the  upper 

mostly  linear ;  involucral  bracts  distinctly  ribbed  .        .        .  9.    C.  maculosa. 

Lower  leaves  elliptic  or  oblanceolate,  lyrate-pinnatifid  or  coarsely 
dentate,  the  upper  similar ;  involucral  bracts  plane  or  obscurely 
ribbed 10.  C.  vochinensis. 


1.  C.  CALCITRAPA   L.      (CALTROPS,    STAR  THISTLE.)      Diffusely   branched, 
somewhat  pubescent ;  leaves  spinulose-toothed  ;  heads  sessile  ;  all  but  the  inner- 
most involucral  bracts  terminated  by  a  stout  divergent  straw-colored  spine  (1-2.5 
cm.  long),  which  is  naked  or  with  1  to  4  pairs  of  spinules  at  the  broad  base  ; 
corollas  purplish,  all  tubular.  —  Ballast  and  waste  ground,  rarely  in  open  woods 
near  towns,  N.  Y.  to  Va.     June-Oct.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  C.  SOLSTITIALIS  L.     (BARNABY'S  THISTLE.)     Grayish  with  loose  floccose 
pubescence,  branched,  3-5  dm.  high  ;  basal  leaves  deeply  pinnatifid  ;  the  lobes 
oblong  and  elliptical,  serrate ;  cauline  leaves  small,  oblong-lanceolate,  entire  or 
nearly  so,  strongly  decurrent  in   broadish  wings  upon  the  stem;  body  of  the 
involucre  ovoid,  1.5  cm.  in  diameter,  the  stout  straight  stramineous  spines  12-18 
mm.  long,  widely  spreading  or  reflexed  ;  flowers  yellow.  —  Waste  ground,  etc., 
e.  Mass,  to  Ont.  and  la.,  becoming  frequent.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.  C.  MELITENSIS  L.     Leaves  slightly  decurrent ;  heads  subsessile,  or  mostly 
short-peduncled,  leafy-bracted  at  base;  middle  and  lower  bracts  terminated  by 

slender  weak  divergent  spinulose-based  spines ;  innermost  bracts 
with  ascending  purplish  spines ;  corollas  yellow.  —  Ballast  and 
waste  grounds  about  ports  ;  more  abundant  in  the  Pacific  States. 
June-Sept.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

4.  C.  JACEA  L.  Simple  or  branched,  3-6  dm.  high  ;  leaves 
lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  slightly  denticulate,  the  lowest  peti- 
oled,  the  upper  sessile  ;  heads  showy ;  involucre  subglobose  ; 
outer  bracts  pale ;  the  others  glossy  dark  brown,  entire  or 
slightly  lacerated;  corollas  rose-purple,  the  marginal  conspicu- 
ously enlarged  and  falsely  radiate.  —  Waste  ground  and 
fields,  local,  N.  E.,  N.  Y.,  and  N.  J.  June-Sept.  (Nat. 
from  Eu.)  FIG.  1010. 

Var.  LACERA  Koch.  Leaves  often  runcinate-dentate; 
outer  and  middle  bracts  of  the  involucre  with  a  pale  finely 
lacerated  fringe.  Mass,  to  N.  J.  (Nat.  from  Eu.)  FIG.  1011. 

5.  C.   CYANUS    L.      (BLUEBOTTLE,  BACHELOR'S  BUTTON,    1011.  C.  Jacea,  v.  lac. 
CORN-FLOWER.  )     Slender,  with  long  ascending  branches  ter-     involucre  and  bract 
minated  by  solitary  heads  ;  involucre  ovoid,  of  about  4  very  x  %. 
unequal  series  of  pale  bracts;  the  outermost  narrowly  del- 
toid, and  with  the  longer  middle  ones  bordered  by  a  white  or  silvery  sharp- 
toothed  scarious  band;  the  innermost  elongate-lanceolate,  with  more  or  less 
erose  and  colored  tips ;  marginal  flowers  large  and  ray-like,  blue,  violet,  pink, 
or  white. — Escaped  from  cultivation  to  roadsides,  etc.     July-Sept.     (Introd. 
from  Eu.) 

6.  C.  ScABi6sA  L.     Plant  rather  villous,  leafy  toward  the  base,  the  solitary 
large  (5-6  cm.  broad)  heads  on  elongated  bracted  peduncles ;  involucre  broadly 
ovoid  ;  the  outer  bracts  ovate-triangular,  the  inner  oblong,  all  with  a  conspic- 
uously pectinate-ciliate  dark  margin ;  corollas  purplish,  the  marginal  falsely 
radiate.  —  Fields  and  waste  places,  local,  e.  Que.  to  Ont.  and  O.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 


1010.   C.  Jacea. 

Involucre  and 

bract  X      . 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  861 

7.  C.  N!GRA  L.     (KNAPWEED,  SPANISH  BUTTONS.)     Rather  harsh  somewhat 
branched  plant,  with  reduced  leaves  extending  nearly  or  quite  to  the  heads, 

involucre  subglobose  ;  the  appendages  of  the  bracts  hirtellous, 

a  blackish  (rarely  tawny) ;  the  outermost  and  middle  ones  lance- 
deltoid  and  very  deeply  pectinate-ciliate  ;  the  innermost  ovate 
or  orbicular,  paler  and  irregularly  lacerate;  corollas  rose- 
purple,  all  tubular.  —  Fields  and  roadsides,  locally  abundant, 
Nfd.andQue.  toN.J.  July-Sept.  (Nat.  from  Eu.)  FIG.  1012. 
1012.  c.  mgra.  yar  RAI>,XTA  DC.  Involucre  tawny  (rarely  blackish)  ; 

Involucre  and  bract       Quter  flowers  falsely  radiate.  _  tf.  g.  to  Out.  and  Pa.      (Nat. 
from  Eu.) 

8.  C.  americana  Nutt.      Tall  and  smoothish  (0.5-1.5  in.  high);  stems  con- 
spicuously thickened  below  the  showy  heads;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  mostly 
entire;  bracts  all  with  conspicuously  fringed  scarious  appendages,  the  outer- 
most and  middle  with  spreading,  the  elongate  innermost  with  ascending,  teeth  ; 
corollas  rose-purple  to  flesh-pink,  the  outer  conspicuously  enlarged.  —  Plains, 
Mo.,  southw.  and  southwestw.     May-Aug. 

9.  C.  MACUL6SA  Lam.    Pubescent  or  glabrate,  with  ascending  rather  wiry 
branches ;   involucre  ovoid-campanulate,  in  fruit  becoming  open-campanulate  ; 
the  outer  and  middle  ovate  bracts  with  rather  firm  points  and  with  5-7  pairs  of 
cilia  at  the  dark  tip;  innermost  bracts  elongate,   entire  or 

lacerate  ;  corollas  whitish,  rose-pink,  or  purplish,  the  marginal 
falsely  radiate.  —  Waste  places,  roadsides,  etc.,  N.  E.  to  N.  J. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

10.  C.  VOCHINENSIS  Bernh.     Harsh,  somewhat  resembling 
no.  7  ;   involucre  of  several  very  unequal  series;  the  outer- 
most bracts  deltoid  or  ovate,  short,  the  dark  pointed  tip  bear-   1013  c  V0cninensi8> 
ing  5-7  pairs  of  long  cilia  ;  middle  bracts  elongate-lanceolate,    invoiucre  and  bract 
terminated  by  a  dilated  ovate  or  orbicular  dark  pectinate  XIA 
appendage  ;  innermost  bracts  elongate,  with  dark  or  brightly 

colored  erose  or  lacerate  appendage ;  corollas  rose-purple,  the  marginal  falsely 
radiate.  —  Fields  and  roadsides,  local,  N.  E.  to  Ont.  (Nat.  from  Eu.)  FIG. 
1013. 

87.   CNlCUS  L.    BLESSED  THISTLE 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  flowers  all  tubular,  the  marginal  sterile,  shorter  than 
the  others,  which  are  perfect  and  fertile.  Bracts  of  the  ovoid  involucre  coria- 
ceous, appressed,  extended  into  a  long  and  rigid  spinous  appendage.  Recepta- 
cle clothed  with  capillary  bristles.  Achenes  terete,  short,  strongly  many-striate, 
crowned  with  10  short  and  horny  teeth  and  bearing  10  elongated  rigid  bristles, 
also  10  shorter  alternating  ones  in  an  inner  row.  —  An  annual  somewhat 
pubescent  herb,  with  scarcely  pinnatifid-cut  but  spinescent  leaves  and  large 
leafy-bracted  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  (Latin  name  of  the  Safflower,  from  the 
Greek  K  1/77 /cos.) 

1.  C.  BENEDfcTus  L.  ( Centaurcd  L. )  —  Roadsides  and  waste  places,  rare, 
N.  B.  and  N.  S.  to  Pa.,  and  southw.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


88.   LAPSANA  L.    NIPPLE-WORT 

Heads  8-12-flowered.  Bracts  of  the  cylindrical  involucre  8,  erect;  a  short 
outer  series  also  present.  Receptacle  naked.  Achenes  oblong ;  pappus  none. — 
Slender  branching  annuals,  with  angled  or  toothed  leaves,  and  loosely  panicled 
small  heads  ;  flowers  yellow.  (The  Xa^drri  of  Dioscorides  was  evidently  a 
wild  Mustard.)  LAMPSANA  Hill. 

1.  L.  coMMtrNis  L.  Nearly  smooth,  3-8  dm.  high  ;  lower  leaves  ovate,  some- 
times lyre-shaped.  —  Roadsides  and  waste  places,  Que.  to  Pa.,  and  Mich.  (Nat. 
from  Eu.) 


862  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

89.    SERiNIA  Raf. 

Heads  as  in  Lapsana,  but  the  involucre  not  calyculate  ;  tips  of  the  bracts 
somewhat  conniving  in  fruit.  Achenes  obovoid,  10-costate,  obscurely  and  trans- 
versely scabrous-lineolate.  —  Low  glaucescent  glabrous  annuals,  with  oblong  to 
lanceolate  entire  or  repand-dentate  leaves,  the  upper  sessile;  and  small  scat- 
tered heads  on  slender  peduncles.  (Name  intended  as  a  diminutive  of  cr^us, 
chicory.}  APOGON  Ell. 

1.  S.  oppositifblia  (Raf.)  Ktze.  Peduncles  naked  or  glandular-bristly  below 
the  small  (0.5cm.  high)  heads.  —  Damp  sandy  soil,  S.  C.  to  111.,  Kan.,  and 
southw.  March-June. 

90.    ARN6SERIS  Gaertn. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  flowers  all  ligulate  and  fertile.  Involucre  campanulate  ; 
bracts  narrow,  equal,  in  1  series,  acuminate,  after  anthesis  thickened  toward  the 
base.  —  Small  annual,  with  rosulate  leaves  and  branched  upwardly  thickened 
scapes  bearing  rather  small  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  (Name  from  dpvfa,  lamb, 
and  fftpu,  chicory.') 

1.  A.  MINIMA  (L.)  Dumort.  (LAMB  SUCCORY.)  Puberulent,  1.5-3  dm. 
high;  leaves  oblanceolate  or  spatulate,  mostly  toothed. — Fields,  etc.,  Me.,  O., 
Mich.,  and  probably  elsewhere.  (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

91.   CICHdRIUM  [Tourn.]  L.     SUCCORY  or  CHICORY 

Heads  several-flowered.  Involucre  double,  herbaceous,  the  inner  of  8-10,  the 
outer  of  5  short  and  spreading  bracts.  Achenes  striate  ;  pappus  of  numerous 
small  chaffy  scales,  forming  a  short  crown.  —  Branching  perennials,  with  deep 
roots ;  the  sessile  heads  2  or  3  together,  axillary  and  terminal,  or  solitary  on 
short  thickened  branches.  Flowers  bright  blue,  varying  to  purple  or  pink 
(rarely  white),  showy.  (Altered  from  the  Arabian  name  of  the  plant.) 

1.  C.  INTYBUS  L.  (COMMON  C.,  BLUE  SAILORS.)  Stem-leaves  oblong 
or  lanceolate,  partly  clasping,  the  lowest  runicate,  those  of  the  rigid  flowering 
branches  minute.  (Including  var.  divaricatum  of  Am.  auth. ,  probably  not  of 
DC.)  — Roadsides  and  fields,  Nfd.  to  Minn.,  and  southw.  July-Get.  (Nat. 
from  Eu.) 

92.    KRKrlA  Schreb.    DWARF  DANDELION 

Heads  several-many-flowered.  Involucral  bracts  several,  in  about  2  rows, 
thin.  Achenes  short  and  truncate,  top-shaped  or  columnar,  terete  or  angled  ; 
pappus  double,  the  outer  of  thin  pointless  chaffy  scales,  the  inner  of  delicate 
bristles.  —  Small  herbs,  branched  from  the  base  ;  the  leaves  chiefly  radical, 
lyrate  or  toothed ;  the  small  heads  terminating  the  naked  scapes  or  branches. 
Flowers  yellow.  (Named  for  David  Krieg,  a  German  physician,  who  was 
among  the  first  to  collect  plants  in  Maryland.)  ADOPOGON  Neck. 

§  1.   CYMBIA  T.  &  G.    Bracts  of  involucre  5-8,  remaining  erect;  achenes  turbi- 
nate  ;  pappus  of  5  obovate  scales,  and  usually  5  alternating  bristles  ;  annual. 

1.  K.  occidentalis  Nutt.     Scapes  tufted,  1.5  dm.  or  less  high,   glandular- 
hispid,  at  least  above  ;  leaves  obovate  to  lanceolate,   entire,  lyrately  lobed,  or 
pinnatifid.    (Adopogon  Ktze.)  — Prairies,  s.  Mo.  and  Kan.  to  Tex.     March-May. 

§  2.  EUKRfGIA  T.  &  G.  Bracts  of  involucre  9-18,  reflexed  in  age;  achenes 
turbinate,  5-angled ;  pappus  of  5-7  short  roundish  scales  and  as  many  alter- 
nating bristles  ;  annual. 

2.  K.  virginica  (L.)  Willd.     Scapes  several,  3  dm.  or  less  high,  becoming 
branched  and  leafy  ;  earlier  leaves  roundish  and  entire,  the  others  narrower  and 
often  pinnatifid.    (Adopogon  carolinianum  Britton.)  — Dry  soil,  s.  Me.  to  Out., 
Minn.,  and  southw.     Apr.-Aug. 


COMPOSITAE   (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  863 

§  3.  CYNTHIA  (D.  Don)  Gray.  Involucre  of  the  preceding  section  ;  achenes 
more  slender;  pappus  of  10-15  small  oblong  scales  and  15-20  bristles,' 
perennial. 

3.  K.   Dandelion  (L.)  Nutt.     Hoots  slender,  tuberiferous ;  scapes  leafless, 
1.5-5  dm.  high  ;  leaves  varying  from  spatulate-oblong  to  linear-lanceolate,  entire 
or  few-lobed.     (Adopogon  Ktze.)  —  Moist  ground,  Md.  to  Kan.,  and  southw. 
March-July. 

4.  K.  amplexicaulis  Nutt.     (CYNTHIA.)     Hoots  fibrous  ;  stem  1-6  dm.  high; 
stem-leaves  1-3,  oblong  or  oval,  clasping,  mostly  entire  ;   the  radical  ones  on 
short  winged  petioles,  often  toothed,  rarely  pinnatifid ;  peduncles  2-5.     (Adopo- 
gon virginicum  Ktze.)  —  Moist  banks,  Mass,  to  Ont.,  Man.,  and  southw.    May- 
Aug. 

93.  HYPOCHAERIS  L.     CAT'S-EAR 

Similar  to  Leontodon,  but  at  least  the  inner  achenes  produced  into  long  slen- 
der beaks.  Receptacle  chaffy.  —  Old  World  and  South  American  herbs,  with 
bracteate  slightly  branching  scapes  and  yellow  flowers.  (A  name  used  by 
Theophrastus  for  this  or  a  related  genus.) 

1.  H.  RADICATA  L.     Perennial;  leaves  hirsute;  scapes  2-4  dm.  high,  stout; 
heads  2.5-4  cm.  broad;  achenes  all  beaked. — Fields,  waste  places,  and  on  bal- 
last, Mass,  to  N.  J.  and  Ont.  (Morton).     (Nat  from  Eu.) 

2.  H.  GLABRA  L.      Slender,  glabrous,  with  smaller  heads  ;   outer  achenes 
truncate.—  Sparingly  in  grassland  in  Me.  and  O.;  naturalized  in  Cal.     (Adv. 
from  Eu.) 

94.   LE6NTODON  L.     HAWKBIT 

Heads  many-flowered.  Involucre  scarcely  imbricated,  but  with  several  bract- 
lets  at  the  base.  Achenes  spindle-shaped,  striate,  all  alike  ;  pappus  persistent, 
composed  of  plumose  bristles  which  are  enlarged  and  flattened  toward  the  base, 
with  sometimes  an  outer  paleaceous  crown.  Receptacle  not  chaffy.  —  Low  and 
stemless  perennials,  with  toothed  or  pinnatifid  basal  leaves,  and  scapes  bearing 
one  or  more  yellow  heads.  (Name  from  X^wv,  a  lion,  and  oSotfs,  a  tooth,  in 
allusion  to  the  toothed  leaves.) 

*  Scape  simple  or  branching,   scaly-bracteate   above;    heads   before   anthesis 
erect;  pappus  a  single  row  of  plumose  bristles. 

1.  L.  AUTUMNALIS  L.     (FALL  DANDELION,  "ARNICA.")     Leaves  laciniate- 
toothed  or  pinnatifid,  somewhat  pubescent ;  scape  commonly  forking,  1-6  dm. 
high  ;  peduncles  thickened  at  summit,  scaly-bracteate  (rarely  leafy)  ;  involucre 
glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent ;  tawny  pappus  a  row  of  equal  bristles.  —  Fields 
and  roadsides,  Nfd.  to  w.  Ont.,  Mich.,  and  Pa.     Late  May-Nov. — A  frequent 
teratological  or  pathological  form  has  greenish-yellow  heads  without  ligules. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 

Var.  PRATENSIS  (Link)  Koch.  Usually  larger ;  involucre  and  tips  of  pe- 
duncles densely  soft-pubescent  with  blackish  hairs.  —  Often  more  abundant 
than  the  typical  form.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

**  Scape  simple  and  naked;  heads  before  anthesis  nodding;  pappus  of  two 

kinds. 

•»-  Pappus  similar  in  all  the  flowers,  the  outer  a  few  short  setae,  the  inner  a  row 
of  plumose  bristles  with  dilated  bases. 

2.  L.  HASTILIS  L.     Rather  stout,  glabrous  throughout ;  leaves  oblong-lanceo- 
late, dentate  or  pinnatifid  ;  scape  2-7  dm.  high,  thickened  upward  ;  heads  rather 
large;  involucre  11-14  mm.  long,  its  smooth  lanceolate  bracts  lead-colored. — 
Fields,  local,  Ct.  to  O.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

Var.  VULGXRIS  Koch.  Leaves,  scape,  and  involucre  bristly-hispid.  (L. 
hispidus  L.)  —  Fields  and  waste  places,  R.  I.  to  Ont.  and  s.  N.  Y.  (Adv. 
from  Eu.) 


864  COMPOSITAE    (COMPOSITE   FAMILY) 

•4-  •«-  Pappus  of  the  marginal  flowers  a  crown  of  short  scales,   of  the  inner 
flowers  setiform  and  plumose. 

3.  L.  NUDICATJLIS  (L.)  Banks.  Slender;  leaves  hispid;  scape  filiform,  1-2 
dm.  high  ;  involucre  7-10  mm.  long,  its  lanceolate  bracts  hirsute  or  glabrous. 
(L.  hirtus  L.)  —  Locally  established  in  pastures  and  waste  places,  Ct.  to  N.  J. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

95.   PlCRIS  L. 

Heads  many-flowered,  terminating  leafy  stems.  Outer  bracts  loose  or  spread- 
ing. Achenes  with  5-10  rugose  ribs  ;  pappus  of  1  or  2  rows  of  plumose 
bristles.  —  Coarse  rough-bristly  annuals  or  biennials,  with  yellow  flowers.  (The 
Greek  name  of  some  allied  bitter  herb,  from  -rriKpbs,  bitter.  ) 

1.  P.  HIERACIOIDES  L.      Rather  tall,   corymbosely   branched,   the   bristles 
somewhat  barbed  at  tip  ;   leaves  lanceolate   or  broader,  clasping,  irregularly 
toothed;   outer  involucral  bracts   narrow;  achenes  oblong,  with  little  or  no 
beak;  pappus  sparsely  plumose.  —  Waste  places,  sparingly  in  the  interior,  and 
in  ballast  on  the  coast.     June-Oct.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  P.  EcmoiDES  L.    (OX-TONGUE.)    Similar,  but  leaves  and  bracts  spinescent  , 
the  outer  bracts  ovate,  subcordate,  the  narrow  inner  ones  becoming  thickened 
below  ;  achenes  beaked  ;  pappus  densely  plumose.  —  Similar  situations.     July- 
Sept.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

96.    TRAGOPdGON    [Tourn.]  L.     GOAT'S  BEARD 

Heads  many-flowered.  Involucre  simple,  of  several  erect  lanceolate  attenuate 
equal  bracts.  Achenes  narrowly  fusiform,  5-10-ribbed,  long-beaked  ;  pappus 
of  numerous  long  plumose  bristles.  —  Stout  glabrous  biennials  or  perennials, 
with  entire  grass-like  clasping  leaves  and  large  solitary  heads  of  yellow  6r 
purple  flowers.  (Name  from  rpdyos,  goat,  and  ir&yuv,  beard.  ) 

1.  T.  PORRir6nus  L.     (SALSIFY,  OYSTER-PLANT.)     Stem  1  m.  or  less  high  ; 
peduncle  thickened  and  fistulous  below  the  head  ;  flowers  purple  ;  achenes  and 
pappus  7-8  cm.    long.  —  Sparingly  escaped  from   cultivation.     (Introd.    from 
Eu.) 

2.  T.    PRATENSIS   L.      (GOAT'S  BEARD.)     Very  similar;    leaves   somewhat 
broader  at  base  ;  peduncle  little  thickened  ;  flowers  yellow.  —  Fields,    rocky 
banks,  etc.,  N.  B.  and  N.  S.  to  N.  J.,  and  westw.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 


97.    CHONDRfLLA    [Tourn.]  L.     GUM  SUCCORY 

Heads  few-flowered.  Involucre  cylindrical,  of  several  narrow  linear  equal 
bracts  and  a  row  of  small  bractlets  at  base.  Achenes  terete,  several-ribbed, 
smooth  below,  roughened  at  the  summit  by  little  scaly  projections,  from  among 
which  springs  an  abrupt  slender  beak  ;  pappus  copious,  of  very  fine  and  soft 
capillary  bristles,  bright  white.  —  Herbs  of  the  Old  World,  with  wand-like 
branching  stems,  and  small  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  (A  name  used  by  Dioscor- 
ides  for  some  plant  which  exudes  a  gum.) 

1.  C.  JUNCEA  L.  (SKELETON-WEED.)  Biennial,  bristly-hairy  below,  smooth 
above,  1  m.  or  less  high  ;  root-leaves  runcinate  ;  stem-leaves  few  and  small, 
linear;  heads  scattered  on  nearly  leafless  branches,  1-1.5  cm.  long.  —  Fields 
and  roadsides,  abundant  in  Md.  and  n.  Va.  July,  Aug.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

98.   TARAXACUM   [Haller]   Ludwig.     DANDELION 

Heads  many-flowered,  large,  solitary  on  a  slender  hollow  scape.  Involucre 
double,  the  outer  of  short  bracts  ;  the  inner  of  long  linear  bracts,  erect  in  a 
single  row.  Achenes  oblong-ovate  to  fusiform,  4-5-ribbed,  the  ribs  roughened  ; 
the  apex  prolonged  into  a  very  slender  beak,  bearing  the  copious  soft  white 
capillary  pappus.  —  Perennials  or  biennials  ;  leaves  radical,  pinnatifid  or  runci- 


COMPOSITAE    (COMPOSITE   FAMILY) 


865 


1014.  T.  officinale. 
Heads  and  leaf-tips  x  %. 


nate  ;  flowers  yellow.     (Name  from 

to  disquiet  or  disorder,  in  allusion  to  medicinal 

properties.) 

1.  T.  OFFICINA.LE  Weber.  (COMMON  D.) 
Leaves  coarsely  pinnatifid,  sinuate-dentate, 
rarely  subentire  ;  heads  large  (3-5  cm.  broad}, 
orange-yellow  ;  involucral  bracts  not  glaucous  ; 
the  outer  elongated,  conspicuously  rejlexed ; 
achene  olive-green  or  brownish,  bluntly  muricate 
above,  its  beak  2-3-times  its  length  ;  pappus 
white.  (T.  Dens-leonis  Desf.; 
T.  Taraxacum  Karst.) — Pas- 
tures and  fields,  very  common. 
Apr.-Sept.  (and  rarely  through- 
out autumn  and  winter).  — 
After  blossoming,  the  inner  in- 
volucre closes,  and  the  slender 
beak  elongates  and  raises  up 
the  pappus  while  the  fruit  is 


forming ;  the  whole  involucre  is  then  reflexed,  exposing  to  the 
wind  the  naked  fruits,  with  the  pappus  in  an  open  globular  1015-  Tt  off-  v-  Pal- 
head.  (Nat.  from  Eu.)  FIG.  1014.  Closed  head  x  %• 
Var.  PALUSTRE  (Sm.)  Blytt.  Outer  bracts  lance- 
olate to  deltoid-ovate,  ascending  or  spreading.  —  In 
damp  places,  e.  Que.  to  Ct.  (Nat.  from  Eu.)  FIG. 
1015. 

2.  T.  ERYTHROSPERMUM  Andrz.  (RED-SEEDED  D.) 
Leaves  deeply  runcinate-pinnatifid  or  pinnately  divided 
into  narrow  segments;  heads  smaller  (2-3  cm.  broad), 
sulphur-yellow,  outer  ligules  purplish  without ;  invo- 
lucre glaucous,  the  inner  bracts  corniculate-appendaged 
at  tip ;  the  outer  short,  lanceolate,  spreading  or  ascend- 
ing; achene  smaller,  bright  red  or  red-brown,  sharply 
muricate  above,  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  beak; 
pappus  sordid-white.  —  In  dry  fields  and  on  rocks,  Me. 
to  Pa.,  locally  w.  to  Kan.  Late  Apr. -June.  (Nat. 
from  Eu.)  FIG.  1016. 


1016.  T.  erythrospermum. 
Heads  and  leaf-tip  x  %. 


99.    S6NCHUS    [Tourn.]  L.     Sow  THISTLE 

Heads  many-flowered,  becoming  tumid  at  base.     Involucre  more  or  less  im- 
bricated.    Achenes  obcompressed,  ribbed  or  striate,  not  beaked ;  pappus  copious, 
of  very  white  exceedingly  soft  and  fine  bristles  mainly 
falling  together.  —  Leafy-stemmed  coarse  weeds,  chiefly 
smooth   and   glaucous,    with    corymbed  or  umbellate 
heads   of   yellow  flowers   produced   in    summer   and 
autumn.     (The  ancient  Greek  name.) 

*  Perennial,  with  creeping  rootstocks  ;  flowers  bright 
yellow,  in  large  heads. 

1.  S.  ARVENSIS  L.     (FIELD  S.)     Leaves  runcinate- 
pinnatifid,  spiny-toothed,  clasping  by  a  heart-shaped 
base  ;  peduncles  and  involucre  bristly  ;  achenes  trans- 
versely wrinkled  on  the  ribs.  —  Roadsides,  fields,  and 
gravelly  shores,   Nfd.  and  N.  S.   to  N.  J.,  w.  to  the 
Rocky  Mts.,  commonest  north  w.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Annual ;  flowers  pale  yellow. 

2.  S.  OLER\CKUS    L.    (COMMON    S.)      Stem-leaves   runcinate-pinnatifid,    or 
rarely  undivided,  slightly  toothed  with  soft  spiny  teeth,  clasping  by  a  heart- 

GRAY'S  MANUAL  —  55 


1017.   8.  oleraceus. 
Leaf  x  %.    Achene  x  1 


866  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

shaped  base,  the  auricles  acute ;  involucre 
downy  when  young ;  achenes  striate,  also 
wrinkled  transversely.  —  Waste  places,  chiefly 
in  manured  soil  and  around  dwellings.  (Nat. 
from  Eu.)  FIG.  1017. 

3.  S.  ASPER  (L.)  Hill.  (SPINY-LEAVED  S.) 
Stem-leaves  less  divided  and  more  spiny- 
toothed,  the  auricles  of  the  clasping  base 
rounded ;  achenes  margined,  3-nerved  on  each 
side,  smooth.  —  Waste  places,  roadsides,  etc. 
Le.fxi  AcZeW  (Nat.  from  Eu.)  Fio.  1018. 

100.    LACTtTCA   [Tourn.]  L.     LETTUCE 

Heads  several-many-flowered.  Involucre  cylindrical  or  in  fruit  conical ; 
bracts  imbricated  in  2  or  more  sets  of  unequal  lengths.  Achenes  contracted 
into  a  beak,  which  is  dilated  at  the  apex,  bearing  a  copious  and  fugacious  very 
soft  capillary  pappus,  its  bristles  falling  separately.  —  Leafy-stemmed  herbs, 
with  panicled  heads  ;  flowers  of  variable  color,  produced  in  summer  and  autumn. 
(The  ancient  name  of  the  Lettuce,  L.  sativa  L. ;  from  lac,  inilk,  in  allusion  to 
the  milky  juice.) 

N.  B.  —  In  this  genus,  the  figures  of  the  fruiting  heads  are  on  a  scale  of  f ,  of 
the  achene  1£. 

§  1.  SCARlOLA  DC.  Achenes  very  flat,  orbicular  to  oblong,  with  a  distinct 
soft  filiform  beak;  pappus  white;  biennial  or  annual;  cauline  leaves 
sagittate-clasping. 

*  Heads  small,  6-]2-flowered  ;  achenes  from  linear-oblong  to  obovate-oblong, 

several-nerved,  about  equaling  the  beak  ;  introduced  species. 

1.  L.  SCARIOLA  L.  (PRICKLY  L.)    Stem  below  sparsely  prickly-bristly ;  leaves 
pinnatifid,  sjrinulose-denticulate,  tending  to  turn  into  a  vertical  position  (i.e.  with 
one  edge  up) ;  midrib  usually  setose  beneath  ;  panicle  loose,  with  widely  spread- 
ing branches  ;  flowers  pale  yellow,  sometimes  turning  bluish  in  fading  or  drying. 
—  Roadsides,  railway  ballast,  etc.,  s.  N.  E.  to  O.,  Mo.,  and  Ky.,  chiefly  westw., 
but  even  there  less  common  than  the  following  variety.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

Var.  INTEGRA.TA  Gren.  &  Godr.  Leaves  oblong,  denticulate,  none  of  them  or 
only  the  lowest  pinnatifid ;  midrib  prickly-setose  or  rarely  smoothish.  (L. 
virosa  of  Am.  auth.,  not  L.)  —  Waste  grounds  and  roadsides,  across  the  conti- 
nent ;  westw.  an  abundant  and  pernicious  weed.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  L.  SALfGNA  L.     Much   more  slender  than  the  preceding  species ;   stem 
nearly  or  quite  smooth  ;  leaves  linear-oblong  or  narrow  and  runcinately  pin- 
natifid  (the  winged  rhachis  only  3-5  mm.  wide),  the  margin  sparingly  toothed, 
not  regularly  or  conspicuously  denticulate;  heads   short-pediceled,  in  virgate 
somewhat  fastigiate  panicles.  —  Waste  ground,  O.(Selby,  Kellerman}.     (Adv. 
from  Eu.) 

*  *  Heads  12-20-flowered  ;  achenes  oval  to  oblong-oval,  blackish,  narrow-mar- 

gined, about  equaling  the  beak,  l-nerved  on  each  face. 

i-  Leaves  glabrous. 

3.  L.  canadSnsisL.     (WILD  L.,  HORSE-WEED.)     Mostly  tall  (1-3.2  m.  high), 
very  leafy,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  glaucous  ;  leaves  1.5-3  dm.  long,  pale  beneath, 

mostly  sinuate-pinnatifld,  the  upper  lanceolate  and  entire ; 
heads  1-1.5  cm.  long,  numerous,  in  an  elongated  usually  open 
panicle;  flowers  pale  yellow.  —  Rich  damp  soil,  borders  of 
fields  or  thickets,  common.  FIG.  1019.  Var.  MONTANA  Brit- 
ton.  Leaves  all  entire,  rather  narrowly  oblong-lanceolate.  — 
Shores,  clearings,  and  rocky  uplands,  N.  S.  to  Ont.  and  O. 
—  A  similar  state  is  often  developed  when  the  main  axis  is 
injured  as  by  mowing. 
1019.  L.  canadensis.  4.  L.  integrifblia  Bigel.  Similar  in  stature,  inflorescence, 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 


867 


etc. ;  leaves  broadly  oblanceolate  or  even  obovate,  unlobed,  pale  beneath,  acumi- 
nate, sagittate  at  base,  some  or  all  rather  finely  sinuate-toothed,  the  upper 
usually  entire  or  nearly  so.  —  Rich  thickets,  etc.,  e.  Mass,  to  Ind. 

5.  L.  sagittifblia  Ell.  Tall  and  stout,  glabrous,  very  leafy  ;  leaves  thickish. 
broadly  oblong  or  lance-oblong,  acute,  strictly  entire  or  merely  a  little  toothed 
on  the  broad  and  conspicuous  amplexicaul  auricles  of  the  sagittate  base ;  inflo- 
rescence, etc.,  as  in  nos.  3  and  4.  (L.  integrifolia  Man.  ed.  6,  in  part.)  —  Rich 
soil,  Fa.  to  S.  'C. 

H-  ••-  Leaves  hirsute  or  hispid-setose  on  the  midnerve  beneath. 

++  Stem  leafy  chiefly  at  or  below  the  middle;  bracts  of  the  inflorescence  minute, 
subulate  ;  slender  eastern  and  southern  species. 

6.  L.  hirsuta  Muhl.  Rather  few-leaved,  0.5-1  m.  high, 
commonly  hirsute  at  base  ;  leaves  hirsute  on  both  sides  or  only 
on  the  midrib,  mostly  runcinate-pinnatifid,  with  rather  narrow 
rhachis  and  lobes ;  heads  slender  and  elongated,  in  a  loose 
open  panicle;  achenes  elliptic-oblong,  equaled  by  the  beak; 
flowers  yellow-purple,  rarely  whitish.  —  Dry 
open  ground,  Que.  to  La.  and  Tex.  FIG. 
1020. 

++  *+  Stem  more  uniformly  leafy  ;  bracts  at 
the  base  of  the  inflorescence  somewhat 
foliaceous;  stout  species  of  the  interior. 


1020.  L.  hirsuta. 


7.  L.  ludoviciana  (Nutt.)  Riddell.      Tall  and  stout,  0.5- 
1.5  m.  high,  leafy  ;  leaves  sinuate-pin natifid,  the  rhachis  and 
spinulose-toothed  lobes  rather  broad ;  heads  large,  ovoid,  in    1021.  L.  ludoviciana. 
an  open  panicle;  the  involucre  much  imbricated,  1.5-2  cm* 

long  ;  flowers  yellow. — Minn.,  la.,  and  south westw.     FIG.  1021. 

8.  L.  campSstris  Greene.     Closely  similar  to  no.  7,  but  flowers  blue.  — Prai- 
ries, s.  Minn,  to  Kan.  —  Perhaps  only  a  color  form  of  the  preceding. 

***  Heads  about  18-flowered;  achenes  lanceolate,  3-ribbed  on  each  face,  nar- 
row-margined, 3-4  times  exceeding  the  beak. 

9.  L.  M6rssii  Robinson.     Very  leafy,  somewhat  hirsute  below,  1-3  in.  high  ; 
leaves  runcinate-pinnatifid,  mostly  5-lobed,  1.2-2  dm.  long,  half  as  broad,  on 

broadly  winged  clasping  petioles,  the  lower  somewhat  hirsute 
beneath  on  the  midrib,  etc. ;  panicle  ample  ;  involucre  about  1  cm. 
long ;  flowers  blue ;  achene  black,  mottled  with  brown ;  pappus 
cream-colored  in  drying.  —  Rich  low  ground,  Me.  and  Mass.;  also 
reported  from  n.  N.  Y.  FIG.  1022. 


§  2.  LACTUCASTRUM  Gray.     Achenes  flat,  lanceolate-oblong, 
marginless,  tapering  to  a  short  slender  firm  beak;  perennial; 

1022.  L.  Morssii.  fl°wers  Uue' 

10.  L.  Ste&lei  Britton.  Tall  and  stout ;  leaves  ovate-oblong  to 
broadly  lanceolate,  doubly  dentate  but  unlobed,  acuminate,  hirsute  upon  the 
midnerve  and  principal  veins  beneath,  narrowed  at  the  base  to 
rather  long  and  winged  petioles ;  heads  in  an  open  panicle  ; 
flowers  bluish-purple ;  achenes  lanceolate,  3-ribbed  on  each 
surface,  the  margin  slightly  thickened.  —  Open  woodland,  near 
Washington,  P.  C.  (Steele}. 

11.  L.  pulch611a  (Pursh)  DC.  (BLUE  L.)  Pale  or  glau- 
cous ;  stem  simple,  1  m.  or  less  high  ;  leaves  sessile,  glabrous, 
oblong-  or  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  or  the  lower  runcinate- 
pinnatifid;  heads  few  and  large,  racemose,  erect  on  scaly- 
bracted  peduncles  ;  involucral  bracts  imbricated  in  3-4  ranks. 
—  Upper  Mich,  and  Out.,  westw.  and  southw.  FIG.  1023. 


L.  imlchella 


868 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 


§  3.   MULGEDIUM  (Cass.)  Gray.    Achenes  thickish,  oblong,  contracted  into  a 
short  thick  beak  or  neck  •  annual  or  biennial ;  flowers  chiefly  blue, 

*  Pappus  white. 

12.   L.  vill&sa  Jacq.     Tall  biennial,  1-2  m.  high,  with  many 
small  heads  in  a  loose  panicle,  on  diverging  peduncles ;   leaves 
ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed,  sharply  and  sometimes  doubly 
serrate,  or  runcinate,  sometimes   hairy  on  the  midrib  beneath, 
contracted    into    a  winged    petiole,    the   lowest 
occasionally   sinuate  or  cleft  at    base,   and    the 
1024.  L.  villosa.    cauline   sagittate   or  hastate  ;   achenes   beakless. 
(L.  acuminata  Gray.)  — Borders  of  woods,  N.  Y. 
to  Neb.,  and  south w.     FIG.  1024. 

13.  L.  floridana  (L. )  Gaertn.  Leaves  all  lyrate  or  runcinate, 
or  rarely  entire,  the  upper  often  with  a  heart-shaped  clasping 
base ;  panicle  larger ;  achenes  distinctly  beaked ;  otherwise  as 
no.  12. — Rich  soil,  N.  Y.  and  Pa.  to  Neb.,  and  southw.  FIG. 
1025. 

*  *  Pappus  tawny. 

14.  L.  spicata  (Lam.)  Hitchc.  Nearly  smooth  biennial,  tall 
(1-3.5  m.  high),  very  leafy  ;  leaves  irregularly  pinnatifid,  some- 
times runcinate,  coarsely  toothed,  the  upper  cauline  sessile  and 
auriculate,  sometimes  clasping  ;  heads  in  a  large  and  dense  com- 
pound panicle ;  flowers  bluish  to  cream-color ;  achene  short- 
beaked.  (L.  leucophoea  Gray. )  —  Low  grounds,  rather  common. 
FIG.  1026.  Var.  iNTEGRirdLiA  (Gray)  Britton.  Leaves  un- 
u  spicata.  diyided}  or  the  lower  sinuate-pinnatifid.  —  Me.  to  m.  and  N.  C. 


1025.  L.  floridana. 


101.    LYGODESMIA  D.  Don. 

Heads  and  flowers  (5-10)  nearly  as  in  Prenanthes,  the  cylindrical  involucre 
more  elongated,  and  the  achenes  long  and  slender,  tapering  at  the  summit ; 
pappus  whitish.  —  Smooth,  often  glaucous,  with  terminal  or 
scattered  heads  of  rose-purple  flowers  on  the  leafless  or  rush- 
like  stems  or  branches.  (Name  composed  of  \vyos,  a  pita  at 
twig,  and  oVo-/^,  a  bundle,  from  the  fascicled  twiggy  or  rush- 
like  stems. ) 

1.  L.  jiincea  (Pursh)  D.  Don.  Perennial,  2-4  dm.  high, 
tufted,  rigid,  much  branched  ;  lower  leaves 
lance-linear,  2.5-5  cm.  long,  rigid,  the  upper 
awl-shaped  and  minute ;  heads  5-flowered, 
terminal  ;  achene  filiform,  only  slightly 
attenuate  above,  4-5  mm.  long. — Plains,  St. 
Croix  River,  Wise,  to  the  Saskatchewan, 
Mo.,  and  westw.  June-Sept.  FIG.  1027. 

2.  L.  rostrata  Gray.  Annual,  1  m.  or  less 
high,  corymbose-paniculate  ;  leaves  elongate, 
the  lower  about  1  dm.  long ;  heads  8-9-flowered,  scattered;  achene 
fusiform,  distinctly  attenuate  above,  1  cm.  long. — Sandy  soil, 
Kan.  to  the  Saskatchewan,  and  westw.  Aug. -Sept.  FIG.  1028. 


102T.   L.  juncea. 
Heads  x  %. 
Achene  x  1%. 


1028.  L.  rostrata. 
Achene  x  1%. 


102.    AG6SERIS  Raf. 

Head  large,  solitary,  many-flowered.  Bracts  of  the  bell-shaped  involucre 
ovate  or  lanceolate,  pointed,  loosely  imbricated  in  2  or  3  rows.  Achenes  smooth, 
10-ribbed,  with  or  without  a  distinct  beak ;  pappus  usually  longer  than  the 
achene,  white,  of  copious  and  unequal  rigid  capillary  bristles.  —  Perennial 
scapose  herbs,  with  elongated  linear  tufted  basal  leaves,  and  yellow  flowers, 
(Name  from  off,  goat,  and  atyis,  chicory.) 


COMPosiTAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 


869 


1.  A.  cuspidata  (Pursh)  Steud.     Scape  3  dm.  high, 
from  a  thickened  caudex  ;  leaves  lan- 
ceolate, elongated,  tapering  to  a  sharp 

point,  entire,  woolly  on  the  margins; 
bracts  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  sharp- 
pointed  ;  achene  beakless.  ( Troximon 
Pursh;  Nothocalais  Greene.) — Prairies, 
Wise,  and  n.  111.,  westw.  and  north- 
westw.  Apr.,  May.  FIG.  1029. 

2.  A.  glauca  (Pursh)  Steud.     Scape 
3-6  dm.  high  ;  leaves  linear  to  lanceo- 
late, entire  to  dentate  or  laciniate  ;  head 
often  pubescent  or  villous  ;  achene  long- 
beaked.      (Troximon    Pursh.) — Minn.      1030.  A.  glauca. 

to  the  Saskatchewan,  southw.  and  westw.     FIG.  1030.  Achene  x  iya. 


1029.   A.  cuspidata. 
Head  x  %. 
Achene  x  1. 


1031.   P.  carolinianus. 
Head  x  %.    Achene  x  1 


103.   PYRRHOPAPPUS  DC.    FALSE  DANDELION 

Heads,  etc.,  nearly  as  in  Taraxacum,  but  the  soft 
pappus  reddish  or  rust-color,  and  surrounded  at  base 
by  a  soft-villous  ring.  —  Mostly  annual  or  biennial 
herbs,  scapose  or  often  branching  and  leafy  below. 
Heads  solitary,  terminal.  Flowers  deep  yellow.  (Name 
composed  of  irvpp6s,  flame-colored,  and  irainrfa,  pappus.) 
SITILIAS  Raf. 

1.  P.  carolinianus  (Walt.)  DC.  Annual  or  bien- 
nial, branching,  1-9  dm.  high  ;  leaves  oblong  or  lanceo- 
late, entire,  cut  or  pinnatifid,  the  stem-leaves  partly 
clasping.  (Sitilias  Raf.)  — Sandy  fields,  Del.  to  Mo., 
Kan.,  and  southw.  Apr.-July.  FIG.  1031. 

104.   CREPIS  L.     HAWK'S  BEARD 

Involucre  few-many-flowered,  commonly  of  a  single  row  of  equal  bracts  often 
becoming  thickened  at  base.  Pappus  copious,  white,  soft.  —  Annuals  or  bien- 
nials, not  pilose.  Otherwise  as  Hieracium.  (The  Greek  name  of  some  plant, 
from  Kpyirts,  a  sandal.) 

*  Involucre  glabrous. 

1.  C.  prji.cHRA  L.    Annual,  0.3-1.5  m.  high,  pubescent  below,  leafy  near 
the  base ;  leaves  pubescent,  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  runcinate-dentate,  the 
lower  on  margined  petioles,  the  upper  somewhat  clasping ;  heads  hi  a  loose 
naked  panicle ;   involucre  1  cm.  high.  —  Locally  established  in  Va.      (Adv. 
from  Eu.) 

*  *  Involucre  pubescent. 

•»-  Perennial ;  scapose  or  nearly  so. 

2.  C.  runcinata  (James)  T.  &  G;     Stem  3-9  m.  high,  glabrous  or  somewhat 
glandular-hispid  ;  leaves  rosulate,  obovate-oblong  or  oblong-spatulate,  repand  or 
runcinate-dentate,  glabrous  or  slightly  hispidulous  ;   heads  loosely  corymbose, 
2  cm.  broad;  involucre  hirsute,  1  cm.  or  so  high.  —  On  saline  soil,  Man.  to  la., 
and  westw.     June,  July. 

•«-  -i-  Annuals  or  biennials;  stems  leafy. 

3.  C.  CAPiLiAms   (L.)   Wallr.      Ascending,   3-6  dm.   high; 
leaves  lance-spatulate,   laciniate-pinnatifid  or  merely  dentate, 
the  cauline  with  sagittate-auriculate  bases  ;  heads  small,  invo- 
lucre 6-7  mm.  high  ;  achencs  smooth,  10-nerved,  slightly  nar- 
rowed at  both  ends.     (C.  virens  L.)  —Fields  and  waste  places, 
becoming  frequent.     (Adv.  from  Eu.)     FIG.  1032. 


T 


1032.  C.  capillarts. 
Achene  x  1%. 


870  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

4.    C.  TECT6RUM  L.     Slender,  branching  from  the  base,  2-4 

dm.  high  ;  leaves  narrow,  runcinate,  often  sagittate-auriculatc  ; 
heads  small,  in  a  loose  panicle  ;    achenes  fusi- 
form, attenuate  above,  the  ribs  upwardly  sca- 
brous.—  In  fields,  Ont.,  Mich.,  and  Neb.;  and 
on  ballast  eastw.     July-Sept.    (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

UN*.  C.  tectorum.     FlG'    I?33', 

Head  x 2/  ^'  C.  BiENNisL.  Some  what  pubescent,  6-8  dm. 

Achene  x\%.      high?  leafy  ;   leaves  runcinate-pinnatifid  ;  heads 
rather  large,  2-4  cm.  broad,  corymbose  ;  achenes 
13-nerved,  glabrous,  attenuate  above.  —  Locally  in  fields  and  waste    1034.  c.  biennis. 
places,  N.  E.  to  Pa.  and  Mich.     (Adv.  from  Eu.)     FIG.  1034.          Achene  xi%. 

105.   PRENANTHES   [Vaill.]   L.     RATTLESNAKE-ROOT 

Heads  5-30-flowered.  Involucre  cylindrical,  of  5-14  linear  bracts  in  a  single 
row,  and  a  few  small  bractlets  at  base.  Achenes  short,  linear-oblong,  striate 
or  grooved,  not  contracted  at  the  apex.  Pappus  of  copious  whitish,  straw- 
colored,  or  brownish  rough  capillary  bristles. — Perennial  herbs,  with  upright 
leafy  stems  arising  from  spindle-shaped  (extremely  bitter)  tubers,  very  variable 
leaves,  and  racemose-panicled  mostly  nodding  heads.  Flowers  in  late  summer 
and  autumn.  (Name  from  irpqwfc,  drooping,  and  &v6r),  blossom.)  NABALUS 
Cass. 

*  Heads  rather  broad,  25-35-flowered,  in  a  corymbose  panicle. 

1.  P.  crepidinea   Michx.     Somewhat  smooth  ;  stem  stout,  1.5-2.7  m.  high, 
bearing  numerous  nodding  heads  in  loose   clusters  ;  leaves  large  (1.5-3  dm. 
long),  broadly  triangular-ovate   or  halberd-form,   strongly  toothed,  contracted 
into  winged  petioles;  flowers  cream-color;  pappus  brown.     (Nabalus  DC.) — 
Rich  soil,  w.  N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  and  south w.     Sept.,  Oct. 

*  *  Heads  slender,  8-lo-flowered,  in  a  long  raceme-like  or  thyrsoid  inflorescence  ; 
stems  simple  ;  cauline  leaves  sessile;  pappus  straw-color. 

•»-  Inflorescence  pubescent,  strict;  heads  nearly  erect,  12-15-flowered. 

2.  P.  racembsa  Michx.     Stem  0.2-1.5  m.  high,  smooth  and  glaucous,  as  well 
as  the  oval  or  oblong-lanceolate  denticulate  leaves;  the  lower  leaves  tapering 
into  winged  petioles  (rarely  cut-pinnatifid) ,  the  upper  partly  clasping  ;  heads  m 
crowded  clusters  ;  flowers  purplish.     (Nabalus  Hook.)  —  River-banks  and  prai- 
ries, e.  Que.  to  Alb.,  s.  to  N.  B.,  n.  Me.,  Great  L.  region,  Mo.,  S.  Dak.,  and  Col.; 
also  in  marshes  of  s.  N.  Y.  and  n.  N.  J.     Aug.,  Sept.     Var.  piNNATfpiDA  Gray. 
Leaves  all  lyrately  pinnatifid. — Marshes,  s.  N.  Y.  and  n.  N.  J. ;   also  in  Ont. 
(according  to  Macoun). 

3.  P.  aspera  Michx.     Stem  0.5-1.3  m.  high,  rough-pubescent,  as  well  as  the 
oval-oblong  or  broadly  lanceolate  toothed  leaves;  upper  leaves  not  clasping; 
heads  in  small  clusters  ;  flowers  larger,  cream-color.     (Nabalus  T.  &  G.)  — Dry 
prairies  and  barrens,  O.  to  S.  Dak.,  and  south  w.     Aug.,  Sept. 

t-  1-  Whole  plant  glabrous ;  heads  nodding,  S-\2-flowered;  thyrse  looser. 

4.  P.  virgata   Michx.     (SLENDER  R.)      Slightly  glaucous;  stem  6-12  dm. 
high,  prolonged  into  a  naked  and  slender  spiked  raceme  (4-6  dm.  long);  heads 
clustered  and  mostly  unilateral ;   leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  closely  sessile,  the 
upper  reduced  to  bracts,  the  lower  toothed  or  pinnatifid  ;  involucre  (purplish) 
of  about  8  bracts.     (Nabalus  DC.)  — Sandy  pine  barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla.     Sept., 
Oct. 

5.  P.  mainensis  Gray.     Stem  0.5-1  m.  high,  leafy  ;  leaves  as  in  no.  2,  but  the 
radical  ovate  and  more  abruptly  narrowed  to  the  short  petiole  ;  heads  persistently 
drooping  on  slender  pedicels.  —  St.  John  and  Aroostook  valleys,  Me.  and  N.B. 
Aug.,  Sept.  — Perhaps  a  hybrid  between  nos.  2  and  8. 


COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  871 

*  *  *  Heads  5-I8-flowered,  racemose  or  paniculate,  commonly  pendulous  ;  leaves 
variable,  mostly  petiolate,  the  lower  cordate  or  truncate  or  hastate  at  base. 

«-  Involucre  cylindrical  (at  least  below  the  middle};  bracts  scarious-margined, 
the  outer  numerous,  short,  appressed. 

*+  Involucre  of  6-8  primary  bracts,  8-12-flowered. 
=  Pappus  deep  reddish-brown. 

6.  P.  alba  L.     (WHITE  LETTUCE,  RATTLESNAKE-ROOT.)     Smooth  and  glau- 
cous ;   stem  stout,   usually  purplish,  0.5-1.5  m.  high,   corymbose-panicled  at 
summit ;  leaves  angulate  or  triangular-halberd-forin,  sinuate-toothed  or  3-5-cleft, 
the  uppermost  oblong  and  undivided  ;   involucre  whitish-green  and  purplish, 
glaucous  ;   flowers  whitish.     (Nabalus  Hook.)  —  Rich  woods  and  thickets,  s. 
Me.  to  the  Saskatchewan,  s.  to  Ga.,  Ky.,  and  111.     Late  July-early  Oct. 

=  =  Pappus  whitish  or  brownish-white. 

a.   Primary  bracts  scarcely  as   long  as    the  pappus,   the    small  outer   ones 

lanceolate. 

7.  P.  serpentaria  Pursh.    (LION'S-FOOT,  GALL-OF-THE-EARTH.)    Stem  smooth, 
3-12  dm.  high,  usually  purplish,  corymbose-panicled  at  summit,'  leaves  thick, 

variously  lobed,  often  pinnatifid  with  blunt  or  rounded  lobes, 
or  even  entire,  the  lower  on  margined  petioles  ;  heads  chiefly 
clustered  at  the  tips  of  elongate  branches ;  involucre  funnel- 
form,  cylindric  below,  its  subherbaceous   green  or  purplish 
frequently  setulose  bracts  abruptly  spreading  above  the'middle  ; 
flowers    purplish,    greenish-white,    or    cream-color;    achenes 
1035.  P.  serpentaria.    yellow-brown.      (Nabalus  Hook.) — Dry  open  soil,  e.  Mass. 
Heads  x 2/8.         to  Fla.  and  Ala.     Sept.,  Oct.     FIG.  1035. 

6.    Primary  bracts  as  long  as  the  pappus,  the  small  outer  ones  deltoid  to  ovate. 

8.  P.  trifoliolata  (Cass.)  Fernald.     (GALL-OF-THE-EARTH.)    Glabrous,  1.5-15 
dm.  high  ;  leaves  thinnish,  nearly  all  petioled  ;  the  lower  mostly  3-divided  or 
angulate,  occasionally  uncleft  or  with  the  divisions  finely  dis- 
sected ;  inflorescence  an  elongate  panicle,  the  heads  clustered 

at  the  tips  of  comparatively  short  ascending  branches  or  in  the 
upper  axils  ;  involucre  cylindric,  glaucous ;  its  pale  green  or 
purple-tinged  primary  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  the  inner 
with  broad  scarious  margins,'   outer  calyculate  bracts  lance- 
deltoid,   rather   firm,   with    pale   hyaline   margins,   regularly   1036.  P.  trifoliolata. 
imbricated,   the  longest  1.5-2.5  mm.   long;  achenes  yellow-         Heads  x%. 
brown.     (Nabalus  Cass.;  P.  serpentaria  Man.  ed.  6,  in  part, 
not  Pursh.) — Thickets  and  woods,  Nfd.  and  Que.  to  Del.,  Pa.,  and  along  the 
mts.  to  Tenn.     Aug.,  Sept.     FIG.  1036. 

9.  P.  nana  (Bigel.)  Torr.     Stem  simple  and  strict,  0.5-7.5  dm.  high  ;  leaves 
much  as  in  the  preceding,  very  variable  in  outline;  inflorescence  a  thyrse  or 
raceme,  rarely  somewhat  paniculate  or  subcorymbose  ;  involucre  thick-cylindric, 
glabrous  ;  bracts  lead-color  or  blackish  ;  the  primary  ones  linear-  to  lance-oblong, 
blunt  or  acutish,  the  inner  with  narrow  scarious  margins;   outer  calyculate 
bracts   ovate   to   ovate-lanceolate,   blackish-green,   herbaceous   or  fleshy,   very 
unequal,   the    longest  3-6  mm.   long;    achenes  yellowish-  to   reddish-brown. 
(Nabalus  DC.;   P.  serpentaria,  var.   Gray;   P.  trifoliolata,  var.   Fernald.)  — 
Rocky  or  mossy  places,  Lab.  and  Nfd.  to  the  coast  of  N.  S.,  and  the  higher  mts. 
of  n.  N.  E.  and  n.  N.  Y.     July-Sept. 

HH.  4H-  Involucre  of  5  primary  bracts,  5-6-flowered. 

10.  P.  altissima  L.     Smooth,  tall  and  slender,  1-2  m.  high  ;  heads  in  small 
axillary  and  terminal  loose  clusters  forming  a  long  and  wand-like  leafy  panicle ; 
leaves   membranaceous,   all  petioled,    ovate,  heart-shaped,  or  triangular,  and 
merely  toothed  or  cleft,  with  naked  or  winged  petioles,  or  frequently  3-5-parted, 


872  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

with  the  divisions  entire  or  again  cleft ;  involucre  very  slender,  greenish  ;  flowers 
greenish-white;  pappus  cream-color.  (Nabalus  Hook.)  —  Rich  moist  woods, 
Nfd.  to  Man.,  s.  to  Ga.  and  Tenn.  Late  July-early  Oct.  Var.  HISPI'DULA 
Fernald.  Stems  villous  or  hispid;  leaves  at  least  hispidulous  on  the  veins 
beneath.  —  Wet  woods,  e.  Que.  to  Vt.  and  Ct. 

Var.  cinnam6mea  Fernald.  Pappus  cinnamon-color  or  deep  brown.  —  Ind! 
to  Mo.  and  La. 

•«-  -t-  Involucre  slender-campanulate ;  secondary  basal  bracts  2-3,  linear,  loose. 

11.  P.  Bo6ttii  (DC.)  Gray.  Simple,  dwarf,  1-3  dm.  high,  pubescent  at  the 
summit;  the  heads  in  an  almost  simple  raceme;  lowest  leaves  halberd-shaped 
or  heart-shaped,  the  middle  oblong,  the  upper  lanceolate,  nearly  entire,  tapering 
into  a  margined  petiole  ;  involucre  livid,  10-18-flowered ;  the  primary  bracts 
10-15,  very  obtuse  ;  pappus  pale  straw-color.  —  Alpine  regions,  n.  N.  E.  and 
n.  N.  Y.  July-Sept. 

106.   HIERACIUM   [Tourn.]  L.     HAWKWEED 

Heads  12-many-flowered.  Involucre  more  or  less  imbricated.  Achenes 
short,  oblong  or  columnar,  striate,  not  beaked ;  pappus  a  single  row  of  tawny 
and  fragile  capillary  rough  bristles.  —  Hispid  or  hirsute  and  often  glandular 
perennials,  with  entire  or  toothed  leaves,  and  single  or  panicled  heads  of  mostly 
yellow  flowers  ;  summer  and  early  autumn.  (Name  from  itpa.%,  a  haiok.) 

*  Rootstock  slender,  elongated;  stolons  usually  present ;  scapose. 
-i-  Scape  1-3 (-4)- headed. 

1.  H.  PILOSELLA  L.     (MOUSE-EAR.)     Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  spatulate, 
2-6  cm.  long,  setose  upon  both  surfaces,  green  above,  whitened  beneath  with 
close  stellate  tomentum  ;  stolons  several,  slender,  leafy ;  scape  5-20  cm.  high, 
1 -headed  ;  heads  2.5-3  cm.  broad;  flowers  yellow. — Grassland,   becoming  fre- 
quent.   June,  July.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

Var.  VIRIDE  Ser.  Coarser  ;  leaves  often  1  dm.  long,  green  on  both  surfaces  ; 
scape  1-3 (-4) -headed,  1.5-4  dm.  high.  — Fields,  pastures,  etc.,  also  becoming  too 
frequent.  June,  July.  (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

t-  H-  Scape  bearing  several-many  heads  in  a  rather  dense  corymb. 
*+  Flowers  orange-red. 

2.  H.  AURANTlACtiM  L.     (ORANGE  H.,  DEVIL'S  PAINT-BRUSH,  GRIM  THE  COL- 
LIER.)    Long-hirsute ;  leaves  oblanceolate,  6-15  cm.  long,  green  on  both  sides  ; 
stolons  numerous,   slender;  scape  2-6   dm.  high,  usually  1-2-bracted ;   heads 
about  2  crn.  broad.  — Fields,  etc.,  e.  Que.  to  Ont.  and  Pa.,  locally  too  abundant. 
June,  July.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

•>-*•  -w-  Flowers  yellow. 

3.  H.  FLORiBtjNDUM  Wimm.  &  Grab.     Glaucous ;  stolons  numerous ;  basal 
leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate,  5-15  cm.  long,  essentially  glabrous  above,  setose 
on  the  margin,  midrib,  and  sometimes  very  sparingly  on  the  surface  beneath ; 
primary  scape  3-8  dm.  high,  usually  naked  or  with  only  1  leaf  near  the  base ; 
involucre  nigrescent ;  flowers  bright  yellow.  —  Fields  and  open  ground,  N.  B.  and 
e.  Me.    June,  July.     (Nat.  from  Eu.)  — Luxuriant  plants  developing  decumbent 
leafy  secondary  flowering  axes  as  well  as  stolons. 

4.  H.  PRATENSE  Tausch.    (KING  DEVIL.)     Green,  not  glaucous  ;  stolons  few  ; 
basal  leaves  narrowly  oblong  to  oblanceolate,  1-2.5  dm.  long,  setose  upon  both 
surfaces;  scape  4-8  dm.  high,  bearing  1-3  well  developed   leaves;   otherwise 
like  the  preceding. — Fields,  roadsides,  etc.,  e.  Que.  to  s.  N,  Y.     Juue-Aug. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 


COMPOSITAE    (COMPOSITE   FAMILY)  873 

*  *  Rootstock  short,  stout,  praemorse. 
+-  Heads  small,  1-2.3  cm.  in  diameter. 

«•+  Inflorescence  a  corymbiform  panicle  (sometimes  subcylindric  in  no.  11,  which 

has  leafy  bracts'). 

=  Leaves  (at  least  those  of  the  primary  axis')  chiefly  basal, 
a.   Leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate  or  spatulate,  glaucous. 

5.  H.  PRAEALTUM  Gochnat,  var.  DECI>IENS  Koch.     Somewhat  glaucous,  bear- 
ing numerous  slender  elongated  leafy  branches  from  the  base;  basal  leaves 
narrowly  oblanceolate  to  linear-oblong,  somewhat  hispid  on  both  surfaces  and 
finely  stellate-pubescent  beneath  ;  scape  tall,  setose ;  corymb  irregular ;  flowers 
yellow.  —  Established  in  a  dry  pasture,  Andover,  Mass.   (A.  S.  Pease).     June. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

6.  H.  FLORENTINUM  All.     (KING  DEVIL.)     Without  slender  leafy  branches 
from   the  base,  smoothish ;   basal   leaves  oblanceolate   to  spatulate,    thickish, 
sparingly  setose  or  more  often  glabrous;  scape  3-8  dm.  high,  smooth  or  spar- 
ingly setose  ;  corymb  many-headed.     (H.  praealtum  Man.  ed.  6,  not  Gochnat.) 
—Open  places,  fields,  etc.,  e.  Que.  to  n.  N.  Y.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

b.   Leaves  elliptic-oblong. 

7.  H.  ven6sum  L.     (RATTLESNAKE-WEED,  POOR  ROBIN'S  PLANTAIN.  )     Scape 
2-7  dm.  high,  naked,  or  with  1  rarely  2  leaves  (var.  SUBCAULESCENS  T.  &  G.), 
smooth,   slender,   forking  above   into  a  loose   corymb ;    leaves  nearly   entire, 
scarcely  petioled,  thin,  glabrous  and  often  purple-veined   or  mottled  above, 
glaucous  beneath  ;  pedicels  very  slender,  sparingly  glandular-pubescent  toward 
the  tip.  —  Dry  woods  and  open  sandy  places,  s.  Me.  to  Ga.,  and  westw.     Late 
May-Sept. 

8.  H.  Grednii  Porter  &  Britton.     Scape  2-7  dm.  high,  usually  spreading- 
villous  especially  below,  naked  or  more  often  with  1-2  leaves  near  the  base  ; 
leaves  spatulate  to  obovate,  green,  conspicuously  sordid-  or  tawny-villous  on 
both  surfaces;  inflorescence  copiously  glandular-hispid.    (H.  marianum,  var. 
spathulatum  Gray.)  —  Dry  woods,  Pa.  and  O.  to  Mo.,  and  southw. 

=  =  Stem  leafy  to  the  inflorescence. 

9.  H.  paniculatum  L.     Stem  slender,  3-12  dm.  high,  glabrous  except  at  the 
villous  base ;  leaves  thin,  lanceolate,  remotely  toothed,  acute,  glabrous,  glaucous 
beneath;  panicle  lax;  heads  comparatively  small  (12-20-flowered) ,  on  filiform 
smoothish  pedicels.  —  Open  woods,  N.  S.  and  centr.  Me.  to  Mich.,  s.  to  Ga.  and 
Ala.     Late  July-Sept. 

10.  H.  marianum  Willd.     Stouter  ;  stem  setose  at  least  below ;  leaves  obo- 
vate-oblong,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  tip,  subentire;  the  basal  large,  on  hairy 
winged  petioles,  green  or  rarely  purple-veined,  glabrous  above,  hairy  on  the 
veins  beneath;  panicle  open,  corymbiform;  heads  larger  (2Q-4()-flowered) ,  on 
whitish-tomentose  and  glandular-hispid  pedicels. — Open  woods  and  clearings, 
N.  H.  to  O.,  and  southw.     June-Aug. 

11.  H.  scabrum  Michx.     Stoutish,  3-12  dm.  high,  rough-hairy  ;  leaves  elliptic 
to  spatulate-obovate,  obtuse,  subentire,  thickish,  hairy  on  both  surfaces,  deep 
green  above,  paler  beneath  ;  panicle  stiff,  corymbiform,  its  axis  and  branches 
densely  white-torn eritose  and  commonly  covered  with  numerous  dark  glands  ; 
heads  40-5Q-flowered,  on  thickish  pedicels.  —  Dry  woods  and  pastures,  frequent. 
July-Sept. 

•*-*•  +*  Inflorescence  more  slender  and  elongated,  subcylindric,  not  leafy-bracted. 

12.  H.  Gronbvii  L.     Stem  wand-like,  3-12  dm.  high,  leafy  chiefly  below  the 
middle,  villous  at  base  ;  basal  leaves  oblong  to  obovate,  6-16  cm.  long,  rounded 
or  obtuse  at  the  tip,  setose  chiefly  above,  minutely  stellate-pubescent  beneath  ; 
the  stem-leaves  similar,  decreasing  rapidly  in  size  ;   panicle  thyrsoid,  1-4  din. 
long,  without  leafy  bracts;  heads  15-20-flowered,  on  slightly  glandular  pedi- 
cels.—  Sandy  soil,  Mass,  to  Ont.,  Kan.,  and  southw.     Aug.-Oct. 


874  COMPOSITAE  (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

13.  H.   longipilum  Torr.     Similar,   copiously  covered  with  extremely  long 
(1-2  cm.)  soft  white  to  tawny  hairs;  basal  leaves  oblanceolate,  acutish,  1.3-3 
dm.  long ;  upper  leaves  'similar,  much  smaller ;  heads  20-30-flowered  ;  pedicels 
copiously  glandular.  —  Open  woods  and  prairies,  Mich,  to  Minn.,  southw.  and 
south westw.     Aug.,  Sept. 

•*-  •»-  Heads  large,  2.5-4.5  cm.  in  diameter. 
•»-»•  Basal  leaves  elliptic  to  ovate,  slender-petioled,  the  cauline  rather  few. 

14.  H.  MUR6RUM  L.     (GOLDEN  LUNGWORT.)     Scape  naked  or  with  a  single 
leaf,  2-7  dm.  high,  smoothish ;  leaves  green,  not  mottled;  the  basal  toothed  or 
incised  especially  near  the  rounded  or  subcordate  base ;  heads  few  ;  involucre 
densely  glandular.  —  Established   in   open   woods,   Northampton,  Mass.   ( Mrs. 
Terry)  and  near  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.     May,  June.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

15.  H.    VULGA.TUM  Fries.     Stem   bearing  2-several  leaves,    1.5-8  dm.   tall, 
rather  slender  and  flexuous ;  basal  leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate,  acute,  tapering  to 
the  petiole,  remotely  dentate,  usually  purplish-mottled  above ;  heads  1-several, 
about  4  cm.  in  diameter. — Fields,  open  woods,  and  ledgy  shores,  Nfd.  to  w. 
Que.  and  locally  s.  to  s.  N.  Y.     June-Sept.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

++  -M.  Basal  leaves  lance-oblong,  scarcely  petioled,  the  cauline  numerous. 

16.  H.  canadSnse  Michx.    Stoutish,  2-12  dm.  high;  leaves  ovate  to  lance- 
oblong,  spreading,   coarsely  toothed  especially  below  the   middle,  acute,  firm 
in  texture,  at  least  the  upper  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base ;  heads  several, 
in  a  corymb. — Borders  of  woods,  shores,  etc.,  Nfd.  to  B.  C.,  s.  to  N.  J.,  Pa., 
the  Great  L.  region,  and  Ore.     July-Sept. 

17.  H.  umbellatum  L.     Similar ;  leaves  lance-linear  to  lanceolate,  attenuate 
to  a  narrow  sessile  base,  entire  or  nearly  so ;  heads  few,   subumbellate.  — 
L.  Superior,  north  w.  and  westw.     (Eurasia.) 


GLOSSARY 


A  bortion.  Imperfect  development  or  non-devel- 
opment of  an  organ. 

Abortive.     Defective  or  Darren. 

Acaulescent.  Stemiess  or  apparently  so,  or 
with  stem  subterranean. 

Accumbent  (cotyledon).  Having  the  edges 
against  the  radicle. 

Achene.  A  small  dry  and  hard  l-celled  1-seeded 
indehiscent  fruit. 

AcMamydeous.    Without  calyx  or  corolla. 

Acicular.    Slenderly  needie-shaped. 

Aculeate.     Prickly ;  beset  with  prickles. 

Aculeolate.     Beset  with  diminutive  prickles. 

Acuminate.    Tapering  at  the  end. 

Acute.  Terminating  with  a  sharp  or  well  denned 
angle. 

Adnate.  United,  as  the  inferior  ovary  with  the 
calyx-tube.  Adnate  anther,  one  attached  for 
its  whole  length  to  the  inner  or  outer  face  of 
the  filament. 

Adventive.    Imperfectly  naturalized. 

Aestivation.  The  arrangement  of  the  parts  of 
the  perianth  in  the  bud. 

Alate.    Winged. 

Albumen.  Any  deposit  of  nutritive  material 
accompanying  the  embryo. 

Albuminous.     Having  albumen. 

Alliaceous.     Having  the  smell  or  taste  of  garlic. 

Alternate  (of  leaves,  etc.).  Not  opposite  to  each 
other  on  the  axis,  but  arranged  singly  at 
different  heights. 

Alveolate.  Honeycombed ;  having  angular  de- 
pressions separated  by  thin  partitions. 

Alveolation.    A  honeycombed  condition. 

Ament.    A  catkin,  or  scaly  spike. 

Amphigean.  Native  of  both  Old  and  New 
Worlds. 

Amphitropous  (ovule  or  seed).  Half-inverted 
and  straight,  with  the  hilum  lateral. 

Amplexicaul.    Clasping  the  stem. 

Anastomosing.  Connecting  by  cross-veins  and 
forming  a  network. 

Anatropous  (ovule).  Inverted  and  straight, 
with  the  micropyle  next  the  hilum  and  the 
radicle  consequently  inferior. 

Ancipital.    Two-edged. 

Androgynous  (inflorescence).  Composed  of 
both  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers. 

Androsporangium.  The  receptacle  in  which 
androspores  are  formed. 

Androspore.  The  minute  reproductive  body, 
which  gives  rise  to  the  (often  exceedingly  ob- 
scure) male  plantlet  in  the  sexual  generation. 
The  same  at*  Microspore. 

•androus.    In  composition,  having  stamens. 


Angiospermous.  Having  the  seeds  borne  within 
a  pericarp. 

Annual.  Of  only  one  year's  duration.  Winter 
annual,  a  plant  from  autumn-sown  seed  which 
blooms  and  fruits  in  the  following  spring. 

Annular.     In  the  form  of  a  ring. 

Anterior.  On  the  front  side  of  a  flower  and  next 
the  bract,  remote  from  the  axis  of  inflorescence ; 
equivalent  to  inferior  and  (less  properly)  ex- 
terior. 

Anther.    The  polliniferous  part  of  a  stamen. 

Antheridiuni.  In  Cryptogams,  the  organ  cor 
responding  to  an  anther. 

Antheriferous.     Anther-bearing. 

Antherozoid.  One  of  the  minute  organs  devel- 
oped in  an  antheridium. 

Anthesis.    The  time  of  expansion  of  a  flower. 

Apetalous.     Having  no  petals. 

Apiculate.    Ending  in  a  short  pointed  tip. 

Apogamous.    Developed  without  fertilization. 

Appr eased.    Lying  close  and  flat  against. 

Arachnoid.  Cobwebby ;  of  slender  entangled 
hairs. 

Archegonium.  The  organ  in  the  higher  Crypto- 
gams corresponding  to  a  pistil  in  the  Flowering 
Plants. 

Arcuate.    Moderately  curved. 

Areolate.  Marked  out  into  small  spaces ;  reticu- 
late. 

Areole.  A  small  space  marked  out  upon  a  sur- 
face. 

Aril.  An  appendage  growing  at  or  about  the 
hilum  of  a  seed. 

Aril-late.    Having  an  aril. 

Aristate.  Awned ;  provided  with  stiffish  bristle- 
shaped  appendages. 

Articulate.    Jointed  ;  having  a  node  or  joint. 

Ascending.  Rising  somewhat  obliquely,  or 
curving  upward.  Ascending  ovule,  one  that 
is  attached  above  the  base  of  the  ovary  and  is 
directed  upward. 

Asnurgent.    A  scending. 

Attenuate.  Slenderly  tapering  ;  becoming  very 
narrow. 

Auricle.     An  ear-shaped  appendage. 

Auriculate.     Furnished  with  auricles. 

Awl-shaped.  Tapering  upward  from  the  base 
to  a  slender  or  rigid  point. 

Awn.    A  bristle-shaped  appendage. 

Axil.  The  angle  formed  by  a  leaf  or  branch  with 
the  stem. 

Axile.    Situated  in  the  axis. 

Axillary.    Situated  in  an  axil. 

Axis.  The  central  line  of  any  organ  or  support 
of  a  group  of  organs  ;  a  stem,  etc. 


875 


876 


GLOSSARY 


Baccate.    Berry-like ;  pulpy  throughout. 
Barbed.    Furnished  with  rigid  points  or  short 

bristles,  usually  reflexed  like  the  barb  of  a  fish- 
hook. 

Barbellate.    Finely  barbed. 
Barbulate.     Finely  bearded. 
Basifixed.     Attached  by  the  base. 
Bast.    The  fibrous  portion  of  the  inner  bark. 
Beaked.    Ending  in  a  prolonged  tip. 
Bearded.     Bearing  a  long  awn,  or  furnished  with 

long  or  stiff  hairs. 
Berry.     A  fruit,  the  whole  pericarp  of  which  is 

fleshy  or  pulpy. 
Bi-  or  Bis-.     A  Latin   prefix  signifying  two, 

twice,  or  doubly. 
Bidentate.     Having  two  teeth. 
Biennial.    Of  two  years'  duration. 
Bifid.    Two-cleft. 
Bilabiate.    Two-lipped. 
Bilocular.    Two-celled. 
Bisexual.    Having  both  stamens  and  pistils. 
Bivalvular.     With  two  valves. 
Blade.    The  expanded  portion  of  a  leaf,  etc. 
Bract.    A  more  or  less  modified  leaf  subtending 

a  flower  or  belonging  to  an  inflorescence,  or 

sometimes  cauline. 

Bra  deal.    Of  or  pertaining  to  the  bracts. 
Bracteate.     Having  bracts. 
Bracteolate.     Having  bractlets. 
Bracteole.     Bractlet. 
Bracteose.      With   numerous    or    conspicuous 

bracts. 
Bractlet.     A  secondary  bract,  as  one  upon  the 

pedicel  of  a  flower. 
Bud.     The    rudimentary  state    of  a    stem    or 

branch  ;  an  unexpanded  flower. 
Bulb.     A  subterranean  leaf-bud  with  fleshy  scales 

or  coats. 

Bulbiferous.     Bearing  bulbs. 
Bulblet.      A   small  bulb,   especially  one  borne 

upon  the  stem. 

Bulbous.     Having  the  character  of  a  bulb. 
Bullate.     Blistered  or  puckered. 
Bursicle.    A  pouch-like  receptacle. 

Caducous.     Falling  off  very  early. 

Caespitose,    See  Cespitose. 

Calcarate.     Produced  into  or  having  a  spur. 

Callosity.     A  hardened  thickening. 

Callus.    A  hard  protuberance  or  callosity  ;  in  the 

Grasses  the  tough  often  hairy  swelling  at  the 

base  or  insertion  of  the  lemma  or  palet. 
Calyculate.    Having  bracts  around  the  calyx  or 

involucre  imitating  an  outer  calyx. 
Calyx.    The  outer  perianth  of  the  flower. 
Campanulate.     Bell-shaped  ;  cup-shaped  with  a 

broad  base. 
Campylotropous  (ovule  or  seed).     So  curved  as 

to  bring  the  apex  and  base  nearly  together. 
Canaliculate.     Longitudinally  channeled. 
Canescent.     Hoary  with  gray  pubescence. 
Capillary.     Hair-like. 
Capitate.     Shaped  like  a  head ;  collected  Into  a 

head  or  dense  cluster. 
Capsitlar.     Belonging  to  or  of  the  nature  of  a 

capsule. 


Capsule.  A  dry  dehiscent  fruit  composed  oi 
more  than  one  carpel. 

Carinal.    On  or  having  relation  to  a  ridge  or  keel. 

Carinate.  Having  a  keel  or  projecting  longi- 
tudinal medial  line  on  the  lower  surface. 

Carpel.  A  simple  pistil,  or  one  member  of  a 
compound  pistil. 

Carpophore.  The  slender  prolongation  of  the 
floral  axis  which  in  the  Umbelliferae  supports 
the  pendulous  ripe  carpels. 

Caruncle.  An  excrescence  or  appendage  at  or 
about  the  hilum  of  a  seed. 

Carunculate.     Having  a  caruncle. 

Caryopsis.  A  grain,  as  of  Grasses ;  a  seed-liKi- 
fruit  with  a  thin  pericarp  adnate  to  the  con- 
tained seed. 

Castaneous.    Of  a  chestnut-color ;  dark  brown 

Catkin.    An  ament. 

Caudate.     Having  a  slender  tail-like  appendage 

Caudex.  The  persistent  base  of  an  otherwise 
annual  herbaceous  stern. 

Caudicle.  The  thread-like  or  strap-shaped  stali 
of  a  pollinium. 

Caulescent.  Having  a  manifest  stem  above 
ground. 

Cauline.    Belonging  to  the  stem. 

Cell.  One  of  the  minute  vesicles,  of  very  various 
forms,  of  which  plants  are  formed.  Any  struc- 
ture containing  a  cavity,  as  the  cells  of  an 
anther,  ovary,  etc. 

Cellular  (tissue).  Composed  of  short  transpar- 
ent thin-walled  cells,  in  distinction  from  fibrous 
or  vascular. 

Centrum.  The  central  portion  ;  here  used  spe- 
cifically for  the  large  central  air-space  in  hollow 
stems  such  as  those  of  Equisetum. 

Cespitose  (or  Caespitose).  Growing  in  tufts: 
forming  mats  or  turf. 

Chaff.  A  small  thin  scale  or  bract,  becoming 
dry  and  membranous. 

Chaffy.    Having  or  resembling  chaff. 

Channeled.  Deeply  grooved  longitudinally,  like 
a  gutter. 

Chartaceous.  Having  the  texture  of  writing- 
paper. 

Chlorophyll.  The  green  coloring-matter  within 
the  cells  of  plants. 

Chlorophyllose.    Containing  chlorophyll. 

Ciliate.    Marginally  fringed  with  hairs. 

Ciliolate.    Minutely  ciliate. 

Cinereous.    Ash-color. 

Circinate.  Coiled  from  the  top  downward,  as 
the  young  frond  of  a  fern. 

Circumscissile.  Dehiscing  by  a  regular  trans- 
verse circular  line  of  division. 

Clavate.  Club-shaped;  gradually  thickened 
upward. 

Cleistogamous.  Fertilized  in  the  bud,  without 
the  opening  of  the  flower. 

Coalescence.  The  union  of  parts  or  organs  oi 
the  same  kind. 

Coccus  (pi.  Cocci').  One  of  the  parts  into  whicl* 
a  lobed  fruit  with  1-seeded  cells  splits. 

Cochleate.     Spiral,  like  a  snail-shell. 

Cohesion.  The  union  of  one  organ  with  ai 
other  of  like  nature. 


GLOSSARY 


877 


Commissure.  The  surface  by  which  one  carpel 
joins  another,  as  in  the  Umbelliferae. 

Comose.  Furnished  with  or  resembling  a  tuft 
of  hairs. 

Complicate.    Folded  upon  itself. 

Compound.  Composed  of  2  or  more  similar 
parts  united  into  one  whole.  Compound  leaf, 
one  divided  into  separate  leaflets. 

Compressed.     Flattened,  especially  laterally. 

Conduplicate.    Folded  together  lengthwise. 

Confluent.  Running  into  each  other;  blended 
into  one. 

Coniferous.    Cone-bearing. 

Connate.  United;  used  especially  of  like  struc- 
tures joined  from  the  start. 

Connective.  The  portion  of  a  stamen  which 
connects  the  two  cells  of  the  anther. 

Connivent.     Coming  into  contact ;  converging. 

Conoidal.    Nearly  conical. 

Convolute.     Rolled  up  longitudinally. 

Cordate.  Heart-shaped  with  the  point  up- 
ward. 

Coriaceous.    Leathery  in  texture. 

Corm.  The  enlarged  fleshy  base  of  a  stem, 
bulb-like  but  solid. 

Corolla.  The  inner  perianth,  of  distinct  or  con- 
nate petals. 

Coroniform.    Shaped  like  a  crown. 

Corrugate.     Wrinkled  or  in  folds. 

Corymb.  A  flat-topped  or  convex  open  flower- 
cluster,  in  the  stricter  use  of  the  word  equiv- 
alent to  a  contracted  raceme  and  progressing 
in  its  flowering  from  the  margin  inward. 

Corymbose.     In  corymbs,  or  corymb-like*. 

Costa.     A  rib  ;  a  midrib  or  mid-nerve. 

Costate.  Ribbed  ;  having  one  or  more  longi- 
tudinal ribs  or  nerves. 

Cotyledons.  The  foliar  portion  or  first  leaves 
(one,  two,  or  more)  of  the  embryo  as  found  in 
the  seed. 

Crateriform.  In  the  shape  of  a  saucer  or  cup, 
hemispherical  or  more  shallow. 

Creeping.  Running  along  at  or  near  the  sur- 
face of  the  ground  and  rooting. 

Crenate.    Dentate  with  the  teeth  much  rounded. 

Crenulate.     Finely  crenate. 

Cristate.  Bearing  an  elevated  appendage  resem- 
bling a  crest. 

Crown.  An  inner  appendage  to  a  petal,  or  to 
the  throat  of  a  corolla. 

Cruciate.    Cross-shaped. 

Crustaceous.    Of  hard  and  brittle  texture. 

Cucullate.     Hooded  or  hood-shaped  ;  cowled. 

Culm.    The  peculiar  stem  of  Sedges  and  Grasses. 

Cuneate.  Wedge-shaped  ;  triangular  with  the 
acute  angle  downward. 

Cuspidate.  Tipped  with  a  cusp  or  sharp  and 
rigid  point. 

Cyme.  A  usually  broad  and  flattish  determinate 
inflorescence,  i.e.  with  its  central  or  terminal 
flowers  blooming  earliest. 

Cymofte.     Bearing  cymes,  or  cyme-like. 

Deciduous.    Not  persistent ;  not  evergreen. 
J)ecompound.      More  than  once  compound  or 
divided. 


Decumbent.    Reclining,  but  with  the  summit 

ascending. 

Decurrent  (leaf).  Extending  down  the  stem 
below  the  insertion. 

Decussate.     Alternating  in  pairs  at  right  angles. 

Definite.  Of  a  constant  number,  not  exceeding 
twenty. 

Deflexed.     Bent  or  turned  abruptly  downward. 

Dehiscent.  Opening  regularly  by  valves,  slits, 
etc..  as  a  capsule  or  anther. 

Deltoid.    Shaped  like  the  Greek  letter  A. 

Dentate.  Toothed,  usually  with  the  teeth  di- 
rected outward. 

Denticulate.    Minutely  dentate. 

Depressed.     Somewhat  flattened  from  above. 

Di-,  Dis-.  A  Greek  prefix  signifying  two  or 
twice. 

Diadelphous  (stamens).    Combined  in  two  sets. 

Diandrous.    Having  two  stamens. 

Dicarpellary.    Composed  of  two  carpels. 

Dichotomous.    Forking  regularly  by  pairs. 

Dicotyledonous.    Having  two  cotyledons. 

Didymous.    Twin  ;  found  in  pairs. 

Didynamous  (stamens).  In  two  pairs  of  un- 
equal length. 

Diffuse.    Widely  or  loosely  spreading. 

Digitate.  Compound,  with  the  members  aris- 
ing together  at  the  apex  of  the  support. 

Dimerous  (flower).  Having  all  the  parts  in 
twos. 

Dimorphous.    Occurring  in  two  forms. 

Dioecious.  Unisexual,  with  the  two  kinds  of 
flowers  on  separate  plants. 

Discoid.  Resembling  a  disk.  Discoid  head, 
in  Compositae,  one  without  ray-flowers. 

Disk.  A  development  of  the  receptacle  at  or 
around  the  base  of  the  pistil.  In  Compositae, 
the  tubular  flowers  of  the  head  as  distinct  from 
the  ray. 

Dissected.  Cut  or  divided  into  numerous 
segments. 

Dissepiment.    A  partition  in  an  ovary  or  fruit. 

Distichous.     In  two  vertical  ranks. 

Distinct.    Separate ;  not  united  ;  evident 

Divaricate.    Widely  divergent. 

Divided.    Lobed  to  the  base. 

Dorsal.  Upon  or  relating  to  the  back  or  outer 
surface  of  an  organ. 

Dorsoventral.  With  distinction  of  back  and 
front,  or  placed  with  reference  to  the  back  or 
front. 

Drupaceous.  Resembling  or  of  the  nature  of  a 
drupe. 

Drupe.  A  fleshy  or  pulpy  fruit  with  the  inner 
portion  of  the  pericarp  (1-celled  and  1-seeded, 
or  sometimes  several-celled)  hard  or  stony. 

Drupelet.    A  diminutive  drupe. 

E-  or  Eos-.  A  Latin  prefix  having  often  a  priva- 
tive signification,  as  ebracteate,  without  bracts. 

Echinate.     Beset  with  prickles. 

Ecological.  Concerning  the  relation  of  plants 
to  their  surroundings. 

Effuse.     Very  loosely  spreading. 

Emarginate.  Having  a  shallow  notch  at  the 
extremity. 


878 


GLOSSARY 


Embryo.     The  rudimentary  plantlet  within  the 

seed. 

Endocarp.    The  inner  layer  of  a  pericarp. 
Endogenous.      Growing  throughout  the    sub- 
stance of  the  stem,  instead  of  by  superficial 

layers. 

Entire.  Without  toothing  or  division. 
Ephemeral.  Lasting  for  only  one  day. 
Epicarp.  The  outer  layer  of  the  pericarp  or 

matured  ovary. 

Epidermis.    The  superficial  layer  of  cells. 
Epigynous.      Growing  on  the  summit  of  the 

ovary,  or  apparently  so. 
Epiphyte.    A  plant  growing  attached  to  another 

plant,  but  not  parasitic ;  an  air-plant. 
Equitant.     Astride  ;  used  of  conduplicate  leaves 

which  enfold  each  other  in  two  ranks,  as  in  Iris. 
Erase.    As  if  gnawed. 
Exalbuminous.    Without  albumen. 
Excurrent.    Kunning  out,  as  a  nerve  of  a  leaf 

projecting  beyond  the  margin. 
Exfoliating.     Cleaving  off  in  thin  layers. 
Exogenous.      Growing  by  annular  layers  near 

the  surface  ;  belonging  to  the  Exogens. 
Exserted.     Projecting  beyond  an  envelope,  as 

stamens  from  a  corolla. 
Exsiccated.    Dried. 
Extrorse.    Facing  outward. 

falcate.  Scythe-shaped  ;  curved  and  flat,  taper- 
ing gradually. 

farinaceous.    Containing  starch  ;  starch-like. 

farinose.    Covered  with  a  meal-like  powder. 

fascicle.    A  close  bundle  or  cluster. 

fasciculate.     In  close  bundles  or  clusters. 

fastigiate  (branches).    Erect  and  near  together. 

ferruginous.    Bust-color. 

fertile.  Capable  of  producing  fruit ;  or  produc- 
tive, as  a  flower  having  a  pistil,  or  an  anther 
with  pollen. 

fibrillose.     Furnished  or  abounding  with  fine 


fibrous.  Composed  of  or  resembling  fibers. 
Fibrous  tissue,  a  tissue  formed  of  elongated 
thick-walled  cells. 

Fibro-vascular.  Composed  of  woody  fibers 
and  ducts. 

Filament.  The  part  of  a  stamen  which  sup- 
ports the  anther  ;  any  thread-like  body. 

Filamentous.    Composed  of  threads. 

Filiform.  Thread-shaped ;  long,  slender,  and 
terete. 

fintbriate.    Fringed. 

Fimbrillate.     Having  a  minute  fringe. 

Fistular.     Hollow  and  cylindrical. 

Flaccid.    Without  rigidity  ;  lax  and  weak. 

flexuous.  Zigzag  ;  bending  alternately  in  op- 
posite directions. 

Floccose.  Clothed  with  locks  or  flocks  of  soft 
hair  or  wool. 

Floret.  A  small  flower,  usually  one  of  a  dense 
cluster. 

Floriferous.     Flower-bearing. 

FoHaceous.    Leaf-like  in  texture  or  appearance. 

-foliate,    -leaved  ;   having  leaves. 

•foliolate.     Having  leaflets. 


foliose.    Bearing  numerous  leaves. 

follicle.  A  fruit  consisting  of  a  single  carpel, 
dehiscing  by  the  ventral  suture. 

follicular.    Like  a  follicle. 

forked.    Divided  into  nearly  equal  branches. 

free.    Not  adnate  to  other  organs. 

frond.  The  leaf  of  Ferns  and  some  other  Cryp- 
togams ;  in  Lemnaceae,  the  thallus-like  stem 
which  functions  as  foliage. 

Fructification.    The  act  or  organs  of  fruiting. 

fruit.  The  seed-bearing  product  of  a  plant, 
simple,  compound,  or  aggregated,  of  whatever 
form. 

fugacious.    Falling  or  fading  very  early. 

funicle.    The  free  stalk  of  an  ovule  or  seed. 

fuscous.    Grayish-brown. 

fusiform.  Spindle-shaped;  swollen  in  the 
middle  and  narrowing  toward  each  end. 

Galea.    A  hooded  or  helmet-shaped  portion  of 

a  perianth,  as  the  upper  sepal  of  Aconitum, 

and  the  upper  lip  of  some  bilabiate  corollas. 
Galeate.    Helmet-shaped  ;  having  a  galea. 
Gamopetalous.    Having  the  petals  of  the  corolla 

more  or  less  united. 
Gamophyllous.    Composed  of  coalescent  leaves 

or  leaf-like  organs. 

Cfamosepalous,    Having  the  sepals  united. 
Geminate.     Equal,  in  pairs. 
Gemma.    A  bud  or  body  analogous  to  a  bud  by 

which  a  plant  propagates  itself. 
Gemmiparous.    Producing  gemmae. 
Geniculate.    Bent  abruptly,  like  a  knee. 
Gibbosity.    A  swelling  of  moderate  extent  and 

asymmetrical  character,  chiefly  at  or  near  the 

base  of  an  organ. 

Gibbous.    Protuberant  or  swollen  on  one  side. 
Glabrate.     Somewhat   glabrous,    or  becoming 

glabrous. 
Glabrous.    Smooth;  not  rough,  pubescent,  or 

hairy. 

Gladiate.    Sword-shaped. 
Gland.    A  secreting  surface  or  structure;  any 

protuberance  or  appendage  having  the  appear- 
ance of  such  an  organ. 
Glandular.    Bearing  glands  or  of  the  nature  of 

a  gland. 

Glaucous.    Covered  or  whitened  with  a  bloom. 
Glochidiate.     Barbed  at  the  tip. 
Glomerate.    Compactly  clustered. 
Glomerulate.    In  small  compact  clusters. 
Glumaceous.      Furnished  with   or  resembling 

glumes. 
Glume.    A  chaff-like  bract;  specifically  one  of 

the  two  empty  chaffy  bracts  at  the  base  of  the 

spikelet  in  the  Grasses. 
Granulose.     Composed  of  or  appearing  as  ii 

covered  by  minute  grains. 
Gymnospermous.     Bearing  naked  seeds,  with- 
out an  ovary. 
Gynandrous.    Having  the  stamens^  borne  upon 

the  pistil,  as  in  Orchidaceae. 
Gynobase.    An  enlargement  or  prolongation  of 

the  receptacle  bearing  the  ovary. 
Gynosporangium.      The    receptacle    in   which 

gynospores  are  developed. 


GLOSSARY 


879 


Gynospore.  One  of  the  larger  (female)  repro- 
ductive bodies  in  the  Isottaceae,  etc. 

Gynostemium.  The  compound  structure  re- 
sulting from  the  union  of  the  stamens  and 
pistil  in  the  Orehidaceae. 

Habit.    The  general  appearance  of  a  plant. 

Halberd-shaped.    The  same  as  Hastate. 

Hastate.  Like  an  arrow-head,  but  with  the 
basal  lobes  pointing  outward  nearly  at  right 
angles. 

Head.  A  dense  cluster  of  sessile  or  nearly  ses- 
sile flowers  on  a  very  short  axis  or  receptacle. 

Heart-shaped.  Ovate  with  two  rounded  lobes 
and  a  sinus  at  base ;  commonly  used  to  define 
such  a  base. 

Herb.  A  plant  with  no  persistent  woody  stem 
above  ground. 

Herbaceous.  Having  the  characters  of  an  herb  ; 
leaf-like  in  color  and  texture. 

Heterocarpous.  Producing  more  than  one  kind 
of  fruit. 

Heterogamous.    Bearing  two  kinds  of  flowers. 

Hilum.  The  scar  or  point  of  attachment  of  the 
seed. 

Hirsute.  Pubescent  with  rather  coarse  or  stiff 
hairs. 

Hirsutulous.     Slightly  hirsute. 

Hirtellous.    Minutely  hirsute. 

Hispid.  Beset  with  rigid  or  bristly  hairs  or  with 
bristles. 

Hispidulous.    Minutely  hispid. 

Hoary.  Grayish-white  with  a  fine  close  pubes- 
cence. 

Ilomogamous.    Bearing  but  one  kind  of  flowers. 

Hyaline.    Transparent  or  translucent. 

Hybrid.    A  cross-breed  of  two  species. 

Hygroscopic.  Altering  form  or  position  through 
changes  of  moisture. 

Hypochil.  The  (often  fleshy  or  otherwise 
modified)  basal  portion  of  the  labelluin  or  lip 
in  Orehidaceae. 

Hypogynous.  Situated  on  the  receptacle  be- 
neath the  ovary  and  free  from  it  and  from 
the  calyx ;  having  the  petals  and  stamens  so 
situated. 

Imbricate.  Overlapping,  either  vertically  or 
spirally,  where  the  lower  piece  covers  the 
base  of  the  next  higher,  or  laterally,  as  in  the 
aestivation  of  a  calyx  or  corolla,  where  at  least 
one  piece  must  be  wholly  external  and  one 
internal. 

Immersed.     Growing  wholly  under  water. 

Impressed.  Bent  inward,  hollowed  or  furrowed 
as  if  by  pressure. 

Incised.  Cut  sharply  and  irregularly,  more  or 
less  deeply. 

Included.  Not  at  all  protruded  from  the  sur- 
rounding envelope. 

Incumbent  (cotyledons).  Lying  with  the  back 
of  one  against  the  radicle. 

Indefinite  (stamens,  etc.).  Inconstant  in  number 
or  very  numerous. 

Indehiscent.  Not  opening  by  valves,  etc. ; 
remaining  persistently  closed. 


Indigenous.     Native     and    original     to     the 

region. 

Indurated.    Hardened. 
Indusiate.    Provided  with  an  indusiurn. 
Indusium.     The  proper   (often   shield-shaped) 

covering  of  the  sorus  or  fruit  dot  in  Ferns. 
Inferior.    Lower  or  below ;  outer  or  anterior. 

Inferior   ovary,  one  that  is  adnate  to  the 

calyx. 

Inflated.     Bladdery. 
Inflorescence.     The  flowering  part  of  a  plant, 

and  especially  the  mode  of  its  arrangement. 
Infra-.     In    composition,    below ;     as    infra- 
axillary,  below  the  axil. 
Innovation.     An  offshoot  from  the  stem. 
Inserted.    Attached  to  or  growing  out  of. 
Inter-  or  Intra-.    In  composition,  between. 
Interfoliaceous.    Between  the  leaves  of  a  pair, 

as  the  stipules  of  many  Rubiaceae. 
Internode.    The  portion  of  a  stem  between  two 

nodes. 

Intramarginal.    Within  and  near  the  margin. 
Introduced.   Brought  intentionally  from  another 

region,  as  for  purposes  of  cultivation. 
Introrsd.    Turned  inward  or  toward  the  axis. 
Involucel.    A  secondary  involucre,  as  that  of  an 

umbellet  in  Umbelliferae. 
Involucellate.    Having  an  involucel. 
Involucral.     Belonging  to  an  involucre. 
Involucrate.    Having  an  involucre. 
Involucre.    A  circle  or  collection  of  bracts  sur- 
rounding a  flower  cluster  or  head,  or  a  single 

flower. 

Involute.    Kolled  inward. 
Irregular  (flower).    Showing  inequality  in  the 

size,  form,  or  union  of  its  similar  parts. 

Keel.  A  central  dorsal  ridge,  like  the  keel  of  a 
boat;  the  two  anterior  united  petals  of  a 
papilionaceous  flower. 

Labellum.    Lip ;  the  peculiar  upper  (but  by  a 

twist  of  the  pedicel  apparently  lower)  petal  of 

the  Orehidaceae. 

Labiate.     Lipped ;  belonging  to  the  Labiatae. 
Labyrinthiform.     With    complicated    sinuous 

lines  or  winding  passages. 
Lacerate.    Irregularly  cleft  as  if  torn. 
Laciniate.    Slashed ;  cut  into  narrow  pointed 

lobes. 
Lamella.    A  thin  flat  plate  or  laterally  flattened 

ridge. 
Lanceolate.     Shaped  like  a  lance-head,  several 

times  longer  than  wide,  broadest  above  the 

base  and  narrowed  to  the  apex. 
Leaflet.    A  single  division  of  a  compound  leaf. 
Legume.    The  fruit  of  the  Leguminoxae,  formed 

of  a  simple  pistil  and  usually  dehiscent  by  both 

sutures. 
Leguminous.    Pertaining  to  a  legume  or  to  the 

Leguminosae. 
Lemma.    The  lower  of  the  two  bracts  Inclosing 

the  flower  in  the  Grasses  ;  sometimes  called  the 

flowering  glume. 
Lenticular.     Lentil-shaped;  of  the  shape  of  « 

double-convex  lens 


880 


GLOSSARY 


Lepidote.    Beset  with  small  scurfy  scales. 

Ligulate.     Furnished  with  a  ligule. 

Ligule.  A  strap-shaped  corolla,  as  in  the  ray- 
flowers  of  Compoaitae ;  a  thin  often  scarious 
projection  from  the  summit  of  the  sheath  in 
Grasses. 

Limb.  The  expanded  portion  of  a  garnopetalous 
corolla  above  the  throat ;  the  expanded  portion 
of  any  petal,  or  of  a  leaf. 

Linear.    Long  and  narrow,  with  parallel  margins. 

Lip.  Each  of  the  upper  and  lower  divisions  of  a 
bilabiate  corolla  or  calyx;  the  peculiar  upper 
(but  by  a  twist  of  the  pedicel  apparently  lower) 
petal  in  Orchids. 

Lobe.  Any  segment  of  an  organ,  especially  if 
rounded. 

Lobed.     Divided  into  or  bearing  lobes. 

-locular.     In  composition,  having  cells. 

Loculicidal.  Dehiscent  into  the  cavity  of  a  cell 
through  the  dorsal  suture. 

Lunate.    Of  the  shape  of  a  half-moon  or  crescent. 

Lyrate.  Pinnatifld  with  a  large  and  rounded 
terminal  lobe  and  with  the  lower  lobes  small. 

Macrosporangium.      The  receptacle  in  which 

macrospores  are  developed. 
Macrospore.    The  larger  kind  of  spore  in  Sela- 

ainellaceae,  etc. 
Malpighiaceous  hairs.   Hairs  which  are  straight 

and  appressed  but  attached  by  the  middle. 
Marcescent.    Withering  but  persistent. 
Membranaceous,   Membranous.    Thin,  rather 

soft,  and  more  or  less  translucent. 
Meniscoidal.     Thin   and  concavo-convex,   like 

the  crystal  of  a  watch. 
Mericarp.      One  of  the  achene-like  carpels  of 

Umbettiferae. 
-merous.      In    composition,    having    parts,    as 

2-merous,  having  two  parts  of  each  kind. 
Mioropyle.    The  point  upon  the  seed  at  which 

was  the  orifice  of  the  ovule. 
Microsporangium.      The  receptacle  in   which 

microspores  are  developed. 
Microspore.    The  smaller  kind  of  spore  in  Sela- 

ffinellaceae,  etc. 

Midrib.    The  central  or  main  rib  of  a  leaf. 
Mitriform.     Shaped  like  a  mitre  or  cap. 
Monadelphous  (stamens).     United  by  their  fila- 
ments into  a  tube  or  column. 
Moniliform.      Kesembling  a  string   of  beads; 

cylindrical  with  contractions  at  intervals. 
Monocotyledonous.     Having  but  one  cotyledon. 
Monoecious.     With  stamens  and  pistils  in  sepa- 
rate flowers  on  the  same  plant. 
Mucro.     A  short  and  small  abrupt  tip. 
Mucronate.     Tipped  with  a  mucro. 
Maltiftd.    Cleft  into  many  lobes  or  segments. 
Muricate,.     Bough  with  short  hard  points. 
Muricittate.    Very  finely  muricate. 

Nectary.     Any  place  or  organ  where  nectar  is 

secreted. 

Nectariferous.    Producing  nectar. 
Nerve.    A  simple  or  unbranched  vein  or  slender 

rib. 
Neuter,  neutral.    Without  stamens  or  pistils. 


Node.  The  place  upon  a  stem  which  normally 
bears  a  leaf  or  whorl  of  leaves. 

Nodose.     Knotty  or  knobby. 

Nodulose.     Provided  with  little  knots  or  knobs. 

Nucleus.  The  germ-cell  of  the  ovule,  which  by 
fertilization  becomes  the  seed ;  the  kernel  of  a 
seed. 

Nut.  A  hard  indehiscent  1-celled  and  1-seeded 
fruit,  though  usually  resulting  from  a  com- 
pound ovary. 

Nutlet.     A  diminutive  nut. 

Ob-.    A  Latin  prefix,  usually  carrying  the  idea 

of  inversion. 

Obcompressed.    Compressed  dorso-ventrally  in- 
stead of  laterally. 
Obconieally.    Inversely  conical,  having  the  at 

tachment  at  the  apex. 
Obcordate.     Inverted  heart-shaped. 
Oblanceolate.    Lanceolate    with    the    broadest 

part  toward  the  apex. 
Oblique.     Unequal-sided  or  slanting. 
Oblong.    Longer   than  broad  and  with  nearly 

parallel  sides. 
Obovate.     Inverted  ovate. 
Obovoid.    Having  the  form  of  an  inverted  egg. 
Obsolescent.     Becoming  rudimentary. 
Obsolete.     Not  evident ;  rudimentary. 
Obtuse     Blunt  or  rounded  at  the  end. 
Ochroleucous.     Yellowish-white. 
Ocrea.    A  legging-shaped  or  tubular  stipule. 
Ocreate.     Having  sheathing  stipules. 
Officinal.     Of  the  shops ;  used  in  medicine  or 

the  arts. 
Odspore.    The  fertilized  nucleus  or  germ-cell  of 

the  archegonium  in  Cryptogams,  from  which 

the  new  plant  is  directly  developed. 
Opaque.     Dull ;  neither  shining  nor  translucent. 
Operculate.     Furnished  with  a  lid. 
Operculum.    A    lid;    the    upper   portion  of  a 

circumscissile  capsule. 
Orbicular.     Circular. 
Orthotropom  (ovule  or  seed).    Erect,  with  the 

orifice  or  micropyle  at  the  apex. 
Ovary.    The  part  of  the  pistil  that  contains  the 

ovules. 
Ovate.    Egg-shaped  ;  having  an  outline  like  that 

of  an  egg,  with  the  broader  end  downward. 
Ovoid.    A  solid  with  an  oval  outline. 
Ovule.    The  body  which  after  fertilization  be 

comes  the  seed. 
Ovuliferous.    Bearing  ovules. 

Palate.  A  rounded  projection  of  the  lower  lip 
of  a  personate  corolla,  closing  the  throat. 

Palea,  Palet.  The  upper  bract  which  with  the 
lemma  incloses  the  flower  in  Grasses. 

Paleaceous.     Chaffy. 

Paleophytological.  Relating  to  the  study  ol 
fossil  plants. 

Palmate  (leaf).    Radiately  lobed  or  divided. 

Palmately.     In  a  palmate  manner. 

Palustrine.     Of  or  growing  in  marshes. 

Pandurate,  Panduriform.    Fiddle-shaped. 

Panicle.  A  loose  irregularly  compound  inflo- 
rescence with  pedicellate  flowers. 


GLOSSARY 


881 


Panided,  Paniculate.  Borne  In  a  panicle  ;  re- 
sembling a  panicle. 

Papilionaceous  (corolla).  Having  a  standard, 
wings,  and-  keel,  as  in  the  peculiar  corolla  of 
many  Leguminosae. 

Papillose.  Bearing  minute  nipple-shaped  pro- 
jections. 

Pappus.  The  modified  calyx -limb  in  Composi- 
tae,  forming  a  crown  of  very  various  character 
at  the  summit  of  the  achene. 

Parasitic.  Growing  on  and  deriving  nourish- 
ment from  another  plant. 

Parenchyma.  Soft  tissue  of  cells  with  un- 
thickened  walls. 

Parietal.  Borne  on  or  pertaining  to  the  wall  or 
inner  surface  of  a  capsule. 

Parted.  Cleft  nearly  but  not  quite  to  the 
base. 

ParthenogeneUo.  Developing  without  fertiliza- 
tion. 

Partial.    Of  secondary  rank. 

Pathological.    Diseased. 

Pectinate.  Pinnatifid  with  narrow  closely  set 
segments ;  comb-like. 

Pedate.  Palmately  divided  or  parted,  with  the 
lateral  segments  2-cleft. 

Pedicel.    The  support  of  a  single  flower. 

Pedicellate.    Borne  on  a  pedicel. 

Peduncle.  A  primary  flower-stalk,  supporting 
either  a  cluster  or  a  solitary  flower. 

Pedunculate.     Borne  upon  a  peduncle. 

Pellucid.    Clear,  transparent. 

Peltate.  Shield-shaped  and  attached  to  the  sup- 
port by  the  lower  surface. 

Pendulous.  More  or  less  hanging  or  declined. 
Pendulous  ovule,  one  that  hangs  from  the 
side  of  the  cell. 

Perennial.    Lasting  year  after  year. 

Perfect  (flower).  Having  both  pistil  and  sta- 
mens. 

Perfoliate  (leaf).  Having  the  stem  apparently 
passing  through  it. 

Perianth.  The  floral  envelope,  consisting  of 
the  calyx  and  corolla  (when  present),  whatever 
their  form. 

Pericarp.    The  matured  ovary. 

Perigynium.  The  inflated  sac  which  Incloses 
the  ovary  in  Carex. 

Perigynous.  Adnate  to  the  perianth,  and  there- 
fore around  the  ovary  and  not  at  its  base. 

Peripheral.    On  or  near  the  margin. 

Persistent.  Long-continuous,  as  a  calyx  upon 
the  fruit,  leaves  through  winter,  etc. 

Personate  (corolla).  Bilabiate,  and  the  throat 
closed  by  a  prominent  palate. 

Petal.    A  division  of  the  corolla. 

Petaloid.    Colored  and  resembling  a  petal. 

Petiolate.    Having  a  petiole. 

Petiole.    The  footstalk  of  a  leaf. 

Phaenogamous.  Having  flowers  with  stamens 
and  pistils  and  producing  seeds. 

Phyllodium  (pi.  Phyllodia).  A  somewhat 
dilated  petiole  having  the  form  of  and  serving 
as  a  leaf-blade. 

Phytological.     Relating  to  the  study  of  plants. 

Pilose.    Hairy,  especially  with  soft  hairs. 
GRAY'S  MANUAL  —  50 


Pinna  (pi.  Pinnae).    One  of  the  primary  di- 
visions of  a  pinnate  or  compoundly  pinnate 

frond  or  leaf. 
Pinnate  (leaf).    Compound,   with    the    leaflets 

arranged  on  each  side  of  a  common  petiole. 
Pinnatifid.    Pinnately  cleft. 
Pinnule.    A  secondary  pinna ;  one  of  the  pin- 

nately  disposed  divisions  of  a  pinna. 
Pistil.    The  seed-bearing  organ  of  the  flower, 

consisting  of  the  ovary,  stigma,  and  style  when 

present. 
Pistillate.     Provided  with  pistils,  and,  in  its 

more  proper  sense,  without  stamens. 
Pitted.    Marked  with  small  depressions  or  pits. 
Placenta.     Any  part  of  the  interior  of  the  ovary 

which  bears  ovules. 

Plicate.    Folded  into  plaits,  usually  lengthwise. 
Plumose.     Having  fine  hairs  on  each  side,  like 

the  plume  of  a  feather,  as  the  pappus-bristles 

of  some  Thistles. 
Plumule.    The  bud  or  growing  point  of  tke 

embryo. 

Pod.    Any  dry  and  dehiscent  fruit. 
Pollen.     The  fecundating  grains  contained  in 

the  anther. 

Polliniferous.    Bearing  pollen. 
Pollinium   (pi.   Pollinia).    A  mass   of  waxy 

pollen    or    of  coherent    pollen-grains,    as    in 

Asclepias  and  Orchidaceae. 
Polypetalous.    Having  separate  petals. 
Pome.    A  kind  of  fleshy  fruit   of  which    the 

apple  is  the  type. 

Porose.    Pierced  with  small  holes  or  pores. 
Posterior.     In  an  axillary  flower,  on  the  side 

nearest  to  the  axis  of  inflorescence. 
Praemorse.    Appearing  as  if  bitten  off. 
Prickle.     A  small  spine  or  more  or  less  slender 

sharp  outgrowth  from  the  bark  or  rind. 
Prismatic.    Of  the  shape  of  a  prism,  angular, 

with  flat  sides,  and  of  nearly  uniform    size 

throughout. 
Procumbent.     Lying  on  the  ground  or  trailing 

but  without  rooting  at  the  nodes. 
Proliferating,    Proliferous.      Producing     off- 
shoots. 

Prostrate.    Lying  flat  upon  the  ground. 
Proterogynous.    Having  the  stigma  ripe  for  the 

pollen  before  the  maturity  of  the  anthers  of 

the  same  flower. 
Prothallus.    A  cellular  usually  flat  and  thallus- 

like  growth,  resulting  from  the  germination  of 

a  spore,  upon   which   are   developed    sexual 

organs  or  new  plants. 
Puberulent.    Minutely  pubescent. 
Pubescent.     Covered    vith  hairs,   especially  if 

short,  soft  and  down-like. 

Pulverulent.     Powdered  ;  appearing  as  if  cov- 
ered by  minute  grains  of  dust. 
Punctate.      Dotted    with    depressions   or  with 

translucent  internal  glands  or  colored  dots. 
Puncticulate.    Minutely  punctate. 
Pungent.    Terminating  in  a  rigid  sharp  point; 

acrid. 
Putamen.    The  shell  of  a  nut ;  the  bony  part  ol 

a  stone-fruit. 
Pyriform.    Pear-shaped. 


882 


GLOSSARY 


fytadrate.    Nearly  square  in  form. 

Raceme,.  A  simple  inflorescence  of  pediceled 
flowers  upon  a  common  more  or  less  elongated 
axis. 

Racemose.     In  racemes  ;  or  resembling  a  raceme. 

Radiate.  Spreading  from  or  arranged  around 
a  common  center ;  bearing  ray -flowers. 

Radical.  Belonging  to  or  proceeding  from  the 
root  or  base  of  the  stem  near  the  ground. 

Radicle.  The  portion  of  the  embryo  below  the 
cotyledons,  more  properly  called  the  caudicle. 

Rameal.     Belonging  to  a  branch. 

Ramification.     Branching. 

Ray.  The  branch  of  an  umbel;  the  marginal 
flowers  of  an  inflorescence  when  distinct  from 
the  disk. 

Receptacle.  The  more  or  less  expanded  or  pro- 
duced portion  of  an  axis  which  bears  the  organs 
of  a  flower  (the  torus)  or  the  collected  flowers 
of  a  head  ;  any  similar  structure  in  Cryptogams. 

Recurved.     Curved  downward  or  backward. 

Reflexed.     Abruptly  bent  or  turned  downward. 

Regular.     Uniform  in  shape  or  structure. 

Reniform.    Kidney-shaped. 

Repand.  With  a  slightly  uneven  and  somewhat 
sinuate  margin. 

Repent.  Creeping ;  prostrate  and  rooting  at 
the  nodes. 

Resiniferous.     Producing  resin. 

Resupinate.    Turned  upside  down. 

Reticulate.  In  the  form  of  network ;  net- 
veined. 

Retrorf,e.     Directed  back  or  downward. 

Retuse.  With  a  shallow  notch  at  a  rounded 
apex. 

Re  volute.  Rolled  backward  from  the  margins 
or  apex. 

Rhachilla.  A  secondary  axis  ;  specifically  in  the 
Grasses  and  Sedges  the  floral  axis  as  opposed 
to  that  of  the  spike  or  spikelet. 

Rhachis.  The  axis  of  a  spike  or  of  a  compound 
leaf. 

Rhaphe.  The  ridge  or  adnate  funicle  which  in 
an  anatropous  ovule  connects  the  two  ends. 

Rhaphides.  Needle-shaped  crystals  often  oc- 
curring in  bundles  within  the  cells  of  certain 
plants. 

Rhizome.  Any  prostrate  or  subterranean  stem, 
usually  rooting  at  the  nodes  and  becoming 
erect  at  the  apex. 

Rib.    A  primary  or  prominent  vein  of  a  leaf. 

Ringent.  Gaping,  as  the  mouth  of  an  open 
bilabiate  corolla. 

Root.  The  underground  part  of  a  plant  which 
supplies  it  with  nourishment. 

Rootstock.     Same  as  Rhizome. 

Rostelhim.  A  little  beak;  a  slender  extension 
from  the  upper  edge  of  the  stigma  in  Orchids. 

Rostrate.     Having  a  beak. 

Rosula.     A  rosette. 

Rosulate.     In  the  form  of  a  rosette. 

Rotate  (corolla).  Wheel-shaped  ;  flat  and  circu- 
lar in  outline. 

Rufous.     Reddish-brown. 

Rugose.     Wrinkled. 


Runcinate.    Sharply  incised,  with  the  segments 

directed  backward. 
Runner.     A  filiform  or  very  slender  stolon. 

Saccate.    Sac-shaped. 

Sagittate.     Shaped  like  an  arrow-head,  the  basa? 

lobes  directed  downward. 
Salver-shaped  (corolla).     Having  a  slender  tube 

abruptly  expanded  into  a  flat  limb. 
Samara.     An  indehiscent  winged  fruit. 
Scabridulous.     Slightly  rough. 
Scabrous.    Rough  to  the  touch. 
Scape.      A   peduncle   rising  from  the  ground, 

naked  or  without  proper  foliage. 
Seapose.    Bearing  or  resembling  a  scape. 
Scarious.    Thin,  dry,  and  membranaceous,  not 

green. 
Sclerenchymatous.      Of  sclerenchyma,  that  is, 

of  tissue  composed  of  cells  with  thickened  and 

hardened  walls. 
Scorpioid   (inflorescence).      Circinately    coiled 

while  in  bud. 

Seed.    The  ripened  ovule,  consisting  of  the  em- 
bryo and  its  proper  coats. 
Segment.     One  of  the  parts  of  a  leaf  or  other 

like  organ  that  is  cleft  or  divided. 
Sepal.    A  division  of  a  calyx. 
Septate.    Divided  by  partitions. 
Septicidal  (capsule).      Dehiscing   through  the 

partitions  and  between  the  cells. 
Septum.    Any  kind  of  partition. 
Serrate.     Having  sharp  teeth  pointing  forward. 
Serrulate.     Finely  serrate. 
Sessile.    Without  footstalk  of  any  kind. 
Seta.    A  bristle. 
Setaceous.     Bristle-like. 
Setiform.     Bristle-shaped. 
Setose.    Beset  with  bristles. 
Setulose.     Having  minute  bristles. 
Sheath.     A  tubular  envelope,  as  the  lower  part 

of  the  leaf  in  Grasses. 
Sheathing.     Inclosing  as  by  a  sheath. 
Shrub.    A  woody  perennial,  smaller  than  a  tree, 

usually  with  several  stems. 
Silicle.     A  short  silique. 
Silique.    The  peculiar  pod  of  Cruciferae. 
Silky.      Covered    with    close-pressed    soft   and 

straight  pubescence. 
Simple.     Of  one  piece ;  not  compound. 
Sinuate.      With    the    outline    of    the    margin 

strongly  wavy. 

Sinus.    The  cleft  or  recess  between  two  lobes. 
Smooth.     Without  roughness  or  pubescence. 
Sobole.    A  shoot,  especially  from  the  ground. 
Soboliferous.     Bearing  soboles. 
Sorus  (pi.  Sori).     A  heap  or  cluster,  applied  to 

the  fruit  dots  of  Ferns. 
Spadix.     A  spike  with  a  fleshy  axis. 
Spathe.     A  large  bract  or  pair  of  bracts  inclosing 

an  inflorescence. 
Spatulate.       Gradually    narrowed     downward 

from  a  rounded  summit. 

Sperm  atozoid.     A  motile  ciliated  male  reproduc- 
tive cell. 

Spicate.     Arranged  in  or  resembling  a  spike. 
Spictform.    Spike-like. 


GLOSSARY 


883 


Spite.  A  form  of  simple  inflorescence  with  the 
flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so  upon  a  more  or  less 
elongated  common  axis. 

SpHcelet.     A  small  or  secondary  spike. 

Spindle-shaped.    Same  as  Fusiform. 

Spine.  A  sharp  woody  or  rigid  outgrowth  from 
the  stem. 

Spinose.     Spine-like,  or  having  spines. 

Spinule.     A  little  spine  or  spine-like  process. 

Sporangium.     A  spore-case. 

Spore.  The  reproductive  organ  in  Cryptogams 
which  in  function  corresponds  to  a  seed  but 
possesses  no  embryo. 

Sporocarp.  The  fruit-cases  of  certain  Crypto- 
gams containing  sporangia  or  spores. 

Sporophyll.    A  leaf  bearing  spores. 

Spur.  A  hollow  sac-like  or  tubular  extension 
of  some  part  of  a  blossom,  usually  nectar- 
iferous. 

Squarrose.  Having  its  parts  or  processes  (such 
as  the  tips  of  involucral  scales)  spreading  or 
recurved  at  the  end. 

Squarrulose.     Diminutively  squarvose. 

Stamen.  One  of  the  pollen-bearing  organs  of  the 
flower. 

Staminode  or  Staminodium.  A  sterile  stamen, 
or  any  structure  without  anther  corresponding 
to  a  stamen. 

Standard.  The  upper  dilated  petal  of  a  papilio- 
naceous corolla. 

Stellate,  Stettiform.    Star-shaped. 

Stem.    The  main  ascending  axis  of  a  plant. 

Sterile.  Unproductive,  as  a  flower  without  pis- 
til, or  stamen  without  an  anther. 

Stigma.  That  part  of  a  pistil  through  which 
fertilization  by  the  pollen  is  effected. 

Stigmatic.  Belonging  to  or  characteristic  of  the 
stigma. 

Stipe.  The  stalk-like  support  of  a  pistil ;  the 
leaf-stalk  of  a  Fern. 

Stipitate.    Having  a  stipe. 

Stipular.    Belonging  to  stipules. 

Stipulate.     Having  stipules. 

Stipule.  An  appendage  at  the  base  of  a  petiole 
or  on  each  side  of  its  insertion. 

Stolon.  A  runner,  or  any  basal  branch  that  is 
disposed  to  root. 

Stoloniferous.    Producing  stolons. 

Stoma  (pi.  Stomatd).  An  orifice  in  the  epider- 
mis of  a  leaf  communicating  with  internal  air- 
cavities. 

Stramineous.    S  traw-colored. 

Striate.  Marked  with  fine  longitudinal  lines  or 
ridges. 

Strict.     Very  straight  and  upright. 

Strigose.  Beset  with  appressed  sharp  straight 
and  stiff  hairs. 

Strobile.  An  inflorescence  marked  by  imbri- 
cated bracts  or  scales,  as  in  the  Hop  and  Pine- 
cone. 

Strophiole.  An  appendage  at  the  hilum  of  cer- 
tain seeds. 

Style.  The  usually  attenuated  portion  of  the 
pistil  connecting  the  stigma  and  ovary. 

Stylopodium.  A  disk-like  expansion  at  the 
base  of  a  style,  as  in  Umbelliferae., 


Sub-.  A  Latin  prefix,  usually  signifying  some- 
what or  slightly. 

Subulate.    Awl-shaped. 

Succulent.    Juicy ;  fleshy. 

Suffrutescent.    Slightly  or  obscurely  shrubby. 

Suffruticose.  Very  low  and  woody ;  diminu- 
tively shrubby. 

Sulcate.     Grooved  or  furrowed. 

Superior  (ovary).     Free  from  the  calyx. 

Supra-axillary.    Borne  above  the  axil. 

Surculose.     Producing  suckers. 

Suspended  (ovule).  Hanging  from  the  apex  01 
the  cell. 

Suture.    A  line  of  dehiscence. 

Symmetrical  (flower).  Kegular  as  to  the  num- 
ber of  its  parts ;  having  the  same  number  of 
parts  in  each  circle. 

Teratological.  Monstrous ;  relating  to  a  mon- 
strosity. 

Terete.    Having  a  circular  transverse  section. 
Ternate.     In  threes. 
Testa.     The  outer  commonly  hard  and  brittle 

seed -coat. 
Tetradynamous.     Having  four  long  and  two 

shorter  stamens. 
Tetragonal.    Four-angled. 
Thalloid,  Thallose.    Kesembling  a  thallus. 
Thallus.     In  Cryptogams,  a  cellular  expansion 

taking  the  place  of  stem  and  foliage. 
Throat.     The  orifice  of  a  gamopetalous  corolla 

or  calyx ;    the  part  between  the  proper  tube 

and  the  limb. 
Thyrse.    A  contracted  cylindrical  or  ovoid  and 

usually  compact  panicle. 
Thyrsoid.    Kesembling  a  thyrse. 
Tomentose.      Densely  pubescent  with  matted 

wool. 

Torose.  Cylindrical  with  contractions  at  intervals. 
Torulose.    Diminutive  of  torose. 
Torus.    The  receptacle  of  a  flower. 
Tri-.     In  composition,  three  or  thrice. 
Triandrous.    Having  three  stamens. 
Tri/oliolate.    Having  three  leaflets. 
Trigonous.    Three-angled. 
Trimorphous.    Occurring  under  three  forms. 
Triquetrous.    Having  three  salient  angles,  the 

sides  concave  or  channeled. 
Truncate.    Ending  abruptly,  as  if  cut  off  trans- 
versely. 
Tuber.     A  thickened  and    short  subterranean 

branch  having  numerous  buds  or  eyes. 
Tubercle.     A    small    tuber  or  tuber-like  (not 

necessarily  subterranean)  body. 
Tuberiferous.     Bearing  tubers. 
Tuberoid.    A  fleshy-thickened  root,  resembling 

a  tuber. 
Tuberous.    Having  the  character  of  a  tuber; 

tuber-like  in  appearance. 
Tumid.     Swollen. 
Tftnicated.     Having  concentric  coats,    as    an 

onion. 

Turbinate.    Top-ehaped  ;  inversely  conical. 
Turgid.      Swollen,  or  tightly  drawn,  said  of  a 

membrane  or  covering  expanded  by  pressure 

from  within. 


884 


GLOSSARY 


Uinbei.    An  Inflorescence  in  which  the  peduncles 

or  pedicels  of  a  cluster  spring  from  the  same 

point. 

Umbellate.    In  or  like  an  umbel. 
Umbellet.    A  secondary  umbel. 
Umbelliform.     In  the  shape  of  an  umbel. 
Umbellule,    An  umbellet. 
Umbonate.     Bearing  a  stout  projection  in  the 

center ;  bossed. 

Undulate.    With  a  wavy  surface ;  repand. 
Unguiculate.    Contracted  at  base  into  a  claw. 
Uni-.    In  composition,  one. 
Unisexual.       Of  one  sex,  either  staminate  or 

pistillate  only. 
Urceolate.    Hollow  and  cylindrical  or  ovoid,  and 

contracted  at  or  below  the   mouth,  like   an 

urn. 
Utricle.     A  small  bladdery  1-seeded  fruit ;   any 

small  bladder-like  body. 

Vallecular.    Of  or  near  a  valley  or  groove. 
Valvate.    Opening  by  valves,  as  a  capsule  ;    in 

aestivation,    meeting    by    the    edges  without 

overlapping. 
Valve.    One  of  the  pieces  into  which  a  capsule 

splits. 

Vascular.     Furnished  with  vessels  or  ducts. 
Veins.    Threads  of  fibro-vascular  tissue  in  a  leaf 

or  other  organ,  especially  those  which  branch 

(as  distinguished  from  nerves). 
Velum.     The  membranous   indusium    in  Iso- 

etes. 
Ventral.     Belonging  to  the  anterior  or  inner 

face  of  an  organ  ;  the  opposite  of  dorsal. 


Ventricose.  Swelling  unequally,  or  inflated  on 
one  side. 

Vermiform.    Worm-shaped. 

Vernation.  The  arrangement  of  leaves  in  the 
bud. 

Verrucose.    Covered  with  wart-like  elevations. 

Versatile  (anther).  Attached  near  the  middle 
and  turning  freely  on  its  support. 

Verticil.    A  whorl. 

Verticillaster.  A  cluster  resembling  a  whorl 
but  composed  of  two  opposite  cymes. 

Verticillastrate.  Bearing  or  arranged  in  clus- 
ters resembling  whorls. 

Verticillate.     Disposed  in  a  whorl. 

Vesicle.     A  small  bladder  or  air-cavity. 

Vesicular,  Vesiculose.  Composed  of  or  cov- 
ered with  vesicles. 

Villous.     Bearing  long  and  soft  hairs. 

Virgate.  Wand-shaped  ;  slender,  straight  and 
erect. 

Viscid.    Glutinous;  sticky. 

Vitta.  An  oil-tube ;  a  structure  commonly 
present  in  the  pericarp  of  the  Umbelliferae. 

Whorl.  An  arrangement  of  leaves,  etc.,  in  a 
circle  round  the  stem. 

Wing.  Any  membranous  or  thin  expansion 
bordering  or  surrounding  an  organ  ;  the  lat- 
eral petal  of  a  papilionaceous  corolla. 

Woolly.  Clothed  with  long  and  tortuous  or 
matted  hairs. 

Zygomorphic.  Capable  of  division  by  only  one 
plane  of  symmetry. 


INDEX 


Latin  names  of  families  are  in  SMALL  CAPITALS.    Synonyms  and  names  of  plants  merely  mentioned 
are  in  italics,  or  are  indicated  by  italic  numbers. 


Abama  americana 

Acnida                   373 

virginicum         863 

Smithii               166 

282 

cannabina         373 

Adoxa                    761 

apicatum             166 

Abele                      328 

rusocarpa          373 

Moschatellina    761 

tenerum             167 

Abies                        65 

tamariscina       373 

Aegopodium          614 

tetraatachya        166 

balsamea              65 

tuberculata       373 

Podagraria        614 

violaceum           167 

canadenaia            66 

Aconite                  406 

Aeschynomene      518 

Agrostemma         384 

Fraseri                 65 

Winter                405 

hispida               518 

Githago             384 

Abutilon                566 

Aconitum              406 

virginica            518 

Agrostis                  132 

Abutilon             566 

noveboracense  407 

Aesculus                559 

alba            132,  133 

Avicennoe          566 

reclinatum         407 

arguta                 560 

altiasima            133 

Theophrasti      566 

uncinatum         407 

flava                    560 

borealis              133 

Acacia                    503 

Acorus                    258 

glabra                 559 

canina                133 

angustissima     503 

Calamus             258 

Hippocastanum 

coarctata             132 

False                  514 

Actaea                   407 

559 

elata                    133 

filicioidea           503 

alba                    408 

octandra            560 

Elliottiana         132 

hirta                    503 

eburnea              408 

Pavia                 560 

hyemalis            132 

Rose                   514 

neglecta               408 

Aethusa                 618 

intermedia          133 

Acalypha               543 

rubra                  408 

Cynapium          618 

laxiflora             133 

caroliniana        543 

spicata                 408 

Afselia                    729 

novae-angliae     133 

gracilens             543 

Actinea                   844 

Agastache              696 

perennans          133 

monococca          543 

herbacea            844 

anethiodora        697 

rubra                   133 

ostryaefolia       543 

Actinella                 844 

Foeniculum       697 

rupeatria             133 

virginica            543 

acaulis                844 

nepetoides         696 

scabra        132,  133 

ACANTHACEAE         742 

Actinomeris           836 

scrophulariaefolia 

atolonifera          132 

Acanthospermum 

alternifolia         836 

696 

atricta                 132 

824 

sguarroaa            836 

Agave                     298 

aylvatica             132 

australe             825 

Actinospermum     842 

americana          298 

vulgaris               132 

Acanthus  Family 

uniflorum           842 

virginica            298 

Ailanthus              538 

742 

Acuan  illinoenae   503 

Agoseris                 868 

glandulosa         538 

Acer                       557 

Adam-and-Eve     319 

cuspidata           869 

Aira                        137 

carolinianum     558 

Adam's  Needle     270 

glauca                869 

capillaris            137 

daaycarpum       558 

Adder's  Mouth     318 

Agrimonia              493 

caryophyllea     137 

Drummondii     558 

Adder's  Tongue      47 

Brittoniana        494 

praecox              137 

Negundo            558 

Family                 47 

Eupatoria  493,  494 

AIZOACEAE            377 

pennsylvanicum 

Yellow               289 

gryposepala      493 

Ajuga                     692 

558 

Adelia                    652 

hireuta                493 

genevensis         692 

rubrum              558 

acuminata         652 

microcarpa        494 

reptans              692 

saccharinum     558 

Adenocaulon         824 

mollis                  494 

Albizzia                 503 

saccharum         558 

bicolor               824 

parviflora          494 

juh'brissin          503 

spicatum           558 

Adiantum                35 

pubeacena           494 

Alchemilla             493 

ACERACEAE                557 

Capillus-Veneris 

pumila                4£4 

arvensis             493 

Acerates                 666 

36 

rostellata           4t4 

pratensis           493 

anguatifolia        666 

pedatum              35 

striata                •!'•  1 

Alder                      336 

auriculata          667 

Adicea  pumila      349 

Agrimony              493 

Black         337,  555 

floridana             667 

Adlumia                417 

Agropyron              165 

Downy  Green  336 

lanuginosa        667 

cirrhoaa              417 

biflorum             166 

Green                 336 

longifolia            667 

fungosa              417 

caninum             167 

Hoary                337 

viridiflora           667 

Adonis                    399 

dasystachyum  166 

Mountain           336 

Achillea                 845 

annua                 399 

novae-angliae     167 

Sea-side             337 

borealis              845 

autumnalia        399 

occidentals          166 

Smooth               337 

lanulosa             845 

Adopogon  carolini- 

paeudorepena     167 

Speckled            337 

Millefolium        845 

anum              862 

pungens              166 

White                 627 

Ptarmica            845 

Dandelion          863 

repens                166 

Aletris                     294 

Achroanthea           318 

occidentals         862 

Richardsonii      167 

aurea                  294 

885 

886 


INDEX 


Aletris  farinosa     294 

pubera                382 

Cranberry          641 

Anaphalis              822 

Alfalfa                    510 

uliginosa            382 

Elm                     345 

margaritacea     822 

Alisma                      84 

Althaea                  567 

Fly  Honeysuckle 

Anastrophus           100 

Geyeri                   85 

cannabina          568 

755 

Andrachne             545 

Plantago-aquatica 

officinalis           567 

Frog's  Bit            86 

phyllanthoides 

84 

rosea                   568 

Germander        693 

545 

tenellum                84 

Shrubby             569 

Holly                  554 

Andromeda            634 

ALISMACEAE            80 

Alum  Root            447 

Hop  Hornbeam 

floribunda          635 

Alkali  Grass           153 

Common            447 

334 

glaucophylla     635 

Alliaria                   429 

Alyssum                 424 

Hornbeam         334 

ligustrina            635 

Alliaria              429 

alyssoides          424 

Ipecac                 457 

mariana              635 

officinalis            429 

calycinum          424 

Larch                    65 

nitida                  635 

Allionia                  375 

incanum             423 

Mistletoe           351 

Polifolia    634,  635 

albida                  375 

maritimum         424 

Mountain  Ash  459 

Andropogon             93 

bracteata             375 

Sweet                  424 

Pennyroyal        705 

argyraeus              94 

Bushii                 375 

Amaranth              371 

Sea  Rocket        427 

corymbosus           94 

hirsuta               375 

Family               371 

White  Hellebore 

Elliottii                94 

lanceolate,           375 

Globe                 374 

285 

furcatus                94 

linearis               375 

Green                  371 

Woodbine          756 

glomeratus           94 

ovata                   375 

Purple                 372 

Yew                       62 

littoralis                94 

Allium                    286 

Thorny                372 

Amianthium          283 

macro  urus            94 

allegheniense      287 

AMARANTHACEAE 

muscaetoxicum 

nutans                  95 

canadense          287 

371 

284 

scoparius              94 

cernuum             287 

Amaranthus          371 

Ammannia             591 

ternarius              94 

mutabile             287 

albu8                   372 

auriculata          592 

virginicus             94 

reticulatum       287 

blitoides             372 

coccinea             592 

Androsace              644 

Schoenoprasum 

chlorostachys      37  1 

humilis               591 

occidentalis       644 

287 

crispus                372 

Koehnei             592 

Anemone                401 

stellatum            287 

deflexus              372 

latifolia               592 

canadensis         402 

tricoccum           287 

graecizans          372 

Ammodenia   pep- 

caroliniana        401 

vineale               287 

hybridus    371,372 

loides              380 

cylindrica           401 

All-seed                  532 

hypochondriacus 

Ammophila            136 

decapetala         401 

Allspice,  Carolina 

371 

arenaria              136 

Hudsoniana       401 

409 

lividus                372 

arundinacea       136 

multifida            401 

Wild                    414 

Palmeri              371 

Amorpha                512 

nemorosa           402 

Alnus                      336 

paniculatus        372 

angustifolia        512 

nudicaulis          395 

Alnobetula         336 

pumilus              372 

canescens           512 

parviflora           401 

crispa                  336 

retroflexus         371 

fruticosa             512 

patens                 401 

incana                 337 

spinosus             372 

microphylla       512 

pennsylvanica   402 

maritima            337 

tamariscinus      373 

Ampelanus  albidus 

quinquefolia      402 

mollis                 336 

viridis                 372 

667 

riparia                402 

rugosa                 337 

AMARYLLIDACEAE 

Ampelopsis            563 

Rue                    400 

serrulata             337 

297 

arborea                563 

trifolia                402 

viridis                 336 

Amaryllis  Family 

cordata                563 

virginiana           402 

vulgaris             337 

297 

quinquefolia       563 

Wood                  402 

Aloe,  American    298 

Ambrosia               827 

Amphiachyris       787 

Anemonella           400 

False                   298 

artemisiifolia    828 

dracunculoides 

thalictroides      400 

Alopecurus             129 

bidentata           827 

787 

Anethum                621 

agrestis               129 

psilostachya      828 

Amphicarpa          529 

graveolens          621 

fulvus                   129 

trifida                 828 

monoica             530 

Angelica                 622 

geniculatus        129 

Amelanchier          459 

Pitcheri              530 

atropurpurea     622 

pratensis            129 

alnifolia             460 

Amphicarpon          96 

Curtisii               622 

Alpine  Azalea       632 

arguta                  460 

Amphicarpon       97 

hirsuta                622 

Bearberry          637 

canadensis 

Purshii                  97 

sylvestris           622 

Brook  Saxifrage 

459,  460 

Amsinckia              682 

villosa                 622 

446 

oblongifolia       460 

lycopsoides        682 

Angelica-tree         606 

Alsike  Clover        509 

oligocarpa          460 

Amsonia                 661 

Angelico                 618 

Alsine                     381 

rotundifolia        460 

Amsonia             661 

Angle-pod              667 

aquatica              383 

spicata                460 

salici  folia           661 

Animated  Oats     141 

borealis               381 

American  Aloe      298 

Tabernaemontana 

A  nogra                   599 

crassifolia          382 

Aspen                 328 

661 

pallida                599 

fontinalis            382 

Barberry            413 

Amygdalus    497,  499 

ANONACEAE           410 

graminea            382 

Bladder  Nut     557 

Persica                499 

Antennaria             820 

Holostea             382 

Brooklime          727 

ANACARDIACEAE  552 

ambigens             821 

humifusa            382 

Bugbane            407 

Anacharis  canaden- 

arnoglossa         820 

longifolia            382 

Columbo            659 

sis                       85 

Brainerdii          821 

longipes              382 

Cowslip               647 

Anagallis                647 

canadensic         820 

media                  382 

Crab                    458 

arvensis              647 

dioica                  820 

INDEX 


887 


Antennaria  fallax 

of  Peru              716 

bulbosa              312 

Artemisia              848 

821 

Purple  Thorn    717 

spicata                319 

Abrotanum       849 

Farwellii            821 

Thorn                 717 

Argemone              416 

Absinthium       850 

neglecta             822 

AQUIFOLIACEAE    554 

alba                     416 

annua                 850 

neodioica           822 

Aquilegia               405 

intermedia        416 

biennis               849 

occidentalis       821 

canadensis         405 

mexicana           416 

borealis               849 

Parlinii               820 

coccinea             405 

platyceras           416 

canadensis         848 

petaloidea          822 

vulgaris             405 

Argentina  Anserina 

caudata             848 

plantaginea        821 

Arabis                     436 

484 

dracunculoides 

plantaginifolia 

brachycarpa      437 

Argythamnia        543 

849 

820 

canadensis         438 

mercurialina     543 

frigida                 850 

rupicola              821 

confinis               437 

Arisaema                257 

glauca                849 

solitaria              822 

dentata              437 

Dracontium       257 

kansana             849 

Anthemis               846 

Drummondi      437 

pusillum             257 

longifolia            849 

arvensis              846 

glabra                 437 

Stewardsonii      257 

ludoviciana       849 

aurea                  846 

hirsuta               438 

triphyllum         257 

procera              849 

Cotula                846 

Holboellii          437 

Aristida                  124 

serrata               849 

nobilis                846 

laevigata            438 

basiramea          125 

Stelleriana         849 

tinctoria             846 

ludoviciana        437 

dichotoma          124 

vulgaris              849 

Anthoxanthum     121 

lyrata                 436 

gracilis                1  25 

Artichoke,  Jerusa- 

odoratum          121 

patens                437 

intermedia         125 

lem                  836 

Puelii                  121 

perfoliata           437 

lanata                  126 

Arum,  Arrow        257 

Anthriscus             617 

virginica             437 

lanosa                 126 

Dragon              257 

Cerefolium         617 

ARACEAE               257 

oligantha 

Family               257 

Anthyllis                511 

Aragallus               517 

purpurascens     126 

Water                258 

Vulneraria         511 

johannensis        517 

purpurea            126 

Aruncus                 457 

Antirrhinum          720 

Lamberti             518 

ramosissima       125 

Aruncus             457 

majus                  720 

splendens           518 

tuberculosa        125 

Sylvester            457 

Orontium           720 

Aralia                     605 

Aristolochia           352 

Arundinaria           171 

Anychia                  376 

hispida                606 

Clematitis          353 

macrosperma    171 

canadensis         376 

nudicaulis          606 

hastata               353 

tecta                    171 

capillacea           376 

quinquefolia       606 

macrophylla      353 

Arundo  Donax      148 

dichotoma           376 

racemosa            606 

Ncuhii               353 

Asarabacca            352 

polygonoides     376 

spinosa               606 

Serpentaria       352 

Asarum                   352 

Apera                      136 

trifolia                606 

Sipho                  353 

acuminatum      352 

spica-venti         136 

ARALIACEAE          605 

tomentosa          353 

arifolium            352 

Aphyllon                740 

Arbor  Vitae      66,  67 

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE 

canadense          352 

fasciculatum      740 

Arbutus,  Trailing 

351 

grandiflorum     352 

ludovidanum     740 

636 

Arnica           851,  863 

heterophyllum  352 

uniflorum           740 

Arceuthobium       351 

acaulis               851 

macranthum      352 

Apiastrum  patens 

pusillum             351 

Chamissonis      851 

Memmingeri      352 

613 

Archangelica    atro- 

chionopappa     851 

minus                 352 

Apios                       528 

purpurea        623 

cordifolia           851 

reflexum             352 

Apios                 528 

Arctium                 855 

lanceolata           851 

Ruthii                352 

Priceana             528 

Lappa                855 

mollis                  851 

Shuttleworthii    C52 

tuberosa             528 

majus                 856 

nudicaulis          851 

virginicum         352 

Aplectrum             319 

minus                 856 

Arnoseris                862 

ASCLEPIADACEAE  663 

hyemale             319 

tomentosum        856 

minima               862 

Asclepias               663 

Shortii                319 

Arctostaphylos     637 

Aromatic  Winter- 

amplexicaulis    665 

Aplopappus           798 

alpina                 637 

green               636 

Cornuti               665 

ciliatus                798 

Ura-ursi             637 

Aronia                    458 

decumbens          664 

spinulosus          798 

Arenaria                 379 

arbutifolia          458 

exaltata               665 

APOCYNACEAE       661 

caroliniana        381 

atropurpurea     459 

incarnata           664 

Apocynum             662 

groenlandica     381 

nigra                   459 

lanceolata          664 

album                 663 

lateriflora           380 

Arrenatherum       141 

Meadii                665 

androsaemifolium 

leptoclados        380 

avenaceum          141 

obtusifolia          665 

662 

litorea                380 

elatius                141 

ovalifolia            666 

cannabinum      662 

macrophylla      380 

Arrow  Arum         257 

paupercula         664 

hyperidfolium  663 

Michauxii          380 

Arrow  Grass            80 

perennis             666 

medium              662 

patula                380 

Family                 79 

phytolaccoides  665 

Milleri                662 

peploides            380 

Arrow-head             81 

pulchra               665 

nemorale             663 

propinqua          381 

Arrow-leaved  Tear- 

pumila                666 

pubescent           663 

serpyllifolia       380 

thumb            362 

purpurascens    664 

speciosum           662 

squarrosa            381 

Arrowroot  Family 

quadrifolia        666 

urceolifer            662 

stricta                 380 

304 

rubra                   664 

Apogon                   862 

texana                 381 

Arrow-wood 

speciosa              665 

Apple                      458 

verna                  381 

758,  759,  760 

stenophylla        666 

Crab                   458 

Arethusa               312 

Downy               759 

Sullivantii         665 

888 


INDEX 


Asclepias  syriaca  665 

Ruta-muraria     39 

Schreberi           804 

Smithii              152 

tuberosa             664 

thelypteroides       40 

sericeus              807 

sterilis                141 

variegata            666 

Trichomanes       39 

Shortii               808 

striata                 152 

verticillata         666 

viride                   38 

spectabilis         805 

.Avens                     485 

Asclepiodora         663 

Asprella  patula     171 

subulatus           816 

Purple                486 

viridis                 663 

Aster                      799 

surculosus         805 

Water                 486 

Ascyrum                571 

acuminatus        815 

tardiflorus          814 

Awlwort                 426 

Crux-Andreae   571 

amethystinus    810 

tenebrosus          804 

Awned  Wheat  Grass 

hypericoides      57  1 

angustus            816 

tenuifolius         816 

167 

stans                   571 

anomalus           807 

Tradescanti       812 

Axonopus               100 

Ash                         650 

azureus              807 

turbinellus         809 

furcatus              100 

American  Moun- 

carmesinus        804 

umbellatus        814 

Azalea,  Alpine     632 

tain                 459 

comrnutatus      811 

undulatus          808 

calendulacea       631 

Black                 651 

concinnus           810 

vimineus            811 

canescens            631 

Blue                   651 

concolor             807 

virgatus              809 

Clammy              631 

European  Moun- 

cordifolius        808 

White-topped  818 

Flame-colored  631 

tain                 459 

corymbosus         804 

Astilbe                   444 

lutea                    631 

Green                  651 

curvescens          804 

biternata            445 

nudiflora            631 

Mountain           459 

depauperatus    810 

decandra             445 

Purple                631 

Northern  Prickly 

diffusus     811,  812 

Astragalus             515 

Smooth              631 

537 

divaricatus        803 

adsurgens           516 

viscosa               631 

Prickly               537 

Drummondii     809 

alpinus               516 

Azolla                      50 

Pumpkin            651 

dumosus             811 

Blakei                516 

caroliniana          50 

Red                     651 

ericoides             810 

canadensis         516 

Southern  Prickly 

Faxoni               810 

carolinianu8      516 

Baby's  Breath     749 

537 

f  rondos  us           816 

caryocarpus      515 

Baccharis               819 

Water                651 

furcatus             804 

Cooperi               517 

glomeruliflora  819 

White                650 

glomeratus        804 

crassicarpus       515 

halimifolia         819 

Asimina                  410 

Golden               787 

distort  us            517 

Bachelor's  Button 

triloba                410 

gracilis               805 

elegans                517 

860 

Asparagus              290 

grandiflorus      806 

eucosmus           517 

Bacopa                   724 

officinalis            290 

Herveyi              805 

flexuosus            517 

acuminata         724 

Aspen                     328 

hirsuticaulis      812 

gracilis               516 

caroliniana        724 

American           328 

incanopilosus    811 

hypoglottis        516 

Monniera           724 

Large-toothed  328 

infirmus              815 

Jesupi                516 

rotundifolia       724 

Asperugo                682 

junceus               813 

lotiflorus            517 

Baked-apple  Berry 

procumbens       682 

Kumleini           806 

mexicanus         515 

487 

Asperula                 747 

laevis                  809 

microlobus          516 

Bald  Cypress         66 

galioides            747 

lateriflorus 

multiflorus         517 

Rush                     185 

Asphodel,  Bog      282 

811,  812 

neglectus            517 

Balduina               842 

False                   283 

linariifolius        815 

occidentalis        516 

uniflora              842 

Aspidium                 41 

Lindleyanus      809 

oroboides            517 

Ball  Mustard         427 

acrostichoides       40 

longifolius         813 

parviflorus         516 

Balloon  Vine         559 

aculeatum             41 

Lowrieanus        808 

plattensis           515 

Ballota                   700 

Boottii                 42 

macrophyllus    804 

racemosus          516 

nigra                  701 

cristatum             42 

major                  806 

Robbinsii           516 

Balm                      705 

Filix-mas             42 

missouriensis     812 

tenellus              517 

Bee                     703 

fragrans                42 

modestus            806 

tennesseensis     515 

Common            705 

Goldianum          42 

multiflorus        811 

Atamasco  Lily      298 

Horse                  711 

Lonchitis              41 

nemoralis           816 

A.  tamosco  A  tamasco 

Balm  of  Gilead  329 

marginale      42,  43 

novae-angliae   806 

298 

Fir                        65 

noveboracense    41 

novi-belgii          813 

Athyrium                 39 

Balmony                723 

pittsfordense       43 

oblongifolius      806 

acrostichoides      40 

Balsam                    560 

simulatum           41 

paludosus          803 

angustifolium      39 

Fir                        65 

spinulosum   4®,  43 

paniculatus        812 

Filix-femina        40 

Poplar                329 

Thelypteris          41 

patens                807 

A  tragene  americana 

Balsam-apple,  Wild 

Asplenium               38 

patulus               814 

403 

765 

acrostichoides     39 

phlogifolius        807 

Atriplex                 368 

BALSAMINACEAE  560 

augustifolium     39 

polyphyllus       810 

arenaria              368 

Baneberry             407 

Bradleyi               39 

prenanthoides  814 

argentea             368 

Red                     408 

ebeneum                39 

Pringlei              810 

patula                 368 

White                 408 

ebenoides             38 

ptarmicoides     815 

rosea                  368 

Baptisia                 505 

Filix-femina         40 

puniceus             814 

Autumn  Willow   322 

alba                     506 

montanum           39 

purpuratus        810 

Avena                     140 

australis             506 

parvulum             39 

radula                805 

fatua                   141 

bracteata           506 

pinnatifidum       38 

roscidus               804 

pennsylvanica    139 

leucantha           506 

platyneuron  38,  39 

sagittifolius       808 

pubescens           141 

leucophaea         506 

resilient                39 

salicifolius         812 

sativa                 141 

tinctoria             506 

INDEX 


889 


Baptisia  villosa     506 

Bear  Grass            290 

glandulosa        336 

River                 335 

Barbarea                432 

Huckleberry     638 

lenta                   334 

Swamp               336 

Barbarea            433 

Oak                     343 

lutea                   334 

Sweet                  334 

lyrata                  433 

Bearberry              637 

nigra                   335 

White                 335 

praecox               433 

Alpine                637 

papyracea          336 

Yellow               334 

stricta                 433 

Beard  Grass  93,  133 

papyrifera          335 

Bird  Cherry          498 

verna                  433 

Beard-tongue        721 

pendula              335 

Bird-foot  Violet    580 

vulgaris              432 

Bearded  Darnel  165 

populifolia         335 

Bird's-eye              727 

Barberry                413 

Beaver  Poison      614 

pubescens           335 

Primrose            644 

American           413 

Beckmannia          144 

pumila                336 

Bird's-foot  Trefoil 

Common            413 

erucaeformis      144 

verrucosa            335 

511 

Family               411 

Bed  straw               747 

BETULACEAE         332 

Birthroot                293 

Barley                     167 

Northern            749 

Bicuculla                417 

Birthwort              352 

Barnaby's  Thistle 

Rough                 750 

canadensis         417 

Family               351 

860 

Sweet-scented  750 

Cucullaria          417 

Bishop's  Cap         448 

Barnyard  Grass    117 

Yellow                748 

eximia                417 

Bishop's-  weed,  Mock 

Barren  Oak            344 

Bee  Balm              703 

Bidens                   839 

613 

Strawberry        480 

Beech                     337 

acuta                   841 

Bitter  Cress          435 

Bartonia                659 

Blue                   334 

aristosa              842 

Dock                  356 

iodandra            660 

Family               337 

Beckii                842 

Nut                    332 

lanceolate,           660 

Fern                     35 

bidentoides        839 

Pecan                  332 

paniculata         660 

Water                334 

bipinnata           841 

Bittersweet           713 

tenella                 660 

Beech-drops          739 

cernua                841 

Climbing            557 

verna                  659 

False                    630 

chrysanthemoides 

Shrubby            557 

virginica             659 

Beggar's  Lice        681 

841 

Bitter-weed           828 

Bartsia  Odontites  734 

Beggar-ticks          840 

comosa              840 

Black  Alder  337,  555 

Basil              706,  707 

Swamp               841 

connata              841 

Ash                     651 

Thyme                706 

Belamcanda           301 

coronata            841 

Bindweed          362 

Basket  Oak           340 

chinensis            301 

discoidea           840 

Birch                  334 

Basswood               565 

BeUflower              766 

Eatoni               840 

Cohosh               407 

White                 566 

Clustered           767 

frondosa             840 

Crowberry         551 

Bastard  Pennyroyal 

Marsh                 767 

involucrata        842 

Currant              452 

694 

Nettle-leaved    767 

leavis                  841 

Grass                  270 

Toad-flax           350 

Tall                    767 

melanocarpa      840 

Gum                    625 

Batidaea  heterodoxa 

Bellis                      799 

trichosperma     841 

Haw                   760 

48'7 

integrifolia        799 

vulgata              840 

Henbane            716 

Batodendron  andrach- 

perennis             799 

Big  Shell  Bark     332 

High  Blueberry 

neforme          638 

Bellwort                285 

Bigelo-via                798 

640 

arboreum            638 

Benjamin  Bush    414 

Bigelowia              798 

Horehound        701 

Batrachium  confer- 

Bent  Grass             132 

nudata               799 

Huckleberry     638 

voides              394 

Benzoin                 414 

Bignonia                741 

Jack  Oak           344 

Drouetii              394 

aestivale            414 

capreolata         741 

Larch                    65 

fiacddum            394 

Benzoin              414 

crucigera             741 

Medick               510 

hederaceum         394 

melissaefolium  414 

Family               740 

Moss                   265 

>     trichophyllum    394 

BERBERIDACEAE  411 

BlONONIACEAE       740 

Mustard             428 

Bay,  Lapland  Rose 

Berberis                 413 

BikukuUa              417 

Oak           342,  343 

632 

canadensis         413 

Bilberry                 640 

Oat  Grass          123 

Loblolly             571 

vulgaris             413 

Bog                    640 

Poplar               329 

Mountain  Rose 

Berchemia             561 

Dwarf                 640 

Raspberry         487 

632 

scandens            561 

Billion-Dollar  Grass 

Scrub  Oak        343 

Red                    413 

volubilis             561 

117 

Snakeroot  407,  610 

Sweet                 409 

Bergamot,  Wild   704 

Bilsted                   453 

Spruce                  65 

Tan                     571 

Bergia                    576 

Bindweed              670 

Sugar  Maple     558 

Bayberry               330 

texana               576 

Black                 362 

Ti-ti                   553 

Bay-leaved  Willow 

Berlandiera           826 

Field                  671 

Walnut              331 

321 

texana               826 

Hedge                671 

Willow               320 

Beach  Grass          136 

Bermuda  Grass     144 

Birch                      334 

Blackberry            488 

Pea                     527 

Berteroa                 423 

Black                 334 

Lily                     301 

Plum                   498 

incana                423 

Blue                   335 

Sand                   491 

Wormwood        849 

mutabilia           423 

Canoe                 335 

White                489 

Beak  Rush             199 

Berula                     615 

Cherry               334 

Black-eyed  Susan 

Beaked  Hazelnut 

angustifolia        615 

Dwarf                336 

831 

333 

erecta                  615 

Family               332 

Bladder  Campion 

Bean,  Hyacinth  529 

Betony,  Wood      734 

Gray          334,  335 

386 

Indian                 741 

Betula                     334 

Low                    336 

Fern                     43 

Kidney              528 

alba                     335 

Old  Field           335 

Nut                    557 

Sacred                 392 

alleghaniensis    334 

Paper                  335 

Nut.  American  557 

Wild                  528 

caerulea              335 

Red                    335 

Nut,  Family      557 

890 


INDEX 


Bladderwort          736 

diffusa                799 

oleracea             428 

cirrhosa             364 

Family               736 

latisquama        799 

Rapa                   428 

Bryanthus  taxifolius 

Greater               737 

Boneset                  783 

Sinapistrum      428 

633 

Smaller               737 

Upland               783 

Brauneria              832 

Buchloe,                  148 

Blazing  Star  283,  785 

Borage  Family     679 

angustifolia       832 

dactyloides        148 

Blephariglottis       310 

BORAGINACEAE       679 

atrorubens          832 

Buchnera               732 

Blephilia                 704 

Borrichia                833 

pallida                832 

americana          732 

ciliata                  704 

frutescens          833 

paradoxa           832 

Buckbean              660 

hirsuta                705 

Botrychium             47 

purpurea            832 

Buckeye                 550 

Blessed  Thistle     861 

lanceolatum        48 

Braya                     430 

Fetid                   559 

Blinks                     388 

Lunaria                48 

humilis               430 

Ohio                    559 

Blite,  Coast'          367 

Matricariae          49 

Breweria                669 

Red                     560 

Sea                      369 

matricariae  folium 

aquatica             669 

Sweet                  560 

Strawberry        366 

48 

humistrata        669 

Buckthorn             561 

Blitum  capitatum 

neglectum             48 

Pickeringii         669 

Common            561 

366 

obliquum             48 

Brickellia               784 

False                   648 

Bloodroot              415 

onondagense         48 

grandiflora         785 

Family               560 

Bloodwort  Family 

ramosum              48 

Brier,  Cat               294 

Southern            648 

296 

rutaceum              49 

Common  Green 

Buckwheat            363 

Blue  Ash                651 

simplex                 48 

295 

Climbing  False  362 

Beech                  334 

tenebrosum            48 

Green                  294 

Family               353 

Birch                  335 

ternatum              49 

Horse                  295 

Buda                       378 

Cohosh               412 

virginianum         49 

Saw                     295 

borealis               379 

Curls                   693 

Bottle  Grass          118 

Sensitive            503 

marina               378 

Devil                   688 

Bottle-brush  Grass 

Bristly  Crowfoot  398 

Buffalo  Berry       590 

False  Indigo      506 

170 

Foxtail  Grass  118 

Bur                      713 

Hearts                732 

Bouncing  Bet       386  . 

Locust                514 

Clover                 509 

Huckleberry      638 

Bouteloua              145 

Sarsaparilla       606 

Currant              452 

Lettuce              867 

curtipendula      146 

Briza                       154 

Grass                   148 

Phlox                  675 

hirsuta                146 

media                  154 

Buffalo-nut            350 

Sailors                862 

oligostachya      146 

minor                  154 

Bugbane                 407 

Tangle                638 

racemosa             146 

Brome  Grass         162 

American           407 

Vervain              689 

Bowman's  Root   457 

BROMELIACEAE     265 

False                   399 

Bluebell                  767 

Box  Elder             558 

Bromus                   162 

Bugle  Weed  692,  709 

Family               765 

Family               550 

altissimus           164 

Bugloss                   683 

Bluebells                685 

Huckleberry      638 

arvensis              163 

Small                  683 

Blueberry     638,  639 

Boykinia                445 

brizaefonnis      163 

Viper's               688 

Black  High        640 

aconitifolia        445 

ciliatus               164 

Bug-seed                368 

Early  Sweet      639 

Brachyactis  angusta 

commutatus      163 

Bulbilis  dactyloides 

Evergreen          639 

816 

erectus                164 

148 

High                   640 

Brachychaeta        798 

hordeaceus         163 

Bulbous  Buttercup 

Late  Low           640 

cordata                798 

incanus               164 

398 

Low  Black         639 

sphacelata         798 

japonicus            163 

Crowfoot            398 

Low  Sweet        639 

Brachyelytrum      128 

Kalmii                164 

Bull  Thistle  857,  858 

Sour-top             640 

aristatum            128 

mollis                  163 

Bullace  Grape       565 

Swamp               640 

erectum              128 

patulus                163 

Plum                   498 

Velvet-leaf         640 

Bracken                    36 

purgans              164 

Bulrush                  187 

Bluebottle             860 

Bradburya             529 

racemosus          163 

Great                   192 

Blue-eyed  Grass  301 

Bradleya  frutescens 

rubens                 164 

River                   192 

Mary                   720 

515 

secalinus             163 

Bumelia                  648 

Blue-joint              166 

macrostachys     515 

sterilis                 164 

lanuginosa         648 

Grass                   135 

Brake                       36 

tectorum            164 

lycioides             648 

Bluets                     752 

Cliff                      37 

Brooklime,  American 

Bunchberry           624 

Blue-weed             688 

Common              36 

727 

Bunch-flower        285 

Bocconia  cordata 

Rock                     37 

European           727 

Bupleurum            617 

415 

Bramble                 486 

Brook-weed           644 

rotundifolium   617 

Boebera                   845 

Brasenia                  392 

Broom                    507 

Bur   Clover           510 

Boehmeria             349 

peltata                 392 

Crowberry         551 

Grass                   119 

cylindrica          349 

purpurea            392 

Hickory              332 

Oak                     34C 

Bog  Asphodel       282 

Schreberi           392 

Scotch                508 

Burdock                  855 

Bilberry             640 

Brassica                 427 

Broom-rape,          740 

Common             856 

Rosemary          635 

alba                     428 

Family               739 

Great                  855 

Rush                   267 

arvensis              428 

Broussonetia         347 

Burmannia            304 

Spruce                  65 

campestris         428 

papyrifera         347 

biflora                 304 

Bois  d'Arc             347 

japonica             428 

Brown  Bent  Grass 

Family               304 

Boltonia                 799 

juncea                428 

133 

BURMANNIACEAE  304 

asteroides          799 

Napus                 428 

Brunella                 698 

Burnet                    494 

decurrens            799 

nigra                   428 

Brunnichia            364 

Canadian           494 

INDEX 


891 


Burnet,  Garden    494 

Clinopodium     706 

americana         767 

pratensis            436 

Burning  Bush       556 

glabella               706 

aparinoides        767 

rhomboidea         435 

Bur-reed                   68 

Nepeta                706 

divaricata          768 

rotundifolia       435 

Family                  68 

Nuttallii             706 

dubia                   767 

Cardinal-flower     768 

Bursa  Bursa-pastoris 

Calamovilfa           133 

glomerata          767 

Cardiospermum    559 

426 

brevipilis            133 

intercedens         767 

Carduus         856,  857 

Bush  Clover          522 

longifolia            134 

patula                767 

acanthoides       856 

Honeysuckle     754 

Calceolaria             579 

rapunculoides   767 

altissimus           858 

Butneria                  409 

Calico  Bush           633 

rotundifolia       767 

arvensis              858 

fertilis                 410 

Calla                        258 

Trachelium        767 

crispus                856 

florida                 410 

palustris             258 

uliginosa             768 

discolor               857 

Butter  and  Eggs  719 

Callicarpa               690 

CAMPANULACEAE  765 

Hillii                  858 

Butterbur              850 

americana          690 

Campion        384,  385 

lanceolatus         857 

Buttercup              394 

purpurea            690 

Bladder              386 

muticus               858 

Bulbous             398 

Callirhoe                568 

Moss                   386 

nutans                856 

Creeping             397 

alcaeoides          569 

Red                     384 

odoratus              858 

Dwarf                396 

digitata              569 

Starry                386 

Pitcheri              857 

Swamp               397 

involucrata        568 

White                 384 

spinossimus       857 

Tall                     398 

triangulata        568 

Camptosorus            40 

undulatus           857 

Butterfly  Pea        529 

CALLITRICHACEAE 

rhizophyllus  38,  40 

virginianus        858 

Butterfly-weed     664 

549 

Campulosus            146 

Carex                      204 

Butternut              331 

Callitriche              550 

Canada  Blue  Grass 

abacta                  254 

Butter-  weed  818,  853 

Austini               550 

155 

abbreviata         238 

Butter  wort            738 

autumnalis        550 

Plum                   499 

acutiformis        250 

Button  Snakeroot 

bifida                   550 

Thistle               858 

adusta                222 

609,  785 

deflexa               550 

Violet                 586 

aenea                   222 

Buttonbush           751 

heterophylla      550 

Canadian  Burnet  494 

aestivalis            234 

Buttonweed  750,  751 

palustris             550 

Canary  Grass         121 

alata                   220 

Buttonwodd          454 

verna                   550 

Cancer-root            739 

albicans             236 

BUXACEAE              550 

Calluna                  637 

One-flowered     740 

albolutescens     219 

vulgaris              637 

Cane                       171 

albursina            243 

Cabbage                 428 

Calophanes             743 

Large                   171 

alopecoidea       227 

Skunk                 258 

oblongifolia        743 

Small                   171 

alpina                 232 

Cabomba                392 

Calopogon              312 

Switch                171 

altocaulis            238 

caroliniana         392 

pulchellus          312 

Cannabis                 347 

amphibola          244 

Cacalia                    852 

Caltha                     404 

sativa                 347 

aquatilis             230 

atriplicifolia      852 

natans                404 

Canoe  Birch           335 

arcta                   224 

reniformis          852 

palustris             404 

Caper  Family        438 

arctata               247 

suaveolens          852 

Caltrop          536,  860 

Spurge               549 

arenaria              229 

tuberosa             852 

Family               536 

Capers                     438 

aristata               250 

CACTACEAE            588 

Water                 602 

Capillaire               637 

Asa-Grayi          253 

Cactus  Family      588 

CALYCANTHACEAE 

Capnodes                417 

assiniboinensis  246 

missouriensis     588 

409 

aureum               418 

atlantica              223 

viviparus            588 

Calycanthus          409 

crystallinum      418 

atrata                 233 

Cakile                     427 

Family               409 

flavulum             418 

atratiformis        233 

americana          427 

fertilis                410 

Capnoides               417 

aurea                  232 

edentula             427 

floridus               410 

campestre            418 

Backii                234 

Calamus                  258 

glaucus               410 

micranthum       418 

Baileyi                252 

Calamagrostis        134 

laevigatus           410 

montanum          418 

Bebbii                221 

brevipilis             134 

Calycocarpum       411 

sempervirens      418 

Bicknellii           220 

breviseta              134 

Lyoni                  411 

CAPPARIDACEAE    438 

bicolor                232 

canadensis          135 

Calymenia  pilosa  375 

Capparis  spinosa  438 

bromoides          224 

cinnoides            136 

Calypso                  318 

CAPRIFOLIACEAE  754 

brunnescens      224 

con  finis               135 

borealis               319 

Capriola                  144 

bullata               256 

hyperborea        135 

bulbosa              318 

Dactylon             144 

bullatax  utriculata 

inexpansa           135 

Camassia                289 

Capsella                 426 

256 

Langsdorfii        135 

esculenta            289 

Bursa-pastoris  426 

Buxbaumii         233 

lapponica            135 

Fraseri               289 

Caraway                 614 

canescens           224 

longi  folia            134 

quamash             289 

Cardamine             435 

capillaris            246 

neglecta              135 

Camelina                426 

arenicola             436 

capitata             229 

nemoralis            135 

microcarpa        427 

bellidifolia         436 

Careyana            241 

Nuttalliana        136 

sativa                  427 

bulbosa              435 

caroliniana        233 

perplexa             135 

silvestris             427 

Clematitis          435 

caryophyllea     237 

Pickeringii         134 

Camellia                 570 

Douglassii          435 

castanea             246 

Porteri                134 

Family               570 

flexitoaa               436 

cephaloidea       227 

stricta                  135 

Cammarum  hyemale 

hirsuta                436 

cephalophora    226 

Calamint                 705 

405 

parviflora           436 

cherokeensis      246 

Calamintha            705 

Campanula            766 

pennsylvanica  436          chordorrhiza      22S 

892 


INDEX 


Carex  Collinsii     254 

lenticularis         231 

rostrata             255 

Carpenter-weed    698 

comosa                251 

lepidocarpa        245 

rotundata          255 

Carpet  Weed         377 

communis           236 

leporina               221 

salina                  230 

Carpinus                 334 

concinna             240 

leptalea              232 

saltuensis            238 

caroliniana        334 

conjuncta           228 

limosa                 239 

Sartwellii           229 

Carrion-flower       295 

conoidea              243 

littoralis             239 

saxatilis              254 

Carrot                     623 

costellata             233 

livida                  237 

scabrata             248 

Carum                     614 

Crawei                245 

longirostris        246 

Schweinitzii       252 

Carvi                   614 

Crawfordii          218 

louisianica         252 

scirpoidea           235 

Petroselinum     615 

crinita                 230 

lupuliformis       253 

scirpoides           223 

Carya                      331 

cristata               218 

lupulina              253 

scoparia     217,  818 

alba            331,  332 

cristatella            219 

lupulina  X  retrorsa 

seorsa                  223 

amara                  332 

crus-corvi           228 

252 

setacea               227 

aquatica             332 

Davisii               234 

lurida                  251 

setifolia               240 

cordiformis        332 

debilis                247 

macrokolea        247 

Shortiana           234 

glabra                  332 

decomposita      228 

magellanica        239 

Shriveri              245 

illinoensis           331 

deflexa       235,  236 

mainensis           255 

siccata                218 

laciniosa             332 

Deweyana          224 

maritima            229 

silicea                  220 

microcarpa         332 

diandra               228 

Meadii               238 

sparganioides    226 

olivaeformis       33  1 

digitalis              241 

Michauxiana     254 

squarrosa            250 

ovata         331,  332 

durifolia             235 

miliaris      254,  255 

stellulata            222 

porcina               332 

eburnea              240 

mirabilis             219 

stenolepis            251 

sulcata                332 

echinata              223 

monile                 255 

stenophylla        229 

tomentosa           332 

exilis                   222 

Muhlenbergii     226 

sterilis                 223 

CARYOPHYLLACEAE 

extensa               245 

muricata            226 

stipata                228 

377 

festucacea          220 

muskingumensis 

straminea 

Cashew  Family     552 

filiformis             248 

217 

219,  880,  221 

Cassandra              636 

flaccosperma     244 

nigro-marginata 

striata                 249 

calyculata           636 

flava           245,  246 

235 

stricta                  231 

Cassena                   554 

foenea        880,  221 

norvegica           225 

styloflexa             242 

Cassia                      504 

folliculata           254 

novae-angliae    236 

suberecta           220 

acuminate         505 

formosa              233 

oblita                   247 

subulata             254 

Chamaecrista    505 

Frankii              250 

Oederi                 245 

sychnocephala  222 

depressa             505 

Fraseri                232 

oligocarpa          243 

tenella                 225 

marilandica 

fusca                   233 

oligosperma       249 

tenera         219,  220 

504,  505 

gigantea             253 

Olneyi                 256 

tenuiflora           225 

Medsgeri             505 

glareosa              225 

oronensis            218 

tennis                   247 

nictitans             505 

glauca                 237 

oxylepis              234 

teretiuscula         228 

obtusifolia           505 

glaucodea           244 

pallescens           238 

tetanica              238 

occidentalis       505 

Goodenowii        231 

panicea               237 

texensis               226 

Tora                    505 

gracillima           234 

pauciflora           232 

Torreyi               238 

Cassiope                  633 

Grahami             255 

paupercula         238 

torta                    231 

hypnoides          634 

grandis               253 

pedicellate,          236 

tribuloides 

Castalia                  391 

granularis          244 

pedunculata      240 

217,  219,  221 

odorata               391 

gravida               227 

pennsylvanica  236 

triceps                233 

tuber  osa             391 

Grayii                 253 

picta                    239 

trichocarpa        249 

Castanea                 338 

grisea                  244 

pilulifera            236 

trisperma           225 

dentata               338 

gynandra            230 

plantaginea       240 

Tuckermani       256 

pumila                338 

gynocrates         222 

platyphylla       241 

typhinoides        250 

saliva                  338 

Halei                  252 

polygama           233 

umbellata          235 

Castilleja               732 

Halleri                 232 

polymorpha       238 

utriculata            256 

acuminata          732 

Harperi              232 

polytrichoides     232 

vaginata             238 

coccinea              732 

Haydeni              232 

praecox                237 

varia                   236 

pallida                732 

helvola                225 

prasina               239 

venusta              247 

sessiliflora          732 

hirta                    249 

pratensis            218 

verrucosa           247 

Castor-oil  Plant  544 

Hitchftockiana  243 

Pseudo-Cyperus 

vesicaria             255 

Cat  Brier                294 

hormathodes     219 

251 

vestita                248 

Grape                  565 

Houghtonii        248 

ptychocarpa      241 

virescens            233 

Mint                    697 

hystericina         251 

pubescens          237 

viridula              246 

Spruce                  65 

interior                223 

Raeana                255 

vulgaris              231 

Catabrosa               151 

intumescens      253 

rariflora              239 

vulpinoidea 

aquatica             151 

Jamesii               235 

Redowskiana     222 

227,  888 

Catalpa                   741 

Joorii                  248 

retroflexa           226 

Walteriana         249 

bignonioides      741 

katahdinensis    243 

retrorsa              252 

Willdenowii       235 

Catalpa               741 

lanuginosa         248 

Richardsoni       240 

xanthocarpa       228 

speciosa              741 

laxiculmis          241 

rigida                  230 

xerantica            221 

Catawba  Tree       741 

laxiflora              242 

riparia                 250 

Carnation               387 

Catchfly         385,  386 

Leavenworthii  226 

rosea                   226 

Carolina  Allspice  409 

Grass                   120 

INDEX 


893 


Catchfly,  Night- 

Centunculus          647 

veslita                    36 

umbellata          628 

flowering       385 

minimus             647 

Chelidonium           415 

Chinese  Lantern 

Round-leaved  386 

Century  Plant       298 

ma  jus                 415 

Plant               715 

Royal                  386 

Cephalanthus        751 

Chelone                  723 

Chinquapin            338 

Sleepy                385 

occidentalis       752 

glabra                 723 

Water                 392 

Sweet  William  385 

Cerastium              383 

Lyoni                  723 

Chiogenes              637 

Catgut                     514 

arvense               383 

obliqua               723 

hispidula            637 

Catnip                     697 

brachypodon     383 

CHENOPODIACEAE 

serpyllifolia       637 

Cat's-ear                863 

glomeratum        383 

364 

Chionanthus          652 

Cat-tail  Family      67 

longe  peduncula- 

Chenopodium        365 

virginica             652 

Flag                       68 

tum                 384 

album                 367 

Chloris                    145 

Caucalis                 623 

nutans                383 

ambrosioides     366 

verticillata         145 

Anthriscus         623 

oblongifolium     383 

Berlandieri        367 

Choke  Cherry        498 

nodosa                 623 

semidecandrum 

Bonus-Henricus 

Chokeberry            458 

Caulophyllum       412 

383 

366 

Chondrilla              864 

thalictroides      412 

triviale                383 

Boscianum        367 

juncea                864 

Ceanothus              562 

viscosum            383 

Botrys                366 

Chondrophora        798 

americanus        562 

vulgatum            383 

capitatum          366 

Christmas  Fern       40 

ovatus                 562 

CERATOPHYLLACEAE 

glaucum             367 

Flower                405 

Cebatha  Carolina    411 

389 

humile                367 

Chrosperma    muscae- 

Cedar,  Red               67 

Ceratophyllum      389 

hybridum          367 

toxicum           284 

White            66,  67 

demersum          389 

incisum              366 

Chrysanthemum  847 

Cedronella  cordata 

Cerasus                   497 

leptophyllum    367 

Balsamita          847 

697 

Cercis                      505 

murale               367 

Corn                    847 

Celandine               415 

canadensis         505 

polyspermum    367 

Leucanthemum 

Lesser                 394 

Chaerophyllum     612 

rubruna               367 

847 

Poppy                415 

procumbens       612 

urbicum             367 

Parthenium       847 

CELASTRACEAE     556 

Tainturieri         612 

Vulvaria            367 

segetum              847 

Celastrus                557 

Chaetochloa            118 

Cherry                    497 

Chrysogonum        826 

scandens             557 

versicolor            118 

Birch                  334 

virginianum      826 

Celosia                    373 

Chaetopappa         799 

Bird                    498 

Chrysopogon  nutans 

argentea             373 

asteroides          799 

Choke                 498 

95 

Celtis                      346 

Chaff-seed              736 

Fire                     498 

Chrysopsis             787 

canina                346 

Chaffweed              647 

Ground               714 

camporum          788 

mississippiensis 

Chain  Fern              37 

Morello               499 

falcata                787 

346 

Chamaecistus         632 

Perfumed           498 

gossypina           788 

occidentalis       346 

Chamaecyparis       66 

Pin                      498 

graminifolia       787 

Cenchrus                119 

sphaeroidea          66 

Rum                   497 

mariana              787 

carolinianus       119 

thyoides               66 

Sand                   499 

Nuttallii             788 

macrocephalua  119 

Chamaedaphne     636 

Sour                    499 

pilosa                  788 

tribuloides         119 

calyculata         636 

Sweet                  499 

villosa                 788 

Centaurea              859 

Chamaelirium       283 

Wild  Black       497 

Chrysosplenium    448 

americana          861 

carolinianum     283 

Wild  Red           498 

alternifolium      448 

benedicta             861 

luteum               283 

Winter               715 

americanum      448 

Calcitrapa          860 

obovale              283 

Chervil                   617 

iowense               448 

Cyan  us               860 

Chamaenirion  an- 

Chess                      163 

tetrandrum        448 

Jacea                   860 

gustifoUum    596 

Soft                     163 

Cichorium              862 

maculosa           861 

Chamaerhodos      480 

Chestnut                338 

Intybus              882 

melitensis           860 

erecta                  480 

Oak                    341 

Cicuta                    614 

nigra                   861 

Chamaesaracha    713 

Water                 602 

bulbifera            614 

Scabiosa             860 

conioides             714 

Chickasaw  Plum  498 

Curtissii              614 

solstitialis          860 

sordida                714 

Chicken  Grape      564 

maculata            614 

vochinensis        861 

Chamomile            846 

Chickweed             381 

Cigar  Tree              741 

Centaurella  Moseri 

Corn                   846 

Common            382 

Cimicifuga             407 

660 

Garden               846 

Common  Mouse- 

americana          407 

paniculate          660 

Wild                   846 

ear                  383 

cordiJolia            407 

Centaurium            655 

Yellow               846 

Field   Mouse-ear 

racemosa            407 

calycosum          656 

Charlock                428 

383 

Cinna                       136 

pulchellum         656 

Jointed               427 

Forked               376 

arundinacea       136 

spicatum            656 

Cheat                      163 

Great                  382 

latifolia              137 

texense               656 

Checkerberry        636 

Indian                377 

pendula               137 

umbellatum       656 

Cheeses                  568 

Jagged                384 

Cinnamon  Fern      47 

Centaury       655,  656 

Cheilanthes             36 

Mouse-ear          383 

Rose                   496 

Centella                  611 

alabamensis         36 

Wintergreen      646 

Cinquefoil               481 

asiatica              611 

Feei                      36 

Chicory                  862 

Shrubby            483 

repanda              611 

lanosa                   36 

Common             862 

Silvery                482 

Centrosema            529 

lanuginosa           37 

Chimaphila            627 

Three-toothed  483 

virginianum      529 

tomentosa           36 

maculata            628 

Circaea                  602 

894 


INDEX 


Circaea  alpina      602 

Clethra                   627 

Cockle,  Corn          384 

orientalis            429 

intermedia         602 

acuminata         627 

Cocklebur              828 

perfoliala           429 

lutetiana            602 

alnifolia              627 

Coeloglossum  bractea- 

Convallaria            293 

Cirsium                   856 

Cliff  Brake               37 

tum                 308 

majalis               293 

altissimum         858 

Climbing  Bitter- 

Coelopleurum       618 

CONVOLVULACEAE 

arvense               858 

sweet              557 

actaeifolium      619 

668 

canescens           857 

Dogbane            662 

Gmelini              619 

Convolvulus          670 

canum                859 

False    Buckwheat 

Coffee,  Wild          758 

arvensis              671 

discolor             857 

362 

Coffee-tree             746 

Family                668 

Hillii                   858 

Fern                      46 

Kentucky          504 

japonicus           671 

iov/ense              858 

Fumitory           417 

Cohosh                    407 

repens                  671 

lanceolatum      857 

Hemp-weed       784 

Black                  407 

sepium                671 

muticum            858 

Rose                    495 

Blue                    412 

spithamaeus      671 

palustre              859 

Clinopodium          705 

Coleosanthus          785 

Cooperia                 298 

Pitcher!              857 

Acinos                706 

grandiflorus       785 

Drummondii     298 

pumilum            858 

glabellum            706 

Colic-root               294 

Coptis                     404 

spinosissimum  857 

glabrum              706 

Coliseum  Ivy        720 

trifolia                404 

undulatum        857 

Nepeta                706 

Collinsia                 720 

Coral  Root             316 

virgmianum      858 

vulgare               706 

bicolor                721 

Coral-berry            757 

Cissus                     563 

Clintonia                290 

parviflora           721 

Corallorrhiza         316 

Ampelopsis        563 

borealis              291 

verna                  720 

Corallorrhiza     317 

arborea              563 

umbdlata           291 

violacea              721 

innata                 317 

cordata               563 

umbellulata       291 

Collinsonia             711 

maculata           317 

incisa                  563 

Clitoria                   529 

canadensis         711 

micrantha           317 

s  tons                   563 

mariana             529 

Collomia  linearis  675 

multiflora            317 

CISTACEAE             576 

Cloak  Fern              35 

Coltsfoot                850 

odontorhiza       317 

Cistus  canadensis 

Closed  Gentian     658 

sweet                   850 

striata                 317 

577 

Clotbur                    828 

Columbine             405 

trifida                 317 

Citrullus  vulgaris  765 

Cloudberry            487 

Garden               405 

Wisteriana         317 

Cladium                 201 

Clover                     508 

Wild                    405 

Cord  Grass             142 

jamaicense        202 

Alsike                 509 

Columbo,  American 

Corema                   551 

mariscoides       201 

Buffalo               509 

659 

Conradii             551 

Cladrastis              506 

Bur                     510 

Comandra              350 

Coreopsis                837 

lutea                   507 

Bush                   522 

livida                 350 

aristosa               842 

tincloria             507 

Crimson             509 

pallida                350 

aurea                   841 

Clammy  Azalea    631 

Hop                     509 

Richardsiana    350 

auriculata          838 

Cuphea               593 

Italian               509 

umbellata          350 

bidentoides          840 

Locust                514 

Low  Hop           509 

Comarum  palustre 

crassifolia          837 

Clary                       703 

Prairie               513 

483 

delphinifolia      838 

Claytonia               388 

Rabbit-foot       509 

Comfrey                 683 

discoidea            840 

caroliniana        388 

Red                     509 

Common            683 

grandiflora         837 

Chamissonis      388 

Stinking             439 

Wild                    681 

involucrata         842 

virginica            388 

Stone                  509 

Commelina            265 

lanceolata          837 

Clearweed              349 

Sweet                  510 

communis          265 

major                  838 

Cleavers         747,  748 

White                 509 

erecta                  265 

palmata             838 

Clematis                 402 

Yellow                509 

hirtella               265 

pubescens          838 

Addisonii           403 

Zigzag                 509 

nudiflora            265 

rosea                   837 

crispa                  403 

Club  Moss                54 

virginica             265 

senifolia             838 

cylindrica           403 

Common              56 

COMMELINACEAE  264 

Tall                     838 

flaccida               403 

Family                  54 

Compass  Plant     825 

tinctoria             837 

Fremontii          403 

Club  Rush              187 

COMPOSITAE           770 

trichosperma      841 

glaucophylla      403 

Clustered  Bellflower 

Composite  Family 

tripteris              838 

ligusticifolia      403 

767 

770 

verticillata        838 

missouriensis     402 

Cnicus            857,  861 

Comptonia  aspleni- 

Coriander               618 

ochroleuca         403 

altissimus  857,  858 

folia                330 

Coriandrum           618 

ovata                  403 

arvensis              858 

peregrina            330 

sativum              618 

Pitcher!              403 

benedictus         861 

Cone-flower           830 

Corispermum        368 

Simsii                403 

Hillii                  858 

Purple                832 

hyssopifolium  369 

versicolor           403 

horridulus          857 

Conioselinum        622 

Cork  Elm               346 

verticillaris        403 

lanceolatus         857 

canadense           622 

Wood                  330 

Viorna                403 

muticus              858 

chinense              622 

Wood  Family  330 

viornioides         403 

odoratus             858 

Conium                   613 

Corn  Chamomile  846 

virginiana          402 

Piteheri              857 

maculatum        613 

Chrysanthemum 

Cleome                    439 

undulatus           857 

Conobea                 724 

847 

integrifolia         439 

virginianus        858 

multifida            724 

Cockle                 384 

lutea                   439 

Coast  BUte            367 

Conopholis             739 

Gromwell            685 

serrulata            439 

Cocculus                 410 

americana          739 

Marigold             847 

spinosa               439 

carolinus            410 

Conringia                429 

Poppy                 416 

INDEX 


895 


Corn  Salad             762 

Cowslip         404,  644 

Eggertii              474 

uber                    471 

Speedwell           728 

American           647 

fecunda              463 

unifiora               467 

Spurrey             379 

Virginian            685 

flobellata    470,  471 

Vailiae               467 

CORNACEAE                623 

Crab,  American    458 

flava                    466 

viridis                 465 

Cornel                     623 

Apple                  458 

fluviatilis           470 

Creeping  Bent       132 

Dwarf                 624 

Siberian              458 

foetida               465 

Buttercup          397 

Round-leaved  624 

Cracca                     514 

fusca                   472 

Snowberry         637 

Silky                   624 

hispidula            514 

glandulosa  469,  479 

Spearwort          395 

Stiff                     625 

spicata                514 

grandis                463 

Thyme                708 

Corn-flower           860 

virginiana          514 

Grayana             471 

Crepis                     869 

Cornucopias  altis- 

Crack  Willow        322 

Holmesiana       473 

biennis                870 

sima                133 

Cranberry     638,  641 

intricata             466 

capillaris            869 

Cornus                    623 

American           641 

irrasa                  468 

pulchra               869 

alternifolia         625 

High-bush         759 

Jackii                 468 

runcinata           869 

Amomum           624 

Large                  641 

Jesupl                 473 

tectorum           870 

asperifolia          624 

Mountain           641 

Jonesae              469 

virens                  869 

Baileyi               624 

Rock                  641 

Kelloggii            473 

Cress,  Bitter         435 

canadensis         624 

Small                  641 

lanuginosa         474 

Common  Winter 

candidissima     625 

Cranberry-tree      759 

laurentiana        468 

432 

circinata             624 

Crane  Fly  Orchis  319 

leiophylla          473 

Early  Winter    433 

florida                 624 

Cranesbill               534 

leucophleos         478 

Garden               425 

paniculata         625 

Long-stalked     536 

lucorum             470 

Lake                   432 

Priceae               624 

Wild                   535 

Macauleyae       468 

Marsh                 432 

Purpusi              624 

Crantzia                 617 

macracantha     477 

Mountain  Water 

sericea                 624 

lineata                617 

macrosperma    471 

435 

stolonifera         624 

CRASSULACEAE     441 

Margaretta        464 

Mouse-ear          430 

stricta                 625 

Crataegus               460 

Marshallii          470 

Penny                 424 

suecica                624 

alnorum             47  1 

missouriensis     478 

Rock                  436 

Coronilla                518 

anomala             474 

modesta               466 

Spring                 435 

varia                   518 

apiifolia             470 

mollis                  476 

Swine                  426 

Coronopus             426 

apposita             466 

nitida                 465 

True  Water       431 

Coronopus          426 

aprica                 466 

Oakesiana          468 

Wart                   426 

didymus             426 

Arnoldiana        475 

oblongifolia        474 

Water                 431 

procumbens      426 

ascendens           470 

Oxyacantha      462 

Winter               432 

Corpse  Plant         629 

Bartramiana      462 

Palmeri              463 

Yellow               431 

Corydalis                417 

Baxteri               465 

parvifolia           467 

Crested  Dwarf  Iris 

aurea                  418 

beata                   472 

pausiaca            463 

301 

crystallina         418 

berberifolia        463 

Peckii                466 

Crimson  Clover     509 

flavula                418 

biltmoreana      466 

pedicellata         475 

Crimson-eyed  Hibis- 

glauca                418 

blandita              470 

Pennypackeri    463 

cus                   570 

Golden               418 

Boyntoni           465 

persimilis           463 

Criosanthes  borealis 

micrantha          418 

Brainerdi           477 

pertomentosa    477 

306 

Pale                    418 

Brownii              465 

Phaenopyrum  477 

Crookneck  Squash 

sempervirens    418 

campestris          477 

polita                  475 

765 

Corylus                   333 

canadensis         476 

populnea           47  1 

Cross-  vine              741 

americana          333 

Canbyi               463 

pratensis            463 

Crotalaria              507 

rostrata             333 

champlainensis 

premora              466 

ovalis                  507 

Costmary               847 

476 

Pringlei              475 

Purshii                507 

Cotinus  cotinoides 

Chapman!          478 

pruinosa             472 

rotundifolia       507 

553 

coccinea  466,  469, 

prunifolia          463 

sagittalis            507 

Cotoneaster           479 

476,  478 

punctata            463 

Croton                    541 

Pyracantha       479 

coccinioides       474 

pyriformis          474 

capitatus            542 

Cotton  Grass         195 

cognata               472 

roanensis            470 

glandulosus       542 

Rose                    819 

collina                464 

Robbinsiana      472 

monanthogynus 

Thistle               859 

coloradensis       478 

rotundata           468 

542 

Cotton-wood         329 

Colorado              478 

rotundifolia       468 

texensis              542 

Cotula                     848 

columbiana       467 

Schuettei             477 

Crotonopsis           542 

coronopifolia     848 

cordata                477 

sequax                 472 

linearis               542 

Couch  Grass          166 

cristata               475 

Sheridana          469 

Crowberry              551 

Cow  Lily                390 

crudelis              470 

silvicola              472 

Black                 551 

Oak                     340 

Crus-galli           462 

spathulata         469 

Broom               55  1 

Parsnip               621 

Crus-galli  X  macra- 

speciosa              475 

Family               551 

Pea                      528 

cantha            462 

stolonifera          47  1 

Crowfoot                394 

Wheat                732 

deltoides            472 

Stonei                466 

Bristly               398 

Cowbane                622 

dispessa              474 

submollis           476 

Bulbous              398 

Spotted              614 

Dodgei                469 

suborbiculata    464 

Common  White 

Cowberry               641 

Douglasii           479 

tenuifolia           474 

Water             394 

Cow-herb               386 

Edaoni               471 

tomentosa  467,  478 

Cursed                396 

896 


INDEX 


Crowfoot,  Early  397 

Cephalanthi      672 

flavicomus         175 

Dame's  Violet      430 

Family               392 

chlorocarpa         672 

flavus                  179 

Dandelion              S64 

Grass                   147 

compacta           673 

fuscus                  176 

Common            865 

Hooked              397 

Coryli                   672 

Gatesii                175 

Dwarf                 862 

Sea-Side             394 

cuspidata           673 

Grayii                  179 

Fall                     863 

Small-flowered 

decora                  672 

Halei                   177 

False                   869 

396 

Epilinum           671 

Hallii                   176 

Red-seeded        865 

Stiff  Water        394 

Epithymum      672 

haspan               176 

Dangleberry          638 

Tall                     398 

europaea            672 

Houghtonii        179 

Danthonia              141 

Yellow  Water  394 

glomerata          673 

hystricinus         178 

compressa          142 

Crownbeard           836 

Gronovii             672 

inflexus               175 

epilis                   142 

CRUCIFERAE          418 

indecora             672 

lancastriensis    177 

glabra                   142 

Cryptogramma       37 

inflexa                672 

microdontus      174 

intermedia         142 

acrostichoides     37 

obtusiflora         672 

Nuttallii             174 

sericea                 142 

densa                    37 

paradoxa            673 

ovularis              178 

spicata                142 

Stelleri                 37 

Polygonorum     672 

polystachyus      175 

Daphne                  590 

Cryptotaenia         615 

rostrata              673 

pseudovegetus  175 

Mezereum          590 

canadensis         615 

tenuiflora            672 

refractus             177 

Darby  a                    351 

Ctenium                  146 

Trifolii               672 

retrofractus       178 

umbellulata        351 

americanum       147 

Custard  Apple  Fam- 

rivularis             174 

Darlingtonia          439 

aromaticum       146 

ily                    410 

rotundus             176 

Darnel                     165 

Cubelium                579 

Cut-grass                120 

Schweinitzii       175 

Bearded              165 

concolor              579 

Rice                     120 

speciosus             177 

Common             165 

Cuckoo  Flower     436 

Cut-leaf  Germander 

strigosus             177 

Dasiphora  fruticosa 

Cucumber              765 

693 

Torreyi               178 

483 

One-seeded  Bur 

Cycloloma              365 

Cypress                     66 

Dasystoma  flava    730 

765 

atriplicifolium  365 

Bald                      66 

grandiflora          729 

Tree                    409 

platyphyllum     365 

Spurge               549 

laevigata              730 

Cucumis  Melo       765 

Cymbalaria  Cymbala- 

Standing            675 

pedicularia         729 

sativus                765 

ria                   720 

Vine                   670 

serrata                 730 

Cucurbita               764 

Cymopterus           619 

Cypripedium         306 

virginica             730 

foetidissima       765 

acaulis               619 

acaule                 307 

Datisca  hirta         552 

maxima               765 

glomeratus          619 

arietinum           306 

Datura                    717 

moschata           765 

Cynanchum           667 

candidum           307 

Metel                   717 

Pepo                    765 

nigrum                667 

hirsutum            307 

Stramonium      717 

CUCURBITACEAE    764 

Vincetoxicum   667 

parviflorum       306 

Tatula                 717 

Cudweed                823 

Cynoctonum          653 

passerinum        307 

Daucus                   623 

Low                     823 

Mitreola             653 

pubescens            307 

Carota                 623 

Mountain           823 

Cynodon                 144 

spectabile            307 

Day  Lily                287 

Purplish             823 

Dactylon            144 

Cyrilla                     553 

Day-flower             265 

Culver's  Physic    726 

Cynoglossum         681 

Family               553 

Dead  Nettle          700 

Culver's-root         726 

boreale                681 

racemiflora        553 

Decodon                  592 

Cunila                     709 

officinale            681 

CYRILLACEAE        553 

verticillatus       592 

Mariana             709 

virginianum      681 

Cystopteris              43 

Decurnaria             450 

origanoides        709 

virginicum         681 

bulbifera              43 

barbara              450 

Cup  Plant              826 

Cynosciadium       617 

fragilis                  43 

Deerberry               639 

Cuphea                   593 

pinnatum           618 

Cytisus                   507 

Deergrass               593 

Clammy             593 

Cynosurus  cristatus 

scoparius           508 

Delphinium            405 

petiolata            593 

154 

Ajacis                 406 

viscosissima       593 

Cynthia                  863 

Dactylis                 154 

albescens             406 

Cupseed                  411 

CYPERACEAE          171 

glomerata           154 

azureum             406 

Curled  Mallow      568 

Cyperus                  172 

Dactyloctenium    147 

camporum          406 

Mustard             428 

acuminatus        175 

aegyptiacum       147 

carolinianum     406 

Curly  Grass             45 

aristatus             175 

aegyptium         147 

Consolida           406 

Family                 45 

Bushii                 179 

Daffodil                  298 

exaltatum          406 

Currant                  450 

calcaratus           176 

Dahoon  Holly       554 

Nortonianum    406 

Black                  452 

compressus        175 

Daisy                      799 

Penardi              406 

Buffalo               452 

cylindricus         178 

Fleabane   817,818 

Treleasei            406 

Indian                 757 

dentatus             176 

Ox-eye                847 

tricorne              406 

Missouri             452 

diandrus             174 

Western             799 

urceolatum         406 

Red                    452 

dipsaciformis     178 

White                 847 

Dendrium              632 

Skunk                 452 

echinatus            178 

Yellow                831 

Dennstaedtia  puncti- 

Swamp  Black  452 

Engelmanni       177 

Dalea                     513 

lobula                45 

Swamp  Red      452 

erythrorhizos    177 

alopecuroides    513 

Dentaria                 434 

Wild  Black        451 

esculentus          176 

enneandra          513 

anomala             435 

Cursed  Crowfoot  396 

ferax                    177 

laxiflora             513 

diphylla             434 

Cuscuta                  671 

filiculmis            179 

Dalibarda              493 

heterophylla     434 

arvensis              672 

flavescens           174 

repens                 493 

incisifolia           434 

INDEX 


897 


Uentaria  laciniata 

latifolia              185 

Golden               357 

intermedia          441 

435 

leucocephala       185 

Great  Water     355 

linearis                441 

maxima              434 

Dicksonia                 44 

Pale                     356 

longifolia            441 

Deptford  Pink      387 

pilosiuscula          45 

Patience             355 

rotundifolia       440 

Deringa  canadensis 

punctilobula        45 

Prairie                825 

DROSERACEAE       440 

615 

Didytra                  417 

Swamp               356 

Drymocallis  arguta 

Deschampsia         140 

Didiplis                   591 

White                  355 

481 

atropurpurea     140 

diandra              591 

Yellow                355 

Dryopteris  Boottii  42 

caespitosa          140 

linearis               591 

Dockmackie          759 

cristata           42,  43 

flexuosa              140 

Dielytra                  417 

Dodder                   671 

Filix-mas             42 

Desmanthus          503 

Diervilla                 754 

Flax                    671 

fragrans                42 

brachylobus        503 

Diervilla             754 

Dodecatheon         647 

Goldiana               42 

illinoensis           503 

Lonicera             754 

Meadia               647 

Goldieana             42 

Desmodium           519 

trifida                  754 

Doellingeria  humilis 

marginalia            42 

acuminatum      519 

Digitalis                 726 

815 

noveboracensis     42 

bracteosum        520 

purpurea            726 

infirma               815 

simulata               41 

canadense  520,  521 

Digitaria                   95 

umbellata            815 

spinulosa              43 

canescens           520 

filiformis              95 

Dog  Fennel  782,  846 

Thelypteris           41 

ciliare                  522 

humifusa              95 

Rose                    496 

Duchesnea             480 

cuspidatum        520 

paspalodes            99 

Dogbane                 662 

indica                 480 

Dillenii               521 

sanguinalis           96 

Climbing            662 

Duck's-meat          259 

glabellum           520 

serotina                96 

Family               661 

Duckweed             259 

grandiflorum     519 

villosa                   95 

Spreading          662 

Family               259 

humifusum        520 

Dill                         621 

Dogberry               451 

Dulichium              180 

illinoense            520 

Diodia                    751 

Dogwood                623 

arundinaceum  180 

laevigatum        521 

teres                    751 

Family                623 

spathaceum        180 

lineatum            522 

virginiana          751 

Flowering          624 

Dupontia  Cooleyi  140 

marilandicum    522 

Dioscorea               297 

Poison                 552 

Dusty  Miller         849 

nudiflorum         519 

villosa                 297 

Red-osier           624 

Dutchman's 

obtusum             522 

DlOSCOREACEAE    297 

Round-leaved  624 

Breeches        417 

ochroleucum     519 

Diospyros               648 

Dog's-tail  Grass  154 

Pipe                    353 

paniculatum      521 

virginiana          648 

Dog's-tooth  Violet 

Dwarf  Bilberry     640 

pauciflorum       519 

Diphylleia              412 

289 

Birch                   336 

rhombifolium    521 

cymosa          •     412 

Dolichos                529 

Buttercup          396 

rigidum              522 

Diplachne  acuminata 

Lablab               529 

Cornel                 624 

rotundifolium  519 

148 

Dondia  americana 

Dandelion         862 

sessilifolium       522 

fascicularis         148 

370 

Ginseng              606 

strictum             521 

procu-mbens         148 

depressa              370 

Gray  Willow     326 

viridiflorum       521 

Diplopappus  amyg- 

maritima            370 

Huckleberry     638 

Devil's  Bit   283,  763 

dalimis           815 

Downy  Arrow-wood 

Iris                     300 

Club                    606 

cornifolius          815 

759 

Larkspur           406 

Paint-brush       872 

linariifolius       815 

False  Foxglove 

Mistletoe           351 

Dewberry               492 

umbellatus          815 

730 

Raspberry         487 

Lucretia             492 

Diplotaxis              428 

Green  Alder      336 

Sumach              552 

Dianthera              742 

muralis               428 

Poplar                 329 

White  Trillium 

americana          742 

tenuifolia           429 

Yellow  Violet   585 

294 

ovata                   742 

DlFSACACEAE            763 

Draba                     422 

Dyer's  Greenweed 

Dianthus                387 

Dipsacus                763 

arabisans            423 

507 

Armeria              387 

laciniatus           763 

brachycarpa      422 

Rocket               439 

barbatus             387 

sylvestris            763 

caroliniana        422 

Weed                  439 

deltoides             387 

Dirca                      589 

cuneifolia           422 

Weld                   439 

prolifer               387 

palustris             590 

incana                423 

Dyschoriste           743 

Diapensia               642 

Discopleura            613 

nemorosa           423 

oblongifolia       743 

Family                642 

capillacea           613 

ramosissima      423 

Dyssodia                845 

lapponica           642 

Nuttallii             614 

stylaris               423 

chrysanthemoides 

DlAPENSIACEAE      642 

Disporum               29  1 

verna                  422 

845 

Diarrhena               153 

lanuginosum     291 

Dracocephalum    697 

papposa             845 

americana           153 

Distichlis               153 

parviflorum       697 

diandra               153 

maritima            154 

Dragon  Arum       257 

Ear-leaved  Umbrella 

Dicentra                 417 

spicata               153 

Green                  257 

Tree                409 

canadensis         417 

Ditaxis  mercurialina 

Head                   697 

Early  Crowfoot    397 

Cucullaria          417 

543 

Head,  False      698 

Meadow  Rue     400 

eximea                417 

Ditch  Grass             78 

Root                   257 

Saxifrage           446 

Dichondra              669 

Stonecrop           442 

Drop-seed      127,  129 

Sweet  Blueberry 

evolvulacea         669 

Dittany                  709 

Drosera                   440 

639 

repens                 669 

Common             709 

anglica                44  1 

Winter  Cress     433 

Dichromena           185 

Dock              354,  355 

brevifolia           441 

Yellow  Violet   585 

colorata              185 

Bitter                  356 

filiformis            441 

Eastern  Camass   289 

GRAY'S  MANUAL — 57 


898 


INDEX 


Eatonia                  138 

equisetoides        181 

Hawthorn          462 

hieracifolia        851 

Dudleyi               138 

intermedia         184 

Plantain             745 

Erianthus                92 

intermedia          138 

interstincta        181 

Violet                 585 

alopecuroides       93 

pennsylvanica    138 

Macounii            185 

Enslenia                 667 

brevibarbis          93 

EBENACEAE           648 

melanocarpa     184 

albida                 667 

compactus           93 

Ebony   Family     648 

mutata                181 

Epifagus                 739 

contortus             93 

Echinacea               832 

nitida                 184 

virginiana          739 

divaricatus           93 

angustifolia        832 

obtusa                 182 

Epigaea                  636 

saccharoides        93 

pallida                832 

ochreata             181 

repens                 636 

Erica  cinerea         637 

purpurea            832 

olivacea              182 

Epilobium              596 

Tetralix             637 

Echinochloa          117 

ovata                   182 

adenocaulon      597 

ERICACEAE            625 

colona                 118 

palustris             183 

alpinum              597 

Erigenia                 612 

crusgalli              117 

pauciflora           189 

anagallidifolium 

bulbosa              612 

frumentacea      117 

pygmaea             189 

597 

Erigeron                 817 

Walter!              117 

quadrangulata  181 

angustifolium   596 

acris                    818 

Echinocystis          765 

Robbinsii           181 

coloratum          597 

annuus               817 

lobata                765 

rostellata           185 

den  sum               596 

asper                   817 

Echinodorus            84 

tenuis                  184 

hirsutum            596 

bellidifolius        817 

cordifolius           84 

Torreyana          183 

Hornemani        597 

canadensis         8  18 

parvulus               84 

tortilis                 183 

lactiflorum         597 

divaricatus        818 

radicans               84 

tricostata           184 

lineare        596,  597 

dro  ebachiensis   818 

rostratus               84 

tuberculosa        183 

molle                   596 

glabellus            817 

tenellus                 84 

Wolfii                  183 

oliganthum         597 

hyssopifolius     817 

Echinopanax          606 

Elephantopus        781 

palustre              597 

nudicaulis          817 

horrida               606 

carolinianus       78  1 

spicatum            596 

philadelphicus  817 

Echinops                856 

nudatus              78  1 

strictum              596 

pulchellus          817 

sphaerocephalus 

tomentosus        781 

Epipactis      313,  315 

ramosus             818 

856 

Elephant's-i'oot    781 

decipiens            315 

strigosus             818 

Echinospennum    681 

Eleusine                  147 

Helleborine        313 

vernus                817 

deflexum             682 

aegyptia              147 

lati  folia               313 

Eriocarpum   spinulo~ 

floribundum       682 

indica                  147 

pubescens          315 

sum                 798 

Lappula             682 

Ellisia                    677 

repens                 315 

ERIOCAULACEAE  260 

virginicum          681 

Nyctelea            677 

tesselata             315 

Eriocaulon             261 

Echium                  688 

Elm                         345 

viridiflora           313 

articulatum       261 

vulgare              688 

American           345 

Epiphegus              739 

compressum      261 

Eclipta                   830 

Cork                    346 

EQUISETACEAE       51 

decangulare       261 

alba                    830 

English               345 

Equisetum               51 

gnaphalodes       261 

Eel  Grass          78,  85 

Red                     345 

arvense                 52 

Parkeri                261 

Egg-plant               712 

Reck                   346 

fluviatile               53 

septangulare      26  1 

Eglantine               496 

Slippery             345 

hyemale               53 

Eriogonum            353 

ELAEAGNACEAE    590 

Wahoo                346 

laevigatum           53 

Alleni                  354 

Elaeagnus              590 

Water                 346 

limosum                53 

longifolium        353 

argentea             590 

White                345 

litorale                  52 

Eriophorum           195 

ELATINACEAE        575 

Winged               346 

palustre                52 

alpinum              190 

Elatine                   576 

Elodea             85,  675 

pratense                52 

angustifolium    197 

americana          576 

campanulata      575 

robustum              53 

callitrix              196 

brachysperma  576 

canadensis           85 

scirpoides              54 

Chamissonis       196 

triandra             576 

Elodes                     575 

sylvaticum           52 

cyperinum          195 

Elatinoides  Elatine 

Elsholtzia              712 

variegatum          54 

gracile        196,  197 

720 

Patrini                712 

Eragrostis               149 

lineatum             194 

spuria                 720 

Elymus                   168 

campestris           151 

opacum              196 

Elder                       761 

arenarius            170 

capillaris             150 

paucinervium    197 

Box                    558 

australis             169 

Eragrostis            151 

polystachion       197 

Marsh                 827 

brachystachys  169 

Frankii                150 

russeolum            196 

Poison                552 

canadensis         169 

hypnoides           150 

tenellum             196 

Red-berried       761 

diversiglumis     170 

major                  150 

vaginatum           196 

Wild                   606 

glaucus               170 

megastachya      150 

virginicum         197 

Elecampane    '       824 

Macounii            170 

minor                  150 

viridi-carinatum 

Eleocharis              180 

mollis                  170 

pectinacea          151 

197 

acicularis            183 

robustus             169 

pilosa                  150 

Erithrea                  656 

acuminata          184 

striatus               169 

Purshii               15  o 

Erodium                536 

albida                 184 

virginicus            169 

refracta               150 

cicutarium         536 

atropurpurea     182 

EMPETRACEAE      551 

reptans                151 

moschatum       536 

capitata             182 

Empetrum             551 

tenuis                  151 

Eryngium               609 

compressa           184 

nigrum                551 

trichodes            151 

aquaticum         610 

diandra               182 

Enchanter's  Night- 

Eranthis                405 

Leavenworthii  610 

dispar                   182 

shade              602 

hyemalis            405 

prostratum        610 

Engelmanni       182 

English  Elm          345 

Erechtites             851 

virginianum      610 

INDEX 


899 


Eryngium  yucci- 

Lathyrus           549 

FAGACEAE             337 

Rattlesnake         49 

folium            609 

lucida                 549 

Fagopyrum            363 

Sensitive              45 

Eryngo                   609 

maculata            547 

esculentum        363 

Shield                   41 

Erysimum              430 

marginata          547 

Fagopyrum        363 

Sweet                  330 

asperum             43  1 

marilandica       547 

tataricum           363 

Wood                   41 

cheiranthoides  431 

nicaeensis           549 

Fagus                      337 

Fescue  Grass         160 

incon  spicuum    43  1 

nutans                 546 

americana          338 

Meadow              162 

parviflorum       431 

Nuttallii             546 

ferruginea           338 

Sheep's               161 

repandum          431 

obtusata             548 

grandifolia         338 

Taller                 162 

syrticolum          431 

Peplus                549 

Falcala                   530 

Festuca                  160 

Erythraea               656 

petaloidea          546 

comosa               530 

diandra               153 

calycosa              656 

platyphylla       548 

Pitcheri              530 

elatior                 162 

Centaurium       656 

polygonifolia     545 

Fall  Dandelion      863 

gigantea             162 

ramosissima      656 

Preslii                546 

Witch  Grass        96 

myuros               161 

spicata                656 

serpens               546 

False  Acacia          514 

nutans                162 

texensis               656 

serpyllifolia       546 

Aloe                     298 

occidentalis       161 

Erythronium         289 

stictospora         547 

Asphodel            283 

octoflora             161 

albidum              289 

zygophylloides 

Beach  Drops     630 

ovina                  161 

americanum      289 

546 

Buckthorn         648 

pratensis             182 

mesochoreum    289 

EUPHORBIACEAE   540 

Bugbane             399 

rubra                  161 

propullans         289 

Euphrasia              733 

Dandelion          869 

sciurea               161 

Eulophus               616 

americana          733 

Dragon  Head    698 

Shortii                 162 

americanus        617 

arctica               733 

Flax                    426 

spicata               166 

Eupatorium           781 

canadensis         733 

Goat's  Beard     444 

tenella                 161 

ageratoides         784 

hirtella               733 

Golden-rod        798 

Fetid  Buckeye     559 

album                782 

latifolia              733 

Cromwell           687 

Horehound        700 

altissimum         783 

Oakesii               733 

Hellebore           285 

Marigold            845 

aromaticum       784 

Randii                733 

Indigo        505,  512 

Wild  Pumpkin  765 

capillifolium      782 

Williamsii          733 

Jessamine          653 

Fetter  Bush  634,  635 

coelestinum       784 

European  Brooklime 

Loosestrife         594 

Fever  Bush           414 

foeniculaceum    782 

727 

Mallow               567 

Feverfew               847 

hyssopifolium 

Fly  Honeysuckle 

Mermaid            552 

Feverwort             758 

782,  783 

755 

Mermaid  Family 

Ficaria  Ficaria     394 

incarnatum        784 

Gooseberry        451 

551 

Field  Bindweed    671 

leucolepis           782 

Millet                   104 

Mistletoe           447 

Garlic                 287 

maculatum         782 

Mountain  Ash  459 

Miterwort           351 

Larkspur            406 

perfoliatum       783 

Spindle  Tree     556 

Nettle                 349 

Madder              747 

pubescens          783 

Vervain              688 

Pennyroyal       693 

Mouse-ear  Chick- 

purpureum        782 

Euthamia  caroliniana 

Pimpernel          725 

weed               383 

resinosum          783 

798 

Solomon's  Seal 

Penny  Cress      424 

rotundifolium   783 

graminifolia       797 

291 

Sorrel                 357 

semiserratum    783 

gymnospermoides 

Spikenard          291 

Sow  Thistle       865 

serotinum          782 

798 

Farkleberry           638 

Speedwell           728 

sessilifolium       783 

leptocephala       798 

Fatsia                     606 

Fig,  Indian            589 

teucrifolium       783 

tenuifolia            798 

horrida               606 

Figwort                   721 

Torreyanum      783 

Evening  Primrose 

Feather  Geranium 

Family                717 

trifoliatum          782 

598 

366 

Filago  germanica  819 

urticaefolium    784 

Common             598 

Grass                  123 

Filbert                   333 

verbenaefolium 

Family               594 

Featherfoil             644 

Filipendula            484 

783 

White                 600 

Felwort,  Marsh     658 

rubra                   484 

Euphorbia             545 

Evergreen  Blueberry 

Fennel                    616 

Ulmaria             485 

arkansana          549 

639 

Dog            782,  846 

Filix  bulbifera         43 

commutata       549 

Everlasting 

Flower               405 

fragilis                  43 

corollata            547 

820,  822,  823 

Fern,  Beech             35 

Filmy  Fern              33 

Cyparissias        549 

Common             823 

Bladder               43 

Family                  33 

Darlingtonii      548 

Pea                     527 

Chain                   37 

Fimbristylis           186 

dentata              548 

Pearly                 822 

Christmas            40 

autumnalis        187 

dictyosperma    548 

Plantain-leaved 

Cinnamon            47 

capillaris            186 

Esula                 549 

820 

Climbing              46 

castanea             186 

Geyeri                545 

Evolvulus              669 

Cloak                    35 

Frankii               187 

glyptosperma    546 

argenteus           669 

Family            -     33 

laxa                    187 

Helioscopia       549 

pilosus                670 

Filmy 

spadicea             186 

heterophylla     548 

Evonymus             556 

Flowering            46 

Vahlii                 187 

hexagona           547 

americanus        556 

Hay-scented       45 

Finger  Grass           95 

hirsuta                546 

atropurpureus  556 

Holly                   40 

Fiorin                     132 

humistrata        547 

europaeus          556 

Lady                    40 

Fir                            65 

hypericifolia      546 

obovatus            556 

Oak                      35 

Balm-of-Gilead  65 

Ipecacuanhae   548 

Eyebright              733 

Ostrich                45 

Balsam                 65 

900 


INDEX 


Fir,  Scotch              64 

Grass                  129 

volubilis            530 

brachycera        638 

Fire  Cherry           498 

Green                  118 

Galax                      642 

dumosa              638 

Pink                    386 

Fragaria                 479 

aphylla               642 

frondosa             638 

Thorn                 479 

americana           480 

Galeopsis                699 

resinosa              638 

Fire  weed  596,       851 

canoden&is         479 

Ladanum           699 

ursina                 638 

Fissipes  acaulis    307 

illinoensis          479 

Tetrahit             699 

Gelsemium            653 

Five-finger             481 

indica                 480 

Galeorchis  spectabilis 

sempervirens     653 

Marsh                 483 

terrae-novae       479 

307 

Gemmingia             301 

Flag,  Cat-tail          68 

vesca                   479 

Galingale                172 

Genista                   507 

Larger  Blue       299 

virginiana          479 

Galinsoga               843 

tinctoria             507 

Slender  Blue     300 

Franseria               828 

caracasana        843 

Gentian                  656 

Sweet                  258 

acanthicarpa     828 

hispida               843 

Closed                 658 

Flame-colored  Aza- 

tomentosa        828 

parviflora           843 

Family               654 

lea                   631 

Frasera                   659 

Galium                   747 

Fringed              656 

Flaveria                 843 

caroliniensis      659 

anglicum            748 

Horse                  758 

angustifolia        843 

Fraxinus                 650 

Aparine              748 

Soapwort           657 

campestris         843 

americana          650 

arkansanum      749 

Spurred              659 

Flax                        531 

biltmoreana       651 

asprellum           750 

Gentiana                656 

Common            531 

caroliniana         65  1 

boreale               749 

acuta                   657 

Dodder              671 

Darlingtonii      65  1 

circaezans          749 

affinis                 657 

False                   426 

nigra                   651 

Claytoni             750 

alba                     658 

Family               531 

pennsylvanica  651 

concinnum         750 

Amarella            657 

Fleabane                817 

platycarpa          651 

erectum              749 

Andrewsii          658 

Daisy         817,  818 

prof  unda            65  1 

hispidulum        750 

angustifolia        658 

Marsh                 819 

pubescens            65  1 

kamtschaticum 

crinita                656 

Salt  Marsh         819 

quadrangulata  651 

749 

detonsa               657 

Fleur-de-lis  299,  300 

sambucifolia      651 

labradoricum    750 

flavida               658 

Floating  Foxtail 

viridis                 65  1 

lanceolatum      749 

linearis               658 

Grass               129 

French  Mulberry  690 

latifolium           749 

ochroleuca          658 

Heart                  660 

Frenchweed           425 

Mollugo              749 

Porphyrio          658 

Floerkea                 552 

Fringed  Gentian  656 

palustre              749 

procera               657 

proserpinacoides 

Orchis                 308 

parisiense           748 

puberula            657 

552 

Polygala             538 

pilosum              748 

quinqueflora       657 

Flowering  Dogwood 

Fringe-tree            652 

spurium             748 

quinquefolia      657 

624 

Froelichia              374 

sylvaticum        749 

rubricaulis         658 

Fern                     46 

campestris          374 

tinctorium         750 

Saponaria          657 

Fern  Family       46 

floridana            374 

tricorne               748 

serrata                657 

Moss                    642 

gracilis                374 

trifidum     749,  750 

villosa                 658 

Spurge                547 

Frog's  Bit,  American 

triflorum            750 

GENTIANACEAE     654 

Wintergreen      538 

86 

verum                 748 

Georgia  Pine           64 

Flower-of-an-hour 

Family                 85 

virgatum            748 

GEKANIACEAE       534 

570 

Frost  Grape  564,  565 

Wirtgenii           748 

Geranium              534 

Fly  Poison    283,  284 

Frost-flower           799 

Gall-of-the-earth  871 

Bicknellii           535 

Foeniculum           616 

Frostweed              577 

Gama  Grass             92 

carolinianum     535 

Foeniculum       616 

Fuirena                   197 

Garden  Asparagus 

columbinum      536 

officinale             616 

hispida               197 

290 

Family               534 

vulgare               616 

simplex               198 

Burnet                494 

Feather              366 

Fog-fruit                689 

squarrosa           197 

Chamomile        846 

maculatum        535 

Fool's  Parsley       618 

Fumaria                 418 

Columbine         405 

Mint                    847 

Forestiera               652 

officinalis           418 

Cress                   425 

molle                  536 

acuminata          652 

FUMARIACEAE          416 

Heliotrope         762 

pratense             535 

Forget-me-not      683 

Fumitory               418 

Orpine                443 

pusillum             535 

True                    683 

Climbing            417 

Sorrel                  357 

pyrenaicum       535 

Forked  Chickweed 

Common            418 

Garget                    374 

Robertianum    535 

376 

Family                416 

Garlic                      286 

rotundifoh'um  535 

Fothergilla             453 

Furze                      508 

Field                   287 

sibiricum           535 

Carolina              453 

Mustard             429 

Gerardia                 729 

Garden!              453 

Gaertneria              828 

Wild                    287 

aspera                 730 

Four-o'clock          375 

acanthicarpa      828 

Gaultheria             636 

auriculata          730 

Family                375 

tomentosa            828 

procumbens      636 

Besseyana           731 

Fowl  Meadow  Grass 

Gaillardia               844 

Gaura                     601 

decemloba           731 

156,  159 

aristata              845 

biennis                601 

densiflora           730 

Foxberry                641 

lanceolata           845 

coccinea             601 

fasciculata         730 

Foxglove                726 

lutea                   845 

filipes                  602 

flava                    730 

Downy  False    730 

Galactia                 530 

Michauxii          602 

Gattingcri           731 

Mullein               729 

glabella               530 

parviflora           601 

grandiflora         729 

Smooth  False    730 

pilosa                   530 

Gaylussacia           637 

Holmiana           731 

Foxtail                    118 

regularis             530 

baccata               638 

laevigata           730 

INDEX 


901 


Gerardia  linifolia  730 

Globeflower           404 

European          451 

Fall  Witch          96 

maritima            731 

Spreading          404 

Missouri             451 

Family                 86 

parvifolia           731 

Glyceria                 158 

Prickly               451 

Feather               123 

paupercula        731 

acutiflora           160 

Smooth              451 

Fescue                160 

pedicularia        729 

borealis              160 

Southern            639 

Finger                   95 

Purple                731 

canadensis         158 

Goosefoot              365 

Floating  Foxtail 

purpurea            731 

elongate,              158 

Family               364 

129 

quercifolia          730 

fluitans               159 

Maple-leaved    367 

Fowl  Meadow 

Sea-side              731 

grandis                159 

Oak-leaved        367 

156,  159 

setacea               731 

laxa                    159 

Gordonia                571 

Foxtail               129 

Skinneriana       731 

nervata              159 

Lasianthus        571 

Gama                   92 

Slender               731 

obtusa                158 

Gorse                      508 

Goose  147,  160,  748 

tenuifolia           731 

pallida                159 

Gourd            764,  765 

Hair  128,  132,  137 

virginica             730 

septentrionalis  159 

Family               764 

Herd's        129,  132 

German  Millet       119 

Torreyana         158 

Missouri     •        765 

Holy                   121 

Germander            692 

Glycine  comosa      530 

Goutweed              614 

Hungarian         119 

American           693 

Glycyrrhiza           518 

GRAMINEAE             86 

Indian                  95 

Cut-leaf             693 

lepidota              518 

Grape                     563 

Italian  Rye       165 

Sage                   693 

Gnaphalium          823 

Bullace               565 

Johnson                95 

Geum                     485 

decurrens           823 

Cat                     565 

June                    156 

album                485 

Helleri                823 

Chicken              564 

Kentucky  Blue 

canadense          485 

obtusijolium       823 

Frost          564,  565 

156 

ciliatum              486 

polycephalum  823 

Hyacinth           290 

Low  Spear         155 

flavum               485 

purpureum        823 

Muscadine         565 

Lyme                 168 

macrophyllum  485 

supinum             823 

Northern  Fox  564 

Manna                158 

Peckii                 486 

sylvaticum        823 

Pigeon               564 

Marsh                  142 

pulchrum           486 

uliginosum         823 

Red                    565 

Meadow              154 

radiatum            486 

Goat's  Beard 

River-bank        565 

Meadow  Foxtail 

rivale                   486 

457,  864 

Sand                    565 

129 

strictum             485 

False                   444 

Southern  Fox   565 

Melic                  151 

triflorum            486 

Goat's  Rue            514 

Sugar                  565 

Mesquite            145 

urbanum            485 

Golden  Alexanders 

Summer             564 

Millet                  122 

vernum              486 

616 

Sweet  Winter   564 

Oat                     141 

virginianum      485 

Aster                  787 

Graphephorum    meli- 

of  Parnassus     449 

Giant  Hyssop       696 

Club                    258 

coides     139,  140 

Old-witch          103 

Reed                   148 

Corydalis           418 

Grass,  Alkali         153 

Orange               575 

Gifola                     819 

Dock                  357 

Arrow                   80 

Orchard             154 

germanica         819 

Lungwort          874 

Awned  Wheat  167 

Panic                  100 

Gilia                       675 

Ragwort             854 

Barnyard           117 

Perennial  Ray  165 

coronopifolia     675 

Saxifrage           448 

Beach                 136 

Pigeon                118 

linearis               675 

Seal                    408 

Bear                   290 

Porcupine          124 

rubra                  675 

Golden-rod            788 

Beard          93,  133 

Poverty             124 

Gillenia                  457 

False                  798 

Bent                    132 

Quaking             154 

stipulacea          457 

Rayless              798 

Bermuda            144 

Quick                 166 

stipulata            457 

Sweet                 793 

Billion-Dollar    117 

Quitch                166 

trifoliata            457 

Golden-  Wonder  Mil- 

Black                270 

Rattlesnake      158 

Gill-over-the-Ground 

let                   119 

Black  Oat          123 

Reed  Bent         134 

697 

Goldthread            404 

Blue-eyed          301 

Reed  Meadow  159 

Ginger,  Wild         352 

Gomphrena           374 

Blue-joint          135 

Rhode  Island  Bent 

Ginseng                  606 

globosa              374 

Bottle                 118 

133 

Dwarf                 606 

Gonolobus     667,  668 

Bottle-brush     170 

Rib                     745 

Family               605 

Baldwinianus    668 

Bristly  Foxtail 

Ribbon               121 

Glade  Mallow       568 

carolinensis        668 

118 

Ripple                745 

Glasswort              369 

hirsutus              668 

Brome                162 

Rough-stalked 

Glaucium               415 

laevis         667,  668 

Brown  Bent      133 

Meadow         157 

flavum                416 

obliquus              668 

Buffalo               148 

Rush                  129 

Glaucium           416 

Shortii                668 

Bur                     119 

Rye                    165 

luteum                416 

suberosus            668 

Canada  Blue     155 

Salt  Marsh         143 

Glaucous  Willow  325 

Good-King-Henry 

Canary               121 

Salt  Reed          143 

Glaux                      647 

366 

Catch-fly            120 

Sand                   149 

maritima            647 

Goody  era                315 

Common  Hair  140 

Saw                    202 

Glecoma  hederacea 

Menziesii           315 

Cord                    142 

Scurvy               433 

697 

pubescens           315 

Cotton                195 

Scutch                144 

Gleditsia                504 

repent                 315 

Couch                 166 

Sea  Spear          160 

aquatica             504 

tesselata              315 

Crowfoot            147 

Seneca                122 

triacanthos        504 

Goose  Grass 

Ditch                   78 

Sesame                 92 

Globe  Amaranth  374 

147,  160,  748 

Dog's-tail           154 

Slough                142 

Thistle               856 

Gooseberry           450 

Eel                78,  85 

'    Smut                  131 

902 


INDEX 


Grass,  Snake         150 

Milkweed           666 

nivea                  308 

Helenium               844 

Spear          154,  156 

Violet                 579 

obtusata             309 

autumnale         844 

Spike                  153 

Grim  the  Collier  872 

orbiculata          390 

nudiflorum         844 

Squirrel-tail       167 

Grindelia                786 

peramoena         311 

tenuifolium        844 

Star            294,  299 

lanceolata          786 

psychodes          311 

Heleochloa             128 

Stink                   150 

squarrosa           786 

rotundifolia        307 

schoenoides        128 

Sweet  Vernal     121 

Gromwell               685 

tridentata            309 

Helianthemum      576 

Switch                104 

Common            686 

unalascensis      309 

canadense          577 

Tall  Oat             141 

Corn                    685 

virescens             308 

corymbosum     577 

Tape                     85 

False                  687 

Hackberry             346 

majus                  577 

Thin                    133 

Ground  Cherry     714 

Hackmatack            65 

propinquum       577 

Toothache          146 

Hemlock              62 

HAEMODORACEAE 

Helianthium  tenel- 

Triple-awned     124 

Ivy                      697 

296 

lum                       84 

Umbrella            197 

Laurel                636 

Hair  Grass 

Helianthus             833 

Vanilla                122 

Pine  •                    57 

128,  132,  137 

angustifolius     834 

Velvet                 137 

Pink                    675 

Hairy  Honeysuckle 

annuus                833 

White                  120 

Plum                   515 

756 

atrorubens         834 

White  Bent       132 

Groundnut    528,  606 

Pipewort            261 

Dalyi                   835 

Whitlow             422 

Groundsel              852 

Vetch                  526 

decapetalus       836 

Wild  Oat           141 

Common            853 

Halberd-leaved  Rose 

divaricatus         835 

Wire                    155 

Tree                    819 

Mallow           570 

doronicoides      835 

Wood                    95 

Guelder  Rose        759 

Tear-thumb       362 

giganteus           835 

Wood  Reed       136 

Gum  Succory        864 

Violet                 585 

grosseserratus  835 

Wool                   195 

Tree,  Sweet       453 

Halenia                   659 

hirsutus              835 

Woolly  Beard     92 

Gum-plant             786 

deflexa                659 

illinoensis           834 

Wrack                  78 

Gutierrezia            786 

Halesia                    649 

Kellermani        835 

Yard                   147 

Euthamiae         787 

Carolina              649 

laetiflorus           834 

Yellow-eyed      262 

Sarothrae           787 

tetraptera            649 

laevigatus          835 

Gratiola                 725 

Gymnadeniopsis  cla- 

HALORAGIDACEAE 

Maximiliani       835 

acuminata          724 

vellata             309 

602 

microcephalus  835 

anagallidea        725 

Integra                309 

HAMAMELIDACEAE 

mollis                  834 

aurea                   726 

nivea                   309 

452 

occidentalis       834 

dubia                  725 

Gymnocladus        504 

Hamamelis            453 

orgyalis              833 

pilosa                  726 

canadensis          504 

virginiana          453 

parviflorus          835 

sphaerocarpa    726 

dioica                  504 

Harbinger-of-Spring 

petiolaris            833 

virginiana          726 

Gymnopogon         145 

612 

rigidus                834 

viscosa                726 

ambiguus           145 

Hardback               456 

scaberrimus       834 

Gray  Birch   334,  335 

brevifolius          145 

Harebell                 767 

scrophulariifolius 

Oak                     341 

racemosus           145 

Hare's  Tail             196 

836 

Pine                      64 

Gypsophila            387 

Hare's-ear  Mustard 

strumosus          836 

Great  Bulrush       192 

muralis               387 

429 

tomentosus        834 

Burdock             855 

Gyrostachys            313 

Hartmannia  speciosa 

tracheliifolius    836 

Chickweed         382 

stricta                  315 

600 

tuberosus           836 

Indian  Plantain 

Gyrotheca  tinctoria 

Hart's  Tongue        40 

Heliopsis                829 

852 

296 

Haw,  Black           760 

helianthoides    830 

Laurel                632 

Hawkbit                 863 

laevis                  830 

Lobelia               768 

Habenaria              308 

Hawk's  Beard       869 

scabra                 830 

Ragweed            828 

Andrewsii           311 

Hawkweed             872 

Heliotrope              680 

St.  John's-  wort 

blephariglottis  310 

Orange                872 

Garden                762 

572 

blephariglottis  X 

Hawthorn              460 

Seaside               680 

Solomon's  Seal 

cristate,           310 

English               462 

Heliotropium        680 

292 

bracteata           308 

Hay-scented  Fern  45 

curassavicum    680 

Water  Dock      355 

Canbyi               310 

Hazelnut                333 

europaeum         680 

Willow-herb      596 

ciliaris                 310 

Beaked               333 

indicum              680 

Greater  Bladderwort 

clavellata           309 

Heal-all                  698 

tenellum             680 

737 

cristata               310 

Heart's-ease  579,  587 

Hellebore               405 

Great-leaved  Mag- 

dilatata             308 

Heath  Family       625 

American  White 

nolia               409 

fimbriata            311 

Heather                  637 

285 

Great-spurred  Violet 

flava                    308 

Hedeoma                705 

False                   285 

584 

grandiflora         311 

hispida                705 

Green                  405 

Greek  Valerian     676 

Hookeri              309 

pulegioides         705 

Helleborus             405 

Green  Alder          336 

hyperborea        308 

Hedge  Bindweed  671 

viridis                  405 

Amaranth          371 

integra                309 

Hyssop               725 

Helonias                 282 

Ash                     651 

lacera                   310 

Mustard              429 

bullata                283 

Brier          294,  295 

lacera  X  psychodes 

Nettle                 701 

Hemerocalhs          287 

Dragon               257 

311 

Hedysarum            518 

fulva                   288 

Foxtail               118 

leucophaea         310 

americanum      518 

Hemicarpha           198 

Hellebore          405 

macrophylla      310 

boreale              518 

Drummondii     198 

INDEX 


903 


Hemicarpha  mi- 

arifolia               352 

Hobble-bush         759 

Horsetail                  51 

crantha           198 

Shuttleworthii    352 

Hog  Peanut           529 

Common              52 

occidentalis        198 

virginica             352 

Hog-weed              828 

Family                  51 

subsquarrosa      198 

Hibiscus                 569 

Holcus                    137 

Horse-weed  818,  866 

Hemlock                  66 

Crimson-eyed    570 

lanatus               137 

Hosackia                511 

Ground                 62 

incanus               570 

Holly                      554 

americana          511 

Parsley               622 

lasiocarpus        570 

American           554 

Purshiana         511 

Poison                613 

militaris             570 

Dahoon              554 

Hottonia                644 

Water                 614 

Moscheutos        569 

Family               554 

inflata                644 

Hemp                      347 

oculiroseus         570 

Fern                      40 

Hound's  Tongue  681 

Indian                 662 

syriacus              569 

Mountain           555 

Common            681 

Nettle                 699 

Trionum             570 

Hollyhock             568 

Houseleek              443 

Nettle,  Common 

White                 570 

Holosteum             384 

Houstonia              752 

699 

Hickory                 331 

umbellatum       384 

angustifolia       753 

Nettle,  Red       699 

Broom                332 

Holy  Grass            121 

caerulea              752 

Water                 373 

Shag-bark          331 

Homalobus  tenellus 

ciliolata              753 

Hemp-weed,     Climb- 

Shell-bark         331 

517 

lanceolata          753 

ing                       784 

Swamp                332 

Homalocenchnis     120 

longifolia           753 

Henbane                716 

White-heart      332 

Honesty                 433 

minima              752 

Black                  716 

Hicoria                   331 

Honewort               615 

minor                  752 

Henbit                   700 

alba                     332 

Honey  Locust       504 

patens                752 

Hen-and-chickens 

aquatica              332 

Honeysuckle          754 

purpurea            753 

443 

borealis               332 

American  Fly   755 

serpyliifolia       752 

Hepatica                400 

carolinae-septen- 

Bush                    754 

tenuifolia            753 

acuta                    401 

trionalis          331 

European  Fly  755 

Huckleberry          637 

acutiloba            401 

glabra                  332 

Family                754 

Bear                   638 

Hepatica             400 

laciniosa             332 

Hairy                 756 

Black                  638 

triloba                400 

microcarpa         332 

Japanese            755 

Blue                    638 

Heracleum             621 

minima               332 

Mountain  Fly   755 

Box                    638 

lanatum              621 

ovata                   331 

Swamp  Fly       755 

Dwarf                638 

Sphondylium    621 

pallida                332 

Tartarian           755 

Squaw                 639 

Herb  Robert         535 

Pecan                  331 

Trumpet             756 

White                  638 

Herba  Impia         819 

villosa                 332 

White  Swamp  631 

Hudsonia               577 

Hercules'  Club      606 

Hicorius                 331 

Yellow                757 

ericoides             577 

Herd's  Grass  129,  132 

Hieracium              872 

Hooked  Crowfoot  397 

tomentosa         577 

Herpestis                724 

aurantiacum     872 

Hop                        347 

Humulus                347 

amplexicaulis    724 

canadense          874 

Clover                509 

japonicus           347 

Monniera           724 

florentinum       873 

Common             347 

Lupulus             347 

nigrescens           724 

floribundum      872 

Hornbeam         333 

Hungarian  Grass  119 

rotundifolia        724 

Greenii               873 

Tree                    537 

Huntsman's  Cup  440 

Hesperis                  430 

Gronovii            873 

Hordeum                167 

Hyacinth  Bean    529 

matronalis         430 

longipilum         874 

jubatum             167 

Grape                  290 

Heteranthera        266 

marianum          873 

nodosum             168 

Wild                   289 

dubia                  267 

murorum            874 

Pammeli             168 

Hybanthus            579 

graminea            267 

paniculatum      873 

pusillum             168 

concolor             579 

limosa                 266 

Pilosella             872 

Horehound            696 

Hydrangea             450 

reniformis          266 

praealtum          873 

Black                  701 

arborescens        450 

Ueterotheca          787 

pratense             872 

Common            696 

cinerea               450 

Lamarckii          787 

scabrum             873 

Fetid                  700 

radiata                450 

subaxillaris        787 

umbellatum       874 

Water                709 

Wild                   450 

Heuchera               447 

venosum             873 

Horn  Pondweed     78 

Hydrastis               408 

americana          447 

vulgatum           874 

Poppy                 415 

canadensis         408 

crinita                 447 

Hierochloe              121 

Hornbeam              334 

HYDROCHARITACEAK 

Curtinii               448 

alpina                 122 

American           334 

85 

glauca                 448 

borealis               122 

American  Hop  334 

Hydrocotyle          611 

hirsuticaulis      448 

odorata               122 

Hop                    333 

americana          611 

hispida               448 

High  Blueberry    640 

Horned  Rush         199 

asiatica              611 

lancipetala         447 

Mallow                568 

Hornwort               389 

australis             611 

longiflora            448 

High-bush  Cran- 

Family              389 

Canbyi               611 

macrorhiza        447 

berry               759 

Horse  Balm          711 

ranunculoides   611 

parviflora           447 

Highwater-shrub  827 

Brier                   295 

umbellata          611 

pubescens          448 

Hippuris                 605 

Gentian              758 

verticillata         611 

roseola                 448 

vulgaris              605 

Mint  703,  704,  710 

Hydrolea                679 

Rugelii               447 

Hoary   Alder         337 

Nettle                 713 

affiriis                  679 

villosa                447 

Pea                      514 

Sugar                  649 

ovata                  679 

Hexalectris            319 

Plantain             745 

Horse-chestnut     559 

quadrivalvis      679 

aphylla               319 

Vervain              689 

Common             559 

HYDROPHYLLACEAE 

Hexartylis              352 

Willow               327 

Horseradish          432 

676 

904 


INDEX 


Hydrophyllum      676 

Ilex                         554 

Ipomoea                 670 

Iva                         827 

appendiculatum 

Beadlei               555 

coccinea              670 

ciliata                 827 

677 

bronxensis          555 

hederacea           670 

frutescens           827 

caradense          677 

Cassine               554 

lacunosa             670 

imbricata           827 

macrophyllum  677 

Dahoon               554 

pandurata          670 

oraria                  827 

patens                 677 

decidua              554 

purpurea            670 

xanthifolia         827 

virginianum      677 

glabra                555 

Quamoclit          670 

Ivy,   Coliseum      720 

Hymenocallis        298 

laevigata            555 

Iresine                    373 

Ground               697 

occidentalis       298 

lucida                 555 

celosioides          374 

Kenilworth        720 

Hymenopappus    843 

mollis                 555 

paniculata         374 

Poison                552 

carolinensis       843 

monticola           554 

IRIDACEAE             299 

Ivy-leaved  Speedwell 

corymbosus       843 

myrtifolia           554 

Iris                         299 

728 

scabiosaeus        843 

opaca                  554 

caroliniana        300 

HYMENOPHYLLACEAE 

verticillata         555 

cristata              301 

Jack-in-the-Pulpit 

33 

vomitoria           554 

Dwarf                 300 

257 

Hyoscyamus         716 

Ilidoides  mucronata 

Dwarf  Crested  301 

Jagged  Chickweed 

niger                    716 

555 

Family               299 

384 

HYPERICACEAE     571 

ILLECEBRACEAE    376 

foliosa                300 

Jamestown  Weed 

Hypericum            571 

Ilysanthes              725 

fulva                  300 

717 

adpressum         573 

anagallidea        725 

germanica          300 

Japanese  Barnyard 

angulosum         574 

attenuate,            725 

hexagona           300 

Millet              117 

Ascyron             572 

dubia                  725 

Hookeri              300 

Honeysuckle     755 

Bissellii              574 

riparia                725 

lacustris             301 

Jasione                    768 

boreale               574 

Immortelle            374 

Lake  Dwarf      301 

montana            768 

canadense  574,  575 

Impatiens              560 

ochroleuca          300 

Jatropha                541 

cistifolium         574 

aurea                  560 

orientalis            300 

etimulosa           541 

corymbosum       573 

biflora                560 

prismatica         300 

Jeffersonia             412 

densiflorum       573 

fulva                   560 

pseudacorus      300 

binata                  412 

dolabriforme     574 

noli-tangere      560 

setosa                 300 

diphylla              412 

Drummondii     575 

pallida                560 

verna                  300 

Jersey  Pine             64 

ellipticum           574 

Imperatoria           621 

versicolor           299 

Jerusalem  Artichoke 

galioides             573 

Ostruthium       621 

Yellow               300 

836 

gentianoides      575 

Indian  Bean          741 

Iron  Oak               339 

Oak                    366 

graveolens         573 

Chickweed         377 

Ironweed                780 

Sage                   699 

gymnanthum    575 

Cucumber-root 

Ironwood      333,  334 

Jessamine,  False  653 

Kalmianum       573 

293 

Isanthus                 693 

Yellow               653 

maculatum         573 

Currant              757 

brachiatus         693 

Jewelweed             560 

ma  jus                 575 

Fig                     589 

caeruleus            693 

Jimson  Weed        717 

mutilum            574 

Grass                     95 

Isnardia  palustris 

Joe  Pye  Weed       782 

mtdicaule           575 

Hemp                  662 

595 

Johnson  Grass         95 

perforatum        573 

Mallow               566 

ISOETACEAE                  58 

Jointed  Charlock  427 

petiolatum        575 

Physic                457 

Isoetes                     58 

Judas  Tree            505 

prolificum          573 

Pink                   653 

Boottii                  60 

JUGLANDACEAE       330 

pseudomaculatum 

Pipe                    629 

Butleri                 61 

Juglans                   330 

573 

Plantain             852 

canadensis            61 

cinerea               331 

punctatum        573 

Poke                    285 

Dodgei                 61 

cordiformis         332 

sphaerocarpum  574 

Rice            119,  120 

Eatoni                  60 

nigra                   331 

virgatum            574 

Strawberry        480 

echinospora         60 

JUNCACEAE            267 

virginicum         575 

Tobacco             769 

Engelmanni         61 

JtJNCAGINACEAE       79 

Hypochaeris          863 

Turnip                257 

foveolata              60 

Juncodes                 278 

glabra                 863 

India-wheat           363 

Gravesii                61 

Juncoides               278 

radicata              863 

Indigo,  Blue  False 

Harveyi                59 

bulbosa                279 

Hypopitys  americana 

506 

heterospora           59 

pilosum              279 

630 

False          505,  512 

hieroglyphica      59 

Juncus                    267 

Hypopitys          630 

Wild                   506 

macrospora          59 

acuminatus 

ianuginosa         630 

Inkberry                555 

melanopoda         61 

276,  277 

Hypoxis                 299 

Innocence              752 

riparia           60,  61 

alpinus                277 

erecta                   299 

Inula                      824 

saccharata           60 

aristulatus         278 

hirsuta               299 

Helenium           824 

Tuckermani         59 

articulatus         277 

Hyssop                   706 

lodanthus              433 

Isopyrum               404 

asper                  273 

Giant                  696 

pinnatifidus       433 

biternatum        404 

balticus              272 

Hedge                 725 

lonactis  linariifolia 

Isotria  affinis         312 

brachycarpus    276 

Water                724 

815 

verticillata          312 

brachycephalus 

Hyssopus               706 

lonidium                579 

Italian  Clover       509 

274 

officinialis          706 

loxylon  pomiferum 

Rye  Grass          165 

brevicaudatus  274 

Hystrix                   170 

347 

Woodbine          756 

bufonius             270 

Hystrix               171 

Ipecac,  American 

Itea                        450 

bulbosus             275 

patula                171 

457 

virginica            450 

caesariensis       274 

INDEX 


905 


Juncus  canadensis 

Kentucky  Blue  Grass 

LABIATAE              690 

Lampsana              861 

274 

156 

Labrador  Tea        630 

Lance-leaved  Violet 

conglomeratus  273 

Coffee-tree         504 

Lacinaria               785 

584 

debilis                 276 

Kidney  Bean         528 

graminifolia       786 

Lapland  Rose  Bay 

dichotomus        271 

King  Devil  872,  873 

scariosa               786 

632 

diffusissimus      276 

Nut                      332 

Smallii               786 

Laportea                348 

Dudley!              271 

Kinnikinnik           624 

spicata                786 

canadensis         349 

effusus                273 

Knapweed             861 

squarrosa            785 

Lappula                  681 

filiformis             273 

Knautia                  764 

Laciniaria              785 

deflexa               681 

Gerardi               270 

arvensis              764 

cylindracea         785 

echinata             682 

Greenei               272 

Knawel                   376 

elegans                785 

floribunda          682 

gymnocarpus     273 

Kneiffia                  599 

graminifolia       786 

Redowskii         682 

interior               271 

Alleni                 600 

punctata             785 

texana                 682 

Lecrsii                273 

fruticosa             600 

pycnostachya      786 

virginiana          681 

marginatus        278 

glauca                 600 

scariosa               786 

Lapsana                 861 

maritimus          273 

linearis               600 

spicata                786 

communis          861 

megacephalus   276 

linifolia              600 

squarrosa            785 

Larch                        64 

militaris             275 

longipedicellata  600 

Lacnanthes            296 

American             65 

monostichus      271 

pratensis             600 

tinctoria             296 

Black                   65 

nodosus     275,  276 

pumila                600 

Lachnocaulon       261 

Large  Cane            171 

oronensis            272 

Knotweed              357 

anceps                 262 

Cranberr-'           641 

pelocarpus 

Knotwort  Family 

Lactuca                  866 

Yellow  Lady's 

274,  275 

376 

acuminata          868 

Slipper           307 

polycephalus     275 

Kobresia                203 

campestris         867 

Larger  Blue  Flag 

repens                278 

elachycarpa       203 

canadensis         866 

299 

Richardsonianus 

Kochia                   365 

floridana             868 

Large-toothed  Aspen 

277 

Scoparia             365 

hirsuta               867 

328 

robustus             277 

Koeleria                 139 

integrifolia 

Larix                        64 

Roemerianus     273 

cristata               139 

866,  867 

americana            65 

scirpoides  275,  276 

Koellia                   707 

leucophoea          868 

decidua                65 

secundus            271 

albescens             708 

ludoviciana       867 

europaea               65 

setaceus              272 

aristata               707 

Morssii                867 

laricina                65 

Smithii                273 

clinopodioides    707 

pulchella            867 

Larkspur                405 

stygius               277 

flexuosa               707 

sagittifolia         867 

Dwarf                406 

subtilis               275 

hyssopifolia        707 

saligna                866 

Field                   406 

tenuis         270,  271 

incana                 708 

saliva                  866 

Tall                     406 

Torreyi               276 

mutica                 708 

scariola               866 

Late  Low  Blueberry 

trifidus                270 

montana             708 

spicata                868 

640 

Vaseyi                 272 

pilosa                 708 

Steelei                867 

Lathyrus               527 

June  Grass             156 

pycnanthemoides 

villosa                868 

latifolius             527 

Juneberry              459 

707 

virosa                  866 

maritimus          527 

Jungle  Rice            118 

verticillata          708 

Ladies'  Tobacco  820 

myrtifolius         527 

Juniper                     67 

virginiana          708 

Tresses               313 

ochroleucus       527 

Common               67 

Koniga  maritima  424 

Lady  Fern                40 

palustris             527 

Juniperus                 67 

Korycarpus  diandrus 

Lady's  Mantle      493 

pratensis            527 

communis            67 

153 

Lady's  Slipper      306 

tuberosus           527 

horizontalis          67 

Kosteletzkya         569 

Large  Yellow    307 

venosus              527 

nana                      67 

virginica             569 

Ram's  Head      306 

LAURACEAE           413 

Sdbina                  67 

Kraunhia               515 

Showy      •          307 

Laurel                     633 

virginiana            67 

frutescens            515 

Small  White      307 

Family               413 

Jussiaea                  594 

macrostachys     515 

Smaller  Yellow  306 

Ground              636 

decurrens           594 

Krigia                    862 

Stemless             307 

Great                  632 

diffusa                 594 

amplexicaulis    863 

Lady's  Sorrel        534 

Magnolia            409 

repens                 594 

Dandelion          863 

Thistle               859 

Mountain           633 

occidentalis       862 

Thumb               361 

Oak                    344 

Kallstroemia         536 

virginica             862 

Lagenaria  vulgaris 

Pale                    633 

maxima              536 

Kuhnia                   785 

765 

Sheep                 633 

Kalmia                   633 

eupatorioides    785 

Lake  Cress             432 

Laurestinus           758 

angustifolia       633 

glutinosa             785 

Dwarf  Iris         301 

Lavauxia  triloba   601 

Carolina              633 

Kuhniastera   Candida 

Lamb  Succory      862 

Lavender,   Sea      643 

glauca                 633 

513 

Lambkill                633 

Lead  Plant            512 

hirsuta                633 

foliosa                 513 

Lamb's  Lettuce  762 

Leadwort  Family 

latifolia              633 

villosa                 513 

Quarters             367 

643 

polifolia             633 

Kuhnistera             513 

Lamium                  700 

Leafcup                  824 

Kalm's    St.    John's- 

multi  flora           513 

album                 700 

Leather   Flower   403 

wort                573 

violacea               513 

amplexicaule     700 

Leaf                    636 

Kenilworth  Ivy    720 

Kyllinga                179 

maculatum        700 

Leatherwood 

pumila                179 

purpureum         700 

553,  589 

906 


INDEX 


Leavenworthia     433 

ruderale             425 

Liatris                    785 

LlNACEAE                   531 

Michauxii          434 

sativum              425 

cylindracea        785 

Linaria                   719 

torulosa              434 

virginicum         425 

elegans                785 

canadensis         720 

uniflora              434 

Lepigonum             378 

graminifolia       786 

Cymbalaria       720 

Lechea                    577 

Leptamnium          739 

punctata            785 

Elatine               720 

intermedia         578 

Leptandra  virginica 

pycnostachya    786 

minor                  720 

juniperina         578 

727 

scariosa              786 

spuria                 720 

Leggettii            579 

Leptilon  canadense 

spicata                786 

supina                 719 

major         577,  578 

818 

squarrosa           785 

vulgaris              719 

maritima            578 

divaricatum       818 

Ligusticum            618 

Linden                    565 

minor                  578 

Leptocaulis            613 

actaeifolium       618 

Family               565 

moniliformis      579 

echinata              613 

canadense          618 

Lindera  Benzoin  414 

racemulosa        579 

patens                 613 

scothicum          618 

melissaefolia      414 

stricta                 578 

Leptochloa             147 

Ligustrum              652 

Ling                        637 

tenuifolia           578 

attenuate,             147 

vulgare              652 

Linnaea                  757 

thymifolia          578 

fascicularis         148 

Lilac                       652 

borealis              757 

villosa                 578 

filiformis             147 

Common             652 

Linum                     531 

Ledum                    630 

mucronata           147 

Lilaeopsis               617 

catharticum      532 

groenlandicum  630 

Leptoloma               96 

lineata                617 

floridanum         532 

latifolium           630 

cognatum             96 

LlLIACEAE                   279 

humile                531 

palustre              630 

Lepturus                 165 

Lilium                     288 

Lewisii                531 

Leek,  Wild            287 

filiformis             165 

canadense          288 

n)°dium              532 

Leersia                    120 

Lespedeza              522 

carolinianum     288 

rigidum              531 

lenticularis         120 

acuticarpa         524 

Catesbaei           288 

striatum             532 

oryzoides            120 

angustifolia       524 

Grayi                  288 

sulcatum            532 

virginica              120 

Bicknellii           524 

lanceolatum        288 

usitatissimum  531 

Legouzia                 766 

Brittonii             523 

philadelphicum 

virginianum      532 

biflora                 766 

capitata             524 

288 

Lion's-foot             871 

leptocarpa          766 

frutescens          524 

superbum           288 

Liparis                    318 

perfoliata            766 

hirta                    524 

tigrinum             288 

liliifolia              318 

LEGUMINOSAE       499 

leptostachya     525 

umbellatum        288 

Loeselii               318 

Leitneria                330 

Manniana          524 

Lily                        288 

Lipocarpha            198 

floridana            330 

Nuttallii             523 

Atamasco           298 

maculata            198 

LEITNERIACEAE    330 

polystachya        524 

Blackberry        301 

Lippia                    689 

Leiophyllum         632 

prairea               523 

Common  Day   288 

cuneifolia           690 

buxifolium         632 

procumbens       523 

Cow                     390 

lanceolata          689 

Lemna                    259 

repens                523 

Day                    287 

nodiflora            690 

cyclostasa            259 

reticulata            524 

Family               279 

Liquidambar         453 

minor         259,  260 

simulata             524 

of  the  Valley    293 

Styraciflua         453 

perpusilla           259 

striata                 525 

Southern  Red  288 

Liquorice               518 

trisulca               259 

Stuvei                524 

Sweet-scented 

Wild          518,  749 

valdiviana         259 

velutina              524 

Water            391 

Liriodendron         409 

LEMNACEAE           259 

violacea              523 

Tiger                   288 

Tulipifera          409 

Lemon  Mint          704 

virginica             524 

Turk's-cap         288 

Listera                    316 

LENTIBULARIACEAE 

Lesquerella            424 

Water                 391 

auriculata          316 

736 

argentea             424 

Wild  Orange-red 

australis             316 

Leontodon             863 

globosa               424 

288 

convallarioides  316 

autumnalis        863 

gracilis                424 

Wild  Yellow     288 

cordata               316 

hastilis                863 

ludowiaiana        424 

Wood                 288 

Smallii                316 

hirtus                  864 

Lesser  Celandine  394 

Yellow  Pond     390 

Lithospermum      685 

hispidus             863 

Lettuce                  866 

Lime-tree               565 

angustifolium    686 

nudicaulis          864 

Blue                    867 

LlMNANTHACEAE  551 

arvense               685 

Leonurus                700 

Lamb's               762 

Limnanthemum     660 

canescens           686 

Cardiaca             700 

Prickly               866 

aquaticum          661 

Gmelini              686 

Marrubiaetrum 

Saxifrage           446 

lacunosum          661 

hirtum                686 

700 

White                871 

nymphoides        661 

latifolium           686 

sibiricus              700 

Wild                   866 

trachyspermum  661 

linearifolium     686 

Lepachys                832 

Leucophysalis  grandi- 

Limnobium              86 

officinale            686 

columnaris         833 

flora                      714 

Spongia                86 

Litsea                     414 

pinnata              832 

Leucothoe             634 

Limnorchis  dilatata 

geniculata          414 

Lepargyrea             590 

axillaris              634 

308 

Littorella                744 

argentea              590 

Catesbaei           634 

hyperborea         308 

lacustris              744 

canadensis          590 

racemosa            634 

Limodorum            312 

uniflora               744 

Lepidium               425 

recurva               634 

Limonium              643 

Live  Oak                341 

apetalum           425 

Leverwood             334 

carolinianum     643 

Live-for-ever         443 

campestre          426 

Levisticum            620 

Limosella               725 

Liverleaf                400 

Draba                 426 

Levisticum         621 

aquatica             725 

Lizard's  Tail        320 

intermedium      425 

officinale            621 

tenuifolia           725 

Loasa  Family       588 

INDEX 


907 


LOASACEAE           688 

Loosestrife    592,  645 

campestris         279 

Lyre-leaved  Sage  702 

Lobelia                  768 

False                   594 

confusa               279 

Lysias  Hookeriana 

amoena              769 

Family               591 

hyperborea          279 

309 

Canbyi               769 

Spiked                592 

nemorosa           279 

orbiculata           310 

cardinalis           768 

Swamp               592 

parviflora           279 

Lysiella  obtusata  309 

Dortmanna        770 

Tufted                646 

saltuensis           279 

Lysimachia            645 

Family               768 

Lophanthv*            696 

spadicea              279 

foliosa                 645 

glandulosa         769 

anisatits              697 

spicata               279 

Nummularia     645 

Great                  768 

nepetoides           696 

vernalis               279 

producta            645 

inflata                 769 

scrophulariaefolius 

Lychnis                  384 

punctata            645 

Kalmii               769 

697 

alba                     384 

quadrifolia         645 

leptostachys      769 

Lophiocarpuf           83 

chalcedonica     384 

stricta                  645 

Nuttallii             769 

Lophiola                 296 

corcviaria           384 

terrestris            645 

paludosa            770 

americana          297 

dioica                 384 

thyrsiflora          646 

puberula            769 

aurea                   297 

diurna                384 

vulgaris              645 

siphilitica          768 

Lophotocarpus       83 

Drummondii     385 

LYTHEACEAE         591 

spicata                769 

calycinus              84 

Flos-cuculi        384 

Lythrum                592 

Water                 770 

depauperatus       83 

Githago               384 

alatum                592 

LOBELIACEAE            768 

spatulatus            83 

Scarlet               384 

Hyssopifolia      592 

Loblolly  Bay        571 

spongiosus           83 

vespertina           384 

lineare              .  592 

Pine                      63 

Lopseed                 743 

Lycium                   716 

Salicaria             592 

Lobularia               424 

Family               743 

halimifolium     716 

virgatum            593 

maritima            424 

LORANTHACEAE      351 

vulgar  e               716 

Vulneraria         592 

Locust                    514 

Lotus             392,  511 

Lycopersicon  escu- 

Bristly               514 

americanus        511 

lentum           712 

Macartny  Rose     496 

Clammy             514 

corniculatus      511 

LYCOPODIACEAE     54 

Madura                 347 

Common            514 

Lousewort              734 

Lycopodium            54 

aurantiaca         347 

Honey                504 

Common             734 

adpressum     55,  56 

pomifera            347 

Water                 504 

Lovage          618,  620 

alopecuroides      55 

Macrocalyx            677 

Logania  Family  652 

Scotch                 618 

annotinum           56 

Madder  Family    746 

LOGANIACEAE           652 

Love-in-a-Mist      405 

carolinianum       56 

Field                  747 

Loiseleuria             632 

Love  Vine             671 

Chamaecyparissus 

Mad-dog  Skullcap 

procumbens       633 

Low  Birch             336 

57 

694 

Lolium                    165 

Black  Blueberry 

clavatum             56 

Madwort                682 

festucaceum      165 

639 

complanatum      57 

Magnolia                408 

multiflorum       165 

Cudweed            823 

dendroideum        56 

acuminata         409 

perenne              165 

Hop  Clover       509 

inundatum           56 

Family              408 

temulentum       165 

Spear  Grass       155 

lucidulum            55 

Fraseri                409 

Lomatium              619 

Sweet  Blueberry 

obscurum             56 

glauca                  409 

daucifolium       620 

639 

porophilum          55 

Great-leaved     409 

orientale             620 

Lucerne                 510 

sabinaefolium     56 

Laurel                 409 

Lombardy  Poplar 

Lucretia  Dewberry 

Selago                   55 

macrophylla      409 

329 

492 

sitchense              56 

Small                  409 

Long  Moss             265 

Ludvigia                594 

tristachyum        57 

tripetala             409 

Long-leaved  Pine  64 

alata                   595 

Lycopsis                683 

Umbrella            409 

Long-spurred  Violet 

alternifolia        595 

arvensis              683 

virginiana          409 

587 

arcuata               595 

Lycopus                 709 

MAGNOLIACEAE     408 

Long-stalked  Cranes- 

cylindrica           595 

americanus        710 

Maianthemum      291 

bill                  536 

glandulosa         595 

asper                   709 

canadense          29  1 

Lonicera                 754 

hirtella                595 

communis           709 

Maiden  Pink         387 

caerulea             755 

linearis                595 

europaeus          710 

Maidenhair              35 

canadensis         755 

palustris             595 

lucidus                709 

Mairania  alpina  637 

Caprifolium,      756 

polycarpa          595 

membranaceua  709 

Malapoenna  genic- 

ciliata                 755 

sphaerocarpa    595 

rubellus              709 

ulata               414 

dioica                 756 

Ludwigiantha  arcuata 

sOTsilifolius        709 

Malaxis                   317 

flava                   757 

595 

vinuatus              710 

paludosa            317 

glauca                 757 

Lunaria                  433 

uniflorus             709 

Male  Berry            635 

glaucescens        756 

annua                 433 

virginicus          709 

Mallow                   568 

grata                    756 

rediviva             433 

Lygodesmia           868 

Common            568 

hirsuta               756 

Lungwort               685 

juncea                868 

Curled                568 

involucrata        755 

Golden               874 

rostrata             868 

False                  567 

japonica             755 

Sea                     685 

Lygodium                46 

Family               566 

Morrowi              755 

Lupine                    508 

palmatum            46 

Glade                  569 

oblongifolia       755 

Wild                   508 

Lyme  Grass           IbS 

Halberd-leaved 

sempervirens     756 

Lupinus                  508 

Lyonia                    635 

Rose               570 

Sullivantii          756 

perennis             508 

ligustrina           635 

High                  568 

tatarica              755 

Luzula                    278 

mariana              635 

Indian                566 

Xylosteum        755 

arcuata               279 

nitida                635 

Marsh                567 

908 


INDEX 


Mallow,  Musk       568 

Pine                      64 

arenicola            522 

gentilis                711 

Poppy                568 

Rosemary          643 

bracteosa             520 

longifolia            710 

Red  False          567 

St.  John's-wort  575 

canadensis          522 

piperita              710 

Rose                   569 

Speedwell           727 

canescens            520 

Pulegium           705 

Swamp  Rose     569 

Marshallia             842 

Dillenii               521 

rotundifolia       710 

Yellow  False     567 

grandiflora         842 

glabella                520 

sativa                  711 

Mains                     458 

latifolia              842 

grandiflora         519 

spicata                710 

angustifolia        458 

obovata              842 

illinoensis          521 

sylvestris            710 

baccata                458 

trinervia             842 

laevigata             521 

viridis                  710 

coronaria            458 

Marsilea                   49 

longifolia            520 

Mentzelia               588 

ioensis                458 

quadrifolia           50 

marilandica       522 

decapetala         588 

Mains                 458 

vestita                  50 

Michauxii          519 

oligosperma       588 

Malva                    568 

MARSILEACEAE       49 

nudi  flora            519 

Menyanthes           660 

Alcea                 568 

Martynia                741 

obtusa                 522 

trifoliata            660 

crispa                  568 

Family               741 

ochroleuca           519 

Menziesia               632 

moschata           568 

louisiana            742 

paniculata          521 

glabella              632 

rotundifolia       568 

proboscidea         742 

pauci  flora           519 

globuiaris           632 

sylvestris           568 

MARTYNIACEAE     741 

rhombifolia        521 

pilosa                  632 

verticillata         568 

Maruta  Cotula      846 

rigida                  522 

Mercurialis             543 

MALVACEAE           566 

Marvel  of  Peru     375 

sessilifolia          522 

annua                 543 

Malvastrum          567 

Masterwort            621 

stricta                  521 

Mercury                  543 

angustum          567 

Matricaria              846 

viridi  flora           521 

Three-seeded     543 

coccineum         567 

Chamomilla       847 

Melampyrum         732 

Meriolix  intermedia 

Mamillaria            588 

discoidea            847 

americanum       733 

601 

missouriensis     588 

inodora               846 

latifolium           733 

serrulata             601 

vivipara             588 

matricarioides    847 

lineare                733 

Mermaid-weed      605 

Mandrake              411 

suaveolens         847 

Melanthium           284 

Mertensia               685 

Manisuris  cylindrica 

Matrimony  Vine  716 

latifolium           285 

maritima            685 

92 

Common            716 

parviflorum       285 

paniculata         685 

rugosa                   92 

Matteuccia  Struthi- 

racemosum         285 

virginica             685 

Manna  Grass         158 

opteris               45 

virginicum         285 

Mesadenia    atriplici- 

Man-of-the-Earth 

May  Apple             411 

Melastoma   Family 

folia                 852 

670 

Mayaca                   263 

593 

reniformis          852 

Maple                      557 

Aubleti              263 

MELASTOMACEAE 

tuberosa              852 

Black  Sugar      558 

Family               263 

593 

Mespilus    apiifolia 

Family               557 

Michauxii          263 

Melic  Grass            151 

470 

Mountain           558 

MAYACACEAE         263 

Melica                     151 

canadensis         460 

Red                    558 

Mayflower              636 

diffusa                 152 

cordata               477 

Rock                   558 

Maypops                587 

mutica                152 

flabellata    470,  471 

Silver                 558 

May-weed              846 

nitens                  152 

Phaenopyrum,   477 

Striped               558 

Mazzard                 499 

parviflora            152 

Mesquite  Grass     145 

Sugar                  558 

Meadow  Beauty  593 

Porteri                 152 

Mexican  Poppy    416 

Swamp               558 

Fescue                162 

Smithii                152 

Tea                     366 

White                558 

Foxtail  Grass    129 

striata                 152 

Mezereum              590 

Maple-leaved  Goose- 

Grass                   154 

Melilot                    510 

Family               589 

foot                 367 

Parsnip              619 

White                 510 

Micrampelis          765 

MARANTACEAE      304 

Rue                    399 

Yellow                510 

Micranthemum      725 

Mare's-tail             605 

Rue,  Early        400 

Melilotus               510 

micranthemoides 

Marguerite             847 

Rue,  Tall           400 

alba                    510 

725 

Mariana  mariana 

Meadow-sweet      456 

altissima            510 

Nuttallii            725 

859 

Medeola                  293 

indica                  510 

Microetylis             318 

Marigold,  Corn      847 

virginiana          293 

officinalis           510 

monophyllos     318 

Fetid                  845 

Medicago                510 

Melissa                    705 

ophioglossoides  318 

Marsh                 404 

arabica              510 

officinalis           705 

unifolia               318 

Water                 842 

denticulata         510 

Melothria               765 

Mignonette            439 

Marjoram,  Wild   706 

falcata               510 

pendula              765 

Family               439 

Marram                   136 

hispida               510 

MENISPERMACEAE 

Mikania                  784 

Marrubium            696 

lupulina             510 

410 

scandens            784 

vulgare               696 

maculata            510 

Menispermum       411 

Mild  Water  Pepper 

Marsh  Bellflower  767 

sativa                 510 

canadense          411 

362 

Cress                   432 

Medick                   510 

Mentha                   710 

Milfoil                     845 

Elder                  827 

Black                 510 

alopecuroides    710 

Water                603 

Felwort              658 

Spotted              510 

aquatica             710 

Milium                    122 

Five-finger         483 

Meehania               697 

arvensis              711 

A  mphicarpon      97 

Fleabane            819 

cordata               697 

canadensis          711 

effusum              122 

Grass                   142 

Megapterium  mis- 

Cardiaca             711 

racemosum          123 

Mallow               567 

souriense        601 

citrata                711 

Milk  Pea                530 

Marigold            404 

Meibomia              519 

crispa                 710 

Purslane             547 

INDEX 


909 


Milk  Thistle          859 

Orange               449 

Mossy  Stonecrop  443 

Mallow               568 

Vetch                  515 

Pennyroyal        705 

Mossy-cup   Oak   340 

Thistle                856 

Milkweed               663 

Mocker  Nut           332 

Moth  Mullein       719 

Muskmelon            765 

Common             665 

Modiola                 567 

Motherwort           700 

Musquash  Root    614 

Family                663 

caroliniana        567 

Common             700 

Mustard                  427 

Green                  666 

multifida            567 

Mountain  Alder  336 

Ball                     427 

Poke                   665 

Moehringia  lateri- 

Ash                      459 

Black                 428 

Purple                664 

flora                380 

Ash,  American  459 

Curled                 428 

Swamp               664 

macrophylla       380 

Ash,  European  459 

Family               418 

Milkwort                538 

Mohrodendron       649 

Cranberry          641 

Garlic                  429 

Family               538 

carolinum           649 

Cudweed             823 

Hare's-ear         429 

Sea                      647 

Mole  Plant            549 

Fly  Honeysuckle 

Hedge                 429 

Millegrana              532 

Mollugo                  377 

755 

Mithridate         424 

Radiola              532 

verticillata        377 

Holly                  555 

Tower                437 

Millet                      119 

Monarda                 703 

Laurel                633 

Treacle               430 

European           104 

Bradburiana     704 

Maple                 558 

Tumble              429 

German              119 

citriodora           704 

Mint                   707 

White                 428 

Golden-Wonder 

clinopodia         704 

Rice                    122 

Worm-seed        431 

119 

didyma              703 

Rose  Bay         632 

Myosotis                 683 

Grass                   122 

fistulosa             704 

St.  John's-wort  573 

arvensis             684 

Japanese  Barn- 

media                 704 

Sand  wort            381 

collina                 684 

yard                117 

mollis                  704 

Saxifrage            447 

laxa                    684 

Mimosa  angustis- 

punctata            704 

Sorrel                  354 

macrosperma     684 

sima                503 

scabra                  704 

Water  Cress      435 

micrantha          684 

illinoensis          503 

Moneses                  628 

Mouse  Tail             398 

palustris             684 

Mimulus                 723 

grandiflora         628 

Mouse-ear              872 

scorpioides         683 

alatus                  723 

uniflora               628 

Chickweed         383 

verna                  684 

glabratus            723 

Moneywort            645 

Chickweed,     Com- 

versicolor          684 

guttatus               724 

Moniera                 724 

mon                 383 

virginica            684 

Jamesii              724 

Monkey  Flower    723 

Chickweed,  Field, 

Myosurus               398 

Langsdorfii        724 

Monkshood            406 

Cress                   430 

minimus             398 

moschatus          724 

Wild                    407 

Moxie  Plum           637 

Myrica                    329 

ringens                723 

Monniera               724 

Mud  Plantain        266 

asplenifolia        330 

Mint                        710 

acuminata          724 

Mudwort                725 

carolinensis       330 

Cat                     697 

caroliniana        724 

Mugwort,   Common 

cerifera      329,  330 

Family               690 

Monniera           724 

849 

Gale                    329 

Geranium          847 

rotundifolia        724 

Western             849 

MYRICACEAE         329 

Horse 

Monolepis               368 

Muhlenbergia        126 

Myriophyllum       603 

703,  704,  710 

Nuttalliana       368 

ambigua              127 

alterniflorum     603 

Lemon                704 

Monotropa             629 

capillaris             128 

ambiguum  604,  605 

Mountain           707 

Hypopitys         630 

diffusa                127 

Farwellii            604 

Water                710 

uniflora               629 

foliosa                 127 

heterophyllum  604 

Wood                  705 

Monotropsis           630 

glomerata            127 

hippuroides       604 

Mirabilis  Jalapa  375 

odorata              630 

mexicana            127 

humile               604 

Missouri  Currant  452 

Montia                    388 

palustris             128 

pinnatum           604 

Gooseberry        451 

Chamissoi          388 

polystachya        127 

scabratum         604 

Gourd                 765 

fontana              388 

racemosa            127 

spicatum           603 

Mist-flower            784 

perfoliata           388 

Schreberi           127 

tenellum             605 

Mistletoe,  American 

Moonseed              411 

sobolifera           126 

verticillatum     604 

351 

Family               410 

sylvatica            127 

Myrtle                     662 

Dwarf                 351 

Moonwort       47,  433 

tenuiflora           127 

Sand                   632 

False                  351 

Moosewood 

Willdenowii       127 

Wax                   329 

Family               351 

558,  589,  759 

Mulberry               347 

Mitchella               751 

Morello  Cherry     499 

French                690 

Nabalus                 870 

repens                751 

Morning  Glory      670 

Paper                 347 

albus                  871 

Mitella                   448 

Common            670 

Red                    348 

altissimus          872 

diphylla             448 

Morongia               503 

White                 348 

asper                   870 

nuda                   448 

angustata            504 

Mullein                    719 

crepidineus        870 

prostrata           448 

uncinata             504 

Common             719 

nanus                 871 

Miterwort      448,  653 

Morus                      347 

Foxglove            729 

racemosus           870 

False                   447 

alba                    348 

Moth                  719 

serpentarius       871 

Mithridate  Mustard 

rubra                   348 

Pink                    384 

trifoliolatus        871 

424 

Moschatel               761 

White                 719 

virgatus              870 

Mitreola                 653 

Moss,  Black           265 

Muscadine  Grape  565 

Naiad                       79 

petiolata             653 

Campion             386 

Muscari                   290 

NAJADACEAE           69 

Moccasin  Flower  306 

Common  Long  265 

botryoides          290 

Najas                        79 

Mock   Bishop's-weed 

Long                   265 

racemosum        290 

flexilis                  79 

613 

Pink                   675 

Musk  Flower        724 

gracillima            79 

910 


INDEX 


Najas  guadalupensis 

Hemp                 699 

lacunosum         660 

laciniata             599 

79 

Horse                  713 

peltatum             661 

linearis               600 

indica                     70 

Red  Hemp         639 

Nyssa                      625 

linifolia               600 

marina                  79 

Spurge                54  1 

aquatica             625 

longipedicellata 

microdon              79 

Stinging             348 

biflora                  625 

600 

Nama                     679 

White  Horse     713 

multiflora            625 

missouriensis     601 

Nannyberry           760 

Wood                  348 

sylvatica            625 

muricata            598 

Napaea                   569 

Nettle-leaved  Bell- 

uniflora              625 

Oakesiana          598 

dioica                  569 

flower             767 

pallida                599 

Narcissus               298 

Nettle-tree             346 

Oak                        338 

pratensis            600 

poeticus              298 

New  Jersey  Tea    562 

Barren                344 

pumila                600 

Poet's                 298 

Nicandra                716 

Basket                340 

rhombipetala    599 

Pseudo-Narcissus 

Physalodes        716 

Bear                    343 

serrulata             601 

298 

Nicotiana               717 

Black         342,  343 

sinuata               599 

Narthecium           282 

longiflora           717 

Black  Jack        344 

speciosa              600 

americanum      282 

rustica                717 

Black  Scrub      343 

triloba                601 

Nasturtium            431 

Tabacum           717 

Bur                      340 

Ohio  Buckeye       559 

lacustre               432 

Nigella                   405 

Chestnut            341 

Oil-nut                    350 

obtusum             432 

damascena        405 

Cow                     340 

Old  Field  Birch    335 

officinale            431 

Nigger-head          831 

Fern                      35 

Field  Pine            63 

palustre              432 

Night-flowering 

Gray                   341 

Man's  Beard     652 

sessiliflorum      432 

Catchfly         385 

Iron                     339 

Witch  Grass     103 

sinuatum            432 

Nightshade           712 

Jerusalem          366 

Woman              849 

sphaerocarpum  432 

Common            713 

Laurel                 344 

Oldenlandia           753 

sylvestre              431 

Enchanter's       602 

Live                    341 

glomerate            753 

Necklace  Poplar  329 

Family               712 

Mossy-cup         340 

uniflora               753 

Neck  weed              728 

Nimble  Will           127 

Over-cup  339,  340 

OLEACEAE              650 

Negundo                 558 

Nine-bark              456 

Pin                      342 

Oleaster  Family  590 

aceroides            559 

Nipple-wort           861 

Poison       552,  553 

Olive  Family         650 

Nelumbium  luteum 

Nondo                    618 

Post                     339 

Onagra                    598 

392 

Nonesuch               510 

Red            341,  342 

argillicola           598 

Nelumbo               392 

North    American 

Scarlet               342 

biennia               599 

lutea                  392 

Papaw            410 

Shingle               344 

cruciata              598 

nucifera              392 

Northern  Bedstraw 

Spanish              343 

grandiflora         599 

Yellow                392 

749 

Swamp  Post      339 

Oakesiana          598 

Nemastylis            301 

Fox  Grape         564 

Swamp  Spanish 

strigosa               598 

acuta                 301 

Prickly  Ash       537 

342 

ONAGRACEAE         594 

gemini  flora        301 

Scrub  Pine          64 

Swamp  White  340 

One-flowered  Cancer- 

Nemopanthes  fascicu- 

Norway  Spruce      65 

Water                343 

root                 740 

laris                555 

Nothocalais  cuspi- 

White                 339 

Pyrola                628 

Nemopanthus       555 

data                869 

Willow                344 

One-seeded  Bur  Cu- 

mucronata        555 

Notholaena              35 

Yellow       341,  342 

cumber          765 

Nemophila             677 

dealbata               35 

Yellow-barked  343 

Onion                      286 

microcalyx        677 

nivea                     35 

Oakesia                   286 

Wild                   287 

Neottia  lucida       314 

Nothoscordum      287 

puberula            286 

Onoclea                    45 

Nepeta                    697 

bivalve               287 

sessilifolia          286 

sensibilis               45 

Cataria              697 

striatum              287 

Oak-leaved  Goose- 

Struthiopteris     45 

Glechoma            697 

Nuphar                  390 

foot                  367 

Onopordum           859 

hederacea           697 

advena               391 

Oat                         140 

Acanthium        859 

Nephrodium            41 

Kalmianum       391 

Animated           141 

Onosmodium         687 

Boottii                  42 

sagittifolium      391 

Grass                   141 

carolinianum     687 

cristatum              42 

Nut  Rush               202 

Sea                      153 

hispidissimum  687 

fragrans                42 

NYCTAGINACEAE  375 

Oats,  Water          120 

molle                  687 

Goldianum           42 

Nymphaea    390,  891 

Obolaria                 660 

occidentale        687 

marginals             42 

advena               390 

caroliniana         724 

subsetosum        687 

spinulosum          43 

hybrida               391 

virginica             660 

virginianum      687 

Thelypteris          41 

Kalmiana          391 

Odontites               734 

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE  47 

Neslia                     427 

microphylla       391 

Odontites            734 

Ophioglossum          47 

paniculata         427 

minima              39  1 

rubra                   734 

arenarium            47 

Nestronia               350 

odorata               391 

Oenothera              598 

Engelmanni         47 

umbellula          351 

reniformis          391 

albicaulis            599 

Grayi                     47 

Nettle                     348 

rubrodisca         391 

argillicola           598 

polyphyllum         47 

Common  Hemp 

sagittifolia         391 

biennis       598,  699 

vulgatum             47 

699 

tuberosa               391 

cruciata              598 

Oplopanax             606 

Dead                  700 

variegata            391 

fruticosa            600 

Opossum  Wood   649 

False                   349 

NYMPHAEACEAE    389 

glauca                600 

Opulaster  intermedius 

Family               344 

Nymphoides          660 

grandiflora         599 

456 

Hedge               701 

aquaticum        661 

humifusa           599 

opulifolius         456 

INDEX 


911 


Opuntia                589 

regalis                 46 

Pale  Corydalis      418 

hernitomurn       103 

cespitosa            589 

spectabilis             46 

Dock                  356 

hispidum            118 

fragilis                589 

OSMUNDACEAE           46 

Indian  Plantain 

huachucae          109 

humifusa            589 

Ostrich  Fern            45 

852 

implicatum        109 

mesacantha        589 

Ostrya                    333 

Laurel                633 

lancearium         114 

nissouriensis    589 

virginiana          334 

Touch-me-not  560 

lanuginosum 

x>lyacantha     589 

virginica             334 

Panax                     606 

109,  llfl 

dafinesquii        589 

Oswego  Tea          703 

ginseng               606 

latifolium           117 

/ulgaris             589 

Over-cup  Oak 

quinquefolium  606 

laxiflorum           106 

>rach                      368 

339,  340 

trifolium             606 

Leibergii             115 

Jrange  Grata        575 

OXALIDACEAE          532 

Panic  Grass           100 

leucothrix           109 

Hawkweed        872 

Oxalis                      532 

Panicularia            158 

Lindheimeri       109 

Mock                  449 

Acetosella          533 

americana           159 

lineare                   96 

Osage                 347 

Brittonae            533 

brachyphylla      159 

linearifolium     106 

Orange-root           408 

Bushii                534 

Panicum                 100 

longifolium        104 

Orchard  Grass      154 

corniculata        534 

aciculare             106 

lucidum              107 

ORCHIDACEAE       304 

cymosa                534 

aculeatum          116 

macrocarpon      117 

Orchis                     307 

filipes                 533 

Addisonii           112 

mattamuskeetense 

Crane  Fly          319 

grandis               533 

agrostoides        104 

108 

Family               304 

Priceae               533 

albo-marginatum 

meridionale       1  10 

Fringed              308 

repens                534 

113 

microcarpon 

Ragged  Fringed 

rufa                     534 

amaroides          104 

108,  113 

310 

stricta       533,  634 

amarum             104 

miliaceum          104 

Rein                   308 

violacea             533 

anceps                 105 

minimum           103 

rotundifolia       307 

Ox-eye                   829 

angustifolium    106 

minus                   103 

Showy                307 

Daisy                 847 

annulum             108 

mutabile            114 

spectabilis          307 

Sea                     833 

Ashei                  113 

Nashianum        114 

White  Fringed  310 

Ox-tongue             864 

attanticum          111 

nemopanthum    107 

Yellow  Fringed 

Oxybaphus            375 

auburne             111 

neuranthum        107 

310 

albidus               375 

autumnale            96 

nitidum               109 

Origanum               706 

angustifolius      375 

barbulatum 

oligosanthes      114 

vulgare               706 

floribundus        375 

107,  108 

oricola                110 

Ornithogalum       289 

hirsutus             375 

Bicknellii           107 

ovale          111,  118 

nutans                290 

linearis               375 

boreale               108 

patulum              114 

umbellatum      289 

nyctagineus       375 

Boscii                 116 

pauciflorum        115 

OROBANCHACEAE  739 

ovatus                 375 

Brittoni              113 

paucipilum        109 

Orobanche             740 

Oxycoccus  erythro- 

Bushii                107 

perlongum          105 

fasciculata         740 

carpus            641 

capillare             103 

philadelphicum 

ludoviciana       740 

macrocarpus      641 

clandestinum    116 

103 

minor                  740 

Oxycoccus           641 

Clutei                 108 

pilosum              1  10 

purpurea           740 

palustris             641 

cognatum             96 

polyanthes 

ramosa                740 

Oxydendrum         636 

colonum              118 

108,  113 

uniflora              740 

arboreum           636 

columbianum    112 

praecocius         111 

Orontium               258 

Oxygraphis  Cymba- 

Commonsianum 

proliferum          104 

aquaticum         258 

laria                394 

112 

psammophilum  112 

Orpine                    442 

Oxypolis                621 

commutatum 

pubescens            109 

Family               441 

filiformis            622 

118,  H3 

pubifolium         117 

Garden               443 

rigidior               622 

condensum         105 

Ravenelii           115 

Orthocarpus          732 

Oxyria                    354 

consanguineum 

rostratum            105 

luteus                  732 

digyna                354 

106 

sanguinale            96 

Oryzopsis               122 

Oxytropis              517 

crusgalli              117 

scabriusculum  116 

asperifolia          123 

campestris         517 

Curtisii               103 

scoparioides       111 

canadensis          122 

Lamberti           517 

decoloratum        116 

scoparium          115 

juncea                 122 

splendens           518 

depauperatum  105 

Scribnerianum  115 

melanocarpa      123 

Oyster-plant         864 

dichotomiflorum 

serotinum             96 

pungens             122 

104 

sphaerocarpon  113 

racemosa            123 

Pachistima             556 

dichotomum      107 

*pretum              108 

Osage  Orange       347 

Canbyi               557 

digitarioides       103 

stipitatum         105 

Osier              320,  327 

Pachysandra         550 

Eatoni                109 

strigosum           106 

Osmorhiza             612 

procumbens       551 

ensifolium          113 

subsimplex         113 

brevistylis           612 

Paepalanthus  flavir- 

filiculme              110 

subvillosum       110 

Claytoni             612 

dus.                261 

filiforme                95 

tennesseense      110 

divaricata          613 

Painted  Cup          732 

filirameum          107 

tenue 

longistylis          612 

Cup,  Scarlet      732 

flexile                  103 

tsugetorum        112 

obtusa                613 

Leaf                    548 

Gattingeri          103 

unciphyllum 

Osmunda                  46 

Trillium             294 

gibbum                117 

109,  110,  113 

cinnamomea        47 

Paint-brush,    Devil's 

glabrum                96 

verrucosum        103 

Claytoniana        46 

872 

haemacarpon     111 

villoflissimum    111 

912 


INDEX 


Panicum  villosumWQ 

dilatatum             99 

undulata             258 

trigonophyllus  850 

virgatum            104 

dissectum             98 

virginica             258 

vulgaris              850 

Walteri               118 

distichum             99 

Penny  Cress          424 

Petroselinum         614 

Werneri              106 

Elliottii               100 

Field                   424 

hortense             615 

Wilcoxianum     115 

floridanum           99 

Pennyroyal            705 

sativum               615 

xalapense           106 

fluitans                 98 

American           705 

Petty  Spurge        549 

xanthophysum  115 

laeve                     98 

Bastard              6G4 

Petunia                   712 

xanthospermum 

laeviglume           99 

False                   693 

axillaris              712 

111 

longipeduncula- 

Mock                   705 

violacea              712 

yadkinense        107 

tum                   98 

Pennywort             660 

Peucedanum           620 

Pansy                     587 

membranaceum   98 

Water                 611 

nudicaule            620 

Wild                   587 

mucronatum        97 

Penthorum            442 

villosum              620 

Papaver                 416 

Muhlenbergii       98 

sedoides              442 

Phacelia                 678 

Argemone          416 

plenipilum           99 

Pentstemon            721 

bipinnatifida     678 

dubium               416 

praelongum          99 

acuminatus        722 

Covillei               678 

Rhoeas               416 

prostratum            98 

albidus               722 

dubia                  678 

somniferum       416 

psammophilum  98 

calycosus            722 

fimbriata            678 

PAPAVERACEAE     414 

pubescens            98 

canescens           722 

Franklinii          678 

Papaw,  Common 

setaceum              98 

Cobaea                722 

hirsuta                678 

410 

stramineum         98 

Digitalis             722 

parviflora           678 

North  American 

Walterianum       98 

glaber                 722 

Purshii                678 

410 

Paspalus  furcatus 

gracilis                722 

Phalaris                  121 

Paper  Birch          335 

100 

grandiflorus       722 

arundinacea       121 

Mulberry            347 

Pasque  Flower      401 

hirsutus              722 

canariensis         121 

Pappoose  Root     412 

Passiflora               587 

laevigatus          722 

minor                  121 

Parietaria              349 

incarnata           587 

pallidus              722 

Phaseolus               528 

debilis                 349 

lutea                   587 

Pentstemon        722 

perennis             528 

pennsylvanica  349 

PASSIFLORACEAE  587 

pubescens           722 

polystachyus     528 

Parnassia               449 

Passion  Flower     587 

tubiflorus           722 

Pheasant's  Eye    399 

asarifolia            449 

Family               587 

Pepper  Family     320 

Phegopteris             35 

caroliniana        449 

Pastinaca               620 

Pepperbush,  Sweet 

calcarea                35 

grandifolia         449 

sativa                  620 

627 

Dryopteris           35 

palustris             449 

Pasture  Thistle     858 

Peppergrass           425 

hexagonoptera    35 

parviflora           449 

Patience  Dock      355 

Wild                    425 

Phegopteris           35 

Paronychia            376 

Paulownia              723 

Pepperidge             625 

polypodioides      35 

argyrocoma       376 

imperialis          723 

Peppermint            710 

Robertiana          35 

dichotoma         377 

tomentosa          723 

Pepper-root           434 

Philadelphus         449 

Parosela                 513 

Pea,  Beach            527 

Pepper-vine           563 

coronarius          449 

Dalea                  513 

Butterfly            529 

Pepperwort            425 

grandiflorus       449 

Parsley                   614 

Cow                     528 

Peramium              315 

inodorus             449 

Common            615 

Everlasting       527 

Perennial  Pea       527 

Philotria  canadensis 

Family                607 

Hoary                 514 

Ray  Grass          165 

85 

Fool's                 618 

Milk                   530 

Perfumed  Cherry  498 

Phleum                   128 

Hemlock            622 

Partridge           505 

Perilla                     711 

alpinum              129 

Piert                    493 

Perennial           527 

frutescens           711 

pratense             129 

Parsnip                   620 

Peach                      499 

ocymoides           711 

Phlomis                  699 

Cow                     621 

Peach-leaved  Willow 

Periwinkle             661 

tuberosa             699 

Meadow             619 

321 

Common             662 

Phlox                      673 

Water                615 

Peanut,  Hog         529 

Persea                     413 

acuminata          674 

Parsonsia  petiolata 

Pear                        457 

Borbonia            413 

amoena               674 

593 

Prickly               589 

carolinensis        413 

amplifolia          674 

Parthenium           826 

Pearlwort               379 

pubescens          413 

bifida                 675 

auriculatum      827 

Pearly  Everlasting 

Persica                   499 

Blue                   675 

integrifolium     826 

822 

Persimmon             648 

Brittonii             675 

repens                 826 

Pecan                      331 

Common             648 

divaricata          675 

Parthenocissus      563 

Bitter                  332 

Perularia  flava      308 

glaberrima         674 

guinquefolia       563 

Peaicularis             734 

Peruvian  Bark  Tree 

glandulosa          674 

vitacea                563 

canadensis         734 

746 

Hentzii               675 

Partridge  Berry   751 

Furbishiae          734 

Petalostemum       513 

maculata            674 

Pea                     505 

lanceolata          734 

candidum           513 

ovata                  674 

Paspalum                 97 

palustris             734 

foliosum             513 

paniculata         674 

angustifolium      99 

parviflora           734 

multiflorum       513 

pilosa                  674 

arundinaceum      99 

Pellaea                      37 

purpureum         513 

reptans               674 

Boscianum           99 

atropurpurea       37 

villosum             513 

Stellaria             675 

Bushii                   98 

densa                     37 

violaceum           513 

stolonifera         674 

ciliatifolium         98 

gracilis                  37 

Petasites                850 

subulata             675 

circulare                99 

Pellitory                 349 

palmatus            850 

Phoradendron       351 

difforme                99 

Peltaridra               257 

sagittatus           850 

flavescens           35  1 

INDEX 


913 


Phragmites            148 

Grape                564 

resinosa               64 

Pleurogyne            658 

communis          148 

Grass                   118 

rigida                    64 

carinthiaca         659 

Phragmites         148 

Pignut                    332 

serotina                64 

rotata                 658 

vulgaris               148 

Pigweed  365,  367,371 

Strobus                 63 

Pluchea                  819 

Phryma                  743 

Winged               365 

sylvestris              64 

bifrons                819 

Leptostachya    743 

Pilea                        349 

Taeda                    63 

camphorata       819 

PHRYMACEAE         743 

pumila                349 

virginiana            64 

foetida                819 

Phyllanthus           544 

Pimbina                 759 

Pinweed                 577 

petiolata            819 

caroliniensis       545 

Pimpernel              647 

Pinxter  Flower     631 

Plum                       497 

Phyllitis  Scolopen- 

Common            647 

Pipe  Vine              353 

Beach                498 

drium               40 

False                  725 

PlPERACEAE               320 

Bullace              498 

Phyllodoce            633 

Water                 644 

Piperia  unalascensis 

Canada              499 

coerulea              633 

Pimpinella             616 

309 

Chickasaw         498 

Physalis                  714 

in  tegerrima         616 

Pipes                        53 

Ground               515 

aequata               714 

Saxifraga            616 

Pipewort                261 

Moxie                 637 

Alkekengi          715 

Pin  Cherry             498 

Family                260 

Sand                   498 

angulata             714 

Oak                    342 

Hairy                  261 

Wild                    499 

barbadensis       715 

PINACEAE                62 

Pipsissewa    627,  628 

Wild  Goose       499 

Francheti           715 

Pine                           63 

Pitch  Pine                64 

PLUMBAGINACEAE 

grandiflora         714 

Drops                 630 

Pitcher  -plant        440 

643 

heterophylla      715 

Family                  62 

Family                439 

Plume  Poppy        415 

ixocarpa             714 

Georgia                64 

Plane  Tree  Family 

Plumed  Thistle     856 

lanceolata7J£,  716 

Gray                     64 

454 

Plumeless  Thistle 

longifolia           715 

Jersey                  64 

Planer  Tree           346 

856 

missouriensis     715 

Loblolly               63 

Planera                  346 

Pneumaria   mari- 

obscura              715 

Long-leaved        64 

aquatica             346 

tima                685 

pendula              714 

Marsh                   64 

PLANTAGINACEAE 

Poa                         154 

philadelphica     715 

Northern  Scrub  64 

743 

alpina                 156 

pruinosa             715 

Old  Field             63 

Plantago                 744 

alsodes               157 

pubescens          715 

Pitch                    64 

aristata              746 

annua                 155 

pumila               715 

Pond                     64 

borealis               745 

autumnalis        157 

subglabrata       715 

Prince's              628 

cordata              744 

brachyphylla     157 

virginiana          715 

Red                      64 

decipiens            745 

brevifolia            157 

viscosa               715 

Scotch                  64 

elongata             746 

caesia                  156 

Physalodes              716 

Scrub                    64 

eriopoda             745 

Chapmaniana    155 

Physalodes         716 

Table  Mountain  64 

halophila            745 

compressa          155 

Physocarpus          456 

White                    63 

heterophylla     746 

debilis                157 

opulifolius          456 

Yellow                  64 

lanceolata          745 

eminens             155 

Physostegia           698 

Pineapple  Family 

major                 745 

flava           149,  156 

denticulata        699 

265 

maritima        •    745 

flexuosa              157 

intermedia         699 

Pineapple-weed    847 

media                  745 

glauca                156 

parviflora           698 

Pine-barren  Sand- 

patagonica  745,  746 

glumaris             156 

virginiana  698,  699 

wort                    381 

Purshii                745 

laxa                     156 

Phytolacca            374 

Pinesap          629,  630 

pusilla                746 

nemoralis           156 

decandra            374 

Sweet                 630 

rhodosperma     746 

pratensis            156 

PHYTOLACCACEAE 

Pineweed               575 

Rugelii               745 

refracta              151 

374 

Pinguicula             738 

sparsiflora         745 

serotina              156 

Picea                        65 

vulgaris             739 

virginica             746 

sylvestris           157 

Abies                    65 

Pink                       387 

Plantain                 744 

triflora               156 

alba                      65 

Deptford            387 

Common            745 

trivialis              157 

australis               65 

Family               377 

English              745 

Wolfii                 157 

brevifolia              65 

Fire                    386 

Family               743 

Podophyllum        411 

canadensis           65 

Ground              675 

Great  Indian     852 

peltatum           412 

excelsa                  65 

Indian                653 

Hoary                745 

PODOSTEMACEAE  441 

mariana               65 

Maiden               387 

Indian                862 

Podostemum         44  1 

nigra                     65 

Moss                   675 

Mud                    266 

ceratophyl'um  441 

rubens                   65 

Mullein              384 

Pale  Indian       852 

Poet's  Narcissus   2£8 

rubra                    65 

Wild                   386 

Poor  Robin's    873 

Pogonia                 311 

Pickerel-weed       266 

Pink-root               653 

Rattlesnake      315 

affinis                 312 

Family               266 

Pinus                         63 

Robin's              817 

divaricata         312 

Picradenia             844 

australis               64 

Seaside               745 

ophioglossoides 

Picris                       864 

Banksiana            64 

Water                   84 

311 

echioides            864 

divaricata             64 

Plantain-leaved 

pendula             311 

hieracioides       864 

echinata               64 

Everlasting  820 

trianthophora  311 

Pieris  floribunda  635 

inops                     64 

PLATANACEAE       454 

verticillata        312 

mariana,             635 

mitis                     64 

Platanus                 454 

Poison  Dogwood  552 

nitida                  635 

palustris              64 

occidentalis       454 

Elder                 552 

Pigeon  Berry         374 

pungens               64 

Pleurisy-root         664 

Hemlock            613 

GRAY'S  MANUAL  —  ?£ 


INDEX 


Poison  Ivy            552 

erectum             359 

Poplar          323,  409 

mysticus              75 

Oak            552,  553 

exsertum           358 

Balsam               329 

natans                  72 

Sumach              552 

Fowled              358 

Black                  329 

nitens                    75 

Poke,  Common     374 

Hartwrightii      361 

Downy                329 

Nuttallii               72 

Milkweed           665 

Hydropiper       361 

Lombardy         329 

Oakesianus          72 

Pokeweed               374 

hydropiperoides 

Necklace            329 

obtusifolius          75 

Family                374 

362 

Silver-leaved     328 

pauciflorus           77 

Polanisia                438 

incarnatum        360 

White                 328 

pectinatus            78 

graveolens         438 

lapathifolium    360 

Poppy                     416 

pensylvanicus      72 

trachysperma    438 

littorale               359 

Celandine           415 

perfoliatus     74,  75 

POLEMONIACEAE    673 

longistylum       361 

Common             416 

pinnatum            604 

Polemonium          676 

maritimum        358 

Corn                     416 

polygonifolius     72 

coeruleum           676 

Muhlenbergii     361 

Family               414 

praelongus           74 

Family               673 

opelousanum     362 

Horn                   415 

pulcher                 73 

reptans               676 

orientale            361 

Mallow               568 

pusillus                 76 

Van  Bruntiae   676 

pennsylvanicum 

Mexican             416 

rectifolius             73 

Polycodium    candi- 

361 

Plume                 415 

Richardsonii        74 

cans                639 

Persicaria          361 

Prickly               416 

Robbinsii             78 

melanocarpum  639 

portoricense       360 

Sea                      415 

rufescens              73 

•neglectum            639 

prolificum          358 

Populus                  328 

rutilus                   76 

stamineum         639 

punctatum         361 

alba                     328 

spathaeformis     74 

Polygala                 538 

ramosissimum 

balsamifera       329 

spathulaeformis  74 

ambigua              540 

368,  359 

candicans           329 

Spirillus               77 

brevifolia           540 

Rayi                   358 

deltoides            329 

strictifolius          76 

cruciata              539 

sagittatum        362 

grandidentata  328 

Tuckermani         77 

Curtissii             539 

scandens            362 

heterophylla      329 

Vaseyi                  76 

cymosa               540 

setaceum           362 

monilifera           329 

Zizii                      74 

fastigiata            539 

tenue                  359 

nigra                   329 

zosterifolius         75 

Fringed              538 

tomentosum      360 

tremuloides       328 

Potato                    719 

incarnata           539 

virginianum      362 

Porcupine  Grass    124 

Potato-  vine,  Wild 

lutea                   540 

viviparum         359 

Porteranthus          457 

670 

mariana             539 

Zuccarinii         363 

stipulates           457 

Potentilla              481 

Nuttallii             539 

Polymnia               824 

Portulaca               389 

Anserina            484 

pauciflora          538 

canadensis         824 

neglecta             389 

argentea             482 

polygama           539 

uvedalia             824 

oleracea             389 

arguta                481 

ramosa               540 

POLYPODIACEAE       33 

pilosa                  389 

canadensis         484 

sanguinea          539 

Polypodium             34 

retusa                 389 

caroliniana        484 

Senega                539 

incanum               34 

PORTULACACEAE  387 

effusa                  483 

verticillata        540 

polypodioides      34 

Post  Oak               339 

Egedii                 484 

viridescens         539 

vulgare                34 

Potamogeton           70 

frigida                483 

POLYGALACEAE       538 

Polypody                 34 

acutifolius            75 

fruticosa             483 

POLYGONACEAE      353 

Polypogon              133 

alpinus                  72 

Hippiana            483 

Polygonatum        292 

monspeliensis    133 

americanus          73 

intermedia         482 

biflorum             292 

Polypremum         653 

amplifolius           73 

leucocarpa          482 

boreale                292 

procumbens       654 

angustifolius        74 

litoralis               482 

commutatum    292 

Polypteris              843 

bupleuroides       75 

monspeliensis    482 

cuneatum           292 

callosa                844 

confervoides        77 

nemoralis            484 

giganteum          292 

Polystichum            40 

crispus                  75 

Nicolletii           482 

virginicum         292 

acrostichoides     40 

dimorphus           77 

norvegica            482 

Polygonella           363 

Braunii                 41 

diversifolius         77 

Nuttallii             483 

americana         363 

Lonchitis              40 

epihydrus             72 

palustris             483 

articulata           363 

Polytaenia             620 

Faxoni                  73 

paradoxa           482 

ericoides             364 

Nuttallii             620 

filiformis               77 

pennsylvanica  482 

Polygonum            357 

Pomme  blanche    512 

fluitans                 73 

pentandra          482 

acre                     361 

Pommede  Prairie  512 

foliosus                 77 

procumbens      484 

amphibium       360 

Pond  Pine                64 

Friesii                  75 

pumila                484 

arifolium            362 

Spice                   414 

gemmiparus        76 

recta                   483 

aviculare            358 

Pondweed                70 

heterophyllus      73 

reptans               484 

camporum          359 

Family                 69 

Hillii                    75 

rivalis                 482 

Careyi                 361 

Horn                      78 

hybridus              77 

Robbinsiana     483 

cilinode              362 

Pontederia             266 

illinoensis             73 

simplex               484 

Convolvulus      362 

cordata               266 

interior                 77 

sulphured           483 

cristatum            363 

PONTEDERIACEAE 

interruptus          78 

supina                482 

cuspidatum       363 

266 

lateralis                76 

tridentata          483 

densiflorum       360 

Poor  Man's  Weather- 

lonchites              73 

Poterium                 494 

Douglasii           359 

glass                647 

lucens                    74 

canadense           494 

dumetorum       363 

Robin's  Plantain 

marinus                77 

Sanguisorba       494 

emersum             361 

873 

mucronatus          75 

Poverty  Grass       124 

INDEX 


915 


Prairie  Clover       513 

Watsoni            498 

Pycnanthemum    707 

Quercus                 338 

Dock                  825 

Psamma                 136 

albescens            708 

acuminata          341 

Rose                    495 

Psedera                  562 

aristatum           707 

alba                    339 

Willow                326 

quinquefolia      563 

clinopodioides  707 

ambigua             342 

Prenanthes            870 

vitacea               563 

flexuosum          707 

aquatica              343 

alba                     871 

Pseudotaenidia     620 

incanum            708 

bicolor               340 

altissima            871 

montana            620 

lanceolatum      708 

borealis               342 

aspera                 870 

Psilocarya              185 

leptodon             707 

coccinea    342,  343 

Boottii               872 

nitens                  186 

linifolium           707 

digitata               343 

crepidinea          870 

scirpoides           186 

montanum         708 

ellipsoid  alis       342 

mainensis           870 

Psoralea                 511 

muticum            708 

falcata               343 

nana                   871 

argophylla         512 

pilosum              708 

ilicifolia             343 

racemosa            870 

digitata              512 

pycnanthemoides 

imbricaria         344 

serpentaria        871 

esculenta           512 

707 

laurifolia            344 

trifoliolata         871 

floribunda          512 

Torrei                 708 

lyrata                 339 

virgata               870 

lanceolata          512 

Tullia                 707 

macrocarpa       340 

Prickly  Ash           537 

melilotoides        511 

verticillatum     708 

Margaretta        339 

Gooseberry        451 

micrantha           512 

virginianum      707 

marilandica       344 

Lettuce              866 

Onobrychis        511 

Pyracantha  cocdnea 

Michauxii          340 

Pear                   589 

pedunculata      511 

479 

minor                 339 

Poppy                416 

stipulata             511 

Pyrola                    628 

Muhlenbergii    341 

Prim                       652 

tenuiflora           512 

americana          629 

nana                   343 

Primrose                644 

Ptelea                    537 

asarifolia           629 

nigra          343,  344 

Bird's-eye          644 

trifoliata            537 

chlorantha         629 

pagodaefolia      343 

Common  Evening 

Pteridium  aquilinum 

elliptica              629 

palustris             342 

598 

36 

minor                 628 

phellos               344 

Evening             598 

Pteris                       36 

One-flowered     628 

platanoidea        340 

Family               643 

aquilina                36 

oxypetala           629 

prinoides           341 

White  Evening  600 

Pterospora            630 

rotundifolia        629 

Prinus                341 

Primrose-leaved 

andromedea      630 

secunda              628 

rubra                  341 

Violet             584 

Ptilimnium            613 

uliginosa            629 

stellata               339 

Prim  rose-  willow  594 

capillaceum       613 

Pyrrhopappus       869 

texana                342 

Primula                  644 

Nuttallii             614 

carolinianus       869 

tinctoria              343 

farinosa              644 

Puccinellia             160 

Pyrularia               350 

velutina             343 

mistassinica      644 

airoides              160 

pubera                350 

virens                  341 

PRIMULACEAE       643 

angustata           160 

Pyrus                      457 

virginiana          341 

Prince's  Feather 

Borreri               160 

americana         459 

Quick  Grass          166 

361,  371 

distans               160 

angustifolia       458 

Quillwort                 58 

Pine                   628 

maritima            160 

arbutifolia         458 

Family                 58 

Prionopsia  ciliata  798 

Puccoon        685,  686 

Aucuparia         459 

Quitch  Grass         166 

Privet                     652 

Yellow               408 

baccata              458 

Swamp               652 

Pulsatilla  hirsutis- 

communis          457 

Rabbit-foot  Clover 

Proserpinaca         605 

sima               401 

coronaria           458 

509 

palustris            605 

Pulse  Family        499 

ioensis                458 

Radicula                431 

pectinata           605 

Pumpkin       764,  765 

Malus                 458 

aquatica             432 

Prunella                 698 

Ash                     651 

melanocarpa     459 

Armoracia         432 

laciniata             698 

Fetid  Wild        756 

prunifolia          458 

Nasturtium-aquat- 

vulgaris             698 

Purple  Amaranth  372 

sambudfolia      459 

icum               431 

Prunus                    497 

Avens                 486 

sitchensis           459 

obtusa                432 

alleghaniensis   498 

Azalea                631 

Soulardi             458 

palustris            432 

americana          499 

Cone-flower       832 

Pyxidanthera        642 

sessiliflora          432 

angustifolia       498 

Flowering  Rasp- 

barbulata         642 

sinuata               432 

avium                 499 

berry              487 

Pyxie                     642 

sylvestris           431 

Cerasus              499 

Gerardia            731 

Radiola                   532 

Chicasa              498 

Milkweed           664 

Quaking  Grass      154 

Linoides             532 

cuneata              498 

Thorn  Apple     717 

Quamasia  esculenta 

Radish                   427 

Gravesii             498 

Willow               328 

289 

Wild                   427 

hortulana          499 

Purplish  Cudweed 

hyacinthina        289 

Ragged  Fringed  Or- 

instititia           498 

823 

Quamoclit  cocdnea 

chis                 310 

Mahaleb             498 

Purslane                389 

670 

Robin                 384 

maritima            498 

Common            389 

Quamoclit          670 

Ragweed                827 

nigra                   499 

Family               387 

Quassia  Family    538 

Great                 828 

pennsylvanica  498 

Milk                    547 

Queen  of  the  Meadow 

Ragwort                852 

Persica               499 

Sea                     377 

485 

Golden               854 

pumila                499 

Speedwell          728 

of  the  Prairie     484 

Woolly               855 

serotina              497 

Water        591,  595 

Queen  's-delight    544 

Raisin,  Wild         760 

spinosa               498 

Pussy's  Toes        820 

Queen's-root         544 

Ram's  Head  Lady's 

virginiana          498 

Putty-root             319 

Quercitron             343 

Slipper           306 

916 


INDEX 


Ramsted                719 

Razoumofakya  pusilla 

canadense          631 

River-bank  Grape 

RANUNCULACEAE392 

351 

canescens           631 

565 

Ranunculus           394 

Red  Ash                651 

catawbiense      632 

Robinia                 514 

abortivus           396 

Baneberry         408 

lapponicum       632 

hispida               514 

acris                   398 

Bay                     413 

luteum                631 

Pseudo-  Acacia  514 

allegheniensis    396 

Birch                  335 

maximum          632 

viscosa                514 

ambigens            395 

Buckeye             560 

nudiflorum         631 

Robin's  Plantain  817 

aquatilis             394 

Campion            384 

Rhodora              631 

Rock  Brake             37 

arvensis              398 

Cedar                   67 

viscosum            631 

Cranberry          641 

bulbosus             398 

Clover                509 

Rhodora                 631 

Cress                   436 

circinatus           394 

Currant              452 

canadense           631 

Elm                     346 

Cymbalaria       394 

Elm                     345 

Rhus                       552 

Maple                 558 

delphinifolius    394 

False  Mallow    567 

aromatica           553 

Rocket                    430 

divaricatus         394 

Grape                 565 

canadensis         553 

Dyer's                 439 

fascicularis        397 

Hemp  Nettle    699 

copallina            552 

Sea                     427 

Ficaria                394 

Maple                 558 

cotinoides          553 

Yellow               432 

Flammula          395 

Mulberry            348 

Cotinus              553 

Rockrose                576 

Harveyi              396 

Oak            341,  342 

glabra                552 

Family               576 

hederaceus         394 

Pine                     64 

hirta                    552 

Roman  Wormwood 

hispidus     397,  898 

Spruce                 65 

microcarpa         553 

828 

lapponicus         395 

Top                     132 

quercifolia         553 

Roripa                    431 

laxicaulis           395 

Top,  Tall            149 

Rydbergi            553 

americana          432 

Macounii            398 

Red-berried  Elder 

Toxicodendron 

Armoracia         432 

micranthus        396 

761 

552 

hispida               432 

missouriensis     395 

Redbud                 505 

typhina              552 

Nasturtium        431 

multifidus          395 

Red-osier  Dogwood 

venenata             552 

obtusa                 432 

muricatus          398 

624 

Vernix                552 

palustris             432 

oblongifolius     395 

Red-root        296,  562 

Rhynchosia           530 

sessiliflora          432 

obtusiusculus     395 

Red-seeded  Dande- 

erecta                530 

sinuata               432 

ovalis                  396 

lion                 865 

latifolia              530 

sphaerocarpa     432 

parviflorus         398 

Reed                        148 

reniformis          531 

sylvestris            431 

parvulus            397 

Bent  Grass        134 

simplicifolia      531 

Rosa                      494 

pennsylvanicus 

Giant                   148 

tomentosa         530 

acicularis           495 

398 

Meadow  Grass  159 

Rib  Grass              745 

arkansana          496 

Purshii               395 

Rein  Orchis           308 

Ribbon  Grass        121 

blanda                496 

pusillus              395 

Reseda                    439 

Ribes                     450 

bracteata           496 

recurvatus         397 

alba                    439 

aureum               452 

canina                496 

repens                397 

lutea                  439 

Cynosbati          451 

Carolina              496 

reptans               395 

Luteola              439 

floridum             451 

cinnamomea     496 

rhomboideus     396 

odorata               439 

gracile                451 

Engelmanni       495 

sceleratus           396 

RESEDACEAE         439 

Grossularia        451 

gallica                496 

septentrionalis  397 

RHAMNACEAE       560 

hudsonianum    452 

humilis              497 

Rape                       428 

Rhamnus               561 

huronense          451 

lucida                 497 

Raphanus              427 

alnifolia              561 

lacustre             452 

nitida                 496 

Raphanistrum  427 

caroliniana        562 

missouriense      451 

pratincola         495 

sativus                427 

cathartica          561 

nigrum               452 

rubiginosa         496 

Raspberry             486 

Frangula            562 

oxyacanthoides 

setigera              495 

Black                  487 

lanceolata          561 

451 

spinosissima      496 

Dwarf                 487 

Rheumatism  Root 

prostraftim        452 

virginiana          497 

Purple  Flowering 

412 

rotundifolium  451 

Woodsii             496 

487 

Rhexia                   593 

rubrum              452 

ROSACEAE              454 

Wild  Red          486 

aristosa              593 

triste                   452 

Rose                        494 

Ratibida  columnaris 

ciliosa                 593 

Uva-crispa         451 

Acacia                514 

833 

mariana             593 

vulgare               452 

Cinnamon          496 

pinnata              832 

virginica             593 

Ribwort                 744 

Climbing            495 

Rattle,  Yellow      734 

Rhinanthus           734 

Rice  Cut-grass      120 

Cotton               819 

Rattle-box             507 

Crista-galli         735 

Indian        119,  120 

Dog                    496 

Rattlesnake  Fern  49 

Kyrollae             735 

Jungle                 118 

Family               454 

Grass                  158 

major                 735 

Mountain           122 

Guelder              759 

Master                609 

minor                  735 

Water                 119 

Macartny           496 

Plantain            315 

oblongifolius     735 

Richweed      349,  711 

Mallow               569 

Rattlesnake-root 

stenophyllus      735 

Ricinus                   544 

Prairie               495 

870,  871 

Rhode  Island  Bent 

communis          544 

Scotch                496 

Slender               870 

133 

Ripple  Grass         745 

Rosemary,  Bog     635 

Rattlesnake-weed 

Rhodiola  rosea       443 

River  Birch           335 

Marsh                 643 

873 

Rhododendron      631 

Bulrush              192 

Roseroot                443 

Rayless  Golden-rod 

arborescens       631 

Weed                  441 

Rosin-weed            825 

798 

calendulaceum  631 

Weed  Family   441 

Rotala                   591 

INDEX 


917 


Rotala  ramosior  591 

recurvans          490 

Club                   187 

brevirostra          82 

Rottboellia              92 

recurvicaulis      490 

Family               267 

calycina         83,  84 

cylindrica             92 

rubrisetus          492 

Grass                   129 

cristata                83 

rugosa                  92 

sativus                490 

Horned               199 

cuneata                 82 

Roubieva              365 

semisetosu*        492 

Nut                     202 

Eatoni                  83 

multifida            365 

setosus       491,  492 

Scouring               53 

Engelmanniana  82 

Rough  Bedstraw  750 

strigostts              486 

Spike                  180 

gracilis                 82 

Rough-stalked  Mead- 

subuniflorus      492 

Twig                   201 

graminea              83 

ow  Grass     157 

tardatus             492 

Wood                 278 

hastata                  82 

Round-leaved  Catch- 

triflorus              487 

Russian  Thistle    370 

heterophylla        82 

fly                   386 

trivialis               492 

Ruta                      537 

isoetiformis          83 

Cornel                 624 

vermontanus      492 

graveolens         538 

lancifolia              82 

Dogwood           624 

villosus    489,    490, 

Rutabaga               428 

latifolia                 81 

Sundew              440 

492 

RUTACEAE             537 

longirostra           81 

Violet                 585 

Rudbeckia             830 

Rye  Grass              165 

natans                   83 

Rowan  Tree          459 

amplexicaulis    832 

Wild                   168 

obtusa                   82 

Royal  Catchfly     386 

Brittonii             831 

Rynchospora         199 

platyphylla         83 

Rubacer                  487 

fulgida               831 

alba                    200 

pusilla                  83 

RUBIACEAE            746 

hirta                   831 

axillaris              201 

subulata              83 

Rubus                     486 

laciniata            831 

capillacea           201 

teres                     83 

abbrevians        491 

maxima              832 

cephalantha        201 

variabilis              82 

allegheniensis    489 

missouriensis     831 

compressa          199 

St.  Andrew's  Cross 

amabilis             490 

monticola            831 

corniculata         199 

571 

americanua        488 

palustris             831 

cymosa               199 

St.  John's-wort    571 

amnicolus          490 

spathulata         831 

fusca                   200 

Common            573 

Andre  wsianus  491 

speciosa              831 

glomerata          201 

Family               571 

arcticus              488 

subtomentosa  831 

gracilenta           200 

Great                  572 

argutus               490 

Sullivanti           831 

inexpansa           200 

Kalm's                573 

arundelanus       490 

triloba                830 

Knieskernii        201 

Marsh                 575 

Baileyanus         492 

umbrosa              831 

macrostachya    199 

Mountain           573 

biformispinus    491 

Rue                        537 

oligantha            200 

Shrubby             573 

canadensis 

Anemone            400 

pallida                200 

St.  Peter's-wort    571 

490,  492 

Common            538 

Torreyana         200 

SALICACEAE           320 

Chamaemorus  487 

Early  Meadow  400 

Salicornia               369 

columbianus       487 

Family               537 

Sabatia                  654 

ambigua             369 

cuneifolius         491 

Goat's                514 

angularis            655 

Bigelowii           369 

elegantulus        490 

Tall  Meadow     400 

angustifolia        655 

europaea            369 

Enslenii             492 

Ruellia                    742 

brachiata           655 

herbacea              369 

flavinanus          489 

ciliosa                 742 

calycina              655 

mucronata         369 

floricomus          491 

pedunculata      743 

calycosa              655 

rubra                   369 

frondisentis       489 

strepens              743 

campanulata      655 

Salix                       320 

frondosus           489 

Rum  Cherry          497 

campestris         655 

adenophylla       324 

fruticosus            49  1 

Rumex                   354 

chloroides            655 

alba                    322 

glandicaulis       489 

Acetosa              357 

dodecandra        655 

amygdaloides    321 

hispidus             492 

Acetosella          357 

gracilis               655 

argyrocarpa      327 

idaeus                486 

altissimus           356 

lanceolata          655 

babylonica         322 

invisus               492 

Britannica         355 

paniculata          655 

balsamifera       324 

jacens                 492 

conglomeratus  356 

stellaris              655 

Bebbiana            326 

Jeckylanus        491 

crispus                355 

Sabbatia                 654 

Candida              327 

junceus               489 

elongatus           355 

Sacciolepis              117 

chlorophylla       328 

laciniatus           491 

hastatulus          357 

striata                 117 

coactilis             327 

Millspaughi        491 

maritimus          357 

Sacred  Bean          392 

cordata              323 

neglectus            487 

mexicanus         356 

Sage                        702 

discolor              325 

nigricans            491 

obtusifolius       356 

Germander        693 

eriocephala         325 

nigrobaccvA 

occidentalis       355 

Jerusalem           699 

fluviatilis           323 

489,  490 

pallidus              355 

Lyre-leaved       702 

fragilis                322 

nutkanus            487 

Patientia           355 

White                 849 

glaucophylla     323 

occidentalis       487 

persicarioides    357 

Willow               327 

herbacea            325 

odoratus             487 

pulcher              357 

Wood                 693 

humilis              326 

orarius               490 

salicifoliux         356 

Sagina                     379 

interior               323 

parviflorus         487 

venosus              355 

apetala               379 

longifolia            323 

peculiaris           490 

verticillatus       356 

decumbens         379 

longipes              321 

pergratus   m       490 

Ruppia                    78 

fontinalis           382 

lucida                 321 

permixtus  "       492 

maritima              78 

nodosa               379 

missouriensis     323 

philadelphicus  490 

Rush                       267 

procumbens       379 

myrtilloides        324 

phoenicolasius  487 

Bald                    185 

Sagittaria                 81 

nigra          320,  321 

procumbens        492 

Beak                   199 

ambigua               82 

pedicellaris        324 

Randii               490 

Bog                    267 

arifolia                 82 

pellita                327 

918 


INDEX 


Salix  pentandra   321 

minor                494 

stellaris              446 

occidentalis       192 

petiolaris            325 

officinalis           494 

tricuspidata      446 

Olneyi                 191 

phylicifolia        328 

Sanicle                    610 

virginiensis        446 

pallidus              194 

prinoides            325 

Sanicula                 610 

SAXIFRAGACEAE   444 

paludosus            193 

purpurea            328 

canadensis         610 

Saxifrage                445 

pauciflorus         189 

rostrata              326 

gregaria              610 

Alpine  Brook    446 

Peckii                  194 

sericea                326 

marilandica       610 

Early                   446 

pedicellatus       195 

serissima            322 

trifoliata            610 

Family               444 

planifolius          189 

syrticola             324 

SANTALACEAE       349 

Golden                448 

polyphyllus        194 

tristis                  326 

SAPINDACEAE        559 

Lettuce              446 

pungens              191 

Uva-ursi             325 

Sapindus                559 

Mountain           447 

robustus             192 

viminalis            327 

acuminatus        559 

Swamp               446 

rubrotinctus      193 

Wardi                321 

Drummondi      559 

Yellow  Mountain 

rufus                    190 

Salmon  Berry       487 

Sapodilla  Family  648 

446 

Smithii                190 

Salomonia  biflora  292 

Saponaria              386 

Scabiosa                  764 

subterminalis    190 

commutata         292 

officinalis           386 

arvensis              764 

supinus               190 

Salsify                    864 

Vaccaria            386 

australis             764 

sylvaticus           193 

Salsola                   370 

SAPOTACEAE          648 

succisa                764 

Torreyi               191 

Kali                    370 

Sarothra  gentianoides 

Scabious,  Sweet    817 

validus               192 

salsa                   370 

575 

Scandix                  617 

Scleranthus            376 

Tragtts                371 

Sarothammis    scopa- 

Pecten-Veneris  617 

annuus                376 

Salt  Marsh  Fleabane 

rius                 508 

Scarlet   Lychnis   384 

Scleria                     202 

819 

Sarracenia             439 

Oak                     342 

ciliata                 203 

Marsh  Grass      143 

flava                   440 

Painted  Cup      732 

Elliottii              203 

Reed  Grass        143 

purpurea           440 

Schedonnardus      144 

oligantha            202 

Saltwort                 370 

paniculatus        144 

pauciflora           202 

Common            370 

SARRACENIACEAE 

texanus                144 

reticularis          203 

Salvia                    702 

439 

Scheuchzeria           80 

Torreyana           203 

azurea                 703 

Sarsaparilla           606 

palustris               80 

trichopoda           203 

lanceaefolia       703 

Bristly                606 

Schizaea                   45 

triglomerata      202 

lanceolata           703 

Wild                   606 

pusilla                   46 

verticillata         203 

lyrata                 702 

Sassafras               413 

SCHIZAEACEAE            45 

Sclerolepis              781 

Pitcheri              703 

officinale             414 

Schmaltzia             553 

uniflora               781 

Sclarea               703 

Sassafras            414 

illinoensis          553 

verticillata          781 

urticifolia           703 

variifolium        414 

Schrankia               503 

Scoke                      374 

Verbenaca         703 

Satureja                 705 

angustata           504 

Scolochloa              158 

Salvinia                    50 

Acinos                706 

uncinata             504 

festucacea          158 

natans                  50 

glabella              706 

Schwalbea              736 

Scolopendrium        40 

SALVINIACEAE        50 

glabra                 706 

americana          736 

vulgare                40 

Sambucus              761 

hortensis            705 

Schweinitzia           630 

Scoria                     331 

canadensis         761 

Nepeta               706 

Scilla  esculenta      289 

Scotch  Broom       508 

pubens                761 

vulgaris              706 

Scirpus                    187 

Fir                         64 

racemosa            761 

Saururus                 320 

alpinus               190 

Lovage               618 

Samolus                  644 

cernuus              320 

americanus         191 

Mist                    749 

floribundus        645 

Savastana               122 

atrocinctus         195 

Pine                       64 

Valerandi           645 

Nashii                122 

atrovirens  193,  194 

Rose                   496 

Samphire               369 

Savin                        67 

caespitosus         190 

Thistle               859 

Sampson's  Snake- 

Savory                    705 

campestris          193 

Scrophularia          721 

root                 658 

Summer             705 

Canbyi                 191 

aquatica             721 

Sand  Bar  Willow  323 

Saw  Brier              295 

Clintonii             189 

leporella             721 

Blackberry        491 

Grass                  202 

cylindricus          191 

marilandica       721 

Cherry                499 

Saxifraga               445 

cyperinus           195 

nodosa                721 

Grape                 565 

aizoides              446 

debilis                 190 

SCROPHULARIACEAE 

Grass                   149 

Aizoon                446 

divaricatus         194 

717 

Myrtle                632 

autumnalis        446 

Eriophorum       195 

Scorpion-grass      683 

Plum                   498 

caroliniana        446 

etuberculatus    191 

Scouring   Rush       53 

Spurrey              378 

comosa                446 

Fernaldi              193 

Scrub  Oak,  Black 

Sandalwood  Family 

erosa                   446 

fluviatilis            192 

343 

349 

Forbesii              446 

georgianus         194 

Pine                      64 

Sandbur                  119 

Grayana             446 

Hallii                   190 

Scutellaria            694 

Sandwort               379 

leucanthemifolia 

heterochaetus    192 

Bushii                695 

Mountain           381 

446 

hudsonianus      190 

campestris          696 

Pine-barren       381 

Michauxii         446 

lacustris              192 

canescens           695 

Thyme-leaved   380 

micranthidifolia 

lineatus               194 

ChurcTiilliana    695 

Sanguinaria           415 

446 

maritimus           193 

cordifolia            694 

canadensis         415 

oppositifolia      447 

mucronatus       191 

galericulata       695 

Sanguisorba          494 

pennsylvanica  446 

nanus                  189 

incana                 695 

canadensis         494 

rivularis             446 

novae-angliae     193 

integrifolia         695 

INDEX 


919 


Scutellaria  lateri- 

Balsamitae        854 

Shield  Fern             41 

trifoliatum         825 

flora                694 

canus                  855 

Shin  Leaf      628,  629 

Silver  Maple          558 

nervosa              696 

Crawfordii         854 

Shingle  Oak           344 

Weed                   484 

parvula               696 

discoideus          854 

Shining  Willow    321 

Silver-bell  Tree     649 

pilosa                  695 

glabellus             853 

Shooting  Star        647 

Silverberry            590 

saxatilis             694 

integerrimus      855 

Showy    Lady's   Slip- 

Silver-leaved  Poplar 

serrata                695 

Jacobaea            853 

per                   307 

328 

versicolor           694 

lobatus                853 

Orchis                307 

Silvery  Cinquefoil 

Scurvy  Grass         433 

obovatus            854 

Shrub  Yellow-root 

482 

Scutch  Grass         144 

palustris             853 

408 

Silybum                  859 

Sea  Elite                369 

plattensis           855 

Shrubby  Althaea  569 

marianum          859 

Lavender           643 

Pseudo-  Arnica  855 

Bitter-sweet      557 

SlMARUBACEAE       538 

Lungwort           685 

Robbinsii           854 

Cinquefoil          483 

Sinapis  alba         428 

Milkwort            647 

Smallii                854 

St.  John's-wort  573 

arvensis              428 

Oats                     153 

sylvaticus          853 

Trefoil                537 

Sisymbrium           429 

Ox-eye               833 

tomentosus        855 

Sibbaldia                480 

altissimum         429 

Poppy                415 

viscosus              853 

proeumbens       480 

canescens           430 

Purslane             377 

vulgaris              853 

Sibbaldiopsis    triden- 

humilis              430 

Rocket               427 

Senna                      504 

tata                  483 

incisum              430 

Rocket,  Ameri- 

Wild         504,  505 

Siberian  Crab       458 

Irio                     430 

can                 427 

Sensitive  Brier     503 

Sickle-pod             438 

Nasturtium-aquati- 

Sand-reed           136 

Fern                       45 

Sicyos                    765 

cum                431 

Spear  Grass       160 

Joint  Vetch       518 

angulatus           765 

officinale            429 

Seaside  Alder        337 

Plant,  Wild       505 

Sida                        567 

Sophia                430 

Crowfoot            394 

Serapias                  313 

Elliottii              567 

Thalianum        430 

Gerardia            731 

Helleborine        313 

hermaphrodita  567 

Sisyrinchium         301 

Heliotrope         680 

Sericocarpus          818 

Napaea               567 

albidum             302 

Plantain             745 

asteroides          818 

spinosa               567 

anceps                 303 

Spurge               545 

bifoliatus           818 

Sideranthus    spinu- 

angustifolium    302 

Sedge                       204 

conyzoides          818 

losus                798 

apiculatum        303 

Family                171 

linifolius             818 

Side-saddle  Flower 

arenicola            303 

Sedum                     442 

solidagineus       818 

440 

atlanticum        303 

acre                     443 

tortifolius           819 

Sieversia  ciliata    486 

campestre          302 

Fabaria              443 

Serinia                    862 

Peckii                486 

Farwellii            303 

Nevii                   443 

oppasitifolia      862 

Silene                      385 

flaviflorum         302 

Nuttallianum    443 

Service  Berry        459 

acaulis                386 

gramineum        303 

pulchellum         443 

Sesame  Grass          92 

alba                    386 

graminoides       303 

purpureum        443 

Sesban                    514 

anglica                385 

hastile                302 

reflexum             443 

Sesbania                 514 

antirrhina          385 

intermedium     303 

Rhodiola             443 

macrocarpa       514 

Armeria              385 

montanum        303 

roseum                443 

Sesuvium                377 

caroliniana        386 

mucronatum     302 

stoloniferum      443 

maritimum        377 

conica                 385 

strictum             303 

telephioides       443 

pentandrum       377 

Cucubalus          386 

Sitanion   longifolium 

Telephium         443 

Setaria                    118 

dichotoma         385 

170 

ternatum            443 

glauca                 118 

gallica                385 

Sitilias                    869 

Torreyi               443 

imberbis             118 

inflata         .        386 

caroliniana        869 

Seedbox                  595 

italica                 119 

latifolia              386 

Sium                       615 

Selaginella               57 

magna                119 

Menziesii            385 

angustifolium    615 

apus                     58 

verticillata         118 

nivea                  386 

Carsonii             615 

rupestris               57 

viridis                 118 

noctiflora           385 

cicutaefolium    615 

selaginoides         57 

Seymeria               729 

nutans                385 

linear  e                615 

spinosa                 57 

macrophylla      729 

pennsylvanica  386 

Skeleton-weed      864 

SELAGINELLACEAK 

Shad  Bush            459 

regia                   386 

Skullcap                 694 

57 

Shag-bark  Hickory 

rotundifolia      386 

Mad-dog            694 

Selenia                   433 

331 

stellata               386 

Skunk  Cabbage     258 

aurea                  433 

Sheep  Laurel        633 

virginica             386 

Currant              452 

Self-heal                 698 

Sorrel                 357 

vulgaris               386 

Sleepy  Catchfly  385 

Sempervivum       443 

Sheepberry            760 

Silkweed                663 

Slender  Blue  Flag 

tectorum            443 

Sheep's  Fescue      161 

Common             665 

300 

Senebiera                426 

Sheep  's-bit            768 

Silky  Cornel          624 

Gerardia            731 

Coronopus          426 

Shell-bark  Hickory 

Willow                326 

Rattlesnake-root 

didyma               426 

331 

Silphium                 825 

870 

Seneca  Grass         122 

Shepherd's  Purse  426 

Asteriscus          825 

Slippery  Elm        345 

Snakeroot          539 

Shepherdia            590 

integrifolium     825 

Sloe                          498 

Senecio                   852 

argentea             590 

laciniatum         825 

Slough  Grass         142 

antennariifolius 

canadensis         590 

perfoliatum       826 

Small  Bugloss       683 

855 

Sherardia               747 

terebinthinaceum 

Cane                    171 

aureus                854 

arvensis             747 

825 

Cranberry          641 

920 


INDEX 


Small  Magnolia    409 

citrullifolium     713 

rigidiuscula       792 

Spiny-leaved     866 

Solomon's  Seal  292 

Dulcamara         713 

roanensis            789 

Spanish  Bayonet  290 

White  Lady's  Slip- 

elaeagnifolium 713 

rugosa                 794 

Buttons              861 

per                  307 

heterodoxum       713 

rupestris             796 

Needles              841 

Smaller  Bladderwort 

Melongena         712 

sempervirens     792 

Oak                     343 

737 

nigrum                713 

serotina              796 

SPARGANIACEAE      68 

Spearwort          395 

rostratum          713 

Shortii                795 

Sparganium             68 

Yellow  Lady's 

sisymbriifolium 

speciosa              792 

americanum        69 

Slipper            306 

713 

squarrosa            788 

androcladum        69 

Small-flowered  Crow- 

triflorum           713 

stricta                  791 

angustifolium      69 

foot                 396 

tuberosum         712 

tenuifolia           797 

diversifolium       69 

Smartweed,  Common 

Solea                       579 

tortifolia             793 

eurycarpum         68 

361 

concolor              579 

uliginosa             791 

fluctuans              69 

Water                 361 

Solidago                  788 

ulmifolia             794 

hyperboreum      69 

Smilacina               291 

alpestris              790 

uniligulata         793 

lucidum                69 

racemosa            291 

altissima    794,  796 

Virgaurea790,  791 

minimum             69 

stellata                291 

arguta                 792 

Wardii               788 

simplex                 69 

trifolia                291 

aspera                 794 

Solomon's  Seal     292 

Spartina                 142 

Smilax                    294 

asperula              794 

False                  291 

caespitosa           143 

Bona-nox           295 

bicolor                789 

Great                  292 

cynosuroides     143 

ecirrhata            295 

Boottii               792 

Small                  292 

glabra                 143 

glauca                 295 

caesia                  788 

Sonchus                  865 

juncea                  143 

herbacea             295 

calcicola             790 

arvensis              865 

Michauxiana      142 

hispida                296 

canadensis  795,  796 

asper                   866 

patens                 143 

lanceolata          296 

Curtisii               789 

oleraceus            865 

polystachya         143 

laurifolia            296 

Cutleri                790 

Sophia  brachycarpa 

stricta                  143 

pseudo-china     296 

decumbens         791 

430 

Spathyema  foetida 

pulverulenta       295 

Drummondii     796 

incisa                  430 

258 

rotundifolia       295 

Elliottii              794 

pinnata               430 

Spatter-dock         390 

tamnifolia          295 

elongate,              796 

Sophia                430 

Spear  Grass  154,  156 

tamnoides           295 

erecta                  789 

Sophora                  507 

Spearmint              710 

Waited               295 

fistulosa             793 

sericea                507 

Spearwort              395 

Smoke-tree            553 

flexicaulis           789 

Sorbaria                 457 

Creeping             395 

Smooth  Alder        337 

Gattingeri          795 

sorbifolia            457 

Smaller               395 

Azalea                631 

graminifolia       797 

Sorbus                     459 

Water  Plantain 

False  Foxglove 

gymnospermoides 

americana          459 

395 

730 

798 

Aucuparia         459 

Speckled  Alder     337 

Gooseberry        451 

hispida                789 

sitchensis            459 

Specularia             766 

Sumach              552 

Houghtonii        797 

Sorghastrum            95 

biflora                 766 

Winterberry     555 

humilis              791 

nutans                  95 

leptocarpa         766 

Yellow  Violet   585 

juncea                 793 

Sorghum  halapense 

perfoliata           766 

Smut  Grass           131 

lanceolata           797 

95 

Speedwell               726 

Snake  Grass          150 

latifolia              789 

Sorrel             354,  357 

Common            727 

Snakehead             723 

leptocephala      798 

Common  Wood 

Corn                    728 

Snakeroot,  Black 

Lindheimeriana 

533 

Field                   728 

407,  610 

789 

Field                   357 

Ivy-leaved         728 

Button      609,  785 

macrophylla      790 

Garden               357 

Marsh                 727 

Sampson's          658 

minor                  797 

Lady's                534 

Purslane             728 

Seneca                539 

missouriensis     794 

Mountain           354 

Thyme-leaved  728 

Virginia              352 

mollis                  795 

Sheep                 357 

Water                 727 

White                 784 

monticola           789 

Violet  Wood     533 

Spergula                 379 

Snapdragon           720 

Moseleyi             798 

Wood                 532 

arvensis              379 

Sneezeweed  844,  845 

neglecta              793 

Sorrel-tree              636 

sativa                  379 

Snow  Trillium       294 

nemoralis           795 

Sour  Cherry           499 

Spergularia            378 

Snow-ball  Tree      759 

odora                   793 

Gum                    625 

borealis               379 

Snowberry             757 

ohioensis             796 

Sour-top  Blueberry 

canadensis         378 

Creeping             637 

patula                 792 

640 

marina                378 

Snowdrop  Tree     649 

petiolaris            788 

Sour-wood             636 

media                 379 

Snow-on-the-Moun- 

pilosa                  794 

Southern  Buckthorn 

rubra                  378 

tain                547 

polycephala       797 

648 

salina                  378 

Soapberry             559 

procera                796 

Fox  Grape         565 

Spermacoce           750 

Family               559 

.  puberula             791 

Gooseberry        639 

glabra                 751 

Suapwort               386 

Purshii               791 

Prickly  Ash       537 

Spermolepis           613 

Gentian              657 

racemosa            791 

Red  Lily            288 

echinata             613 

Soft  Chess              163 

radula                 795 

Southernwood       849 

patens                 613 

SOLANACEAE             712 

Randii                790 

Sow  Thistle           865 

Sphaeralcea           566 

Solanum                 712 

Riddellii             797 

Common            865 

acerifolia            566 

carolinense        713 

rigida                 796 

Field                  865 

remota              566 

INDEX 


921 


Sphenopholis         138 

compressus        131 

palustris            702 

Stick-tight    840,  841 

nitida                  138 

cryptandrus       131 

salvioides           702 

Stiff  Cornel            625 

obtusata             138 

cuspidatus           130 

tenuifolia           701 

Water  Crowfoot 

pallens                138 

depauperatus      130 

Staff  Tree              557 

394 

palustris             139 

ejunddus            131 

Family               556 

Stillingia                544 

Spice  Bush             414 

gracilis                131 

Stagger-bush         635 

sylvatica            544 

Spider-flower         439 

heterolepis         131 

Staghorn  Sumach 

Stinging  Nettle    348 

Spiderwort             264 

indicus               131 

552 

Stink  Grass            150 

Family                264 

junceus              131 

Standing  Cypress 

Stinking  Clover    439 

Spiesia                   517 

longifolius           130 

675 

Willie                 853 

campestris          517 

neglectus            131 

Staphylea              557 

Stipa                      123 

Lamberti            518 

Richardsonis     130 

trifolia                557 

avenacea            123 

splendens            518 

serotinus              132 

STAPHYLEACEAE  557 

canadensis          123 

Spigelia                   653 

Torreyanus         131 

Star  Flower           646 

comata                124 

marilandica       653 

uniflorus             131 

Grass          294,  299 

Macounii           123 

Spike  Grass            153 

vaginiflorus       130 

of  Bethlehem     289 

Richardsoni       123 

Rush                   180 

virginicus           131 

Thistle        859,  860 

spartea                124 

Spiked  Loosestrife 

Spotted  Cowbane 

Starry  Campion    386 

viridula               123 

592 

614 

Starwort        381,  799 

Stone  Clover         509 

Spikenard              606 

Medick               510 

Water                550 

Stonecrop               442 

False                   291 

Touch-me-not  560 

Statice                     643 

Ditch                  442 

Spilanthes              833 

Wintergreen      628 

Limonium          643 

Mossy                 443 

americana          833 

Sprang  le-top          158 

Steeple  Bush         456 

Stone-root              711 

repens                 833 

Spreading  Dogbane 

Steinchisma  hians 

Storax                    650 

Spindle  Tree         556 

662 

117 

Family                649 

European           556 

Qlobeflower       404 

Steironema            646 

Storksbill               536 

Spiny-leaved  Sow 

Spring  Beauty      388 

ciliatum              646 

Stromonium           717 

Thistle           866 

Cress                   435 

intermedium     646 

Strawberry            479 

Spiraea                   456 

Vetch                 526 

lanceolatum      646 

Barren               480 

Aruncus             457 

Spruce                      65 

longifolium        646 

Elite                   366 

betulifoiia           456 

Black                   65 

quadriflorum     646 

Bush                   556 

corymbosa         456 

Bog                      65 

radicans             646 

Indian                480 

japonica             456 

Cat                       65 

tonsum               646 

Tomato              715 

latifolia              456 

Norway               65 

Stellaria                 381 

Streptopus             292 

lobata                  484 

Red                      65 

aquatica             383 

amplexifolius    292 

opulifolia           456 

White                   65 

borealis               381 

longipes              292 

prunifolia           456 

Spurge                    545 

crassifolia           382 

roseus                 292 

salicifolia           456 

Caper                 549 

fontinalis            382 

Striped  Maple      558 

sorbifolia            457 

Cypress              549 

glauca                 382 

Strophostyles        528 

tomentosa          456 

Family               540 

graminea            382 

angulosa             529 

Ulnuiria             485 

Flowering          547 

Holostea            382 

helvola               528 

virginiana          456 

Nettle                541 

humifusa            382 

pauciflora          529 

Spiranthes             313 

Petty                 549 

longifolia            382 

peduncularis      529 

Beckii                313 

Seaside              545 

longipes              382 

umbellata          529 

cernua                314 

Spurred  Gentian  659 

media                  382 

Stylophorum         415 

decipiens            315 

Spurrey                  379 

neglecta               382 

diphyllum          415 

gracilis               313 

Corn           .        379 

pubera               382 

Stylosanthes          525 

gracilis  X  vernalis 

Sand                   378 

uliginosa            381 

biflora                525 

314 

Squash           764,  765 

Stemless  Lady's 

elatior                 525 

intermedia         314 

Crookneck         765 

Slipper           307 

riparia                525 

latifolia               314 

Squashberry          759 

Stenanthium         284 

STYRACACEAE       649 

lucida                 314 

Squaw  Huckleberry 

angustifolium    284 

Styrax                   650 

odorata               314 

639 

gramineum        284 

americana         650 

ovalis                  314 

Squaw-root            739 

robustum           284 

grandifolia         650 

praecox              314 

Squaw-weed          852 

Stenophragma 

pulverulenta     650 

Romanzoffiana 

Squirrel  Corn        417 

Thalianum    430 

Suaeda                   369 

314 

Squirrel-tail  Grass 

Stenophyllus         186 

americana          370 

simplex              313 

167 

capillaris             186 

depressa             370 

vernalis              313 

Stachys                   701 

Stenosiphon           602 

linearis               370 

Spirodela                259 

ambigua             701 

linifolius             602 

maritima            370 

polyrhyza          259 

annua                  701 

virgatus              602 

Richii                 370 

Spleen  wort               38 

arenicola            702 

Stewartia               570 

Subularia               426 

Spoon-wood           633 

arvensis              701 

Malachodendron 

aquatica             426 

Sporobolus             129 

aspera        701,  702 

570 

Succisa                    763 

asper                   1  30 

cordata               702 

pentagyna         570 

australis             764 

brevifolius          130 

hyssopifolia       701 

virginica             570 

pratensis            764 

canovirens         130 

latidens               702 

Stick  Leaf             688 

Succory                  862 

clandestine      130 

Nuttallii            702 

Stickseed               681 

Gum                   864 

922 


INDEX 


Succory,  Lamb     862 

William  Catchfly 

vulgare              848 

dioicum             400 

Sugar  Grape          565 

385 

Tansy                    848 

polygamum       400 

Maple                  558 

William,  Wild  674 

Common            848 

purpurascens     400 

Sugarberry            346 

Winter  Grape   564 

Tape  Grass              85 

revolutum          400 

Sullivantia             445 

Sweetbrier             496 

Taraxacum            864 

Thaspium              619 

ohionis                445 

Sweet-scented  Bed- 

Dens-leonis        865 

aureum               619 

Sullivantii         445 

straw              750 

erythrospermum 

barbinode          619 

Sumach                  552 

Water  Lily        391 

865 

pinnatifidum     619 

Dwarf                 552 

Swine  Cress           426 

officinale            865 

Thelesperma         838 

Poison                552 

Switch  Cane          171 

Taraxacum        865 

gracile                838 

Smooth               552 

Grass                   104 

Tare                        525 

trifidum              838 

Staghorn            552 

Sycamore               454 

Tartarian  Honey- 

Thelypodium pinna- 

Summer Grape     564 

Symphoricarpos   757 

suckle             755 

tifidum           433 

Savory                705 

occidentalis       757 

Tar-weed                786 

Thermopsis            506 

Sundew                   440 

orbiculatus        757 

TAXACEAE                62 

mollis                  506 

Family               440 

pauciflorus         757 

Taxodium                66 

Therofon  aconitifo- 

Round-leaved  440 

racemosus          757 

distichum             66 

lium                445 

Sundrops                600 

Symphoricarpos 

Taxus                        62 

Thimbleberry        487 

Sunflower               833 

757 

canadensis           62 

Thimbleweeds       401 

Common            833 

vulgaris              757 

Tea  Family           570 

Thin  Grass             133 

Tickseed             841 

Symphytum          683 

Labrador            630 

Thistle,  Barnaby's 

Supple-jack           561 

asperrimum       683 

Mexican             366 

860 

Swamp  Beggar-ticks 

officinale             683 

New  Jersey       562 

Blessed               861 

841 

tuberosum         683 

Oswego               703 

Bull           857,  858 

Birch                  336 

Symplocarpus       258 

Plant                  570 

Canada               858 

BlackCurrant  452 

foetidus              258 

Teaberry                636 

Common   856,  857 

Blueberry          640 

Symplocos             649 

Tear-thumb,  Arrow- 

Common  Sow    865 

Buttercup          397 

tinctoria             649 

leaved             362 

Cotton                859 

Dock                   356 

Synandra               699 

Halberd-leaved 

Field  Sow          865 

Fly  Honeysuckle 

grandiflora         699 

362 

Globe                  856 

755 

hispidula            699 

Teasel                     763 

Lady's                859 

Hickory             332 

Syndesmon   thalic- 

Family               763 

Milk                   859 

Loosestrife         592 

troides                 400 

Wild                   763 

Musk                  856 

Maple                 558 

Syngonanthus       261 

Tecoma                   741 

Pasture              858 

Milkweed           664 

flavidus              261 

radicans             741 

Plumed              856 

Post  Oak           339 

Synosma  suaveolens 

Tephrosia               514 

Plumeless          856 

Privet                 652 

852 

hispidula            514 

Russian              370 

Red  Currant     452 

Syntherisma             95 

spicata                514 

Scotch                859 

Rose  Mallow     569 

fimbriata               96 

virginiana          514 

Sow                     865 

Saxifrage            446 

Synthyris               728 

TERNSTROEMIACEAE 

Spiny-leaved  Sow 

Spanish  Oak     342 

Bullii                  729 

570 

866 

Thistle                858 

Houghtoniana    729 

Tetragonotheca    830 

Star            859,  860 

Valerian             762 

Syringa          449,  852 

helianthoides    830 

Swamp               858 

White  Oak        340 

vulgaris               652 

Tetragonanthus      659 

Yellow               857 

Sweet  Alyssum     424 

deflexus               659 

Thlaspi                   424 

Bay                     409 

Table  Mountain 

Tetraneuris             844 

arvense               424 

Birch                   334 

Pine                  64 

herbacea              844 

perfoliatum       425 

Buckeye            560 

Tacamahac            329 

Teucrium                692 

Thorn  Apple          717 

Cherry                499 

Taenidia                 616 

boreale                693 

Apple,  Purple  717 

Cicely                 612 

integerrima        616 

Botrys                693 

Fire                     479 

Clover                 510 

Talinum                 388 

canadense          693 

White                 460 

Coltsfoot            850 

calycinum          389 

littorale               693 

Thorny  Amaranth 

Fern                    330 

parviflorum       388 

occidentale        693 

372 

Flag                    258 

rugospermum    388 

Scorodonia         693 

Thorough-  wax      617 

Gale                    329 

teretifolium        388 

Thalesia  fasciculate, 

Thoroughwort 

Gale  Family      329 

Tall  Bellflower      767 

740 

781,  783 

Golden-rod        793 

Buttercup          398 

uniflora              740 

Three-seeded  Mer- 

Gum                   453 

Coreopsis            838 

Thalia                     304 

cury                543 

Gum  Tree          453 

Crowfoot            398 

dealbata             304 

Three-toothed 

Leaf                    649 

Larkspur            406 

Thalictrum            399 

Cinquefoil      483 

Pepperbush       627 

Meadow  Rue     400 

anemonoides      400 

Throatwort            767 

Pinesap              630 

Oat  Grass           141 

caulophylloides 

Thuja                        66 

Scabious             817 

Red  Top             149 

399 

occidentalis         67 

Vernal  Grass     121 

Taller  Fescue         162 

clavatum            399 

Thunbergia            742 

Viburnum          760 

Tamarack                65 

confine                399 

Thyme                    708 

Violet                 585 

Tan  Bay                 571 

coriaceum          399 

Basil                   706 

White  Violet     584 

Tanacetum            848 

Cornuti                400 

Creeping             708 

William              387 

huronense          848 

dasycarpum      400 

THYMELAEACEAE  589 

INDEX 


923 


Thyme-leaved  Sand- 

flexuosa              264 

repens                509 

Tulipa  sylvestris  289 

wort                380 

montana             265 

stoloniferum     509 

Tumble  Mustard  429 

Speedwell          728 

occidentalis       265 

virginicum         509 

Weed                  372 

Thymus                 708 

pilosa                  264 

Triglochin                80 

Tunica                   387 

Serpyllum          708 

reflexa                264 

maritima              80 

Saxifraga           387 

Tiarella                   447 

rosea                   264 

palustris               80 

Tupelo                    625 

cordifolia            447 

virginiana          264 

striata                  80 

Turk's-cap  Lily    288 

Tick  Trefoil           519 

virginica             264 

triandra                80 

Turnip           427,  428 

Tickseed                837 

Tragia                    544 

Trilisa                     784 

Indian                257 

Sunflower           841 

cordata                544 

odoratissima     784 

Turnsole                680 

Tiedemannia         621 

innocua              544 

paniculata          784 

Turtlehead            723 

rigida                  622 

macrocarpa       544 

Trillium                  293 

Turritis   brachycarpa 

teretifolia            622 

nepetaefolia      544 

cernuum             294 

437 

Tiger  Lily              288 

ramosa                544 

declinatum        294 

Tussilago               850 

Tilia                       565 

stylaris               544 

Dwarf  White     294 

Farfara               850 

americana          565 

urens                   544 

erect  um     293,  294 

Twayblade    316,  318 

heterophylla      566 

urticaefolia         544 

erythrocarpum  294 

Twig  Rush            201 

Michauxii          565 

Tragopogon           864 

grandiflorum     294 

Twin-flower           757 

pubescens           566 

porrifolius          864 

nivale                  294 

Twinleaf                 412 

TlLIACEAE                  565 

pratensis            864 

Painted              294 

Twisted-stalk        292 

Tillaea                    442 

Trailing  Arbutus 

recurvatum       293 

Typha                      68 

aquatica             442 

636 

sessile                 293 

angustifolia         68 

simplex               442 

Wolfsbane         407 

Snow                   294 

latifolia                68 

Vaillantii            442 

Trapa                      602 

undulatum         294 

TYPHACEAE             67 

Tillandsia              265 

natans                602 

viride                 293 

usneoides           265 

Trautvetteria        399 

Triodia                   149 

Ulex                       508 

Timothy                 129 

carolinensis        399 

cuprea                 149 

europaeus          508 

Tinker's  Weed      758 

palmata              399 

purpurea            149 

Ulmaria  rubra      484 

Tipularia               319 

Treacle  Mustard  430 

seslerioides         149 

Ulmaria             485 

discolor              319 

Tread-softly          541 

stricta                  149 

Ulmus                    345 

unifolia              319 

Tree  of  Heaven    538 

Triosteum              758 

alata                   346 

Tissa                      378 

Trefoil                     508 

angustifolium   758 

americana          345 

canadensis         379 

Bird's-foot         511 

aurantiacum     758 

campestris         345 

marina               378 

Shrubby            537 

perfoliatum       758 

fulva                   345 

Ti-ti,  Black           553 

Tick                    519 

Triphora  pendula  311 

racemosa           346 

Toadflax                719 

Triadenum  petiola- 

Triplasis                  149 

serotina              346 

Bastard              350 

tum                 575 

purpurea            149 

Thomasi            346 

Tobacco                 717 

virginicum         575 

Triple-awned  Grass 

UMBELLIFERAE     607 

Indian                 769 

Tribulus                 536 

124 

Umbrella  Grass    197 

Ladies'               820 

terrestris            536 

Tripsacum               92 

Leaf                    412 

Wild                   717 

Trichodium  mon- 

dactyloides          92 

Tree                    409 

Tofieldia                283 

tanum             133 

Trisetum                 139 

Tree,  Ear-leaved 

glutinosa            283 

Trichomanes            33 

melicoides          139 

409 

palustris             283 

Boschianum        33 

palustre              139 

Unicorn-plant       741 

racemosa            283 

radicans                33 

pennsylvanicum 

Unifolium  canadense 

Tomatillo               714 

Trichostema          693 

139 

291 

Tomato                   712 

dichotomum      694 

spicatum            139 

Uniola                    153 

Strawberry        715 

lineare                 694 

subspicatum       139 

gradlis               153 

Toothache  Grass  146 

Tricuspis  purpurea 

Trollius                   404 

latifolia              153 

Toothache-tree     537 

149 

laxus                   404 

laxa                    153 

Toothwort             434 

Tridens                   149 

Troximon  cuspida- 

paniculata         153 

Torilis                    623 

flavus                 149 

tum                 869 

Upland  Boneset   783 

Anthriscus         623 

st  rictus               149 

glaucum              869 

Urtica                    348 

nodosa                623 

Trientalis               646 

True  Forget-me-not 

chamaedryoides 

Touch-me-not  Fam- 

americana         646 

683 

348 

ily                   560 

Trifolium                508 

Water  Cress      431 

dioica                 348 

Pale                    560 

agrarium            509 

Trumpet  Creeper 

gracilis                348 

Spotted              560 

arvense              509 

741 

Lyallii                348 

Tower  Mustard     437 

aureum               509 

Honeysuckle     756 

urens                   348 

Toxicodendron       552 

carolinianum     509 

Weed                  782 

URTICACEAE          344 

Toxylon  pomiferum 

dubium               510 

Trumpet-flower    741 

Urticastrum  divarica- 

347 

hybridum           509 

Trumpets               440 

tum                 349 

Trachelospermum 

incarnatum        509 

Tsuga                       66 

Utricularia            736 

662 

medium              509 

canadensis           66 

biflora                 737 

difforme             662 

pratense             509 

caroliniana           66 

clandestina        736 

Tradescantia         264 

procumbens 

Tufted  Loosestrife 

cleistogama       738 

bracteata           265 

509,  510 

646 

cornuta              738 

brevicaulia         264 

reflexum            509 

Tulip  Tree             409 

fibrosa                737 

924 


INDEX 


Utricularia  gibba  737 

stenocarpa         763 

peregrina           728 

obliquum           668 

inflata                 736 

Woodsiana        763 

scutellata           727 

Shortii                668 

intermedia         737 

Vallisneria                85 

serpyllifolia       728 

suberosum         668 

juncea                738 

spiralis                  86 

Teucrium           727 

Vine  Family          562 

minor                  737 

Vanilla  Grass         122 

Tournefortii      728 

Viola                       579 

purpurea            737 

Velvet  Grass          137 

virginica             726 

affinis                  581 

resupinata         738 

Leaf                    566 

Wormskjoldi      728 

amoena               584 

simplex               738 

Velvet-leaf  Blueberry 

Vervain                  688 

arenaria             586 

subulata             738 

640 

Blue                   689 

arvensis              587 

virgatula            738 

Venus'  Comb         617 

European           688 

ailantica             583 

vulgaris              737 

Looking-glass    766 

Family             .  688 

Bernardi            583 

Uvularia                 285 

Veratrum               285 

Hoary                 689 

blanda                584 

flava                    286 

parviflorum        285 

White                 688 

Brittoniana       583 

grandiflora         286 

viride                  285 

Vesicaria  gradlis  424 

canadensis         586 

perfoliata           286 

Woodii               285 

Shortii                424 

canina                 586 

puberula             286 

Verbascum            719 

Vetch                      525 

congener             582 

sessilifolia          286 

Blattaria            719 

Common            526 

conspersa           586 

Lychnitis           719 

Hairy                  526 

cucullata            581 

Vaccaria  Vaccaria 

phlomoides        719 

Milk                    515 

emarginata        583 

386 

Thapsus             719 

Sensitive  Joint 

fimbriatula        583 

vulgaris              386 

virgatum            719 

518 

hastata               585 

Vaccinium             638 

Verbena                  688 

Spring                 526 

hirsutula            582 

arboreum           638 

angilstifolia       689 

Vetchling               527 

incognita            584 

atrococcum        640 

Aubletia             689 

Viburnum              758 

indivisa              583 

caespitosum      640 

bipinnatifida     689 

acerifolium        759 

labradorica        586 

canadense          640 

bracteosa           689 

alnifolium          759 

lanceolata          584 

corymbosum     640 

canadensis         689 

americanum       759 

latiuscula           581 

erythrocarpum 

Druminondi       689 

cassinoides         760 

missouriensis     581 

641 

hastata               689 

Demetrionis       760 

Muhlenbergiana 

macrocarpon     641 

officinalis            688 

dentatum           760 

586 

melanocarpum  639 

stricta                 689 

Lantana             759 

Muhlenbergii     586 

membranaceum 

urticaefolia        688 

lantanoides         759 

multicaulis         586 

640 

VERBENACEAE      688 

Lentago              760 

nephrophylla    581 

Myrsinites          639 

Verbesina               836 

molle                   760 

novae-angliae   583 

myrtilloides        641 

alternifolia         836 

nudum                760 

Nuttallii            585 

neglectum          639 

encelioides         837 

Opulus                759 

odorata              585 

nigrum               640 

helianthoides    837 

pauciflorum       759 

ovata                   583 

ovalifolium        641 

occidentalis       836 

prunifolium       760 

pallens                584 

Oxycoccus         641 

virginica             837 

pubescens          759 

palmata     581,  582 

pallidum             640 

Vernonia                780 

rufidulum           761 

palustris             584 

pennsylvanicum 

altissima   780,  781 

rufotomentosum 

papilionacea      582 

639 

arkansana          780 

761 

pectinata           583 

stamineum        639 

Baldwini            781 

scabrellum         760 

pedata                580 

uliginosum         640 

crinita                 780 

semitomentosum 

pedatifida          583 

vacillans             640 

fasciculata         780 

760 

primulifolia       584 

virgatum            639 

glauca                 780 

Sweet                  760 

pubescens          585 

^itis-Idaea        641 

illinoensis           780 

venosum            760 

Rafinesquii        587 

Vagnera  racemosa 

interior               780 

Vicia                       525 

renifolia             584 

291 

maxima              781 

americana          526 

rostrata              587 

stellata                291 

missurica           781 

angustifolia       526 

rotundifolia       585 

trifolia                291 

noveboracensis 

caroliniana        526 

sagittata            583 

Valerian                  761 

780 

Cracca                526 

scabriuecula      585 

Family               761 

Veronica                 726 

hirsuta               526 

Selkirkii             584 

Greek                 676 

agrestis               728 

ludoviciana       526 

septemloba          583 

Swamp               762 

alpina                 728 

sativa                  526 

septentrionalis  582 

Valeriana               761 

americana          727 

sepium                526 

sororia                582 

edulis                  762 

Anagallis-aquatica 

tetrasperma      526 

Stoneana            582 

officinalis            762 

727 

villosa                 526 

striata                 586 

pauciflora           762 

arvensis              728 

Vigna                      528 

subsagittata        583 

sylvatica             762 

Bachofenii         727 

Catjang               528 

tenella                 587 

uliginosa            762 

Beccabunga       727 

sinensis               528 

tricolor              587 

VALERIANACEAE  761 

Buxbaumii         728 

Vinca                      661 

triloba                582 

Valerianella           762 

byzantina            728 

minor                  662 

vagula                 581 

chenopodifolia  762 

Chamaedrys      727 

Vincetoxicum        667 

venustula            581 

Locusta              762 

hederaefolia       728 

Baldwinianum  668 

viarum               584 

longiflora           763 

humifusa            728 

carolinense        668 

villosa                 582 

olitoria                762 

longifolia            727 

gonocarpos         668 

Walteri              586 

radiata               762 

officinalis           727 

hirsutum            668 

VlOLACEAE                579 

INDEX 


925 


Violet                    579 

divaricate,           613 

Bent  Grass        132 

Lettuce              866 

Bird-foot           580 

tongistylis           612 

Birch                  335 

Liquorice  518,  749 

Canada               586 

obtusa                 613 

Blackberry        489 

Lupine                508 

Dame's               430 

Water  Arum         258 

Campion             384 

Marjoram           706 

Dog's-tooth       289 

Ash                     651 

Cedar             66,  67 

Monkshood        407 

Downy  Yellow  585 

Avens                 486 

Clover                509 

Oat  Grass          141 

Early  Yellow    585 

Beech                 334 

Daisy                 847 

Onion                  287 

English               585 

Caltrop               602 

Dock                  355 

Orange-red  Lily 

Family               579 

Chestnut            602 

Dog's-tooth  Violet 

288 

Great-spurred  584 

Chinquapin        392 

289 

Pansy                 587 

Green                  579 

Cress                    431 

Elm                     345 

Peppergrass      425 

Halberd-leaved 

Elm                     346 

Evening  Primrose 

Pink                   386 

585 

Hemlock            614 

600 

Plum                   499 

Lance-leaved    584 

Hemp                 373 

Fringed  Orchis 

Potato-vine       670 

Long-spurred    587 

Horehound        709 

310 

Radish               427 

Primrose-leaved 

Hyssop               724 

Grass                   120 

Raisin                760 

584 

Lily                    391 

Hibiscus             570 

Red  Cherry       498 

Round-leaved  585 

Lily  Family      389 

Horse  Nettle     713 

Red  Raspberry  486 

Smooth  Yellow 

Lobelia               770 

Huckleberry     638 

Rye                    168 

585 

Locust                504 

Lettuce              871 

Sarsaparilla       606 

Sweet                  585 

Marigold             842 

Maple                 558 

Senna         504,  505 

Sweet  White     584 

Milfoil                 603 

Melilot                510 

Sensitive  Plant  505 

Water                 644 

Milfoil  Family  602 

Mulberry           348 

Sweet  William  674 

White  Dog's-tooth 

Mint                    710 

Mullein               719 

Teasel                 763 

289 

Nut                     602 

Mustard             428 

Tobacco             717 

Wood  Sorrel      533 

Nymph              391 

Oak                    339 

Yam-root          297 

Viper's  Bugloss    688 

Oak                    343 

Pine                      63 

Yellow  Lily       288 

Virgilia                   506 

Oats                    120 

Poplar                328 

Willoughbya  scan- 

Virginia  Creeper  562 

Parsnip               615 

Sage                   849 

dens                784 

Snakeroot          352 

Pennywort         611 

Snake-root         784 

Willow                   320 

Virginian  Cowslip 

Pepper               361 

Spruce                  65 

Autumn             322 

685 

Pepper,  Mild     362 

Swamp  Honey- 

Bay-leaved       321 

Virgin's  Bower     402 

Pimpernel          644 

suckle             631 

Black                 320 

VITACEAE               562 

Plantain               84 

Thorn                 460 

Crack                 322 

Vitis                       563 

Plantain  Spear- 

Vervain              688 

Dwarf  Gray      326 

aestivalis            564 

wort                 395 

Walnut              331 

Family               320 

Baileyana          564 

Purslane    591,  595 

Water  Crowfoot, 

Glaucous            325 

bicolor               564 

Rice                    119 

Common        394 

Hoary                327 

cinerea               564 

Shield                 392 

Willow               322 

Oak                    344 

cordifolia           564 

Smartweed        361 

White-heart  Hickory 

Peach-leaved    321 

labrusca             564 

Speedwell           727 

332 

Prairie                326 

palmata             565 

Starwort             550 

White-topped  Aster 

Purple                328 

riparia               565 

Starwort  Family 

818 

Sage                    327 

rotundifolia       565 

549 

White-weed           847 

Sand  Bar           323 

rubra                   565 

Violet                 644 

Whitewood   409,  565 

Shining               321 

rupestris             565 

Willow      592,  742 

Whitlow  Grass      422 

Silky                  326 

vulpina              565 

Waterleaf              676 

Whitlow-wort        376 

Ward's               321 

Vitis-Idea  Vitis- 

Family               676 

Wicky                    633 

Water        592,  742 

Idea                    641 

Watermelon          765 

Wicopy                  590 

Weeping             322 

Water-plantain 

Wild  Allspice        414 

White                 322 

Waahoo                 556 

Family             80 

Balsam-apple    765 

Willow-herb          596 

Wahoo  Elm           346 

Water-weed            85 

Bean                   528 

Great                  596 

Wake  Robin         293 

Waterwort            576 

Bergamot           704 

Willugbaeya           784 

Waldsteinia           480 

Family               575 

Black  Cherry    497 

Wineberry             487 

fragarioides       480 

Wax  Myrtle          329 

Black  Currant  451 

Winged  Elm         346 

parviflora           480 

Waxwork              557 

Chamomile        846 

Pigweed             365 

Walking  Leaf         40 

Wayfaring  Tree   759 

Coffee                 758 

Winter  Aconite    405 

Wall-flower,  Western 

Weeping  Willow  322 

Columbine         405 

Cherry               715 

431 

Weigela                  754 

Comfrey             681 

Cress                   432 

Walnut                  330 

Western  Daisy     799 

Cranesbill          535 

Vetch                 526 

Black                 331 

Mugwort            849 

Elder                  606 

Winterberry         555 

Family               330 

Wall-flower       431 

Garlic                  287 

Smooth              555 

White                 331 

Wheat,  Cow          732 

Ginger                352 

Wintergreen          628 

Ward's  Willow     321 

Whin                      507 

Goose  Plum      499 

Aromatic           636 

Wart  Cress            426 

White  Alder         627 

Hyacinth           289 

Chickweed         646 

Wartweed              549 

Ash                     650 

Hydrangea        450 

Flowering          538 

Washington-id        612 

Baneberry         408 

Indigo                506 

Spotted              628 

Claytoni             612 

Basswood          566 

Leek                  287 

Wire  Grass            155 

926 


INDEX 


Wistaria                 515 

oregana                44 

difformit            262 

Grass  Family    262 

Wisteria                 515 

scopulina              44 

elata                    263 

Yellow-root,  Shrub 

frutescens          515 

Woodwardia            37 

fimbriata            263 

408 

macrostachya  515 

angustifolia          38 

flexuosa     262,  263 

Yew                           62 

Witch  Hobble       759 

areolata                38 

montana             262 

American             62 

Witch-hazel           453 

virginica                38 

Smalliana           263 

Family                  62 

Family                452 

Wool  Grass            195 

torta                     263 

Yucca                     290 

Withe-rod              760 

Woolly  Beard  Grass 

angustifolia        290 

Woad-waxen         507 

92 

Yam                       297 

filamentosa        290 

Wolfberry              757 

Ragwort             855 

Family                297 

glauca                 290 

Wolffia                    260 

Worm-grass           653 

Yard  Grass             147 

brasiliensis         260 

Wormseed              366 

Yarrow                    845 

Zannichellia             78 

columbiana        260 

Mustard             431 

Yaupon                   554 

palustris               78 

gladiata              260 

Wormwood  848,  850 

Yellow  Adder's- 

Zanthorhiza           408 

papulifera          260 

Beach                  849 

tongue            289 

apiifolia              408 

punctata            260 

Roman                828 

Bedstraw           748 

Zanthoxylum        537 

Wolffiella               260 

Woundwort            702 

Birch                   334 

americanum      537 

floridana            260 

Wrack,  Grass          78 

Chamomile        846 

carolinianum     537 

WoKsbane             406 

Wulfenia   Hough- 

Clover                 509 

Clava-Herculis  537 

Trailing              407 

toniana           729 

Cress                   431 

Zephyranthes        298 

Wood  Anemone    402 

Daisy                  831 

Atamasco           298 

Betony               734 

Xanthium              828 

Dock                   355 

Zigzag  Clover        509 

Fern                      41 

canadense          829 

False  Mallow  567 

Zizania                   IIP 

Grass                    95 

commune           829 

Fringed  Orchis  310 

aquatica             120 

Lily                    288 

echinatum          829 

Honeysuckle     757 

miliacea              120 

Mint                   705 

glabratum           829 

Iris                      300 

palustris              120 

Nettle                 348 

inflexum             829 

Jessamine          653 

Zizaniopsis             120 

Reed  Grass        136 

pensylvanicum  829 

Melilot                510 

miliacea             120 

Rush                  278 

pungens               829 

Mountain  Saxi- 

Zizia                       615 

Sage                    693 

speciosum          829 

frage               446 

aurea                   616 

Sorrel                  532 

spinosum             829 

Nelumbo            392 

Bebbii                616 

Sorrel,  Com- 

Xanthorrhiza        408 

Oak            341,  342 

cordata               616 

mon                 533 

Xanthoxylum   ameri- 

Pine                       64 

Zornia                    525 

Sorrel  Family  532 

canum             537 

Pond  Lily          390 

bracteata           525 

Sorrel,  Violet     533 

Xerophyllum         282 

Puccoon             408 

Zostera                     78 

Woodbine              562 

asphodeloides    282 

Rattle                 734 

marina                  79 

American           756 

setifolium           282 

Rocket               432 

Zygadenus             284 

Italian                756 

Xolisma  foliosiflora 

Thistle               857 

chloranthus       284 

Woodsia                   43 

635 

Water  Crowfoot 

elegans                284 

alpina                    44 

ligustrina           635 

394 

glaberrimus       284 

Cathcartiana       44 

XYRIDACEAE          262 

Wood                  506 

leimanthoides    284 

glabella                 44 

Xyris                        262 

Yellow-barked  Oak 

Nuttallii             284 

hyperborea            44 

arenicola            263 

343 

ZYGOPHYLLACEAE 

ilvensis                 44 

caroliniana         262 

Yellow-eyed    Grass 

536 

obtusa                  44 

Congdoni           263 

262 

A   TEXTBOOK   OF    BOTANY 

For  Colleges  and   Universities 

By  JOHN  MERLE  COULTER,  Ph.D.,  Professor  of  Plant 
Morphology,  CHARLES  REID  BARNES,  Ph.D., Late 
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